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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Pictorial Library of the World
+War, Volume XII, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume XII
+       The Great Results of the War
+
+Author: Various
+
+Contributor: Irving Fisher
+
+Editor: W. L. Bevan
+        Hugo C. M. Wendel
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2013 [EBook #44213]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY, VOL XII ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Martin Mayer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY
+ OF THE WORLD WAR
+
+ _In Twelve Volumes
+ Profusely Illustrated_
+
+ VOLUME XII
+
+ THE GREAT RESULTS OF THE WAR
+
+ Economics and Finance, The Peace
+ Treaty, The League of Nations. Index
+
+
+[Illustration: Painting by Frank Stick A Soldier of the Soil]
+
+
+ =HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY
+ OF THE WORLD WAR=
+
+ _In Twelve Volumes
+ Profusely Illustrated_
+
+ FOREWORD BY CHARLES W. ELIOT, PhD.
+
+ _President Emeritus, Harvard University_
+
+ VOLUME XII
+
+ The Great Results of the War
+
+ _Economics and Finance, The Treaty of Versailles
+ and League of Nations----Index_
+
+ WITH INTRODUCTION BY PROFESSOR IRVING FISHER, YALE UNIVERSITY
+
+ _Edited by_
+
+ DR. W. L. BEVAN, KENYON COLLEGE
+ _and_
+ DR. HUGO C. M. WENDEL, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
+
+ GENERAL EDITORIAL BOARD
+
+    PROF. ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
+      Harvard University
+
+    GEN. DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, U.S.A.
+      Chief of Staff, 42nd Division
+
+    ADMIRAL ALBERT GLEAVES
+      U.S. Navy
+
+    PROF. W. O. STEVENS
+      U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis
+
+    GEN. ULYSSES G. MCALEXANDER
+      U.S. Army
+
+    JOHN GRIER HIBBEN
+      President of Princeton University
+
+    J. B. W. GARDINER
+      Military Expert, _New York Times_
+
+    COMMANDER C. C. GILL, U.S.N.
+      Lecturer at Annapolis and aide
+      to Admiral Gleaves
+
+    HENRY NOBLE MACCRACKEN
+      President of Vassar College
+
+    PROF. E. R. A. SELIGMAN
+      Columbia University
+
+    DR. THEODORE F. JONES
+      Professor of History, New York
+      University
+
+    CARL SNYDER
+
+    PROF. JOHN SPENCER BASSETT
+      Professor of History, Smith College
+
+    MAJOR C. A. KING, JR.
+      History Department, West Point
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ Established 1817
+
+Copyright, 1920, by Harper & Brothers Printed in the United States of
+America M-U
+
+
+
+
+             CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII                            PAGE
+
+  _Introduction_ Professor Irving Fisher                        vii
+
+             PART I
+
+  I. Economic Results of the War                                  1
+  II. Wartime Food and Price Problems                            34
+  III. Industry and Labor in Wartime                             65
+  IV. Government Control                                         87
+  V. The Money Cost of the War, Edwin R. A. Seligman            105
+  VI. American Business in the War, Grosvenor B. Clarkson       115
+  VII. The Liberty Loan Army, Guy Emerson                       126
+  VIII. Food and the War, Vernon Kellogg                        135
+  IX. The High Cost of Living, Director of the Council of       142
+      National Defense
+
+             PART II
+
+  I. The Peace Conference at Work, Thomas W. Lamont             149
+  II. Wilson's Fourteen Points                                  163
+  III. How the Peace Treaty Was Signed                          165
+  IV. The Peace Treaty--Its Meaning to America, George W.       170
+      Wickersham
+
+  THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
+
+  Preamble                                                      179
+  Part I. The Covenant of the League of Nations                 182
+  Part II. Boundaries of Germany                                186
+  Part III. Political Clauses for Europe                        188
+  Part IV. German Rights and Interests Outside Germany          206
+  Part V. Military, Naval, and Aerial Clauses                   209
+  Part VI. Prisoners of War and Graves                          216
+  Part VII. Penalties                                           217
+  Part VIII. Reparation                                         217
+  Part IX. Financial Clauses                                    226
+  Part X. Economic Clauses                                      229
+  Part XI. Aerial Navigation                                    246
+  Part XII. Ports, Waterways, and Railways                      247
+  Part XIII. Labor                                              255
+  Part XIV. Guarantees                                          261
+  Part XV. Miscellaneous Provisions                             262
+
+  Rejection of the Peace Treaty                                 264
+  The Reservations Which Failed                                 269
+  Peace by Congressional Enactment Fails                        271
+  The Map of Europe Remade                                      279
+  Our Part in Winning the War                                   280
+
+  Index
+  Text                                                          291
+  Illustrations
+  I. Portraits                                                  363
+  II. General                                                   368
+  Maps                                                          383
+
+  ILLUSTRATION IN COLOR
+  A Soldier of the Soil                               _Frontispiece_
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations in this volume
+
+
+  Price Movements of the United States and England from the Earliest
+  Index Numbers Through the First Years of the World War
+
+  Trend of Prices Before and After the Great Wars of History
+
+  William McAdoo
+
+  Money and the Price Level
+
+  John Pierpont Morgan
+
+  President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson Passing the Palace of the
+  King in Brussels
+
+  Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works
+
+  Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan
+
+  Dropping the First Bomb
+
+  A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign
+
+  Detroit--City of Automobiles
+
+  A Woman Doing Road Construction Work
+
+  A Woman Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English Shell
+  Factory
+
+  Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island
+
+  Ship-building at Camden, N. J.
+
+  Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of Stocks
+
+  Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World
+
+  Members of "The Women's Land Army" in England
+
+  A Map Issued by the Food Administration to Show Food Conditions in
+  Europe After the Signing of the Armistice
+
+  A Food Riot in Sweden
+
+  Harry A. Garfield
+
+  Drying Fruit and Vegetables to Save Tin and Glass
+
+  "Back on the Farm"
+
+  The Nations and Their Wheat Supply
+
+  A Municipal Canning Station
+
+  In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant
+
+  Forging Armor Plate
+
+  Building Howitzers
+
+  Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies
+
+  Plowing by Night
+
+  A War Time Warning
+
+  Women Workers in America
+
+  Samuel P. Gompers
+
+  Walker D. Hines
+
+  Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington
+
+  Hog Island Ship-building Yards
+
+  Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River, near Portland,
+  Oregon
+
+  Examining Cargoes for Contraband
+
+  An Antidote for the Submarine Pest
+
+  The Awkward Squad
+
+  The Economic Conference in Paris
+
+  Lord Reading
+
+  While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds
+
+  French School Children Waiting to Welcome General Pétain
+
+  United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory
+  Commission
+
+  Bernard M. Baruch
+
+  Daniel Willard
+
+  John D. Ryan
+
+  A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign
+
+  A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign
+
+  Victory Way at Night
+
+  The Battle Scene at Home
+
+  A Community Conference on Food-Saving
+
+  Will There Be Enough to Go Around?
+
+  Women Doing Night Farming
+
+  The Ore Market--Cleveland
+
+  David Lloyd George
+
+  President Poincaré With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador,
+  Driving to the Peace Conference in Paris
+
+  Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed
+
+  Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates.
+
+  The George Washington
+
+  Paris Crowds Greeting President Wilson
+
+  Henry White
+
+  Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau
+
+  Victoria Hall at Geneva
+
+  William Howard Taft
+
+  Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+
+  President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye
+
+  President Wilson's Welcome in Paris
+
+  Sir Eric Drummond
+
+  Lord Robert Cecil
+
+  Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty
+
+  German Press Representatives in Versailles
+
+  Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home
+
+  M. Stephen Pichon
+
+  Henry Cabot Lodge
+
+  America's Peace Capitol in Paris
+
+  The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German Cause and Marked
+  the Beginning of the End of the War
+
+  Paris in War Time
+
+  Senator Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania
+
+  Male Population Registered and Not Registered
+
+  Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War
+
+  Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month
+
+  Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the
+  Armistice
+
+  Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers
+
+  Our Flag in Alsace
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+By PROFESSOR IRVING FISHER
+
+Department of Political Economy, Yale University
+
+
+In various ways, as this volume shows, the war has profoundly affected
+our economic and political life. War has ever been a disturber and
+innovator, always leaving after it a different world from that which
+existed previous to it. On account of our tremendously complex economic
+organization--the specialization of industry among nations, and the
+network of commerce--war today causes more profound changes than ever
+before. There can not be a human being in the world today whose life is
+not altered by the war through which we have just passed.
+
+In trying, now that the war is over, to _stop drifting_, and to think
+our way out of the bent (or broken) remains of the _ante bellum_ life,
+the world is confronted by a maze of problems and a still greater maze
+of proffered solutions.
+
+Many of these proposals are, unfortunately, of the nature of treatment
+directed not at fundamental conditions, but merely at _symptoms_. We
+should be past the stage, in our social science, as we are in medicine,
+where we treat symptoms without a thorough diagnosis of the fundamental
+causes.
+
+And yet it is just this thorough diagnosis that we lack.
+
+What, then, are the changes brought about by the war which most deeply
+affect "the body politic," and by meeting which the most far reaching
+improvements can be made?
+
+
+HIGH COST OF LIVING A VITAL QUESTION
+
+I can not take up, or even touch on, all of them; but to one of them I
+wish to call especial attention--the High Cost of Living or, more
+generally, the high level of prices, which is the most striking economic
+effect of the war throughout the world. It is, as I see it, hard to
+over-emphasize the need for attacking this problem of the price level as
+a preliminary to attacking the other economic problems which the war has
+left us.
+
+We need only glance at a newspaper today, or step into a corner grocery,
+or fall into conversation with our neighbor in the train to have this
+topic come out as foremost in interest. It is, I believe, responsible
+for much more of our present uncertainty and confusion than is usually
+realized. In its ramifications it is chiefly this phase of the war's
+effects which, as I suggested above, touches every one of us at every
+point of our lives. A member of the Federal Reserve Board has called the
+price level problem _the_ central economic problem of reconstruction.
+
+Professor William Graham Sumner, who has inspired so many to the
+scientific study of social conditions, used to say: "In taking up the
+study of any social situation, divide your study into four
+questions--(1) What is it? (2) Why is it? (3) What of it? (4) What are
+you going to do about it?"
+
+Let us follow this outline, and look first at the facts of the case;
+secondly at their causes; thirdly at the evils involved; and lastly at
+the remedies.
+
+
+MEASURING CHANGES IN PRICES
+
+We now possess a device for measuring the average change in prices. This
+is what is known as an "index number."
+
+Thus, if one commodity has risen 4 per cent. since last month and
+another, 10 per cent., the average rise of the two is midway between the
+sum of 4 per cent., and 10 per cent., or 7 per cent. It is
+
+    4 + 10
+    ------ = 7
+      2
+
+If we call the price level of the two articles last month 100 per cent.,
+then 107 per cent. is the "index number" for the prices of the two
+articles this month. The same principle, of course, applies to any
+number of commodities.
+
+The index number of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
+best index number we have, shows an average price level in 1918 of 196
+for wholesale prices and 168 for retail prices of food on the basis of
+100 per cent. for 1913, the year before the war; showing that wholesale
+prices, on the average, almost exactly doubled. The latest index number
+for wholesale prices (May, 1919) is 206, and for retail (July, 1919),
+190.
+
+A look at the history of prices shows the interesting fact that, while
+prices have sometimes fallen, they have generally risen. The high cost
+of living has been for centuries a source of complaint. In the 16th
+century, people objected to the price of wheat, which was three to ten
+times what it cost during the preceding 300 years.
+
+
+WORTHLESS PAPER MONEY
+
+Where, through ignorance of monetary science, irredeemable paper money
+was used, prices have sometimes gone up quite "out of sight." This was
+the case with the famous assignats of the French Revolution, and the
+"Continental" paper money of our own Revolution. After the Revolution a
+barber in Philadelphia is said to have covered the walls of his shop
+with continental paper money, calling it the cheapest wallpaper he could
+get! Jokes were also heard of a housewife taking a market-basket full of
+this "money" to the butcher's shop and bringing home the meat in her
+purse! This money became a hissing and a byword; and, even to this day,
+one of the favorite expressions for worthlessness is "not worth a
+Continental." We see the same situation repeated again today with
+Russian paper money.
+
+But our first scientific measurement of price movements began with 1782,
+the beginning of Jevons' index number of wholesale prices in England.
+
+
+COMMENTS ON FIGURE 1
+
+Figure 1 shows the course of prices in England from that date, and also,
+for comparison, that in the U.S.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1
+
+Price Movements of the United States and England from the Earliest Index
+Numbers Through the First Years of the World War
+
+Showing, in general, a close similarity. England was on a paper basis,
+1801--1820; and the United States, 1862--78. The dotted lines for these
+periods show the prices as translated back into gold.]
+
+The conspicuous feature of these curves is their great irregularity.
+Practically never are they for any length of time at all horizontal.
+Sometimes, even in time of peace, a variation of over 10 per cent. is
+shown in one year. The curve for the U. S. shows, at the time of the
+Civil War, a very considerable rise (especially as measured in terms of
+paper), followed by a decline beginning in 1873 and continuing to 1896.
+The fall in the first part of this period was accentuated by the return
+from a paper to a gold standard. From an index number of 100 in 1873,
+the index number dropped to 51 in 1896. This decline resulted
+politically in the famous Bryan "Free Silver" campaign.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2
+
+Trend of Prices Before and After the Great Wars of History]
+
+Since that time, however, the course of prices has been steadily upward.
+Between 1896 and the outbreak of the war, the index number of the U. S.
+rose about 50 per cent. Substantially the same increase took place in
+Canada, while in the United Kingdom there was a rise of 35 per cent.
+This rise before the war amounted, in the United States, to about
+one-fifth of one per cent. per month. During the war, however, the rise
+amounted in this country to 1½ per cent. per month, and abroad to much
+more--in Germany and Austria to 3 per cent. per month, and in Russia,
+apparently, to 4 or 5 per cent. per month. In the light of the
+excitement caused up to 1914 by the comparatively moderate increase in
+this country, we can better understand the Russian economic unrest when
+a far steeper ascent of prices got under way.
+
+The total effect can be summed up as follows: between 1914, before the
+war, and November, 1918, the price level in this country (as indicated
+by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food index
+number) rose 79 per cent.; that in England (according to the _Statist_
+index number), 133 per cent.; that in France, approximately 140 per
+cent.; that in western Europe probably at least three-fold; and in
+Russia perhaps ten or twenty-fold.
+
+The price level of the United States today is over three-fold that of
+1896. Expressing the same fact in terms of the purchasing power of
+money, our dollar of today is worth only 30 cents of the money in 1896,
+so that as contrasted with the dollar of 1896 our dollar literally
+"looks like thirty cents."
+
+
+COMMENTS ON FIGURE 2
+
+Now it is a common belief, and one which seems to be borne out by the
+present situation, that war raises prices whereas peace lowers them. The
+matter is, however, not so simple. Each case must be considered on its
+own merits. Figure 2 shows price curves for the various wars.
+
+In general prices have risen during wars. But there has not been any
+such uniformity of movement after wars. Moreover in most cases the price
+disturbances both during and after the wars had scarcely anything to do
+with the coming and going of the war. In only four of the cases on the
+chart is the rise of prices during the war really and clearly due to the
+war. In the Napoleonic Wars, the war of 1812, the Civil War, and the
+World War the rise of prices during the war was largely due to war
+inflation.
+
+As to the after effects on prices there are likewise only four clear
+cases. The fall of paper prices relatively to gold after the Napoleonic
+Wars, and the Civil War was, in each case, clearly due to resumption of
+specie payments. The fall of prices in the United States after the War
+of 1812 was doubtless due in large measure to the resumption of foreign
+trade. In one case there was a rise of prices as an aftermath; the war
+of 1871, which gave Germany a billion dollars of indemnity, created
+inflation in Germany and prices rose there between 1871 and 1873 faster
+than in any other country. This doubtless accentuated the crash in the
+crisis of 1873.
+
+In the other cases in the diagram the many instances of rise of prices
+after the wars were due primarily at least, to other causes, although
+the cessation of war and the undue optimism and spirit of speculation
+which often follow may, in several instances, have contributed to the
+boom period and the crisis which so often came a few years later, viz.,
+that of 1857 after the Crimean War, that of 1866 after the Civil War, as
+well as that of 1873 just mentioned.
+
+The only safe generalizations seem to be the following two: The first is
+that in so far as a war has been costly, _i. e._, has strained the
+economic resources of the belligerents, there has been recourse to
+inflation in some form and prices have risen. Besides the examples in
+the chart are those of the French Revolution, the American Colonial
+wars, the American Revolution and many others. The second generalization
+is that after a costly war the price level is affected up or down by the
+fiscal policy of the governments concerned.
+
+
+HIGH PRICES NOT DUE TO SCARCITY
+
+Most cherish the belief that high war prices today represent war
+scarcity. In the case of some countries like Belgium and some
+commodities like paper this is true and in such cases scarcity serves as
+a partial explanation of high prices. But in the case of most countries
+and most commodities there has been no general scarcity. The almost
+universal rise of prices cannot be ascribed to scarcity. Prices have
+risen of many goods not affected by the war or in countries remotest
+from the war.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+William McAdoo
+
+Secretary of the Treasury during the World War, and Director-General of
+the Railroads.]
+
+As Mr. O. P. Austin, statistician of the National City Bank, has said:
+
+     "Raw silk, for example, for which the war made no special
+     demand and which was produced on the side of the globe opposite
+     that in which the hostilities were occurring, advanced from
+     $3.00 per pound in the country of production in 1913 to $4.50
+     per pound in 1917, and over $6.00 per pound in the closing
+     months of the war. Manila hemp, also produced on the opposite
+     side of the globe and not a war requirement, advanced in the
+     country of production from $180 per ton in 1915 to $437 per ton
+     in 1918. Goat skins, from China, India, Mexico and South
+     America, advanced from 25 cents per pound in 1914 to over 50
+     cents per pound in 1918; and yet goat skins were in no sense a
+     special requirement of the war. Sisal grass produced in Yucatan
+     advanced from $100 per ton in 1914 at the place of production
+     to nearly $400 per ton in 1918; and Egyptian cotton, a
+     high-priced product and thus not used for war purposes, jumped
+     from 14 cents per pound in Egypt in 1914 to 35 cents per pound
+     in 1918. Even the product of the diamond mines of South Africa
+     advanced from 60 to 100 per cent. in price per karat when
+     compared with prices existing in the opening months of the war.
+
+     "The prices are in all cases those _in the markets of the
+     country in which the articles were produced_ and in most cases
+     at points on the globe far distant from that in which the war
+     was being waged. They are the product of countries having
+     plentiful supply of cheap labor and upon which there has been
+     no demand for men for service in the war. The advance in the
+     prices quoted is in no sense due to the high cost of ocean
+     transportation since they are those demanded and obtained in
+     the markets of the country of production.
+
+     "Why is it that the product of the labor of women and children
+     who care for silk worms in China and Japan, of the Filipino
+     laborer who produces the Manila hemp, the Egyptian fellah who
+     grows the high grade cotton, the native workman in the diamond
+     mines of South Africa, the Mexican peon in the sisal field of
+     Yucatan, the Chinese coolie in the tin mines of Malay, or the
+     goatherd on the plains of China, India, Mexico or South America
+     has doubled in price during the war period?"
+
+Mr. Austin goes on to show that the scarcity or "increased demand" for
+war goods has been greatly exaggerated. It is true that some 40 million
+men were at one time fighting in the war. But this is less than 2½ per
+cent. of the world's population and it must not be forgotten that these
+40 million were also consumers before the war. Their withdrawal from
+industry did not really create a vacuum of even 1 per cent. of the
+world's productive power; as women, boys and old men took their places
+and others worked harder than in peace time.
+
+In addition to the 40 million soldiers, some 150 million people have
+been required to work on "war work" at home but they have simply been
+"switched" from other forms of production which have been
+correspondingly reduced. War supplies were demanded but these also
+largely "switched" the demand from former and industrial uses. Lord
+D'Abernon found that in England those objects of luxury "which would
+seem to be influenced not at all or only very remotely and to a very
+small degree by increased cost of labor and materials," such as old
+books, prints and coins, had, nevertheless, advanced, roughly speaking
+50 per cent., during the war. Thus "scarcity" and especial "war demands"
+do not go far toward explaining the high price level even in Europe and
+not at all, I believe, in this country.
+
+In the United States while certain things have become scarce, including
+certain foods, the general mass of goods has been actually increased as
+a consequence of war.
+
+The raw materials used in the United States in 1918 were 16 per cent.
+more than in 1913 and 2 per cent. more than in 1917. The physical volume
+of trade is estimated variously to be in 1918 from 22 per cent. to 41
+per cent. above that in 1913 and 8 per cent. above that in 1917.
+
+President Wilson, in his address to Congress, August 8, 1919, on the
+high cost of living, gave other impressive examples as to foods,
+especially eggs, frozen fowls, creamery butter, salt beef, and canned
+corn, showing that scarcity is not the cause of high prices.
+
+
+HIGH PRICES DUE TO MONETARY CAUSES
+
+The truth is that the chief causes of the rise of prices in war time are
+monetary causes.
+
+It is almost invariably true that the great price movements of history
+are chiefly monetary. This is shown, in the first place by the fact that
+countries of like monetary standards have like price movements. Thus--to
+consider gold-standard countries--there has usually been a remarkable
+family resemblance between the curves representing the rise and fall of
+the index numbers of the United States, Canada, England, France,
+Belgium, Holland, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and Italy. Again, the
+price movements in silver countries show a strong likeness, as in India
+and China between 1873 and 1893.
+
+On the other hand, we find a great contrast between gold and silver
+countries or between any countries which have different monetary
+standards. In the World War the data are still too meager to enable us
+to express all the relations in exact figures, but we may arrange the
+different countries in the approximate order in which their prices have
+risen. The order of the nations corresponds, in general, with the order
+in which the currency in those nations has been inflated by paper as
+well as with the order in which their monetary units have depreciated
+in the foreign exchange markets.
+
+This order--of ascending prices and of inflated currency--is as follows,
+beginning with the least rise and inflation: India, Australia, New
+Zealand, United States, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark,
+Italy, Holland, England, Norway, France, Germany, Austria and Russia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.
+
+Money and the Price Level
+
+Showing a correspondence between the quantity of money and the level of
+prices. Since the middle of 1915, when the quantity of money in the
+United States began to be greatly affected by the war, the
+correspondence has been close, changes in the price level seeming
+usually to follow changes in the quantity of money one to three months
+later.]
+
+The ups and downs of prices correspond with the ups and downs of the
+money supply. Throughout all history this has been so. For this general
+statement there is sufficient evidence even where we lack the index
+numbers by which to make accurate measurements. Whenever there have
+been new discoveries of gold and rapid outpourings from mines, prices
+have gone up with corresponding rapidity. This was observed in the 16th
+century, after great quantities of the precious metals had been brought
+to Europe from the Americas; and again in the 19th century, after the
+Californian and Australian gold finds of the fifties; and still again,
+in the same century after the South African, Alaskan and Cripple Creek
+mining of the nineties.
+
+Likewise when other causes than mining, such as paper money issues,
+produce violent changes in the quantity or quality of money, violent
+changes in the price level usually follow.
+
+
+COMMENTS ON FIGURE 3
+
+The World War furnishes important examples of this. In the United States
+the curve for the quantity of money in circulation and the curve for the
+index number of prices run continuously parallel, the price curve
+following the money curve after a lag of one to three months. It was in
+August, 1915, that the quantity of money in the United States began its
+rapid increase. One month later prices began to shoot upward, keeping
+almost exact pace with the quantity of money. In February, 1916, money
+suddenly stopped increasing, and two or three months later prices
+stopped likewise. As figure 3 shows, similar striking correspondences
+have continued to occur with an average lag between the money cause and
+the price effect of apparently about one and three-quarters months.
+
+On the whole, the money in circulation in the United States rose from
+three and one-third billions in 1913 to five and a half billions in
+1918, and bank deposits from thirteen to twenty-five billions, both
+approximately corresponding to the rise in prices.
+
+Taking a world-wide view, the money in circulation in the world outside
+of Russia has increased during the war from fifteen billions to
+forty-five billions and the bank deposits in fifteen principal countries
+from twenty-seven billions to seventy-five billions. That is both money
+and deposits have trebled; and prices, on the average have perhaps
+trebled also.
+
+The Bolsheviki are a law unto themselves. They have issued eighty
+billion dollars of paper money, or more than in all the rest of the
+world put together. Consequently prices in Russia have doubtless reached
+the sky, though no exact measure of them, since the Bolshevist régime,
+is at hand.
+
+The increase of over thirty billions in the money of the world (outside
+of Russia) is as Austin says "more, _in its face value_, than all the
+gold and all the silver turned out by all the mines of all the world in
+427 years since the discovery of America."
+
+The conclusion toward which the foregoing and other arguments lead is
+that, in this war as in general in the past, the great outstanding
+disturber of the price level has always been money. If this is the case,
+how fruitless, except as treatments of symptoms, are price-fixing, or
+campaigns aimed at profiteers! The cry of profiteering may hinder a real
+solution of the difficulty by diverting attention from the real issue
+and fanning and giving up an object to the spirit of revolt. Money is so
+much an accepted convenience in practice that it has become a great
+stumbling block in theory. Since we talk always in terms of money and
+live in a money atmosphere, as it were, we become as unconscious of it
+as we do of the air we breathe.
+
+
+ASSOCIATE EVILS OF HIGH PRICES
+
+We have now considered the cost of living situation under the two
+questions "What is it?" and "Why is it?"
+
+The third question, "What of it?"--_i. e._, what are the evils connected
+with it--is more easily answered today, when it comes home to all of us,
+that it might have been 10 years ago.
+
+If, for each one of us, the rise of income were to keep up exactly with
+the rise in cost of living, then the high cost of living would have no
+terrors; it would be merely on paper. But no such perfect adjustment
+ever occurs or can occur. Outstanding contracts and understandings in
+terms of money make this out of the question. The salaried men and the
+wage earners suffer--that is, the cost is borne by those with relatively
+"fixed" incomes.
+
+The truth is, the war was largely paid for, not by taxes or loans but by
+the High Cost of Living. The result is that the effort to avoid
+discontent of tax payers has created or rather aggravated the discontent
+over high prices. Every rise in the cost of living brings new recruits
+to the labor malcontents who feel victimized by society and have come to
+hate society. They cite, in their indictment, the high price of
+necessities and the high profits of certain great corporations both of
+which they attribute, not to the aberrations of our monetary yardstick
+but to deliberate plundering by "profiteers" or a social system of
+"exploitation." They grow continually more suspicious and nurse an
+imaginary grudge against the world. We are being threatened by more
+quack remedies--revolutionary socialism, syndicalism, and Bolshevism.
+Radicalism rides on the wave of high prices.
+
+As a matter of fact, the real wages in 1918, that is, their purchasing
+power, were only 80 per cent. of the real wages of 1913. That is, while
+the retail prices of food advanced 68 per cent., wages in money advanced
+only 30 per cent. The real wages of 1913 were in turn less than in
+earlier years.
+
+Lord D'Abernon, in a recent speech in the House of Lords said: "I am
+convinced and cannot state too strongly my belief that 80 per cent. of
+our present industrial troubles and our Bolshevism which is so great a
+menace to Europe are due to this enormous displacement in the value of
+money." In fact, before the war, rising costs of living were
+manufacturing socialists all over the world, including Germany, and the
+German Government may have weighed, as one of the expected dynastic
+advantages of war, the suppression of the growing internal class
+struggle which this high cost of living was bringing on apace.
+
+
+MANY SUGGESTED REMEDIES INADEQUATE
+
+We are now ready for the question, "What can be done about it?" So far
+as the past is concerned, comparatively little. Bygones must largely be
+bygones. So far as wages and salaries are concerned, the remedy must be
+to raise them rather than to lower the high cost of living. While some
+kinds of work have had excessive wages during the war, this has not been
+true in general, public opinion to the contrary notwithstanding. I quite
+agree with Mr. Gompers that the wage level should not be lowered even
+if it could be. On the contrary it should be raised to catch up with
+prices, just as was done after the Civil War. But in regard to contracts
+little relief for past injuries can be expected. We would best use the
+past as a lesson for the future. That is what I understand by
+"reconstruction."
+
+[Illustration: John Pierpont Morgan
+
+The banking house of Morgan was closely identified with international
+finance throughout the World War.]
+
+Many impracticable plans have been proposed. Secretary Redfield
+undertook to stabilize prices by arbitrarily fixing them. He failed,
+necessarily. We might as well try to fix the sea level by pressing on
+the ocean. The same, as I stated above, is true of a campaign against
+profiteers though proposed by so high an authority as President Wilson.
+
+
+PROPOSED REMEDY
+
+The plan I shall here outline has received the approval of a large
+number of leading economists, business men, and organizations,
+including President Hadley of Yale; a committee of economists appointed
+to consider the purchasing power of money in relation to the war; Frank
+A. Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of New York; George
+Foster Peabody, Federal Reserve banker of New York; John Perrin, Federal
+Reserve Agent of San Francisco; Henry L. Higginson, the veteran banker
+of Boston; Roger W. Babson, statistician; John Hays Hammond, mining
+engineer; John V. Farwell, of Chicago; Leo S. Rowe, Assistant Secretary
+of the Treasury: United States Senator, Robert L. Owen, one of the
+authors of the Federal Reserve Act; Ex-Senator Shafroth; the late
+Senator Newlands; Sir David Barbour, one of the originators of the
+Indian gold exchange standard; the Society of Polish Engineers; the New
+England Purchasing Agents' Association; and a few Chambers of Commerce.
+
+
+WANTED--A STANDARDIZED DOLLAR
+
+Our dollar is now simply a fixed weight of gold--a unit of weight,
+masquerading as a unit of value. It is almost as absurd to define a unit
+of value, or general purchasing power, in terms of weight as to define a
+unit of length in terms of weight. What good does it do us to be assured
+that our dollar weighs just as much as ever? We want a dollar which will
+always buy the same aggregate quantity of bread, butter, beef, bacon,
+beans, sugar, clothing, fuel, and the other essential things that we
+spend it for. What is needed is to stabilize or standardize the dollar
+just as we have already standardized the yardstick, the pound weight,
+the bushel basket, the pint cup, the horsepower, the volt, and, indeed,
+all the units of commerce except the dollar.
+
+Money today has two great functions. It is a medium of exchange and it
+is a standard of value. Gold was chosen because it was a good medium,
+not because it was a good standard. And so, because our ancestors found
+a good medium of exchange, we now find ourselves saddled with a bad
+standard of value!
+
+The problem before us is to retain gold as a good medium and yet to make
+it into a good standard; not to abandon the gold standard but to rectify
+it; not to rid ourselves of the gold dollar but to make it conform in
+purchasing power to the composite or goods-dollar. The method of
+rectifying the gold standard consists in suitably varying the weight of
+the gold dollar. The gold dollar is now fixed in weight and therefore
+variable in purchasing power. What we need is a gold dollar fixed in
+purchasing power and therefore variable in weight. I do not think that
+any sane man, whether or not he accepts the theory of money which I
+accept, will deny that the weight of gold in a dollar has a great deal
+to do with its purchasing power. More gold will buy more goods.
+Therefore more gold than 25.8 grains will, barring counteracting causes,
+buy more goods than 25.8 grains itself will buy. If today the dollar,
+instead of being 25.8 grains or about one-twentieth of an ounce of gold,
+were an ounce or a pound or a ton of gold it would surely buy more than
+it does now, which is the same thing as saying that the price level
+would be lower than it is now.
+
+A Mexican gold dollar weighs about half as much as ours and has less
+purchasing power. If Mexico should adopt the same dollar that we have
+and that Canada has, no one could doubt that its purchasing power would
+rise--that is, the price level in Mexico would fall. Since, then, the
+heavier or the lighter the gold dollar is the more or the less is its
+purchasing power, it follows that, if we add new grains of gold to the
+dollar just fast enough to compensate for the loss in the purchasing
+power of each grain, or vice versa take away gold to compensate for a
+gain, we shall have a fully "compensated dollar," a stationary instead
+of fluctuating dollar, when judged by its purchasing power.
+
+But how, it will be asked, is it possible, in practice, to change the
+weight of the gold dollar? The feat is certainly not impossible, for it
+has often been accomplished. We ourselves have changed the weight of our
+gold dollar twice--once in 1834, when the gold in the dollar was reduced
+7 per cent., and again in 1837, when it was increased one-tenth of 1 per
+cent. If we can change it once or twice a century, we can change it once
+or twice a month!
+
+
+HOW GOLD CIRCULATES
+
+In actual fact, gold now circulates almost entirely through
+"yellowbacks," or gold certificates. The gold itself, often not in the
+form of coins at all but of "bar gold," lies in the government vaults.
+The abolition of gold coin would make no material change in the present
+situation.
+
+If gold thus circulated only in the form of paper representatives it
+would evidently be possible to vary at will the weight of the gold
+dollar without any such annoyance or complication as would arise from
+the existence of coins. The government would simply vary the quantity of
+gold bullion which it would exchange for a paper dollar--the quantity it
+would give or take at a given time. As readily as a grocer can vary the
+amount of sugar he will give for a dollar, the government could vary the
+amount of gold it would give for a dollar.
+
+
+CRITERION OF STANDARDIZATION
+
+But, it will now be asked, what criterion is to guide the government in
+making these changes in the dollar's weight? Am I proposing that some
+government official should be authorized to mark the dollar up or down
+according to his own caprice? Most certainly not. A definite and simple
+criterion for the required adjustments is at hand--the now familiar
+"index number" of prices.
+
+If, for instance, the index number is found to be 1 per cent. above the
+ideal par, this fact will indicate that the purchasing power of the
+dollar has gone down; and this fact will be the signal and authorization
+for an increase of 1 per cent. in the weight of the gold dollar. What is
+thereby added to the purchasing power of the gold dollar will be
+automatically registered in the purchasing power of its circulating
+certificate. If the correction is not enough, or if it is too much, the
+index number next month will tell the story.
+
+Absolutely perfect correction is impossible, but any imperfection will
+continue to reappear and so cannot escape ultimate correction. Suppose,
+for instance, that next month the index number is found to remain
+unchanged at 101. Then the dollar is at once loaded an additional 1 per
+cent. And if, next month, the index number is, let us say, 100½ (that
+is, one half of 1 per cent above par) this one-half of 1 per cent. will
+call for a third addition to the dollar's weight, this time of one-half
+of one per cent. And so, as long as the index number persists in
+staying even a little above par, the dollar will continue to be loaded
+each month, until, if necessary, it weighs an ounce--or a ton, for that
+matter. But, of course, long before it can become so heavy, the
+additional weight will become sufficient; so that the index number will
+be pushed back to par--that is, the circulating certificate will have
+its purchasing power restored. Or suppose the index number falls below
+par, say 1 per cent. below. This fact will indicate that the purchasing
+power of the dollar has gone up. Accordingly, the gold dollar will be
+reduced in weight 1 per cent., and each month that the index number
+remains below par the now too heavy dollar will be unloaded and the
+purchasing power of the certificate brought down to par.
+
+Thus by ballast thrown overboard or taken on, our dollar is kept from
+drifting far from the proper level. The result is that the price level
+would oscillate only slightly. Instead of there being any great price
+convulsions, such as we find throughout history, the index number would
+run, say 101, 100½, 101, 100, 102, 101½, 100, 98, 99, 99, 99½, 100,
+etc., seldom getting off the line more than 1 or 2 per cent.
+
+
+A PROBLEM CALLING FOR URGENT ACTION
+
+With the question now before us, it is evident that the problem of our
+monetary standards has much more than theoretical significance. It is a
+practical problem, and, I submit, the most pressing which the war has
+left us. I do not offer the solution described above as the only answer
+to the problem. It is, however, a working basis, a starting point, from
+which we may be able to work out a better plan. _Some_ scientifically
+sound plan is essential, or we shall be the victims of quack remedies.
+
+Finally, _now_ is the time to take up the matter. Public interest is now
+focused on the cost of living and is very largely educated to the fact
+that the high prices have a monetary basis. Furthermore, the world is
+looking to us, as never before, for leadership. It is our golden
+opportunity to set _world_ standards. If we adopt a stable standard of
+value, it seems certain that other nations, as fast as they can
+straighten out their affairs, resume specie payments, and secure again
+stable pars of exchange, will follow our example.
+
+Let us, then, who realize the situation, act upon our knowledge; and
+secure a boon for all future generations, a true standard for contracts,
+a stabilized dollar.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson Passing the Palace of the King
+in Brussels]
+
+
+
+
+The Great Results of the War
+
+
+
+
+The Great Results of the War
+
+_PART I_
+
+I--ECONOMIC RESULTS OF THE WAR
+
+Striking Changes Made by the European Conflict Upon the Economic Life of
+the Great Nations
+
+
+The paramount position of War Finance was brought vividly and
+continuously before the whole people of the United States by the Liberty
+Loan campaigns. This lesson was an old one though it was enforced by all
+the improved methods of modern publicity. To Napoleon Bonaparte is
+attributed the statement that three things are necessary to wage a
+successful war: money, more money, and still more money.
+
+FINDING THE MONEY FOR WAR
+
+It has been well said that:
+
+     "Perhaps the greatest surprise of the war to most people, even
+     to those who had studied political economy, has been the
+     enormous expenditure of money which a nation can incur, and the
+     length of time which it can go on fighting without complete
+     exhaustion. This should not have been in reality a surprise to
+     anyone who had studied past history, for all experience shows
+     that lack of money itself has never prevented a nation from
+     continuing to fight, if it were determined to fight. The
+     financial condition of Revolutionary France at the commencement
+     of Napoleon's career was wretched in the extreme, yet France
+     went on fighting for nearly twenty years after that. The Balkan
+     States can hardly be said ever to have had great financial
+     resources, and yet they fought, one after the other, two severe
+     wars, and are now fighting a third still more severe and
+     prolonged. The Boers in South Africa found no difficulty in
+     fighting the British Empire for three years with practically no
+     financial resources. The Mexicans recently managed to fight one
+     another for a good many years in the same way. Lastly, the
+     Southern states in our own Civil War fought for years a
+     desperate and losing fight and were ultimately beaten to the
+     ground, not so much by a lack of money, as by an actual lack of
+     things to live on and fight with. In fact, all history proves,
+     and this war proves over again, that if what the Germans call
+     'the will to fight' exists lack of money will never stop a
+     nation's fighting, provided it possesses or can obtain its
+     absolutely minimum requirements of food, clothing, and
+     munitions of war. It was Bismarck who said: 'If you will give
+     me a printing press, I will find you the money.' In finding the
+     money required for an exhausting war a nation is driven to all
+     sorts of desperate financial expedients which may very
+     seriously affect its economic life, but if a nation wants to
+     continue fighting and can produce, or be induced to produce,
+     the things that are absolutely necessary for life and warfare,
+     the government will get hold of those things somehow. If it
+     cannot get them in any other way, ultimately it will take
+     them."
+
+
+STRONG POSITION OF UNITED STATES
+
+When the war opened England was in the strongest position of any of the
+Allies. She was the greatest creditor nation in the world. That is, she
+was able to purchase goods from foreign countries on easier terms than
+her associates. Russia and Italy were debtor nations and had to borrow
+even before the war in order to balance their foreign accounts. So these
+members of the Entente had to be assisted in making purchases abroad.
+England was able for a long time to keep up her exchange rate in New
+York. This was done by the shipment of gold and by inducing the holders
+of American securities in England to sell or lend such securities to
+their government.
+
+England was forced to act as the agent of other Powers who were fighting
+with her. Until the United States came in, it was the greatest
+industrial arsenal among the Allies. Large imports were naturally a
+feature of this policy. The United States soon began to feel the result
+of the changes in international credit. Exports almost doubled between
+1912 and 1917, the figures being in millions, $2,399,000,000 and
+$6,231,000,000, respectively.
+
+Another side of the United States trade account to the world is
+indicated by the following classified list of loans to January, 1917:
+
+     "Between August 1, 1914, and December 31, 1916, the loans
+     raised in the United States by foreign countries were estimated
+     to reach $2,325,900,000, of which $175,000,000 had been repaid.
+     The net indebtedness on January 1, 1917, was therefore
+     $2,150,900,000. The loans may be classified geographically as
+     follows:
+
+    Europe                      $1,893,400,000
+    Canada                         270,500,000
+    Latin America                  157,000,000
+    China                            5,000,000
+                                --------------
+    Total foreign loans         $2,325,900,000
+    Less amount paid, estimated    175,000,000
+                                --------------
+    Net foreign indebtedness    $2,150,900,000
+
+     "The loans of the belligerent countries which were floated in
+     the United States up to the close of 1916 are divided as
+     follows:
+
+    Great Britain    $908,400,000
+    France            695,000,000
+    Russia            160,000,000
+    Germany            45,000,000[1]
+    Canada            270,500,000
+                   --------------
+    Total          $2,078,900,000[2]
+
+[1] Estimated.
+
+[2] Nearly $1,900,000,000 of this constituted war loans.
+
+
+NEW PACE IN WAR FINANCE
+
+A new pace in war finance was set by the United States when it became a
+belligerent. It had to provide for an increase of taxation ascending
+from the point of $3,000,000,000 in 1917 to over $8,000,000,000 in 1918.
+The largest source of estimated revenue was from taxes on excess
+profits, including war profits of $3,100,000,000, and the next was from
+taxes on incomes, $1,482,186,000 from individuals, and $828,000,000 from
+corporations. The New York _Journal of Commerce_ shows by the following
+table the difference between the old and the new system of taxation.
+Exemptions under the new law were the same as under the old: $1,000 for
+single persons and $2,000 for married, $200 additional allowed for each
+dependent child under eighteen years of age:
+
+      Incomes         Tax Under
+                    Old       New
+                    Law       Law
+       $2,500       $10       $30
+        3,000        20        60
+        3,500        30        90
+        4,000        40       120
+        4,500        60       150
+        5,000        80       180
+        5,500       105       220
+        6,000       130       260
+        6,500       155       330
+        7,000       180       400
+        7,500       205       470
+        8,000       235       545
+        8,500       265       620
+        9,000       295       695
+        9,500       325       770
+       10,000       355       845
+       12,500       530     1,320
+       15,000       730     1,795
+       20,000     1,180     2,895
+       25,000     1,780     4,240
+       30,000     2,380     5,595
+       35,000     2,980     7,195
+       40,000     3,580     8,795
+       45,000     4,380    10,645
+       50,000     5,180    12,495
+       55,000     5,980    14,695
+       60,000     6,780    16,895
+       70,000     8,880    21,895
+       80,000    10,980    27,295
+      100,000    16,180    39,095
+      150,000    31,680    70,095
+      200,000    49,180   101,095
+      300,000    92,680   165,095
+      500,000   192,680   207,095
+    1,000,000   475,180   647,095
+    5,000,000 3,140,180 3,527,095
+
+The following estimated yield from other sources is given by the same
+authority:
+
+     "Transportation--Freight, $75,000,000; express, $20,000,000;
+     passenger fares, $60,000,000; seats and berths, $5,000,000; oil
+     by pipe lines, $4,550,000.
+
+     "Beverages (liquors and soft drinks), $1,137,600,000; stamp
+     taxes, $32,000,000; tobacco cigars, $61,364,000; cigarettes,
+     $165,240,000; tobacco, 104,000,000; snuff, $9,100,000; papers
+     and tubes, $1,500,000.
+
+     "Special Taxes.--Capital stock, $70,000,000; brokers,
+     $1,765,000; theaters, etc., $2,143,000; mail order sales,
+     $5,000,000; bowling alleys, billiard and pool tables,
+     $2,200,000; shooting galleries, $400,000; riding academies,
+     $50,000; business license tax, $10,000,000; manufacturers of
+     tobacco, $69,000; manufacturers of cigars, $850,000;
+     manufacturers of cigarettes, $240,000; use of automobiles and
+     motor cycles, $72,920,000.
+
+     "Telegraph and telephone messages, $15,000,000; insurance,
+     $12,000,000; admissions (theaters, circuses, etc.),
+     $100,000,000; club dues, $9,000,000.
+
+     "Excise Taxes.--Automobiles, etc., $123,750,000; jewelry,
+     sporting goods, etc., $80,000,000; other taxes on luxuries at
+     10 percent., $88,760,000; other taxes on luxuries (apparel,
+     etc., above certain prescribed prices), at 20 percent.,
+     $181,095,000.
+
+     "Gasoline, $40,000,000; yachts and pleasure boats, $1,000,000."
+
+     "The income tax law levies on all citizens or residents of the
+     United States a normal tax of 12 percent. upon the amount of
+     income in excess of exemptions, except that on the first $4,000
+     of the taxable amount the rate shall be 6 percent. The law also
+     increases the surtaxes all along the line. The advances by
+     grades compared with the percentage under the old law are:
+     $5,000 to $7,500 incomes, increased from 1 to 2 percent.;
+     $7,500 to $10,000, from 2 to 3 percent.; $10,000 to $12,500,
+     from 3 to 7 percent.; $12,500 to $15,000, from 4 to 7 percent.;
+     $15,000 to $20,000, from 5 to 10 percent.; $20,000 to $30,000,
+     from 8 to 15 percent.; $30,000 to $40,000, from 8 to 20
+     percent.; $40,000 to $50,000, from 12 to 25 percent.; $50,000
+     to $60,000, from 12 to 32 percent.; $60,000 to $70,000, from 17
+     to 38 percent.; $70,000 to $80,000, from 17 to 42 percent.;
+     $80,000 to $90,000, from 22 to 46 percent.; $90,000 to
+     $100,000, from 22 to 46 percent.; $100,000 to $150,000, from
+     27 to 50 percent.; $150,000 to $200,000, from 31 to 50
+     percent.; $200,000 to $250,000, from 37 to 52 percent.;
+     $250,000 to $300,000, from 42 to 55 percent. The rate continues
+     to increase, but on incomes of over $5,000,000 the increase is
+     only from 63 percent., under former law to 65 percent."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by International Film Service
+
+Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works
+
+Before entering the war, the United States was the great arsenal of the
+Allies. After our entry, production of munitions increased, while the
+man power in the industry diminished through enlistments and the draft.
+Women took up the work and showed surprising ability.]
+
+
+MEANING OF NEW TAXATION
+
+According to a calculation published in the New York _World_ the war
+revenue bill imposed a war tax of $80 on every man, woman and child in
+the United States, or approximately $400 for each family. The amount
+expected to be derived from each item is given in the following table:
+
+    Individual income tax            $1,482,186,000
+    Corporation income tax              894,000,000
+    Excess and war profits            3,200,000,000
+    Estate tax                          110,000,000
+    Transportation                      164,550,000
+    Telegraph and telephone              16,000,000
+    Insurance                            12,000,000
+    Admissions                          100,000,000
+    Club dues                             9,000,000
+    Excise, luxury, and semi-luxury     518,305,000
+    Beverages                         1,137,600,000
+    Stamp taxes--chiefly documentary     32,000,000
+    Tobacco and products                341,204,000
+    Special business and
+    automobile-user's Taxes             165,607,000
+                                     --------------
+      Total                          $8,182,452,000
+
+With the operation of this tax the people of the United States found it
+no longer possible to speak in terms of opprobrium of the tax-ridden
+people of Europe. The American income tax has a higher rate on large
+incomes than that provided for under the English system. A man in the
+United States with an income of $5,000,000 is taxed nearly 50 percent.,
+more than in England. The New York _Tribune_ published tables printed
+below comparing the income tax rates of the United States with those
+existing in France and in Great Britain.
+
+
+INCOME TAX COMPARISON
+
+A compilation made for the _Wall Street Journal_ shows that the United
+States income tax even with the increases made in 1918 was still far
+lower than the English income tax:
+
+     "The great bulk, numerically, of incomes taxed in 1917 was in
+     the field reached by the lowering of the exemption in the 1917
+     law.... It is a fact, however, that no one of these new
+     taxpayers was called on to contribute more than $40 to the
+     government, as the rate was only 2 percent., while all other
+     incomes paid a basic normal tax of 4 percent. The lowest rate
+     for normal tax in Great Britain is 2 shillings and 3 pence on
+     the pound, or 11¼ percent., and the exemption is only $600. The
+     basic normal tax under the new English law is 6 shillings on
+     the pound, or 30 percent., on all incomes over $25,000.
+
+                     _United States
+                   Old Law         New Law    United Kingdom  France
+ Income             Rate             Rate      Rate     (%)    Rate
+                Am't    (%)      Am't   (%)  Unearned  Earned  (%)_
+ $   2,500       $10    .40       $30   1.20   11.25    8.44   1.25
+     3,000        20    .67        60   2.00   14.84   11.87   1.67
+     3,500        30    .86        90   2.57   16.24   12.96   2.07
+     4,000        46   1.00       120   3.00   18.16   14.53   2.44
+     4,500        60   1.33       150   3.33   18.75   15.00   2.86
+     5,000        80   1.60       180   3.60   18.75   15.00   3.20
+     5,500       105   1.91       220   4.00   22.50   18.75   3.48
+     6,000       130   2.16       260   4.33   22.50   18.75   3.71
+     6,500       155   2.38       330   5.08   22.50   18.75   3.90
+     7,000       180   2.57       400   5.71   22.50   18.75   4.07
+     7,500       205   2.73       470   6.27   22.50   18.75   4.21
+     8,000       235   2.93       545   6.81   26.25   22.50   4.34
+     8,500       265   3.12       620   7.29   26.25   22.50   4.53
+     9,000       295   3.28       695   7.72   26.25   22.50   4.69
+     9,500       325   3.42       770   8.11   26.25   22.50   4.84
+    10,000       355   3.55       845   8.45   26.25   22.50   4.98
+    12,500       530   4.24     1,320  10.56   30.00   26.25   5.53
+    15,000       730   4.87     1,795  11.97   32.08   32.08   6.07
+    20,000     1,180   5.90     2,895  14.48   34.06   34.06   6.99
+    25,000     1,780   7.12     4,245  16.98   35.75   35.75   7.84
+    30,000     2,380   7.93     5,595  18.65   37.29   37.29   8.41
+    35,000     2,980   8.51     7,195  20.56   38.75   38.75   8.99
+    40,000     3,580   8.95     8,795  21.99   39.84   39.84   9.43
+    45,000     4,380   9.73    10,645  23.66   40.97   40.97   9.77
+    50,000     5,180  10.36    12,495  24.99   41.88   41.88  10.05
+    55,000     5,980  10.87    14,695  26.72   42.84   42.84  10.27
+    60,000     6,780  11.30    16,895  28.16   43.65   43.65  10.45
+    70,000     8,880  12.69    21,895  31.26   44.91   44.91  10.75
+    80,000    10,980  13.72    27,295  34.12   45.86   45.86  10.96
+   100,000    16,180  16.18    39,095  39.10   47.19   47.19  11.27
+   150,000    31,680  21.12    70,095  46.73   48.96   48.96  11.68
+   200,000    49,180  24.59   101,095  50.55   49.84   49.84  11.89
+   300,000    92,680  30.89   165,095  55.03   50.73   50.73  12.09
+   500,000   192,680  38.54   297,095  59.42   51.44   51.44  12.25
+ 1,000,000   475,180  47.52   647,095  64.71   51.97   51.97  12.38
+ 5,000,000 3,140,000  62.80 3,527,095  70.54   52.39   52.39  12.48
+
+"Actual rate, allowing for deductions, normal tax, and surtaxes, based
+on taxes on incomes of heads of families. Persons with no dependents pay
+more; those with more than one pay less. $2,000 is exempted for heads of
+families, $1,000 for bachelors. Below $4,000, 6 per cent. is the normal
+tax; above, 12 per cent. Surtaxes begin at $5,000."
+
+     "If the new normal tax in the United States were made uniformly
+     12 percent.--wiping out the 2 percent. discrimination of the
+     1917 law--a single man in this country with a salary of $1,500
+     a year would be called on to pay $60 in income tax, as against
+     an English tax of $101.25. Assuming that the normal tax were
+     raised to 12 percent. and the surtax and excess tax were left
+     as at present, an unmarried American with a salary of $10,000
+     would pay $1,430.20, while the unmarried Englishman would pay
+     $2,250. If the Englishman derived his $10,000 income from
+     rentals, his tax would be increased to $2,625, while the
+     American tax would be reduced to $1,165--an Irish dividend on
+     effort.
+
+     "According to a level where the British surtax becomes
+     effective, take a salary of $20,000. The English normal tax on
+     this would be $6,000 and the surtax $812.50 (figuring $5 to the
+     pound), a total of $6,812.50. At the suggested rate of 12
+     percent., the American's normal tax would be $2,145.60 (rate
+     applying to $20,000, less $1,000 exemption and $1,120 excess
+     tax); the surtax would be $444 and the excess tax $1,120; a
+     total of $3,709.60. If the American cut non-tax-free coupons
+     for his income instead of working for it, his tax would be
+     reduced to $2,780, making it more than $600, less than one-half
+     the English tax. This, be it remembered, is figuring the
+     American normal tax at the supposititious rate of 12 percent.
+
+     "Going abruptly to an income of $1,000,000, the American normal
+     tax at 12 percent., would be $119,880, against an English normal
+     tax of $300,000. The increase in the American normal tax would
+     be $79,960 over present rates. The American surtax at present
+     rates would be $435,300, as against a British surtax of
+     $217,915; total American, $555,180, English, $519,687.50. No
+     account is taken in this computation of any excess tax on the
+     American income. With an income of $3,000,000. the American
+     normal tax at 12 percent. would be $359,880, an increase of
+     $239,960 over present rates. The surtax at present rates would
+     be $1,680,300, a total of $2,040,180, or nearly 70 percent.,
+     the rate on the last $1,000,000 being at 75 percent. The
+     corresponding British tax is, normal, $900,000, and surtax
+     $669,685; total, $1,569,685, or nearly 52 percent., the actual
+     maximum rate being 52½ percent. on all excess over $50,000.
+
+     "Expressed in tabular form, comparative results from a normal
+     tax of 12 percent., combined with present surtax rates and
+     assuming all income up to $50,000 to be earned income for a
+     single man, would be as follows:
+
+                    U.S.     Per       British    Per
+    Income           Tax   Cent.           Tax  Cent.
+
+    $1,500        $60.00    4.00       $101.25   6.75
+     3,000        240.00    8.00        375.00  12.50
+     5,000        480.00    9.60        750.00  15.00
+     7,500        789.40   10.52      1,406.25  18.75
+    10,000      1,430.20   14.30      2,250.00  22.50
+    15,000      2,534.80   16.90      4,812.50  32.08
+    20,000      3,709.60   18.55      6,812.50  34.06
+    30,000      6,336.00   21.12     11,187.50  37.29
+    40,000      8,956.00   22.39     15,937.50  39.84
+    50,000     11,855.20   23.71     20,937.50  40.18
+    75,000     18,605.20   24.81     34,062.50  45.42
+   100,000     26,855.20   26.80     47,187.50  47.19
+   150,000     46,355.20   30.90     73,437.50  48.96
+   250,000     92,355.20   36.94    125,937.50  50.37
+   500,000    235,355.20   47.07    257,187.50  51.44
+   700,000    359,355.20   51.33    362,187.50  51.74
+   750,000    390,355.20   52.05    388,437.50  51.79
+ 1,000,000    557,855.20   55.78    519,687.50  51.97
+ 3,000,000  2,042,855.20   68.09  1,569,687.50  52.32
+10,000,000  7,292,855.20   72.93  5,244,687.50  52.45
+
+     "With additional exemption of $1,000 for heads of families and
+     $200 each for dependent children, the United States figures in
+     the table would be reduced by $120 for the $1,000 exemption and
+     $24 for each child. There are similar deductions to be made in
+     the English figures. Furthermore, for incomes above $50,000,
+     deduction for the excess tax has not been figured exactly in
+     order to avoid long computations. This would slightly reduce
+     the figure on the large incomes. But for demonstrative
+     purposes, the table gives a fairly accurate general comparison
+     of the range of taxes under the proposed English law and a
+     tentative 12 percent. normal rate under our law.
+
+     "It will be noticed that the rates would come together just
+     below $750,000. It is in the range between $5,000 and $500,000
+     incomes that greatest divergence in rates occurs. The British
+     tax takes its largest jump between $10,000 and $15,000, where
+     the surtax begins to operate. The United States gradations are
+     erratic and irregular, showing the haphazard manner in which
+     the steps of the surtax were applied."
+
+ATTITUDE TOWARD WAR TAX BILL
+
+The passing of the war tax bill was not altogether easy sailing; there
+was plenty of criticism from the press throughout the country.
+Republican editors and congressmen wondered why the bill did not contain
+a tax on cotton, and one Pennsylvania congressman thought that the tax
+levy should be at the rate of three dollars a bale. Senator Smoot of
+Utah attacked the bill as a bunglesome measure.
+
+The New York _Journal of Commerce_ called attention to the
+discrimination between those whose income is in the form of services or
+property and those who get it in cash:
+
+     "Take the case, for instance, of the salaried employee of a
+     bank or factory who receives $5,000 a year, out of which he
+     pays his house rent and his usual costs of living; contrast him
+     with the case of a farmer who owns his land and obtains the
+     bulk of what he needs, both in food, fuel, and other
+     essentials, for himself and family in produce or in goods
+     obtained by trade at the neighboring village; the situation
+     becomes clear and shows why it is that the farming class pays
+     only a microscopic proportion of the income tax at the present
+     time."
+
+And the Democratic New York _World_ agreed that the farmer "is not
+carrying his share of the load of war taxation," and observes:
+
+     "An analysis of income tax returns for the fiscal year 1916,
+     recently published, shows that, although farmers are the most
+     numerous class of Americans engaged in gainful occupations,
+     they were at the foot of the list proportionately among income
+     tax payers. Outside of the notorious war profiteers, no element
+     of our population has advantaged so greatly by war as
+     agriculturists; yet in the year of which we speak only one
+     farmer in four hundred paid a farthing's tax upon income. In
+     this respect preachers and teachers showed a higher
+     percentage."
+
+There was some demand for extending the income tax downwards to cover
+smaller incomes, for example, we find the Council Bluffs' _Nonpareil_
+contending:
+
+     "The men of more moderate income should be required to pay at
+     least a nominal income tax. This is a common country. It
+     belongs to common people. And common people will esteem it a
+     privilege to contribute their mites. One dollar per hundred on
+     a thousand-dollar income would be both reasonable and just."
+
+
+CRITICISM OF THE TAX
+
+The attitude of the New York press is indicated by the _Evening Sun_ and
+the _Times_. The New York _Evening Sun_ (Rep.) said the committee "left
+so many rough edges upon their work." In the opinion of this newspaper,
+Mr. Kitchin "has given us a measure of class-taxation highly
+accentuated, and yet has failed to suit the McAdoo group, the most
+clear-minded adherents of the conscription-of-wealth idea. He has
+produced a confused series of taxes beyond the practical power of the
+ordinary busy citizen to master or comprehend, but has not combined
+these into a harmonious system." The morning _Sun_ even went so far as
+to remark that "nothing that the Senate could do could make the Kitchin
+measure worse than it is." Yet it by no means criticized all the
+features of the bill. It objected to the proposed taxes on oil producers
+as discouraging the production of oil, and styled the plan to tax
+distributed corporation earnings at twelve percent. and undistributed
+earnings at eighteen percent. "simply a fool tax," which "will help to
+lock the wheels of every great industry in this country."
+
+The foundation mistake of the bill, in the opinion of the New York
+_Times_ (Ind. Dem.) was the "attempt to assess taxes upon the smallest
+possible number of persons and businesses, leaving a great majority of
+the people free from a levy direct or indirect." The _Times_ thought
+that this policy was dictated by the desire "to leave the mass of voters
+free from grounds of complaint against the party in power." It insisted
+that there should be a consumption tax levying "upon the breakfast table
+and upon the purchases of a great mass of people." Such necessities as
+tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, should bear a tax, in the opinion of this and
+other newspapers. The number of those taxed was also kept comparatively
+small by the retention of the old income exemption limits, namely,
+$1,000 for bachelors and $2,000 for married men, with the normal tax
+rate placed at only six percent. on incomes up to $5,000.
+
+
+WILSON'S TAX PROGRAM
+
+An outline of what was expected from the people of the country as a
+financial contribution was given by Mr. Wilson in his May (1918) address
+to Congress, when he decided to ask its members to remain in Washington
+and prepare a new revenue bill. Mr. Wilson's call for immediate action
+in behalf of both the public and the Treasury Department was a summons
+to a universal duty in language which, it is remarked, "was never before
+used in a tax speech." He said in part:
+
+     "We can not in fairness wait until the end of the fiscal year
+     is at hand to apprize our people of the taxes they must pay on
+     their earnings of the present calendar year, whose accountings
+     and expenditures will then be closed.
+
+     "We can not get increased taxes unless the country knows what
+     they are to be and practices the necessary economy to make them
+     available. Definiteness, early definiteness, as to what its
+     tasks are to be is absolutely necessary for the successful
+     administration of the treasury....
+
+     "The present tax laws are marred, moreover, by inequities which
+     ought to be remedied....
+
+     "Only fair, equitably distributed taxation of the widest
+     incidence, drawing chiefly from the sources which would be
+     likely to demoralize credit by their very abundance, can
+     prevent inflation and keep our industrial system free of
+     speculation and waste.
+
+[Illustration: Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan]
+
+     "We shall naturally turn, therefore, I suppose, to war profits
+     and incomes and luxuries for the additional taxes. But the war
+     profits and incomes upon which the increased taxes will be
+     levied will be the profits and incomes of the calendar year
+     1918. It would be manifestly unfair to wait until the early
+     months of 1919 to say what they are to be....
+
+     "Moreover, taxes of that sort will not be paid until the June
+     of next year, and the treasury must anticipate them....
+
+     "In the autumn a much larger sale of long-time bonds must be
+     effected than has yet been attempted....
+
+     "And how are investors to approach the purchase of bonds with
+     any sort of confidence or knowledge of their own affairs if
+     they do not know what taxes they are to pay and what economies
+     and adjustments of their business they must effect? I can not
+     assure the country of a successful administration of the
+     treasury in 1918 if the question of further taxation is to be
+     left undecided until 1919."
+
+Mr. Wilson's appeal for the practice of personal economy met with
+widespread approval in England, as it did in the United States. The
+_Economist_ considered that his manifesto to the American people on this
+subject was among the greatest documents that the war has produced.
+National self-sacrifice had gone far, but not far enough. To attain Mr.
+Wilson's standard of individual patriotism much was still needed, the
+_Economist_ says:
+
+     "We still have a very long way to go before we can attain to
+     President Wilson's standard of individual patriotism. From the
+     outbreak of war to the end of last year the small investor in
+     this country has lent £118,179,000 to the government. Moreover,
+     in the first two months of 1917 as much as £40,000,000 was
+     contributed to war loans in one form or another in the shape of
+     small savings. That result represents a great deal of patriotic
+     saving, and reflects the highest credit on the committee, as
+     well as upon the Montagu committee, which devised so suitable a
+     form of investment as the 15s 6d certificate. But far more is
+     required. During the war loan campaign, war savings
+     certificates brought in £3,000,000 in a single week. That
+     effort was, perhaps, too great to be kept up; but it is hardly
+     satisfactory that, in spite of the hard work of the committee,
+     and an enormous growth in the number of active war savings
+     associations all over the country, the weekly receipts from the
+     15s 6d certificates have fallen back to the £800,000 to
+     £900,000 level which was reached last December. This relapse
+     may be partially accounted for by the late increase in the cost
+     of living, but there can be no doubt that much more might yet
+     be done by the masses of people of moderate means to whom the
+     small certificates appeal. Nor is there any evidence that the
+     wealthier classes, generally speaking, have done nearly as
+     much, in the matter of war self denial, as they might have
+     done."
+
+
+LUXURY TAXES
+
+When it came to a question of taxing luxuries, the difficulty was to
+decide what was a luxury. The situation perplexed Congress, for we find
+one congressman in Pennsylvania who held that collar buttons and cuff
+buttons were a necessity, while a representative from Texas asserted
+that Texas could get along without either collar buttons and cuff
+buttons and still be patriotic. A congressman from Oklahoma thought that
+all kinds of buttons could be done away with, adding, "Before I came to
+Congress I could use nails for my suspenders." Congressman from
+agricultural states considered that automobiles and gasoline were not
+luxuries but were really necessities, especially for farmers.
+
+Many newspapers opposed anything like a luxury tax. We find the New York
+_Times_ advising the imposition of taxes on tea, sugar, coffee and
+cocoa. These are good revenue producers but few politicians care to
+interfere with the free breakfast table. The _Wall Street Journal_
+approved of luxury taxes because they would be a means of enforcing
+thrift. The Treasury's plan for imposing these taxes may be gathered
+from the following condensed summary:
+
+     "Fifty percent. on the retail price of jewelry, including
+     watches and clocks, except those sold to army officers.
+
+     "Twenty percent. on automobiles, trailers and truck units,
+     motor cycles, bicycles automobile, motor cycle, and bicycle
+     tires, and musical instruments.
+
+     "A tax on all men's suits selling for more than $30, hats over
+     $4, shirts over $2, pajamas over $2, hosiery over 35 cents,
+     shoes over $5, gloves over $2, underwear over $3, and all
+     neckwear and canes.
+
+     "On women's suits over $40, coats over $30, ready-made dresses
+     over $35, skirts over $15, hats over $10, shoes over $6,
+     lingerie over $5, corsets over $5. Dress goods--silk over $1.50
+     a square yard; cotton over 50 cents a square yard, and wool
+     over $2 per square yard. All furs, boas and fans.
+
+     "On children's clothing--on children's suits over $15, cotton
+     dresses over $3, linen dresses over $5, silk and wool dresses
+     over $8, hats $5, shoes $4, and gloves $2.
+
+     "On house furnishings, all ornamental lamps and fixtures, all
+     table linen, cutlery and silverware, china and cut glass; all
+     furniture in sets for which $5 or more is paid for each piece;
+     on curtains over $2 per yard, and on tapestries, rugs, and
+     carpets over $5 per square yard.
+
+     "On all purses, pocketbooks, handbags, brushes, combs and
+     toilet articles, and all mirrors over $2.
+
+     "Ten percent. on the collections from the sales of vending
+     machines.
+
+     "Ten percent. on all hotel bills amounting to more than $2.50
+     per person per day. Also the present 10 percent. tax on cabaret
+     bills is made to apply to the entire restaurant or café bill.
+
+
+TAXES OF MANUFACTURER OR PRODUCER
+
+     "Ten cents a gallon on all gasoline to be paid by the wholesale
+     dealers.
+
+     "Ten percent. tax on wire leases.
+
+     "Graduated taxes on soft drinks. Mineral now taxed 1 cent a
+     gallon to pay 16 cents. Chewing gum now taxed 2 percent. of
+     the selling price, to pay 1 cent on each 5-cent package.
+
+     "Motion-picture shows and films: abolish the foot tax of ¼ and
+     ½-cent a foot and substitute a tax of 5 percent. on the rentals
+     received by the producer, and double the tax rate on
+     admissions.
+
+     "Double the present taxes on alcoholic beverages, tobacco and
+     cigarettes.
+
+     "Automobiles--a license tax on passenger automobiles graduated
+     according to horsepower.
+
+     "Double club membership dues.
+
+     "Household servants, made 25 percent. of the wages of one
+     servant up to 100 percent. of the combined wages of four or
+     more. Female servants, each family exempted from tax on one
+     servant. All additional servants (female) from 10 to 100
+     percent. on all over four."
+
+
+LUXURIES IMPORTED
+
+Heavy taxes on luxuries were anticipated but until these taxes were
+considered it was hardly realized how much of the consumption in America
+was concerned with articles that could be considered luxuries; for
+example, the country imported $6,000,000 worth of foreign cigarette
+papers. Pictures, statuary and other works of art were brought into the
+country to the extent of $17,000,000. Over $2,000,000 worth of ivory was
+imported every year; over $2,000,000 worth of mother-of-pearl and more
+than $2,500,000 worth of bulbs and roots. Higher taxes were urged by the
+financial experts, so we see a writer in _Financial America_ emphasizing
+the connection between the importation of luxuries and the need of
+shipping:
+
+     "America can not spare ships to bring costly garments and
+     furnishings thousands of miles across the sea. For the war
+     period these articles can be replaced at home with materials
+     that cost less labor and less money. The money spent for
+     domestic goods remains in America and maintains our working
+     population and our business and banking resources.
+
+     "We lack a sufficient market for our cotton crop, owing to the
+     lack of ships. Americans should wear more cotton. The money
+     spent upon it maintains the Southern planter and his family.
+     Modern processes give it the appearance of silk. It serves very
+     well as carpets, curtains, hangings, and furniture coverings.
+     It should answer present needs for such fabrics. A heavier tax
+     on imports of these goods is indicated as a means of revenue
+     and war economy.
+
+     "Imported wearing apparel of silk pays 60 percent. duty and of
+     wool 44 cents a pound and 60 percent. _ad valorem_. There is a
+     graduated rate on dress goods of these materials. Despite the
+     tax, America spent more on imported manufactures of silk in
+     1917 than ever, the total being nearly $40,000,000. The same
+     was true of woolen goods, amounting to $23,000,000.
+
+     "Our imports of woolen carpets and rugs, most of them brought
+     half way round the world from oriental lands, were also larger.
+     They cost us $3,740,000, though America is a large producer of
+     carpets and rugs, fine as well as coarse. These imports paid
+     ten cents a square foot and 40 percent. _ad valorem._
+     Evidently, it was not enough.
+
+     "We also spent $53,000,000 for imported cotton manufactures,
+     including cloth, laces, curtains, handkerchiefs, veils, and
+     wearing apparel, though America is the world's chief producer
+     of cotton. A higher tariff is indicated as a tax on those who
+     insist on the foreign product.
+
+
+     TAXES ON TOBACCO
+
+     "America has a large tobacco industry at home. We import
+     tobacco in vast quantities from every producing land to satisfy
+     the whimsical and varying tastes of connoisseurs. Our own
+     tobacco is discouraged by those who smoke it under the name of
+     Turkish, Egyptian, Cuban, Dutch, Spanish, and other foreign
+     products, and pay a heavy price for the critical taste which
+     their vanity causes them to imagine they possess. Last year
+     these imports of leaf tobacco alone were valued at $26,000,000,
+     or $10,000,000 more than in 1915. The war tax is five cents a
+     pound added to eight cents paid under the internal revenue act,
+     or thirteen cents altogether. There is also a duty of $1.85 to
+     $2.50 a pound. To increase the tax would encourage the industry
+     in Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and other
+     states, while saving our resources in ships and keeping our
+     money at home.
+
+     "In addition, America spent $7,000,000 for foreign-made cigars
+     and cigarettes last year. These purchases support foreign
+     factories, although our own factories use the same raw material
+     which they import. They have jumped nearly $3,000,000 in two
+     years. Until the war is ended, Americans should be satisfied
+     with cigars 'made in America.' The present war tax ranges from
+     one tenth of a cent to one cent on each cigar, according to
+     value, in addition to a duty of $4.50 a pound and 25 percent.
+     _ad valorem_. A higher tax would deprive the smoker of nothing
+     but a craving for the foreign label on his cigar box, unless he
+     chose to pay well for it. He can even get a Spanish name on his
+     American-made cigar.
+
+
+     DIAMONDS, LEATHER AND MILLINERY
+
+     "America spent $41,000,000 in 1917 to import diamonds, pearls,
+     and other precious stones and imitations, not set. They paid a
+     war tax of only 3 percent. when made into jewelry. America
+     could be content with beauty less adorned to keep this
+     $40,000,000 at home, or those who insist on sending their money
+     to African mine owners and Dutch cutters should pay a larger
+     tax.
+
+     "America last year had a tremendous bill for hides and skins of
+     $209,000,000, nearly two and a half times that of 1915. Much of
+     it was for the great necessities of the army. A good proportion
+     of the rest was unnecessary. These imports of raw material are
+     free of duty and there is no war tax on leather goods.
+     Substitutes have been devised for many of them. These should be
+     encouraged by a tax on the unnecessary use of leather in
+     furnishings, decorations, toilet articles, hand bags, trunks,
+     high shoes, belts, hatbands, and many small articles.
+     Substitutes for these will be provided quickly enough if
+     leather is lacking. A heavy tax would help the movement. The
+     tremendous military and other legitimate demands for leather
+     goods will keep the industry in thriving condition without so
+     much waste.
+
+     "For imported millinery materials America spent nearly
+     $13,000,000 last year, and we also spent $3,000,000 for mere
+     feathers, tributes to feminine vanity that filled up many ships
+     needed for war use. The greater part of this stuff came 10,000
+     miles from China and Japan. There are plenty of substitutes
+     that a high war tax would encourage, including those provided
+     by the American hen.
+
+     "Our imported glassware, on which there is no war tax, cost
+     nearly $2,000,000. It occupies large space aboard ship, owing
+     to voluminous packing that is necessary. Imported china,
+     porcelain, earthenware, and crockery cost America nearly
+     $6,500,000."
+
+BEARING THE BURDEN
+
+In spite of the enormous cost of war operations, roseate views were
+taken of the ability of the country to surmount the unusual
+difficulties. Unprecedented taxes were being paid, heavy subscriptions
+to the Liberty Loans were being collected and yet the business of the
+country seemed to show a high degree of prosperity. This optimistic
+outlook marks the following comment found in a circular published by the
+First National Bank in Boston, after it had called attention to the
+small number of failures reported throughout the country for August,
+1918. No such low record had been reached since July, 1901:
+
+     "The steps that have been taken to curtail credits have
+     resulted in greater conservatism, and have had a beneficent
+     effect, which is likely to continue for some time after the
+     present necessity disappears. The business foundation is
+     extremely sound. Figures of resources of savings banks show
+     that the subscriptions to the Liberty Loans have brought only
+     a trifling decrease in savings deposits. Evidently subscribers
+     are buying bonds with their current income rather than with
+     their savings. In other words, the Liberty Loans represent
+     additions to the savings of the country, and not merely
+     transfers of investments."
+
+It was prophesied that in spite of the enormous financial obligations
+assumed by the United States normal conditions would soon be restored.
+History shows, the circular goes on to say, that financial recovery from
+devastation has been prompt and complete. Even the railway conditions at
+this time were viewed optimistically. Such a competent authority as the
+_Wall Street Journal_ did not anticipate the financial troubles that
+soon overtook railway administration under government control. It
+thought that, by the end of the year, the existing debits on current
+operations would probably be wiped out:
+
+     "Aggregate railroad earnings and expenses for July of all the
+     important roads in the country are in line with the individual
+     statements of the different roads already published in showing
+     large increases in both gross and net revenues. They also
+     indicate, so far as one month's operating results may be used
+     to generalize from, that the railroads are now on a
+     self-supporting basis, if they are not actually returning a
+     profit to the government on current operation.
+
+     "Net operating income of these roads for the month of July
+     (1918) was $137,845,425 as compared with $92,599,620 in the
+     same month of 1917. In a recent statement from the
+     Director-General's office the compensation payable to the
+     railroad companies for the use of their property by the
+     government was estimated at $650,000,000 for the first eight
+     months of the year, or at the rate of $81,250,000 a month. The
+     net operating income of the Class 1 roads as mentioned above
+     exceeds this monthly rental figure by $56,595,000."
+
+
+THE FIRST GOVERNMENT LOAN, 1789
+
+Although called by other names, the United States has had issues of
+Liberty Bonds on several occasions during a period of one hundred and
+twenty-nine years, notably in the first years of the Republic and in the
+Civil War. The first was floated in 1789, the year when the Federal
+Government was established. Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of the
+Treasury and on him devolved the duty of raising funds for the
+government.
+
+     "Conditions being pressing, Hamilton, in raising the necessary
+     money, at first did not wait even for the approval of Congress,
+     but went to the Bank of New York, which he had helped to found
+     in 1784--the second bank in the United States and the first in
+     New York City--to raise the first necessary money. At a meeting
+     of the board of directors the new secretary of the treasury
+     asked for a loan of $200,000. It was promptly and unanimously
+     granted, the money to be advanced in five installments of
+     $20,000 each and ten of $10,000 each, at 6 percent. On the
+     following day Hamilton sent to the bank the first bond ever
+     issued by the United States Treasury--a bond of $20,000--on
+     receipt of which the money was paid over, so that the United
+     States Treasury could show $20,000 cash on hand. In _The
+     Investor's Magazine_, where these facts were recently brought
+     to light, we are further told that the bond then issued is
+     still carefully preserved by the bank which bought it. Quite
+     unlike the now familiar Liberty Bonds of 1917 and 1918, it was
+     executed with an ordinary quill pen, such as was in use in
+     those times, and signed in ink by the secretary. With its seal
+     somewhat yellow with age, the bond is still in an excellent
+     state of preservation."
+
+[Illustration: Richards in the Phila. _North American_
+
+Dropping the First Bomb]
+
+
+POPULARITY OF THE LIBERTY LOANS
+
+America's financial reputation stood at a fairly high level after the
+close of the Civil War. An era of unexampled production ensued for more
+than five decades, yet there were many timorous souls who were
+frightened at the thought of the United States being called upon to bear
+the burden of the colossal loans. The surprising feature of the Liberty
+Loans was the elasticity of the subscriptions. The subscribers for the
+first three loans numbered respectively 4,500,000, 10,020,000,
+17,000,000; in every case the records show over subscription. A graphic
+statement of the nation's riches was presented by S. L. Frazier in the
+_Northwestern Banker_, Des Moines, October, 1918:
+
+     "Our resources are well up toward $300,000,000,000, or about
+     equal to the combined resources of France, England, and
+     Germany. Our annual production is close to $50,000,000,00,
+     amounts that stagger the imagination. Why it would take ten
+     thousand years to count the dollars representing out country's
+     resources counting one each second, and working day and night
+     and Sundays."
+
+The New York _Tribune_ remarked, "If any learned professor of economics
+had predicted that on top of ten billions of government loans in one
+year a fourth Liberty Loan would reach nearly seven billions we know
+what we all would have thought."
+
+
+HOW EUROPE WILL PAY US BACK
+
+An official in the National City Bank of New York, Mr. G. E. Roberts, is
+quoted by the New York _Times_ as saying that the wealth-producing
+equipment of the country had become greater than ever during the war. He
+did not believe either that there would be any difficulty of the United
+States being paid back for the money it had loaned foreign governments.
+
+     "We are going to be peculiarly situated in our foreign
+     relations after the war. We have paid off the greater part of
+     what we owe abroad, and we have lent to foreign governments
+     some $7,000,000,000 or $8,000,000,000. Including all loans by
+     the time the war is over, probably there will be annual
+     interest payments coming to us amounting to $400,000,000 or
+     $500,000,000. How are we going to receive our pay? I am not
+     questioning the ability of our debtors to raise this amount
+     from their people. I have no doubt they can do it, but in what
+     manner are they going to make payment to us? They can't pay it
+     in gold; they haven't the gold to do it, and the total
+     production of gold in the world outside of the United States
+     wouldn't be enough to do it. We won't want them to pay it in
+     goods, for that would interfere seriously with our home
+     industries....
+
+     "There is only one way out, and that is by extending more
+     credit to them. We will have to capitalize the interest
+     payments and reinvest them abroad. And if we want to sell goods
+     to them we will have to take their bonds and stocks. In short,
+     we will have to play the part that England has played in the
+     past, of steadily increasing our foreign investments."
+
+While the great sums subscribed for the Fourth Loan by banks,
+corporations, and individuals had a spectacular interest, observed the
+New York _World_, it was the plain people who made the loan a
+conspicuous success, and the twenty-one million subscribers mean in
+effect the purchase of a new Liberty Bond by "every American family."
+
+
+THE LOAN PERIODS
+
+There were very good reasons on the part of the government for selecting
+the definite periods at which the Liberty Loans were to be issued. There
+were also very good reasons derived from experience by which the
+government was guided in preparing for the loans. Prior to the fourth
+loan Secretary McAdoo believed that it could be made to reach fully
+one-fourth of the population of the country. Preparation for it was made
+through publicity on a scale hitherto unprecedented. The Washington
+correspondent of the New York _Journal of Commerce_, writing on July 31,
+1918, said:
+
+     "The country will be appealed to, with new and striking film
+     arguments, with a great variety of poster slogans, and with a
+     use of the press and the platform such as has never been
+     witnessed before in this country.
+
+     "There are to be nineteen days of actual campaign work. The
+     great task of organization and preparation is now going on.
+     Artists have been making posters, writers have been preparing
+     arguments, and printing presses in all parts of the country
+     have been turning out many millions of mottoes, cartoons, and
+     slogans."
+
+He added interesting data as to outstanding treasury certificates and
+war expenses. The time chosen for the loan was probably as good, it
+thought, as could have been selected, inasmuch as it would fall just
+after the bulk of the crops had been harvested and when much of them had
+been sold at good figures.
+
+     "War expenses for July were somewhat less than for June and
+     May, amounting to about $1,482,000,000 as compared with
+     $1,512,000,000, the record for June, and $1,508,000,000 for
+     May, the Treasury Department announced. The outlay for July,
+     however, was approximately the amount estimated in advance by
+     the treasury, and expenses for August probably will be higher,
+     it was said.
+
+     "During July the government's daily outlay was about
+     $48,000,000, an average of $38,000,000 daily was for ordinary
+     expenses of the army, navy, shipping board, and other agencies,
+     and $10,000,000 daily in loans to the Allies. Total ordinary
+     expenditures for the month were about $1,157,000,000 and loans
+     to the Allies $325,000,000.
+
+     "Receipts from sale of War Savings Stamps July 3rd passed the
+     half-billion dollar mark, of which $200,000,000 came in this
+     month as a result of the campaign on Thrift Day, June 28th.
+
+     "The government now is financing itself mainly through the sale
+     of certificates of indebtedness, in anticipation of the Fourth
+     Liberty Loan. More than $1,600,000,000 came in from this source
+     in July. In addition, the government received $491,000,000 from
+     belated income and excess profits taxes, and $97,000,000 from
+     miscellaneous internal revenue. Customs duties yielded only
+     $14,000,000.
+
+     "Payments on the Third Liberty Loan now amount to
+     $3,652,000,000, leaving $524,000,000 to come in from the next
+     installment payment."
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+             THE LIBERTY LOANS--BY FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICTS
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                 FIRST LOAN    SECOND LOAN     THIRD LOAN    FOURTH LOAN
+              (June, 1917--  (Oct., 1917--        (1918--        (1918--
+                     3½             4              4¼             4¼
+                 Per Cent.)     Per Cent.)     Per Cent.)     Per Cent.)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Boston         $332,447,600   $476,950,050   $354,537,250   $632,221,850
+New York      1,186,788,400  1,550,453,450  1,115,243,650  2,044,778,000
+Philadelphia    232,309,250    380,350,250    361,963,500    598,763,650
+Cleveland       286,148,700    486,106,800    405,051,150    702,059,800
+Richmond        109,737,100    201,212,500    186,259,050    352,688,200
+Atlanta          57,878,550     90,695,750    137,649,450    213,885,200
+Chicago         357,195,950    585,853,350    608,878,600    969,209,000
+St. Louis        86,134,700    184,280,750    199,835,900    296,388,550
+Minneapolis      70,255,500    140,932,650    180,892,100    241,028,300
+Kansas City      91,758,850    150,125,750    204,092,800    294,646,450
+Dallas           48,948,350     77,899,850    116,220,650    145,944,450
+San Francisco   175,623,900    292,671,150    287,975,000    459,000,000
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Total        $3,035,226,850 $4,617,532,300 $4,176,516,850 $6,989,047,000
+subscriptions
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Total quotas $2,000,000,000 $3,000,000,000 $3,000,000,000 $6,000,000,000
+Total         2,000,000,000  3,808,766,150  4,176,516,850  6,989,047,000
+allotments
+Total number of   4,500,000     10,020,000     17,000,000     21,000,000
+subscribers
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+                     NEW YORK CITY SUBSCRIPTIONS
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Manhattan      $960,417,050 $1,095,189,000   $702,577,750 $1,353,449,550
+Bronx               404,700      1,015,500      5,112,350      5,751,800
+Brooklyn         30,312,000     44,424,200     52,427,600    100,469,650
+Queens            2,202,600      4,136,150     10,137,350     17,331,900
+Richmond            679,600      1,373,700      3,386,800      5,075,750
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Total city     $994,015,950 $1,146,139,150   $773,641,859 $1,482,078,650
+subscriptions
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Included in the Third Loan subscription total is $17,917,750 subscribed
+by the United States Treasury. War Savings Stamps subscriptions totalled
+$879,330,000 up to November 20, 1918.
+
+
+THE INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR
+
+Some curious facts were brought out in the effort of the Liberty
+Campaign propaganda to reach the individual investor. In the large
+cities the organization was remarkably successful. In the smaller
+communities it was a greater difficulty. In a suburb or a small town
+everybody knows everybody else and the Liberty Loan Committee had hard
+work in getting subscribers. Mr. A. W. Atwood of Princeton thinks that
+the occupational and vocational classification of possible investors was
+not tried. Widows and maiden ladies who had inherited $50,000 or $75,000
+were not reached. Some of them who were patriotic came forward of their
+own accord. The little town of Kircunkson in New York State exceeded its
+quota many times and there was an item in the papers about it. The
+success of the Liberty Loan in that town was due to the fact that it
+contained a large sanitarium patronized by millionaires. Yet there were
+no banks in the town and if their banking resources were used as a basis
+their quota would have been very small indeed.
+
+As to the assignment of quotas Mr. Atwood makes the point that it was
+sometimes based on population, sometimes based on the amount of bank
+resources. He thought that in small places it would be better to post up
+a list of those who had subscribed and he even thought that if the
+country made the effort it could ultimately raise a loan of
+$100,000,000,000, his reason being the following:
+
+     "This country is approaching, as England has long ago, the
+     position of being a possessor of great accumulated wealth. One
+     broker after another is really nothing but a family investment
+     agent. That is what it amounts to. There are railroad magnates,
+     bankers, steel kings, copper kings and so on indefinitely.
+     Hundreds of firms in the New York Stock Exchange are nothing
+     but channels for the investment of accumulated wealth and I do
+     not think we realize how much there is of that in this
+     country."
+
+
+LIBERTY LOANS AND THRIFT
+
+One of the best methods of testing the influence of Liberty Loan
+activities on the thrift of the country is used by _Bradstreet's_ in its
+examination of the annual report of the United States League of Building
+and Loan Associations. These Associations, be it remembered, are not
+patronized by capitalists but almost wholly by wage earners. During the
+past fifteen years the membership of building and loan associations has
+increased 150 percent. and since the war broke in 1914, the number of
+members has extended 52 percent. The latest report shows a gain in
+assets of 30 percent. over the amount indicated in 1914. The following
+tables taken from _Bradstreet's_ give detailed items of the financial
+situation of these important organizations:
+
+The following table gives membership and total assets of building and
+loan associations for a fifteen-year period:
+
+                Membership      Assets
+    1902--03     1,530,707    $577,228,014
+    1903--04     1,566,700     579,556,112
+    1904--05     1,631,046     600,342,586
+    1905--06     1,642,127     629,344,257
+    1906--07     1,699,714     673,129,198
+    1907--08     1,839,119     731,508,446
+    1908--09     1,920,257     784,175,753
+    1909--10     2,016,651     856,332,719
+    1910--11     2,169,893     931,867,175
+    1911--12     2,332,829   1,030,687,031
+    1912--13     2,518,442   1,136,949,465
+    1914--15     3,103,935   1,357,707,900
+    1915--16     3,334,899   1,484,205,875
+    1916--17     3,568,342   1,696,707,041
+    1917--18     3,838,612   1,769,142,175
+
+The following table shows total membership and total assets for States
+in which accurate statistics are compiled by state supervisors. The data
+for other States are consolidated under the heading, "Other States," and
+the figures given are estimated:
+
+                    --------------1917--18---------------
+                    Members        Assets       Increase
+    Pennsylvania    677,911    $324,265,393   $25,438,326
+    Ohio            767,100     321,741,529    51,188,940
+    New Jersey      329,063     168,215,913    13,088,951
+    Massachusetts   247,725     126,695,037    13,389,130
+    Illinois        246,800     113,528,525     8,050,122
+    New York        199,571      86,072,829     6,442,948
+    Indiana         202,409      78,112,917     5,818,661
+    Nebraska        101,929      54,545,630     6,627,783
+    California       42,227      35,928,447     3,134,429
+    Michigan         69,041      35,659,360     4,279,888
+    Kentucky         62,846      27,085,282     1,272,372
+    Missouri         56,116      26,770,144     3,226,311
+    Kansas           66,442      26,000,167     2,446,058
+    Louisiana        47,793      25,911,928     1,362,683
+    Dist. Columbia   37,075      22,399,995       255,115
+    Wisconsin        50,612      19,887,368     3,013,526
+    North Carolina   37,400      17,608,000     1,703,230
+    Washington       46,318      14,444,177     2,366,450
+    Arkansas         21,053      10,583,447       409,439
+    Iowa[3]          33,035       9,638,852      ........
+    Minnesota        22,020       8,979,642       626,537
+    West Virginia    21,500       8,119,131       369,564
+    Colorado[3]      10,200       6,688,983      ........
+    Maine            14,959       6,671,239       233,961
+    Oklahoma         18,142       6,554,175     2,354,175
+    Rhode Island     11,499       5,938,436       577,906
+    Connecticut      14,900       4,869,748       610,423
+    South Dakota      5,857       3,603,836        89,286
+    N. Hampshire      8,554       3,336,072       322,812
+    Tennessee         5,166       3,207,754    [4]112,865
+    North Dakota      5,785       2,837,118        90,308
+    Texas             7,156       2,314,927       372,489
+    Montana           4,239       1,849,935       209,906
+    New Mexico        3,545       1,469,276        72,660
+    Vermont             749         287,791        52,079
+    Other States    341,875     157,319,172    10,975,756
+                  ---------  --------------  ------------
+    Total         3,838,612  $1,769,142,175  $170,514,039
+
+[3] Reports issued biennially; figures of 1916 used.
+
+[4] Decrease.
+
+[Illustration: A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign]
+
+
+THE THRIFT HABIT
+
+Such was the success of the Liberty Loan campaign in appealing to all
+classes of private investors, that it became an interesting speculation
+whether the popular thrift habit would survive war conditions. It was
+the general belief in financial centers that the habit of saving had
+been promoted. Perhaps no better illustration of the thrift habit could
+be presented than returns made by the savings banks of Boston in
+October, 1918. At that date these banks had $321,000,000 against
+$319,000,000 at the same date in 1917, the previous banner total for the
+end of a banking year. It was estimated by Mr. Ingalls Kimball, the New
+York _Times_ annalist, that twenty million separate individuals were
+saving by the method of subscribing to the Liberty Loans, and, as more
+than $800,000,000 worth of War Saving stamps had been sold, it was
+probable that nearly half the population of the country was saving money
+in one of these new ways. As to the method of continuing to encourage
+thrift, Mr. Kimball pointed out the value of the experience derived from
+the Liberty Bond Campaign:
+
+     "The thrift machine set up by the Treasury was as follows: 1.
+     small unit government bonds; 2. non-interest-bearing Thrift
+     Stamps; 3. War Savings Stamps--a short-term obligation paying
+     interest at maturity.
+
+     "This was the mechanism. What was the power that actuated the
+     machine to such wonderful effect? 1. salesmanship, including
+     every modern device of advertising; 2. distribution: (a)
+     through retail stores; (b) through employers, by partial
+     payments (usually pay-roll deduction).
+
+     "From these simple elements was built up a campaign that
+     induced the people to save in a new and unaccustomed way at
+     least twenty times as much as they had ever before saved in the
+     same time. None of the elements was unimportant, but
+     salesmanship, probably, contributed most. The selling campaigns
+     of the Liberty Loans and War Savings Stamps were carried on by
+     the largest and most effective selling organization ever put
+     together, under the direction of the ablest men in the United
+     States, and with an energy and devotion that were unimaginable.
+     This selling force was irresistible. Everybody bought because
+     everybody was asked, or begged, or told, to buy. Under the same
+     stimulus almost anything would have sold.
+
+
+     "SAVING AT THE SOURCE"
+
+     "Next in importance to the direct selling effort came
+     distribution. For the first time in the history of finance it
+     has been made easy to save; for the first time the great retail
+     channels of distribution have been thrown open to saving; for
+     the first time millions of wage-earners have learned the value
+     and ease of 'Saving at the Source' by pay-envelope deduction of
+     a dollar or so a week toward a Liberty Bond."
+
+Mr. Kimball questioned whether or not we are to lose the benefit of the
+great lesson of thrift and whether some plan could be devised to make us
+keep on saving. No problem of reconstruction seemed to him more
+important than this, "yet in no one of the announced conferences on
+reconstruction do I find mention of it." He then goes on to say:
+
+     "The greatest thrift lesson in the world is thrift, no matter
+     what its motive. A great many hundred thousand persons in this
+     country have found themselves this year possessed of $100 or
+     more in one piece for the first time in their lives; often
+     without realization of how they got it. Will that lesson last?
+     Will the wage-earner, now that loan drives are over, keep on
+     saving, going weekly to the bank to put in his dollar. The
+     answer to these questions is, unfortunately, 'no.'
+
+     "It would be perfectly possible to continue the issue of War
+     Savings Stamps, and there are many advocates of this plan, but
+     it is doubtful if distribution could be permanently maintained
+     on anything like its present scale. Merchants and banks, with
+     rare exceptions, would scarcely continue to handle them, for
+     the cost is not inconsiderable, and there is no compensating
+     commercial gain. In the postoffices alone their continued sale
+     would set up competition with the present postal savings
+     system, which would serve no good purpose and would be highly
+     confusing.
+
+     "Can the savings banks successfully undertake this great task?
+     I believe they could. I believe a national savings bank,
+     operating through commercial banks, stores, and employers all
+     over the United States, making its investments through a small
+     compact, very highly paid and very efficient and very
+     stringently supervised board of executives in one city,
+     supporting a vigorous, numerous, and far-flung selling
+     organization, similar in many respects to the industrial life
+     insurance organizations, could undertake this work and, were it
+     possible to act quickly enough, could keep the thrift movement
+     going without losing the amazing momentum which it has now
+     acquired."
+
+
+SPENDING THE MONEY
+
+For a period of twenty-five months, from April, 1917, through April,
+1919, the United States spent for war purposes more than $1,000,000 an
+hour. All sorts of comparisons are used to make this figure seizable by
+the imagination. For example, the whole sum, nearly $22,000,000,000, was
+twenty times the whole of the pre-war debt. Indeed, it was nearly large
+enough to pay the entire cost of our Government from 1791 up to the
+outbreak of the European War. In addition to the actual war cost of our
+own Government Congress paid to various associated governments the sum
+of $8,850,000,000. As to how this enormous sum of money was spent,
+two-thirds of the amount practically was spent upon the Army, and the
+rate of expenditure for the Army was constantly advancing period by
+period. Even after the termination of hostilities there was a very high
+daily average owing to the building of ships for the Emergency Fleet
+Corporation, the construction and operation of naval vessels, food,
+clothing, pay and transportation of the Army. The Quartermaster's
+Department had the largest proportion of expenditure.
+
+The amount spent about equals the value of all the gold produced in the
+whole world from the discovery of America up to the outbreak of the
+European War. The pay for the Army during the period of warfare was
+larger than the combined salaries of all of the public school principals
+and teachers in the United States for five years, from 1912 to 1916.
+Some of the money spent represents permanent assets. At the end of the
+war there were large stocks of clothing on hand and large supplies of
+standardized trucks. There were thousands of Liberty motors and service
+planes that were available for other uses. Engineer, signal and medical
+equipment still continued to have a value, but if the race for
+militarism is maintained it is hard to see how the quantities of war
+munitions can fail to escape the scrap heap in a few years' time.
+
+Comparing the individual estimates of war expenditure, it is noteworthy
+that the Austro-Hungarian Empire spent almost as much as the United
+States. Of all the powers Germany spent the largest sum,
+$39,000,000,000--one billion more than England.
+
+
+MONEY LOANED TO ASSOCIATE NATIONS
+
+The following is quoted from the _Annalist_ for December, 1918:
+
+     "Money owed to a government by the nations of the world, with
+     whom it is in active commercial competition, is another line of
+     fortifications in defense of the frontier. Let us, then
+     consider our debts and our debtors, and how we both propose to
+     pay. Our long-time loans may be scheduled as follows:
+
+    First Loan                            $2,000,000,000
+    Second Loan                            3,808,766,000
+    Third Loan                             4,170,019,650
+    Fourth Loan                            6,989,047,000
+                                         ---------------
+                                         $16,967,832,650
+
+"The totals of each of the above loans have changed substantially since
+allotment, through conversions with a correspondingly increasing charge
+on the service. However, the gross amount is substantially unchanged. Of
+the old loans the Treasury statement of March 31 showed the following
+totals:
+
+    Consol. 2's of 1930                     $599,724,050
+    4's of 1925                              118,489,900
+    Panama Canal 2's, 1906                    48,954,180
+    Panama Canal 2's, 1908                     5,947,400
+    Panama Canal 3's, 1911                    50,000,000
+    Conversion 3's, 1946--7                   28,894,500
+    Postal Savings 2½'s, 1931--7              10,758,560
+    Postal Savings 2½'s, 1938                302,140,000
+                                          --------------
+                                          $1,184,908,590
+
+"The short-term loans in the shape of certificates of indebtedness and
+War Savings Stamps at the present writing are as follows:
+
+    4½% certificates, Series E                $639,493,000
+    4½% certificates, Series 4F                625,216,500
+    4½% certificates, Series 4G                614,069,000
+                                             -------------
+                                            $1,878,778,500
+
+     "In addition to the above a series of certificates of
+     indebtedness, designated as TA, bearing interest at four per
+     cent. and maturing July 15, 1919, was issued to a small amount
+     in anticipation of next year's income taxes. The sale proved to
+     be slow, and further issuance was discontinued and a new issue
+     for the same purpose and of a similar maturity bearing interest
+     at 4½% per cent. was substituted. The sale of these securities
+     through the agency of the Federal Reserve Banks is in the
+     nature of a continuous operation, and no totals so far have
+     been announced.
+
+[Illustration: Detroit--City of Automobiles
+
+Many thousands of standardized trucks were made in Detroit during the
+war rush, the automobile having proved to be indispensable to the
+fighting forces overseas.]
+
+     "The sale of War Savings Stamps and certificates has increased
+     the national debt by $1,257,000,000, or within 400 million of
+     the maximum under the first authorization. A second series,
+     however, amounting to two billion dollars, has been authorized,
+     so that the operation will probably continue into the coming
+     year. The Treasury for the fiscal year 1917--18 estimated
+     receipts of $663,200,000 from this source and about a billion
+     for 1918--19. The first estimate was out of line, owing to the
+     difficulty in getting the plan into smooth operation.
+     Subsequent results have, however, justified the average of
+     expectations.
+
+     "The pre-war debt, in the light of recent figures, is almost
+     negligible, and the outstanding certificates in anticipation of
+     taxes and the Fourth Liberty Loan will be redeemed in due
+     course by the flow of funds owing to the Government in taxes
+     and subscription payments. The problem of how to deal with the
+     eighteen-billion-dollar war debt is the vital question. How
+     much of this sum represents a charge on the coming generation
+     and how much an invaluable national asset?
+
+
+     WHAT IS OWED THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
+
+     "We have loaned abroad the following items:
+
+    Great Britain                            $3,745,000,000
+    France                                    2,445,000,000
+    Italy                                     1,160,000,000
+    Russia                                      325,000,000
+    Belgium                                     183,520,000
+    Greece                                       15,790,000
+    Cuba                                         15,000,000
+    Serbia                                       12,000,000
+    Rumania                                       6,666,666
+    Liberia                                       5,000,000
+    Czechoslovak Republic                         7,000,000
+                                              -------------
+                                          [5]$7,919,976,666
+
+    [5] Increased to $9,646,419,494 by October, 1919.
+
+     "Here, then, are figures totaling nearly half of our war debts
+     that are not only self-supporting but also a double-edged
+     weapon in the international market. In the first place, they
+     represent money spent at home on American goods, from which the
+     American manufacturer has taken his toll of profit; and in the
+     second place, they have put the world in our debt to an extent
+     that will be difficult to pay in the exchange of goods.
+
+     "Imports of foreign commodities or even gold will take a decade
+     to halve the debt, for the gold can not be spared, nor do we
+     wish it, and our creditors will find it difficult to increase
+     their exports to a point capable of bringing about a balance in
+     their favor. The imports from Europe are bound to be offset by
+     our own exports, some able economists predicting a balance of a
+     billion dollars in our favor for the next five years.
+     Regardless of the demands to be made upon us from this source,
+     it is probable that the peak-load of expenditure has been
+     reached and the period of readjustment and redemption set in.
+
+     "Charging off, then, our loans to the Allies as an asset, let
+     us then consider how we may best meet the bill due the American
+     people. Vague discussions of the creation of a huge sinking
+     fund have been heard, although for some reason or other, in
+     history these operations have not been entirely successful.
+     Fortunately the bulk of our debt has an early callable date,
+     and the Treasury has recently come in for much applause by
+     advocating no more loans unless they be in the nature of a
+     one-to five-year currency. Experience teaches that the full
+     benefit and effect of war taxes are rarely felt until after the
+     war. England, after the Napoleonic wars, came back with a
+     rapidity that astonished the Exchequer itself. Taxes rolled up
+     in such a volume and expenses dropped with demobilization to
+     such an extent that the Government found itself anticipating
+     the callable date in national debts by market purchases, and
+     even then it was found convenient gradually to reduce the scale
+     of taxation.
+
+     "Our experience after the Civil War was very similar to
+     England's, and the Treasury's surplus annually accumulated to a
+     point that forced the Government to buy back at high premiums
+     the bonds it was not privileged to call. This was true, though
+     to a lesser degree, with the Spanish war loan.
+
+     "It seems as though the two operations of liquidating our own
+     debts and the debt of Europe to the United States dovetailed
+     perfectly into one gradual and stupendous task. While Europe is
+     paying her indebtedness to us without interfering with the
+     development of international trade by the sale of foreign
+     securities in our home market our buyers here must receive the
+     tools to operate with through the redemption and repurchase of
+     their Liberty Bonds. In this half of the deal safety, as usual,
+     lies in the middle course. It is hoped that taxes will be
+     maintained at a level that will infallibly provide funds for
+     fixed redemptions with a sufficient surplus to get a flying
+     start by purchase around the present low levels."
+
+
+FINANCIAL STATUS OF ENGLAND IN 1914
+
+One year before the war England's position in regard to the balance of
+trade was most favorable. Her imports were valued at $3,210,000,000 and
+her exports at $2,560,000,000. But it was usually estimated that foreign
+countries owed England about $1,610,000,000 annually for interest on
+capital lent for shipping freights and for banking insurance and other
+commissions. The total amount owed her, therefore was $4,170,000,000 as
+against $3,210,000,000 which she owed for her imports. She had therefore
+a favorable balance of about $960,000,000 which was lent abroad. The
+war brought an enormous decrease in tonnage, and the excess of imports
+over exports attained the figure of $1,950,000,000 a year.
+
+Exceptional measures had to be taken to maintain the exchange rates with
+the United States from whom the chief purchases were made. Large amounts
+of gold were exported, but by June, 1915, there was a collapse in
+American exchange. Drastic measures were used to induce the holders of
+American securities in England to sell or lend those securities to the
+Government. In this way exchange was kept up practically to the gold
+point. This question of exchange and the position of England as the
+director of the financial campaign of the Allies is illustrated from an
+address given by Mr. R. H. Brand to the American Bankers Association, in
+September, 1917:
+
+     "Of course no nation could permanently tolerate such
+     unfavorable trade balances as those from which the Allies in
+     Europe are now suffering. They can only do so now and keep
+     their exchanges with the United States steady by borrowing
+     immense sums here. But the war itself is not permanent, and the
+     question is merely whether the present state of affairs can be
+     continued long enough to enable all the enemies of the Central
+     Powers to exert their full strength and win a final victory.
+
+     "You will no doubt all have noticed that the credits granted
+     Great Britain have been greater than those granted to any other
+     Ally. The reasons are simple, though they are not, I think,
+     generally understood. We have, in the first place, the largest
+     war and munition program of any Ally; in the second place, as I
+     have shown above, we are, with the exception of the United
+     States, the greatest industrial arsenal among the Allies; that
+     necessarily involves large imports. We send a great deal of
+     steel from England to our Allies; we have to replace it by
+     steel from here. We make rifles for Russia; we have to import
+     the steel to make them. We send boots to Russia; we have to
+     import the leather needed. These examples might be multiplied
+     many times. Thirdly, we extend large credits in England to our
+     Allies, some part of which they may use anywhere in the world,
+     and this part may ultimately come back on the sterling exchange
+     in New York. Lastly, it is well known that neutrals who are
+     owed money by England unfortunately find it convenient to
+     utilize the sterling exchange in New York in order to recoup
+     themselves in dollars. But so also do neutrals who are owed
+     money by the other Allies. So long as we maintain the sterling
+     exchange this appears to be inevitable, and the burden of
+     financing both our own and our Allies' trade tends to fall on
+     that exchange. It is by our maintenance of this sterling
+     exchange that the continuance of our Allies' trade is rendered
+     possible. The maintenance of the sterling exchange means the
+     maintenance of the allied exchanges. All these factors together
+     exert an immense influence. If England had had only herself to
+     finance since the beginning of the war, and indeed even if she
+     had only herself to finance now, it is quite possible she would
+     not have needed to borrow at all abroad."
+
+
+LOSS IN PRODUCTIVE POWER
+
+The extent of the withdrawal of productive power can only be judged by
+figures. Of the 7,500,000 men serving in the British Army, 4,530,000
+were contributed by Great Britain, 900,000 by the British dominions and
+colonies; and the remaining 1,000,000 by India and the various British
+African dependencies. Production went on to a remarkable degree, but
+this production was largely for war purposes. It was secured by
+recruiting female labor to an unheard of extent in the munition
+factories. According to the London _Economist_, the financial side of
+the British administration was anything but satisfactory. It speaks of
+waste and faulty methods:
+
+     "On the financial side our record is by no means so
+     satisfactory. We have, it is true, poured out money like water,
+     but much of it has been raised by faulty methods, and the
+     amount of it that has been wasted is appalling to consider. In
+     the matter of borrowing, our methods have lately been greatly
+     improved; and the recommendation of the Committee on National
+     Expenditure, that the system of raising money by bank credits
+     should be checked as far as possible, is being brought within
+     the bounds of practical politics by the great success of the
+     War Savings Committee's energetic and ingenious campaign for
+     prompting the sale of National War Bonds. Perhaps also we may
+     claim some small share in that success through the adoption of
+     the principle so long advocated in these columns of a lower
+     rate for money at home combined with special terms for money
+     left here by foreigners. But successful borrowing, direct from
+     the investor, instead of in the shape of money manufactured by
+     banks, is a welcome, but not sufficient, improvement. We have
+     to raise much more money by taxation. We have also to do much
+     more than has yet been done to reduce the wicked waste of
+     public money and support the efforts of the Committee on
+     National Expenditure to husband the resources of the nation. A
+     correspondent in a provincial town in which a Tank has lately
+     been busy asks: 'Is it not pathetic to see widows and children
+     scraping together their shillings and pennies to help the
+     Government, while we have tens of thousands of pounds being
+     squandered by a profligate Ministry of Munitions!'"
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+A Woman Doing Road Construction Work
+
+Of the 7,500,000 men serving in the British Army, 4,530,000 were
+contributed by Great Britain. Yet production was speeded up by
+recruiting and training the labor of women.]
+
+
+EQUALIZING LOANS AND TAXATION
+
+A thorny problem of all war finance is how to equalize as far as
+possible the amount of money furnished by taxation with the amounts
+borrowed. The proportion indicated in the last English war budget of
+1918 was that between £842,000,000 raised by taxes and 2,000,000,000
+sterling by fresh borrowing. Besides, war experience shows that the
+parliamentary estimates in each year were always far below the amount
+spent. In 1917 in Great Britain the shortage was upwards of
+£400,000,000. According to the London _Economist_, no effective steps
+were taken to stop the profligate extravagance by which public money was
+poured out through the sieves of the war spending departments into the
+pockets of innumerable manufacturers, middlemen and traders, not to
+mention the ever growing sums allocated to the privy purses of countless
+new bodies of officials. Each year, it says, there is a new debt charge
+of some £120,000,000 and each year there is a constant rise of prices in
+wages that enhances the cost of governmental goods and services.
+
+The amount raised by taxation, £842,000,000, seems enormously large, but
+as the London _Nation_ states:
+
+     "The enormous rise of prices only makes it represent half that
+     amount in actual purchasing power. Before the war our
+     expenditure was 200 millions. If money had kept the same value,
+     the taxation and other public income for this year would only
+     have been 420 millions, a little more than twice the pre-war
+     level. Would that have seemed so heroic an effort for a
+     patriotic nation? No. It can never be repeated too often that a
+     really rigorous taxation, begun in 1914 and carried on till
+     now, would have left us in a far sounder condition both for
+     conducting the war and for facing the peace finance. The money
+     and the goods are there. We get them. But we get them by
+     crooked and expensive methods of borrowing which inflate
+     prices, oppress the poorer purchasers, put huge war loot into
+     the pockets of contractors and financiers, and fail to restrain
+     expenditure in luxuries."
+
+
+GERMANY'S ECONOMIC PREPARATION FOR WAR
+
+There is much evidence to show that long before the war began financial
+preparations were made in Germany for the great struggle. For a
+considerable period prior to 1914, Germany and Russia had been engaged
+in a contest to accumulate a gold supply. Russia, it is known, had begun
+to withdraw the large balances which she kept in German, French and
+English banks. In Germany the story was circulated that in 1913 the
+Kaiser inquired of the governor of the Imperial Bank if the German banks
+were equipped for war. Being told that they were not ready he is said to
+have replied: "When I ask that question again I want a different
+answer." The Imperial Bank of Germany became an active bidder at the
+London gold auctions for the gold which arrived weekly from South
+Africa, and its activity along these lines was shown by the increasing
+of the German gold reserve in the bank vaults from $184,000,000 on
+December 31, 1912, to $336,000,000, the amount it stood at a month
+before the war began. In addition, the Imperial Bank collected for the
+Government a sum of about thirty million dollars to be added to the same
+amount said to be stored in the vaults of the Julius Thurm at Spandau,
+and to be used as a war chest. Other European countries were increasing
+their gold supplies, so it was not surprising that the New York markets
+were called upon to export eighty-four million dollars of gold for six
+months before the outbreak of the war. The entire gold production of the
+world during the eighteen months ending on June 30, 1914, was
+approximately $705,000,000. Of this amount, about two million dollars
+was required for the arts, and one hundred and fifty million dollars
+went to British India. This left about $350,000,000 to be applied to
+monetary uses and the whole of this amount was absorbed by the four
+great central banks of Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary.
+
+In order to resist raids on the German gold reserve a policy of note
+issuing was adopted. The situation, as forecast by Mr. C. A. Conant in
+September, 1914, in the New York _Times_, can be gathered from the
+following extract:
+
+     "With the general suspension of gold payments at the central
+     banks of Europe, except at the Bank of England, the banks are
+     in a position to resist raids upon their gold and to lend their
+     resources, as far as sound banking policy permits, to the
+     struggle of their Governments to maintain national
+     independence. In England, while the bank is still paying gold
+     for notes, the policy of keeping gold in circulation has been
+     abandoned, and the old limit of note issue, which was £5
+     ($24.40), has been lowered to 10 shillings ($2.44) and £1
+     ($4.88).
+
+     "It is not the purpose of any of the European Powers, however,
+     to carry on the war by issues of paper money. The suspension of
+     gold payments at the banks and the issue of notes for small
+     denominations, which are legal tender in domestic transactions,
+     is for the purpose of husbanding the gold stock against
+     needless runs and keeping it as a guaranty fund of national
+     solvency. It is the course which was adopted by France at the
+     time of the Franco-German War in 1870, but so prudently were
+     the affairs of the Bank of France conducted that the paper
+     never fell more than 2½ per cent. below its value in gold.
+
+     "A similar policy of reserve will probably be pursued by the
+     banks of France, Germany, and Russia in the present contest.
+     The Government of France has raised the maximum limit of the
+     note circulation of the bank by nearly $1,000,000,000, but the
+     increase will not be used except as additional currency may be
+     required, owing to the restriction in other forms of credit and
+     the special demand for notes in the districts where the armies
+     are gathered.
+
+     "The suspension of specie payments does not convey to the
+     banking community quite the same doleful warning of the
+     unlimited issue of paper and its steady depreciation in gold
+     which were conveyed by specie suspension in the United States
+     in 1861 or by Austria-Hungary and Russia in the desperate
+     contest of the Napoleonic wars. Monetary science is better
+     understood at the present time than in those days."
+
+
+GERMAN WAR FINANCE
+
+Among all the belligerent powers Germany occupied the unique position of
+using the war as an excuse for not publishing national accounts. The
+sole guide to her expenditure must be looked for in the credit votes
+passed by the Reichstag. Using this method, it is estimated that Germany
+spent about $30,000,000 a day. To cover this expenditure there was a
+regular plan of national loan--in March and September. This was the
+method followed in all the four years of the war. During the intervening
+six months there was an issue of Treasury bills. The German people
+were, apparently, schooled to these regular demands with commendable
+promptness, but the Imperial Government adopted a policy of inflation in
+the hope that a speedy victory would bring fruits in the shape of an
+indemnity, and so the German people would avoid being called upon to
+bear war burdens. Taxation was introduced only reluctantly and at a
+later period, and merely for the purpose of meeting so-called normal
+civil expenditure and interest on war debt. The plan followed was to
+spare the middle classes as far as possible from additional taxation
+charges.
+
+
+THE LOAN BUREAU SCHEME
+
+The war loans have been, on paper, most successful. For example, the
+seventh loan of September, 1917, yielded $3,000,000,000; the eighth loan
+nearly $4,000,000,000. There was a large amount of ready money in the
+country and besides this all stocks of raw material have been realized.
+Large as the loans have been they have not been able to keep pace with
+the increase of expenditure. Out of the total amount of $30,000,000,000
+about $20,000,000,000 have been covered by long-term loans. Of course,
+owing to the peculiar situation of Germany in relation to her allies,
+which were dependent upon her financial support, these loans have been
+raised by the German people themselves. The German Loan Bureaus were
+criticized at the beginning of the war, and German figures show that
+only about ten percent. of the national loans were involved in the Loan
+Bureau scheme. These Loan Bureaus, it was announced, would continue
+after the declaration of peace. According to the London _Economist_,
+Germany followed an easy and sure policy of war finance, although the
+same authority does not hesitate to use the terms "complete financial
+ruin" in connection with German post-war finance.
+
+The whole subject of German inflation is difficult to analyze. The
+_Economist_ works out a post-war expenditure of $5,000,000,000 a year
+against a revenue of a billion and a half. Its estimate of German
+inflation is contained in the following passage:
+
+     "To take note circulation alone is obviously misleading,
+     particularly in view of the violent efforts that have been
+     made, especially during the last year, to extend the use of the
+     check, and in other ways to limit as far as possible the use
+     of notes. For what these figures are worth, it may be said that
+     the total note circulation of the country at the end of June
+     (1918), including Reichsbank notes, State Bank notes, Treasury
+     notes, and loan notes, stood at £1,030,000,000, as compared
+     with £109,300,000 on July 23, 1914. Reichsbank deposits, again,
+     stood on June 30, at £459,100,000, as compared with £47,600,000
+     on July 23, 1914, while the deposits of the eight 'great'
+     banks, even at the end of 1917, stood at £800,000,000, as
+     compared with £250,000,000 at the end of 1914, £362,000,000 at
+     the end of 1915, and £500,000,000 at the end of 1916."
+
+In this connection it is interesting to give a summary of Germany's war
+expenses as reported in the London _Economist_:
+
+     "In his comparison of German war finance with ours, the
+     Chancellor, in his Budget speech, made the following points:
+     First, that German war expenditure is now £6,250,000--almost
+     the same as ours--though our expenditure includes items (such
+     as separation allowances) which are not included in the German
+     figures. Second, that the whole amount of the German Votes of
+     Credit (£6,200 millions) has been added to their war debt,
+     'because their taxation has not covered their peace expenditure
+     in addition to their debt charge.' Third, the total amount of
+     new taxation levied by them since the beginning of the war
+     comes to £365 millions, against our £1,044 millions. Fourth, in
+     a year's time they will have a deficit, comparing the revenue
+     with the expenditure, of £385 millions at least. 'If that were
+     our position,' the Chancellor added, 'I should certainly think
+     that bankruptcy was not far from the British Government.'
+     Fifth, with the exception of the war increment tax, 'scarcely
+     any of the additional revenue has been obtained from the
+     wealthier classes in Germany'."
+
+
+GERMAN WAR PROFITS
+
+An extraordinary list of the gigantic war profits collected by Germany
+was drawn up by A. Cheraband, the well known French critic. He estimated
+that in three years Germany had spent $322.50 per head, France $444.00,
+Great Britain $559.75. He presents a list of war profits made by
+Germany. The "booty" he divided into movable and immovable property. In
+the former category he includes the 212,000 square miles of territory
+that had fallen into German clutches, and this he values at
+$32,000,000,000, which, he says, is a conservative estimate. Turning to
+the movable booty, he classifies it as follows:
+
+     "_(a) Capture of 'Human Material.'_--This consists of the
+     46,000,000 Allied subjects from whom the Germans obtain free
+     labor.
+
+     "_(b) Capture of War Material._--Guns, rifles, munitions,
+     vehicles, locomotives, railway trucks, and thousands of miles
+     of railway. The Belgian railway system alone is worth nearly
+     $600,000,000.
+
+     "_(c) Capture of Foodstuffs._--Everywhere the Germans have
+     stolen horses, cattle, corn, potatoes, sugar, alcohol,
+     foodstuffs of every kind, and crops grown by the forced labor
+     drawn from the 46,000,000 Allied subjects whom they have
+     enslaved.
+
+     "_(d) Theft of Raw Materials._--Throughout the occupied
+     territories the Germans have appropriated coal, petroleum,
+     iron, copper, bronze, zinc, lead, etc., either in the mines or
+     from private individuals; textile materials, such as woolen and
+     cotton. In the towns of northern France alone the Germans stole
+     $110,000,000 worth of wool.
+
+     "_(e) Theft of Industrial Plant._--On a methodical plan
+     throughout the occupied territories, the motors, engines,
+     machine-tools, steam and electric hammers, steel-rolling mills,
+     looms, models, and industrial plant of all kinds have been
+     carried off to Germany.
+
+     "_(f) Thefts of Furniture._--The way in which furniture and
+     household goods were stolen and carried off is confessed by
+     implication in the following advertisement published in the
+     _Kölnische Zeitung_ at the beginning of April, 1917:
+
+     "'Furniture moved from the zones of military operations in all
+     directions by Rettenmayer at Wiesbaden.'
+
+     "It is impossible to estimate the money value of the goods thus
+     removed.
+
+     "_(g) Seizure of Works of Art._--The works of art collected for
+     centuries in museums, churches, and by private individuals in
+     Poland, Italy, Belgium, and France have been carried off by the
+     Germans.
+
+     "_(h) War Levies._--Scores of millions in money have been
+     secured by the Germans in the form of requisitions, fines, war
+     levies, war taxes, and forced loans.
+
+     "_(i) Thefts of Coin, Jewels, and Securities._--In the occupied
+     regions, and especially wherever they have been obliged to
+     evacuate those regions, as, for instance, at Noyon, the Germans
+     have emptied, by order, the safes and strong boxes of private
+     persons and of banks and have carried off securities, jewels,
+     and silver. In September and October, 1917, they seized at one
+     stroke the deposits of Allied subjects in the Belgian banks
+     amounting to $120,000,000.
+
+     "In view of the high prices of foodstuffs, coal, metals,
+     petroleum, war materials and machines, it is clear that the
+     booty thus secured by the Germans during the last three years
+     in the occupied territories is certainly worth several billion
+     dollars."
+
+[Illustration: A Woman Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English
+Shell Factory
+
+Photo by James M. Beck
+
+"Since the war broke out," said M. Barriol, a French celebrated actuary,
+"no less than 1,500,000 women have been added to the ranks of wage
+earners in England, an increase of fully 25 per cent."]
+
+
+GERMAN MONEY INDEMNITY
+
+It became commonplace after Germany's defeat was evident that her war
+cost must include the cost of the destruction she had caused her
+enemies. To estimate this was no easy matter. The attitude of the
+Germans on the subject was indicated by their constantly expressed hope
+that trade would recommence as usual and that they would be able to
+start economic relations in a favorable position. So we find the Cologne
+Chamber of Commerce beginning to prepare for peace by adopting a
+resolution expressing the hope that the destruction of French and
+Belgian industries would allow the rapid recovery of German power.
+
+The _Wall Street Journal_ used this statement as a guide to the Allied
+Powers for measuring the kind of indemnity that would be imposed upon
+Germany.
+
+     "One of the departments of the Government at Washington has in
+     its files a report of a German commission on industry after the
+     war. Reading this, one can understand the motive for what at
+     one time looked like pure vandalism. Vandalism it was, by
+     descendants of the Vandals, but it was a deliberate destruction
+     of international competitors, killing the workmen--and
+     workwomen--and destroying plants and machinery for the one
+     purpose of removing competition. A physical injury to a child
+     helped to weaken future competition in the world's trade; and
+     it was upon the power gained thereby that Germany hoped to
+     launch another war for world domination....
+
+     "A peace that gives the cold-blooded perpetrators of these
+     crimes an advantage over their victims would not be equitable.
+     If any must suffer, let it be those who are guilty, but don't
+     give them a start ahead of their victims.
+
+     "In substance, that point should declare that Germany shall not
+     profit through the wrecking of any Allied industry. Except to
+     admit necessary foodstuffs, the blockade should not be lifted
+     until every Allied country from England to Serbia has been
+     industrially rebuilt. One object of the wholesale murder of
+     civilians was to weaken industrially the enemy countries. The
+     greater proportionate loss of man-power in the Allied countries
+     should be met by restrictions on the entry of raw materials
+     into Germany. Every piece of stolen machinery should be
+     returned before her own industries are allowed to resume."
+
+The soft plan of dealing with Germany's war cost was championed by
+Secretary Daniels. The Springfield _Republican_ and the _New Republic_
+seemed to agree with the Manchester _Guardian_ that Germany ought to
+be helped rather than punished, that the main thing was to set her on
+her feet again.
+
+     "Representative papers like the New York _Times_, Syracuse
+     _Post-Standard_, Buffalo _Express_, and Sacramento _Bee_ all
+     insist that while we might or perhaps should claim no
+     war-expenses from Germany, 'we must exact payment,' in the
+     words of the Syracuse daily, 'to the last penny for losses
+     suffered through illegal warfare.' Germany's submarine campaign
+     cost us, according to this paper's figures, 375,000 tons of
+     shipping and 775 civilian lives. If we take the burden of
+     payment for this property and these lives from the guilty
+     shoulders of Germany it would only be to 'pass it on to the
+     innocent shoulders of the American taxpayer,' which, the New
+     York _Times_ declares, would be 'rank injustice'."
+
+
+FORECASTING THE TOTAL COST OF WAR
+
+It is interesting also to note an attempt made by one of the expert
+statisticians attached to the Guaranty Trust Company of New York to
+estimate the total cost of the war at the close of the four-year period.
+The five main Allies possessed, before the war, $406,000,000,000 for
+national work, a sum nearly four times as great as the national wealth
+of the two Central Powers. In four years the seven leading belligerents
+had spent $134,000,000,000. The only way to grasp the meaning of this
+enormous sum is to contrast the cost of the World War with all former
+wars. The total cost of wars that had taken place since the American
+Revolution was $23,000,000,000; the World War costs therefore, are six
+times greater. In these figures, staggering as they are, it was
+comparatively easy to figure out the costs, debts and interests of
+actual war expenditures. Much more complicated is the problem of
+estimating the property value destroyed through military operations on
+land and sea:
+
+
+LOSS FROM DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY
+
+     "The total area of the war zone is 174,000 square miles, of
+     which the Western theater of the war, in France and Belgium,
+     stretches over an area of 19,500 square miles, and it contains
+     over 3,000 cities, villages, and hamlets, great manufacturing
+     and agricultural districts, of which some have been totally
+     annihilated and some heavily affected. The estimate by the
+     National Foreign Trade Council of the war losses, which
+     unfortunately does not go beyond 1916, is as follows:
+
+     "'Destruction of buildings and industrial machinery in Belgium,
+     $1,000,000,000, and in France $700,000,000. The destruction of
+     agricultural buildings and implements, of raw materials, of
+     crops and live stock, has been estimated at a sum of
+     $780,000,000 in Belgium and $680,000,000 in France. Roads were
+     destroyed frequently by the retreating troops and have been
+     seriously damaged by heavy gun fire and excessive use. The
+     losses from destruction of railway bridges, etc., have been
+     estimated in Belgium at $275,000,000 and in France at
+     $300,000,000.
+
+     "'In the Eastern theater of the War Germany has been invaded
+     only in eastern Prussia, where the agricultural population has
+     been seriously impaired. Heavy damage was inflicted upon
+     bridges, roads, and governmental property, including railroads.
+     The direct cost to Germany through the loss of agricultural
+     products, of manufacturing products, as well as in interest on
+     investments abroad, of earnings from shipping and banking
+     houses, and profits of insurance and mercantile houses engaged
+     in business abroad has been enormous'."
+
+
+ECONOMIC LOSS OF MAN-POWER
+
+The same expert goes on to figure out the economic value of the loss of
+human life:
+
+     "Mr. M. Barriol, the celebrated actuary, gives the following
+     figures as the capital value of man: in the United States,
+     $4,100; in Great Britain, $4,140; in Germany, $3,380; in
+     France, $2,900; in Russia, $2,020; in Austria-Hungary, $2,020
+     or an average capital value for the five foreign nations of
+     $2,892.
+
+     "The number of men already lost is 8,509,000 killed and
+     7,175,000 permanently wounded, or a total of 15,684,000. Thus
+     society has been impoverished through the death and permanent
+     disability of a part of its productive man-power to the extent
+     of $45,000,000,000.
+
+     "The loss of men, measured in terms of the capital value of the
+     workers withdrawn from industry, is offset in some degree by
+     the enhancement of the capital value of the remaining
+     producers.... This loss of man-power is also partly offset by
+     the large contingents of women drawn into industries. In
+     England, out of a female population of 23,000,000, about
+     6,000,000 were engaged before the outbreak of the war in
+     gainful occupations. Since the war broke out no less than
+     1,500,000 women have been added to the ranks of wage-earners,
+     an increase of fully 25 per cent. Moreover, about 400,000 women
+     have shifted from non-essential occupations to men's work. In
+     the United States, approximately 1,266,000 women are now
+     engaged in industrial work, either directly or indirectly
+     necessary to carry on the war.
+
+
+EFFECTS ON POPULATION
+
+     "The physical and moral effects of the war, the moral strain to
+     which the nations have been subjected, the 'shell-shock' which
+     has reacted upon the population at home as well as upon the
+     soldiers on the battlefield, the undernourishment and
+     starvation of children as well as adults, all have resulted in
+     a lowered vitality, the ill effects of which, especially in the
+     countries of the Central Powers, are already seen in an
+     increase of the death rate, in a spread of epidemics and
+     diseases that have taxed the medical resources of all
+     countries.
+
+     The lowered vitality of the race, which is still further
+     aggravated by the millions of incapacitated soldiers and the
+     premature and excessive employment of children and women in the
+     industries, will eventually make for a lower standard of
+     efficiency in all human activities, or a retardation of human
+     progress. Authoritative statements are to the effect that in
+     Belgium in the earlier period of the war, the deaths of women
+     and children far outnumbered those of men. Annual deaths among
+     the German civilian population have increased by a million
+     above the normal.
+
+     "Besides the loss in actual population there is a loss of
+     potential population. Carefully compiled figures show that by
+     1919 the population of Germany will be 7,500,000 less than it
+     would have been under ordinary circumstances. The people in
+     Austria in 1919 will be 8 per cent. less in numbers than in the
+     year before the war. Hungary will be still worse off; it will
+     have a population of 9 per cent. lower than in pre-war days."
+
+
+CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT'S ESTIMATES
+
+The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace made public in November,
+1919, an elaborate report on the cost of the World War in human life and
+in property and the consequent economic losses. The chief conclusions
+derived from this intensive study of all the conditions may be
+summarized as follows:
+
+     All the wars of the nineteenth century from the Napoleonic down
+     to the Balkan wars of 1912--1913, show a loss of life of
+     4,449,300, according to the report, while the known and
+     presumed dead of the World War reached 9,998,771. (See Vol.
+     III, pp. 403-5.) The monetary value of the individuals lost to
+     each country is estimated, the highest value on human life
+     being given to the United States, where each individual's
+     economic worth is placed at $4,720, with England next at
+     $4,140; Germany third, at $3,380; France and Belgium, each
+     $2,900; Austria-Hungary at $2,720, and Russia, Italy, Serbia,
+     Greece, and the other countries at $2,020.
+
+     With a loss of more than 4,000,000 the estimate puts Russia in
+     the lead in human economic loss, the total being more than
+     $8,000,000,000; Germany is next with $6,750,000,000; France,
+     $4,800,000,000; England, $3,500,000,000; Austria-Hungary,
+     $3,000,000,000; Italy, $2,384,000,000; Serbia, $1,500,000,000;
+     Turkey, almost $1,000,000,000; Rumania, $800,000,000; Belgium,
+     almost $800,000,000; the United States slightly more than
+     $500,000,000; Bulgaria, a little more than $200,000,000;
+     Greece, $75,000,000; Portugal, $8,300,000, and Japan, $600,000.
+     On this basis the total in human life lost cost the world
+     $33,551,276,280, and the loss to the world in civilian
+     population is placed at an equal figure.
+
+     The attempt to determine property losses is the least
+     satisfactory, as it is the most difficult. The destruction and
+     devastation in the invaded areas of Belgium, France, Russian
+     Poland, Serbia, Italy and parts of Austria are probably
+     incapable of exact determination, and it may well be doubted if
+     the exact losses will ever be known.
+
+     The total property loss on land is put at $29,960,000,000,
+     one-third of which was suffered by France alone, its loss being
+     given as $10,000,000,000, with Belgium next at $7,000,000,000,
+     and the other countries following as follows:
+
+     Italy, $2,710,000,000; Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro,
+     $2,000,000,000; The British Empire and Germany, each,
+     $1,750,000,000; Poland, $1,500,000,000; Russia, $1,250,000,000;
+     Rumania, $1,000,000,000, and East Prussia, Austria, and Ukraine
+     together, the same amount.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Central News Service
+
+Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island
+
+According to the report of the Carnegie Endowment the cargo loss at sea
+was $3,800,000,000, the total tonnage and cargo loss being
+$6,800,000,000. To offset the Allied loss in shipping, ship-building in
+the United States was rushed at topmost speed.]
+
+     In the property losses on sea, that is, to shipping and cargo,
+     the report estimates that "the construction cost of the tonnage
+     loss can scarcely be estimated at less than $200 a ton, and the
+     monetary loss involved in the sinking of this 15,398,392 gross
+     tons may, therefore, be placed at about $3,000,000,000." To
+     this is added loss of cargo, which is estimated at $250 a ton,
+     giving a cargo loss of $3,800,000,000, and a total tonnage and
+     cargo loss of $6,800,000,000.
+
+     Among the indirect costs of the war, loss of production is
+     placed at $45,000,000,000. In arriving at this figure an
+     average of 20,000,000 men are counted as having been withdrawn
+     from production during the whole period of the war, and their
+     average yearly productive capacity is placed at $500. War
+     relief is another indirect cost which totalled up to
+     $1,000,000,000; and the loss to the neutral nations is given as
+     $1,750,000,000.
+
+     With the total direct costs of the war amounting to
+     $186,336,637,097 and the indirect costs to $151,612,542,560,
+     the stupendous total of $337,946,179,657 is reached. Finally,
+     the report says:
+
+     "The figures presented in this summary are both
+     incomprehensible and appalling, yet even these do not take into
+     account the effect of the war on life, human vitality,
+     economic well-being, ethics, morality, or other phases of human
+     relationships and activities which have been disorganized and
+     injured. It is evident from the present disturbances in Europe
+     that the real costs of the war cannot be measured by the direct
+     money outlays of the belligerents during the five years of its
+     duration, but that the very breakdown of modern economic
+     society might be the price exacted."
+
+
+THE WAR AS A PRODUCT OF HIGH PRICES
+
+All of the great wars in European history have been followed by periods
+of increased production and economic expansion. Experts are convinced
+that the World War will prove no exception to the world's previous
+experience. Wars have been the principal influence that have determined
+the course of commodities and prices. In the Napoleonic Wars the index
+number rose seventy-two points in twenty years, but during the four
+years between 1914 and 1918 there was a rise of one hundred and eight
+points in four and a half years, a movement which Edgar Crammond, widely
+known British expert in economic and financial affairs, declared to be a
+movement to which there was no precedent in point of rapidity or
+magnitude. In an address outlined in the New York _Journal of Commerce_
+this authority estimated the direct cost of the war to the Allies as
+being roughly $145,000,000,000. The Central Powers had spent about
+$60,000,000,000. The total cost in dollars he estimated at
+$260,000,000,000. The upheaval caused by the war was manifested,
+according to the same authority, in the rise of the cost of living and
+in the universal increase of wages. Other economic consequences will be
+more gradually unfolded. Prospects of fall in the price of commodities
+and wages as the result of peace, he thinks, will be arrested for two
+reasons: First, the vast increase in the amount of paper money; second,
+the huge amount of public debts to the belligerents. He saw an
+additional psychological cause in the attitude of the laboring classes
+to maintain wages at a higher level than before the war and to improve
+the standard of living.
+
+Reduced production is sufficient to account for all the economic
+disturbances that were produced during the war, according to the London
+_Statist_, which says:
+
+     "It is enough to say that production is reduced almost to a
+     minimum, while consumption is going on at a most extravagant
+     rate. Those who wish to pose as economists without competent
+     knowledge are telling the public that all the evil is due to
+     this, that, and the other thing--such, for example, as
+     inflation, the rise in prices, the enormous loans raised, and
+     several other fads. It is pure moonshine. The world is
+     impoverished, firstly, because so much of the world's manhood
+     is withdrawn from production to consumption; and, secondly,
+     because reduction in production is so serious that very little
+     has been saved either by the belligerents or the neutral
+     countries of Europe, at all events. International trade is
+     really carried on by barter. It is true that money is
+     frequently paid. At the present time money has in some markets
+     to be paid because credit has been injured, and those who
+     possess wealth are not as willing as they used to be to trust
+     to mere credit."
+
+
+QUESTIONS OF INFLATION
+
+The enormous advance of prices in England was synchronous with the issue
+of currency notes to an excess of £700,000,000 beyond the gold reserve.
+High officials in British administration ascribed this rise to the
+increased consuming capacity. According to the British Board of Trade a
+sovereign could purchase no more during the war time than eleven
+shillings would just before the war started. A writer in the
+_Fortnightly Review_, Mr. W. F. Ford, quotes Jevons' remark in his
+classical book on money in explanation of the phenomenon. "A number of
+bankers all trying to issue additional notes resemble a number of
+merchants offering to sell corn for future delivery, and the value of
+gold will be affected as the price of corn certainly is. We are too much
+inclined to look upon the value of gold as a fixed datum line in
+commerce, but in reality it is a very variable thing." Substitute today
+the word Government for bankers and one can see the reason for the
+upward rise in prices. This rise would take place apart from any
+questions of war waste, profiteering, difficulties of transport by sea
+or land or shortage of labor. All the countries involved have followed
+the same policy of inflation. The operation is depicted in the following
+passage:
+
+     "The inevitable result of extensive note issues by a number of
+     Governments was that prices were irresistibly impelled upwards
+     in all belligerent countries--apart from any questions of war
+     waste, profiteering, difficulties of transport by sea or land,
+     or shortage of labor. Belligerent countries became
+     extraordinarily good markets in which to sell goods; and a
+     golden harvest was temptingly displayed to neutral nations, in
+     whose favor enormous trade balances rapidly grew up. In large
+     part these balances were met by payment in gold.... But just as
+     gold substitutes in the shape of paper money swelled the
+     currencies and increased prices in the belligerent countries,
+     so also the large quantities of gold coin sent to neutral
+     States in payment for goods supplied to the warring nations
+     swelled the currencies and increased prices in the neutral
+     states themselves. The withdrawal of gold set up a natural
+     tendency for prices to fall in the countries from which it had
+     been exported; but not only was this tendency overcome, but the
+     upward movement of prices was continued by the action of the
+     several Governments in placing still further issues of
+     inconvertible paper money on their respective markets. The net
+     results have been that currencies have been inflated and prices
+     forced up all over the world, that inconvertible paper money is
+     tending more and more to drive out gold from the currencies of
+     the states that issue it, and that the gold so driven out is
+     being absorbed into the currencies of the neutral nations.
+     Between August, 1914, and the date of her own declaration of
+     war, America increased the amount of her gold currency by
+     approximately £200,000,000 sterling. No real benefit has
+     accrued.
+
+     "The currencies of the whole world have been artificially
+     inflated to the extent that, under the most favorable
+     circumstances existing in any part of the world, £5 are now
+     needed to do the work in circulation that before the war was
+     accomplished by £3. The loss to people with fixed incomes, the
+     disturbance of trade, the potential labor difficulties are
+     stupendous. And as a result of purchasing war material at
+     excessively high prices, the dead weight of debt incurred by
+     all the countries at war is very much greater than it need have
+     been had currencies been kept within reasonable bounds."
+
+
+CURRENCY EXPANSION IN GREAT BRITAIN
+
+In Great Britain £200,000,000 worth of new paper currency was placed in
+circulation and there was a considerable expansion in the use of
+banknotes, silver and copper coinage. Proposals were made that the
+famous English Bank Act should be repealed and that excess issues of
+banknotes should be made legal on the payment of a tax. But apart from
+these theories of involving the banking system there was a good deal of
+adverse criticism.
+
+     "Mr. Herbert Samuel made a masterly attack upon the vicious
+     system of War Finance, by which no less a sum than £196,170,000
+     is added to the expenditure by bonuses and increases of wages,
+     which, in their turn, only force prices still higher and raise
+     the cost of living. Lives have been conscripted; incomes have
+     been conscripted; the only thing which has not been conscripted
+     is labor. If the Government had at an early stage of the war
+     had the courage to fix wages, instead of prices, the cost of
+     living would then have been regulated by supply and demand. By
+     fixing prices of commodities, after they had risen to almost
+     famine figures, we have the maximum of loss and inconvenience,
+     high wages, dear food, and a war bill that increases day by
+     day. Despite Mr. Bonar Law's assurance that the bill of the
+     year would not be so high as he expected, we have the fact that
+     we are spending over seven millions a day. The satire of 'the
+     cheap loaf' consists in its cost to the nation at large of
+     £45,000,000 a year. Bonuses to munition workers amount to
+     £40,000,000, bonuses to miners come to £20,000,000, to railway
+     workers £10,000,000, to potato growers £5,000,000. Is this
+     anything else but a system of gigantic corruption? In order
+     that artisans and agriculturists may be kept in good humor with
+     the war, they are bribed with bonuses and allowed to buy food
+     at prices which are partially paid by the rest of the
+     community. If ever there was a case of robbing Peter to pay
+     Paul it is here."
+
+
+AMERICA'S EXPERIENCE WITH INFLATION
+
+Protests against war inflation were not confined to British specialists
+in finance. What is inflation? As used by the more careful writers on
+the subject today, it is taken to signify the increase of bank credits
+not represented by any immediate addition to current wealth. For
+example, if the Government borrows by an issue of bonds, such bonds
+taken by the banks, and payment for them made in the form of bank credit
+which is at once transferred to individuals who have furnished labor or
+supplies, it is evident that there has been a net addition to the
+purchasing power of the community not represented by any corresponding
+addition to wealth whether of a saleable or available form. Mr. Delano,
+a member of the Federal Reserve Board, said that the war had produced a
+world inflation the like of which had never occurred before--"The usual
+symptoms of such methods of inflation are the disappearance of metallic
+money and the general advance in the prices of commodities." He gives
+the following illustration of what has taken place in this process of
+inflation:
+
+     "Prior to our entry into the war, when the European nations
+     were buying heavily in the United States, they paid largely in
+     gold for what they bought, and as a result about a billion
+     dollars in gold coin came to this country in the period of two
+     and one-half years. The reason the European nations were able
+     to send us their gold was that they printed paper money for
+     their own use, releasing gold for us. But that gold inflation
+     in this country is one explanation of the general advance in
+     prices of all commodities, although undoubtedly it is not the
+     only explanation; for it must be freely admitted that prices
+     have been affected, first, by scarcity, occasioned by increased
+     demand from Europe for many articles produced by us; second, by
+     reason of the fact that increases in taxes and wages of labor
+     have entered into the cost of production and sale of all
+     articles and account for a share of the increased prices of
+     commodities."
+
+
+CIVIL WAR INFLATION.
+
+The United States had large experience with inflation during the Civil
+War. Some $500,000,000 were in this way added to the cost of the war
+which might have been avoided. A plain statement of the real incidents
+of inflation is given by Mr. A. C. Miller of the Federal Reserve Board
+in his _Financial Mobilization for War_, in the following passage:
+
+     "For let it not for a moment be overlooked that inflation, in
+     its effects, amounts to conscriptive taxation of the masses. It
+     is, indeed, one of the worst and the most unequal forms of
+     taxation, because it taxes men, not upon what they have or
+     earn, but upon what they need or consume. The only difference
+     for the masses between this kind of disguised and concealed
+     taxation and taxes which are levied and collected openly is
+     that in the case of the latter the government gets the revenue,
+     while in the former case it borrows it, and those to whom it is
+     eventually repaid are not those, for the most part, who have
+     been mulcted for it. Inflation therefore produces a situation
+     akin to double taxation in that the great mass of the consuming
+     public is hard hit by the rise of prices induced by the
+     degenerated borrowing policy and later has to be taxed in order
+     to produce the revenue requisite to sustain the interest charge
+     on the debt contracted and to repay the principal. The active
+     business and speculative classes can usually take care of
+     themselves in the midst of the confusion produced by inflation
+     and recoup themselves for their increasing outlays. Indeed
+     inflation frequently makes for an artificial condition of
+     business prosperity. That is why war times are frequently
+     spoken of in terms of enthusiasm by the class of business
+     adventurers. But it is a prosperity that is dear-bought and at
+     the expense of the great body of plain living people. It would
+     be a monstrous wrong if in financing our present war we should
+     pursue methods that would land us in a sea of inflation in
+     which the great body of the American people, who are called
+     upon to contribute the blood of their sons to the war, were
+     made the victims of a careless or iniquitous financial policy."
+
+
+INFLATION ILLUSTRATED.
+
+One of the ways in which inflation was caused in the United States
+during the war period was the plan adopted by the banks of financing the
+loan directly by means of bank credits to the buyers. According to Mr.
+Carl Snyder the banking officials roughly agree that on the first
+Liberty Loan for $2,000,000,000 the banks may have loaned somewhere near
+half the total and on the second loan even more. Of course, this means a
+heavy expansion of bank credit. Economists are generally agreed that the
+flooding of the country with paper money brings about an enormous rise
+in prices. They differ chiefly in regard to the degree of inflation. The
+most accepted statement of inflation is that prices vary directly as the
+volume of the actual currency employed and its rate of turn over or
+velocity, and inversely with the volume of trade. The effect of bank
+credits is exactly that of an excessive issue of notes; that is, if they
+are expanded more rapidly than the actual volume of business there is a
+rise in prices, that is to say there is inflation.
+
+The situation of the country during the war in regard to business was
+put plainly by Mr. Snyder in the following words: "Railroads cannot haul
+any more goods. The government is already stepping in to shut down on
+shipments on certain lines of industry. We can not get any more coal
+unless labor is drafted from other industries, and as a whole we cannot
+get any more labor as is evident from the fantastic wages that are now
+being paid. In a word, production and therefore the actual volume of
+exchange is practically at the limit and has been for a year or more. No
+expansion of bank credits can put this production any higher. It
+follows, therefore, as a practical fact that _any expansion of bank
+loans now means inflation_--to all practical intents dollar for
+dollar." Because of the introduction of a billion dollars worth of gold
+into the country, prices have risen nearly one hundred percent. The
+expansion of bank credits increases the cost of living and the cost of
+the war will be doubled.
+
+Some bankers estimated that if the war lasted the expansion of bank
+loans might reach $50,000,000,000. The progress of these loans was
+encouraged by the cutting of the required metallic reserve under the new
+Federal Reserve system and the system of book credits with the Federal
+Reserve banks allowed to the banks that are members of the system. The
+following is Mr. Snyder's description of the way the inflation was
+encouraged.
+
+     "Every dollar of gold may become three dollars of Federal Bank
+     credits and each dollar of this may in turn become the basis of
+     eight dollars of credits for the Central Reserve cities, ten
+     dollars for the smaller cities and fifteen dollars for the
+     country banks, which works out to a practical average of ten
+     dollars for all the banks in the Federal Reserve system."
+
+He then went on to speak of the possibilities of this inflation and
+uttered a warning of the danger, because the only obstacle in the way
+was the good sense and conservatism of the American banks. Some
+authorities hold that a war cannot be fought without inflation. Mr.
+Snyder thought that the United States with large ante-war income could
+and should have tried the experiment. People want easy money and flush
+times. If credit were contracted there would be tight money and a high
+interest rate. Mr. McAdoo and the Administration at Washington feel
+highly elated when they roll up five billion of statistics, half of
+which are merely bank rolls. It seems not to matter that all this may
+add two or three billion to the already swollen credit currency and that
+the millions of poor people, small investors and life insurance holders
+who cannot expand their income in any adequate way must pay the piper.
+These are the millions who rarely have any voice in national affairs,
+and all the more so because they are for the most part ignorant. It
+seems an idle consequence that we may spend perhaps ten long weary years
+of hard times, of falling prices, declining business and sharp distress,
+paying for the orgy of inflated prices, waste and extravagance in which
+we are now indulging.
+
+[Illustration: Photo by Paul Thompson
+
+Ship-building at Camden, N. J.
+
+One of the financial effects of the war was the transformation of the
+United States from a debtor to a creditor nation. Immense private
+fortunes were made. In no industry was there a greater boom than in
+ship-building.]
+
+
+CREDIT EXPANSION
+
+The wide expansion of credit can be studied by making a comparison of
+the gold holdings of the leading nations. For example, in 1914 just
+before the outbreak of the war, the amount of cash held by all the banks
+of the United States was estimated at about $1,639,000,000. Of this
+amount about $913,000,000 was in the form of gold or gold certificates.
+Upon this basis there rested a structure of credit amounting to
+$21,351,000,000. In other words the gold basis of the country's deposit
+credits amounted to 4.27 percent.
+
+In 1916 the cash held was $1,911,000,000; about $1,140,000,000 was in
+gold; and on this basis there rested a credit structure of
+$28,250,000,000.
+
+
+UNITED STATES A CREDITOR NATION
+
+One of the financial effects of the war was the transformation of the
+United States from a debtor to a creditor nation. The reconstruction
+period in finance is certain to bring about a situation described by a
+writer in the _Wall Street Journal_ as one of the most interesting
+developments known in financial history. Financial waste in emergency
+measures was a superficial side of America's part in the World War. But
+this writer considers that what happened during the war was not
+altogether financial waste:
+
+     "A great upheaval took place in the world of finance. Credit
+     resources were brought to the fore and nations established on a
+     financial basis of far-reaching importance, but of a kind that
+     had only a secondary place before.
+
+     "The war has turned the United States from a debtor to a
+     creditor nation. Formerly we owed abroad something like
+     $4,000,000,000, about three-quarters of which sum we have
+     bought back. Moreover, Europe now owes us about
+     $9,000,000,000--on private account; about $2,000,000,000 in
+     securities; in United States Government obligations over
+     $7,000,000,000. The world is under obligations to us in
+     interest alone of between $400,000,000 and $500,000,000 a
+     year."
+
+After the United States took an active part in the war large credits and
+loans were made in behalf of other countries as the following excerpt
+shows:
+
+     "A total appropriation of $7,000,000,000 has been made,
+     $3,000,000,000 by the Act of April 24, 1917, and $4,000,000,000
+     by the Act of September 24, 1917. Under these authorizations
+     credits have been established in favor of the governments of
+     Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Belgium, and Serbia.
+     These loans, up to January 17, 1918, are given in the following
+     table:
+
+                  Loans and                           Balances
+Country        Credits Agreed         Loans       Under-Established
+                    Upon               Made            Credits
+
+Great Britain   $2,045,000,000    $1,985,000,000     $60,000,000
+France           1,285,000,000     1,225,000,000      60,000,000
+Italy              500,000,000       450,000,000      50,000,000
+Russia             325,000,000       187,729,750     137,270,250
+Belgium             77,400,000        75,400,000       2,000,000
+Serbia               6,000,000         4,200,000       1,800,000
+
+Totals          $4,238,400,000    $3,927,329,750    $311,070,250
+
+     "On the basis of the requests being made on the Treasury, it is
+     estimated that credits aggregating approximately $500,000,000
+     per month will be required to meet the urgent war needs of the
+     foreign governments receiving advances from the United States.
+     At this rate approximately the entire appropriation authorized
+     by Congress will be accredited to our Allies by the close of
+     the present fiscal year (June 30, 1918).
+
+     "A significant feature of the loans floated in this country in
+     the last three and a half years has been the fact that many
+     states and municipalities which formerly went to London to sell
+     their securities have recently been financed through the United
+     States. About $150,000,000 of the Canadian loans went to
+     provinces and municipalities, and many of the South American
+     obligations were contracted for municipal improvements. The
+     neutral nations of Europe have also sought accommodation in the
+     American money market. Loans have been made to the city of
+     Dublin, Ireland, the London Water Board, and the French cities
+     of Paris, Bordeaux, Lyons, and Marseilles."
+
+
+DISAPPEARANCE OF GOLD CURRENCY
+
+During the war gold almost ceased to be currency in all the Allied
+countries. The Central Powers at the end of the struggle had
+comparatively little. Of the total gold production the United States
+produced about twenty-five percent., while the British Empire produced
+nearly sixty-four. A writer in the _Edinburgh Review_ proposed to take
+the opportunity of creating a standard price for gold. For example, if
+the standard price of gold were reduced to half, the prices of all
+commodities would come down in sympathy. We must take advantage of the
+fact that we are working with a paper currency, and all authorities
+agree that financial stability is only secured by the backing of as much
+gold as possible against paper securities and emergencies.
+
+The plan involved an increase of the standard price. The success of the
+scheme depends upon the concordant will of the United States and Great
+Britain to adopt it as the following article suggests:
+
+     "Obviously if Great Britain or any other country _alone_
+     attempted to alter the standard price of gold, and therefore
+     the value of the present sovereign (or its equivalent), the
+     currency would be debased, instead of being enhanced. It would
+     also in effect amount to a partial repudiation of national
+     debt. A standard ceases to be a standard if _one_ nation can
+     arbitrarily alter it, but surely there can be no argument
+     against the creation of a new standard sanctioned by the whole
+     civilized world for their mutual advantage. If Great Britain
+     and the United States were to proclaim their desire to adopt my
+     scheme it is hardly likely that any country other than the
+     Central Powers would fail to welcome it. Spain, for instance,
+     has increased her gold reserve to about £80,000,000 and greatly
+     enhanced the value of her currency thereby. Would she fail to
+     grasp the happy chance of making this £120,000,000, and would
+     any country continue to part with its gold at £4 per ounce when
+     it could get £6 or £8?"
+
+
+WAR'S EFFECT ON SILVER
+
+Along with all other commodities, that cinderella of
+finance--silver--had a share in the general rise in prices. One of the
+reasons is the enormous falling off of silver production in Mexico,
+where one-third of the total world supply is produced; another is the
+great demand for silver. Prior to the war, the use of silver plate by
+the wealthy classes had largely fallen off; but the war, because of the
+rise in wages, brought about a largely increased demand for silver to be
+used in ornaments:
+
+     "The war has brought into the market a vast number of new
+     buyers for ornaments, whose demand in the aggregate is
+     estimated to more than compensate for the falling off in the
+     purchases by the wealthy classes of silver plate. Wages
+     everywhere, not merely in England, but practically all over the
+     world, have advanced, and particularly in Western Europe;
+     moreover, immense numbers of women, and even children, are
+     being employed who were not employed before, and those who were
+     employed before have a larger income, particularly amongst the
+     wage earning classes, than has been the case in this country
+     for many years past."
+
+The use of silver in coinage, too, was notably increased. Gold
+disappeared in countries where gold coins were used; paper money and
+silver token money took its place. Another reason for the advance in
+silver is connected with the demand for the metal in eastern countries.
+According to the _London Statist_:
+
+     " ... About half the annual production of silver throughout the
+     world is absorbed by the East, meaning principally India and
+     China. It has to be borne in mind that prices in the East have
+     advanced as well as in Europe and the two Americas, and,
+     consequently, more token money is required there as well as
+     here. Silver is the standard of value, and not token money at
+     all, in China; and in India, while gold is nominally the
+     standard of value, the rupee is the actual coin in which the
+     Indian natives, as distinct from mere government officials,
+     reckon their wealth. Now, as one result of the war, nearly all
+     the governments forbid the export of gold; consequently, India
+     requires a steadily increasing supply of silver, not merely to
+     do the work that silver did before the war, but, in addition,
+     to supply the void created by the prohibition of the export of
+     gold."
+
+
+STOCK EXCHANGE WAR
+
+The accompanying diagram showing how military operations in Europe
+affected the average prices of fifty stocks, half industrial and half
+railway, was published in the _New York Times Annalist_:
+
+     The wider black area shows the high and low average prices of
+     the twenty-five industrials included in the fifty, and the
+     white area the corresponding figures for the twenty-five rails.
+     The lines begin at a time when Germany was suffering severely
+     from her failure at Verdun and from losses in men and territory
+     from the great Allied Somme offensive. The subsequent rapid
+     decline (November to February) embraces the period of
+     Bethmann-Hollweg's sensational peace offensive, followed a few
+     weeks later by Germany's intensified submarine warfare. The
+     lowest point of all (December, 1917) was reached after
+     Germany's successful counter-thrust for Cambrai, her "peace
+     offensive" with the Bolsheviki at Brest-Litovsk, and the taking
+     over of our railroads by the government.--_Literary Digest_,
+     October 19, 1918.
+
+A further indication of how military operations reacted on Stock
+Exchange quotations was shown in the decided improvement that took place
+since the end of July, 1918, after the Germans were pushed back in their
+drive towards Paris. The most direct way of measuring this influence is
+to take the quotations for the bonds and notes of the Allied Governments
+dealt in at the New York Stock Exchange since 1915:
+
+     "The lowest quotations for these bond and note issues were
+     reached in 1917, when the cause of the Allies assumed a gloomy
+     appearance. The depression was aggravated by the general
+     decline of the entire securities market in the later part of
+     that year. Some recovery occurred by the end of last year, but
+     the beginning of 1918 saw them still depressed. Last March,
+     April, May and June, when the great German drives were in
+     progress, they showed little disposition to break, but after
+     the active participation of the American Army in the fighting
+     began and news came that the counter-offensive had assumed a
+     decided and successful phase, an assertion of strength took
+     place in foreign government bonds, carrying quotations 'not
+     only to the highest of the year, but in some instances to the
+     best figures attained since they first made their appearance in
+     the American market.' The following tabulation is presented by
+     _Bradstreet's_ as giving the range of prices for the most
+     prominent bonds and short-term notes of foreign countries
+     during 1917 and 1918, with the quotations for them on August
+     22nd:
+
+                                  /---1917----\   /---1918----\     Aug.
+                                  High      Low   High     Low      22
+ Am. For. Sec. 5s.         1919  97-7/8  90       98      94½      97½
+ Anglo-French 5s.          1920  95      81-7/8   95      88¼      94¾
+ Canada 5s.                1926 100      89       95      90-7/8   92
+ Canada 5s.                1931 100¼     87½      94      88-7/8   92-3/8
+ Fr. Republic 5-1/2s.      1919 101      91½      99      94       98-7/8
+ U. Kingdom 5s.            1918  98-5/8  95½     100      97       99-7/8
+ U. Kingdom 5-1/2s.        1919  98-7/8  93¼      99¼     95¼      98¾
+ U. King. 5-1/2s, new      1919 101-9/16 95¼     100      9¾       99-5/8
+ U. Kingdom 5-1/2s.        1921  98½     84½      95¾     91-5/8   95-3/8
+   _French Cities_
+ Paris 6s.                 1921  96-7/8  73½      92-1/8  81-5/8   91-7/8
+ Bordeaux 6s.              1919  96-7/8  74       95½     84       94-7/8
+ Lyons 6s.                 1919  96-7/8  74       95½     84       94¾
+ Marseilles 6s.            1919  96-7/8  74       95½     84       94¾
+   _Russian Govern._[6]
+ External 6½%                    98¾     45       64½     33       61
+ External 5½%              1921  98-5/8  36       60½     34½      57
+
+ [6] Curb market quotations.
+
+[Illustration: Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of
+Stocks
+
+(See explanation on page 32)]
+
+     "British issues, as shown above, declined least of all, 'and
+     consequently had less ground to regain in the rise,'
+     _Bradstreet's_ adds:
+
+     "The feeling of confidence in England's credit has all along
+     been a factor in connection with its American obligations. This
+     will doubtless be strengthened by the announcement made this
+     week that the United Kingdom secured 5 per cent. notes, due
+     September 1, 1918, will be paid at their maturity on that date.
+     There were originally $250,000,000 of these notes, which were
+     sold in our market in 1916; but the outstanding issue has been
+     reduced to about $180,000,000 by purchases in the market for
+     redemption. French obligations have been one of the chief
+     features of the advance. As will be seen from the above table,
+     the French Republic 5½ per cents., due 1919, have risen 6
+     points from the low figures of the year. The 6 per cent. notes
+     of the French cities, Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux, and Marseilles,
+     with rises of about 10 points each, are conspicuous examples of
+     the good effects following the checking of the German advance
+     and the counter-offensive launched by the Allies and the
+     American Army. No division of this part of the bond market has,
+     however, shown such a marked improvement as the Russian
+     external or dollar bonds, which though not listed at the Stock
+     Exchange, are dealt in extensively on the New York Curb
+     market'."
+
+
+GERMAN PROPERTY IN AMERICA
+
+Until the United States entered the war with Germany it had never been
+realized that an enormous share of the economic wealth of the country
+was under German control. Attorney-General Palmer, in an address at
+Detroit, estimated this share to be about two billion dollars in money
+value, with an economic and political value far greater:
+
+     "Furthermore, this structure was 'designed so to hold American
+     industry as to frustrate the organization of our resources in
+     case of war.' With two hundred American corporations controlled
+     by the financial and military power in Germany, we had a
+     situation that 'might easily have been fatal in America had it
+     not been discovered in time.' When the war began in 1914 the
+     structure 'had become so large and powerful and was so firmly
+     entrenched in the industrial life of our country that its real
+     commanders in Germany cherished the hope that it would prove
+     the make-weight which would keep America out of the war, or,
+     failing in that, constitute a powerful ally of the German cause
+     in our very midst.'" Mr. Palmer added:
+
+     "'During the last twenty-five or thirty years Germany had built
+     up upon American soil a structure reaching into every part of
+     the country and stretching its arms across the seas to fasten
+     upon Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and the
+     Philippines. Congress has declared that all these enemy
+     properties shall be managed and administered by the Alien
+     Property Custodian with all the powers of a common law trustee,
+     the proceeds to be distributed after the war in such manner as
+     the Congress may determine. This means that the final
+     disposition of the properties or the funds realized from their
+     sale will be a topic for discussion and a subject for
+     settlement at the council table of the nations at which
+     permanent peace shall be restored to the world.
+
+     "'This being so, it seems to me to be an important part of our
+     work to capture the army which Germany skilfully and craftily
+     planted midst the busy wheels of American industry, and to
+     break, never to be again repaired, the industrial and
+     commercial chain which Germany has stretched across the
+     American continent and our insular possessions. I would let
+     Germany understand now that her plan has dismally failed. I
+     would let her understand now that no matter how long she
+     fights, or what sacrifice she makes, or what price she pays,
+     however much territory she may occupy, or whatever worlds she
+     may conquer, there is one place which she will never soil again
+     with the tramp of the marching legions of her industrial army.
+     That is the United States of America. I would divorce utterly
+     and forever all German capital from American industry'."
+
+
+
+
+II--WARTIME FOOD AND PRICE PROBLEMS
+
+Intricacies of a Perplexing and Critical Situation Which Taxed the
+Ingenuity of Statesmen of All the Belligerents
+
+Europe was financially plunged into anarchy in August, 1914. All the
+exchanges were demoralized, checks were not cashed, the five-pound note
+became a worthless scrap of paper. The only thing that counted was gold
+and goods. Prices advanced to prohibited levels. England, in danger of a
+food famine, set up a Food Control Committee. Then the discovery was
+made that the country was short of sugar. This shortage was due to the
+fact that the war broke out when supplies from Cuba and elsewhere were
+stopping and when the German imports had not begun. Sugar was bought to
+the value of $86,000,000 from every country which had it to sell. When
+the sugar merchants began to put the price up, purchasing was stopped
+for the time. Later the Government managed to secure the quantity
+required, because it became the only sugar importer. It also supplied
+the French Government with sugar at cost price. Any further difficulties
+with the sugar supply were due to freight shortage. By this system sugar
+was cheaper in England than in any other belligerent country and the
+Exchequer took in $34,000,000 in the way of taxes, after raising the
+rate from 45¢ per hundred weight to $3.36 per hundred weight.
+
+In its control of the meat situation, the Government put itself in a
+dominating position by seizing all steamers that had refrigerating
+space. Enormous quantities of canned meats were imported from the United
+States from the American packing firms, but the Government practically
+created a state monopoly in frozen meat. This product was distributed by
+it to all the other belligerents, except Russia. The purchase of wheat
+was entrusted to a large importing house, which acted as an agent of the
+Government. For supplying the fish market, a service of fishing boats
+was maintained and a deal with Norway was made by which the whole
+Norwegian fish supply was secured:
+
+     "The British Government went into the beef business in order to
+     supply the troops at home and overseas with chilled meat. It
+     did so at an average cost of 12 cents per pound. It also
+     supplied all meat of this kind required by the French Army, the
+     Italian Army, the Belgians, and the Serbians. The amount of
+     meat required for the British and French armies was over 50,000
+     tons per month; for the Italian Army about 10,000 tons per
+     month. These quantities increased proportionately with the
+     additions to the forces. Having created a state monopoly in the
+     importation and control of chilled meat, the Government had to
+     make provisions for domestic supplies outside the Army. The
+     Board of Trade arranged to sell to British firms the surplus
+     meat at market prices. They obtained a small commission, lower
+     than it hitherto received from traders. Sales to speculators
+     were prohibited.
+
+     "Wheat was quite as important as sugar and beef, although there
+     was less risk of a world-corner. Wheat was purchased for
+     Government account on somewhat similar lines as beef. One of
+     the largest importing houses was commissioned to do all the
+     purchasing, while the other houses held off, and it was four
+     months before the corn trade, on the selling side, discovered
+     that purchases were made for the state. Naturally the
+     commission which the state paid on such transactions was
+     nominal. The British Government organization bought and shipped
+     wheat, oats, fodder, etc., for Italy. The French Government
+     bought their civil _ravitaillement_ wheat through the Hudson
+     Bay Company. Large purchases were made in Canada on behalf of
+     the Italian Government."
+
+
+     UNITED STATES AS FOOD PRODUCER
+
+     "It is hard to realize that the United States was in 1917 much
+     less favorably situated for producing a huge food surplus than
+     it was thirty years before. In the interim industrialism had
+     made huge strides in the land, and a great urban population has
+     risen to eat up a large part of the surplus of food produced by
+     the farms. This change is indicated by a growth of the urban
+     population in the twenty years from 1890 to 1910 from
+     22,720,223 to 42,625,383, or more than 80 per cent., while
+     rural population during the same period increased from
+     40,227,491 to 49,348,883, or less than 25 per cent. If the same
+     ratios have been maintained since 1910 urban population has now
+     become one-half of the whole. In terms of food production
+     decidedly more than one-half of our population now produces a
+     very insignificant part of the food which it consumes, for the
+     rural population includes all who live in towns of less than
+     2,500. The significance of the change is indicated by the
+     following figures of the production, export, and consumption
+     of typical food products. The comparison is between the average
+     of the five-year period ending in 1895 and that ending in 1914.
+     The average production of wheat per year for the former period
+     was 476,678,000 bushels; for the latter 697,459,000 bushels, an
+     increase of 46 per cent. Between these periods domestic
+     consumption increased from 310,107,000 to 588,592,000 bushels,
+     or about 90 per cent., while exports decreased from 166,571,000
+     to 104,945,000 bushels, or 37 per cent. The average production
+     of corn for the former period was 1,602,171,000 bushels; for
+     the latter 2,752,372,000 bushels, or an increase of 72 per
+     cent. Consumption increased from 1,552,003,000 to 2,790,962,000
+     bushels, or 79 per cent., while exports decreased from
+     50,168,000 to 41,509,000 bushels, or 17 per cent. The figures
+     upon sugar, beef, pork, and other staples lead to similar
+     conclusions. The growth of industrial centers has given us an
+     increasingly urban population which has been consuming a larger
+     and larger part of the food surplus."
+
+
+THE FOOD CONTROLLER
+
+No policy of _laissez-faire_ for handling the food situation was
+possible. The need of direction was paramount and required
+administrative talent of a high order. Fortunately the United States met
+this demand.
+
+The work of Herbert M. Hoover was one of the main factors in securing
+the Allied victory. This was recognized by as conservative an organ of
+public opinion as the London _Economist_, which speaks of him as an
+unimpeachable authority and as the organizer of the Allied victory. His
+experience is a tribute to the wonderful readiness and self-sacrifice
+shown by the Americans in the matter of food consumption and to the
+untiring and increasing success of our fleet in combating the submarine.
+
+How much success in the war depended upon food supplies may be gauged
+from the panicky feeling prevailing in Government quarters in England
+when it was reported in the winter of 1917--18, that the American wheat
+surplus had been used up. Lord Rhonda, the British Food Controller,
+cabled to Mr. Hoover--"We are beaten, the war is over." Then began the
+era in the United States of wheatless days and war bread. The result of
+this period of national abstinence enabled the exportation to Europe of
+about 150,000,000 bushels of wheat. A British member of the Allied Food
+Commission said it was very remarkable to see a whole nation denying
+itself of all wheat products, "not because it was short but because it
+wanted to assist." This rationing was accomplished with very little
+exercise of authority, and the peril of the defeat of the Allies by
+famine was averted.
+
+[Illustration: Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World]
+
+
+AMERICA'S CONTRIBUTION IN FOOD TO THE ALLIES
+
+Mr. Hoover in a letter to President Wilson stated that the total value
+of American food shipments to Allied countries for their armies, for the
+civilian population, Belgium relief and Red Cross, amounted to about
+$1,400,000,000 for the fiscal year, 1918:
+
+     "Shipments of meats, fats, and dairy products were as follows,
+
+                                    Pounds.
+    Fiscal year, 1916--17      2,166,500,000
+    Fiscal year, 1917--18      3,011,100,000
+    Increase                     844,600,000
+
+     "'Our slaughterable animals at the beginning of the last fiscal
+     year were not appreciably larger in number than the year
+     before, and particularly in hogs; they were probably less';
+     so, as Mr. Hoover points out, 'the increase in shipments is due
+     to conservation and the extra weight of animals added by our
+     farmers.' Our shipments of cereal and cereal products have
+     been,
+
+                                        Bushels.
+    Fiscal year, 1916--17             259,900,000
+    Fiscal year, 1917--18             340,800,000
+    Increase                           80,900,000
+
+     "The total shipment of wheat from our last harvest was about
+     141,000,000 bushels, with 13,900,000 of rye, a total of
+     154,900,000 bushels, of prime breadstuffs. Mr. Hoover notes a
+     remarkable achievement in connection with the wheat shipments:
+
+     "'Since the urgent request of the Allied Food Controllers early
+     in the year for a further shipment of 75,000,000 bushels from
+     our 1917 wheat than originally planned, we shall have shipped
+     to Europe, or have _en route_, nearly 85,000,000 bushels. At
+     the time of this request our surplus was already more than
+     exhausted.
+
+     "'This accomplishment of our people in this matter stands out
+     even more clearly if we bear in mind that we had available in
+     the fiscal year 1916--17 from net carry over and a surplus over
+     our normal consumption about 200,000,000 bushels of wheat,
+     which we were able to export that year without trenching on our
+     home loaf. This last year, however, owing to the large failure
+     of the 1917 wheat crop we had available from net carry over and
+     production and imports only just about our normal consumption.
+     Therefore, our wheat shipments to Allied destinations represent
+     approximately savings from our own wheat bread.'
+
+     "The effort and sacrifice made by our people to do this are
+     more fully appreciated when we consider that last year's wheat
+     crop was a small one and that the corn failed to mature
+     properly. Mr. Hoover concludes his letter with these words of
+     warm appreciation of the people who have made up the army of
+     which he has been the commanding general:
+
+     "'I am sure that all the millions of our people, agricultural
+     as well as urban, who have contributed to these results should
+     feel a very definite satisfaction that, in a year of universal
+     food shortages in the northern hemisphere, all of these people,
+     joined together against Germany, have come through into sight
+     of the coming harvest, not only with health and strength fully
+     maintained, but with only temporary periods of hardship. The
+     European Allies have been compelled to sacrifice more than our
+     own people, but we have not failed to load every steamer since
+     the delays of the storm months of last winter.
+
+     "'Our contributions to this end could not have been
+     accomplished without effort and sacrifice, and it is a matter
+     for further satisfaction that it has been accomplished
+     voluntarily and individually. It is difficult to distinguish
+     between various sections of our people--the homes, public
+     eating places, food trades, urban or agricultural
+     populations--in assessing credit for these results, but no one
+     will deny the dominant part of the American women'."
+
+
+AGRICULTURE AND THE WAR
+
+The significance of the strides made in agricultural productivity by
+which Mr. Hoover's food campaign was made possible and successful is
+brought out in the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1918:
+
+     "The efforts put forth by the farmers and the agricultural
+     organizations to secure increased production can perhaps best
+     be concretely indicated in terms of planting operations. The
+     size of the harvest may not be the measure of the labors of the
+     farmers. Adverse weather conditions and unusual ravages of
+     insects or plant diseases may partly overcome and neutralize
+     the most exceptional exertions."
+
+
+ACREAGE UNDER CULTIVATION
+
+     "The first year of our participation in the war, 1917,
+     witnessed the Nation's record for acreage planted--283,000,000
+     of the leading cereals, potatoes, tobacco, and cotton, as
+     against 261,000,000 for the preceding year, 251,000,000 for the
+     year prior to the outbreak of the European war, and 248,000,000
+     for the five-year average, 1910--14. This is a gain of
+     22,000,000 over the year preceding our entry into the war and
+     of 35,000,000 over the five-year average indicated. Even this
+     record was exceeded the second year of the war. There was
+     planted in 1918 for the same crops 289,000,000 acres, an
+     increase over the preceding record year of 5,600,000. It is
+     especially noteworthy that, while the acreage planted in wheat
+     in 1917 was slightly less than that for the record year of
+     1915, it exceeded the five-year average (1910--14) by 7,000,000;
+     that the acreage planted in 1918 exceeded the previous record
+     by 3,500,000; and that the indications are that the acreage
+     planted during the current fall season will considerably exceed
+     that of any preceding fall planting."
+
+
+YIELDS OF PRINCIPLE CEREALS
+
+     "In each of the last two years climatic conditions over
+     considerable sections of the Union were adverse--in 1917
+     especially for wheat and in 1918 for corn. Notwithstanding this
+     fact, the aggregate yield of the leading cereals in each of
+     these years exceeded that of any preceding year in the Nation's
+     history except 1915. The estimated total for 1917 was
+     5,796,000,000 bushels and for 1918, 5,638,000,000 bushels, a
+     decrease of approximately 160,000,000 bushels. But the
+     conclusion would be unwarranted that the available supplies for
+     human food or the aggregate nutritive value will be less in
+     1918 than in 1917. Fortunately, the wheat production for the
+     current year--918,920,000 bushels--is greatly in excess of that
+     for each of the preceding two years, 650,828,000 in 1917 and
+     636,318,000 in 1916, and is next to the record wheat crop of
+     the Nation. The estimated corn crop, 2,749,000,000 bushels,
+     exceeds the five-year pre-war average by 17,000,000 bushels, is
+     3.4 per cent. above the average in quality, and greatly
+     superior to that of 1917. It has been estimated that of the
+     large crop of last year, approximately 900,000,000 bushels were
+     soft. This, of course, was valuable as feed for animals, but
+     less so than corn of normal quality. It should be remembered,
+     in thinking in terms of food nutritional value, that, on the
+     average, only about 12 per cent. of the corn crop is annually
+     consumed by human beings and that not more than 26 per cent.
+     ever leaves the farm. It should be borne in mind also that the
+     stocks of corn on the farms November 1, 1918, were 118,400,000
+     bushels, as against less than 35,000,000 bushels last year, and
+     93,340,000 bushels, the average for the preceding five years.
+     It is noteworthy that the quality of each of the four great
+     cereals--barley, wheat, corn, and oats--ranges from 3 to 5.4
+     per cent., above the average.
+
+     "The tables printed below may facilitate the examination of
+     these essential facts:
+
+
+NEED OF FOOD CONSERVATION
+
+Statistics have not yet been published as to the comparative food
+production before the war and during the war years. Statistics of this
+kind would go a long way towards settling the question whether high
+prices were due to currency inflation or due to a scarcity of food. It
+must be remembered that the arguments on both sides are expressed very
+dogmatically. Take, for example, the following passage from an address
+by Mr. Moulton: "The food problem," he says, "goes much deeper than
+conserving the use of an existing stock of foodstuffs. The real food
+problem is how to secure a supply of food large enough to meet the
+continuous requirements of this nation and our Allies. This is more a
+question of production than of consumption. That is to say, conservation
+in consumption is less important than large production. There is no
+possible escape from a substantial shortage of the necessities of life."
+
+ =========================================================================
+                   ACREAGE OF CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES.
+                     [Figures refer to planted acreage.]
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+         |   1918,   |   1917,   |           |              |    Annual
+   Crop  |subject to |subject to |    1916   |     1914     |    average
+         |  revision |  revision |           |              |  1910--1914.
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+   CEREALS           |           |           |              |
+ Corn    |113,835,000|119,755,000|105,296,000|   103,435,000|  105,240,000
+ Wheat   | 64,659,000| 59,045,000| 56,810,000|    54,661,000|   52,452,000
+ Oats    | 44,475,000| 43,572,000| 41,527,000|    38,442,000|   38,014,000
+ Barley  |  9,108,000|  8,835,000|  7,757,000|     7,565,000|    7,593,000
+ Rye     |  6,119,000|  4,480,000|  3,474,000|     2,733,000|    2,562,000
+ Buckwheat  1,045,000|  1,006,000|    828,000|       792,000|      826,000
+ Rice    |  1,120,400|    964,000|    869,000|       694,000|      733,000
+ Kafirs  |  5,114,000|  5,153,000|  3,944,000|              |
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+  Total  |245,475,400|242,810,000|220,505,000|[7]208,322,000[7]207,420,000
+ =========================================================================
+ VEGETABLES          |           |           |              |
+ Potatoes|  4,113,000|  4,390,000|  3,565,000|     3,711,000|    3,686,000
+ Sweet   |    959,000|    953,000|    774,000|       603,000|      611,000
+ Potatoes|           |           |           |              |
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+  Total  |  5,072,000|  5,343,000|  4,339,000|     4,314,000|    4,297,000
+ =========================================================================
+ Tobacco |  1,452,900|  1,447,000|  1,413,000|     1,224,000|    1,209,000
+ Cotton  | 37,073,000| 33,841,000| 34,985,000|    36,832,000|   35,330,000
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+ Grand   |289,073,300|283,441,000|261,242,000|[7]250,692,000[7]248,256,000
+   Total.|           |           |           |              |
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+
+[7] Excluding kafirs.
+
+                    PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES
+         [Figures are in round thousands; i. e., 000 omitted.]
+
+ ======================================================================
+        Crops       |   1918   |  1917,  |   1916  |   1914  |  Annual
+                    |(unrevised| Subject |         |         | average
+                    | estimate |    to   |         |         |1910--1914
+                    | November |revision.|         |         |
+                    |  1918).  |         |         |         |
+ -------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------
+       CEREALS      |          |         |         |         |
+ Corn         | bush| 2,749,198|3,159,494|2,566,927|2,672,804|2,732,457
+ Wheat        |   do|   918,920|  650,828|  636,318|  891,017|  728,225
+ Oats         |   do| 1,535,297|1,587,286|1,251,837|1,141,060|1,157,961
+ Barley       |   do|   236,505|  208,975|  182,309|  194,953|  186,208
+ Rye          |   do|    76,687|   60,145|    8,862|   42,779|   37,568
+ Buckwheat    |   do|    18,370|   17,460|   11,662|   16,881|   17,022
+ Rice         |   do|    41,918|   36,278|   40,861|   23,649|   24,378
+ Kafirs       |   do|    61,182|   75,866|   53,858|         |
+              |-----+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------
+     Total    |   do| 5,638,077|5,796,332|4,792,634|4,983,143|4,883,819
+              |========================================================
+     VEGETABLES     |          |         |         |         |
+ Potatoes     | bush|   390,101|  442,536|  286,953|  409,921|  360,772
+ Sweet        |   do|    88,114|   87,141|   70,955|   56,574|   57,117
+      potatoes|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Beans        |   do|    17,802|   14,967|   10,715|   11,585|
+  (commercial)|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Onions, fall |   do|    13,438|   12,309|    7,833|    [8]  |
+    commercial|     |          |         |         |         |
+          crop|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Cabbage      | tons|       565|      475|      252|    [8]  |
+  (commercial)|     |          |         |         |         |
+        FRUITS      |          |         |         |         |
+ Peaches      | bush|    40,185|   45,066|   37,505|   54,109|   43,752
+ Pears        |   do|    10,342|   13,281|   11,874|   12,086|   11,184
+ Apples       |   do|   197,360|  174,608|  204,582|  253,200|  197,898
+ Cranberries, | bbls|       374|      255|      471|      644|
+      3 States|     |          |         |         |         |
+    MISCELLANEOUS   |          |         |         |         |
+ Flaxseed     | bush|    14,646|    8,473|   14,296|   13,749|   18,353
+ Sugar beets  | tons|     6,549|    5,980|    6,228|    5,585|    5,391
+ Tobacco      |  lbs| 1,266,686|1,196,451|1,153,278|1,034,679|  991,958
+ All hay      | tons|    86,254|   94,930|  110,992|   88,686|   81,640
+ Cotton       |bales|    11,818|   11,302|   11,450|   16,135|   14,259
+ Sorghum sirup|galls|    29,757|   34,175|   13,668|         |
+ Peanuts      | bush|    52,617|   56,104|   35,324|         |
+ Broom corn, 5| tons|        52|       52|       39|         |
+        States|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Clover seed  | bush|     1,248|    1,439|    1,706|         |
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[8] no estimate
+
+
+The same point of view is expressed in the following extract:
+
+     "It is not usually understood that the chief cause of the
+     enormously high prices of the necessities of life at the
+     present time is their relative scarcity. The supply of
+     necessities in this country has not materially increased, but
+     the demand for them, owing to the requirements of our Allies,
+     has enormously increased. We can prevent a still further
+     soaring of prices only by increased production of
+     necessities--increased production to be accomplished, let it be
+     repeated through a diversion of productive power from the
+     non-essential lines.
+
+     "The wealthy have often been urged since the war started to
+     spend lavishly on luxuries and to economize on necessities in
+     order that the necessities will remain for consumption by the
+     poor. This is sheer shortsightedness; for the energy devoted to
+     the production of luxuries for consumption by the wealthy
+     would, if diverted to the production of essentials, give us a
+     sufficient supply of the necessities of life that all might
+     have them in relative abundance. The result of a policy of
+     spending lavishly on luxuries is an inadequate production of
+     necessities and hence prices so high as to cause real privation
+     among the masses. Those engaged in producing luxuries obviously
+     cannot at the same time be engaged in producing necessities."
+
+In a war of attrition, physical deterioration of the masses of society
+in consequence of inadequate nourishment was certain to result in a
+serious decline in national morale, and this was a decided factor in the
+final outcome of the struggle. Food and other physical necessities would
+win the war. Mr. F. A. Vanderlip used the same argument for economies:
+
+     "Thus the diversion of productive resources to public ends
+     requires of each of us a voluntary or compulsory rearrangement
+     of individual and household budgets and radical changes in the
+     habits of our lives. We must encourage direct diversion by
+     reducing to a minimum our consumption of articles which can be
+     used by our soldiers. But it is even more important that we
+     give up the consumption of non-essential things in order that
+     the productive energy which they embody be devoted to the
+     accomplishment of the purpose in hand. The amount which we are
+     forced to give up or voluntarily surrender constitutes a
+     surplus over private consumption that measures the extent of
+     our ability to wage war. We are fighting a nation which
+     continues to be willing to reduce private consumption to the
+     barest subsistence minimum. Unless a large surplus is produced
+     we can gain no active participation in war and cannot hope for
+     a victorious peace. The larger the surplus the shorter the war
+     will be, and the nearer we are to victory."
+
+
+GREAT BRITAIN'S FOOD DANGER
+
+Under the long rgime of free trade Great Britain depended upon other
+countries for its food supply. To offset the submarine campaign earnest
+appeals were made to make England self-supporting in this respect. The
+appeals were answered and were given enthusiastic popular support. What
+strides were made in England's agriculture since the war began can be
+seen from a paragraph in the London _New Statesman_:
+
+     "In 1918, as against 1916, the acreage (England and Wales)
+     under oats is up by 35 per cent.; that under wheat by 38 per
+     cent.; that under barley by 11 per cent.; that under other
+     grain by 69 per cent.; that under potatoes by 50 per cent. The
+     number of allotments (1,300,000) has increased by 140 per cent.
+     The Report of the Food-Production Department ... is as
+     satisfactory as we could wish; the number of acres under
+     cultivation in the United Kingdom has gone up by over four
+     millions in two years, all records being broken.
+
+     "This figure ignores the great increase in gardens and
+     allotments, and it is estimated that, on the present scale of
+     consumption, this year's home harvest will be sufficient to
+     feed the population for forty weeks. The supply before the war
+     was only enough to meet a ten weeks' consumption. Breadstuffs
+     are not everything; and even of them one-fifth still has to be
+     provided. But granted that we can keep this rate of production
+     up, and--in spite of the drains of the Army upon our
+     labor--can, with the help of women and prisoners, save what we
+     produce, the wolf has now been driven a considerable distance
+     from the door. With sinkings diminishing and ship-building on
+     the increase, we can, we think, congratulate ourselves on the
+     final failure of the German attempt to starve us out."
+
+
+ACREAGE INCREASE DUE TO WOMEN'S LABOR
+
+     "Much of the increased cultivation has been done by women, we
+     are told, and Mr. Prothero, the British Minister of
+     Agriculture, had a cheerful picture to paint when appealing for
+     recruits for 'the Women's Land Army.' As reported by the London
+     _Morning Post_ his speech ran:
+
+     "'Today (1918) the acreage under wheat, barley, and oats is the
+     highest ever recorded in the history of our agriculture. That
+     is one of the finest achievements of the war. In the same
+     period the number of allotments has been increased by 800,000,
+     which means something like 800,000 tons of produce raised
+     additionally a big saving in transport, and an improvement
+     socially and morally. This advance has been effected in spite
+     of the fact that there are 500,000 fewer laborers on the land.
+     It is because of that decrease of labor that the appeal is
+     being made for more women. I do not believe that any assembly
+     of British farmers will hold back men who can possibly be
+     spared when the alternative is our troops being driven back by
+     overwhelming numbers and butchered on the beach by German guns.
+     The promise of the harvest is not yet fulfilled, and there is
+     much to be done. Women's work on the land is a vital necessity.
+     I know the work they are asked to do is hard, bringing with it
+     discomforts, and, comparatively speaking, is poorly paid. Life
+     on the land is not luxurious, but it brings health with it, and
+     the women have the conviction that they are doing something in
+     one of the most important fields to make victory sure.'"
+
+
+EVIDENCES OF FOOD SHORTAGE
+
+One of the by-products of the food situation in England was the
+suffering occasioned by the scanty food supply on the canine population
+of the island. The London _Times_ of June, 1918, contained the following
+pathetic paragraph:
+
+     "Considerable alarm has been caused among dog owners by the
+     intimation that stocks of biscuits are practically exhausted.
+     Not only is this the case, but the prospects of more flour
+     being released for their manufacture are also remote unless
+     some action is taken by the government to insure further
+     importations of low-grade flours suitable for the purpose.
+
+     "The state of things is undoubtedly acute. Until the food
+     economy campaign set in early last year most households
+     provided enough waste to feed a dog, and where more than one
+     was kept butchers' offals could be had for a few pence. These
+     sources of supply having now vanished, much ingenuity will have
+     to be exercised in order to preserve the family friend and
+     guard from extinction. Blood, steamed until it is of a solid
+     consistency, fish heads, and the heads of poultry offer some
+     alternatives. Rice, oatmeal, and other cereal products may not
+     be used.
+
+     "The whole question of dogs is engaging the closest attention
+     of the authorities. Admittedly the problem of reducing the
+     numbers is beset with difficulties, and, whatever is done, it
+     is extremely unlikely the one-dog owner will be disturbed, the
+     government recognizing the sentimental forces involved, to say
+     nothing of the utility value of many breeds."
+
+[Illustration: Members of "The Women's Land Army" in England
+
+Girls weeding frames in which cauliflower plants were set out to be
+ready for market in the early spring.
+
+Copyright by Underwood & Underwood]
+
+But while English dogs were threatened with starvation, dogs of Germany
+were having a still worse time. Numerous cable paragraphs were published
+giving the price of dog flesh in various German cities.
+
+Indeed, from all over Germany, at the closing period of the war, the
+hope of drawing upon Russian food supplies was seen to be illusory.
+There was much talk of getting food from the Ukraine, but this was
+probably used to keep up popular morale. The situation in the Ukraine
+did not encourage German hopes. This was frankly admitted by the
+_Frankfort Zeitung_:
+
+     "The stores and warehouses in the Ukraine are almost emptied.
+     The peasants' stocks are depleted, while the best seed corn has
+     been used to feed cattle or to supply a secret still, which
+     nearly every household possesses.
+
+     "The outlook for next harvest is most unpromising. The peasants
+     have plundered the estates, destroyed farm buildings and
+     machinery, and have stolen or slaughtered most of the cattle.
+     No labor is available for cultivation, and there are no
+     facilities for harvesting the next crop, while the sugar
+     industry is confronted with ruin, owing to the decrease of beet
+     cultivation."
+
+
+FOOD CONTROL FOR NEUTRALS
+
+It is interesting to study the effect of the war on the food situation
+of the neutral powers. In Scandinavia, there was at first a panicky
+feeling of a world-wide catastrophe; then there came the realization of
+an unparalleled chance for making profit. The international shortage of
+tonnage made freight rates soar. Shipping shares became attractive. Then
+came the submarine sinkings, and the refusal of the Allies to allow
+goods to be imported into Scandinavia for the sole purpose of selling
+them to the Central Powers. Imports fell off rapidly. Everything which
+could be sold had been sold in the beginning of the war. The next step
+was the placing of an embargo on exports by the Scandinavian
+governments:
+
+     "The index of the Swedish official list of laws, dated October
+     31, 1916, forbidding exports, mentioned more than 1,100
+     articles, and even that was expressly called only a help to
+     find the commodity looked for and did not pretend to be a
+     complete index. The result was, of course, that trade, compared
+     to former volumes, decreased very considerably, and the energy
+     as well as the wealth actually earned was turned towards
+     speculation on the local exchange.
+
+     "To supply all the people of Scandinavia with the necessities
+     of life was a problem. Law upon law, one governmental decree
+     after the other, tried to regulate the distribution of
+     commodities as well as their prices. The majority of the people
+     were in actual need. Prices soared, and it really did not
+     matter to the ordinary man whether the cause of this rise in
+     the cost of living was a too big circulation of paper currency
+     or a limited supply of goods. What confronted him was the fact
+     itself, not theories, and he realized all too well that he
+     could not make 'both ends meet.' There was, generally speaking,
+     no doubt that under normal circumstances the laws of supply and
+     demand will work satisfactorily to the community and that
+     artificial interference was only harmful. The supply being
+     short, consequently the demand and the consumption must be
+     controlled to secure a fair distribution. Sugar cards, which
+     had been used in Sweden for months, and which were decreed in
+     Denmark to go into force January 1, 1917, were an example of
+     the means employed to control the distribution and to prevent
+     waste to supplies.
+
+     "While on the one hand one saw new millionaires permit
+     themselves to indulge in the most senseless luxuries, which
+     incidentally added considerably to the high cost of living
+     under circumstances like these, the less well-to-do actually
+     were without many things formerly considered necessities.
+     Collections of money and foodstuffs were made all over
+     Scandinavia to help the less fortunate through the winter. The
+     poorer population of the cities was especially considered. It
+     was even difficult to get a roof over one's head. Proposals and
+     counter proposals to remedy the evil were forthcoming, but no
+     real remedy seemed to be in sight."
+
+
+FEEDING EUROPE'S STARVING MILLIONS
+
+A preliminary accounting was rendered on December 1, 1919, by Herbert C.
+Hoover, covering the $100,000,000 fund appropriated by Congress for the
+relief of starving Europeans. From Mr. Hoover's report it appears that
+in payment for relief supplied to eight European countries Mr. Hoover
+decided to accept their notes bearing 5% interest. Mr. Hoover's report
+stated:
+
+     "About 88 per cent. of the relief supplies furnished were sold
+     under contract to the various Governments in the relief areas.
+     For all such sales these Governments gave their special
+     treasury notes in a form approved by the United States
+     Treasury, bearing 5 per cent. interest, due June 30, 1921, to
+     June 30, 1924. It was impossible to obtain reimbursement in
+     cash because the currency in the countries to which these
+     supplies were sent was impossible to convert into foreign
+     exchange, except in comparatively insignificant amounts.
+
+
+POLAND THE BIGGEST DEBTOR
+
+     "I give herewith approximate list of the notes of each
+     Government, which we expect to turn over to the United States
+     Treasury.
+
+    Poland                   $57,000,000
+    Czechoslovakia             6,750,000
+    Armenia                   10,000,000
+    Russia.                    5,000,000
+    Esthonia                   2,300,000
+    Latvia                     3,000,000
+    Lithuania                    700,000
+    Finland                    4,000,000
+
+    Total                    $88,750,000
+
+     "The remaining 12 per cent. of the supplies was donated in
+     assistance to private organizations set up in each country
+     under direction of the American Relief Administration for the
+     purpose of furnishing food on a charitable basis to
+     undernourished children. For such supplies it was, of course,
+     impossible to obtain reimbursement. This service has
+     contributed greatly to stabilizing the situation in those
+     countries, aside from the physical benefits to more than
+     3,000,000 undernourished children, to whom the war threatened
+     serious and permanent injury. Certainly this service is one for
+     which the name of America will always be held in deepest
+     gratitude."
+
+
+FOOD CONDITIONS AFTER THE ARMISTICE
+
+[Illustration: A Map Issued by the Food Administration to Show Food
+Conditions in Europe After the Signing of the Armistice.]
+
+It is impossible in words to show what the food conditions were in
+Europe after the armistice was signed. The United States Food
+Administration issued a statement that there were 420,000,000 people in
+Europe with food supplies sufficient to last only until next harvest for
+a small proportion of them. Some countries had to be supplied at once;
+others, it was believed, could help themselves temporarily, provided
+they could be given guarantees of food for the future. Many countries
+were devastated, undernourished and stripped bare of food and
+agricultural equipment because of enemy occupation. A graphic picture of
+the situation was presented by the Food Administration in the Hunger Map
+of Europe.
+
+
+NEW FACTORS AFTER NOVEMBER, 1918
+
+An official survey of how cessation of active fighting introduced new
+factors in the food situation is presented in a publication of the
+Agricultural Department, July, 1919.
+
+     "With the signing of the armistice and the cessation of active
+     fighting, new factors were introduced which affect the food
+     situation. One of these was the step taken to release shipping
+     as rapidly as possible, with the probable result that the
+     agricultural products of the more distant producing countries
+     will again largely appear on the markets of Europe. The
+     channels of trade are being reëstablished and food supplies
+     will be sought wherever they can be secured most cheaply.
+
+     "A provision of the armistice required the immediate evacuation
+     by the Germans of a large area in Belgium, France,
+     Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg, and other territory. As a result
+     many millions of people have been added to those that must be
+     aided and fed by the Allies, and a material increase in the
+     amount of foodstuffs to be imported has been made necessary. It
+     may be found, too, that Turkey, Austria, and even Germany will
+     have to draw on outside supplies to meet their needs.
+
+     "The demobilization of the European armies will permit men to
+     return to the farms, and it may be expected that under the
+     stimulus of an urgent demand for food an attempt will be made
+     this year to increase food production in all the affected
+     European countries. The devastated regions will be slow in
+     recovering. Much time and labor will be required to construct
+     necessary homes and farm buildings, level the ground, remove
+     obstructions, and in other ways prepare for a resumption of
+     regular agricultural activities. But it must be remembered that
+     as compared with the whole of the countries concerned these
+     areas are small and should not affect the results in any large
+     way.
+
+     "In many sections of Europe there is a shortage of horses and
+     other work stock, farm machinery, seeds, and fertilizers. In
+     these localities a normal production should not be expected,
+     but it is evident that under favorable conditions a material
+     increase over the past year will be secured.
+
+
+     CEREAL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1919
+
+     "The following table presents estimates of the cereal
+     requirements for 1919 and shows the world balance as deficit or
+     surplus. Figures for the cereals, except rice, represent
+     millions of bushels.
+
+    ==========================================================
+    Import Requirements |Wheat| Rye|Barley| Oats| Corn|  Rice,
+                        |     |    |      |     |     | Hulled
+    --------------------+-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    EUROPE              |     |    |      |     |     |_Million_
+                        |     |    |      |     |     | _pounds_
+    Allies              |  525|  25|    50|  150|  220|  1,945
+    Neutrals            |  124|  40|    30|   38|   78|    302
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+                        |  649|  65|    80|  188|  298|  2,247
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Germany             |   68|    |   149|    3|   32|    438
+    Austria-Hungary     |   11|    |      |    2|   15|    183
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Total Europe        |  728|  65|    22|  193|  345|  2,868
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Other countries     |     |    |      |     |     |  7,411
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Grand total         |     |    |      |     |     | 10,279
+                        |=====================================
+    Surplus (estimated):|     |    |      |     |     |
+    Canada              |  100|    |    50|   75|     |
+    Argentina           |  185|    |      |     |   90|
+    Australia           |  210|    |      |     |     |
+    India               |     |    |      |     |     | 18,000
+    Other countries     |     |    |      |     |     |  7,400
+    (pre-war)           |     |    |      |     |     |
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Total, except United|  495|    |    50|   75|   90| 25,400
+    States              |     |    |      |     |     |
+                        |=====================================
+    Net deficit         |  233|  65|   179|  118|  255|
+                        |=====================================
+    UNITED STATES, 1918 |     |    |      |     |     |
+    Production          |  917|  89|   250|1,538|2,583|  1,123
+    Consumption         |  640|  32|   130|1,254|2,730|    816
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Surplus             |  277|  57|   120|  284|     |    307
+    Deficit             |     |    |      |     |  147|
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    WORLD               |     |    |      |     |     |
+    Surplus             |   44|    |      |  166|     | 14,428
+    Deficit             |     |   8|    59|     |  402|
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+
+    NOTE.--Estimates of European crop and live-stock production,
+    consumption, and stocks on hand, surplus or deficiency, are based on
+    incomplete data, which are subject to change as more complete data
+    become available.
+
+     "The figures on import requirements of the Allies and neutrals
+     are those estimated for 1917--18, while the estimated
+     requirements of Germany and Austria are pre-war net imports.
+
+     "The rice surplus might be required in the Orient for countries
+     whose crops may have failed.
+
+              MISCELLANEOUS CROP REQUIREMENTS, 1919.
+
+ =================================================================
+ Import requirements of--    |   Cotton (500|   Tobacco|  Flaxseed
+                             |pounds bales).|  (million|  (million
+                             |              |  pounds).| bushels).
+ ----------------------------+--------------+----------+----------
+            EUROPE           |              |          |
+ Allies, including Japan     |     8,058,000|       340|      21.6
+ Neutrals                    |       720,000|       150|       7.9
+ Germany and Austria-Hungary |     2,932,000|       355|      15.7
+ (pre-war boundaries)        |              |          |
+ Other countries             |      1,200,00|        17|
+ ----------------------------+--------------+----------+----------
+      Total requirements     |    13,010,000|     1,022|      45.2
+                             |====================================
+ SURPLUS (ESTIMATED)         |              |          |
+ Countries, except United    |     2,680,000|          |        40
+ States, recently reported   |              |          |
+ (1918)                      |              |          |
+ Average, 1900--1913, for    |        500,00|       650|    [9]5.7
+ other surplus countries     |              |          |
+                             |--------------+----------+----------
+ Total, except United States |     3,180,000|       650|        40
+        UNITED STATES        |              |          |
+ Production, 1918            |     11,700,00|     1,340|      14.7
+ Consumption                 |     6,600,000|       720|      26.7
+ Surplus                     |     5,100,000|       620|
+ Deficit                     |              |          |        12
+            WORLD            |              |          |
+ Surplus                     |              |       148|
+ Deficit                     |     4,730,000|          |      17.2
+ ----------------------------|--------------+----------+----------
+
+[9] Russia
+
+NOTE.--The figures are based on pre-war averages, 1909--1913, which may
+be considerably changed by post-war conditions.
+
+     "The cotton table is based upon normal industrial conditions in
+     all the consuming countries and upon the restoration of the
+     spinning industry in the devastated regions. If conditions do
+     not reach normal, and if the industry is not restored, the
+     consumption of cotton will be substantially less. With
+     practically complete restoration, cotton consumption may well
+     be expected to equal the normal or pre-war times on account of
+     the present shortage of cotton goods in various countries. The
+     economies which the peoples of Europe must practice for some
+     years to come must be considered."
+
+
+CENTRAL EUROPE IN DIRE WANT
+
+News from Europe showed everywhere acute suffering from lack of food;
+even in France the country districts were badly off. A member of the
+Federal Food Administration reported that bread was practically the only
+food that anyone could afford. President Wilson referred to this subject
+in the address with which he accompanied his announcement of the terms
+signed by Germany. He definitely took a stand in favor of provisioning
+the country, explaining that by use of the idle tonnage of the Central
+Empires it ought presently to be possible to lift the fear of utter
+misery,
+
+     "'from their oppressed populations and set their minds and
+     energies free for the great and hazardous tasks of political
+     reconstruction which now face them on every hand. Hunger does
+     not breed reform; it breeds madness and all the ugly distempers
+     that make an ordered life impossible.
+
+     "'For with the fall of the ancient governments which rested
+     like an incubus on the peoples of the Central Empires has come
+     political change not merely, but revolution.'
+
+     "Putting this danger into a nutshell, the _Wall Street Journal_
+     asks whether Central Europe shall have 'bread or Bolshevism?'
+     This strong exponent of a firm social order is of the opinion
+     that 'we must recognize the fact that hunger breeds anarchy,
+     and that the most effective weapon against Bolshevism is a loaf
+     of bread.' Victory has made the Allied peoples, 'through their
+     governments, responsible for world conditions,' in the opinion
+     of this paper as well as of the Montreal _Star_ quoted above,
+     and Food Administrator Hoover declares that 'the specter of
+     famine abroad now haunts the abundance of our tables at home.'"
+
+
+TO PREVENT FAMINE IN GERMANY
+
+Both in England and in France there was official recognition of the need
+of preventing famine conditions in Germany. It was believed that large
+imports of wheat could be brought from Australia and India. The _Times_
+(London) said:
+
+     "Mr. Hoover expects that enough wheat will be brought from
+     those countries to permit reduction of the percentage of
+     substitutes now required in bread, and thus release fodder
+     grain for dairy use. The change, it is said, may take place
+     within three months. But it will not reduce the total of
+     foodstuffs which we must supply. He predicts that 'our load
+     will be increased,' and that there will be a greater demand for
+     economy.
+
+     "The available quantities of grain are sufficient. From our
+     great crop of wheat we can spare more than 300,000,000 bushels.
+     Canada, with a yield almost equal to last year's, has a
+     surplus. While our crop of corn shows a decline of 441,000,000
+     bushels from that of a year ago, it is very near to recent
+     averages and of very good quality. The output of home gardens,
+     increased by one half, is not included in official reports,
+     although its value exceeds $500,000,000. Australia has on hand
+     the surplus of three wheat crops, India is said to have
+     120,000,000 bushels for shipment, and much can be taken from
+     Argentina. As a rule, our war partners in Europe increased
+     their crops this year. England gains 30,000,000 bushels of
+     wheat, Italy 24,000,000, and France 35,000,000. But other crops
+     in France are short, and the nutritive value of the entire
+     yield is less than that of last year's harvest. It is well
+     known that the Central Powers have very little food; and no
+     help can come to them from the East. Before the war Russia
+     exported a large surplus of wheat. Many of her people are now
+     starving. So far as can be learned, she has no grain to sell.
+     Bulgaria and Rumania have the smallest crops in fifty years.
+     Germany and Austria can get no grain from the northern
+     neutrals; we are sending wheat to them. There is food enough to
+     supply the wants of our European friends and foes until the
+     next harvest if it can be carefully distributed. But if the
+     plans for helping those who have fought against us, as well as
+     our partners in the war, are carried out, the American people
+     must practice economy and submit to restrictions for some time
+     to come."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+A Food Riot in Sweden
+
+News from Europe immediately following the armistice showed everywhere
+acute suffering from lack of food. A member of the Federal Food
+Administration reported that bread was practically the only food that
+anyone could afford.]
+
+
+SUGAR DISTRIBUTION
+
+Among the multiform activities of the American Food Administration, the
+distribution of sugar was most difficult. America had to supply sugar to
+the Allies and retain enough for the use of its own people. The matter
+of the feeling of personal self-sacrifice was difficult enough but there
+was the further question of how to organize and allocate distribution.
+The government had to decide the amount to be distributed to sugar-using
+industries. These industries had to be classified. For the manufacture
+of soft drinks it was decided to allow only one-half of the sugar used
+in normal times. Bakers were given a 70 percent. allotment and hotels
+were permitted three pounds of sugar to every ninety meals served,
+including cooking.
+
+The sugar resources of the country, both cane and beet-root, were
+regulated by the so-called Sugar Equalization Board. The operation of
+this body was explained officially in the _Literary Digest_:
+
+     "This board is a part of the Food Administration and approved
+     by the President. Its purpose is to equalize the cost of
+     various sugars and to secure better distribution. It can also
+     coöperate with the Allies in the procurement of sugar for them
+     and in the adjustment of overseas freight rates. Through
+     capital supplied by the President through his special funds, it
+     is enabled, when desirable, to buy up all available sugars at
+     different prices and resell them at one fixed and even rate.
+
+     "In other words, it provides a sort of vast storehouse of
+     sugar, which may be doled out where it is most needed, at a
+     price secure from the fluctuations otherwise inevitable in war
+     time."
+
+
+KEEPING DOWN THE PRICE
+
+What might happen without this Sugar Equalization Board is illustrated
+by the Civil War, when sugar, because of speculation, went as high as
+thirty-five cents a pound. And at _that_ time there was no world
+shortage of sugar. If there were no sort of sugar control today, it may
+readily be believed that the consumer might have to pay sugar prices
+soaring far above those Civil War levels.
+
+     "It costs more to produce and market some sugars (such as
+     domestic beet sugar and Louisiana cane) than it does others,
+     such as Cuban cane sugar. But that is no reason why the sugar
+     manufacturer, whose production costs are high, should suffer,
+     even to the extent of being forced out of the market. Nor can
+     the country afford to have this happen under present war time
+     shortage of nearby supplies. Consequently, when it becomes
+     necessary, the Sugar Equalization Board through its purchasing
+     powers can insure fair profits to the manufacturers. Then the
+     Board may resell this sugar, so that it reaches the public at a
+     price lower than what the maximum would otherwise be."
+
+
+POTATO ECONOMY
+
+In order to remedy the generally inadequate food supply, it became
+necessary to treat such a standard food as the potato according to newly
+devised methods by which it could be stored for permanent use and widely
+distributed. In a lecture in Economics given to a class of the National
+City Bank, it was stated that, since the war began, it was found
+practicable so to preserve the potato by grinding and drying as to
+transform it from a local and perishable commodity to one which could be
+produced in almost unlimited quantities and distributed to any part of
+the world:
+
+     "The potato can be grown in almost any temperate zone area, but
+     theretofore nine-tenths of the world's crop of 6,000,000,000
+     bushels is grown in a half-dozen countries, and almost
+     exclusively in Europe and North America. Germany, Russia,
+     Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, and the United States
+     have produced in favorable years about 5,000,000,000 bushels,
+     while the remainder of the world produced only 1,000,000,000.
+     These six countries that produced five-tenths of the world's
+     potato crop have only 450,000,000 peoples, while the potatoless
+     world has a population of over 1,200,000,000, from which it
+     appears that 'fully two-thirds of the population of the world
+     live outside of the area.'
+
+     "Germany is by far the largest potato grower of the world,
+     producing about 2,000,000,000 out of a world crop of
+     6,000,000,000 bushels, using them as a food for man and animals
+     and the production of alcohol for use in her industries, and
+     for the production of heat and power when necessary. Next in
+     line is European Russia, with an annual crop of about
+     1,000,000,000 bushels; Austria-Hungary, 600,000,000; France,
+     500,000,000; United States, 450,000,000, and Great Britain,
+     300,000,000 bushels.
+
+     "This new system of turning the potato into a condition in
+     which it can be readily distributed has, quite naturally,
+     developed in the country which has the largest potato
+     production of the world, Germany. Factories for the crushing
+     and drying of the potato and turning the product into flour for
+     man, flakes and cubes for animals, or alcohol for the chemical
+     industry and also as a substitute for petrol, have grown from
+     about a dozen a few years ago to over 400 in 1914 and 840 in
+     1916, with a capacity to turn into this condensed form more
+     than 1,000,000,000 bushels of potatoes a year. The reduction in
+     weight is about 60 per cent., while the product can be
+     preserved almost indefinitely.
+
+     "The value of our own potato crop in the United States last
+     year was approximately $540,000,000 at the place of production,
+     and yet the amount entering international trade was only
+     $4,000,000. Our potato crop averages about 90 bushels per acre,
+     that of European Russia 100 bushels; France 135 bushels;
+     Austria 150 bushels; United Kingdom 124 bushels, and Germany
+     200 bushels and upward per acre, her large flavorless potato,
+     grown chiefly for alcohol, having reached and sometimes
+     exceeded 500 bushels per acre."
+
+
+FUEL CONTROL
+
+The coal industry was the one basic war industry. Food and munitions
+were dependent upon the coal supply. It is not necessary to elaborate
+this argument; it is patent to every one. The following table gives a
+view of the coal production of the most important countries:
+
+    COAL PRODUCTION IN THE LEADING COAL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
+
+ =========================================================================
+    Country    |    1913   |    1914   |    1915   |    1916   |   1917
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
+ United States|570,048,125|513,525,477|531,619,487|585,372,568|621,409,629
+ Great Britain|287,698,617|265,664,393|253,206,081|256,348,351|248,473,119
+ Germany      |278,627,497|245,482,135|235,082,000|           |
+ Austria-Hungary59,647,957|           |           | 30,896,388| 28,558,719
+ France       | 40,843,618| 29,786,505| 19,908,000| 21,477,000| 28,960,000
+ Russia       | 35,500,674|           | 27,820,632| 13,622,400| 13,266,760
+ Belgium      | 22,847,000|           | 15,930,000|           |
+ Japan        | 21,315,962| 21,293,419| 20,490,747| 22,901,580|
+ India        | 18,163,856|           | 17,103,932| 17,254,309|
+ China        | 15,432,200|           | 18,000,000|           |
+ Canada       | 15,012,178| 13,637,529| 13,267,023| 14,483,395| 14,015,588
+ Spain        |  4,731,647|  4,424,439|  4,686,753|  5,588,594|
+ Holland      |  2,064,608|           |  2,333,000|  2,656,000|
+ =========================================================================
+
+
+THE COAL SHORTAGE
+
+A rapid advance in coal prices was inevitable under war conditions of
+unceasing demand and diminishing supply. Says Mr. William Notz in an
+article in the _Journal of Political Economy_, June, 1918:
+
+     "The question of war-time coal prices offers many angles of
+     interest. Everywhere prices have increased far above pre-war
+     levels. Voluntary agreements on the part of producers and
+     dealers to limit prices and profits have failed without
+     exception. In all the leading coal-consuming countries of the
+     world maximum prices had to be fixed sooner or later by
+     government action. In every case the maximum mine prices are
+     considerably above the average scale of prices obtaining in the
+     years immediately prior to the war. In every country where
+     maximum sales prices at the mines were fixed, liberal
+     allowances were made for wage increases to mine workers. In
+     Great Britain present maximum mine prices approximate 6s. 6d.
+     above the average mine price which obtained during the year
+     ending June 30, 1914. In the United States special mine prices
+     have been fixed for each state, and in many cases also for
+     certain coal fields within a state. The f.o.b. price for
+     bituminous coal in Pennsylvania was in 1913 $1.11 and in 1918,
+     $2.60. Anthracite increased to $4.00 ($4.55 for white ash
+     broken).
+
+     "In Germany the total increase in mine prices of the
+     Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate from the beginning of the
+     war to January, 1917, approximated $1.25 per ton.
+
+     "While a certain degree of uniformity is noticeable in the rise
+     in price levels for coal at the mines in the countries where
+     maximum prices have been fixed, an entirely different picture
+     presents itself if we compare the maximum retail coal prices
+     obtaining under government regulations in different sections of
+     the same country. In most countries the national coal
+     controller has established a uniform maximum margin of profit
+     for all retail coal dealers, while local authorities have fixed
+     maximum retail coal prices for their communities. By reason of
+     the fact that in establishing maximum retail consumers' prices
+     allowances had to be made for increased handling expenses,
+     freight rates, middlemen's profits, war taxes, etc., retail
+     coal prices at the present time universally show a very heavy
+     increase over pre-war prices."
+
+
+FUEL CONSERVATION MEASURES
+
+American Fuel Control had to grapple drastically with a situation of
+shortage so dangerous that a catastrophe might have been precipitated at
+any moment. Fuel Administrator Garfield issued orders for coal
+conservation of a most startling and unusual character. Factories east
+of the Mississippi were ordered shut down for five days beginning
+January 18, 1918. Monday, furthermore,
+
+     "was decreed a holiday for ten weeks on which offices,
+     factories, and stores, except drug and food stores, must use
+     only such fuel as is necessary to prevent damage. The order
+     under which these restrictions were made, according to the Fuel
+     Administration's statement to the press, was 'designed to
+     distribute with absolute impartiality the burden,' and it added
+     that the Fuel Administration 'counts upon the complete
+     patriotic coöperation of every individual, firm, and
+     corporation affected by the order in its enforcement.' We read
+     further that the government aims to carry out its plan without
+     'undue interference with the ordinary course of business' and
+     earnestly desires to 'prevent entirely any dislocation of
+     industry or labor.'
+
+
+SHUT-DOWN OF INDUSTRY TO SAVE COAL
+
+     "Fuel Administrator Garfield hoped to save 30,000,000 tons of
+     coal and to give the railroads a chance to straighten out the
+     transportation tangle in the eastern states, according to a
+     Washington correspondent of the New York _Tribune_, who notes
+     that the measures were taken by the President and the
+     government heads 'as a desperate remedy.' The closing down of
+     the greater part of the nation's industries, trades, and
+     business, says the New York _Sun_, is the 'fruit of the insane,
+     criminal starvation of the railroads by the government for a
+     generation'; yet regardless of what it may cost any individual
+     or group of individuals, the order is to be 'greeted without
+     protest.' A surgeon was more welcome than an undertaker, in the
+     view of this daily, and a disaster of the second degree and a
+     temporary one is better than a disaster of the first degree and
+     a permanent one. If the five-day term clears the railroads and
+     the Monday holidays set the trains running with their former
+     clocklike regularity, the _Sun_ added, we can resume being the
+     'busiest nation on earth, instead of being an industrial
+     paralytic.' While recognizing that the order struck Utica and
+     all cities in the designated territory 'a staggering blow,' the
+     _Utica Press_ holds that there is really nothing a patriotic
+     city could do about it save to accept the situation with as
+     good grace as possible, and if the result hasten the end all
+     will agree that it was a good investment. The Chicago _Herald_
+     considered the order 'a tremendous decision' carrying with it a
+     'tremendous responsibility,' and while the chief industries of
+     the principal part of a nation can not be stopped even for a
+     day without disorganization and loss, still the country is
+     willing to pay the price 'if it is the necessary cost of
+     preventing the suffering of hundreds and thousands, perhaps
+     millions, of individuals and of keeping certain indispensable
+     war and public functions going at their accustomed speed.'"
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Harry A. Garfield=
+
+As Fuel Administrator during the war he issued orders for coal
+conservation of a most startling character. Factories east of the
+Mississippi were ordered shut down for five days beginning January 18,
+1918. Monday was decreed a holiday for ten weeks "on which offices,
+factories and stores must use only such fuel as is necessary to prevent
+damage."]
+
+
+THE GOVERNMENT'S EXPLANATION
+
+From Fuel Administrator Garfield's explanation of the necessity of the
+order the following passage is taken:
+
+     "The most urgent thing to be done is to send to the American
+     forces abroad and to the Allies the food and war supplies
+     which they vitally need. War munitions, food, manufactured
+     articles of every description, lie at our Atlantic ports in
+     tens of thousands of tons, while literally hundreds of ships,
+     waiting, loaded with war goods for our men and the Allies, can
+     not take the seas because their bunkers are empty of coal. The
+     coal to send them on their way is waiting behind the congested
+     freight that has jammed all the terminals.
+
+     "It is worse than useless to bend our energies to more
+     manufacturing when what we have already manufactured lies at
+     tidewater, congesting terminal facilities, jamming the railroad
+     yards and side tracks for a long distance back into the
+     country. No power on earth can move this freight into the war
+     zone, where it is needed, until we supply the ships with fuel.
+
+     "Once the docks are cleared of the valuable freight for which
+     our men and associates in the war now wait in vain, then again
+     our energies and power may be turned to manufacturing, more
+     efficient than ever; so that a steady and uninterrupted stream
+     of vital supplies may be this nation's answer to the Allies'
+     cry for help....
+
+     "This is war. Whatever the cost, we must pay it, so that in the
+     face of the enemy there can never be the reproach that we held
+     back from doing our full share. Those ships, laden with our
+     supplies of food for men and food for guns, must have coal and
+     put to sea."
+
+
+GARFIELD'S PLAN FOR FUEL ECONOMY, 1918--19
+
+After the trying experiences of the winter of 1918, the Fuel
+Administration began to prepare in the following summer for another
+prospective shortage in coal supply. Fortunately the following winter
+was remarkably mild throughout the country. But the plans outlined by
+the Fuel Administration are more than useful as a matter of record. They
+may be used as a model under other conditions of fuel shortage. The
+following passage from the Fuel Administration _Bulletin_ illustrates
+the plan of campaign:
+
+     "Fuel economy is being given intensive study in connection with
+     steam plants and industrial uses. An organization is already in
+     existence, provided with engineers and inspectors who will
+     visit every one of the two hundred and fifty thousand
+     steam-producing plants in the country with a view to the
+     improvement both of equipment and firing practice. This is
+     expected to save twenty million tons of coal.
+
+     "The economical use of power in factories will be in the hands
+     of organized shop committees. The power loads of the public
+     utilities throughout the country are being studied with a view
+     to readjustments which will result in large saving.
+
+     "In many cities the isolated power plants which use an extravagant
+     amount of coal in proportion to the power produced will be urged to
+     obtain more economical power from large producing stations.
+
+     "The introduction of 'skip-stop' schedules on all the street
+     railways is expected to save a million tons of coal. The
+     consolidation of ice plants will yield a still larger tonnage.
+     Unnecessary outdoor lighting, including advertising signs and
+     display illumination, will be reduced. Hotels, office
+     buildings, apartment houses, and public buildings are being
+     asked to join in rigid economy of light and heat.
+
+     "Every American citizen will be asked to clean his furnace,
+     keep it in repair, and study economical firing. Instructions
+     prepared by the highest authority will be furnished by the Fuel
+     Administration.
+
+     "If every one joins in this movement, from the owner of an
+     industrial plant to the householder with his furnace and cook
+     stove, if indoor and outdoor lighting is reduced to the amount
+     absolutely needed, if houses are not overheated, the furnace
+     dampers properly adjusted, and the ashes sifted, it will be
+     possible to save from fifty to seventy-five million tons of
+     coal without serious inconvenience to the American people."
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES OF FUEL CONTROL
+
+Some conception of the difficulties involved in the work of fuel control
+was set forth officially in a paper published by the Fuel Administration
+called _Fuel Problems in War Time_. The production of coal, it pointed
+out, stands on a different basis from that of any other major industry
+of the country. The differences are illustrated in the following
+paragraphs:
+
+     "As an illustration, consider the cotton crop with its millions
+     of bales. Every bale of cotton raised in the country last year
+     amounted to no more than the coal moved in one and one-third
+     days. Or take the wheat crop for comparison. We hear of the
+     immense preparations made during the fall months for moving the
+     wheat crop; yet the weight of America's enormous wheat crop of
+     1917 is equaled by the coal mined and transported every eight
+     days.
+
+     "Every year the miners go into the ground and dig out coal and
+     the railroads ship it for hundreds of miles, dragging back the
+     empty cars, until the amount mined equals two and one-fourth
+     times the earth and rock removed in digging the Panama Canal.
+     _It took sixteen years to dig the Panama Canal. Our miners will
+     dig two and one-half Panama Canals this year._
+
+     "In the mining of coal we are dealing with a task so gigantic
+     that the wonder is not why we have not increased production to
+     meet the demand, whatever that might be, but how, with the men
+     and equipment overtaxed by the multiplicity of the demands of
+     the war, we were able to increase the output fifty million tons
+     in 1917, and will be able to add a probable fifty million tons
+     to that high record the present year.
+
+     "The wonder is increased when we note that every other
+     coal-producing country now in the war found it impossible to
+     maintain the pre-war production of coal. In every case the
+     output is less now than before the war. In England seven and
+     one-half per cent. less coal was produced the first year of the
+     war than in the previous year and five per cent. less than this
+     reduced output in the following year. America alone has been
+     able to increase its production of coal in addition to meeting
+     the thousands of other increases demanded by war preparation.
+
+
+COAL AND THE STEEL SUPPLY
+
+     "As every one knows, coal mining is very largely a matter of
+     coal transportation. The most difficult task involved in an
+     increase must fall upon the railroads. The wonderful work these
+     railroads are doing is brought into bold relief when we
+     remember that in 1914, when the great war started, the output
+     of bituminous coal in the United States was 423,000,000 tons,
+     and that in 1918 it promises to be nearly 200,000,000 tons
+     greater.
+
+     "Apparently, this country today can furnish the steel required
+     if only it can get the necessary coal. The work of the Fuel
+     Administration during many months has been directed toward
+     increasing coal production. These efforts have borne much
+     fruit, miners are approaching one hundred per cent. service,
+     while the railroads are outdoing themselves expediting the
+     movement of coal cars from the mine to the consumer and back
+     again.
+
+     "But war's demands mount so rapidly that even with full speed
+     ahead production can not make the pace. _A fuel deficit can be
+     averted only by the most intensive conservation._ Conservation,
+     economy, savings, sacrifice must fill the gap between the
+     possible increase of production and the greater increase of
+     demand. If every user of coal will join the army of fuel
+     conservationists, realizing that the need for steel to carry on
+     this war is practically unlimited and that every ton saved
+     means an additional five hundred pounds of steel, there is
+     prospect--the figures show it--that the work of the miners will
+     not be in vain. Our increased production, plus conservation,
+     the Fuel Administration believes, can furnish the coal, and
+     hence the steel needed for the war, and still leave none of our
+     people cold."
+
+
+SIDE ISSUES OF FUEL CONTROL
+
+Economizing coal involved all kinds of unexpected side issues. As an
+illustration of the far extended reach of the Fuel Administration there
+was the example of the skip-stop plan in street railway traffic enforced
+by the Federal administration. A writer in the Chicago _Engineering and
+Contracting Journal_ suggested, September 4, 1918, that the Government
+should adopt and extend the policy of compelling individuals and
+corporations to use economic methods and machines:
+
+     "Conceive, if you can, what could be accomplished in America in
+     the way of increased productivity and economy if our Federal
+     Government had the authority to make every individual and every
+     company adopt any method or device that had been proved to be
+     economic. No engineer acquainted with the application of the
+     principles of the science of management can doubt that if the
+     universal adoption of those principles could be forced upon
+     producers in general, this nation could increase its
+     productivity fully 25 per cent. That would alone add more than
+     twelve million dollars annually to the national income. But
+     that is not all. The application of the principles of the
+     science of management is only a fraction of the total enginery
+     at our disposal. We have literally countless labor and
+     material-saving machines and appliances that are scarcely used,
+     although many of them are generations old. Does this sound
+     incredible? Certainly not to any engineer who has a wide
+     acquaintance with the literature of engineering.
+
+     "Take so simple a thing as the heat insulator for steam pipes
+     and boilers. It has been known to engineers for nearly a
+     century that by encasing boilers and pipes with magnesia or
+     other suitable insulators, practically all heat radiation and
+     conduction losses could be stopped. Furthermore, it has been
+     known to engineers that the saving in fuel thus effected would
+     pay an annual interest of 20 per cent. on the cost of the heat
+     insulator. But go into the basements of steam-heated residences
+     if you want to get a conception of how rarely this knowledge is
+     applied. The landlord may know that heat insulators would earn
+     a big return on their cost, but since they would earn it for
+     the tenant and not for himself, he does not cover the boiler
+     and pipes adequately, if at all. The tenant, even if he knows
+     the economics of heat insulating, will not spend the money for
+     insulators whose use he may not enjoy for more than a year or
+     two before he moves out. For similar reasons very few houses
+     have double windows, although double windows will save fully 15
+     per cent. of the fuel required to heat the average house. On
+     these matters the Fuel Administration has power to act, and it
+     should act."
+
+
+FUEL CONTROL IN GREAT BRITAIN
+
+Coal mining was always one of the most significant elements in British
+trade. Before the war 270,000,000 tons of coal were produced in the
+mines of Great Britain. Parliamentary legislation of a most radical
+character dealing with the ownership and operation of coal mines was
+passed. The main provision of this legislation was described in the
+following passage from the London _Morning Post_:
+
+     "Briefly, the main provisions of the bill are the following:
+     Under the present Finance Act the state takes 80 per cent. of
+     the profits in excess of those made in the two best of the last
+     three pre-war years, or above 9 per cent. of the capital
+     employed. The new scheme deprives owners of these statutory
+     rights. It does away altogether with the percentage standard.
+     Output is made the chief determining factor in the regulation
+     of the profits to be retained by the coal owner. The production
+     of a colliery working under normal conditions during the two
+     pre-war years, which has already been adopted under the Finance
+     Act for the purposes of the Excess Profits Duty, is adopted as
+     the standard output. If that output is maintained in any
+     accounting period under the new bill, the colliery owner will
+     be guaranteed a profit equal to the average profit made in the
+     standard period, whether he makes it or not. If his trading
+     profits in the accounting period are greater than those in the
+     standard period, the treasury will take its 80 per cent. of the
+     difference under the authority of the Finance Act, the
+     Controller will retain 15 per cent. of it in order to create a
+     fund for the compensation of the less fortunate collieries and
+     the administration of his department, and the coal owner will
+     be allowed to retain 5 per cent. of the excess. Thus a colliery
+     company with a profits standard of £50,000 will, if it maintain
+     its standard output, continue to receive £50,000; if such
+     company make, say, £70,000, it will be permitted, generally
+     speaking, to retain only 5 per cent. of the extra £20,000, that
+     is to say, £1,000, plus the statutory £200, or £51,200 in all;
+     but in no case shall the retainable profits exceed five-sixths
+     of the profits standard. In that illustration the scheme is to
+     be seen at its best, and, under the conditions, it is not
+     unreasonable."
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+Drying Fruit and Vegetables to Save Tin and Glass
+
+Conservation became a great watchword during the World War. Mr. F. P.
+Lund of the U. S. Department of Agriculture showed women how tin and
+glass could be saved by drying fruit instead of canning it.]
+
+
+OTHER FORMS OF CONSERVATION
+
+The War Industries Board worked out a program for clothing conservation
+that showed a positive genius for detail. The most technical directions
+were issued regarding clothing. Double breasted coats, for example, were
+eliminated and the Board urged the wearing of sack suits only. Even the
+complicated subject of handling women's attire had no terrors for the
+experts employed by the Board. The characteristic features of its order
+can be judged by the following extract from the directions published on
+this subject:
+
+     "All shoes, both leather and fabric, shall be restricted to
+     black, white, and two colors of tan (the two colors of tan to
+     be dark brown or tan and a medium brown or tan).
+
+     "Patent leather shall be black only. These color regulations do
+     not apply to baby shoes made of fabrics.
+
+     "Shoe-manufacturers shall not, for the next six months,
+     introduce, purchase, or use any new style lasts. They may
+     replenish to cover wastage or to meet requirements on present
+     lasts now in use in the manufacture of shoes. This is to be
+     effective at once. By new style lasts is meant any lasts which
+     have not actually been used for the manufacture of shoes in the
+     past season.
+
+     "The use of leather as a quarter lining in oxfords and low
+     shoes is permitted only when used in skeleton form with fabric.
+     Leather linings will be permitted in evening slippers where
+     uppers are made of fabrics. We advocate the use of full fabric
+     linings for low shoes wherever possible.
+
+     "The maximum height of women's shoes, both leather and fabric,
+     shall not exceed eight inches (measured from breast of heel at
+     side to center of top at side of finished shoes), size 4B to be
+     the base measure.
+
+     "The maximum height of misses' shoes, size 1½, shall not exceed
+     6½ inches (measured as above).
+
+     "The maximum height of children's shoes, sizes 8½-11, shall not
+     exceed six inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of boys' and youths' shoes shall not exceed
+     5½ inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of infants' shoes, sizes 4-8, shall not
+     exceed 5½ inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of button shoes for women shall not exceed
+     6½ inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of all women's overgaiters shall not exceed
+     eight inches, measured from breast of heel at side to center of
+     top at side.
+
+     "The maximum height of misses' overgaiters shall not exceed 6½
+     inches (measured as above)."
+
+
+LEATHER CONSERVATION
+
+Germany was not the only country prepared to employ substitutes. When
+the National Army in the United States was organized the _Wall Street
+Journal_ predicted that on account of the large consumption of leather
+for military purposes, the civilian population would be obliged to have
+thinner soles and probably to use leather substitutes:
+
+     "Price fixing on leather is still 'in the air.' It is not an
+     easy proposition, in view of the complexity of grades and the
+     variations in quality. The most practicable arrangement would
+     be a series of general price standards, with allowance for
+     deviations. Unlike other commodities, leather trading is a very
+     flexible affair. The trade is confident of fair price maxima in
+     relation to recently fixed hide quotations; possibly, in view
+     of higher labor and other costs, of somewhat more liberal rates
+     than hide prices, which have just been modified upward
+     somewhat.
+
+     "Leather prices have been tending upward all round. Heavy sole
+     leather, which did not recede nearly as much as lighter grades
+     in the slump of last winter, are now nearly back to the high
+     point of early last fall. Union sole has advanced four cents
+     since May 1, and for some varieties of leather above No. 9 iron
+     the market is around eighty cents, against sixty-five cents
+     earlier this spring.
+
+     "In leather it is a case of all-round conservation, plus
+     intensive effort for maximum output with government aid. Export
+     license-restrictions have just been tightened, and most of what
+     is shipped now goes to England. Neutrals must wait. In nine
+     months to April 1st we exported but 20,342,101 pounds of sole
+     leather, against 84,267,573 a year before. In March we shipped
+     only 490,000 pounds to other countries than England, against
+     1,945,000 a year earlier. Hardly any is now moving save on
+     British government order.
+
+     "Men's shoes of higher quality and price will be affected
+     chiefly by the requirement to carry soles as light as women's
+     wear. This will involve either more frequent buying or more
+     resort to tapping. Cheapest grades of shoes will be least
+     affected, being almost wholly outside the military scope. In
+     fact, some manufacturers of low-priced shoes have lately been
+     enabled to use better material than usual, thanks to army
+     'leavings.' It is the urgent advice of the Government and
+     tanners that shoe manufacturers promptly conform to the new
+     program and that consumers cheerfully accept it. Meanwhile,
+     experiments are continuing under government direction as to
+     further extension of the use of composition or even of wooden
+     soles to help meet the increased demand and short supply
+     equation in leather."
+
+
+FAIR PRICE LISTS
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+"Back on the Farm"
+
+The number of slaughterable animals decreased in the United States and
+in Europe during the war. The shortage of fats was helped by the
+production of more animals, increasing the weight of those slaughtered,
+and by changed methods of cooking, including the substitution of
+vegetable oils for butter.]
+
+One of the plans to prevent the discontent arising from food speculation
+promoted by retailers and profiteers, was the preparation of fair price
+lists to protect the consumer. Every week new price lists were prepared
+so as to cover new fluctuation of cost to the retailer. These lists were
+given to the newspapers so that the consumer might be steadily informed
+and advised as to what he ought to pay the retailers in his city or
+town. It was shown how the patriotic retailer gained by the protection
+that this list afforded him against the danger of unpatriotic
+profiteering. The United States Food Administration explained in a
+public statement the significance of the fair price lists. "They were
+nothing more," it said, "than bulletins to inform the public of the
+prices the retailer has to pay for certain foods, and the price he has
+to sell them to the consumer.
+
+     "Such a bulletin at one stroke does away with all the obscurity
+     which too often veils the price increase which takes place at
+     the hands of the retailer.
+
+     "To give an example, it shows at just what price a retailer is
+     able to buy oatmeal and at just what price he is entitled to
+     sell it. If any retailer decides to set upon the food he has
+     for sale a higher price than that which brings him a fair
+     profit, he is labeling himself 'Profiteer.' And thereafter it
+     depends upon the public's own choice whether they shall trade
+     with him or not.
+
+     "In accordance with the plans of the Food Administration such a
+     system of fair price lists is now in operation throughout the
+     country. Every week new price lists are prepared so as to cover
+     new fluctuations of cost to the retailer. And these
+     up-to-the-minute fair price lists are given to the newspapers
+     to print so that the consumer may be steadily informed and
+     advised as to what he ought to pay the retailers in his city or
+     town."
+
+
+HOW FAIR PRICE LISTS ARE MADE UP
+
+     "In theory the plan is the simplest imaginable. But it is
+     complicated by the size of this country and by the variety of
+     local food conditions which are bound to affect the price at
+     which the retailer can buy and sell his foodstuffs. It would be
+     utterly impossible to set forth one fair price list which would
+     _be_ fair for every spot in this country at any one time. A
+     grocer in Calais, Maine, may be able to buy potatoes at a lower
+     rate than a grocer in Snohomish, Washington. And the grocers of
+     Red Oak, Iowa, may have to pay a different price from either.
+     Obviously, each locality must determine its own fair price
+     list.
+
+     "This is done by establishing in every community or county
+     where fair price lists are to be put out a Price Interpreting
+     Board, consisting of representatives of wholesale grocers,
+     retailers, and consumers. The County Food Administration or his
+     representative should act as chairman of this board. Such
+     boards include representatives of both 'Cash and Carry' stores
+     and 'Credit and Delivery' stores. These boards secure from
+     wholesale representatives the prices charged to the retailer
+     for various staple foods. With this as a basis, plus their
+     knowledge of local conditions, and guided by a schedule of
+     maximum margins submitted to them by the Food Administration at
+     Washington, they determine what is a reasonable profit at which
+     the retailer may sell to the consumer. Thus the retailer does
+     not have a scale of selling prices arbitrarily thrust upon him;
+     he helps determine them himself."
+
+
+PROFITEERING
+
+The natural and inevitable results of war on living conditions with food
+shortage and high prices were an unfamiliar factor in American
+experience for two generations. The artificial product of war time
+industry, "profiteering," was hard to be evoluted and caused resentment
+against those responsible for the practice. To deal with profiteers was
+no easy matter. How can profiteering be discriminated from legitimate
+profit-taking? How, too, can its existence be proved, for high fixed
+prices are not always an evidence of profiteering methods. The
+complexities of the various trade practices lumped together under the
+term profiteering are illustrated in the pamphlet on _Profiteering_,
+issued by W. B. Colver, Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, in the
+form of a letter submitted on request to the U.S. Senate:
+
+     "Survey of the petroleum field shows that the market, when
+     under the control of dominating factors, such as Standard Oil,
+     can be one of huge profits without the device of the high fixed
+     price. No price for the public has been fixed upon petroleum
+     and its products by the government. Unlike the situation in
+     steel, flour, and coal, there has been as yet no government
+     interference with the law of supply and demand except in the
+     instances of government purchases. Under that law large profits
+     may eventuate through the bidding up of prices by anxious
+     buyers. And, moreover, even in the absence of this element,
+     prices may be forced up by spreading false and misleading
+     information concerning the condition of supply and demand.
+     Reports, for instance, have been circulated that the supply of
+     gasoline was endangered for the purpose of maintaining the high
+     price of that product and the heavy profits from it. At
+     different stages of the oil industry different products of
+     petroleum have yielded the heavy profits. Kerosene was once the
+     chief profit producer. Gasoline followed and superseded it as
+     the chief producer of profits. Enormous profits are now being
+     made in fuel oil, with the advantage to the refiner that the
+     high price of that product meets no popular challenge. Gasoline
+     is maintained at its present high price and produces heavy
+     profits for the low cost refiners."
+
+
+PROFITEERING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY
+
+     "Similarly, the power of dominant factors in a given industry
+     in maintaining high prices and harvesting unprecedented profits
+     is shown in a survey of the meat packing situation. Five meat
+     packers, Armour, Swift, Morris, Wilson, and Cudahy, and their
+     subsidiary and affiliated companies, have monopolistic control
+     of the meat industry and are reaching for like domination in
+     other products. Their manipulations of the market embrace every
+     device that is useful to them, without regard to law. Their
+     reward, expressed in terms of profit, reveals that four of
+     these concerns have pocketed in 1915, 1916, and 1917,
+     $140,000,000. Comparisons between their present profits and
+     those of the pre-war period are given below. However delicate a
+     definition is framed for 'profiteering,' these packers have
+     preyed upon the people unconscionably. They are soon to come
+     under further governmental regulation approved by Executive
+     order."
+
+
+PROFITEERING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY
+
+Some further details on the methods of securing huge profits in the meat
+packing industry are given in the following:
+
+     "An exposition of the excess profits of four of the big meat
+     packers (Armour, Swift, Morris, Cudahy, omitting Wilson as not
+     comparable) is given in the fact that their aggregate average
+     pre-war profit (1912, 1913, and 1914) was $19,000,000; that in
+     1915 they earned $17,000,000 excess profits over the pre-war
+     period; in 1916, $36,000,000 more profit than in the pre-war
+     period; and in 1917, $68,000,000 more profit than in the
+     pre-war period. In the three war years from 1915 to 1917 there
+     their total profits have reached the astounding figure of
+     $140,000,000, of which $121,000,000 represents excess over
+     their pre-war profits.
+
+     "These great increases in profits are not due solely to
+     increased volume of business. The sales of these companies in
+     this period increased 150 per cent., much of this increase
+     being due to higher prices rather than to increased volume by
+     weight, but the return of profit increased 400 per cent., or
+     two and one-half times as much as the sales.
+
+     "The profit taken by Morris & Co. for the fiscal year ended
+     November 1, 1917, is equal to a rate of 18.6 per cent. on the
+     net worth of the company (capital and surplus) and 263.7 per
+     cent. on the three millions of capital stock outstanding. In
+     the case of the other four companies the earned rate on common
+     capital stock is much lower--from 27 per cent. to 47 per
+     cent.--but the reason for this is that these companies have
+     from time to time declared stock dividends and in other ways
+     capitalized their growing surpluses. Thus Armour in 1916 raised
+     its capital stock from twenty millions to one hundred millions
+     without receiving a dollar more of cash. If Swift, Wilson,
+     Cudahy, and Armour had followed the practice of Morris in not
+     capitalizing their surpluses (accumulated from excessive
+     profits), they too would now show an enormous rate of profit on
+     their original capital."
+
+
+JUGGLING OF ACCOUNTS--HUGE SALARIES
+
+Mr. Colver gives information supported by trustworthy data on other
+devious and subtle types of profiteering practices:
+
+     "In cases where the government fixes a definite margin on
+     profit above costs, as in the case of flour, there is a
+     considerable incentive to a fictitious enhancement of costs
+     through account juggling. This has added to the volume of
+     unusual profits. Increase of cost showing on the producers'
+     books can be accomplished in various ways. The item of
+     depreciation can be padded. Officers' salaries can be
+     increased. Interest on investment can be included in cost. New
+     construction can be recorded as repairs. Fictitious valuations
+     on raw material can be added, and inventories can be
+     manipulated.
+
+     "The Federal Trade Commission has been vigilant and untiring in
+     its exclusion of these practices. An instance of this practice
+     was afforded by the Ismert-Hincke Milling Co., of Kansas City,
+     Mo. This company padded its costs by heavily increasing all its
+     officers' salaries and by manipulating the inventory value of
+     flour bags on hand. As evidence of the length to which padding
+     can be carried, it may be added that this company even included
+     in its costs the gift of an automobile which it charged to
+     advertising expenses. This case was heard of by the commission
+     for the Food Administration. The commission recommended
+     revocation of license and the recommendation was followed.
+
+     "Payment of extraordinary salaries and in some instances
+     bonuses to executives of corporations have been found by the
+     commission during its investigations."
+
+
+WAR COST OF LIVING
+
+A complete synopsis of the cost of living situation in the United
+States, during the four years' period July, 1914, to June, 1918, was
+issued by the National Industrial Conference Board after a country-wide
+survey. The basis taken was that of family budgets divided under five
+heads: food, shelter, clothing, fuel and light, and sundries. The
+average increase for the period was shown to be between 50 and 55 per
+cent. The most marked advance was in clothing, 77 per cent. But the food
+advance of 62 per cent. was really more important because food
+represented 43 per cent. of the average expenditure, while clothing
+represented only 13 per cent. Wholesale prices, the report pointed out,
+are not to be relied upon in estimating the cost of living, because many
+articles enter only indirectly into the family budget. Often, too,
+wholesale prices are not reflected in retail prices until months later.
+The estimates given by the Board were based upon the expenditures of
+eleven thousand families:
+
+     "In reaching 52.3 per cent. as the amount of increase in the
+     cost of living for the four years' period, the expenditures of
+     11,000 families were considered. Following is a table in which
+     besides the 52.3 per cent. for all items entering into the
+     family budget, the percentage for rent, clothing, fuel, and
+     light, and sundries are given:
+
+                                        Per Cent.           Per Cent.
+                        Per Cent.     Inc. in Cost           Increase
+                      Distribution      Dur'g War           as Related
+  Budget               of Family        Period to            to Total
+   Item               Expenditure      June, 1918              Budget
+
+ All items.              100.0                                  52.3
+ Food                     43.1              62                  26.7
+ Rent                     17.7              15                   2.7
+ Clothing                 13.2              77                  10.2
+ Fuel and light            5.6              45                   2.5
+ Sundries                 20.4              50                  10.2
+
+     The figures examined prove that there was a fair similarity of
+     increase in the different sections of the country. The advance
+     in rent in the dwelling places of the average wage earner was
+     put down at 15 per cent.
+
+     "A general summary is given of changes in the cost of living
+     among industrial workers as presented by the Railroad Wage
+     Commission for the period between December, 1915, and the end
+     of April, 1918, as follows:
+
+                                                     Per Cent.
+    For families with incomes up to $600                 43
+    For families with incomes from $600 to $1,000        41
+    For families with incomes from $1,000 to $2,000      40
+
+     "By the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen the
+     advance in living costs between 1914 and 1917 was placed at 43
+     per cent. Conditions among ship-building workers on the Pacific
+     coast, as arrived at by the United States Shipping Board,
+     indicated that between June, 1916, and February, 1918, living
+     costs had gone up 46 per cent. A table is given which shows
+     relative increase in the cost of food as measured by wholesale
+     and retail prices for the past six years."
+
+                                     Relative       Relative
+       Year and Month    Wholesale   Price of        Retail
+                           Farm        Food,        Price of
+         1913            Products       Etc.          Food
+    Average for year        100         100            100
+    January                  97          99             98
+    April                    97          96             98
+    July                    101         101            100
+    October                 103         102            104
+         1914
+    Average for year        103         103            102
+    January                 101         102            104
+    April                   103          95             97
+    July                    104         103            102
+    October                 103         107            105
+         1915
+    Average for year        105         104            101
+    January                 102         106            103
+    April                   107         105             99
+    July                    108         104            100
+    October                 105         104            103
+         1916
+    Average for year        122         126            114
+    January                 108         114            107
+    April                   114         117            109
+    July                    118         121            111
+    October                 136         140            121
+           1917
+    Average for year        188         177            146
+    January                 147         150            128
+    April                   180         182            145
+    July                    198         180            146
+    October                 207         183            157
+           1918
+    January                 208         188            160
+    April                   217         179            154
+
+
+CIVIL WAR COST OF LIVING
+
+The Civil War years of the United States were always remembered as the
+era of high prices. Yet it is interesting to know that the increase in
+living cost after the United States had been in war one year was greater
+than the increases in the fourth year of the Civil War. During the Civil
+War prices rose from 100 to 117 per cent., but necessities were
+relatively cheaper than at present because the currency was depreciated.
+In January, 1864, gold was at a premium of 52 per cent.
+
+Emerson David Fite, assistant professor of history in Yale University,
+describes "Social and Industrial Conditions During the Civil War" as
+follows:
+
+     "The situation in New York City at the end of the year 1863 is
+     typical of the period. Eggs had then reached 25 cents per
+     dozen, from 15 cents in 1861; cheese, 18 cents from 8 cents;
+     potatoes, $2.25 from $1.50 per bushel, and for all the
+     necessities of life there was an advance ranging from 60 to 75
+     and in some cases even 100 per cent. Wages, on the other hand,
+     lagged behind; the blacksmith's increase was only from $1.75 to
+     $2 per day, that of common laborers from $1 to $1.25, that of
+     bricklayers from $1.25 to $2, and the average increase in all
+     the trades was about 25 per cent., or less than one-half the
+     increase of prices. The winter of 1863--64 and the ensuing
+     months were accordingly a time of unusual industrial unrest,
+     which increased in severity as the discrepancy between wages
+     and prices continued. The dollar was slowly but surely
+     diminishing in value, and labor engaged in a determined
+     struggle to force wages up, capital to keep them down. The
+     advantage lay with the employing classes, but labor in 1864
+     recovered much of the ground that had been lost in the two
+     previous years, and the war closed with wages much nearer
+     prices than a year earlier. It was generally agreed at the time
+     that prices during the entire war period advanced approximately
+     100 per cent. and wages from 50 to 60 per cent."
+
+
+WHERE THE COST OF LIVES WEIGHED THE MOST
+
+The rapid rise in the cost of living was much more severely felt by the
+classes of the population dependent upon small or less rigid incomes. In
+many industries wages increased faster than average living expenses.
+Figures published by the New York Labor Bureau show that the sum
+distributed in wages to industrial workers was substantially doubled in
+the four years of warfare. Investigation conducted by the National
+Industrial Board of Boston showed that there had been an increase of 50
+to 55 per cent. in the budget of the average wage earner from July,
+1914, to June, 1918.
+
+     "The increases for the different items are given as follows:
+
+    Food                    62%
+    Rent                    15%
+    Clothing                77%
+    Fuel and light          45%
+    Sundries                50%
+    Average increase (depending on apportionment
+    of these respective items in the
+    family budget)          50% to 55%
+
+     In explanation of these figures the report goes on to say:
+
+     "'In combining the percentages of increase for the respective
+     items, in order to determine the average increase for the
+     budget as a whole, food was taken as constituting 43 per cent.
+     of the total family expenditure, rent 18 per cent., clothing 13
+     per cent., fuel and light 6 per cent., and sundries 20 per
+     cent. Applying the Board's percentages of increase for the
+     respective items to this distribution of the budget, the
+     average increase is 52 per cent. The distribution of budget
+     items just given is an average based on cost of living studies
+     made by several United States Government bureaus and other
+     agencies, covering in all 12,000 families.
+
+     "The proportions of these major items of expenditure can be
+     varied within narrow limits, but no reasonable arrangement
+     would cause a wide change in the increase in the total cost of
+     living as given above. For instance, if, instead of this
+     average distribution of the budget, food be allocated as much
+     as 45 per cent., rent and clothing 15 per cent. each, fuel and
+     light 5 per cent., and sundries 20 per cent., the indicated
+     increase in the total cost of living, using the Board's
+     percentages of increase for the respective items, would be 54
+     per cent."
+
+     All articles of food, we are told, show a considerable increase
+     in price since 1914, exceptional advances being recorded in the
+     case of flour, lard, and cornmeal. The item of rent, says the
+     report, "showed such wide variation that no general average
+     applicable to all sections of the country could be reached,"
+     but the 15 per cent. estimate "is apparently ample to cover the
+     increase in wage-earners' rents in New York, Chicago,
+     Philadelphia, Boston, and St. Louis, which alone include
+     several millions of the country's industrial population." Of
+     the increase in clothing prices we read:
+
+
+INCREASED COST FOR WEARING APPAREL
+
+     "Information secured from retail stores in cities well
+     distributed throughout the country indicates increases in
+     prices of the most common articles of wearing apparel, ranging
+     from 50.5 per cent. for women's dollar blouses up to 161 per
+     cent. for men's overalls. Striking increases occurred in the
+     prices of certain yard goods, where advances in cost over 1914
+     prices amounted, in a number of cases, to more than 100 per
+     cent.
+
+     "Men's hosiery, selling for 15 cents in 1914, cost in June,
+     1918, usually not less than 25 cents, and women's hosiery,
+     selling for 25 cents four years ago, brought 45 cents in June
+     of this year. Knit underwear, the report finds, had increased
+     nearly 100 per cent. Women's shoes of a standard grade
+     increased 88.5 per cent.; men's 69 per cent. Women's kid gloves
+     which in 1914 cost $1 averaged more than $2 in June, 1918.
+
+     "The report places the average rise in the total clothing
+     budget since 1914 at 77 per cent. This increase compares with
+     an increase of 51.33 per cent. between 1914 and 1917 for
+     families in the ship building districts of Philadelphia and an
+     increase of 54.21 per cent. among similar families in the ship
+     building district of New York, as reported by the United States
+     Bureau of Labor Statistics. The difference between these
+     increases and the Board's figure of 77 per cent. is largely
+     explained by the difference in the period of time covered;
+     clothing prices have continued to advance since 1917. Further
+     increases in the fall of 1918 were, moreover, clearly indicated
+     by the statements of retail dealers."
+
+
+WAR PRICES AND LUXURY IMPORTS
+
+In spite of the contention that war-time conditions led to an increased
+standard of luxurious living, statistics of imports indicated a rapid
+fall in articles of luxury brought into the country. In the fiscal year,
+1918, there was a material decline compared with the preceding year and
+a marked decline when compared with the year before the war:
+
+     "A recent compilation by the National City Bank shows this in
+     practically all imports usually classed as luxuries. That the
+     imports should be less than before the war was quite natural by
+     reason of the fact that many articles of this character
+     originated in European countries, some in countries with which
+     we are now at war, and some with our Allies who are otherwise
+     too busily employed.
+
+     "In art works, for example, the value of the imports of 1918
+     was only about $11,000,000 against $23,000,000 in 1917, and
+     $35,000,000 in the fiscal year 1914. In automobiles the value
+     in 1918 was about $50,000 against nearly $2,000,000 in 1913,
+     and more than $2,000,000 in 1912, while the average value per
+     machine imported in 1918 was less than one-half what it was
+     before the war. Decorated china imported in 1918 was about
+     $3,500,000 in value against practically $8,000,000 in 1914. Of
+     cotton laces imported in 1918 the value was about $10,000,000
+     against $16,500,000 in 1917, and nearly $34,000,000 in 1914. Of
+     silk laces the 1918 imports were valued at little more than
+     one-half those of 1914. Of cotton plushes and velvets the
+     quantity in 1918 was less than 1,000,000 yards against more
+     than 3,000,000 in 1917, and practically 5,000,000 in 1914. Of
+     ostrich feathers, in 1918 the imports were valued at nearly
+     $1,000,000 against nearly $4,000,000 in 1914 and over
+     $6,000,000 in 1913. In precious stones the total for 1918 was
+     only about $32,000,000 against $47,000,000 in 1917 and
+     $50,000,000 in 1913; while of pearls alone the value in 1918
+     was less than $2,000,000 against over $8,000,000 in 1917, and
+     more than $10,000,000 in 1916.
+
+     "In articles of food usually classed as luxuries there was also
+     a marked fall. Cheese imported in 1918 amounted to about
+     9,000,000 pounds against 15,000,000 in 1917, and 64,000,000 in
+     1914. Of currants the imports of 1918 were over 5,000,000
+     pounds against 25,000,000 in 1916 and 32,000,000 in 1914, and
+     of dates only 6,000,000 pounds in 1918 against 34,000,000 in
+     1914; while olives and olive oil showed totals in 1918 of about
+     one-half those of the year before the war."
+
+[Illustration: The Nations and Their Wheat Supply
+
+Under the Lever Bill, which became the Food Control Law after the United
+States declared war, the President was authorized to fix a reasonable
+guaranteed price for wheat.]
+
+
+GOOD EFFECTS OF PRICE CONTROL
+
+It became accepted on all sides that price control was the one method to
+correct the inequalities of war conditions. It was necessary to prevent
+the poorer classes in the population from having an inadequate
+consumption of wealth. There was the political side, too. Price control
+had an effect on the morale of large strata of the population. It acted
+as a bulwark against the rising tide of discontent and internal
+dissension incident to warfare on a democratic scale. Mr. Sydney Webb, a
+well known English student of labor problems, conceded that the British
+government had by its system of price control been fairly successful in
+staving off any general fall in the standard of life in its people. How
+the system worked is summarized by him in the following passage:
+
+     "What has been successful in Great Britain in economizing
+     supplies has been a widespread appeal to the whole nation to
+     limit its consumption of wheaten bread (4 pounds per week),
+     meat (2½ pounds per week), and sugar (¾ of a pound per week) to
+     a prescribed maximum per person in the household; and to make
+     up the necessary subsistence by the use of substitutes, such as
+     fish, other cereals than wheat, and other vegetables than
+     potatoes, of which the crop throughout all Europe has largely
+     failed. More efficacious still has been the absolute government
+     monopoly of sugar, secured at the very beginning of the war,
+     and the drastic restriction of the total quantity allowed to be
+     issued from store, the aggregate reduction being thus
+     infallibly secured, and the retailers being left to share what
+     sugar they obtained among their customers. It has been found
+     useful, too, to make the wheaten flour go farther by compelling
+     all the millers to include both an increased proportion of bran
+     and a certain proportion of other cereals. More drastic
+     measures are near at hand."
+
+
+STAY-AT-HOMES WHO MADE MONEY
+
+The important effort, as seen by the _Economist_, was to back up the
+armies at the front by a policy of self-sacrifice at home, and it spoke
+in drastic terms of the constant evidence of profiteering among certain
+classes in England. The contrast in the attitudes of those at the front
+and those active in business life is set forth in the following words:
+
+     "One of the most curious and interesting psychological facts of
+     the war is the manner in which one man goes to the front and
+     becomes a hero and a _preux chevalier_, while another, just
+     like him in training and blood and outlook, stays at home and
+     works for spoils, whether in wages or profits, resenting
+     taxation, grumbling about his food, and seeming to think that
+     this war for justice was invented to increase his wealth and
+     comfort."
+
+
+PRICE CONTROL IN UNITED STATES
+
+Although price control is a measure disapproved of by economists,
+experience has shown that for certain products, such as wheat and
+flour, it produced good results. In the case of bituminous coal,
+Professor Anderson of Harvard said that it had probably done much harm
+and little good, because the cut in price was too drastic. One good
+feature of the price control system was the ability to apply it to draft
+labor from non-essential industries to the production of munitions and
+necessities of life. It was possible to do this by refusing coal,
+copper, steel and freight cars to the non-essential industries. How the
+Food Administration came to be a general price fixing body is explained
+in the following article by a member of the Food Administration:
+
+
+WHEAT AT $2.20 A BUSHEL
+
+     "There are many evidences that price fixing has come to lodge
+     itself as an unwelcome factor in the program of the Food
+     Administration. Price fixing came to be a fact even while
+     avoided as a theory, and eventually it has become necessary to
+     face it, if not to accept it, even as a theory. What are the
+     evidences that price fixing is essentially involved in the
+     program of the Food Administration? One piece of evidence lies
+     in the fact that when once you have fixed the price of one
+     commodity the condition is bound to be reflected in other
+     commodities. In fixing the price of wheat Congress fixed as
+     well, though not so explicitly, the price of corn, and hogs,
+     and sugar beets. The determining and administering of these
+     prices it left to the Food Administration.
+
+     "A further evidence that the Food Administration could not
+     avoid the onus of price fixing lies in the reasons for which
+     the Administration was brought into existence and the services
+     it was created to perform. The Food Administration is a war
+     agency. Its chief purpose is the feeding of warring nations,
+     our own nation and the Allies. All its other activities, its
+     conservation, its stabilization of trade processes, its
+     encouragement of production, are tributary to the one purpose
+     of segregating stocks of food for the effective prosecution of
+     the war. This latter purpose, in fact, takes the Food
+     Administration directly or indirectly into the market.... By
+     Section 14 of the Lever Bill, which became the Food Control
+     Law, the President is authorized from time to time to determine
+     and fix a reasonable guaranteed price for wheat and this
+     section itself fixed the price for the crop of 1918 at not less
+     than $2 per bushel at the principal interior primary markets.
+     Pursuant to this section the President has, by two separate
+     decrees, set the price of 1917 wheat and of the 1918 crop at
+     $2.20 per bushel. Section 11 of the law authorizes the
+     President to purchase and store and sell wheat and flour,
+     meal, beans, and potatoes. Manifestly any purchase so made by
+     the government would in effect fix the price. Aside from these
+     delegations of power no authority is given by the Food Control
+     Law to fix prices. And yet a study of the operations of these
+     provisions as well as a regard for the implications of other
+     functions of the Food Administration carry the conviction that
+     price fixing is a necessary and inescapable corollary of the
+     effective prosecution of the Food Administration program."
+
+
+PRICE LEVEL, NOVEMBER, 1918
+
+With the close of military operations there was noted a slight decline
+in commodity prices; how far the downward tendency would reach was
+considered a moot point. The apparent zenith point in prices was
+attained in July, 1918, but _Bradstreet's_ prudently thought it unwise
+to indulge in any prophecies regarding low prices. The increased demand
+for food products among the stricken peoples of Europe would, it was
+believed, prevent any considerable fall in prices. There was not much to
+encourage consumers in the study of the index numbers of food
+commodities. The writer in _Bradstreet's_ shows a wide range of price
+movements in the following table, in which are given the index numbers
+based on the prices per pound of ninety-six articles:
+
+            1912
+    January             $8.9493
+    February             8.9578
+    March                8.9019
+    April                9.0978
+    May                  9.2696
+    June                 9.1017
+    July                 9.1119
+    August               9.1595
+    September            9.2157
+    October              9.4515
+    November             9.4781
+    December             9.5462
+
+            1913
+    January              9.4935
+    February             9.4592
+    March                9.4052
+    April                9.2976
+    May                  9.1394
+    June                 9.0721
+    July                 8.9522
+    August               9.0115
+    September            9.1006
+    October              9.1526
+    November             9.2252
+    December             9.2290
+
+            1914
+    January              8.8857
+    February             8.8619
+    March                8.8320
+    April                8.7562
+    May                  8.6224
+    June                 8.6220
+    July                 8.6566
+    August               8.7087
+    August 15            9.8495
+    September            9.7572
+    October              9.2416
+    November             8.8620
+    December             9.0354
+
+            1915
+    January             $9.1431
+    February             9.6621
+    March                9.6197
+    April                9.7753
+    May                  9.7978
+    June                 9.7428
+    July                 9.8698
+    August               9.8213
+    September            9.8034
+    October              9.9774
+    November            10.3768
+    December            10.6473
+
+            1916
+    January             10.9163
+    February            11.1415
+    March               11.3760
+    April               11.7598
+    May                 11.7485
+    June                11.6887
+    July                11.5294
+    August              11.4414
+    September           11.7803
+    October             12.0699
+    November            12.7992
+    December            13.6628
+
+            1917
+    January             13.7277
+    February            13.9427
+    March               14.1360
+    April               14.5769
+    May                 15.1208
+    June                15.4680
+    July                16.0680
+    August              16.3985
+    September           16.6441
+    October             16.9135
+    November            17.0701
+    December            17.5966
+    1918
+    January            $17.9636
+    February            18.0776
+    March               18.0732
+    April               18.4656
+    May                 18.9133
+    June                19.0091
+    July                19.1849
+    August              19.1162
+    September           19.0485
+    October             19.0167
+    November            18.9110
+
+The groups that make up the index number are as follows:
+
+                            Nov. 1, Sept. 1,  Oct. 1,  Nov. 1,
+                             1917     1918     1918     1918
+    Breadstuffs            $0.2105  $0.2077  $0.2026  $0.1999
+    Live stock               .6785    .7400    .7100    .6960
+    Provisions              4.0285   4.3264   4.5359   4.5889
+    Fruits                   .4288    .3725    .3725    .3725
+    Hides and leather       2.3900   2.2150   2.2150   2.2050
+    Textiles                5.1179   5.8742   5.7554   5.7029
+    Metals                  1.1477   1.4233   1.3662   1.3062
+    Coal and coke            .0101    .0119    .0120    .0120
+    Oils                     .9084   1.3185   1.3121   1.2734
+    Naval stores             .0956    .1295    .1255    .1348
+    Building materials       .1448    .2047    .2047    .2046
+    Chemicals and drugs     1.4261   1.5153   1.5253   1.5278
+    Miscellaneous            .4832    .7095    .6795    .6870
+                          -------- -------- --------  -------
+      Total               $17.0701 $19.0485 $19.0167  $18.9110
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+A Municipal Canning Station
+
+In city establishments like the one shown above, food that would
+otherwise go to waste in the markets was saved, and women were
+instructed in the best methods of putting up fruits and vegetables for
+winter use.]
+
+
+FOOD CONDITIONS AND PRICE LEVEL, 1919
+
+A clear summary of the food situation and price conditions in the
+half-year succeeding the armistice is to be found in the Federal
+Commission's Memorandum on food stocks and wholesale prices, June, 1919:
+
+     "The comparative amounts of food stocks on hand June 1, 1919,
+     as against June 1, 1918, in the case of many important foods,
+     show that the stocks are considerably larger.
+
+     "On June 1, 1918, the United States stocks were in demand for
+     feeding the armies of the Allies as well as the civilian
+     population. The fact that stocks of many important foods were
+     much larger on June 1, 1919, while prices were as high or
+     higher, apparently, means that they are being withheld
+     speculatively for a world demand which is not now here but
+     which is expected when hunger-impelled strikes secure higher
+     wages with which higher food prices can be paid.
+
+     "The statistics of stocks are from the latest and last issue of
+     the Bureau of Markets 'Food Surveys,' June 27, 1919. We use the
+     quantities reported by identical firms for 1918 and 1919.
+     (Stocks held June 1, 1919, by other firms not reporting for
+     June 1, 1918, increase the actual stocks from 5 or 10 per cent.
+     up to 20 or 25 per cent. over the comparable stocks). The
+     stocks are those in warehouses and cold storage houses and in
+     hands of wholesale dealers. Retail stocks are not reported. The
+     prices are wholesale prices, furnished by the Bureau of Labor
+     Statistics, for the first Tuesday in June.
+
+     COMMODITIES INCREASING IN STOCKS AND IN PRICE (WHOLESALE PRICES)
+ =========================================================================
+         |      |           Quantity           |        |       Price
+         |------+----------+----------+--------|        |-----------+-----
+         |      |          |          |        |        |           |
+ Commodity Unit |June, 1919|June, 1918|Per cent| Unit of|   June    | June
+         |  of  |          |          |   in-  |  Price |   1919    | 1918
+         |quan- |          |          | crease |        |           |
+         | tity |          |          |  1919  |        |           |
+         |      |          |          |  over  |        |           |
+         |      |          |          |  1918  |        |           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Wheat   |Bushel|41,955,167|15,286,331|   174.5| Dollars|       2.51| 2.20
+         |      |          |          |        | per bu.|       2.46| 2.17
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Wheat   |Barrel| 3,942,205| 3,236,671|    21.8| Dollars|   12-12.20| 9.80
+ flour   |      |          |          |        |per bbl.|11.50-11.80| 9.95
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Canned  |Pound |99,203,544|82,616,582|    20.1| Dollars|  2.70-2.75| 2.70
+ salmon  |      |          |          |        |per doz.|           |
+         |      |          |          |        |  No. 2 |           |
+         |      |          |          |        |  cans  |           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Canned  |Pound |81,233,023|42,352,994|    91.8| Dollars|           | 1.70
+ corn    |      |          |          |        |per doz.| 1.75-(Mch)| 1.75
+         |      |          |          |        |  No. 2 |           |
+         |      |          |          |        |  cans  |           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Fresh   | Case | 5,975,817| 5,441,560|     9.8|   Cents|    .40-40½| .29
+ eggs    |      |          |          |        |per doz.|           | .30¾
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Butter  |Pound |29,190,222|12,749,055|   129.0|   Cents|        .53  .41
+ (creamery)     |          |          |        | per lb.|           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Salt    |Pound |25,701,138|24,962,881|     3.0| Dollars|      35.00|32.00
+ Beef    |      |          |          |        |per bbl.|      36.00|34.00
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Frozen  |Pound |10,962,670| 2,749,077|   298.8|  Cents |       .37½| .34½
+ fowls   |      |          |          |        | per lb.|           |
+ =========================================================================
+
+         COMMODITIES INCREASING IN STOCKS AND DECREASING IN PRICE.
+                           (Wholesale Prices.)
+
+ =========================================================================
+          |            Quantity           |        |       |    Price
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+          |Unit of |           |          |        |Unit of|        |
+          |quantity|           |          |Per cent| Price |  June  | June
+ Commodity|        | June, 1919|June, 1918|increase|       |  1919  | 1918
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+          |        |           |          |        |Dollars| 1.19 - | 1.21
+ Barley   | Bushel | 16,399,396| 7,916,073|   107.2|per bu.|  1.27  | 1.26
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+ Rye      | Bushel | 11,613,127| 3,355,349|   246.1|Dollars| 1.53½  | 1.73
+          |        |           |          |        |per bu.|        |
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+ Buckwheat| Pound  | 18,053,230| 5,523,850|   226.8|Dollars|  5.00  | 5.75
+ Flour    |        |           |          |        |per cwt| (Apr)  | 6.25
+          |        |           |          |        |       |        |(Apr)
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+ Canned   | Pound  |179,101,286|88,531,024|   102.3|Dollars|  2.05  | 2.30
+ Tomatoes |        |           |          |        |  per  |(Dec'18)|
+          |        |           |          |        | doz.  |        |
+          |        |           |          |        | No. 3 |        |
+          |        |           |          |        | cans  |        |
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+
+     COMMODITIES DECREASING IN STOCKS AND IN PRICE. (Wholesale Prices)
+
+ =======================================================================
+          |        |            Quantity           |       |    Price
+          |        |----------+-----------+--------+       |------+-----
+ Commodity|Unit of |June, 1919| June, 1918|Per cent|Unit of| June | June
+          |quantity|          |           |decrease| Price | 1919 | 1918
+          |        |          |           |  1919- |       |      |
+          |        |          |           |  1918  |       |      |
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Oats     | Bushel |37,827,343| 41,763,555|     9.4| Cents |    69|73½
+          |        |          |           |        |per bu.|      |
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Corn Meal|  Pound |34,231,066|117,674,918|    70.9|Dollars|  3.90| 4.25
+          |        |          |           |        |per cwt|      |
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Beans    | Bushel | 4,252,451|  4,408,686|     3.5|Dollars| 7.75-|12.25
+          |        |          |           |        |per cwt|  8.00|12.50
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Rice     | Pound  |75,134,920| 80,727,516|     6.9| Cents | 6    |  8.5
+ (Blue    |        |          |           |        |per lb.| 7-7/8|  8.9
+ Rose-    |        |          |           |        |       |      |
+ Honduras)|        |          |           |        |       | 9-1/8|  8½
+          |        |          |           |        |       [10][11]  9-5/8
+ =======================================================================
+
+[10] First week JUNE.
+
+[11] Increase in price.
+
+         COMMODITIES DECREASING IN STOCKS AND INCREASING IN PRICE.
+                             (Wholesale Prices)
+
+ =========================================================================
+           |        |            Quantity            |       |   Price
+           |        |                                |       |
+           |        |-----------+-----------+--------+       +-----+------
+           |        |           |           |        |       |     |
+ Commodity |Unit of |June, 1919 |June, 1918 |Percent |Unit of|June | June
+           |quantity|           |           |decrease| Price |1919 | 1918
+           |        |           |           | 1919-  |       |     |
+           |        |           |           | 1918   |       |     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Corn      | Bushel | 13,260,910| 27,883,361|    52.4|Dollars| 1.76| 1.50
+           |        |           |           |        |per bu.| 1.77| 1.55
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Sugar     | Pound  |207,622,237|217,632,365|     4.6| Cents | 8.82|  7.30
+           |        |           |           |        |per lb.|     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Cheese    | Pound  | 10,174,502| 15,875,236|    35.9| Cents |   31|21½
+ (American)|        |           |           |        |per lb.|     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Dry Salt  | Pound  |395,940,437|488,344,838|    18.9|Dollars|58.00| 48-50
+ Pork      |        |           |           |        |  per  |58.50|
+           |        |           |           |        | bbl.  |     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Lard      | Pound  | 81,275,392|106,649,588|    23.8| Cents |33.80|24.15
+           |        |           |           |        |per lb.|34.30|24.25
+ =========================================================================
+
+The following data, taken from the _Monthly Labor Review_ of July 1919,
+give a survey of the retail prices of food in the United States:
+
+ AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES AND PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE UNITED
+ STATES MAY 15 OF EACH SPECIFIED YEAR COMPARED WITH MAY 15, 1913
+ ========================================================================+
+                        |        |                                       |
+                        |        |                                       |
+                        |        |                                       |
+                        |        | Average retail prices, May 15--       |
+                        |        +---------------------------------------+
+    Article             | Unit   |                                       |
+                        |        |     1913|1914|1915|1916|1917|1918|1919|
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----|
+                        |        |    _Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts._
+ Sirloin steak          | Pound  |     25.7|25.9|25.7|27.8|32.2|40.0|44.4|
+ Round steak            |  do    |     22.3|23.3|23.0|25.0|29.6|38.0|41.6|
+ Rib roast              |  do    |     19.9|20.1|19.9|21.6|25.7|31.8|35.2|
+ Chuck roast            |  do    |     16.1|17.0|16.3|17.5|21.8|27.8|29.7|
+ Plate beef             |  do    |     12.1|12.5|12.3|13.1|16.6|21.9|22.5|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Pork chops             |  do    |     20.9|22.2|20.9|22.9|30.6|36.7|43.0|
+ Bacon                  |  do    |     27.0|26.7|26.4|28.4|41.6|50.5|56.7|
+ Ham                    |  do    |     26.8|26.8|25.6|31.8|38.8|45.6|54.6|
+ Lamb                   |  do    |     19.4|19.8|21.7|23.2|29.7|36.8|39.6|
+ Hens                   |  do    |     22.2|22.7|21.5|24.1|29.3|37.9|43.5|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Salmon, canned         |  do    |         |    |19.8|20.0|25.7|29.6|31.9|
+ Milk, fresh            |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Milk, evaporated       |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ (unsweetened)          |  [12]  |         |    |    |    |    |15.1|    |
+ Butter                 | Pound  |     35.9|32.7|34.7|37.0|46.5|51.0|67.9|
+ Oleomargarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |40.4|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Nut margarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |35.3|
+ Cheese                 |  do    |         |    |23.5|24.8|33.8|33.4|42.2|
+ Lard                   |  do    |     15.8|15.6|15.1|20.1|27.8|32.9|38.8|
+ Crisco                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |33.9|
+ Eggs, strictly fresh   | Dozen  |     26.3|26.6|26.3|28.1|39.8|42.4|53.1|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Bread                  |Pound[13]      5.6| 6.2| 7.2| 7.0| 9.6| 9.8| 9.8|
+ Flour                  | Pound  |      3.3| 3.3| 4.5| 3.9| 8.7| 6.6| 7.5|
+ Corn meal              |   do   |      3.0| 3.1| 3.3| 3.3| 5.4| 7.0| 6.2|
+ Rolled oats            | Pound  |         |    |    |    |    |    | 8.4|
+ Corn flakes            |  [14]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |14.1|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cream of wheat         |  [15]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |25.1|
+ Rice                   | Pound  |         |    | 9.1| 9.1|10.5|12.3|13.4|
+ Macaroni               |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |19.0|
+ Beans, navy            |  do    |         |    | 7.6| 9.4|19.1|17.8|12.0|
+ Potatoes               |  do    |      1.6| 1.9| 1.6| 2.5| 6.1| 2.2| 3.3|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Onions                 |  do    |         |    | 4.3| 5.1| 8.6| 5.6|10.7|
+ Cabbage                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    | 9.6|
+ Beans, baked           |        |No. 2 can.    |    |    |    |    |17.5|
+ Corn, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |19.1|
+ Peas, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |19.0|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tomatoes, canned       |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |15.8|
+ Sugar, granulated      | Pound  |      5.4|5.0 | 6.8| 8.5|10.0| 9.1|10.6|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tea                    |  do    |         |    |54.6|54.6|55.7|63.8|69.8|
+ Coffee                 |  do    |         |    |27.9|29.9|30.2|30.1|40.5|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Prunes                 |  do    |         |    |13.7|13.3|15.3|16.5|23.2|
+ Raisins                |  do    |         |    |12.5|12.6|14.4|15.1|16.3|
+ Bananas                |  Dozen |         |    |    |    |    |    |38.8|
+ Oranges                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |54.1|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ All articles combined  |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ =========================================================================
+                        |        |         |Per cent of increase (+) or  |
+                        |        |         |decrease (-) May 15 of each  |
+                        |        |         |specified year compared with |
+                        |        |         |May 15, 1913.                |
+                        |        |---------------------------------------+
+    Article             | Unit   |                                       |
+                        |        |         |1914|1915|1916|1917|1918|1919|
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Sirloin steak          | Pound  |         |  +1|[16]|  +8| +25| +56| +73|
+ Round steak            |  do    |         |  +4|  +3| +12| +33| +70| +87|
+ Rib roast              |  do    |         |  +1|[16]|  +9| +29| +60| +77|
+ Chuck roast            |  do    |         |  +6|  +1|  +9| +35| +73| +84|
+ Plate beef             |  do    |         |  +3|  +2|  +8| +37| +81| +86|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Pork chops             |  do    |         |  +6|[16]| +10| +46|+ 76|+106|
+ Bacon                  |  do    |         |  -1|  -2|  +5| +54|+ 87|+110|
+ Ham                    |  do    |         |[16]|  -5| +19| +45|+ 70|+104|
+ Lamb                   |  do    |         |  +2| +12| +20| +53|+ 90|+104|
+ Hens                   |  do    |         |  +2|  -3|  +9| +32|+ 71|+ 96|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Salmon, canned         |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Milk, fresh            |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Milk, evaporated       |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ (unsweetened)          |  [12]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Butter                 | Pound  |         |  9 |   3|  +3| +30| +42| +89|
+ Oleomargarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Nut margarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cheese                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Lard                   |  do    |         |  -1|   4| +27| +76|+108|+146|
+ Crisco                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Eggs, strictly fresh   | Dozen  |         |  +1||  +7| +51| +61|+102|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Bread                  |Pound[13]         | +11| +29| +25| +71| +75|+ 75|
+ Flour                  | Pound  |         |[16]| +36| +18|+164|+100|+127|
+ Corn meal              |   do   |         |  +3| +10| +10|+ 80|+133|+107|
+ Rolled oats            | Pound  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Corn flakes            |  [14]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cream of wheat         |  [15]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Rice                   | Pound  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Macaroni               |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Beans, navy            |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Potatoes               |  do    |         |+ 19|[16]|+ 56|+281|+ 38|+106|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Onions                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cabbage                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Beans, baked           |        |No. 2 can.    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Corn, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Peas, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tomatoes, canned       |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Sugar, granulated      | Pound  |         |-  7|+ 26|+ 57|+ 85|+ 69|+ 96|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tea                    |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Coffee                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Prunes                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Raisins                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Bananas                |  Dozen |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Oranges                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ All articles combined  |        |         |+  1|+  3|+ 13|+ 56|+ 64|+ 91|
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----|
+
+[12] 15-16 ounce can.
+
+[13] Baked weight.
+
+[14] 8-ounce package.
+
+[15] 28-ounce package.
+
+[16] No change in price.
+
+     "The total of dry storage stocks, including those that
+     increased and those that decreased is as follows, all items
+     being reduced to pounds:
+
+    June 1, 1919   7,875,280,040
+    June 1, 1918   6,336,763,505
+
+     "That is the total dry storage stocks reported on June 1, 1919,
+     were 124 per cent. of those on June 1, 1918.
+
+     "The total of cold storage items reported in pounds in June,
+     1919, and June, 1918 (omitting apples in barrels but covering
+     eggs; frozen eggs; butter; cheese, frozen and cured beef;
+     frozen lamb and mutton; frozen, dry salt and pickled pork;
+     lard; and frozen poultry), was as follows:
+
+    June 1, 1919                    1,671,777,990
+    June 1, 1918                    1,669,826,166
+
+     "That is, cold storage stocks this June are 100.1 per cent. of
+     those last June.
+
+     "None of the above figures include army stores nor the army
+     excess supply which is to be distributed by the War Department
+     under resolution of the House of Representatives.
+
+     "The sum of dry storage and cold storage (except apples) for
+     the two periods (combining the figures already given) was as
+     follows:
+
+    June 1, 1919               9,547,058,030 pounds
+    June 1, 1918               8,006,589,671 pounds
+
+     "That is the total stocks reported on June 1, 1919, were 119
+     per cent. of those on June 1, 1918.
+
+     "This as noted does not include Army supplies.
+
+     "Grouping the commodities in four classes:
+
+     "(1) Those increasing in stocks and increasing in price.
+
+     "(2) Those increasing in stocks and decreasing in price.
+
+     "(3) Those decreasing in stocks and increasing in price.
+
+     "(4) Those decreasing in stocks and decreasing in price; we
+     have the accompanying significant tables, which indicate that
+     the 'law of supply and demand' is not working.
+
+
+
+
+III--INDUSTRY AND LABOR IN WARTIME
+
+Unprecedented Conditions and Developments Due to the World War
+and How They Were Met
+
+
+The issue of the great world conflict between autocracy and democracy
+rested largely in the hands of the laboring classes behind the lines.
+Mr. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, placed vividly before the
+public in one of his official statements the views of American labor at
+the outbreak of the war:
+
+     "During the past decade the sentiment of American labor has
+     crystallized against resort to arms as a means of settlement of
+     disputes between nations. War had come to be considered
+     wasteful economically, socially, and morally. Labor felt that
+     no national advantage gained through force of arms could offset
+     the human life sacrificed, the burden of taxation levied upon
+     successive generations to pay the cost of war, the standards of
+     life set back or destroyed, which had to be rebuilt slowly and
+     with infinite sacrifice. In short, war had come to be looked
+     upon as morally wrong, entirely unnecessary, a calamity that
+     could be avoided and must be avoided if the race was to
+     progress. This feeling was shared to a greater or lesser extent
+     by the workers of all civilized nations, and there was a
+     universal feeling in world labor ranks prior to the outbreak of
+     the European war that this sentiment, shared by many thoughtful
+     people outside the ranks of the wage workers in all civilized
+     nations, was strong enough to prevent any armed conflict which
+     would involve any number of peoples. This sentiment was
+     undoubtedly responsible for the lack of military preparedness,
+     in the sense that Germany prepared, among the other major
+     powers now engaged in the world conflict.
+
+     "When the war clouds broke in Europe, American labor was
+     stunned. All its preconceived notions as to the inability of
+     any great nation to wage war upon another nation because the
+     working people would refuse either to fight or produce
+     munitions and supplies of war were shattered when nation after
+     nation quickly mobilized its armies and the organized labor
+     movements of each country, without exception, quickly pledged
+     their men and their resources to the support of their
+     respective governments. But the fact that America itself might
+     be drawn into the world conflict was still foreign to the mind
+     of the American workman. While American labor grieved over the
+     fate which had befallen its kind in Europe no sense of danger
+     to this country was apparent. From the beginning of this
+     Republic it had been our national policy to hold aloof from the
+     quarrels of the Old World. The splendid isolation of thousands
+     of miles of ocean protected us. We had no quarrel with Europe
+     and we asked but to be let alone. We stood upon our rights to
+     protect the people of continental America from invasion or
+     aggression as enunciated by the Monroe Doctrine, and further
+     than that we could not see that the European conflict embroiled
+     us as a nation. Let Europe settle her own family quarrel. We
+     were to remain the one great neutral nation of the earth. When
+     the time came America, untrammeled by participation in the
+     conflict, with no desire for American aggrandizement or
+     territorial expansion, would be the natural messenger of peace
+     to war-worried Europe."
+
+
+SAFEGUARDS FOR WORKINGMEN
+
+From the moment of the declaration of war the general loyalty of the
+laboring classes throughout the United States was apparent. This
+attitude of loyalty found a ready response in the immediately declared
+intention of the Government to safeguard the interests of the
+workingmen. Congress announced its attitude toward standards of legal
+protection for workers. It was printed verbatim in _Labor Laws in War
+Time_, 201, p. 1, as follows:
+
+     "WHEREAS, The entrance of the United States into the World War
+     appears imminent; and
+
+     "WHEREAS, Other countries upon engaging in the conflict
+     permitted a serious breakdown of protective labor regulations
+     with the result, as shown by recent official investigations, of
+     early and unmistakable loss of health, output, and national
+     effectiveness; and
+
+     "WHEREAS, Our own experience has already demonstrated that
+     accidents increase with speeding up and the employment of new
+     workers unaccustomed to their tasks, that over fatigue defeats
+     the object aimed at in lengthening working hours, and that new
+     occupational poisoning has accompanied the recent development
+     of munition manufacture; and
+
+     "WHEREAS, The full strength of our nation is needed as never
+     before and we cannot afford to suffer loss of labor power
+     through accidents, disease, industrial poisoning, and
+     overfatigue; now, therefore, be it.
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the American Association for Labor
+     Legislation, at this critical time, in order to promote the
+     success of our country in war as well as in peace, would sound
+     a warning against the shortsightedness and laxness at first
+     exemplified abroad in these matters, and would urge all
+     public-spirited citizens to coöperate in maintaining, for the
+     protection of those who serve in this time of stress the
+     industries of the nation (who as experience abroad has shown
+     are quite as important to military success as the fighting
+     forces), the following essential minimum requirements:
+
+
+     I. SAFETY
+
+     "1. Maintenance of all existing standards of safeguarding
+     machinery and industrial processes for the prevention of
+     accidents.
+
+
+     II. SANITATION
+
+     "1. Maintenance of all existing measures for the prevention of
+     occupational diseases.
+
+     "2. Immediate agreement upon practicable methods for the
+     prevention of special occupational poisonings incident to
+     making and handling explosives.
+
+
+     III. HOURS
+
+     "1. Three-shift system in continuous industries.
+
+     "2. In non-continuous industries, maintenance of existing
+     standard working day as basic.
+
+     "3. One day's rest in seven for all workers.
+
+
+     IV. WAGES
+
+     "1. Equal pay for equal work, without discrimination as to sex.
+
+     "2. Maintenance of existing wage rates for basic working day.
+
+     "3. Time and one-half for all hours beyond basic working day.
+
+     "4. Wage rates to be periodically revised to correspond with
+     variations in the cost of living.
+
+
+     V. CHILD LABOR
+
+     "1. Maintenance of all existing special regulations regarding
+     child labor, including minimum wages, maximum hours,
+     prohibition of night work, prohibited employment, and
+     employment certificates.
+
+     "2. Determination of specially hazardous employments to be
+     forbidden to children under sixteen.
+
+
+     VI. WOMAN'S WORK
+
+     "1. Maintenance of existing special regulations regarding
+     woman's work, including maximum hours, prohibition of night
+     work, prohibited hazardous employments, and prohibited
+     employment immediately before and after childbirth.
+
+
+     VII. SOCIAL INSURANCE
+
+     "1. Maintenance of existing standards of workmen's compensation
+     for industrial accidents and diseases.
+
+     "2. Extension of workmen's compensation laws to embrace
+     occupational diseases, especially those particularly incident
+     to the manufacture and handling of explosives.
+
+     "3. Immediate investigation of the sickness problem among the
+     workers to ascertain the advisability of establishing universal
+     workmen's health insurance.
+
+
+     VIII. LABOR MARKET
+
+     "1. Extension of existing systems of public employment bureaus
+     to aid in the intelligent distribution of labor throughout the
+     country.
+
+     IX. ADMINISTRATION OF LABOR LAWS
+
+     "1. Increased appropriations for enlarged staffs of inspectors
+     to enforce labor legislation.
+
+     "2. Representation of employees, employers, and the public on
+     joint councils for coöperating elsewhere with the labor
+     departments in drafting and enforcing necessary regulations to
+     put the foregoing principles into full effect."
+
+
+ORGANIZING LABOR FOR WAR WORK
+
+Supplying the man power for industrial action during the war was a
+really more complicated task than drafting men for military service. In
+the earlier period of American participation labor was distributed more
+or less according to the law of supply and demand. The unequal
+distribution of workers became a grave problem. To meet this the United
+States Employment Service of the Department of Labor took over the
+supply of war industries with common labor, and all independent
+recruiting of labor by manufacturers having a pay roll of more than a
+hundred men was discontinued.
+
+[Illustration: In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant
+
+H. E. Coffin, Chairman on Industrial Preparedness of the Council of
+National Defence, described the conflict as a war of munitions, of
+factories, of producing powers, of sweating men and women workers. In
+the plant sketched above, 26,000 men toiled and sweated during the war
+to make munitions for our troops overseas.]
+
+     "On this Board were representatives of the War, Navy, and
+     Agriculture Departments, the Shipping Board and the Emergency
+     Fleet Corporation, the War Industries Board, and the Food,
+     Fuel, and Railroad Administrations. Assistant Director Nathan
+     A. Smyth, of the United States Employment Service, was quoted
+     in the New York _Globe_ as saying in part:
+
+     "'Today the war industries of the country are short about
+     500,000 unskilled workers, and the coming requirements of war
+     production necessitate finding between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000
+     more.
+
+     "'Similarly the demand for skilled workers in war industries is
+     greater than the immediately available supply. Before long we
+     will have to take every tool maker and die-sinker in non-war
+     work and put him in war production.'
+
+     "The country was divided into thirteen Federal districts, by
+     the regulation of labor for war industries, and each was in
+     charge of a superintendent of the United States Employment
+     Service, while the States within the several districts were in
+     charge of a State director. The labor problem this measure was
+     designed to remedy and control was pictured by Secretary of
+     Labor Wilson, who was quoted in the New York _Sun_ as saying in
+     part:
+
+     "'The Government found itself in need of men, and on going out
+     to get them found itself in competition with private industry,
+     which was equally hard pressed. Men who had never drawn more
+     than a common laborer's wages found themselves at a premium in
+     the market, and began to ask and receive extortionate prices,
+     and to rove from place to place seeking still higher prices.
+
+     "'Everywhere industry was hampered by what is known as the
+     turnover, or the constant shifting of itinerant labor, in some
+     cases the loss in efficiency running as high as 100 per cent.
+     This is what is perhaps best described as the evil of the
+     individualistic strike--the strike by the man, thousands of
+     him, in different yards and factories all over the country, who
+     is forever throwing down his tools and wandering away on the
+     slightest rumor of higher wages elsewhere, who by his habit of
+     roving never masters the details of any trade, and who in the
+     mass accounts for a greater loss than all the organized strikes
+     and walkouts in the land.'"
+
+
+INFLUENCE OF WAR CONDITIONS
+
+In the United States under war conditions labor unrest did not reach the
+intense form manifested in England. Nevertheless a great many strikes
+were reported. Surprise was expressed that the labor adjustment
+machinery of the War Department and of the Navy Department was not
+appealed to. Besides there was the National War Labor Board to take up
+mediation. Investigations in Bridgeport, Connecticut, showed an increase
+of earnings of 81 per cent. against an increase of living prices of 61
+per cent. Yet at one time the Press reported strikes in over 350 machine
+shops in New Jersey--nearly all engaged in necessary war work--as well
+as trouble in many shipyards. Of course there was the explanation of
+foreign propaganda or a tendency toward industrial Bolshevism. Such
+explanations failed to account for the fact that American workmen as a
+whole were patriotic.
+
+Attention was called, on the other hand, to the warm tribute given by
+the Federal Fuel Administrator to the bituminous coal miners who had
+brought production past the 13 million ton mark in the second week in
+July, 1917, and the exceptional efforts of diligent and patriotic
+workers in the shipyard. A portion of the press emphasized the
+unreasonableness of striking while the laboring people enjoyed, during
+war time, immunity from service and immunity from the pressure of
+competition for wages. The Springfield _Republican_ protested against
+applying to the workingmen exaggerated standards of economic rectitude.
+
+     "It is easy to be harsh in one's judgment even in the case of
+     the strikes that occur. Why do they strike at all while the war
+     continues? Have they no capacity for self-sacrifice for the
+     country? These questions will be asked by many people whenever
+     war work anywhere is checked in the least degree by workmen
+     dropping their tools.
+
+     "On the other hand, let us not be unjust to labor, for in the
+     American Army in France labor is represented by multitudes of
+     youth upon whose gallantry and steadiness all our hopes of
+     victory depend. No class here at home gives 100 per cent.
+     efficiency or commits itself to 100 per cent. of sacrifice in
+     the winning of the war. Why demand it of the wage earners or
+     the labor unions?
+
+     "Simply because of its organization and its machinery of
+     leadership, however, labor enjoys an exceptional opportunity to
+     contribute to the winning of the war. This is the first great
+     war in history in which labor has been organized into an
+     economic unit, and that is the reason for some special war
+     problems today which were never encountered by governments in
+     previous wars. But there can be gains even more than losses to
+     the national strength by reason of this organization, if the
+     opportunity be accepted to promote labor's contribution. This
+     is a task especially for the leadership of organized labor. It
+     is certainly no exaggeration to say that in no way can labor be
+     advantaged after the war so much as by the wholehearted
+     acceptance of its opportunity for loyal service to the nation
+     during the war. Let labor splendidly do its part in bringing
+     victory and its future influence will expand beyond the dreams
+     of its prophets....
+
+     "Labor and victory are inseparable; nay more, the one may
+     command the other, and thus it may control the fate of the
+     world."
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL MEANING OF WAR
+
+Mr. H. E. Coffin, Chairman of the Committee on Industrial Preparedness,
+described the European War in its last analysis as a war of munitions, a
+war of factories, of producing powers, of sweating men and women
+workers. When the United States entered the war there were four main
+things required of its government and its people, viz., ships, munitions
+and materials of war, food and soldiers. It can be seen that three out
+of these four factors are matters that belong to the economic history of
+the war. Fortunately for our Government, it had the experience of
+foreign countries to learn from, and learning was an essential part of
+war preparation in spite of the resources in hand in the United States;
+as Mr. Coffin said:
+
+     "A close observation of the experience in foreign countries has
+     shown us the vital necessity for a peace time prearrangement
+     for conversion in all industries. Wars, as now waged, involve
+     every human and material resource of a belligerent nation.
+     Every factory and every man, woman, and child are affected.
+     Every sinew of industry, of transportation, and of finance must
+     be harnessed in the country's service. In England two years and
+     a half ago there were three government arsenals. Today
+     thousands of England's industrial plants are being operated as
+     government factories for the production of war materials, and
+     many other thousands of plants, still under private control,
+     are centering their energies in this same direction.
+
+     "We have here in the United States vast resources in
+     manufacturing and producing equipment, but they are unorganized
+     and uneducated for the national service. Our observations of
+     the European War have taught us that it is upon organized
+     industry that we must base every plan of military defense. In
+     the event of trouble with any one of the several first-class
+     powers, between 80 and 90 per cent. of our industrial activity
+     would of necessity be centered upon the making of supplies for
+     the government. We have learned also that from one to two years
+     of time and of conscientious effort are needed to permit any
+     large manufacturing establishment to change over from its usual
+     peace-time commercial line to the quantity production of war
+     materials for which it has had no previous training."
+
+In certain respects the position of the United States was unique, not
+only because of its resources but because it was to a certain extent
+self-dependent as a belligerent. England was able for some time to
+import large quantities of munitions and supplies from other countries.
+In the case of the United States when it entered the war, munition and
+food supplies had to come from its own resources. Practically all of the
+war materials had to be ultimately produced in the United States. Many
+observers were optimistic because they had a sanguine opinion of the
+efficiency presented by American industrial democracy. But efficiency
+alone could not win the war. There were certain limitations to the
+sphere of efficiency. This was pointed out by Mr. H. G. Moulton in an
+address on "Industrial Conscription," delivered before the Western
+Economic Society, at Chicago, in 1917:
+
+     "At this point it should be emphasized that the position of the
+     United States is unique, so far as the allied nations are
+     concerned. England, for instance, at the outbreak of the
+     conflict could import vast quantities of munitions and supplies
+     from other countries. England, therefore, had a fourth
+     alternative, one denied to us because the struggle is now
+     world-wide. All of the materials of war that we furnish must
+     come from the current energy of our own people. We must
+     ourselves produce these ships, munitions, food supplies, and
+     stocks in the coming months. There is no one else to do it for
+     us. In this connection I should like to emphasize with all the
+     power at my command the argument that we cannot by bond issues
+     shift the burdens of this war to future generations. The mere
+     fact that all of us--as represented by the government--borrow
+     from some of us--as represented by bond purchasers--does not
+     change the other essential fact that we, the people within this
+     country, must actually produce practically all the war
+     materials we are to have for use in the war.
+
+     "There is also much current discussion of the wonderful gains
+     that may be made through increasing efficiency. It is argued
+     that we should make our patriotic impulses the occasion for the
+     universal introduction of scientific management. It of course
+     goes without saying that we should do all that we possibly can
+     to further the improvement of industrial methods; and doubtless
+     something may be accomplished."
+
+[Illustration: Forging Armor Plate
+
+"Every man, in the draft age at least, must work or fight," said General
+Crowder. And the workers were just as important a factor in winning the
+war as the fighters. In the gigantic machine sketched above, ingots of
+sixty and seventy tons were pressed into plates of any size and
+thickness for use on our super dreadnoughts.]
+
+
+LABOR DISLOCATION
+
+It is estimated that about 35,000,000 men, women and children in the
+United States do the country's work: dig its coal, raise its crops, run
+its trains, build its roads, make its powder, turn out its munitions.
+There was an increase each year of a million man-power through
+immigration. The result of the war was that this source of supply was
+cut off. What was the economic significance of this cutting off of
+immigration? The immigrant was almost the only source of what we call
+day labor--the men who do the building and repairing of railroads, the
+mending of streets and roads, mining, and the rough work of steel mills
+and other factories. Along with the cessation of immigration came the
+withdrawal from labor power of two million men who were drawn into the
+Army. These men, incidentally, became large consumers of goods rather
+than normal producers of wealth. Some estimates were made that the
+United States Government was using for war purposes about one-half of
+the entire productive capacity of the country. These figures enable one
+to gauge the industrial dislocation caused by the war. In matters
+affecting the members of what might be called the labor army, which
+still kept up the work of production, the Government laid great emphasis
+on the need of securing industrial peace.
+
+A Mediation Commission was appointed by the President to deal with
+conditions of labor unrest. This Commission made a report early in 1918,
+in which it spoke of the lack of knowledge on the part of Capital as to
+Labor's feelings and needs and on the part of Labor as to problems of
+management. The program outlined by the Commission was as follows:
+
+     "1. Modern large scale industry has effectually destroyed the
+     personal relation between employer and employee--the knowledge
+     and coöperation that come from personal contact. It is
+     therefore no longer possible to conduct industry by dealing
+     with employees as individuals. Some form of collective
+     relationship between management and men is indispensable. The
+     recognition of this principle by the government should form an
+     accepted part of the labor policy of the nation.
+
+     "2. Law, in business as elsewhere, depends for its vitality
+     upon steady employment. Instead of waiting for adjustment
+     after grievances come to the surface there is needed the
+     establishment of continuous administrative machinery for the
+     orderly disposition of industrial issues and the avoidance of
+     an atmosphere of contention and the waste of disturbances.
+
+     "3. The eight-hour day is an established policy of the country;
+     experience has proved justification of the principle also in
+     war times. Provision must of course be made for longer hours in
+     case of emergencies. Labor will readily meet this requirement
+     if its misuse is guarded against by appropriate overtime
+     payments.
+
+     "4. Unified direction of the labor administration of the United
+     States for the period of the war should be established. At
+     present there is an unrelated number of separate committees,
+     boards, agencies, and departments having fragmentary and
+     conflicting jurisdiction over the labor problems raised by the
+     war. A single-headed administration is needed, with full power
+     to determine and establish the necessary administrative
+     structure.
+
+     "5. When assured of sound labor conditions and effective means
+     for the just redress of grievances that may arise, Labor in its
+     turn should surrender all practices which tend to restrict
+     maximum efficiency.
+
+     "6. Uncorrected evils are the great provocative to extremist
+     propaganda, and their correction would be in itself the best
+     counter-propaganda. But there is need for more affirmative
+     education. There has been too little publicity of an educative
+     sort in regard to Labor's relation to the war. The purposes of
+     the government and the methods by which it is pursuing them
+     should be brought home to the fuller understanding of Labor.
+     Labor has most at stake in this war, and it will eagerly devote
+     its all if only it be treated with confidence and
+     understanding, subject neither to indulgence nor neglect, but
+     dealt with as a part of the citizenship of the state."
+
+
+ADVISORY LABOR COUNCIL
+
+In order to prevent lack of coördination in the government's handling of
+the labor situation an advisory council was created to help the
+Secretary of Labor to organize the new war work. The field of this
+advisory council is indicated in a series of memoranda presented to him
+in January, 1917.
+
+     "1. An Adjustment Service which will have to do with the
+     adjustment of industrial disputes according to policies and
+     principles arrived at through the deliberations of the War
+     Labor Conference Board.
+
+     "2. A Condition of Labor Service which will have charge of the
+     administration of conditions of labor within business plants.
+
+     "3. An Information and Education Service which will devote
+     itself to the establishment of sound sentiment among both
+     employers and employees and to the establishment in individual
+     plants of the local machinery (_e. g._, employment management)
+     and policies necessary for the successful operation of a
+     National Labor Program.
+
+     "4. A Woman in Industry Service which will meet the problems
+     connected with the more rapid introduction of women into
+     industry as a result of war conditions.
+
+     "5. A Training and Dilution Service which will administer such
+     training and dilution policies as may be agreed upon.
+
+     "6. A Housing and Transportation of Workers Service whose duty
+     it will be to provide the housing facilities to meet the
+     nation's needs.
+
+     "7. A Personnel Service whose duties it shall be to assemble
+     and classify information concerning appropriate candidates for
+     positions in the war-labor administration and make
+     recommendations for appointment.
+
+     "8. A Division for the Investigation of Special Problems which
+     would be a part of the Secretary's office force and would
+     conduct investigations in the placing of contracts, in priority
+     of labor demand, in powers of the Department, in problems of
+     reconstruction, and would assist in formulating the national
+     labor policy.
+
+     "9. An Investigation and Inspection Service to provide the
+     field force of examiners and inspectors required by the other
+     services."
+
+After various stages of experience the War Industries Board secured
+something more than an advisory position. This was done only after a
+year of warfare. The final situation was explained by Mr. C. M.
+Hitchcock in the _Journal of Political Economy_, June, 1918:
+
+     "When on March 4th of the present year the President appointed
+     Bernard M. Baruch Chairman of the War Industries Board and
+     defined his duties he did not, as certain press reports have
+     implied, create an industrial dictator. His action did clear
+     the way for Mr. Baruch's assumption of the duties of a director
+     of industrial war strategy, of an industrial Chief of
+     Staff--for the present position of the War Industries Board in
+     the American Government is comparable in its relation to
+     national industrial policy to nothing so much as the functions
+     of the General Staff of the Army in its jurisdiction over
+     military strategy. After a year of war the direction of
+     industrial policy is placed in single hands, and a central
+     planning board is established for dealing not only with the
+     problems of production and purchase but with the whole attitude
+     of the government toward the mobilization of business resources
+     for the prosecution of the war. Leadership has been focused and
+     an administrative channel opened for the inauguration of a
+     studied and inferentially constructive industrial policy.
+
+     "From the present trend of events the War Industries Board
+     promises to become the sole directing agency between the
+     government and industry. Backed by the power of the President
+     to commandeer, to withhold fuel, and in other ways to force the
+     halting into line, it can mold the country's industrial system
+     almost as it will--whether in organizing the nation for war or
+     in directing the lines along which it shall return to normal
+     conditions when peace comes. In a system of government such as
+     ours, where the responsibility for directing the war rests
+     almost exclusively in the hands of the President, and where his
+     power ultimately becomes almost absolute, the Board has been
+     shaped into a very potent instrument.
+
+     "Yet powerful as it may become, subject only to the
+     jurisdiction of the President, it is well to remember that in a
+     comprehensive national war plan it cannot stand alone. Its
+     policies must be subject to the administration's general
+     strategy in the war--for instance, to the amount of munitions
+     in comparison with the number of men or the amount of food that
+     it wishes to send abroad at any given time. The munitions
+     program and the conversion of industry to war purposes must be
+     governed by the ultimate end in view. In addition, one of the
+     great factors in production--the labor factor--is being
+     administered by another government agency, and it is obvious
+     that priority in the labor supply must go hand in hand with
+     priority in materials."
+
+
+WORK OR FIGHT
+
+Military men were as keen as business men in realizing the industrial
+factor as a powerful contributory cause in winning the war. General
+Crowder's famous "work or fight" alternative was a sufficient witness of
+this fact. He said:
+
+     "Every man, in the draft age at least, must work or fight.
+
+     "This is not alone a war of military maneuvers. It is a deadly
+     contest of industries and mechanics. Germany must not be
+     thought of as merely possessing an army; we must think of her
+     as _being_ an army--an army in which every factory and loom in
+     the Empire is a recognized part in a complete machine running
+     night and day at terrific speed. We must make ourselves the
+     same sort of effective machine.
+
+     "We must make vast withdrawals for the Army and immediately
+     close up the ranks of industry behind the gap with an
+     accelerating production of every useful thing in necessary
+     measure. How is this to be done? The answer is plain. The first
+     step toward the solution of the difficulty is to prohibit
+     engagement by able-bodied men in the field of hurtful
+     employment, idleness, or ineffectual employment, and thus
+     induce and persuade the vast wasted excess into useful fields.
+
+     "One of the unanswerable criticisms of the draft has been that
+     it takes men from the farms and from all useful employments and
+     marches them past crowds of idlers and loafers away to the
+     Army. The remedy is simple--to couple the industrial basis with
+     other grounds for exemption and to require that any man
+     pleading exemption on any ground shall show that he is
+     contributing effectively to the industrial welfare of the
+     nation."
+
+[Illustration: Building Howitzers
+
+A nine-mile howitzer nearly ready for transportation. Beyond are seen
+heavy armorplate turrets in the making. The small and large
+manufacturers were given equal opportunity to obtain war business.]
+
+Industrial preparation for war was guided by the principle of priority.
+This is an old principle, but it began to be applied in unheard-of ways.
+When an army is to be moved all means of transport in sight are
+commandeered. When an army is to be fed, civilians protest in vain
+against the seizure of stores. These practices were always features in
+the history of warfare.
+
+A novel factor in priority as applied during the present war was the
+breadth of its scope.
+
+     "When the whole industry of a nation is mobilized behind the
+     fighting line, it is not merely finished munitions that must be
+     given priority in transportation, but also the materials and
+     fuel for further munitions production. The food supply of the
+     industrial population, as well as that of the army, has a claim
+     to priority. So also have clothing supplies, lumber for
+     housing, and whatever else is essential to working efficiency.
+     In production it would be impossible to fix definite limits
+     upon the application of the priority principle. We can not much
+     longer permit the free flotation of the securities of foreign
+     enterprises, nor even of the less essential domestic
+     enterprises, so long as national loans or issues designed to
+     finance railways or industrial enterprises of prime necessity
+     are to be floated. Modern warfare, in involving the whole
+     national life, has made inevitable a control of business
+     practically coextensive with the economic system.
+
+     "The application of the priority principle to transportation
+     and production is quite in accord with plain common sense. It
+     is none the less revolutionary in its social economic
+     implications. What it means is that necessities shall have
+     right of way. If we have excess productive capacity, the
+     unessentials and luxuries may be provided, but not otherwise.
+     And necessities are definable in terms that take account only
+     of physical requirements. There is no room in the definition
+     for class distinction. A new country house may seem a matter of
+     necessity to the man of fortune, but he will persuade no
+     priority board to permit shipment of building materials while
+     cars are needed for coal or wheat. Nor will he persuade them to
+     let him have lumber that could be used for ships or
+     workingmen's camps, or labor that could be employed to
+     advantage in production for more clearly national and
+     democratic needs."
+
+
+WAR SUPPLIES
+
+The United States, following the experience of other belligerents,
+adopted the policy of decentralization in the production of war
+supplies. A plan was worked out under which the small and large
+manufacturer were given equal opportunity to obtain war business:
+
+     "Under the plan that has been worked out for bringing the
+     manufacturing resources of the country into more effective
+     coöperation with the government, the country is to be divided
+     into twenty industrial regions, with the following cities as
+     centers: Boston, Bridgeport, New York, Philadelphia,
+     Pittsburgh, Rochester, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati,
+     Baltimore, Atlanta, Birmingham, Kansas City, St. Louis, Dallas,
+     Milwaukee, St. Paul, Seattle, San Francisco. The following plan
+     for effecting the organization is suggested by the officials in
+     charge:
+
+     "1. Organize through Chambers of Commerce and other business
+     associations Industrial Committees with the principal
+     industrial center as headquarters and such subdivisions as are
+     recommended by the business association of each district.
+
+     "2. Develop such organization in various classes of industry as
+     well as in area for greatest convenience, to get information of
+     all classes of products in and between regions.
+
+     "3. Having established such region and sub-region, through the
+     coöperation of the best business men in each district have a
+     survey of the industries recorded in the hands of the section
+     in Washington of the War Industries Board for information to
+     the various procurement sections of the government.
+
+     "4. Each region may have in Washington a representative who
+     through the Resources and Conversion Section of the War
+     Industries Board may keep in direct contact with his region and
+     be available to the governmental procurement divisions or the
+     War Industries Board for prompt action in giving data from his
+     region.
+
+     "The detailed form of organization suggested for each region
+     (subject, of course, to modifications as desired to meet the
+     needs of any region) is known as the Cleveland Plan, which has
+     been for some time in operation. Under this plan each region is
+     divided into eight sub-regions, an important industrial city in
+     each sub-region being designated as a center. Each sub-region
+     has a local War Industries Commission which coördinates all
+     industry within its territory. Within each sub-region
+     manufacturing is divided into the following classes: castings,
+     forgings and stampings; machinery and machine products; rubber
+     products; clay products, chemicals, oils, and paints; textiles
+     and clothing, wood and leather; engineering; automotive. Other
+     classifications may of course be added in important lines of
+     industry."
+
+Such regional divisions were but one factor in industrial
+administration. Government needs and labor shortage made imperative the
+regulation of manufactures by the priority system.
+
+[Illustration: Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies
+
+Interior of one of the Bethlehem Steel Company's mills--among the
+largest plants in the world for the production of munitions during the
+War.]
+
+
+THE PRIORITY SYSTEM
+
+The actual working of the priority system is shown in the following
+general classification of industry for the purpose of priority
+treatment:
+
+     Ships--Including destroyers and submarine chasers.
+
+     Aircraft.
+
+     Munitions, Military and Naval Supplies and
+     Operations--Including building construction for government
+     needs and equipment for same.
+
+     Fuel--For domestic consumption, and for manufacturing
+     necessities named herein.
+
+     Food and Collateral Industries--(_a_) Foodstuffs for human
+     consumption, and plants handling same.
+
+     (_b_) Feeding stuffs for domestic fowls and animals, and plants
+     handling same.
+
+     (_c_) All tools, utensils, implements, machinery, and equipment
+     required for production, harvesting and distribution, milling,
+     preparing, canning and refining foods and feeds such as seeds
+     of foods, and feeds, binder twine, etc.
+
+     (_d_) Products of collateral industries, such as fertilizer,
+     fertilizer ingredients, insecticides and fungicides, containers
+     for foods and feeds, collateral products.
+
+     (_e_) Materials and equipment for preservation of foods, and
+     feeds, such as ammonia and other refrigeration supplies,
+     including ice.
+
+     Clothing--For civilian population.
+
+     Railroad--Or other necessary transportation equipment,
+     including water transportation.
+
+     Public Utilities--Serving war industries, Army, Navy, and
+     civilian population."
+
+But the perplexity of applying this system to such a question as fuel
+administration is shown in the following list taken from one of the
+trade publications of the Administration for April, 1918:
+
+     "The Fuel Administration has therefore arranged the following
+     list of preferred industries:
+
+    Aircraft--Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing aircraft
+    or supplies and equipment therefor.
+
+    Ammunition--Plants engaged in the manufacture of ammunition for
+    the United States Government and the Allies.
+
+    Arms (small)--Plants engaged in manufacturing small arms for
+    the United States Government and the Allies.
+
+    Army and Navy cantonments and camps.
+
+    Chemicals--Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing chemicals.
+
+    Coke plants.
+
+    Domestic consumers.
+
+    Electrical equipment--Plants manufacturing same.
+
+    Electrodes--Plants producing electrodes.
+
+    Explosives--Plants manufacturing explosives.
+
+    Farm implements--Manufacturers exclusively of agricultural
+    implements and farm-operating Equipment.
+
+    Feed--Plants producing feed.
+
+    Ferro-alloys--Plants producing same.
+
+    Fertilizers--Manufacturers of fertilizers.
+
+    Fire brick--Plants producing same exclusively.
+
+    Food--Plants manufacturing, milling, preparing, refining,
+    preserving, and wholesaling food for human consumption.
+
+    Food containers--Manufacturers of tin and glass containers and
+    manufacturers exclusively of other food containers.
+
+    Gas--Gas-producing plants.
+
+    Guns (large)--Plants manufacturing same.
+
+    Hemp, jute, and cotton bags--Plants manufacturing exclusively
+    hemp, jute, and cotton bags.
+
+    Insecticides--Manufacturers exclusively of insecticides and
+    fungicides.
+
+    Iron and steel--Blast furnaces and foundries.
+
+    Laundries.
+
+    Machine tools--Plants manufacturing machine tools.
+
+    Mines.
+
+    Mines--Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing mining tools
+    and equipment.
+
+    Newspapers and periodicals--Plants printing and publishing
+    exclusively newspapers and periodicals.
+
+    Oil--Refineries of both mineral and vegetable oils.
+
+    Oil production--Plants manufacturing exclusively oil-well
+    equipment.
+
+    Public institutions and buildings.
+
+    Public utilities.
+
+    Railways--Plants manufacturing locomotives, freight cars and
+    rails, and other plants engaged exclusively in manufacture of
+    railway supplies.
+
+    Refrigeration--Refrigeration for food and exclusive
+    ice-producing plants.
+
+    Seeds--Producers or wholesalers of seeds (except flower seeds).
+
+    Ships (bunker coal)--Not including pleasure craft.
+
+    Ships--Plants engaged exclusively in building ships (not
+    including pleasure craft) or in manufacturing exclusively
+    supplies and equipment therefor.
+
+    Soap--Manufacturers of soap.
+
+    Steel--Steel plants and rolling mills.
+
+    Tanners--Tanning plants, save for patent leather.
+
+    Tanning extracts--Plants manufacturing tanning extracts.
+
+    Tin plate--Manufacturers of tin plate.
+
+    Twine (binder) and rope--Plants producing exclusively binder
+    twine and rope.
+
+
+CIVIL WAR CONDITIONS
+
+During the war period labor was much better off than during the Civil
+War epoch. The New York _World_ presented the following table from the
+_Merchants' Magazine_ of December, 1864, showing the rise of prices
+during the Civil War era:
+
+
+                                   _1862_              _1864_
+
+ Copper, 100 lbs              $22.00 @ $25.00      $41.00 @ $42.00
+ Coal, ton                      4.50 @   5.00        9.00 @  10.00
+ Iron, pig                     21.00 @  25.00       48.00 @  49.00
+ Lead, 100 lbs                  6.50 @   6.75       11.75 @  12.00
+ Nails, 100 lbs                 3.25 @   3.75        6.00 @   6.25
+ Ashes, pot bbl                 5.50 @   5.75        8.75 @   8.87
+ Dry cod, cwt                   3.37 @   4.25        6.50 @   7.00
+ Flour, bbl                     4.50 @   5.60        7.30 @   7.35
+ Corn, 100 bush                58.50 @  60.00      131.00 @ 134.00
+ Hay, 100 lbs                    .80 @    .85        1.35 @   1.40
+ Wheat, bush                    1.30 @   1.45        1.63 @   1.65
+ Hemp, cwt                     10.00 @  11.25       14.00 @  16.12
+ Barley, bush                    .85 @   1.00        1.35 @   1.50
+ Oats, bush                      .37 @    .39         .90 @    .91
+ Hops, 100 lbs                 14.00 @  20.00       26.00 @  33.00
+ Clover seed, 100 lbs           7.50 @   7.75       12.50 @  13.50
+ Lime, bbl                       .60 @    .65        1.25 @   1.35
+ Oil, whale, gal                 .25 @    .35         .58 @    .60
+ Oil, coal, gal                  .48 @    .57        1.10 @   1.12
+ Pork, bbl                     13.25 @  13.75       21.75 @  23.50
+ Beef, bbl                      5.50 @   8.00       10.00 @  15.00
+ Lard, 100 lbs                  7.50 @   8.25       13.59 @  14.00
+ Whisky, 100 gals              25.00 @  25.50       89.00 @  91.00
+ Tallow, 100 lbs                8.75 @   9.00       12.62 @  12.75
+ Whalebone, 100 lbs            68.00 @  70.00      150.00 @ 155.00
+ Wool, fleece, 100 lbs         52.00 @  53.00       78.00 @  82.00
+ Wool, pl'd, 100 lbs           44.00 @  45.00       70.00 @  75.00
+ Butter, 100 lbs               16.00 @  21.00       36.00 @  37.00
+ Cheese, 100 lbs                5.00 @   7.00       15.00 @  18.00
+
+     "Wheat flour, one of the prime necessities, 'was at no time
+     during the Civil War above $7.35 per barrel, which is somewhat
+     less than four cents per pound,' while at the present time it
+     is seven cents per pound, 'or close to 100 per cent. higher
+     than the top notch of the '60s.' Lard has already advanced
+     about 100 per cent., while its greatest advance during the
+     Civil War was 75 per cent.
+
+     "'The present-day advance in the price of clothing in general
+     has not been proportionate with the advance of foodstuffs,
+     though it has been considerable, especially as to the cheaper
+     grades. Cotton shirts that sold for 48 cents in 1913 are now
+     bringing 90 cents to $1. Cheap hosiery has also about doubled
+     in value. Suits that formerly sold for $15 are now bringing
+     $17, which is about 10 per cent. advance. Cotton goods during
+     the Civil War were exceptionally high, owing to the difficulty
+     of procuring the staple. After the stocks on hand at the
+     beginning of the war were exhausted, New England mills shut
+     down because of inability to get supplies. In 1864 raw cotton
+     ruled at 72 cents per pound, while at one time it touched
+     $1.90. Cotton goods of all kinds were therefore extraordinarily
+     high.'
+
+[Illustration: Plowing by Night
+
+The number of men drawn from Great Britain into the army and navy during
+the war was about 5,000,000. This meant extraordinary efforts of
+production were necessary on the part of those who were left behind. By
+means of a motor tractor and an acetylene gas generator, the owner of
+the farm shown above was able to run day and night shifts.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+     "The public spirit manifested at present is much more admirable
+     than that displayed in the '60s, as shown by the following
+     first-hand description of life in those days, as compared with
+     what we see on every hand today. Said the New York
+     _Independent_ of June 25, 1864:
+
+     "'Who at the North would ever think of war if he had not a
+     friend in the army or did not read the newspapers? Go into
+     Broadway and we will show you what is meant by the word
+     "extravagance." Ask Stewart about the demand for camel's-hair
+     shawls and he will say "monstrous." Ask Tiffany what kind of
+     diamonds and pearls are called for. He will answer "the
+     prodigious, as near hen's-egg size as possible, price no
+     object." What kind of carpetings are now wanted? None but
+     "extra." Brussels and velvets are now used from basement to
+     garret. Ingrains and three-plys won't do at all.
+
+     "'Call a moment at a carriage repository. In reply to your
+     first question you will be told, "Never such a demand before,
+     sir." And as for horses, the medium-priced $500 kind are all
+     out of the market. A good pair of fast ones, "all right," will
+     go for $1,000 sooner than a basket of strawberries will sell
+     for four cents. Those a "little extra" will bring $1,500 to
+     $2,000, while the "superb" 2.40 sort will bring any price among
+     the high numbers.'"
+
+
+GREAT BRITAIN'S PRODUCTIVE POWER
+
+To appreciate what industrial mobilization meant in England the best
+method is to start with the figures on national production taken from
+the British census of 1907, the last accessible for the peace period:
+
+    In 1907 the British people are
+    estimated to have produced
+    goods to the total amount of,
+    roughly                                   $10,000,000,000
+
+    The nation consumed during that
+    year in personal consumption                7,050,000,000
+
+    It spent on capital purposes at
+    home:
+
+    (_a_) On betterment of its national
+    plant                                         950,000,000
+
+    (_b_) On maintenance of its national
+    plant                                         900,000,000
+
+    It used up goods to the value of
+    (in keeping up and probably increasing
+    its stocks of material
+    on hand)                                      325,000,000
+
+    It exported goods in the form of
+    loans to foreign countries of
+    about                                         500,000,000
+
+By 1914 the British Empire had probably advanced its income to at least
+$12,500,000,000; and the surplus of goods which it had to export as
+loans to foreign countries seems to have increased from about
+$500,000,000 to $1,000,000,000. What happened in war-time? First of all
+there was an unprecedented manufacture of munitions and war supplies.
+This production was needed not only for Great Britain, but also for her
+Allies. Seven-tenths of what was produced in Great Britain in the year
+1907 was immediately used up in the form of personal consumption by its
+population; accordingly war industrial activities meant either that
+British production must be increased or British consumption reduced, or
+that more goods must be bought from foreign countries through the sale
+of British liquid capital assets.
+
+First of all, consumption was cut down; in detail, this was accomplished
+in the following ways: 1. By cutting down all normal additions to
+England's national plant, _i. e._, by building no more houses,
+factories, railways, roads, etc., except for purely war purposes. This
+expenditure in 1907 amounted to about $950,000,000. 2. By cutting down
+and ceasing as far as possible to spend money on the maintenance of this
+national plant, except the minimum required to keep it running. This
+expenditure in 1907 amounted to $900,000,000. 3. Most important of all,
+by cutting down civil personal expenditure. This was so far the largest
+item of consumption that it was here that the most important savings
+were made.
+
+
+A WHOLE POPULATION AT WORK
+
+In England the total number of "occupied males" between the ages of 18
+and 44, _i. e._, roughly, the conscription age was, in 1911, 7,200,000.
+The number of men from the United Kingdom in the Army and Navy amounted
+to over 5,000,000; therefore, out of every seven of these men, on the
+average five were soldiers or sailors. These men were lost from the
+productive capacity of the nation. It is obvious that if English
+production remained the same, or increased, it must have been the result
+of extraordinary efforts on the part of the small percentage of occupied
+males of fighting age left, on the part of all the other males occupied
+or formerly occupied, and on the part of all females.
+
+Mr. R. H. Brand, in discussing the situation in 1918, said:
+
+     "Notwithstanding the great difficulties, I think it is probable
+     that our production is quite as great as before. Measured in
+     money, and owing to the rise of prices, it would probably be
+     much greater. This is due to the fact that the whole
+     population, practically speaking, has been working, and working
+     intensely. Millions of women who have not worked before are
+     working now. No one is idle. Every acre of land or garden that
+     can be used is being used. Methods of production have been
+     speeded up, labor-saving machinery in industry and agriculture
+     multiplied. In every direction the wheels have been turning
+     faster.
+
+     "But, perhaps more important still, the _character_ of our
+     production has entirely changed--almost our entire industry is
+     producing for war purposes. Ordinary civil needs are no longer
+     considered. We have of course to produce what is essential for
+     life, but beyond that all our energies are directed to war
+     production. The government has of necessity compelled the whole
+     of British industry to produce for war and to produce what it
+     is told to produce, because in no other way could our own
+     armies and our Allies have been supplied. No man is free to do
+     what he likes with his labor and capital, with his ships, or
+     with his steel. He has to do what he is told to do. By this
+     means production for war purposes has enormously increased, and
+     civil consumption has enormously decreased, because the goods
+     for the civil population were no longer produced and one cannot
+     buy what isn't there. Instead of gramophones, the gramophone
+     company makes fuses; instead of cloth for ordinary clothes, the
+     woolen factory makes khaki; instead of motor cars, the
+     motor-car maker makes shells.
+
+
+     BRITISH INDUSTRY ON WAR BASIS.
+
+     "Apart from selling our liquid capital assets in return for
+     foreign goods, and apart from borrowing from foreign countries
+     for the same purpose, our power to provide our own army and
+     navy with all they want and have any surplus over for our
+     Allies has indeed depended entirely on our extraordinary
+     efforts in production--not in normal production, but in war
+     production--and also on the extent to which we have been able
+     to reduce our civil consumption of all kinds. I put production
+     first because, while economy in consumption is exceedingly
+     important, increased productive capacity devoted to war
+     material, in my opinion, is still more important. Our increased
+     productivity has, as I say, been devoted entirely to war
+     requirements. We have had to turn over our whole industry from
+     a peace to a war basis. We have both voluntarily and
+     compulsorily cut off the production of goods which are
+     unnecessary for war purposes. Many trades have been actually
+     shut down and the labor taken from them and handed over to war
+     industries. Labor itself has been subjected to restrictions
+     which would have been wholly impossible before the war. Labor
+     may not leave its employment without government leave; salaries
+     and wages may not be increased without government approval.
+     Measures for the control of industry which were unheard of and,
+     in fact, absolutely impossible before the war have been imposed
+     upon all industry.
+
+     "Fixed prices had been placed on the most important materials;
+     the government now has the absolute control of the use of
+     steel, copper, lead, wool, leather, and other materials for
+     which the war demand is insatiable, and also of all materials
+     manufactured therefrom. No use may be made of most of these
+     materials for any purpose whatever without a certificate being
+     first obtained, no buildings of any kind may be erected without
+     leave of the Ministry of Munitions. The whole of industry may
+     now be said to be directed according to the requirements of the
+     government, its regulation is an enormous task. In the head
+     office of the Ministry of Munitions alone there are more than
+     10,000 people.
+
+Mr. R. H. Brand, who is responsible for these statements and used them
+in an address to the American Bankers' Association, showed how these
+regulations had resulted in a decline of British imports from peace
+conditions of 55,000,000 tons annually to war conditions of 20,000,000
+tons. The imports were nearly all foodstuffs. England exported large
+amounts of munitions and supplies to her Allies. In the year 1916 alone
+we supplied them with 9,000,000 pairs of boots, 100,000,000 sand bags,
+40,000,000 yards of jute, millions of socks and blankets, and in
+addition several thousand tons of leather; also cloth, foodstuffs of
+every kind, portable houses, tools, hospital equipment and so on.
+
+
+LABOR POWER IN ENGLAND
+
+Mr. Lloyd George became the man naturally selected to be Prime Minister
+because of his success in directing one of the chief war industries--the
+work of munitions. In May, 1915, when he was made head of the newly
+created Department of Munitions, the problem before him was no easy one.
+The Central Empires were able to turn out 250,000 shells a day, while
+the British rate of production was 2,500 high-explosive shells a day,
+and 13,000 shrapnel shells. Lloyd George selected a large technical
+staff; the work was decentralized as much as possible, and special
+committees were formed for the purpose of organizing the work in each
+district. The question of raw materials had to be handled and this was
+not always easy because there were unscrupulous suppliers trying to make
+a corner in their goods. New machinery had to be made for the
+manufacture of large shells; all the big machine works were taken under
+direct control by the Government. Old factories had to be equipped and
+altered and twenty-six large plants had to be created. To provide the
+labor power, workmen were recruited by voluntary methods. A hundred
+thousand were in this way got together by July, 1915, most of whom were
+experts in machinery and ship-building. The result is pictured in the
+following extract by a French expert, Jules Destrée:
+
+     "On the 20th of December, 1915, Mr. Lloyd George, in a speech
+     delivered in the House of Commons, summarized the results of
+     the first six months of his tenure of office. We will take a
+     few points.
+
+     "Orders placed before the formation of the department were
+     delivered with an increase of 16 per cent. on previous
+     deliveries. The number of new orders placed increased by 80 per
+     cent.
+
+     "The state regulation of the metal market resulted in a saving
+     of from 15 to 20 million pounds sterling.
+
+     "The present output of shells for a single week is three times
+     as great as the entire output for May, 1915, which means that
+     the rate of production is twelve times as great.
+
+     "The enormous quantity of shells consumed during the offensive
+     of September, 1915, was made good in a month. The time will
+     soon come when a week will suffice.
+
+     "The output of machine guns is five times as great; that of
+     hand grenades is increased forty fold.
+
+     "The production of heavy artillery has been accelerated, and
+     the heaviest guns of the early days of the war are now among
+     the lightest.
+
+     "An explosive factory in the south of England, which on October
+     15, 1915, started to fill bombs at the rate of 500 a week with
+     a staff of 60, was in March, 1916, turning out 15,000 a week
+     with a staff of 250.
+
+     "An entirely new factory which started work at the end of
+     October, 1915, with one filling shed and six girl fillers and
+     an output of 270 a week, was in March, 1916, employing 175
+     girls and handling 15,000 bombs a week.
+
+     "The Ministry of Munitions has built, or is building, housing
+     accommodation for 60,000 workers, and canteens and mess rooms
+     in munition works now give accommodation for 500,000 workers a
+     day.
+
+     "All the workmen were assigned either to the works already in
+     existence--which in many cases were short of hands and unable
+     for this reason to fulfill their contracts--or else they were
+     allotted to the new factories.
+
+     "But in view of influence wielded by the labor unions, various
+     provisions were inserted in the Munitions Act. They related to
+     the settlement of labor disputes and to the prohibition of
+     strikes and lockouts the grounds for which had not been
+     submitted to the Board of Trade.
+
+     "To obviate such disputes, which were generally called forth by
+     the excessive profits accruing to the employers and the demands
+     of the wage-earners, the system of 'controlled establishments'
+     was instituted. Every establishment engaged on munition work
+     was placed, so far as the regulation of profits and salaries
+     was concerned, under direct government control. Any
+     modification in the rate of wages had to be submitted to the
+     Ministry of Munitions, which had power to refer the question to
+     an arbitration board specially set up by the act.
+
+     "To complete this rapid survey it must be added that a
+     department was created by the Ministry of Munitions, under the
+     control of an undersecretary, whose special business it was to
+     examine war inventions."
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL DISLOCATION IN FRANCE
+
+When war was declared in 1914, the result in France was a complete
+disorganization. It must be remembered that workingmen from the age of
+19 to 45 were called to the colors. This meant that the labor supply was
+reduced by about three-fourths. The revival of trade was very slow until
+the beginning of 1915. When it began to be realized that the war would
+be a long one, and when the consumption of ammunition and war materials
+was beyond all previous records, the Government was forced to prepare a
+program for industrial warfare. It was a hard task because much of
+industrial France was under enemy occupation. Munition work had to be
+undertaken in neighborhoods largely agricultural. Everything was
+lacking: labor, coal, raw material and transportation. As it became
+evident that the stoppage of industrial work was a serious mistake, an
+attempt was made to revive industries not connected with munitions, such
+as paper manufacture, glove and silk making. The operations undertaken
+by the Government are described in the following passage from M. R.
+Blanchard's article in the _North American Review_ (1917):
+
+     "The first was to take men out of the army and send them to
+     industrial work. This was done with great caution during the
+     winter of 1914--15. The proportion of the men thus taken
+     increased more and more during the year 1915 and reached its
+     fullest extent in 1916. The specialists in steel work were the
+     first to be taken out of the trenches; these were far from
+     being sufficient, and common workmen were added to them. Then
+     chemists and workmen trained in the manufacture of explosives
+     were recalled; electric engineers were sent back to the
+     hydro-electric plants; miners above thirty-five years of age
+     who belonged to the territorial regiments were sent to the
+     mines; paper-makers and cardboard-makers who could be employed
+     in the preparation of explosives were put to work;
+     cabinet-makers were put to manufacturing rifle stocks;
+     wood-cutters were brought back from the front in order to see
+     that there was no waste in providing the enormous amount of
+     wood needed in the army. All this recalling of mobilized men
+     was effected at first according to the need, and without
+     method. By degrees it became clear that the output would be
+     greater if these soldier-workmen were assigned to the plants or
+     factories where they were working before the war. As it would
+     have been unwise to take too large a number of men out of the
+     fighting units, hundreds of thousands were taken from the
+     auxiliary troops of the interior, men who through lack of
+     physical ability to fight were employed in sedentary tasks.
+     Thus in 1915 and 1916 auxiliaries were swept away to become
+     workmen, foremen, secretaries, bookkeepers, accountants, etc.
+     Finally the administration decided to draw from the oldest
+     classes of men still under the military law. These were called
+     in 1915 and sent to the factories--men born in 1868, either
+     bachelors or married men without children.
+
+     "Another draft was made on the civil population. To make up for
+     the absence of male help, women were called upon for a great
+     number of occupations. Along with the women the refugees were
+     to do their part. After a rather long period of unsettled life
+     these refugees took again to regular occupations, some working
+     in the fields as agricultural hands, others in factories. Today
+     it is difficult to find unemployed people among them.
+
+     "The alien population for France is also large, considerable
+     numbers of Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese being employed
+     in the southeastern region. A newer element was provided by
+     natives from French colonies, namely, Morocco and Algeria.
+     Since the war started large numbers of Greeks and Armenians had
+     been imported into France; and during the last two years
+     something like 200,000 Chinamen had been brought to France for
+     unskilled work. The last resource was the enemy itself. There
+     were in France more than 250,000 German prisoners engaged in
+     various work and receiving a salary for it."
+
+Germany's industrial mobilization was picturesquely described by the
+head of the General Electric Co., Dr. Walter Rathenau, who was appointed
+at the beginning of the war to superintend the supplying of the German
+War Office with raw materials. He told the officials at the War Office
+that Germany was provided with more war materials only for a limited
+number of months. Accurate statistics were prepared in a short time on
+the power of production in various German industries. Then all the raw
+material was put where it could be commandeered. The flow of products
+was restricted, so that the raw material and also half manufactured
+products could be automatically diverted to articles needed by the Army.
+New methods were discovered and developed. Where former technical means
+were insufficient substitutes had to be found. Where it was prescribed
+that this or that article was to be made out of copper or aluminum, it
+was permitted to make it out of something else. All the laboring power
+of the country, including men from 16 to 60, were enrolled and
+controlled from the central organization called the War Office,
+described by General Gröner as follows:
+
+     "The new War Office represents Germany as a colossal firm which
+     includes all production of every kind and is indifferent to the
+     kind of coat, civil or military, which its employes wear. The
+     new measures are intended to mobilize all effective labor,
+     whereas up to the present we have only mobilized the army and
+     industry. The whole war is becoming more and more a question of
+     labor, and in order to give the army a firm basis for its
+     operations the domestic army must also be mobilized. All the
+     labor, women's as well as men's, must be extracted from the
+     population, so far as possible voluntarily. But if voluntary
+     enlistment does not suffice we shall not be able to avoid the
+     introduction of compulsion."
+
+
+THE GERMAN NATION IN ARMS
+
+Sixteen months after this war organization was effected, General
+Ludendorff said that when the great spring offensive of 1918 opened the
+Germans were superior to the Allies in every form of war supplies. There
+was a speeding up all round; the output of shells and cannon was double.
+This meant the doubling of the coal and iron production, and could be
+done only by increasing the workers necessary to double the output of
+basic war materials. Adequate food had to be supplied to the workers;
+there was what is known as the Hindenburg "Fat Fund" to which
+contributions were sent in from German peasantry and agriculturists.
+General Gröner, the head of the German War Office, outlined
+optimistically the future of German war industrial production as quoted
+in the New York _Times_ of December 14, 1916:
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+A War Time Warning
+
+Dairy production among the Allies decreased 30 per cent. during the war.
+The lard supply was also decreased. Kitchen economy in fats was never
+more important. Fats were so scarce in Germany during the latter part of
+1917 that a "Hindenburg Fat Fund" was organized to which contributions
+were sent in from German peasantry and agriculturists.]
+
+     "German locomotives are running to the Taurus in Asia Minor; we
+     are operating practically all the Serbian railways with German
+     rolling stock; we have thousands of cars in Transylvania and
+     Rumania, to say nothing of other occupied territories. After
+     the transportation problem, we are taking measures to double
+     the production of the auxiliary raw materials and semi-finished
+     products. As one example, we are doubling our efforts for the
+     manufacture of nitres from the nitrogen of the air. Not only of
+     the basic raw materials, coal and iron, but of auxiliary raw
+     materials we have no lack.
+
+     "The brains of our chemists and technicians are supplying the
+     missing imports, and will continue to do so. Only when we have
+     accomplished all this will we proceed to the last step of
+     doubling the production of shells and cannon. Such a war is not
+     to be won by looking ahead from month to month, but only by
+     thinking of the distant future. After we have doubled the
+     pyramid, we shall proceed to treble it.
+
+     "By spring we shall be going full steam ahead. After that our
+     production will increase from month to month; and we have the
+     labor and raw materials for keeping up the pace indefinitely.
+
+     "The male working forces available between the ages of
+     seventeen and sixty, as provided by the Auxiliary Service Law,
+     will cover our requirements into the distant future, but
+     ultimately, aside from the children, aged and sick, every man
+     and woman will be enlisted for home defense, if necessary. The
+     home army will be the whole nation.
+
+     "What we are engaging on is not alone the progressive
+     mobilization of all the nation's physical strength and material
+     resources, but the mobilization of the nation's brains. An army
+     corps of professors, scientists, chemists, engineers,
+     technicians, and other specialists is already working with the
+     Kriegstaat. Our idea is to be eminently scientific and
+     practical--no theorizing. We are working to show results.
+
+     "We are coöperating closely with the war industries of Turkey,
+     Bulgaria, and Austria. It means doubling and trebling their
+     ammunition supply, too.
+
+     "The military successes achieved in Rumania, which synchronize
+     with the birth of patriotic auxiliary service, are an advantage
+     that cannot be overestimated. The Danube means everything to
+     us. Last year we had to beg Rumania for her oil and grain and
+     pay our good money for it too. Now we don't need to beg costly
+     favors of Rumania.
+
+     "Lloyd George does not scare us. We have, however, not time for
+     busying ourselves with politics; we have more important things
+     to do--supplying Hindenburg with the means of victory."
+
+
+RUSSIA'S INDUSTRIAL MOBILIZATION
+
+In Russia industrial mobilization was badly managed. Cattle were taken
+to the front in herds. Often driven on foot, they were slaughtered on
+the spot where the meat was needed for the soldiers. The hides were
+thrown aside to rot. As a result of this wasting of hides, the supply of
+leather for military uses and for shoes for both the Army and the
+civilian population was soon utterly inadequate. Horses were
+requisitioned in the most unintelligent way, the result being that
+agricultural production decreased and with the lack of transportation
+facilities the Army horses could not be supplied with food. They died by
+the tens of thousands.
+
+Gross mismanagement marked the war handling of the Russian railway
+system. The rolling stock was allowed to deteriorate. Locomotives and
+cars were put aside permanently when they needed slight repairs. They
+could not be repaired because the railway machine shops had been
+converted into munition factories. There was an appalling shortage of
+manufactured goods for the civilian population, because the entire
+output of many manufacturing concerns was taken over for the Army. It
+was almost impossible to get clothing, boots and articles of wearing
+apparel. So great was the dearth of cloth at the end of the third year
+of the war that one was struck by the contrast between the lines in
+front of the bakeries formed in the early morning hours and the groups
+of women gathered at eight in the evening before the shops which sold
+cloth to stand all through the night in line for the opening of the shop
+in the morning.
+
+A bright spot in Russian war administration was the work of the
+Municipal and Provincial Councils. The members of these bodies did
+valiant service in preventing the growing disorganization of the
+economic life of their country. Their activities are described by Prof.
+Harper of Chicago University, an actual eye witness of Russian
+conditions during the war, in the following passage:
+
+     "So these organizations entered upon a campaign of 'saving' and
+     'production.' They saved the hides that were being thrown away,
+     collected the discarded boots at the front and repaired them,
+     and took over the task of supplying the underwear for the whole
+     army--mobilizing the village coöperative societies to fill the
+     large orders. And they did much to organize the refugees from
+     the invaded districts for productive work. In a word, these men
+     saw that the war was going to extend into years, and they
+     realized that only foresight and organization of productive
+     resources would make it possible for Russia to withstand
+     economically the burdens of a protracted struggle.
+
+     "The attitude of the governmental authorities (the bureaucratic
+     departments) toward the work of these non-bureaucratic, but
+     public, institutions (the Unions of the Municipal and
+     Provincial Councils) was one of suspicion and antagonism, and
+     difficulties were put in their way with the deliberate intent
+     to block their activities. The institutions were suspected of
+     pursuing political aims. Only when it became clear that the
+     ruling group in the bureaucracy was consciously allowing the
+     country to drift into a state of anarchy in order to bring
+     Russia out of the war did these leaders venture to risk
+     revolutionary methods of action.
+
+     "The president of the All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils,
+     the Zemstvo, was Prince Lvoff, the first Prime Minister of the
+     new Russia after the revolution of March, 1917. In the monthly
+     reports of the work of the All-Russian Union of Zemstva, Prince
+     Lvoff, repeatedly issued warnings of the impending economic
+     collapse of the country. But neither he nor Kerensky was able
+     to liquidate the heritage received from the old régime in time
+     to stave off the series of economic and financial crises of
+     which the Bolsheviki availed themselves."
+
+
+FOREBODINGS OF RUSSIA'S COLLAPSE
+
+But it was not only foreign observers who were able to detect the
+prevailing rottenness in Russia's economic status. The following passage
+from an address made by A. I. Konovalov, a member of the Moscow Stock
+Exchange, shows that Russian business men were keenly alive to the
+dangers of the situation as early as April, 1917:
+
+     "The old régime has seemingly done everything deliberately to
+     destroy and demoralize the trade-industrial apparatus it took
+     years to build up. As a result the usual course of the
+     country's economic life was stopped, and at the same time,
+     through the peculiarly enforced system of regulations, a wide
+     field for all sorts of abuses and speculations was opened. We
+     must frankly acknowledge that from these abuses and
+     speculations a system of oppression grew up which has called
+     forth fully merited reproach, distrust, and hostile feelings
+     towards the representatives of the trade-industrial class.
+
+     "At the same time there can be no doubt but that under present
+     circumstances, lacking most of the necessaries of existence,
+     with the factories and mills forced to cut down their
+     production due to lack of raw material and fuel, with the
+     demoralization of the transportation system, and being
+     compelled, despite all these obstacles, to meet the numerous
+     requirements at the front--there is no other way out but
+     government control of private industrial and mercantile
+     enterprises, and the coöperation of the democratic masses of
+     the population in the matter of regulating the trade-industrial
+     life of the country. In addition to fair distribution it should
+     be the task of all the committees, which are to become parts of
+     the Ministry, also to regulate the prices.
+
+     "Closely connected with this question there is another one
+     which I personally consider of tremendous importance. I have in
+     mind the question of limiting the profits of all mercantile and
+     industrial establishments. Undoubtedly a properly worked-out
+     solution of this question would have the tendency to check the
+     unwarranted growth of prices that would appease the masses. The
+     normal effect of a decree limiting profits is of tremendous
+     importance, not only in that it would soften the feeling of
+     ill-will towards the trade-industrial class, but also because
+     it would afford the government a new, convincing proof that the
+     commercial and industrial class is ready to make all possible
+     sacrifices for the common good, a proof which would paralyze
+     the voicing of any new demands on the part of the masses.
+
+     "Now, these are the main ideas, the fundamental points of view
+     which the trade-industrial class should consider as a starting
+     point in its efforts to win the confidence of the population
+     and to safeguard that important position which it ought to
+     occupy in the life of the country.
+
+     "The situation is becoming all the more difficult because of
+     the ever-increasing famine due to the shortage of means of
+     production as well as of all the necessaries of life; this
+     famine will be felt very acutely, not only on account of the
+     lack of these goods, but also because of the overabundance of
+     paper money."
+
+
+LABOR TRADITIONS UPSET
+
+All kinds of economic theories and all varieties of economic experiences
+have been overturned by the abnormal industrialism of the war. The world
+really passed into a _terra incognita_. Even the firmest foundations of
+trade unionism have been shaken. There was no more firmly established
+fact before the war than the inability of women to secure a level of
+wages equal to that of the male wage earner. Such theories have passed
+to the limbo of forgotten things. Prejudice and tradition have given
+away before the actual test of facts. Women have taken the place of men
+called away to war service in practically all the fields of industrial
+activity. Apart from theory, biological and otherwise, it is now seen
+that the old exclusion of women from skilled industry was largely the
+result of trade union regulation. But the woman war-worker was found in
+fields untouched by trade unionism. There was the woman bank clerk as
+well as the woman engineer.
+
+There was much discussion, mostly pessimistic, as to what would happen
+if the woman labor supply should permanently take the place of man labor
+after the war was over. The best solution was thought to be the placing
+of the woman worker under a régime of trade unionism. How far such
+prognostications went is illustrated in the following quotation from
+Miss Mary Stocks in the London _Athenaeum_.
+
+     "It has been presupposed that the war will end decisively
+     before the armies engaged are reduced to inappreciable numbers
+     of able-bodied men. It has been presupposed that the return of
+     peace will find British industry based upon the old system of
+     private ownership of capital and haphazard production in
+     response to the effective demand of individuals. It presupposes
+     no change of heart on the part of employers, government or
+     trade unions. But, in view of possible, if not probable
+     dangers, the most urgent stress should be laid upon what is an
+     undoubted palliative, if not a fundamental cure for such
+     prospective economic ills; that is, the strenuous promotion and
+     public encouragement of trade unionism among women. What women,
+     by reason of underlying social and economic causes, are not
+     able to do for themselves, the moral and financial support of
+     the public must do for them, and such support should be
+     regarded not merely as an interference in the old struggle
+     between capital and labor, but as an attempt to ward off a
+     national danger.
+
+     "The root of the evil is the old incompatibility between male
+     and female labor in the skilled and semi-skilled grades of
+     industry. That incompatibility has arisen partly from
+     fallacious theorizing of the 'wages-fund' type, but largely
+     from the fact that the industrial woman, in spite of the uphill
+     and often successful trade union work which has been
+     accomplished, mainly from above, during the past forty years,
+     is regarded by her male colleague as nature's blackleg. And in
+     spite of the short-sighted policy of hostility to women members
+     displayed by a few trade unions, it is fairly clear that it is
+     not the woman trade unionist that the man is afraid of, but the
+     woman blackleg; not the well-paid woman, but the sweated woman.
+     Now there are three ways of dealing with a blackleg: he may be
+     elbowed out of the industrial world altogether; he may be
+     penned up, as women have been penned up, in the lowest and most
+     undesirable grades; or he may be turned into a trade unionist.
+     As far as women are concerned, the first two are closed by
+     national expediency, humanity and justice. The third lies open;
+     and in view of the peculiar economic rocks which loom vaguely
+     ahead of us, it may be said without exaggeration that one woman
+     trade-union leader is worth a hundred welfare workers."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Women Workers in America
+
+A field of winter lettuce, with the cloches, or glass bells, which made
+it possible during the war to raise plants in cold weather.]
+
+
+WOMEN WORKERS IN AMERICA
+
+As a result of the labor dislocation due to the operation of the
+American Draft Law, a large number of women were employed in railway
+work. The experience of the United States Railroad Administration in the
+matter of women employes was summarized in a paper read by Miss Pauline
+Goldmark, manager of the women's service section of the Railroad
+Administration, at a conference at the Academy of Political Science, in
+1918:
+
+     "The number of women employed on the railroads of the United
+     States had been 60,000 at the beginning of the year, and
+     reached approximately 100,000 by October 1st. The greatest
+     number are in the clerical and semi-clerical occupations. Of
+     the 81,000 employed July 1st, 61,000 were working as clerks of
+     all kinds, stenographers, accountants, comptometer operators,
+     etc. In this class appear women ticket sellers and bureau of
+     information clerks, who served the public for the first time;
+     they were found well fitted for this type of work, and special
+     instruction agencies were opened by the government in various
+     states to train them in the intricacies of tariffs and routes.
+
+     "The next largest group of 4,000, it is not surprising to
+     learn, appears in women's time-honored occupation of cleaning.
+     Women have long been cleaning stations, offices, etc., but now
+     they are employed in the yards to clean coaches and Pullmans,
+     both inside and outside; and in the roundhouses, doing the
+     heavier work of wiping locomotives; 800 were so employed. In
+     personal service, including work in dining rooms and kitchens,
+     as matrons and janitresses, 2,000 were found. In the railroad
+     shops, women entered the greatest variety of new occupations.
+     Three thousand were employed, ranging at one end of the scale
+     from common laborers, at the other end of the scale of skilled
+     mechanics earning the machinists' or carmen's rate of pay.
+
+     "Many women were employed a year and a half ago, before the
+     railroads were put under Federal control, because they could be
+     obtained for less pay than men. They were, for instance,
+     engaged as common laborers at 20¢ to 22¢ an hour, at a time
+     when men were receiving 28¢ to 30¢ for the same class of
+     labor. With rare exceptions where adjustments are still
+     necessary, the wage orders have absolutely stopped this
+     undercutting of men's wages by women.
+
+
+WORK UNSUITABLE FOR WOMEN
+
+     "Soon after women began to be largely employed it became
+     apparent that some of their work was neither profitable nor
+     appropriate. The use of women as section laborers, for
+     instance, in a gang of men working along the tracks at a
+     distance from any house or station was judged to be unsuitable.
+     This was also found to be the case where women were employed as
+     truckers in depots and warehouses on account of the
+     extraordinary physical exertion required of them. In view of
+     the wages now paid it was believed possible to secure men and
+     to transfer the women to some class of work suitable to their
+     strength and with proper regard to their health. The railroads
+     were accordingly asked to discontinue their employment in both
+     these positions.
+
+     "Comparisons with other industries can probably best be made in
+     respect to the women employed in the shops. They are operating
+     a number of machines such as bolt-threaders, nut-tappers, drill
+     presses, for which no great skill or experience is needed, and
+     which is classed as 'helpers' work,' and rated at the specified
+     pay of 45¢ an hour. They are also employed for highly skilled
+     work. A number have succeeded as electric welders and
+     oxy-acetylene-burners. They have been found well adapted for
+     work on the air-brake equipment and are cleaning, testing, and
+     making minor repairs on triple valves. In some places they are
+     now working in a separate group on the lighter-weight valves,
+     weighing not more than forty pounds. After a period of
+     training they are giving satisfaction without the help of any
+     man operator.
+
+     "A remarkably fine type of woman is now to be seen in many of
+     the shops, who enjoys the greater freedom of her work as
+     compared with factory routine, although in many cases the
+     discomfort, the dirt, and exposure are far greater. It remains
+     to be seen whether the women will remain in these jobs to any
+     great extent. The railroads will, of course, recognize the
+     seniority rights of all their employees returning from military
+     service, but as far as the new employees are concerned, women
+     will have the same privileges as other new employees in
+     retaining their positions or being assigned to other jobs.
+     There can be no doubt that in the clerical and semi-clerical
+     positions they have proved their worth, and will to a great
+     extent be retained."
+
+
+ALIEN LABOR FOR WAR PURPOSES
+
+The man in the fighting line was only one factor in the prosecution of
+warlike operations. The success of strategy and tactics was dependent
+upon the organization of the man in the labor line not only at home but
+also in the territory behind the miles of trenches in France. For this
+purpose Chinese labor was drafted by both the British and the French
+Government. Large numbers of British ships sailed with crews practically
+consisting of Chinese sailors. The sentiment in favor of Chinese
+exclusion had to give way before imperative needs for labor power. There
+were tens of thousands of Chinamen in the service of the Allies. In the
+_Sunset Magazine_, Mr. G. C. Hodges calls attention to the fact that the
+break between the Chinese Republic and Germany was precipitated largely
+by the Allied drafting of China's manpower. Even in its beginnings he
+says, the French and British mobilization of Chinese labor caused a
+diplomatic battle royal. The significance of Chinese labor behind the
+battle front is described in the following words:
+
+     "They are a war factor. His Britannic Majesty's Chinese Labor
+     Corps now behind the battle line in France is almost as large
+     as the total Chinese population in the United States. The
+     French Republic has recruited a force of similar dimensions,
+     bringing Chinese manpower overseas for non-combatant and
+     industrial work. Even teeming Russia, before its tragic
+     collapse, had drawn upon thousands of Chinese for work as far
+     west as the Ural mines. In 1914 there were but 7,000 in this
+     rich country, but a fourfold increase brought the total to
+     30,000. All told, 200,000 Chinese are 'carrying on' in the war
+     zone, laboring behind the lines, in munition works and
+     factories, manning ships.
+
+     "Though the pages of no White Book say it, the break between
+     the Chinese Republic and Germany was precipitated largely by
+     the Allied drafting of China's manpower. Even in its
+     beginnings, the French and British mobilization of Chinese
+     labor caused a diplomatic battle royal."
+
+
+ECONOMIC VALUE OF AMERICAN ARMY TO FRENCH INDUSTRY
+
+Permanent economic improvements were one result of the presence in
+France of the American Expeditionary Force. An industrial movement was
+created that will probably continue long after the war is over. In
+various French seaports, docks had to be constructed to handle the
+enormous tonnage of supplies needed for the American troops. A letter in
+the New York _Journal of Commerce_ gives a picture of the transformation
+in the transport system in France made in order to handle with speed and
+certainty the various supplies on which the American Army depended:
+
+     "Our project comprises nearly 1,000 miles of railroad
+     construction, but not continuous. France already controls on
+     her lines such facilities that she has been able to support her
+     great military burden and not break. Their local development in
+     the way of sidings and so forth is chiefly in the big towns,
+     and small engines and cars are used. To meet our larger needs,
+     it is necessary to establish terminals outside the towns for
+     the change of engines and for our great storage warehouses. Our
+     great railway construction in France, apart from a few cut-off
+     lines, is in the way of storage yards. We have practically the
+     use of two trunk-line tracks. The French run over them, too,
+     for there is a tremendous civil population to be supported. The
+     French are necessarily supreme, and we simply have the right to
+     run over their railroads subject to their rules.
+
+     "The French have an arrangement with their railroads by which a
+     piece of track that is put in for military purposes is paid for
+     by the French Government. If the civil requirements of the
+     railroad grow up to the use of that particular piece of track,
+     then the government is reimbursed by the railroad. We are in
+     the same position toward these railroads as the French
+     Government. At the end of the war the improvements which we
+     make will be surveyed. If they are useful to the railroads our
+     expenditures will be reimbursed. If not, we are at liberty to
+     take up the stuff and clear the ground. Two days ago a
+     semi-official statement was made to the Paris press, reading:
+
+     "'Americans, in full agreement with the French authorities,
+     are making every effort to carry out, by their own means, the
+     debarkation of their troops in ports, their provisioning as
+     well as their transportation over our railroads. Sidings, large
+     stations, and establishments of every kind are being
+     constructed by the most modern and expeditious processes. One
+     of the warehouses has an area of about 4,000 acres, and it has
+     a cold-storage plant capable of holding several thousand tons
+     of meat. Aviation training camps and repair shops, considerable
+     in size and with the most improved machinery, are being erected
+     on every side.'"
+
+
+FRENCH INDUSTRIAL EXHAUSTION
+
+A realistic picture of the industrial exhaustion of France at the close
+of the war was given by M. Tardieu, General Commissioner for
+Franco-American war affairs. The war expenses of 120,000,000,000 francs
+was only a fractional part of the whole loss. Another 50,000,000,000
+would have to be raised to secure raw material destroyed during the war.
+M. Tardieu presented in detail the various items indicating to what
+extent France had suffered economic disability and paralysis:
+
+     "The territories which have been under German occupation for
+     four years were the wealthiest part of France. Their area did
+     not exceed six per cent. of the whole country. They paid,
+     however, 25 per cent. of the sum total of our taxes. These
+     territories are now in a state of ruin even worse than we had
+     anticipated. Of cities and villages nothing remains but ruins;
+     350,000 homes have been destroyed. To build them up again--I am
+     referring to the building proper, without the furnishings--600
+     million days of work will be necessary, involving, together
+     with building material, an outlay of 10,000,000,000 francs. As
+     regards personal property of every description either destroyed
+     by battle or stolen by the Germans, there stands an additional
+     loss of at least 4,000,000,000 francs. This valuation of lost
+     personal property does not include--as definite figures are
+     lacking as yet--the countless war contributions and fines by
+     the enemy, amounting also to billions. I need hardly say that,
+     in those wealthy lands, no agricultural resources are left. The
+     losses in horses and in cattle, bovine and ovine species, hogs,
+     goats, amount to 1,510,000 head--in agricultural equipment to
+     454,000 machines or carts--the two items worth together
+     6,000,000,000 francs.
+
+     "As regards industries, the disaster is even more complete. Those
+     districts occupied by the Germans, and whose machinery has been
+     methodically destroyed or taken away by the enemy, were,
+     industrially speaking, the very heart of France, the very backbone
+     of our production, as shown in the following startling figures: In
+     1913 the wool output of our invaded regions amounted to 94 per
+     cent. of the total. French production and corresponding figures
+     were: For flax from the spinning mills, 90 per cent.; iron ore, 90
+     per cent.; pig iron, 83 per cent.; steel, 70 per cent.; sugar, 70
+     per cent.; cotton, 60 per cent.; coal, 55 per cent.; electric
+     power, 45 per cent. Of all that--plants, machinery, mines--nothing
+     is left. Everything has been carried away or destroyed by the
+     enemy. So complete is the destruction that, in the case of our
+     great coal mines in the north, two years of work will be needed
+     before a single ton of coal can be extracted and ten years before
+     the output is brought back to the figures of 1913.
+
+[Illustration: Samuel P. Gompers
+
+President of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+
+THE WORK OF REBUILDING
+
+     "All that must be rebuilt, and to carry out that kind of
+     reconstruction only, there will be a need of over 2,000,000
+     tons of pig iron, nearly 4,000,000 tons of steel--not to
+     mention the replenishing of stocks and of raw materials which
+     must of necessity be supplied to the plants during the first
+     year of resumed activity. If we take into account these
+     different items, we reach as regards industrial needs a total
+     of 25,000,000,000 francs. To resurrect these regions, to
+     reconstruct these factories, raw materials are not now
+     sufficient; we need means of transportation. The enemy has
+     destroyed our railroad tracks, our railroad equipment, and our
+     rolling stock, which, in the first month of the war, in 1914,
+     reduced by 50,000 cars, has undergone the wear and tear of
+     fifty months of war.
+
+     "Our merchant fleet, on the other hand, has lost more than a
+     million tons through submarine warfare. Our shipyards during
+     the last four years have not built any ships. For they have
+     produced for us and for our Allies cannon, ammunition, and
+     tanks. Here, again, for this item alone of means of
+     transportation we must figure on an expense of 2,500,000,000
+     francs. This makes, if I sum up these different items, a need
+     of raw material which represents in cost, at the present rate
+     of prices in France, not less than 50,000,000,000 francs."
+
+
+
+
+IV--GOVERNMENT CONTROL
+
+Wartime Nationalization of Railways and Shipping--Ship-building at
+High Speed--Trade Licensing, Etc.
+
+
+On April 5, 1917, the day before war was declared, Franklin K. Lane,
+Secretary of the Interior, introduced and had passed by the Council of
+National Defense the following resolution:
+
+     _Resolved_, That Commissioner Willard be requested to call upon
+     the railroads to organize their business so as to lead to the
+     greatest expedition in the movement of freight.
+
+Acting in accordance with this resolution, the principal railroad
+executives of the country met in Washington on April 11, 1917, and
+resolved that during the war they would coördinate their operations in a
+continental railway system, merging during such period all their merely
+individual and competitive activities in the effort to produce a maximum
+of national transportation efficiency. The direction of the continental
+railway system thus organized was placed by the railroads in the hands
+of the executive committee of the Special Committee on National Defense
+of the American Railway Association. This executive committee was also
+known as the Railroads' War Board.
+
+Under this resolution the railroads of the United States continued to be
+operated under private ownership and private management until December
+28, 1917.
+
+On that date President Wilson, exercising his war-time prerogative, took
+control of the railways of the country and appointed W. G. McAdoo
+Director General.
+
+2. Congress in January passed a railroad-control bill.
+
+3. On April 11, 1918, President Wilson issued a proclamation taking over
+for the Government the property of coastwise shipping lines.
+
+4. On May 24th, Director General McAdoo placed in charge of each
+railroad property a federal manager whose duty it was to report to the
+regional director.
+
+5. On June 29th, the Railroad Administration relinquished from federal
+control nearly 2,000 short-line railroads whose control by the
+Administration was regarded as not "needful or desirable."
+
+During the first six months after the United States entered the war
+statistics showed that the railways not only handled far more traffic
+than in any earlier six months of their history but also as much as in
+any entire year prior to 1907. It will be remembered that the years 1906
+and 1907 marked the climax of a long period of rapid increase of
+railroad business which resulted in the longest and most acute
+congestion of traffic and shortage that had ever been known prior to the
+war period. The grounds offered by the Government for taking over the
+railway systems during the war might be explained as the resultant of
+the findings of the Interstate Commerce Commission on December 5th, in
+which it was stated that the claim of the roads for higher rates could
+not be granted.
+
+     "From the standpoint of the Government three principal reasons
+     are seen for the taking over of the lines:
+
+     "1. The avoidance of obstructions to transportation due to the
+     routing and division of freight, intended to give a fair share
+     to each line in a given territory.
+
+     "2. The abolition of preferences to given shippers and kinds of
+     freight, and the centralization of control over priority in
+     shipment.
+
+     "3. The practical termination of rate controversies and labor
+     discussions as between private individuals and the placing of
+     the roads on a semi-military basis.
+
+     "The railroads themselves have received the announcement of the
+     President's action with much greater equanimity than could have
+     been expected. They undoubtedly see in the step the following
+     advantages:
+
+     "1. Assurance of a moderate if not generous income in a period
+     of great uncertainty and difficulty, during which they have
+     been caught between the upper and nether millstones of fixed
+     rates and advancing costs and wages.
+
+     "2. Termination of the danger that threatened them from the
+     continually maturing obligations which ordinarily they would
+     have little trouble in refinancing, but which, under existing
+     conditions, can scarcely be provided for on any basis.
+
+     "3. Provision of means for betterment and improvement at a time
+     when such provision can be had practically only through
+     government orders designed to place such requirements ahead of
+     those of private concerns."
+
+
+OBJECTS OF GOVERNMENT CONTROL
+
+This experiment in government control was discussed and explained by the
+Director General after six months' experience in the following statement
+issued by him on June 15, 1918:
+
+     "The policy of the United States Railroad Administration has
+     been informed and shaped by a desire to accomplish the
+     following purposes, which are named in what I conceive to be
+     the order of their importance:
+
+     "_First_, the winning of the war, which includes the prompt
+     movement of the men and the material that the Government
+     requires. To this everything else must be subordinated.
+
+     "_Second_, the service of the public, which is the purpose for
+     which the railways were built and given the privileges accorded
+     them. This implies the maintenance and improvement of the
+     railroad properties so that adequate transportation facilities
+     will be provided at the lowest cost, the object of the
+     Government being to furnish service rather than to make money.
+
+     "_Third_, the promotion of a spirit of sympathy and a better
+     understanding between the administration of the railways and
+     their two million employees, as well as their one hundred
+     million patrons, which latter class includes every individual
+     in the nation, since transportation has become a prime and
+     universal necessity of civilized existence.
+
+     "_Fourth_, the application of sound economies, including:
+
+     (_a_) The elimination of superfluous expenditures.
+
+     (_b_) The payment of a fair and living wage for services
+     rendered and a just and prompt compensation for injuries
+     received.
+
+     (_c_) The purchase of material and equipment at the lowest
+     prices consistent with a reasonable, but not an excessive,
+     profit to the producer.
+
+     (_d_) The adoption of standardized equipment and the
+     introduction of approved devices that will save life and labor.
+
+     (_e_) The routing of freight and passenger traffic with due
+     regard to the fact that a straight line is the shortest
+     distance between two points.
+
+     (_f_) The intensive employment of all equipment and a careful
+     record and scientific study of the results obtained, with a
+     view to determining the comparative efficiency secured.
+
+     "The development of this policy will, of course, require time.
+     The task to which the Railroad Administration has addressed
+     itself is an immense one. It is as yet too early to judge of
+     the results obtained, but I believe that great progress has
+     been made toward the goal of our ideals."
+
+
+GOVERNMENT CONTROL CRITICISED
+
+The defects of the Government administration of the railways have been
+the subject of both criticism and apology. A diagnosis published by the
+_Engineering News Record_ of New York states that the whole difficulty
+is ascribed to the employment of bankers in high places of railway
+management. Railroads, it was asserted, cannot be run by men of the
+banking type of mind. The article continues:
+
+     "Here was, and is, an agency with daily influence on the life
+     of every member of the community, performing a service
+     essential to the nation's life. Yet it has few friends among
+     the people at large; more now than formerly, however, due to
+     the number of those whose pity has been excited at the
+     railroads' plight. The first of the railroads' plagues was the
+     type of management--manipulation, it would better be
+     called--which regarded the properties not as carriers but as
+     media for stock-jobbing operations. Consolidations with the
+     addition of water, and reconsolidations, with still more water,
+     were the order of the day; while those operating the properties
+     danced riotously over their territories waving insolently the
+     flag of 'The Public Be Damned.' Rebates, car-withholding
+     tyrannies, all manner of schemes were worked to aid the
+     favored few, while the purchasing methods honeycombed the
+     organization with rottenness.
+
+     "Then came the day for the people to have their say, and one
+     national and forty-eight State commissions began to bedevil the
+     carriers. What the stock-jobbers and the grafters had failed to
+     do the people in their vengeance helped to complete. The public
+     at large, which under intelligent management of the properties
+     would have been the railroads' best friend, had been alienated.
+     As a result we have had the drift into bankruptcy which has
+     been railroad history during the past decade. Instances need
+     not be cited. Each one can supply them from his own
+     neighborhood. Probably the mention of the New Haven will
+     furnish sufficient nausea to carry the right impression.
+
+     "And that _débâcle_ we attribute to the banking type of mind,
+     that type of mind that places personal profit ahead of all
+     other considerations. The engineering type of mind, we hold,
+     would have analyzed the purpose of the railroads--would have
+     seen that service to the public at large, and not to any
+     private interest, was the prime object, would have erected that
+     as the railroads' ideal and builded a machine for its
+     attainment."
+
+
+BRITISH RAILWAY MANAGEMENT
+
+Like American railways the railway system of Great Britain was under
+private control prior to the war, but the experiment of Government
+direction began to be applied as soon as the war was declared.
+Government control did not mean Government ownership. The lines remained
+the property of the companies. They retained the management of their own
+concerns subject to the instructions of an executive committee appointed
+by the Government and the whole machinery of administration went on as
+before. At the beginning the sole purpose was to facilitate the movement
+of troops, but as the war developed the scope of the railway executive
+committee became greatly extended. Working in coöperation with the
+acting chairman were twelve general managers of leading British lines.
+Under the central body were groups of committees, each made up of
+railway experts. The War Office and the Director General of Transport
+were in touch with the Central Committee. A writer in the _Railway Age
+Gazette_ for December, 1917, explains the arrangements as follows:
+
+     "Under the terms on which the railways were taken over for the
+     period of the war the Government guaranteed to the proprietors
+     of the railways that their net revenue should be the same as in
+     1913, except when the net receipts for the first half of 1914
+     were less than the first half of 1913; in that case the sum
+     payable was to be reduced in the same proportion. The entire
+     Government traffic--men and freight--was to be carried without
+     any direct charge being made for it or any accounts rendered.
+     This plan was considered satisfactory by both sides. In the
+     majority of cases there had been a reduction of earnings in the
+     first half of 1914 over the previous half-year, and companies
+     were contemplating a still further reduction. The interests of
+     their shareholders being assured, they were able to devote
+     themselves to the work of economical and efficient
+     distribution, quite apart from the usual financial problems.
+     The one weak side of this agreement was that it made no
+     allowance to cover increased interest payments on account of
+     new investments and new capital expenditure since the war
+     began. This point was afterward met by an arrangement that the
+     government should pay interest at 4 per cent. on all new
+     capital invested by the railways since August 4, 1914, on new
+     lines, branches, terminals, equipment, or other facilities put
+     into use since January 1, 1913.
+
+     "The conclusion of the financial agreement between the
+     Government and the companies automatically brought about a
+     great economy in the system of railway accounts. The reports of
+     the companies were cut down to a bare minimum, and in many
+     cases even these reduced reports were not sent to the
+     shareholders unless they specially asked for them."
+
+
+RAILWAY NATIONALIZATION IN CANADA
+
+A definite proposal to nationalize the railway systems of the Dominion
+of Canada was made during the war. Canada has nearly one-sixth of the
+railway mileage of the United States, although it has less than
+one-fourteenth of the population. Canada has three trans-continental
+systems. There is sufficient trade in the Dominion for two good systems.
+A royal commission appointed to inquire into the subject reported that
+the net returns of the railways were so low as to prove that more
+railways had been built than could be justified on commercial grounds.
+Large subsidies had been granted by the Government. In the case of the
+Grand Trunk Pacific this public subsidy amounted to nearly two-thirds of
+the total investment; in the case of the Canadian Northern to nearly
+three-quarters. The Canadian Pacific was reported as the strongest
+railway in Canada, economically built and well managed. The other
+companies, such as the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trunk Pacific,
+were facing heavy annual deficits.
+
+[Illustration: Walker D. Hines
+
+He succeeded William McAdoo as Director-General of Railroads after the
+signing of the armistice.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+The commissioners recommended heroic measures. They did not consider
+that operation by a Minister directly responsible to Parliament would be
+in the public interest. It would not secure better service nor lower
+rates. What the commissioners did recommend was to transfer the three
+companies to a new body, a board of trustees to be incorporated as the
+Dominion Railway Company and that the Canadian Northern, the Canadian
+Pacific and the Grand Trunk Pacific be transferred to this body. The
+Government-owned Intercolonial and Transcontinental Railways stretching
+from Halifax to Winnipeg were to be transferred to the Dominion Company.
+Under the scheme worked out by the commission, the Government would
+assume responsibility to the Dominion Railway Company for the interest
+on existing securities of the transferred companies. As to the
+composition of the board of trustees, the commissioner recommended that
+they be five; three railway members, one member selected on the ground
+of business and financial experience and one as especially possessing
+the confidence of the railway employees. The commissioners laid stress
+on the importance of the board being non-political, permanent and
+self-perpetuating, and in this connection pointed to the experience of
+the Australian state railways.
+
+
+FRENCH RAILWAYS IN WARTIME
+
+The great strain on a country's railway system caused by war was
+illustrated by the French mobilization. Four thousand seven hundred and
+fifty trains were required. After mobilization was over the Army still
+had a permanent need of railways for two purposes: for its
+communications in the rear, and for its movements from place to place.
+To bring supplies to one Army corps trainloads aggregating 200 tons a
+day were required.
+
+Mr. G. Blanchon in _New Warfare_ explained the situation as follows:
+
+     "The preparation of railways for war uses is not confined to
+     the planning of the system itself. It extends to the provision
+     and adaptation of stations, to the duplication of the lines, to
+     the defence of bridges and other structures, to the provision
+     of rolling-stock. Considerable extension may be looked for in
+     all these directions. However important the motor-car and the
+     aeroplane may be in military transport, it is probable that the
+     railways will always be the most satisfactory means of
+     conveying heavy material.
+
+     "The railway carriage itself can be adapted for military uses.
+     We have tank cars, cold-storage cars, hospital trains; above
+     all, we have armored trains and truck gun-carriages.
+
+     "Railways will perhaps render more effective service than ever
+     in the matter of bringing to the required spot huge guns too
+     heavy to be transported in any other way. These will be fired
+     without leaving the rails. The truck gun-carriage is so
+     arranged as to withstand the recoil; this result is obtained by
+     placing on the ground, once the carriage is stationary,
+     supports which take the load off the wheels. The recoil is
+     transferred to the ground so that the rails do not suffer.
+
+     "Whether the object is to organize a supply line, to transfer
+     reinforcements, or to carry heavy material to its destination,
+     it may be of service to provide for the absence of normal lines
+     by laying down rails along the road. Both the Germans and
+     ourselves have done this very frequently. A narrow gauge of
+     sixty centimeters is generally used. A team of skilled sappers
+     takes about three hours to lay down about one kilometer of
+     railway."
+
+
+AMERICA'S SHIPPING PREPARATION
+
+The two great means of transport--railways and ships--furnished in this
+war the greatest examples of modified state socialism which America had
+yet seen. As to the general way in which they were controlled these two
+services show a fairly close family resemblance, though the forms of
+organization were technically quite different. The larger railroads and
+the larger ships were taken possession of by the Government and were
+operated by the same people, in general, who operated them before, but
+under orders of the Railroad Administration and the Shipping Board
+respectively. New ships and new railroad equipment were built on plans
+made under federal direction, and in both cases the output was being
+largely standardized. The heads of the Shipping Board and the Emergency
+Fleet Corporation were men drawn from private business, while the
+regional directors of the railroad regions and the federal managers of
+the separate roads were railroad men, usually managing their own roads,
+under the government's direction. Thus in both cases private enterprise
+furnished the traditions and training of the personnel that made this
+experiment in socialism.
+
+Besides the points of likeness there were differences between the two
+services. In the case of ship-building, the industry was virtually
+re-created, so great was the expansion and the revolution in methods. In
+the case of railroads the emphasis was, as has been seen, on the task of
+utilizing an existing and limited plant to its utmost capacity for war
+purposes.
+
+
+WAR'S EFFECT ON SHIPPING
+
+The following table, taken from a pamphlet distributed by the Emergency
+Fleet Corporation six months before the conclusion of the war, gives a
+perspicuous view of the shipping situation at the opening of military
+operations in the United States:
+
+
+    THE WAR AND WORLD SHIPPING
+
+                                                   Gross Tons
+    World's shipping (except German and
+      Austrian) August 1, 1914                     42,574,537
+    Additional ships built, August, 1914-
+      December 31, 1917                             6,621,003
+    German and Austrian interned ships
+      available for use of Allies                     875,000
+                                                   ----------
+               Total                               50,070,540
+
+
+    Losses since 1914.
+
+    Due to ordinary causes.  1,600,000
+    Due to mines, raiders
+      and submarines:
+        Allies               8,900,119[17]
+        Norway               1,031,778
+        Other neutrals         400,000
+
+               Total                               11,931,897
+                                                   ----------
+    Balance actual tonnage available               38,138,643
+
+    Net decrease since 1914                         4,435,894
+
+    Add 2 tons constantly required to
+    maintain each man in France
+      (1,500,000 men × 2)                           3,000,000
+
+    Shortage for merchant traffic, at least         7,435,894
+
+[17] To October, 1917.
+
+Another table gives a view of the rates between the building and sinking
+of ships among the Allied, neutral, and British nations from the
+beginning of the war to April, 1918:
+
+     "The world's shipping suffered a net loss of 2,632,279 tons
+     from the beginning of the war to April 1, 1918, the greater
+     part of this having occurred since the beginning of the
+     unrestricted submarine warfare which brought America into the
+     war. This loss is partly due to England's having increased her
+     naval building at the expense of merchant tonnage. While naval
+     construction must not be neglected, some building capacity can
+     be turned back to merchant ship-building in case of extreme
+     need. However, in April, 1918, Great Britain and the United
+     States built 40,000 tons more shipping than was lost, and
+     American construction is still rapidly increasing."
+
+
+AMERICA'S SHIP-BUILDING PROGRAM
+
+American ship-building was planned on grandiose lines, partly to make
+good the losses by submarine, partly to provide transportation for
+American troops to Europe, and partly for propaganda purposes in
+friendly and in enemy countries. The American program was an ambitious
+one. Inflated figures were offered for popular consumption and
+undoubtedly they were consumed and had their influence in securing a
+successful close to the struggle. While reports were coming from Great
+Britain telling of constant labor troubles on the Clyde and other
+ship-building localities, every item of news from Washington spoke of
+the marvelous achievements of American ship-building. One message read
+after eight months of the war had passed: "For the first time in history
+America has outdistanced England in her ship-building output."
+
+Foreign critics called attention to the fact that American figures of
+ship-building (1918) had a different basis of valuation from those of
+other countries. In one case there were vessels completed and entered
+for service, and in another there were vessels launched. The situation
+is presented by the London _Economist_:
+
+     "British shipping, still in magnitude far beyond that of any of
+     the Allies, is declining; it is still being sunk faster than it
+     is being replaced. American shipping, on the other hand, is
+     rapidly expanding, and has already turned the scale against the
+     U-boats. The American Army in France as it is reinforced must
+     become more and more dependent upon American ships for
+     transport and supply. Up to the end of July the net loss in
+     British shipping due to enemy action and marine risks since
+     August, 1914, had been 3,851,537 gross tons. During the current
+     year to July 31 we have lost 583,600 gross tons more than we
+     have built. British sea power, the power to use the sea as
+     measured in merchant shipping, is wasting. On the other hand,
+     the net gain since August, 1914, in Allied and neutral
+     shipping--to which the United States have largely
+     contributed--was nearly 1,100,000 tons at the end of June this
+     year, and was showing a very remarkable rate of expansion.
+     Thanks chiefly to the United States, the Allied and neutral
+     monthly gain now more than offsets the British loss. The
+     critical corner has been turned. To those whose eyes look
+     beyond the war, and who already anticipate a great American
+     mercantile marine in competition with depleted British lines,
+     we would point out that after all its losses British merchant
+     shipping still amounts to over 14,000,000 tons gross, and that
+     America's ocean-going tonnage built and completing--exclusive
+     of captures--is as yet little more than 4,000,000. What the
+     relative positions will be a year hence--or two years hence,
+     should the war last so long--we do not venture to predict."
+
+
+THE FOURTH OF JULY SPLASH
+
+Reports of the Shipping Board's activity led to expectations of an
+unprecedented number of ships to be launched, fitted and ready for
+transport and trade purposes within a very short interval. Much
+enthusiasm was created by the Fourth of July splash, 1918, when,
+according to the New York _Tribune_, in twelve hours steel and wooden
+ships hit the water in clouds of smoke and spray, at the rate of one
+every seven minutes. The era of Mr. Jefferson Brick had undoubtedly
+returned, for the _Tribune_ went on to expatiate in poetical exuberance
+that the shores of "Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, Columbia river, the
+Gulf of Mexico, the Delaware, Chesapeake Bay, New York Bay, and all the
+coast of New England and the Great Lakes were laved by the backwash of
+the great ships of the Liberty Fleet rushing to their proper element."
+The Bureau of Navigation estimated that by the end of June, 1918, 1,622
+ships of 1,430,793 gross tons would be launched--more than double the
+output of German yards in times of peace. One article refers to the
+actual event as follows:
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Charles Phillip Norton
+
+Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington
+
+American ship-building during the war was planned on a gigantic scale to
+make good the losses by submarines and to provide transportation for
+American troops to Europe. The _West Lianga_, shown above, an 8,800-ton
+cargo carrier was launched within 55 working days and delivered, ready
+for cargo, in 67 days.]
+
+     AMERICAN LOSSES--NEW TONNAGE BUILT
+
+     "At San Francisco on July 4th, Mr. Charles M. Schwab,
+     Director-General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, said to
+     the shipworkers: 'If you stand up to your job, we'll make the
+     Kaiser take his medicine lying down.' Mr. Schwab also ventured
+     the statement that this Fourth of July shows the greatest
+     record of launchings for a single day in the world's history,
+     and added:
+
+     "'Every time we launch a cargo or troopship or tanker we add to
+     the certainty that German submarines can not win this war.
+     Already we have the U-boats on the run, and if we keep up the
+     pace we will have them beaten by next year. And when we achieve
+     this victory it will be you who will deserve the credit.
+
+     "'In 1915 all the shipyards in America turned out 215,602
+     dead-weight tons of shipping. The next year our output jumped
+     to 520,847 tons. In 1917 the hot pace continued until we very
+     nearly doubled the output of the previous year, completing a
+     total of 901,223. I am confident now that if we pull together
+     and every man stays on the job, we will produce more than
+     3,000,000 dead-weight tons in 1918--the greatest output of any
+     nation in the world in a single year.'
+
+     "Premier Lloyd George sent a cable to President Wilson on the
+     launching of the ships, in which he extended 'heartfelt
+     congratulations on this magnificent performance,' and in an
+     Independence-day speech Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels
+     said in part:
+
+     "'We are launching this day far more tonnage than that of all
+     the American vessels sunk by submarines since the war began. We
+     are launching today more than the Germans sank of the ships of
+     all nations in the last month for which we have the official
+     figures. The recent enemy submarine activities off our coast
+     resulted in the loss of 25,411 dead-weight tons of American
+     shipping. During this same time 130,000 gross tons of shipping
+     were built.
+
+     "'To give some idea of the tonnage situation with reference to
+     American shipping, it may be of interest to know that the total
+     tonnage of American vessels lost prior to the entry of the
+     United States into the war was 67,815. The total American
+     tonnage sunk since the entry of the United States into the war
+     is 284,408, or a total of 352,223 tons sunk during the whole
+     period of the European War. As against this loss, the gross
+     tonnage of merchant ships built in the United States since the
+     commencement of the European War is 2,722,563 tons, 1,736,664
+     gross tons of which have been built since the entry of the
+     United States into the war. In addition to the tonnage thus
+     built 650,000 tons of German shipping have been taken over.
+     This does not include the tonnage acquired of Dutch, Japanese,
+     and other vessels. It will be of further interest to know that
+     today there will be launched in the great shipyards of this
+     country over 400,000 dead-weight tons. These figures are in
+     addition to those previously given.'"
+
+
+A SHIP-BUILDING CAPACITY OF OVER 1,500,000 TONS A YEAR
+
+The war program of the Shipping Board implied a multiplication by three
+of existing outputs. This increased output signified the possibility of
+labor difficulties, and in order to prevent these an agreement was
+reached between representatives of the labor unions, the Navy
+Department, the Shipping Board and the Emergency Fleet Corporation, to
+the effect that all disputes concerning wages, hours or conditions in
+shipyards in ship-building plants should be determined by a committee of
+three, one representing the corporation, one nominated by the President
+and the third selected by Mr. Samuel Gompers. When this agreement was
+entered into the United States reported a ship-building capacity of over
+one and one-half million gross tons a year. Two years previously the
+ship-building capacity was only five hundred thousand tons, but
+according to the London _Economist_, a rate of four million gross tons a
+year would have to be supplied if the American Army was to have
+sufficient means of transport.
+
+When this forecast was made on both sides of the Atlantic, it was
+realized that so far as the marine situation was concerned the war had
+become simply a question of ship-building against the submarine.
+Military operations intervened to prevent a full test of our
+ship-building strength, but there was full confidence in the United
+States that American ship-building would by increased production make
+the German submarine program an inconsiderable factor in the question of
+terminating the war.
+
+
+TRANSPORTING THE AMERICAN ARMY
+
+When there came a demand for an increase of man-power to be sent to the
+battle front few appreciated what this effort meant in its effect on
+increased shipping activities. Half a million American soldiers crossed
+the Atlantic in the first thirteen months of the war, after our entrance
+into the war, and a million and a half in the last six months of the
+war. The shipment across the Atlantic was at first anything but rapid.
+There were only a few American and British troop ships chartered
+directly from their owners. Then the former German liners were brought
+into service and with this addition embarkations greatly increased.
+
+[Illustration: Hog Island Ship-building Yards
+
+The expenditure of millions of dollars and the labor of thousands of
+workmen transformed in a short time a tract of marsh lands near
+Philadelphia into one of the greatest ship yards in the world.]
+
+Early in 1918 increased shipping facilities were arranged for with the
+British Government. The results of this arrangement became visible in
+the growth of troop movements for March, 1918. Then there came the great
+German drive; after this every ship that could be secured was pressed
+into service. More British troop ships were used. Accordingly, in May,
+1918, more than twice as many men were carried as in April. The June
+record was greater than that of May and before the first of July one
+million had been embarked. During the summer the number carried was more
+than 10,000 men per day. This record has only been excelled by the
+achievement in bringing back the same men to the shores of the United
+States.[18]
+
+[18] For complete official figures of the troop movement overseas, see
+Volume IV.
+
+In addition to the transatlantic fleet there was an American
+cross-channel fleet carrying men and cargo from England to France. This
+fleet consisted of more than a third of a million tons by the end of
+1918. One-fourth of these vessels were Swedish or Norwegian, while the
+rest were American. This fleet comprised large numbers of small wood and
+steel vessels built by the Emergency Fleet Corporation at the yards of
+the Great Lakes and along the coast.
+
+
+ACCELERATED SHIPPING
+
+The Emergency Fleet Corporation turned over nearly a million tons of new
+ships for military purposes, and besides Scandinavian and Japanese
+tonnage was chartered. By doing this and by taking over lake steamers
+the large tonnage figures were secured, but it must be remembered that
+the Allies were largely concerned in the American troop movement. Of
+every 100 men who went over, 49 went in British ships, 45 in American,
+three in Italian, two in French and one in Russian shipping under
+British control. Moreover, a way was found to increase the loading of
+transports by as much as 50 per cent.
+
+The duration of the voyage round trip was considerably decreased. In the
+spring of 1917 the average turn around for troop ships was 52 days. Some
+of the fast ships averaged under 30. The _Leviathan_, for example,
+landed the equivalent of a German division in France each month. Most of
+the cargo ships were American and these ships carried thousands of
+articles of the most varied sort. Nearly one-half of all the cargoes
+consisted of food and clothing. Then came the engineering and ordnance
+supplies. A large number of locomotives were shipped, set up on their
+own wheels so that they could be unloaded on the tracks in France and
+run off in a few hours under their own steam. These locomotives were of
+the hundred-ton type. Shipments of this type had never been made before.
+When the armistice was signed the Army was prepared to ship these set-up
+locomotives at the rate of 200 a month. The actual record shows that
+1,791 were sent to France on transports.
+
+Nearly 27,000 standard-gauge freight cars were shipped abroad, and motor
+trucks to the number of 47,000; rails and fittings were sent to France
+aggregating in all 423,000 tons. Moreover, the Army shipped nearly
+70,000 horses and mules. The increase in the shipping of cargo from the
+United States was consistently maintained from the start of the war, and
+at its cessation it was undergoing marked acceleration.
+
+
+BRITISH SHIP-BUILDING
+
+Ship-building in England was taken over by the government early in the
+war. This plan was described by many as an example of a blundering
+surrender to Socialism and a concession to bureaucratic tendencies.
+These critics pointed to the fact that in 1914 British shipping tonnage
+had reached the figure of 19 million tons, an increase of over 10
+millions in 15 years; and this was done in spite of subsidized
+competition from abroad and lack of reasonable encouragement at home.
+The policy of government interference was regarded as simply a method of
+discouraging English initiative in this industry. A writer in the London
+_Outlook_, Mr. E. T. Good, described the project in a most unfavorable
+light:
+
+     "On top of foreign subsidized competition our people are to be
+     subjected to Government competition at home, and their whole
+     position and prospects rendered uncertain, if not impossible.
+     This new government undertaking can have nothing but a
+     chilling, blighting effect upon our splendid ship-building and
+     engineering trades, and it will not give us one additional ton
+     of shipping. The government policy--or lack of policy--is such
+     that no one knows what to expect next. There is no certainty.
+     There is no continuity of policy. There is no encouragement.
+     There is no common justice for British enterprise. Whilst
+     Germany, France, Italy and other nations are preparing large
+     subsidization schemes for their shipping and ship-building
+     trades, our government excessively penalizes our industries and
+     enterprises, and gives no hint of any fair dealing in the
+     future. Before the war German subsidized liners were permitted
+     to come into our harbors and take on board British passengers
+     at 'blackleg' rates, and without paying even a due share for
+     the upkeep of our ports and lights. Now our government, whilst
+     paying neutral shipowners--our future rivals--freights up to as
+     much as 500 per cent. above the Bluebook rates paid to our own
+     vessels, is taxing our shipping people up to the eyes--doing
+     all that it can to render it difficult, if not impossible, for
+     our companies to increase their fleets and maintain British
+     supremacy after the war."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River, near Portland,
+Oregon
+
+Most of the cargo ships that carried supplies to our troops after we
+entered the war were American owned, and carried thousands of articles
+of the most varied sort. The _City of Portland_, shown above, was a
+three hundred foot wooden motor vessel.]
+
+It must be remembered that Great Britain's shipping problem was a matter
+of extreme complexity. There were first of all the submarine sinkings.
+There was the lack of labour for ship-building. There was, besides, the
+fact that the tonnage available for ordinary imports was considerably
+lessened by the commandeering of merchant ships for the carriage of
+government material. The following statement of the problem was
+presented by the British Premier himself in August, 1917:
+
+     "In addition to this, the Shipping Controller has taken steps
+     for the quickening of ship-building. The tonnage built in this
+     country during peace times is, I think, on an average
+     something a little under 2,000,000. In 1915 the ship-building
+     came to 688,000 tons. In 1916 it was 538,000 tons. In this year
+     a little over a million tons, nearly 1,100,000 tons, will be
+     built in this country and 330,000 tons will be acquired abroad,
+     so that this year the tonnage which we shall acquire will be
+     1,900,000. This is purely mercantile marine. Bear in mind the
+     condition under which the tonnage is built. It is the fourth
+     year of the war. There is a difficulty in labor and great
+     difficulty in material. You require steel for guns and shells
+     for the Navy, because the ship-building program of the Navy has
+     gone up considerably in the course of the present year. In
+     spite of that fact the ship-building of the country in this
+     year will not be very far from what it was in the days of
+     peace.
+
+     "Even now we have not got enough tonnage for all essential
+     purposes. We have got to provide tonnage for France, Italy and
+     Russia, as well as for ourselves, and we need more ships
+     instead of fewer ships. And I am not going to pretend that
+     there will not be at best a rate of diminution of our shipping
+     which will embarrass us in the struggle, and therefore it is
+     essential, not merely that this country should build, but that
+     the only other countries which have a great ship-building
+     capacity should also build. If the United States of America
+     puts forth the whole of her capacity, and I have no doubt, from
+     what I hear, that she is preparing to do it in her own thorough
+     and enterprising way, I have no doubt at all that we shall have
+     sufficient tonnage not merely for this year but for the whole
+     of 1918 and, if necessary, for 1919 as well, because America
+     can expand very considerably her ship-building capacity if the
+     real need ever arises for her to do so."
+
+
+BRITISH BUREAUCRATIC METHODS
+
+On the whole it must be allowed that after the results were published
+there was a great disappointment, particularly as the government had put
+forth roseate plans for ship-building on a large scale. At the beginning
+of the war there were 16 million tons gross of steamers of more than 600
+tons each. A large part of this total was used in the service of the
+Navy; and the balance, available for the carriage of food, materials and
+exports, was lost during the submarine campaign. The government seemed
+to show no ability to replace it. Sometimes it is contended that the
+responsibility was to be charged up to the labor organizations.
+According to the _Economist_ the situation was due to bureaucratic
+methods of control.
+
+In a debate in Parliament the whole subject was ventilated:
+
+     "From every quarter members with first-hand knowledge of
+     ship-building got up to tell the same story of
+     over-centralization, fussy control, conflicting orders, leading
+     all to the same result--discouragement of masters and men. Mr.
+     Mackinder, speaking for a Glasgow constituency, and Sir Walter
+     Runciman, speaking as a ship-owner--two men whose views on
+     economics are the poles apart--were in agreement here. The
+     fault, they declared, lay, not in the want of patriotism or the
+     inherent vice of the British workman, or even in the lethargy
+     of the British employer, but in the third and predominant
+     member of the ship-building partnership, the British
+     Government. Keeping the direction in its own hands, the
+     Government started with a preconceived theory of the standard
+     ship--a theory that might be of great value to a builder of
+     revolutionary ideas laying the foundations of a prosperity to
+     be enjoyed twenty years hence, but is of considerably less
+     value to a nation that is losing steamers at the rate of
+     fifteen or twenty a week, and wants new steamers now. When the
+     standard ship was first proposed, builders pointed out that in
+     practice each had a standard ship of his own, and they could
+     build most quickly by confining themselves to their own
+     familiar types. Mr. Macnamara told them that they were
+     Solomons, wise after the event, but that is less than fair.
+     They were wise from the beginning, and their predictions have
+     come true."
+
+
+TRADE POLICY AS A WAR WEAPON
+
+The building of ships under Government supervision and control was only
+one side of Allied war shipping administration. Seaborne trade was
+rigidly directed as a potent arm in bringing Germany's war power to
+ruin. The industrial and economic effect of the marine blockade was
+fully conceded by a number of German and Austrian newspapers.
+
+_The Frankfurter Zeitung_ said:
+
+     "If the final peace does not return to us what our enemies have
+     taken and destroyed in the outside world, if it does not
+     restore to us freedom in our work and our spirit of enterprise
+     in the world, then the German people is crippled for an
+     immeasurable period. We demand restoration for all violation of
+     the law and for all acts of destruction. We demand
+     indemnification for all damages done, and we meet the plan of
+     differentiation with the demand for the most-favored-nation
+     treatment and equal rights; the plan of exclusion with the
+     demand for the open door and free seas; and the threat of a
+     blockade of raw materials with the demand for the delivery of
+     raw materials."
+
+A true picture of the situation is given in the following passage from
+the Vienna _Arbeiter Zeitung_:
+
+     "Even if Hindenburg's genius and German bravery won a complete
+     victory on land, even if the English Army fell into our hands
+     to the last man, and France was disarmed and had to submit to
+     Germany's terms, even then England and America could not be
+     compelled to the capitulation that the Pan-German word-heroes
+     prophesy daily. Even then they would blockade our coasts and
+     the war would continue at sea. And even if they could not or
+     would not do that, even if peace was concluded and all the
+     battles ended, they would still have a terrible weapon to use
+     against us. Our domestic economy can not exist permanently
+     without the wheat, the copper, and the cotton from America, the
+     nickel from Canada, the cotton from Egypt and India, the
+     phosphates from the North African coasts, the rubber from the
+     English tropical colonies, Indian jute, and the oilplants of
+     the South Sea Islands.
+
+     "There will be a scarcity of all these things after the war and
+     there will be great competition for them. If England and
+     America do not deliver to us these raw materials after the war,
+     then we as conquerors are conquered."
+
+
+GERMANY'S POTASH BOYCOTT
+
+Before we entered the war Germany viewed with great concern the effect
+of the economic weight of the United States if added to the side of her
+antagonists. She felt that if this country remained neutral she could
+depend on us for raw materials. To be sure, German ingenuity had
+produced ten thousand substitutes, due to the skill of German chemists,
+ranging from bacteria fats to synthetic rubber. But even the War Office
+in Berlin was under no illusion on this point. "We need copper and no
+stripping of palace roofs, no raiding of door knockers or kitchen pans
+can make up for the deficiency." Even the vision of economic
+self-sufficiency in Central Europe had rifts in it. Raw material was so
+important that, in the boot and shoe industry 1,400 factories in the
+German Empire were amalgamated into 300. In the silk industry the spools
+were reduced from 45,000 to 2,500. Out of 1,700 spinning and weaving
+mills, only 70 were running at high pressure.
+
+The plan, as outlined by German experts, to force the United States to
+supply raw material was to cut off potash exports and certain
+manufactured goods. "If America will sell us no cotton," was the threat
+of the Berlin _Deutsche-Zeitung_, "she shall get no potash--the
+indispensable fertilizer in which we have a world monopoly. If she
+withholds her oil and grain, then she shall get no _dyes_, no drugs, no
+glassware or optical instruments." But as a writer in the London
+_Outlook_ stated, this threat could not be made an effective instrument
+of trade control:
+
+     "There is potash in plenty in the great Republic, especially in
+     the alkali lakes of Nebraska and Southern California. Potash is
+     now obtained from the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and from the
+     vast kelp beds of the Pacific coast. American chemists are also
+     extracting potash (by the Cottrell process) from the dust of
+     cement-kilns and blast-furnaces. So the German monopoly will
+     pass, and many others with it. America will produce her own
+     dyes and optical instruments, though I may not linger on the
+     details of this supplanting.
+
+     "American genius has long been busy with these things; another
+     year or two will see her wholly independent of German supplies.
+     The potash monopoly--from the mines of Stassfurt in Saxony--was
+     undeniably a problem; there are still richer sources in Alsace,
+     as we all know Germany's resolve to hold that province through
+     thick and thin. America needs 500,000 tons of potash every
+     year, for the sandy soils of the Atlantic seaboard, and also
+     for the citrus fruits of Florida, the tobacco of Georgia and
+     the Carolinas, the potatoes and garden produce of Maryland."
+
+
+SHUTTING OFF GERMAN TRADE
+
+Pessimistic anticipations of German statesmen regarding the curtailing
+of German trade were realized when the War Trade Board in the United
+States began to deal with the question of American exports to neutrals.
+The report of the Board, published in 1918, contains the following
+passage:
+
+     "Neutral exports of foodstuffs to the Central Powers have
+     declined from last year's corresponding exports in amounts
+     estimated at from 65 to 85 per cent., depending on the neutral,
+     and there has been a decrease in the export of many other
+     important commodities.
+
+     "In November, 1917, we became party to Great Britain's
+     tentative agreement with Norway, as a result of which action on
+     our part 1,400,000 tons dead-weight of Norwegian shipping were
+     chartered into the service of the United States and Great
+     Britain for the period of the war. Shortly following, temporary
+     agreements were concluded with Holland and with Sweden. That
+     with Holland gives us the use, for periods up to 90 days, of
+     450,000 tons dead-weight of her shipping which had heretofore,
+     for a long period, lain idle. The agreement with Sweden gives
+     us the use for three months of tonnage estimated at 250,000
+     tons dead-weight which had not theretofore been employed in
+     services useful to us.
+
+     "Specific accomplishments of this character are, however, far
+     from constituting a full measure of the results achieved by the
+     War Trade Board. The elimination of enemy advantage from our
+     trade and, to a considerable extent, from that of the world,
+     the securing and conserving of commodities essential to
+     ourselves and those associated with us in the war, the bringing
+     of shipping generally into the services most useful to
+     us--these results can not be accurately stated or appraised at
+     the present time, nor have they been accomplished by any single
+     act or agreement."
+
+[Illustration: Examining Cargoes for Contraband
+
+An inspector is using the X-ray on a bale of cotton, it having been
+found that smuggling of every conceivable sort was being carried by
+German agents.]
+
+
+THE TRADE LICENSE SYSTEM
+
+The United States trade license system was extremely effective in
+cutting off the business of firms whose controlling motive was the
+advancement of German commercial interests. It was largely directed
+against preventing pro-German firms in neutral countries from engaging
+in the re-exportation process, a familiar practice in the earlier part
+of the war. The policy of the War Trade Board is indicated in the March
+(1918) issue of the _War Trade Journal_:
+
+     "To accomplish these results the War Trade Board, through its
+     Bureau of Imports, has adopted certain regulations in
+     connection with the importation of many of these raw materials,
+     to which it is the duty of every patriotic American citizen to
+     give complete and wholehearted support.
+
+     "Organizations have been voluntarily created in many of the
+     trades, such as rubber, wool, jute, tin, etc., to act as
+     consignees when required and to perform other duties in
+     connection with importations, under and by direction of the War
+     Trade Board.
+
+     "Every effort will be made to administer these regulations with
+     the slightest possible detriment to legitimate business
+     interests, but when it is considered that the transmittal of a
+     few pounds of rubber or copper to Germany may cost the lives of
+     scores of our men at the front, and that each day's supply of
+     wool, or food, or money to the enemy means another day's war,
+     with its accompanying toll of lives, the very thought of
+     hesitancy or weakness is inconceivable. The policy will be
+     'safety first' for our soldiers, regardless of every other
+     consideration. Persons and firms in this country, as well as
+     abroad, who before our entrance into the war had little
+     sympathy with the war-time commercial safeguards of the Allies
+     must be taught that these are now matters of the first
+     importance to this country, and violators of present
+     restrictions need expect no favors, regardless of how important
+     such individuals or firms may be in the business world. The
+     time has come when all must realize that the war is not limited
+     to combating the enemy on the battle fields of France, but must
+     be carried into our every-day transactions of life, and that
+     our business practices must be remolded, where necessary, to
+     meet existing conditions.
+
+     "It is unnecessary to mention other desirable results which may
+     be obtained by this import control, such as the gathering of
+     trade information or the conservation of tonnage by elimination
+     of non-essentials.
+
+     "No anxiety need be felt by importers that there will be any
+     serious restrictions of the importation of necessary articles
+     if the transaction does not involve dealing with an enemy or
+     ally of an enemy, or otherwise giving him aid or comfort."
+
+
+THE ANTI-GERMAN TOY EPISODE
+
+An example of the intense popular indignation against encouraging trade
+with Germany was furnished when a Dutch boat arrived in New York in
+1918, laden with 400 cases of toys made in Germany. The ship that
+carried them had been guaranteed against submarines by the German
+Government. Its arrival in America brought about a storm of indignation
+strong enough to remind many editors of the famous Boston Tea-Party. One
+of the consignees of the cargo refused to accept delivery of his share;
+the _Manufacturers Record_ of Baltimore offered him its congratulations:
+
+     "It is none too soon to begin the campaign against the
+     importation of German-made goods. Imagine for one moment any
+     American mother giving to her baby toys made by Germany while
+     she thinks of tens of thousands of babies murdered by Germany
+     in this war. Every toy made in Germany and every other piece of
+     goods of every kind will for generations bear a bloody stain
+     which all the waters of all the oceans can never wash out."
+
+Patriotic organizations passed resolutions on the subject. American
+feeling as to German merchandise was well shown through the publication
+of an editorial in the _Hardware Age_ against American use of German
+toys. The paper received 4,000 letters on the subject and over 250,000
+reprints of the editorial were sent out, all on request. On the subject
+of German toys, it said, among other things:
+
+     "America has fed starving Belgium. We fed and clothed and cared
+     for her suffering people long before we became her proud ally
+     on the battlefields. Thousands of orphaned Belgian and French
+     children have been adopted into American homes. In the days to
+     come are we going to force these children to play with
+     German-made toys? God forbid! American toy manufacturers have
+     stripped us of the last vestige of an excuse for the purchase
+     of toys from the Huns. Our factories are making more toys than
+     we ever imported, and they are not the flimsy jim-cracks we
+     formerly bought from abroad. They are largely exercise toys
+     which develop a child's body, or mechanical or structural toys
+     which train the mind. Before the war we imported eight million
+     dollars' worth of toys from the Central Powers. Who will make
+     our kiddies' toys in the days to come? Once more, Mr. Buyer,
+     it's up to you."
+
+
+SMUGGLING FROM NEUTRAL COUNTRIES
+
+Considerable aid was afforded to Germany by her trade with neutral
+countries. First, there was a good deal of direct re-exportation of
+materials imported from abroad. Then there was an exportation of
+domestic products, and the filling up of this deficit by importation
+from abroad, mainly from the United States. Mr. J. L. Moore of Harvard
+University, thought that smuggling deserved to be added to the source of
+German supply from the outside, and he mentioned the fact that a member
+of the Commerce Department of the Swiss Government was convicted of this
+offense and served a prison sentence. His exposition of how neutrals
+aided Germany is given in the following passage from the New York
+_Times_:
+
+     "To direct and indirect re-exportation must be added, finally,
+     smuggling, which has always been a factor in the evasion of
+     blockades. In Switzerland a member of the Commerce Department
+     of the government was recently convicted of this offense and is
+     serving a prison sentence.
+
+     "That this aid was precious to the Central Powers and enabled
+     them to stave off starvation and consequent submission can be
+     corroborated in various ways. First, in spite of the enormous
+     volume of imports from the neutrals Germany was on the verge of
+     starvation during the last winter, the economic crisis reaching
+     its critical stage coincidentally with the political crisis in
+     the Reichstag at the beginning of July. The most potent cause
+     of this political upheaval was the economic destitution which
+     cast its melancholy shadow over the whole nation and increased
+     the desperation of people and Reichstag till it exploded in a
+     violent outburst of wrath against the government. Secondly, the
+     general impression of press and people in Germany and
+     Switzerland is that the most sensational part of the speech of
+     Erzberger, which brought the crisis into being, consisted of an
+     exposé proving the futility of the submarine policy and
+     impugning the judgment of the officials responsible for its
+     inauguration, inasmuch as the entrance of the United States
+     into the list of Germany's enemies, which resulted therefrom,
+     was likely to result in a curtailment of the imports obtained
+     through the neutrals, and without a continuance of these
+     imports Germany could not hold out long."
+
+
+SURPRISING INCREASE OF NEUTRAL SHIPPING
+
+The shutting off of the German commercial fleet from trade and the
+employment of Allied shipping under government contract offered an
+exceptional opportunity to small neutral countries to advance their
+shipping business. This opportunity was eagerly seized. Norway reported
+the establishment in 1915 of no fewer than 488 shipping firms. This was
+followed in 1916 by an increase of 459. Some of these Norwegian firms
+paid dividends as high as 400 per cent. Statistics from Sweden also show
+a significant expansion. Swedish firms of inconsiderable capitalization
+before the war became important companies, able to undertake
+transatlantic trade on a large scale. It seems likely that these Swedish
+transatlantic lines will constitute a formidable competitor to the old
+established German companies--now that the war is over.
+
+Corroborative evidence on the shipping situation in neutral powers is
+found in the following passage taken from the New York _Journal of
+Commerce_:
+
+     "Of great importance for an estimate of the future of our
+     shipping combines is the progress which the two largest Danish
+     lines--the Forenede, which sails to North America; and the
+     Estasiatisk Kompagni, which, as the name suggests, runs lines
+     to East Asia--have made during the war. The Forenede, for
+     instance, made in 1916, with a stock capital of 30,000,000
+     crowns, a net profit of no less than 40,000,000 crowns, of
+     which a good 10,500,000 crowns was allotted to the reserve and
+     emergency funds. The collective reserves of this company
+     amounted to more than 26,000,000 crowns at the end of 1916: and
+     its bank credits totaled 44,000,000 crowns.
+
+     "The large Dutch shipping firms have likewise made enormous
+     profits. The following table presents their results for 1916
+     (the Dutch florin, or guilder, is worth $0.402 United States
+     currency at normal exchange):
+
+                                                       Reserve and
+                                   Stock       Net      Emergency
+    Shipping Firm                 Capital,   Profits,     Funds,
+                                  Florins    Florins     Florins
+
+    Holland-Amer. Line          12,000,000  26,500,000  10,200,000
+    Stoomvaart Mij. Nederland   19,000,000  18,600,000   8,800,000
+    Kon. Nederl. Stoomboot Mij  15,050,000  19,000,000   7,800,000
+    Rotterdamsche Lloyd         15,000,000  15,100,000  12,600,000
+    Kon. Holland Lloyd          10,000,000  10,900,000   2,000,000
+
+     "The example of the Holland-America Line shows best what
+     enormous progress took place in the inner consolidation of the
+     Dutch firms. The reserve of this company, which in 1913
+     amounted to 6,600,000 florins, grew to 24,800,000 by the end of
+     1916--in other words, the previous stock capital (which in the
+     meantime had been increased by 15,000,000 florins) by more than
+     double. In addition, the company has available funds amounting
+     in all to 21,700,000 florins. The reserves in the Nederland
+     Company, which have increased in the same period from 6,700,000
+     to 23,000,000 florins, exceed the capital by 4,000,000 florins.
+     The available funds of the Rotterdamsche Lloyd amounted at the
+     end of 1916 to about 25,000,000 florins, with a share capital
+     of 15,000,000 florins and a ready reserve of 16,000,000
+     florins.
+
+     "But the business successes of the neutral European shipping
+     firms are far surpassed by the earnings of the Japanese
+     overseas lines. Thus the largest Japanese shipping firm, Nippon
+     Yusen Kaisha, that sails from East Asia to all the important
+     shipping markets, had a net profit in the summer half-year 1916
+     of 19,780,000 yen (the Japanese yen is equivalent to $0.498
+     United States currency); in the winter half-year 1916--17
+     actually 22,150,000; in a single fiscal year it earned,
+     therefore, about 42,000,000 yen. The company's capital stock
+     amounted at the end of the fiscal year 1916--17, after a
+     previous increase through the distribution of free shares, to
+     27,500,000 yen, the net profits of this single company being
+     thus about 15,000,000 yen more than the amount of the capital.
+
+     "The company's fleet has grown considerably. The total
+     available reserves amount to nearly 63,000,000 yen. Of ready
+     money the company had at its disposal at the end of March,
+     1917, 55,300,000 yen."
+
+
+GERMANS AT WORK IN SPAIN
+
+Germany's astuteness in dealing with neutral countries was especially
+marked in Spain. The country was filled with German propaganda and there
+were skeleton German trade organizations ready to begin functioning at a
+moment's notice. The extent to which this propaganda was carried on was
+described by a correspondent of the _Saturday Evening Post_, Mr. I. F.
+Marcosson, in an address to the National Machine Tool Builders'
+Association at Atlantic City:
+
+     "The German propagandists have carried on a campaign on the
+     proposition of the Kaiser. It has been the finest selling
+     campaign that I have ever seen. They have organized it. Each
+     man had his territory, his selling territory; each man has his
+     line of samples, and that line of samples was the finest lot of
+     German gold and German 'hot air' that any propaganda has ever
+     produced.
+
+     "The Germans have sold Spain on the proposition of German trade
+     and German good-will, because they are giving the Spaniard, as
+     they did in business before the war, what the Spaniard had in
+     mind.
+
+     "Germany went into Spain to fill the Spaniard with 'hot air'
+     and to tell him he was the finest aristocrat in the world. And
+     he got it over. And if you had gone, as I have, from one end of
+     Spain to the other and looked into these great warehouses you
+     would have found hundreds of them jammed and packed with copper
+     and oil and cotton, and all the material with which to
+     re-establish a great industry. And today, whenever there is a
+     water-right for sale, whenever there is stock for sale, or
+     whenever anything can be leased, or a factory can be bought,
+     who buys it? =The Germans.=
+
+     "They have got the finest industrial secret service in Spain that I
+     have seen in my life. And to what end? All to the great end that
+     when the war is over, in Spain as in Holland and in Switzerland,
+     the wheels of German output will be going.... Germany will put on
+     the goods, as I have seen with my own eyes, 'Made in Spain,' 'Made
+     in Switzerland,' and 'Made in Holland.' Your own goods, machine
+     tools, are going out in the markets of the world now and
+     forevermore in competition with German-made stuff, made by German
+     hands, made by German capital, part with stuff that is marked
+     offensive, in competition with stuff that is marked as I have said
+     it would be marked."
+
+[Illustration: Photo by Paul Thompson
+
+An Antidote for the Submarine Pest
+
+Quantity production of eighty-foot motor boats in a shipyard at Bayonne,
+N. J., for use as scouts and submarine hunters.]
+
+
+NO ECONOMIC BOYCOTT AFTER THE WAR
+
+The official leaders of the Allied Governments soon found that the
+scheme to start an economic war after peace had been negotiated had no
+very strong support. President Wilson took a hand in subjecting the
+Paris resolutions advocating this economic war to unfavorable criticism.
+The British Trades Union by a large majority showed their disapproval of
+them. The London _Economist_ also disapproved of the program of a
+vindictive trade policy after the war, though it thought that an
+economic boycott might be used as a threat to force Germany to make
+peace. Lord Robert Cecil took the ground that it would not be wise to
+attempt an economic war. The labor point of view was that an economic
+war was bound to produce another outbreak of militarism. The Speaker of
+the British House of Commons, who always occupies a non-partisan
+position, in an address at Carlisle on war aims, showed no sympathy with
+the proposal:
+
+     "We had heard of war after the war, and it had been suggested
+     that whatever the terms of peace might be we in England should
+     have no dealings with Germany, that we should boycott them
+     commercially, allow none of our raw materials to go to Germany,
+     that we should form a combination with our Allies, and that
+     together we should cut her off altogether and treat her as
+     though she were a leper. He did not believe in this idea. He
+     was out for peace, and when he said he wanted peace he meant a
+     lasting peace. He wanted peace founded on sound conditions,
+     which would stand wear and tear and last forever, if
+     possible--at all events, for many, many years, it might be
+     centuries; but a boycott of Germany would not be the way to
+     attain a peace of that kind. That would be a way of carrying on
+     the war, and although it would not be with the weapons we were
+     now using, there would be the same hatred and struggle between
+     one combination of nations and another, and it would leave the
+     world divided and engender seeds of hatred and dissent. In many
+     respects it would be almost as bad as the war at the present
+     time. He did not, therefore, accept that condition of things."
+
+In explaining England's position as to war aims the Premier, Lloyd
+George, made the following observations:
+
+     "Germany has occupied a great position in the world. It is not
+     our wish or intention to question or destroy that position for
+     the future, but rather to turn her aside from hopes and schemes
+     of military domination and to see her devote all her strength
+     to the great beneficent tasks of the world.... The economic
+     conditions at the end of the war will be in the highest degree
+     difficult. Owing to the diversion of human effort to warlike
+     pursuits, there must follow a world shortage of raw materials,
+     which will increase the longer the war lasts; and it is
+     inevitable that those countries which have control of the raw
+     materials will desire to help themselves and their friends
+     first."
+
+
+AN IMPOSSIBLE PROGRAM
+
+In the emotional atmosphere of the war period some astonishing economic
+propositions were accepted as if they were axiomatic truths. Notably was
+this the case in the discussion of Germany's program of peaceful
+penetration in the economic sphere. It was undoubtedly linked up with
+schemes of military aggression. There was wide discussion of the methods
+to be used to guard against Germany's commercial policy. Sometimes these
+proposals indicated the desire that those who opposed Germany should
+take a leaf from her dog-in-the-manger policy. Strange conceptions of
+international trade that suggest the mercantilism of the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries were revived in order to guard against any attempt
+on the part of Germany to secure a privileged industrial position after
+the war. As early as 1916 there was the famous proposal of an
+anti-German economic league contemplated in the Paris resolutions of
+that date. In Great Britain the supporters of this policy also actively
+advocated a system of imperial preference by which special advantages
+would be given to countries within the bounds of the British Empire. The
+result of upholding any double-barreled policy of this type is described
+by the Edinburgh _Review_ as impossible of realization.
+
+     "Even if Belgium, France, and Italy alone took that course, the
+     whole policy of an economic boycott, or partial boycott, to
+     prevent German expansion or to punish German crimes would fall
+     to the ground. We cannot imprison Germany in an economic strait
+     jacket if her territorial neighbors are willing to trade with
+     her. As a matter of fact before the war the most important and
+     the most expansive portion of German export trade was with the
+     continent of Europe."
+
+
+COMMERCIAL AVIATION
+
+A great advance in aeroplane development was one of the most spectacular
+results of war activity. The military side of this development must be
+discussed in another place, but the fact that aeroplanes had to be
+constructed substantial enough to carry a large amount of explosives
+naturally brought up the whole question of the commercial side of
+aeroplane employment. Although the aeroplane has been developed to a
+remarkable extent for war purposes, it must not be taken for granted
+that every type of aeroplane has its use for peace. In the military
+machine regard has been paid rather to gun positions, bomb carrying
+capacity and performance than to economy in operation and large cargo
+space, which are the essential peace requirements. This aspect of the
+problem was discussed by F. Handley-Page in an article in the
+_Fortnightly Review_.
+
+     "The type of aeroplane for commercial work requires careful
+     consideration and design. In estimating the value of a
+     transport vehicle account must be taken of the respective
+     proportions of the load that are and are not remunerative. A
+     steam motor wagon that was only just able to transport the coke
+     for its own consumption would be useless for transport work.
+     The large quantity of fuel the aeroplane must carry makes this
+     point an important one regarding it. It affects very largely
+     the _type_ of aeroplane that must be chosen for each duty.
+
+     "The total lift of a large bombing aeroplane of medium speed is
+     about 20 lbs., while that of a small high-speed scout may not
+     be more than about 8 to 10 lbs. per horse-power. From these
+     lifts have to be deducted the weight per horse-power of the
+     aeroplane structure and engines. These leave a margin of about
+     11 pounds per horse-power in the case of the large machine and
+     of only about two to four pounds per horse-power in the case of
+     the smaller and higher speed machine. From these margins have
+     to be deducted the weight _per horse-power_ of the pilot and of
+     the fuel to be carried."
+
+According to this expert's opinion there is little probability of using
+for commercial purposes the small high-powered aeroplane. But if large
+machines are used with a speed limit of 100 miles an hour and fitted
+with twin engines, Mr. Page thinks that such machines will have economic
+possibilities. Countries now far distant from one another can be brought
+close together. For example Australia will be within a week of London,
+and he thinks that passengers can be carried at the rate of about six
+cents a mile. If air transport is to be systematized he is in favor of
+strict state regulation:
+
+     "There must be no possible chance of the wildcat schemes of the
+     early railway days recurring, nor must aircraft or their pilots
+     be below a specified standard. The State must see that projects
+     doomed to failure owing to lack of financial or technical
+     backing are prevented from being placed before the public.
+
+     "Regulations must be drawn up which will insure that the
+     machines cannot be used for the public service until they have
+     received a certificate similar to that now issued by Lloyd's
+     for ships. Pilots must not be allowed to fly machines conveying
+     the public or mails, unless they have received a certificate
+     equivalent to that issued to the master of a ship by the Board
+     of Trade before he can take charge.
+
+     "The aeroplane will not compete with the telegraph system,
+     cable, or wireless, but will be a useful adjunct conveying
+     written signed statements, important documents, long reports,
+     and descriptive letters in the time of a week-end cable and at
+     a fraction of the cost.
+
+     "It will enable the business man to visit his overseas agencies
+     and friends, to discuss matters with them on the spot and
+     examine the requirements of their districts, at the cost of a
+     few _days_ instead of months of travel."
+
+[Illustration: The Awkward Squad
+
+"Left, right--one, two, three, four," was the slogan heard throughout
+the National Army cantonments, such as this at Camp Dodge, Des Moines,
+Ia., during the first days in teaching the recruits one of the first
+lessons of the soldier; how to keep step.
+
+Copyright International Film Service]
+
+
+
+
+V--THE MONEY COST OF THE WAR
+
+Over $210,000,000,000 Spent by the Belligerents--How This Stupendous
+Sum Was Raised--What the War Cost Uncle Sam
+
+By EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN
+
+
+Professor of Political Economy and Finance in Columbia University
+
+
+The cost of a war may mean several different things. It may mean, in the
+first place, the actual money cost, or expenditure in dollars and cents,
+directly involved in prosecuting the war. Or, secondly, it may mean the
+war cost, both direct and indirect, from the economic point of view. The
+real cost of a war from this latter point of view may mean either actual
+loss of lives and property or the diminution of the annual social
+production. The wealth of a country measured in its social income may be
+reduced either by the actual loss of territory, as in Germany; by the
+impairment of its natural resources like the coal mines and forests, as
+in France; by the reduction of labor power, due to the wounded workmen
+or the results of starvation or privation, as in many countries of
+Europe; or by the loss of economic efficiency due to a reduction of the
+standard of life or to a changed attitude toward habits of work. The
+real costs of war, although often incalculable, are none the less of
+profound significance.
+
+The actual money costs or expenditures of government for war include not
+only the actual outlays for military and naval purposes, but also the
+whole range of expenditures incurred in industrial life to prepare the
+wherewithal for the Army and Navy; and they also comprise the sums
+devoted to the maintenance of the families of the soldiers. All these
+items are far greater in modern times than they used to be. It is a far
+cry from the meeting of two savage tribes armed only with bows and
+arrows or javelins, to the modern 16-inch guns, the dreadnoughts, the
+airplanes, the submarines, the poison gas and the innumerable technical
+adjuncts of modern warfare. The consequence is that the money costs of
+the World War have far transcended those of all previous conflicts.
+
+The attempt to present in figures the costs of the war meets with
+several difficulties. In the first place the question arises as to the
+period at which we ought to stop. In one sense the war ceased when the
+armistice was declared. In another sense the war did not actually stop
+until the peace was declared--in this case a matter of many months
+additional. But even when peace was declared the war expenses were by no
+means over. The process of demobilization is a slow one: moreover it is
+necessary to continue for some time the policing of the conquered
+countries; and finally comes the question of the pensions to the wounded
+soldiers or to the families of the dead. It will be seen, therefore, how
+impossible it is to state with any accuracy at the present time the
+costs of the war, when those are still being incurred. Furthermore, the
+figures ordinarily given contain additional inaccuracies. The richer
+countries make loans to the poorer countries and these expenditures are
+consequently counted twice in the total,--a procedure legitimate only on
+the assumption that the loans will not be repaid. Again, in a country
+like the United States, which has substituted an insurance system for
+the pension system, the nominal expenditures appear smaller than is
+really the case, because of the receipt of vast insurance premiums which
+will ultimately all be expended again. Finally the figures make no
+allowances for the change in the price level or the alteration in the
+value of money. In a great war like the present, prices have risen: in
+some countries they have doubled, in some countries they have more than
+tripled, for reasons which it is needless to discuss here. What appears,
+therefore, to be a great and increasing outlay from year to year may be
+in reality due in part, at least, to this cause.
+
+After making all allowances for these difficulties we may proceed to
+state some of the facts as to the actual outlays of various countries.
+
+
+THE COST OF THE WAR DAY BY DAY
+
+In all the belligerent countries it naturally took some time for them to
+get into their stride. This is especially true of Great Britain. The
+figures of the average daily expenditures, as given by the Chancellor of
+the Exchequer, amounted to almost $10,000,000 in the opening months of
+the war and reached a maximum of almost $36,000,000 by 1918. These
+figures, however, are not exact because they include all of the
+expenditures. The real war expenditures may be arrived at by deducting
+in each case the amount of the expenditures in the last year of peace,
+ending March 31, 1914. Making these corrections, it appears that the
+average daily war expenditures in England rose from about $9,500,000
+during the first eight months of the war to about $33,500,000 in 1918,
+then slowly receding in 1919. In France the average daily expenditures
+were naturally somewhat less, rising from about $8,500,000 during the
+first three months of the war to over $21,000,000 during 1917, the last
+full year of the war. In Germany the daily expenses were approximately
+the same as in Great Britain, rising from about $13,000,000 in the first
+nine months of the war to $34,500,000 during the last six months of
+1918. In the case of both Germany and France, it is not known whether
+the figures comprise the total expenditures or only the pure war
+expenditures. In the former event the daily expenditures of Germany
+would be a little less than those of Great Britain; in the latter, they
+would be a little more. In Italy and Austria-Hungary the daily
+expenditures were naturally smaller, amounting at the maximum to about
+$10,500,000 and $20,000,000 respectively. In Russia the daily
+expenditures rose in 1916 to about $20,000,000 and in 1917, just prior
+to the October revolution, nominally to $47,000,000. But, owing to the
+great depreciation of the ruble, the actual expenditures were much less.
+
+
+OUR WAR EXPENSES MONTH BY MONTH
+
+When the United States entered the war the scale of its operations
+became so stupendous that its daily war expenditures soon far exceeded
+those of any other belligerent. In the second month of the war the
+average daily expenditures for pure war purposes were $15,000,000 and
+little over a year later they had risen to almost $50,000,000. By the
+end of 1918, the daily average war expenditures reached the staggering
+figure of $64,500,000.
+
+[Illustration: The Economic Conference in Paris
+
+Mr. Bonar Law talking with M. Clementel (Minister of Commerce) and M.
+Doumergue (Colonies) in the garden of the foreign ministry.]
+
+If, now, we attempt to present the statistics of the total cost of the
+war we must be mindful of the difficulties mentioned above. The figures
+are not entirely accurate, and cannot be made entirely accurate for the
+following reasons: In the first place, the last date in the official
+return differs from country to country. They are, however, all
+subsequent to the armistice, with the exception of Russia, where we
+have no trustworthy figures after the advent of Bolshevism. In the
+second place, we do not know, except in the case of the United States
+and Great Britain, whether the figures comprise the total expenditures
+or only the purely war expenditures. Even making allowance for these
+differences it will be seen that the total war expenditures amount to
+over $232,000,000,000. In Japan and some of the minor belligerents,
+there were virtually no war expenses. Inasmuch, however, as most of the
+countries will continue to have expenses attributable to the war for
+some little time in the future, it is probable that the total war
+expenditures will amount, by the end of 1920, to almost
+$236,000,000,000. From this must, however, be deducted the sums counted
+twice, because advanced to their allies by the United States, Great
+Britain, France and Germany. Making allowance for this, it is safe to
+say that the total net war expenditures will be about $210,000,000,000.
+
+                 WAR EXPENDITURES OF ALL BELLIGERENTS
+                             In Millions
+ ====================================================================
+               | From entrance  |       To       |          |
+               |    into war    |                |          |
+ --------------+----------------+----------------+----------+--------
+ Great Britain | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |   £ 8,601| $41,887
+               |                |                |          |
+ Australia     | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |     £ 291|   1,461
+               |                |                |          |
+ Canada (inc.  | August 4, 1914 |August 31, 1919 |          |   1,545
+ Newfoundland) |                |                |          |
+ New Zealand   | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |      £ 76|     365
+               |                |                |          |
+ South Africa  | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |      £ 33|     243
+               |                |                |          |
+ India         | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |     £ 119|     584
+               |                |                |          | -------
+ British Empire|                |                |          | $46,083
+               |                |                |          |
+ France        | August 3, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |fr 169,000| $32,617
+               |                |                |          |
+ Russia        | August 1, 1914 |October 31, 1917| ru 51,500|  26,522
+               |                |                |          |
+ Italy         |  May 23, 1915  |October 31, 1918| li 81,016|  15,636
+               |                |                |          |
+ Belgium       | August 2, 1914 |October 31, 1918|  fr 5,900|   1,387
+               |                |                |          |
+ Rumania       |August 27, 1916 |October 31, 1918|          |     907
+               |                |                |          |
+ Serbia        | July 28, 1914  |October 31, 1918|          |     635
+               |                |                |          |
+ United States | April 15, 1917 | June 30, 1919  |          |  32,261
+               |                |                |          |--------
+ Entente Powers|                |                |          |$156,050
+               |                |                |          |
+ Germany       | August 1, 1914 |October 31, 1919|mk 204,268|  48,616
+               |                |                |          |
+ Austria-      | July 28, 1914  |October 31, 1919|kr 119,504|  24,858
+  Hungary      |                |                |          |
+ Turkey        |November 3, 1914|October .., 1919|          |   1,802
+               |                |                |          |
+ Bulgaria      |October 4, 1915 |October .., 1919|          |     732
+               |                |                |          | -------
+ Central Powers|                |                |          | $76,008
+               |                |                |          |
+ Total         |                |                |    In    |$232,058
+               |                |                | Millions |
+ ====================================================================
+
+
+HOW MONEY FOR WAR WAS RAISED
+
+The question now arises as to the steps taken by the various countries
+to meet these stupendous outlays. Of the older expedients, such as war
+treasures, or the sale of public property there was naturally no
+question. In only one country, viz., Germany, was there a war treasure;
+but this was so small as to be well-nigh negligible. The only two
+available resources were accordingly taxation and borrowing.
+
+When we compare these two expedients, we are struck not only by the
+great difference in the theories of war finance followed by the various
+countries, but also by the diversity in the economic conditions which
+largely influenced the choice. In a general way, it may be said that all
+countries were compelled to rely to an overwhelming extent on public
+loans, but that Great Britain and the United States raised a far greater
+share by taxation than did other countries. Italy was able to raise by
+new taxation only just about enough to pay the interest on the new
+loans; Germany accomplished this only in part; while France was not in a
+position to defray any of her war expenditures from additional taxation.
+The same is true of the other belligerents, with the exception of the
+British colonies.
+
+Proceeding now to take up this matter in detail, we shall first attempt
+to set forth the facts as to war taxation.
+
+                              UNITED STATES
+ ----------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+                             |   Monthly   |             |
+                             |Expenditures |             |
+                             |exclusive of |             |
+                             |the principal|             |
+                             |   of the    |   Monthly   |  Average
+                             | public debt |     War     |   Daily
+                             |and of postal|Expenditures |Expenditures
+                             |expenditures |     [19]    |
+ ----------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+                             |  Million $  |  Million $  |  Million $
+ April 6--30, 1917           |      279    |      219    |     8.
+ May, 1917                   |      527    |      467    |    15.
+ June, 1917                  |      410    |      350    |    11.7
+                             |   ------    |   ------    |
+ Total April 6--June 30, 1917|    1,216    |    1,156    |
+                             |             |             |
+ July      1917              |      662    |      602    |    19.4
+ August    1917              |      757    |      697    |    22.5
+ September 1917              |      746    |      686    |    22.9
+ October   1917              |      944    |      884    |    29.5
+ November  1917              |      986    |      926    |    30.9
+ December  1917              |    1,105    |    1,045    |    33.7
+ January   1918              |    1,090    |    1,030    |    33.2
+ February  1918              |    1,012    |      952    |    34.
+ March     1918              |    1,156    |    1,096    |    35.9
+ April     1918              |    1,215    |    1,155    |    38.5
+ May       1918              |    1,508    |    1,448    |    46.7
+ June      1918              |    1,512    |    1,452    |    48.4
+                             |   ------    |   ------    |
+ Total for fiscal year, 1918 |   12,697    |   11,977    |
+ July      1918              |    1,608    |    1,548    |    49.9
+ August    1918              |    1,805    |    1,745    |    56.8
+ September 1918              |    1,557    |    1,497    |    49.9
+ October   1918              |    1,665    |    1,605    |    51.8
+ November  1918              |    1,935    |    1,875    |    62.5
+ December  1918              |    2,061    |    2,001    |    64.5
+ January   1919              |    1,962    |    1,902    |    61.4
+ February  1919              |    1,189    |    1,129    |    40.
+ March     1919              |    1,379    |    1,319    |    42.5
+ April     1919              |    1,429    |    1,369    |    45.6
+ May       1919              |    1,112    |    1,052    |    33.9
+ June      1919              |      809    |      749    |    24.9
+                             |   ------    |   ------    |
+ Total for fiscal year 1919  |   18,505    |   17,785    |
+                             |             |             |
+ Total April 6, 1914 to June |             |             |
+   30, 1919                  |   32,428    |   30,918    |
+ ----------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+
+[19] Obtained by deducting 11/12 of the annual (peace) expenditures for
+1915--1916 exclusive of postal expenditures, i. e. 11/12 of $1,008--287
+millions--60 millions. Secretary Glass in his letter of July 9, 1919 to
+the Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means excludes postal
+expenditures in the first column, but fails to exclude them when making
+the deduction for peace expenditures. He consequently arrives at the
+figure of 30,177 billions as the cost of the war; making allowance for
+this fact, and using the final corrected figures, we reach the figure of
+$32,261,000,000 as the cost of the war to June 30, 1919.
+
+
+WAR TAXATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES
+
+Great Britain, as the wealthiest country at the outbreak of the war,
+endeavored to raise as much as possible from taxation. From year to
+year, as the expenses mounted up, more and more demands were made upon
+the taxpayer. But the expenditures for the war were so enormous that it
+soon turned out to be impracticable, even with the best of will, to
+secure more than a comparatively small proportion of the total cost from
+taxation. The figures usually advanced by the various Chancellors of the
+Exchequer and repeated parrot-like by most commentators take the
+proportion that total taxes bear to total expenditures. This method of
+calculation, as will be seen from the table, shows that almost a quarter
+of the total expenditures, or to be more exact, 24.9 per cent., was
+derived from taxes. These figures, however, err doubly. In the first
+place the significant problem is to ascertain the war expenditures, not
+simply the total expenditures. These can naturally be obtained only by
+deducting from the annual total expenditures the sums equal to the peace
+expenditures, _i. e._, the expenditures for the last full year of peace.
+In the second place, what is significant is not the total taxes, but the
+war taxes; that is, the proceeds of the additional taxes raised during
+the war. These again can be obtained only by deducting from the total
+tax revenue the proceeds of the taxes during the last full year of
+peace. If then we endeavor to ascertain how much of the war expenditures
+were met by war taxes--and this is really the important problem--we find
+that, immense as were the burdens resting upon the British taxpayer, the
+percentage of war expenditures raised by war taxes is much smaller than
+is usually stated. As a matter of fact, in the first year of war only a
+little over 7 per cent. of the total war expenditures were raised from
+taxes. With every succeeding year the percentage increased until the
+last year of war, 1918--19, a little over one-quarter of the war
+expenditures were met from war taxes. For the entire five years the
+proportion of war taxes to war expenditures was slightly over 17 per
+cent.
+
+In the other belligerent countries the showing was by no means so good.
+France struggled under a double difficulty. In the first place France
+was invaded at the very outset of the war, and the territory occupied,
+although relatively small in extent, represented the richest and the
+most industrially developed part of the country. This operated largely
+to reduce the ordinary revenues. In the second place the resultant
+economic confusion, as well as the general political situation, made it
+very difficult to impose any new taxes at all. The consequence was that
+for the first three years of the war, the tax revenues of France did not
+even suffice to defray the ordinary peace expenditures.
+
+After a little while, indeed, France found it possible to levy some war
+taxes; but these were exceedingly slight compared with what had been
+accomplished in Great Britain. The result is that the new war taxes of
+France were only just about sufficient to make up the deficit on the
+ordinary peace budget--a deficit caused chiefly by the devastation of
+the occupied territory. In France, therefore, we may say that as a
+result no part of the expenditures was met by war taxes.
+
+In Italy the situation was a little better. Italy had not been invaded
+and its financial situation was not so desperate as that of France.
+Moreover, Italy entered the war somewhat later and did not have to
+endure a strain for so long a time. Italy consequently proceeded as soon
+as possible to levy new war taxes; but as Italy had always been
+relatively overtaxed, as compared with Great Britain, it was not
+feasible to do as much. As a result, the war taxes levied by Italy were
+just about sufficient to pay the interest on the war loans. While Italy,
+therefore, did better than France, she also was not able to defray any
+of the war expenditures proper out of war taxation.
+
+The condition of Russia soon became worse than that of France and Italy,
+and even before the October revolution, Russia was able to put very
+little reliance upon revenues from war taxation.
+
+Among the Central Powers the situation was much the same, but for a
+different reason. Germany at the outset of the war had so confidently
+counted upon victory and upon huge indemnities that it resolved to
+defray its war expenses entirely from loans. It must, however, be
+observed that in Germany a not insignificant part of the war expenses
+were met by the separate states; and in these various states a
+considerable increase of taxation was provided for at once. As the war
+proceeded and the hopes of a speedy and complete victory gradually faded
+away, Germany began to change her policy and decided, especially from
+1916 on, to impose more and more taxes. The result was that by the end
+of the war Germany had done a little better than France.
+
+
+OUR WAR TAXES COMPARED WITH WAR EXPENDITURES
+
+We come finally to the experience of the United States. When the United
+States entered the war it was confronted by two rival theories of
+public finances. One was to the effect that the war expenses should be
+defrayed entirely by war loans, as had been the case in the early years
+of the Civil War and as was true of many of the belligerents during this
+war. The other theory was that the war expenditures ought to be defrayed
+entirely out of war taxes. This was equally extreme and perilous as the
+former theory, and labored under the additional disadvantage of being
+impossible of achievement. The President went so far as to adopt the
+fifty-fifty theory, namely, that half of the war expenditures ought to
+be defrayed from taxation.
+
+The prodigious profits made during the beginning years of the European
+war and the resulting prosperity throughout the country enabled Congress
+to levy taxes far higher than had before been attempted in our history.
+Even with an immense addition to taxation, however, the proportion of
+war expenses derived from war taxes was relatively small. Here, again,
+we must observe the same caution as in the case of the British figures.
+We must not compare total expenditures with total taxes, but war
+expenditures with war taxes. War expenditures are easily ascertained by
+deducting for each year the amount of the expenditures for the last year
+of peace, the year ending June 30, 1916. In the case of war taxes,
+however, it is more exact to deduct from the total revenues the tax
+revenues for the year ending June 30, 1915. For during the year 1915--16
+a number of taxes were already levied in preparation for our possible
+entrance into the war.
+
+As a matter of fact, during the first quarter of war ending June 30,
+1917, the proportion of war expenditures derived from war taxes was less
+than one-third or 30 per cent. If we exclude loans to Allies on the
+assumption that they will all be repaid some day, the showing is
+somewhat better--as two-thirds of the expenditures of that period
+consisted of such loans.
+
+As soon, however, as we struck our full gait the situation was less
+satisfactory. The proportion of war expenditures derived from war taxes
+during the year 1917--18 was less than one-quarter or more exactly only
+24.8 per cent. and if we again exclude loans to Allies, only 30 per
+cent. In the last year of the war the showing was still less favorable.
+If we take the expenditures for the entire period of our participation
+in the war the figures are respectively 21.7 per cent. and 27 per cent.
+For the entire period of our participation in the war, less than
+one-fourth (or exactly 23.3 per cent.) of the war expenditures were paid
+out of war taxes. And if the loans to Allies are again excluded the
+proportion is still under one third, or more exactly 32.5 per cent.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Lord Reading=
+
+President of the Anglo-French loan mission to the United States in 1915,
+and special envoy of the British Government to the United States in
+1917.]
+
+This compares favorably even with the British figures. But it
+conclusively shows how impossible it is even with the best of will, to
+raise more than a relatively small part of war expenses from war taxes;
+especially during the early period of a war.
+
+
+CHARACTER OF WAR TAXATION
+
+The next point of interest is that of the character of the war taxes
+imposed by the various countries. Here again we notice a very great
+difference. In all of the European belligerents on the continent, at
+least as much additional revenue was raised from direct, as from
+indirect, taxation. In France about as much new revenue came from
+indirect taxation or taxes on consumption as from direct taxation or
+taxes on wealth.
+
+The situation is still less satisfactory in the other continental
+countries.
+
+In England, on the other hand, a different path was pursued from the
+beginning. While it is true that a considerable increase of revenue was
+derived from indirect taxes like customs and excise, the chief reliance
+was placed on the increase of the income tax, on a new war profits tax
+and finally, although to a minor degree, on an increase in the
+inheritance tax.
+
+When we come, however, to the situation in the United States we find the
+democratic movement so strong that the overwhelming proportion of the
+new tax revenue was derived from direct taxation on wealth rather than
+from indirect taxation on consumption. In the great Revenue Act of 1917
+over 79 per cent. of the new tax revenue came from direct taxation,
+principally the income tax and the excess profits tax. In the second
+great Revenue Act of 1918, the proportions were still more favorable,
+the amount ascribable to direct taxation in 1919 being almost 81 per
+cent.
+
+    UNITED STATES
+    Internal Revenue Receipts
+    In millions of dollars
+
+                                            Per               Per
+      Year ending June 30          1918     Cent.    1919     Cent.
+    Income and profits taxes      2,839             2,596[20]
+    Munition manufacturers tax       13             .....
+    Estate tax                       47                82
+    Corporate capital stock tax      25                29
+                                  -----             -----
+      Total taxes on wealth       2,924     79.1    2,707     70.5
+
+    Distilled spirits               318               365
+    Fermented liquors               126               118
+    Tobacco                         158               206
+    Stamp taxes                      19                37
+    Transportation                   71               234
+    Insurance                         6                15
+    Excise taxes                     37                78
+    Soft drinks                       2                 7
+    Admissions                       26                51
+    Miscellaneous                     8                22
+                                   ----              ----
+      Total taxes on consumption,
+        transactions and
+        commodities                 771     20.9    1,133     29.5
+    Total                         3,695     ....    3,840     ....
+
+    [20] As the new taxes are payable in instalments, about 2 millions
+    of the 1919 tax will not be received until the fiscal year 1920.
+    Making allowance for this the proportion of taxes on wealth
+    really ascribable to the year 1919 rises to 80.6 per cent.
+
+With the impossibility of securing more than a comparatively small
+proportion of the war expenditures from taxation, it accordingly became
+necessary to resort to borrowing. This was consequently done by every
+country on a gigantic scale; although here again the fiscal and economic
+conditions in the various countries were so different that they employed
+quite diverse expedients.
+
+Great Britain provided at the outset of the war for immediate needs by
+the selling of short time securities, principally Treasury Bills. Before
+long these had amounted to such a sum that it became necessary to issue
+long time bonds. Accordingly, subscriptions were invited to the first
+war loan, which was issued on March 1, 1915, followed by the second war
+loan on June 1, 1915. These bore interest at the rate of 3½ and 4½ per
+cent. and the amount issued was $1,703,000,000 and $2,883,000,000
+respectively. On February, 1916, a continuous issue of War Savings
+Certificates was inaugurated. On April 15, 1917, the third war loan was
+issued at 4 per cent., followed on June 1, by the issue of 5 per cent.
+bonds. Of these $4,811,000,000 were issued.
+
+Beginning on October 2, 1917, a continuous issue of 4 and 5 per cent.
+National War Bonds was made, the difference in the rate of interest
+being due to the tax exemption. The temporary and short time paper was
+gradually funded into these bonds. In the meantime the Anglo-French loan
+of $500,000,000, of which England had one-half, had been contracted in
+the United States; and with the entrance of the United States into the
+war on April 6, 1917, continually larger sums were borrowed from the
+American Government. During the period of the war the British debt rose
+from £650,000,000 to £7,643,000,000 or from $3,115,000,000 to
+$37,221,000,000. It is expected that $250,000,000 will be borrowed
+during the year 1919--20, so that in all probability the debt of Great
+Britain at the end of 1920 will amount to almost £8,000,000,000, or
+$38,500,000,000, meaning that the war debt probably will amount to about
+£7,500,000,000, or $35,000,000,000.
+
+France was in a far less favorable situation than England at the outset
+of the war. The total debt of France at the close of 1913 amounted to
+fr. 32,594,000,000, or $6,291,000,000, and the ordinary budget had
+closed with a large deficit. So that it had been necessary to issue a
+loan during the spring and summer of 1914. When the war suddenly broke
+out, precipitating an economical and financial crash, it became
+practically impossible to issue another loan. The government was
+therefore compelled to rely upon advances from the Banque de France,
+which was permitted correspondingly to increase its notes issue. It was
+not until November, 1915, that France saw her way to issue her first war
+loan of 5 per cent. bonds. This was followed on August 6, 1916, by the
+second war loan, also of 5 per cent. bonds, on December 15, 1917, by the
+third war loan of 4 per cent. bonds, and on Dec. 15, 1918, by the fourth
+war loan, also at 4 per cent. The first war loan issued at 88 yielded
+$1,894,000,000; the second, at 83.75, yielded $1,981,000,000; the third
+at 68.60 yielded $2,914,000,000 and the fourth at 70.8 yielded
+$5,382,000,000. Meanwhile National Defense Bonds were issued
+continuously from February 25, 1915, and foreign loans had been
+contracted in England, in the United States and in Japan. The result was
+that at the close of the year 1918 the French debt amounted to fr.
+167,469,000,000 or $32,322,000,000. This meant that the debt due to the
+war amounted to fr. 134,875,000,000 or $26,031,000,000. It is expected,
+however, that a considerable sum will still have to be borrowed during
+the year 1919, thus bringing the total French debt to 27 or 28 billions
+of dollars.
+
+[Illustration: While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds
+
+Not all brave hearts beat under khaki during the war. More than
+$20,000,000,000 was raised by the four Liberty Loans and the Fifth
+Victory Loan. Among those who bought bonds were hundreds of thousands of
+wives and children of the men at the front.
+
+Courtesy McClure's Magazine]
+
+Russia was the first of the Entente Powers to issue public loans. On
+September 14, 1914, it issued a 5 per cent. loan at 94, yielding
+$259,000,000. This was followed at regular intervals by six more loans
+prior to the revolution of 1917. After the revolution there was
+considerable confusion which, of course, was much accentuated by the
+advent of Bolshevism. The consequence was that the public debt of
+Russia, which amounted for July, 1914, to $4,623,000,000, increased by
+the time of the October revolution in 1917 to 49,288 millions of rubles
+or 25,383 millions of dollars. This would mean a war debt of almost
+twenty-one billions of dollars. As a matter of fact of course it is very
+uncertain whether the debt will ever be redeemed at these figures.
+
+The debt of Italy before it entered the war amounted to lire
+13,636,000,000 or $2,621,000,000. Italy started at once with a so-called
+mobilization loan followed by its first war loan in July, 1915, and
+successive war loans on the first of January of each of the following
+years. The result was that on October 31, 1918, the total debt amounted
+to lire 63,093,000,000 or $12,177,000,000. By the end of May, 1919, the
+debt had grown to 77,763,000,000 lire or $15,009,000,000 leaving as the
+war debt lire 64,127,000,000 or $12,388,000,000.
+
+Of the Central Powers, Germany started at once on October 1, 1914, to
+issue a war loan at 5 per cent., having from the outset decided to rely
+upon comparatively long time bonds rather than upon temporary or short
+time securities as was the case in England and in France. There followed
+in regular succession eight war loans bearing 4½ and 5½ per cent.
+interest. As a result, the debt of Germany, which before the war
+amounted to Mk. 4,732,000,000 increased on October 31, 1919, to Mk.
+204,000,000,000 or $48,552,000,000; the war debt proper in Germany would
+therefore amount to $47,426,000,000.
+
+
+TOTAL WAR DEBT, UNITED STATES
+
+When the United States entered the war it depended, for the time being,
+on temporary war certificates. But at the beginning of June, 1917,
+Liberty Loans were issued in continually greater dimensions. In the
+table below the details of the four Liberty Loans and the Fifth Victory
+Loan are given, showing that over $20,000,000,000 were raised from bonds
+alone. To these is to be added the unfunded loans. It appears that the
+total net debt of the United States, which in April, 1917, was
+$1,190,000,000, increased by June 30, 1919, to $24,232,000,000, making a
+war debt of $23,042,000,000. Inasmuch, however, as somewhat over a
+billion dollars from the Victory Loan will be paid in the course of the
+year 1919--20, and as still more will have to be borrowed temporarily,
+the total war debt of the United States by the end of 1920 will amount
+to over $25,000,000,000, including the nine billions advanced to the
+Allies.
+
+                           UNITED STATES
+    In Millions
+                        Debt Less                   Annual
+                         Cash in                   Interest
+                        Treasury                    Charge
+    April 5, 1917        $1,189                      $23
+    June 30, 1917         1,909                       84
+    June 30, 1918        10,924                      466
+    June 30, 1919        24,233                      619
+
+                      DEBT ON JUNE 30, 1919
+    Bonds
+         Pre-war bonds                               833
+         War loans
+              First Liberty Loan       $1,985
+              Second Liberty Loan       3,566
+              Third Liberty Loan        3,959
+              Fourth Liberty Loan       6,795
+              Victory Loan (notes)      3,468       20,455
+    Treasury Certificates                            3,634
+    Old debt on which interest increased                 2
+    Non-interest bearing debt                          236
+                                                    ------
+              Total gross debt                      25,485
+              Cash on hand                           1,252
+                                                   -------
+              Net debt              (In Millions)  $24,233
+
+The other belligerents need not be treated separately. The total pre-war
+debt, including Japan, whose debt was increased only by the money raised
+to loan to Great Britain and France, amounted to almost $28,000,000,000.
+The debt at the close of the war amounted to over $224,000,000,000,
+making the net war debt somewhat over $196,000,000,000. When we compare
+this with the total cost of the war, which, as we have seen, will amount
+to about $210,000,000,000, it appears that almost the entire cost of the
+war will have been defrayed from loans, the difference of well-nigh
+$15,000,000,000 derived from taxation being due almost entirely to the
+efforts of Great Britain and the United States respectively.
+
+               PUBLIC DEBT OF THE BELLIGERENTS
+                       000,000 omitted
+ ==========================================================
+          |Before |          | After  | War debt  |
+          |the war|          |the war |           |
+ ---------+-------+----------+--------+-----------+
+ Great    |Aug. 4,|  £650 =  |Mar. 31,|£7,643[21] | $34,056
+ Britain  | 1914  |  $3,165  |  1919  | = $37,221 |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Australia|Aug. 4,| 97 = 472 |Jan. 31,|[22] 336 = |   1,162
+          | 1914  |          |  1919  |   1,634   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Canada.  |Aug. 4,|   332    |Mar. 31,|   1,584   |   1,250
+          | 1914  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ New      |Aug. 4,|100 = 487 |Mar. 31,| 170 = 828 |     341
+ Zealand  | 1914  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ South    |Aug. 4,|126 = 614 |Mar. 31,| 175 = 846 |     332
+ Africa   | 1914  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |  ------  |        |  -------  | -------
+ British  |       |  $5,070  |        |  $42,213  | $37,143
+ Empire   |       |          |        |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ France   | July  |fr. 32,594|Dec. 31,|fr. 167,459|  26,031
+          | 1914  | = $6,291 |  1918  | = 32,322  |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Russia   | July  |ru. 8,800 |Jan. 1, |ru. 49,288 |  20,760
+          | 1914  | = 4,623  |  1918  | = 25,383  |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Italy    |  May  |li. 13,636|Oct. 31,|li. 77,763 |  12,388
+          | 1915  | = 2,621  |  1918  | = 15,009  |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Belgium  |Aug. 2,|fr. 3,743 |Apr. 30,|fr. 9,787 =|   1,166
+          | 1914  |  = 722   |  1919  |   1,888   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Rumania  | Aug.  |   292    |Oct. 31,|   1,020   |     728
+          | 1916  |          |  1918  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Serbia   | July  |   271    |Oct. 31,|    730    |     459
+          | 1914  |          |  1918  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Japan    | July  |yen 2,494 |July 31,|yen 2,530 =|      18
+          | 1914  | = 1,190  |  1918  |   1,265   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ United   |Apr. 5,|  1,190   |June 30,|  24,232   |  23,042
+ States   | 1917  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |  ------  |        |  -------  | -------
+ Entente  |       | $22,327  |        |  144,062  | 121,735
+ Powers   |       |          |        |           |
+ ---------+-------+----------+--------+-----------+--------
+ Germany  |Aug. 1,|mk. 4,732 |Dec. 31,|mk. 204,000|  47,426
+          | 1914  | = $1,126 |  1918  | = $48,352 |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Austria- |Aug. 1,|  3,726   |Oct. 31,|kr. 137,858|  24,858
+ Hungary  | 1914  |          |  1918  | = 25,584  |   [23]
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Turkey   | Nov.  | LT 112 = |Oct. 31,| LT 455 =  |   1,517
+          | 1914  |   485    |  1918  |   2,002   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Bulgaria |Oct. 4,|   219    |Oct. 31,|    974    |     755
+          | 1915  |          |  1918  |           |
+          |       |  ------  |        |  -------  |  ------
+ Central  |       |  $5,556  |        |  $80,112  |  74,556
+ Powers   |       |          |        |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Total    |       | $27,883  |        | $224,174  | 196,291
+          |       |In Millions        |In Millions|
+ ==========================================================
+
+[21] Counting on repayments of one half of the loans to the Allies (£816
+millions).
+
+[22] Not including the debts of the separate states.
+
+[23] Obtained by considering the debt of the new Austria as representing
+70 per cent of the debt of all the states which constituted the old
+empire.
+
+[Illustration: French School Children Waiting to Welcome General
+Pétain]
+
+
+
+
+VI--AMERICAN BUSINESS IN THE WAR
+
+Voluntary Coöperation of Experts and Loyal Support of Labor Put Our
+Industries on a War Basis
+
+By GROSVENOR B. CLARKSON
+
+Director of the U. S. Council of National Defense and of Its Advisory
+Commission
+
+
+     Modern wars are not won by mere numbers. They are not won by
+     mere enthusiasm. They are not won by mere national spirit. They
+     are won by the scientific conduct of war, the scientific
+     application of irresistible force.
+
+    --WOODROW WILSON.
+
+
+War today means that for every man on the fighting line there must be
+approximately ten men--and women--behind him in the factories, mills,
+and mines of the nation that enters the conflict. It is an enterprise to
+which military men alone have ceased to be called, for it enlists the
+specialists of every industry and every science from the fighting line
+clear back to the last line of defense.
+
+When the American Marines were thrown into the battle line at the Marne,
+a French general officer rode up to headquarters.
+
+"How deep is your front?" he asked.
+
+"From here to San Francisco," was the reply; and in that statement lay
+the story of America's industrial and economic mobilization for war.
+
+For America the actual arena of the war was 3,000 miles oversea, and
+into this arena the Government of the United States threw 2,000,000 of
+the most superb troops that the drama of warfare has known; and, what is
+more, got them there on time to make possible the final smashing blow.
+The organization, transportation, and clocklike delivery at the eleventh
+hour of these irresistible citizen armies of the great Republic of the
+western world is an epic in itself.
+
+But here at home there were armies too. They were created without
+mandates; they were welded into cohesive form by suggestion rather than
+by order; they were galvanized from beginning to end by the mighty force
+of voluntary coöperation; and they went into the home stretch with a
+power which nothing could have stopped. These were the armies of
+production--production mainly, it is true, of guns and steel plates and
+soldiers' shoes; but production as well of energy, of thought that made
+the sword a flaming thing, of optimism to offset the stupid pessimism of
+people who criticized but had nothing tangible to contribute, of the
+immortal spirit of "carry on," of, above all, unification.
+
+In all of this endeavor, in all of this uprooting of the static national
+life of peace time, the business man of America reached his apotheosis
+and surprised even himself in his ability to merge his heart and nerves
+and brain into the national interest in the most emergent hour of the
+country's history.
+
+In effect, America went into the war unprepared. The will to war was a
+dormant thing throughout the nation. The country was swollen with
+material success almost to the point expressed in Lincoln's phrase: "A
+fat hound won't hunt." The evolution of the Government of the United
+States, enjoying profound peace for more than half a century, except for
+the minor military operations of the Spanish-American conflict, into a
+great war-making machine in mercilessly short time was a task to
+challenge the ability of even the most resourceful nation of the earth.
+
+There, broadly stated, was the national picture in the spring of 1917.
+War came, and almost with every day grew the need for increased
+participation on America's part.
+
+
+COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
+
+The only federal agency in existence on April 7, 1917, capable of the
+elasticity to mobilize industry, labor, and science for the national
+defense was the United States Council of National Defense. This body,
+composed of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Agriculture,
+Commerce, and Labor, had providentially been created by Congress eight
+months before. It was charged by Congress with "the coördination of
+industries and resources for the national security and welfare" and "the
+creation of relations which will render possible in time of need the
+immediate concentration and utilization of the resources of the nation."
+With it was to act an advisory commission of seven men, each to have
+expert knowledge of some special industry, public utility, or the
+development of some natural resource.
+
+The Council was further charged with the following particular duties:
+
+     1. To supervise and direct investigations and make
+     recommendations to the President and the heads of Executive
+     Departments as to:
+
+     (_a_) The location of railroads with reference to the frontier
+     of the United States, so as to render possible expeditious
+     concentration of troops and supplies to points of defense.
+
+     (_b_) The coördination of military, industrial, and commercial
+     purposes in the location of extensive highways and branch lines
+     of railroads.
+
+     (_c_) The utilization of waterways.
+
+     (_d_) The mobilization of military and naval resources for
+     defense.
+
+     (_e_) The increase of domestic production of articles and
+     materials essential to the support of the armies and of the
+     people during the interruption of foreign commerce.
+
+     (_f_) The development of sea-going transportation.
+
+     (_g_) Data as to amounts, location, methods and means of
+     production and availability of military supplies.
+
+     (_h_) The giving of information to producers and manufacturers
+     as to the class of supplies needed by the military and other
+     services of the Government, the requirements relating thereto,
+     and the creation of relations which will render possible in
+     time of need the immediate concentration and utilization of the
+     resources of the nation.
+
+     2. To report to the President or to the heads of Executive
+     Departments upon special inquiries or subjects appropriate
+     thereto.
+
+     3. To submit an annual report to Congress, through the
+     President, giving as full a statement of the activities of the
+     Council and the agencies subordinate to it as is consistent
+     with the public interest, including an itemized account of the
+     expenditures made by the Council or authorized by it, in as
+     full detail as the public interest will permit, providing,
+     however, that when deemed proper the President may authorize,
+     in amounts stipulated by him, unvouchered expenditures and
+     report the gross so authorized not itemized.
+
+
+PERSONNEL OF THE COUNCIL
+
+Save for preliminary meetings late in the winter of 1916, the Council
+and Advisory Commission did not get under way to any appreciable degree
+until February, 1917, when both bodies began to meet separately and
+jointly with the primary purpose of taking the national balance, chiefly
+with regard to industrial resources. The permanent organization of both
+bodies was made on March 3, 1917.
+
+The Council of National Defense was composed as follows:
+
+    Secretary of War              Newton D. Baker, Chairman.
+    Secretary of the Navy         Josephus Daniels.
+    Secretary of the Interior     Franklin K. Lane.
+    Secretary of Agriculture      David F. Houston.
+    Secretary of Commerce         William C. Redfield.
+    Secretary of Labor            William B. Wilson.
+
+The members of the Advisory Commission were:
+
+    _Transportation and Communication_:
+    Daniel Willard, Chairman, President of the Baltimore and Ohio
+    Railroad.
+
+    _Munitions and Manufacturing, including Standardization and
+    Industrial Relations_:
+    Howard E. Coffin, Vice-President of the Hudson Motor Car
+    Company.
+
+    _Supplies, including Food and Clothing_:
+    Julius Rosenwald, President of Sears, Roebuck & Company.
+
+    _Raw Materials, Minerals and Metals_:
+    Bernard M. Baruch, financier.
+
+    _Engineering and Education_:
+    Doctor Hollis Godfrey, President of the Drexel Institute.
+
+    _Labor, including Conservation of Health and Welfare of
+    Workers_:
+    Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+    _Medicine and Surgery, including General Sanitation_:
+    Doctor Franklin Martin, Secretary-General of the American
+    College of Surgeons.
+
+
+The Director of the Council and the Advisory Commission during the
+greater part of the war was Walter S. Gifford, now Vice-President of the
+American Telephone and Telegraph Company, a most capable organizer, who
+with the writer had been closely associated with Howard Coffin in a
+pioneer industrial preparedness movement inaugurated in the spring of
+1916 to examine into the capacity of industrial plants for military
+purposes. This was an entirely volunteer movement of business men and
+industrial engineers under the Naval Consulting Board of the United
+States, acting with the full approval of the President and the War and
+Navy Departments. Mr. Coffin's Committee on Industrial Preparedness did
+a remarkable job in a very short space of time, and the creation of the
+Council of National Defense was the logical sequence of the Committee's
+work, its records being turned over to the Council. The writer was the
+Secretary of the Council and the Advisory Commission throughout until
+the early summer of 1918, when he became Acting Director, succeeding Mr.
+Gifford shortly after the signing of the armistice.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Harris & Ewing
+
+=United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory Commission=
+
+Seated, left to right: David F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture;
+Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy; Newton D. Baker, Secretary of
+War; Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior; William B. Wilson,
+Secretary of Labor. Standing, left to right: Grosvenor B. Clarkson,
+Secretary, later Director, of both Council and Advisory Commission;
+Julius Rosenwald, Bernard M. Baruch, Daniel Willard, Chairman of the
+Advisory Commission; Dr. Franklin Martin, Dr. Hollis Godfrey, Howard E.
+Coffin and Walter S. Gifford, Director of the Council and Advisory
+Commission.]
+
+
+PROPOSALS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
+
+Although the Council and Advisory Commission did not, as has been
+stated, make permanent organization until March 3, 1917, the Advisory
+Commission on December 7, 1916, determined on the following proposals of
+action:
+
+     To begin immediately a study to determine the most effective
+     flexible organization and mechanism for the securing of all
+     necessary information and for the clarifying, recording, and
+     classifying of such information when secured.
+
+     To begin immediately a study as to what media now exist which
+     can aid in the carrying out of the purposes of the council.
+     This study to be made in three divisions--governmental media
+     in the departments, governmental media outside the departments,
+     and civil media. As this study progresses it is believed that
+     the council can aid materially in the development of such
+     media, and can from time to time define (_i. e._, delimit and
+     delineate) spheres of activity in which existing organizations
+     may operate intensively without duplication.
+
+     To assist in the advance of the physical well being of the
+     people of the nation.
+
+     To begin immediately a study of the possibility of the
+     coördination of transportation, communication and surveys.
+
+     To continue the work done on the inventory of manufactures, of
+     medical equipment and officers, of supplies, and of resources.
+
+     To assist in the development of the "Personal Index" already
+     begun.
+
+     To set a fixed date (a date three months after the beginning of
+     action is suggested) on which an inspection may be made of the
+     work accomplished to that date. This inspection to be made
+     through the submitting to the commission of an actual problem
+     by the Departments of War and Navy, with the intent to
+     determine at that time what needed information is or is not
+     available.
+
+     To form a temporary organization to put the above proposals or
+     any part of them or additional proposals into effect at the
+     earliest possible date, with the intention of changing from a
+     temporary organization to a permanent organization as the
+     progress of the work makes this possible.
+
+     To begin a study of the best methods of expression of the work
+     of the council to the people of the nation.
+
+     To scrutinize all legislative action touching national defense.
+
+     To do any other thing or take any other action necessary to
+     give effect to the law under which the council and commission
+     are organized.
+
+
+PRE-WAR ACTIVITIES
+
+At this time there was consideration of plans to enroll labor in an
+industrial reserve, and the question of mobilization of American
+railroads for military purposes was seriously discussed against future
+need. At the same time Commissioner Baruch stated that he had been
+making a study of the steel and metal industries in connection with the
+national defense, and wished for authority to consult further with the
+leaders in those trades. The Director was asked to establish relations
+in the interest of the national defense with civic organizations,
+patriotic associations, and chambers of commerce.
+
+At a meeting on February 12, 1917, plans were discussed to call a series
+of conferences with the leading men in each industry fundamental to the
+defense of the country in the event of war, and at the same meeting a
+plan was laid down and afterwards agreed upon to split the Advisory
+Commission up into seven separate committees as detailed above, the
+Chairman of each committee to be given power to select the members of
+his committee from either governmental or civil life, or both.
+
+At a meeting on February 14, 1917, E. S. Stettinius, who, acting for J.
+P. Morgan and Company, was the purchasing agent of the Allies at that
+time, was called before the Council to confer with it on the manufacture
+of munitions. In the same way during this early period men of the
+authority and standing of Herbert Hoover, Admiral Peary, and General
+Kuhn, who had closely studied the German armies, were called into
+consultation by the Council, Mr. Hoover of course, discussing the
+mobilization, distribution, and conservation of food supplies, and
+Admiral Peary the development of the aeroplane and seaplane for modern
+war.
+
+On February 15th the Advisory Commission, further to progress its work
+then already under way, requested detailed lists of materials, with
+specifications and detailed dimensioned blueprints covering all
+equipment needed for a force of 1,000,000 men and for the assumed force
+of the Navy and Marine Corps with its numbers increased to emergency
+strength. It also called for estimates of reasonable accuracy covering
+the maintenance of a force of the size mentioned in the field during
+each ninety days of active service. The information was desired in order
+that approximations might be made as to the amounts of both manufactured
+and raw material for which it would be necessary to draw upon the
+resources of the country. The Advisory Commission later furnished
+estimates of its own.
+
+On March 3rd Chairman Willard of the Advisory Commission read to the
+Council a list of men nominated by the Commission to compose a munitions
+standards board. It is highly significant to detail the names of these
+men with their occupations, for they were typical of the cream of
+American industry which from that time on was enlisted in the
+Government's interest:
+
+     W. H. Vandervoort, builders of special machine tools, and
+     President of the Moline Automobile Co.
+
+     E. A. Deeds, formerly General Manager for the National Cash
+     Register Co., President of the Dayton Engineering Laboratories
+     Co., and interested in many industrial activities.
+
+     Frank A. Scott, Warner & Swasey Co., Cleveland, manufacturers
+     of automatic machinery and optical instruments.
+
+     Frank Pratt, General Electric Co., Schenectady.
+
+     Samuel Vauclain, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Remington and
+     Westinghouse Cos.
+
+     John E. Otterson, Vice-President, Winchester Arms Co.
+
+The Council duly approved these nominations.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Bernard M. Baruch
+
+Known as the "Eye of Industry," because his task was to see that the raw
+materials were brought to the factories and the finished products
+shipped overseas.]
+
+
+MEN OF VISION
+
+It is impossible here to give more than a few instances such as the
+foregoing of the way in which the Council and Commission, with
+remarkable vision and perhaps even more remarkable disregard of
+precedent when precedent got in the way of the national welfare, made
+history in these pre-war days. Fully to tell the story of this period
+would pack a large volume. I quote from a recent partisan criticism
+directed by an American Congressman, as chairman of a congressional
+committee to investigate war expenditures, against the Advisory
+Commission particularly, which he characterized as the "secret
+government of the United States" during this vital space of time:
+
+     It appears from the minutes of the advisory commission and the
+     council, which were kept separately, that practically all of
+     the measures which were afterwards considered as war measures,
+     were initiated by this advisory commission, adopted by the
+     council, and afterwards acted upon by Congress. In many cases,
+     a considerable period before the actual declaration of war with
+     Germany this advisory commission was discussing matters which
+     were thought to be new legislation, conceived by reason of the
+     necessities of war. For instance, on March 3rd, over a month
+     before the War declaration, the advisory commission indorsed to
+     the Council of National Defense a daylight-saving scheme, and
+     recommended a Federal censorship of the press. The question of
+     Federal censorship of the press was further discussed on March
+     24th, two weeks before the declaration of war.
+
+     On February 15th, about two months before the declaration of
+     war, Commissioners Coffin and Gompers made a report as to the
+     exclusion of labor from military service, and the draft was
+     discussed; the draft was also discussed on other occasions
+     before anyone in this country, except this advisory commission
+     and those who were closely affiliated with the administration,
+     knew that a declaration of war was to be made later. At a
+     meeting, on February 15th, this same commission of seven men
+     (none of whom had any official authority except as advisors),
+     recommended that Herbert Hoover be employed by the Government
+     in connection with food control. It was generally understood,
+     as appears from the minutes, that Mr. Hoover was to be in
+     control of this matter, although war was two months in the
+     future.
+
+     The advisory commission first met on December 6, 1916. Almost
+     the first thing the commission did was to take up the matter of
+     arranging an easy method of communication between the
+     manufacturers and the Government. On February 12th, for
+     example, Secretary Lane offered a resolution to the advisory
+     commission suggesting to them to call a series of conferences
+     of the leading men in various industries, so the industries
+     might organize and be able to do business with the council
+     through one man. In several meetings, long before the war was
+     declared, this advisory commission of seven men met with the
+     representatives of the manufacturing industries and formed an
+     organization of them for selling supplies to the Government,
+     which organization was well perfected before the war was
+     declared. This method consisted of having the representatives
+     of the various businesses, producing goods which the Government
+     would have to buy, form themselves into committees so that they
+     might be able to sell to the Government the goods direct, which
+     their industries produced. In almost every meeting that this
+     advisory commission had before the declaration of war, they
+     discussed and recommended to the council (which consisted of
+     six Cabinet members) these plans for fixing prices and selling
+     to the Government. When war was declared on April 6th, this
+     machinery began to move, headed by the advisory commission of
+     these minutes, the active Government of the seven men, who
+     were, in effect, as shown by United States, so far as the
+     purchase of supplies was concerned. So far as I can observe,
+     there was not an act of the so-called war legislation afterward
+     enacted that had not before the actual declaration of war been
+     discussed and settled upon by this advisory commission.
+
+It should be said, of course, that no member of this Council
+organization ever sold commodities to himself. But that is another
+story.
+
+
+MEN OF EXPERIENCE
+
+I could not complete even a skeleton outline of the period in question
+without certain other references.
+
+Further to emphasize the quality of the business men being called to
+Washington by the Council and Advisory Commission, I quote part of a
+letter to Chairman Willard of the Commission from Commissioner Baruch of
+March 23, 1917:
+
+    Mr. Daniel Willard,
+    Chairman, Advisory Commission, Council of
+    National Defense, Washington, D. C.
+
+    Dear Sir:
+
+     In pursuance of the authority given me and in order to be
+     prepared to meet the requests made of the advisory commission,
+     I have appointed the following committees. As the necessity
+     arises and the advisability becomes apparent, I shall add from
+     time to time other members to these committees, always bearing
+     in mind keeping them down to such a size that they will be
+     workable. It has been my endeavor to appoint on these
+     committees men of proved ability and undoubted integrity.
+
+     LEATHER.--Walter C. Garritt, U. S. Leather Co., Boston, Mass.;
+     George F. Johnson, Endicott, N. Y.; Theodore P. Haight,
+     American Hide & Leather Co., New York City.
+
+     RUBBER.--A. Marks, Diamond Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio; Fred Hood,
+     Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass.; Stuart Hotchkiss, General
+     Rubber Co., New York City.
+
+     STEEL.--E. H. Gary, President, American Iron & Steel Institute,
+     New York.
+
+     WOOL.--J. F. Brown, Boston, Mass.; Sigmund Silberson, Chicago,
+     Ill.; Joseph R. Grundy, Bristol, Pa.; F. J. Hagenbarth,
+     President, National Association of Wool Growers, Salt Lake
+     City, Utah.
+
+     NICKEL.--Ambrose Monell, President, International Nickel Co.,
+     New York.
+
+     OIL.--I have asked Mr. A. C. Bedford, president of the Standard
+     Oil Co., to serve on the committee, but I shall probably add
+     another from the Middle West, whose name I have not yet
+     determined upon, and Mr. Ed. L. Doheny, of Los Angeles, Calif.
+
+     ZINC.--I have in the process of formation a committee
+     representing the zinc trade. There are certain difficulties in
+     the way of trade jealousies which we have to smooth away. The
+     same thing is occurring in other lines, but it will be
+     adjusted, and I shall report on them from time to time.
+
+     COAL.--I have been in consultation with the producers of coal,
+     both bituminous and anthracite, and am now studying that
+     situation as to the best method of covering coal.
+
+     SPRUCE WOOD.--I have also under consideration, but have come to
+     no conclusion, the employment through a committee of those best
+     fitted for obtaining the manufacture of aeroplanes for the
+     Government the proper amount of spruce wood which seems to be
+     needed.
+
+
+LABOR PLEDGES SUPPORT
+
+It will be long before the writer forgets the dramatic meeting of the
+Advisory Commission as early as March 3, 1917, when Commissioner Gompers
+reported that he had called an executive council meeting of the American
+Federation of Labor for March 9, 1917, for the purpose of considering
+the attitude of labor toward the preparedness plans of the government.
+The labor leader spoke with great emotion. He referred to England's
+difficulty in the first year of the war in enlisting the services of the
+working people. He went on to say that in England unity was then lacking
+between government and labor and that the same situation, if not
+properly handled before hand, could arise in this country in even more
+acute form, largely because of the racial diversity of our working
+classes. He concluded by stating that he was now bending his efforts to
+mobilizing good will in this direction, saying: [24] "I want the
+workingmen to do their part if war comes to America." He forecasted the
+meeting in Washington on March 12, 1917, of the officers of the National
+and International Trade Unions of America, and said: "I am expecting a
+definite response of support from every trade union in America." There
+is no doubt in the writer's mind that Samuel Gompers kept the faith
+throughout.
+
+[24] I took Mr. Gompers' words verbatim.
+
+On April 6, 1917, the Council and Advisory Commission approved a
+declaration of the attitude of American labor toward the war presented
+by Mr. Gompers' Committee on Labor of the Advisory Commission. This
+action was directed toward the maintenance of existing standards of
+employment, and provided, among other things, that the Council should
+issue a statement to employers and employees in industrial plants and
+transportation systems advising that neither employers nor employees
+should endeavor to take advantage of the country's necessities to change
+existing standards; and providing further that when economic or other
+emergencies might arise requiring changes of standards, the same should
+be made only after such proposed changes were investigated and approved
+by the Council. It likewise provided that the Council urge upon the
+legislatures of the States, as well as upon all administrative agencies
+charged with the enforcement of labor and health laws, the great duty of
+rigorously maintaining the existing safeguards as to the health and
+welfare of workers, and that no departure from such standards in State
+laws and State rulings affecting labor should be taken without a
+declaration of the Council that such departure was essential for the
+effective pursuit of the national defense.
+
+
+MERGING THE RAILROADS
+
+On April 7, 1917, the Council directed Chairman Willard of the Advisory
+Commission to call upon the railroads so to organize their business as
+to lead to the greatest expedition in the movement of freight and
+troops. The response of the railroads was literally splendid. Their
+executives came to Washington, conferred with Mr. Willard, and passed
+the following resolution:
+
+     RESOLVED, That the railroads of the United States, acting
+     through their chief executive officers here and now assembled
+     and stirred by a high sense of their opportunity to be of the
+     greatest service to their country in the present national
+     crisis, do hereby pledge themselves, with the Government of the
+     United States, with the governments of the several States, and
+     one with another, that during the present war they will
+     coördinate their operations in a continental railway system,
+     merging during such period all their merely individual and
+     competitive activities in the effort to produce a maximum of
+     national transportation efficiency. To this end they hereby
+     agree to create an organization which shall have general
+     authority to formulate in detail and from time to time a policy
+     of operation of all or any of the railways, which policy, when
+     and as announced by such temporary organization, shall be
+     accepted and earnestly made effective by the several
+     managements of the individual railroad companies here
+     represented.
+
+
+COÖPERATING COMMITTEES
+
+The first of July, 1917, found the Council and Advisory Commission
+directing the operation of the following boards and committees:
+
+     Aircraft Production Board.
+
+     Committee on Coal Production.
+
+     Commercial Economy Board.
+
+     Woman's Committee.
+
+     General Munitions Board with its sub-committees on Army
+     Vehicles, Armored Cars, Emergency Construction and Contracts,
+     Optical Glass, Storage Facilities, Machine Guns, Priority, and
+     Accounting.
+
+     Munitions Standards Board with its sub-committees on Gauges and
+     Dies, Army and Navy Artillery, Fuses and Detonators, Small Arms
+     and Munitions, Optical Instruments, and Army and Navy
+     Projectiles.
+
+     Section on Coöperation with States.
+
+     Committee on Inland Waterways.
+
+     Committee on Telegraphs and Telephones.
+
+     Committee on Railroad Transportation, with which acted an
+     executive committee made up of leading railroad presidents and
+     six departmental committees composed likewise of railroad
+     executives and paralleling the military departments over the
+     country, and sub-committees on Express, Car Service, Military
+     Equipment Standards, Military Transportation Accounting,
+     Military Passenger Tariffs, Military Freight Tariffs, and
+     Materials and Supplies.
+
+     Committees on Cars and Locomotives, with their personnel made
+     up of the high executives of such concerns as the Baldwin
+     Locomotive Works, the Pullman Company, and the American
+     Locomotive Company.
+
+     Committee on Electric Railroad Transportation, composed of
+     electric railway presidents.
+
+     Committee on Gas and Electric Service.
+
+     Committee on Automotive Transport.
+
+     Committee on Supplies, with its sub-committees on Cotton Goods,
+     Woolen Manufacturers, Shoe and Leather Industries, Knit Goods,
+     Leather Equipment, Mattresses and Pillows, and Canned Goods.
+
+     Committee on Raw Materials, with its sub-committees, popularly
+     known at the time as the "A to Z" committees, on Alcohol,
+     Aluminum, Asbestos, Magnesia and Roofing, Brass, Cement,
+     Chemicals, Acids, Alkalis, Electrochemicals, Fertilizers,
+     Miscellaneous Chemicals, Coal-Tar Products, Pyrites, Sulphur.
+
+     Sub-Committees on Copper, Lead, Lumber, Mica, Nickel, Steel
+     Products, with sub-committees on Alloys, Sheet Steel, Pig Tin,
+     Steel Distribution, Scrap Iron, Pig Iron, Iron Ore, and Lake
+     Transportation, Tubular Products, Tin Plate, Wire Rope, Wire
+     Products, and Cold Rolled and Cold Drawn Steel.
+
+     Sub-Committee on Oil, Rubber, Wool, and Zinc.
+
+     Committee on Engineering and Education, with its sub-committees
+     on General Engineering, Production Engineering, Universities
+     and Colleges, Secondary and Normal Schools, and Construction
+     Engineering.
+
+     Committee on Labor, with its sub-committees on Mediation and
+     Conciliation, Wages and Hours, Women in Industry, Welfare Work,
+     Sanitation with twelve subdivisions, Vocational Education with
+     nine subdivisions, Information and Statistics, Cost of Living
+     and Domestic Economy.
+
+     General Medical Board, with a long and active list of
+     sub-committees.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Daniel Willard
+
+President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
+
+He was chairman of transportation and communication in the Council of
+National Defense.]
+
+
+SERVICE OF EXPERTS
+
+On these boards and committees sat, almost without exception, the
+American leaders of industry, science, and labor. Scattered through the
+list one finds such names as:
+
+     Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, one of the world's leading naval
+     constructors.
+
+     F. S. Peabody, the great coal operator.
+
+     James J. Storrow, of Lee, Higginson & Co., of Boston.
+
+     A. W. Shaw, publisher of the _System_ magazine, who, as
+     Chairman of the Commercial Economy Board, preached with
+     remarkable success the gospel of conservation in business.
+
+     Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, who for her labors as Chairman of the
+     Woman's Committee received the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+     Frank A. Scott, on whom was bestowed the same distinction for
+     his leadership of the General Munitions Board.
+
+     W. A. Starrett, constructing architect of New York, to whom in
+     great measure is due the credit for the building of the
+     cantonments in an incredibly short space of time.
+
+     Samuel Vauclain, President of the Baldwin Locomotive Works,
+     whose contribution in the matter of Army and Navy artillery was
+     monumental.
+
+     Theodore Vail, President of the American Telephone & Telegraph
+     Company, who brought the wire communication men of the country
+     to a common center in the national interest.
+
+     Charles Clifton, President of the National Automobile Chamber
+     of Commerce.
+
+     Gen. George H. Harries, the famous electric railway operator.
+
+     Samuel Insull, President of the Commonwealth Edison Co., of
+     Chicago.
+
+     Charles Eisenman, who, as active head of the Council's
+     Committee on Supplies, procured for the Government $800,000,000
+     of supplies in 200 days at an overhead cost of but $20,000,
+     involving the handling of 45,000 contracts, and who justly
+     received the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+     A. F. Bemis, President of the National Association of Cotton
+     Manufacturers.
+
+     John P. Woods, the eminent woolen manufacturer.
+
+     J. F. McElwain, of the McElwain Shoe Company.
+
+     Lincoln Cromwell, of Wm. Iselin & Co., New York.
+
+     Arthur V. Davis, President of the Aluminum Co. of America.
+
+     Thomas F. Manville, President of H. W. Johns-Manville Co.
+
+     Charles F. Brooker, President of the American Brass Company.
+
+     John E. Morron, President of the Atlas Portland Cement Company.
+
+     John D. Ryan, President of the Anaconda Copper Company.
+
+     R. L. Agassiz, President of the Calumet & Hecla Mining
+     Company.
+
+     W. A. Clark, President of the United Verde Copper Company.
+
+     Murry M. Guggenheim.
+
+     R. H. Downman, President of the National Lumber Manufacturers'
+     Association.
+
+     Ambrose Monell, President of the International Nickel Company.
+
+     Gary, Farrell, Burden, Dinkey, King, Grace, Schwab, Topping,
+     Dalton, and Clarke, the great steel executives.
+
+     Bedford, Davison, Doheney, Lufkin, Markham, Sinclair, Van Dyke,
+     Muir, James, and Guffy, in whose hands lay almost the entire
+     oil output of America.
+
+     Stuart Hotchkiss, President of the General Rubber Company.
+
+     F. J. Hagenbarth, President of the National Association of Wool
+     Growers.
+
+     The Presidents of the leading zinc companies.
+
+Then when we come to Engineering and Education:
+
+     Dr. Henry E. Crampton, of Columbia University.
+
+     Charles A. Stone, of Stone and Webster.
+
+     The heads of the great engineering societies.
+
+     The presidents of Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and other famous
+     universities and colleges.
+
+Among labor leaders such persons as:
+
+     Warren S. Stone, Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive
+     Engineers.
+
+     James W. Sullivan, Matthew Woll and Frank Morrison, all high in
+     the American Federation of Labor.
+
+Such well-known men as:
+
+     V. Everit Macy, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, John H. Finley, August
+     Belmont, E. T. Stotesbury and Charles G. Dawes, afterwards a
+     brilliant figure as a General in France.
+
+Such nationally and internationally known physicians as:
+
+     General Gorgas; Dr. William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins; the
+     Mayos; Dr., afterwards Brigadier-General, Finney; Dr. George E.
+     Brewer; Dr. George W. Crile; Dr. Simon Flexner; and Dr.
+     Theodore Janeway.
+
+     Dr. George E. Hale, Chairman of the National Research Council,
+     which was and is the Council's Department of Science and
+     Research.
+
+     Thomas A. Edison, President of the Naval Consulting Board,
+     which was and is the Council's Board of Inventions.
+
+The activities of these men and their hundreds of colleagues, nearly all
+dollar-a-year workers and men whose time could not be bought, as a rule,
+in days of peace, reached out and touched almost every town and village
+in almost every part of the United States. They were moved and
+stimulated by the philosophy of voluntary coöperation, which was first
+and in a very daring way thrust into the consciousness of the nation by
+the Council of National Defense. It was the policy that won the war. One
+distinct benefit which the Government received from calling the
+industrial intelligence of the country to its aid was the breadth of
+view which industrial leaders possess. Their habit of mind to survey the
+field as a whole, to take a bird's-eye view of the problem to be solved,
+enabled the Government agencies to obtain a proper comprehension of the
+task of building the war machine. The country will probably never know
+the debt that it owes to these men and their like who came to Washington
+and bent their backs throughout the hot Southern summer during a series
+of endeavors in which absolutely no paths were charted.
+
+
+NON-PARTISAN REPRESENTATION
+
+It has been asked why a coalition government was not formed to wage the
+war. That very thing was in effect done by the Council, though we were
+all too busy to point it out at the time. A majority of the Advisory
+Commission was made up of Republicans. Certainly Republicans were in the
+huge preponderance in the Committee and Boards of the Council and
+Advisory Commission. Speaking as one who was not affiliated with the
+politics of the Administration of Woodrow Wilson, the writer never
+perceived a trace of political flavor in the organization and operation
+of the Council from first to last. Never did the six Democratic cabinet
+officers forming the Council itself so much as inquire into the politics
+of the hundreds of business men and experts nominated to them for
+appointment. It was an amazing demonstration of non-partisanship in a
+national crisis. The Council was an organization of specialists from
+beginning to end, and the work was everywhere carried forward on the
+most impersonal basis. The writer attributes this state of affairs to
+the breadth of view, and the very genuine passion for national service,
+of Secretary of War Baker, Chairman of the Council.
+
+It should be plainly stated that, utilizing in the main dollar-a-year
+experts, the Council made the preliminary mobilization of industry to
+July 1, 1917, at the grotesquely small sum of $127,000. To May 1, 1919,
+its total expenditures, including the operation of the war industries
+for nearly a year, amounted to but $1,500,000, and this comprehended the
+expenditure of $225,000 for the erection of a building. I doubt if there
+is anything in governmental or commercial history to match those
+figures, squared with results. The savings of the Council and Advisory
+Commission to the Government and the people mounted literally into the
+billions, as careful analysis of pre-war and war-time prices on certain
+commodities will demonstrate. It was made possible by the Council's
+course in commandeering to its side the business men of the United
+States.
+
+
+SOME RESULTS OF COÖPERATION
+
+One of the practical results of voluntary coöperation was the agreement
+made by Mr. Baruch and Mr. Ryan with the largest copper producers of the
+country to furnish the Navy 20,000,000 pounds of copper and the Army
+25,510,000 pounds at 16-2/3¢ a pound when the market price was 35¢ a
+pound. This meant saving to the Government close to $10,000,000. The
+copper men made this offer notwithstanding their increased cost for
+labor, materials, etc., because, as they said: "We believe it to be our
+duty to furnish the requirements of the Government in preparing the
+nation for war with no more profit than we receive from our regular
+production in normal times."
+
+In the same way the steel makers of the country, represented in the
+Steel Institute, agreed to furnish steel to the Government at the basic
+price of 2.9¢ per pound as compared with the then market price of from
+5¢ to 7¢ a pound. This represented an approximate saving to the
+Government of $18,000,000.
+
+
+THE FIELD DIVISION
+
+The tremendous effort of the Council to mobilize and coalesce into a
+fluid and powerful whole the industrial, economic and scientific forces,
+was supplemented and to a great extent made possible by the Council's
+Section on Coöperation with States, later known as the Field Division.
+Through this subordinate body was created, guided and coördinated the
+185,000 units of the state, county, community and municipal councils of
+defense, which literally unified the citizenship of America for war. If
+production was to win the war, it was elementary that the civilian
+morale must be brought to the highest pitch of coöperation and
+efficiency--and it was accomplished. In this vital task a noble part was
+played by the Woman's Committee of the Council, which in the most
+thorough-going and swift manner brought the services of the women of the
+country to the Government. The director of this committee, Miss Hannah
+J. Patterson, received the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+
+WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD
+
+On August 1, 1917, the Council, with its fortunate power to create
+subordinate bodies, brought into being the War Industries Board, of
+which the first Chairman was Frank A. Scott, and of which some of the
+other members up to the end of the war were:
+
+     Robert S. Brookings.
+
+     Brigadier-General Hugh S. Johnson.
+
+     Rear Admiral F. F. Fletcher.
+
+     Hugh Frayne, of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+     George N. Peek, a prominent Middle Western manufacturer.
+
+     J. L. Replogle, who became the very efficient Director of Steel
+     Supply.
+
+     L. L. Summers, an expert on explosives.
+
+     Alexander Legge, General Manager of the International Harvester
+     Company.
+
+     And Judge Edwin B. Parker.
+
+Mr. Brookings was later placed in charge of price fixing and Judge
+Parker in charge of priorities. The War Industries Board undoubtedly
+accomplished a much better centralization of effort than was possible in
+the hurried organization of the early days, when the imperative need was
+to increase the sources of supply and get production going until the
+executive departments of the Government could get into their full
+stride. Mr. Scott was succeeded as Chairman of the War Industries by
+Daniel Willard, who in turn was succeeded by B. M. Baruch, who, in his
+leadership of this vital and powerful agency, duplicated the success
+that Mr. Willard had made as Chairman of the pioneer Advisory
+Commission.
+
+
+CANTONMENT CONSTRUCTION
+
+In indicating even an outline statement of the American industrial and
+economic effort in the war, the writer feels helpless to paint the
+picture within the space of a few thousand words. It simply cannot be
+done. But to visualize what the measure of the task was, let one thing
+be cited:
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=John D. Ryan=
+
+President of the Anaconda Copper Company. He was made chairman of the
+Aircraft Production Board after we entered the war.]
+
+At our entrance into the war there were one colonel and four men to
+build the cantonments. The job involved the expenditure of $150,000,000
+in about three months. The largest year's work on the Panama Canal
+amounted to but some $50,000,000. The situation was heart-breaking. On
+hearing of it Frank Scott, then Chairman of the General Munitions Board,
+called up the Secretary of War and said that something had to be done,
+with which the Secretary instantly agreed. The result was that the
+Colonel, afterwards Brigadier-General Littell, had a civilian
+organization built around him by the Council of National Defense,
+notably by W. A. Starrett, later himself a colonel in the Army, which
+functioned until the Army was in shape to carry on the job alone. The
+building of the cantonments was the greatest job of the ages.
+Incidentally it should be stated that the average profit to the
+contractors was less than three per cent.
+
+
+MEN LITTLE KNOWN
+
+The writer likewise feels great reluctance in mentioning, as he has
+mentioned, only a few of the men who waged the industrial side of the
+war. Many business men little known to the country gave up their
+businesses and came to Washington and did superhuman things--did them in
+an impersonal, selfless way that was nothing less than stirring. Many of
+them remain unknown to this day, and their chief reward must lie in the
+satisfaction that they drew to their own souls by what they did, which
+is, of course, the greatest satisfaction of all in such situations as
+war-time Washington exemplified.
+
+It has not even been possible to touch on the work of business men in
+such great war agencies as the Food and Fuel Administration, the War
+Trade Board, the Shipping Board, the Aircraft Production Board, the
+Office of the Alien Property Custodian, the War Finance Corporation, and
+those divisions of the War Department which called highly qualified
+civilians to their aid. It would seem better to emphasize the initial
+effort, when the Council, through force of circumstances, became the
+great administrative laboratory for the examination, organization, and,
+at the proper time, allocation of totally new and untried phases of
+Federal action related to the prosecution of the war. It was in effect a
+fecund mother, which, it is not the slightest exaggeration to say, gave
+birth to and propelled the war machine which in the closing days of the
+conflict overseas was reaching to the peak of its load, and which in
+fact dealt the death blow to the Imperial German Government. It made, in
+truth, its fair share of mistakes, but some day its part in sending out
+the trumpet call to the business and labor and scientific leaders of
+America to join in the national defense will be fully told. Then there
+will be perceived in clear and true light the extent to which
+peace-loving American civilians offered all they had and all they were
+to the Government of the United States so that decency might again be
+paramount upon the face of the earth.
+
+
+
+
+VII--THE LIBERTY LOAN ARMY
+
+Mobilizing Americans at Home to Pay for the War--A National Effort
+Which Yielded $24,065,810,350
+
+By GUY EMERSON
+
+Vice-President of the National Bank of Commerce, formerly Director of
+Publicity, Government Loan Organization
+
+
+Our Army was our first line in the war against Germany. Our second line
+of offense and defense was the Navy, and behind both stood another line
+without which neither the Army nor the Navy could have "carried on."
+This third force was the greatest unit ever marshalled in the history of
+this or any other country--the Liberty Loan Army. Before a man in the
+United States uniform entered a trench, before the first depth bomb had
+been dropped on a U-boat, this Army, which finally carried a roster of
+22,777,680 names, had entered the war.
+
+Think of it! One person in every five in the immense population was in
+the war!
+
+True, their contribution to the eventual triumph of our arms was
+measured in dollars while that of the men at the front or on the seas
+was in lives or limbs. Yet it is a fact that dollars were as powerful
+relatively as men in bringing the Boche to bay.
+
+Various causes have been given to account for the startlingly sudden
+collapse of the Kaiser's army. Some say that the Allies' superior
+military strategy brought it to its knees. Others contend that success
+against the U-boats broke it down. Both are partly right, for each
+helped to undermine the German morale. But however great the
+contribution of both was, it is safe to say that the front presented by
+the Liberty Loan Army was a vital factor. The belated German
+consciousness that the United States as a whole was in the war, as
+tangibly represented in the strength of the Liberty Loan Army, helped to
+shatter the Germans' will to victory. As much as the men in khaki or in
+blue, this gigantic unit bore in upon his mind as an unyielding
+opponent. He understood the futility of trying to defeat a people that
+enlisted against him to the number of 22,777,680 at home, 4,000,000 in
+the field and 300,000 on the water.
+
+
+THE SPIRIT BEHIND THE DOLLAR
+
+There is another angle to this important element of morale. In inverse
+ratio to the weakening of the spirit of the Germans against this
+resistless body there came a daily strengthening of the morale of our
+own men and those of the Allies through this manifestation at home.
+Where there are two opposing wills to victory in the field, the one that
+has the greater backing at home is certain to overwhelm the other.
+
+It was not the dollar that won the war, it was the spirit behind the
+dollar. Before Prince Max asked for the armistice he had learned that
+$9,978,835,800 had been subscribed in this country toward his defeat. It
+is natural to assume that this fact did not impress him so much as the
+related fact that millions of persons had participated in the
+subscription.
+
+Up to the end of the Fourth Loan, which coincided with the negotiations
+for the Armistice, $16,971,909,050 had been paid in and this helped to
+save life to an extent that we can only imagine. It was the confident
+expectation when the Americans halted the German onslaught at
+Château-Thierry that the end of the war would come in the following
+spring. None dared to hope that it would come before Christmas. When the
+crash came in November, even the Allied commanders were bewildered by
+its suddenness. Had the war been prolonged to the spring of 1919, it is
+certain that we would have paid a large toll in lives. Some have
+estimated that 100,000 more of our young men would have been sacrificed.
+That the war did not drag along for six months more may be ascribed in
+part to the effect that the demonstrated loyalty of the Liberty Loan
+Army had upon German morale. We know that the Germans fed lies to their
+own troops and dropped pamphlets with these same falsehoods into our own
+trenches. They tried to convince their own and our men that the Loans
+had no support.
+
+
+MOBILIZING THE LIBERTY LOAN ARMY
+
+When at 11 o'clock on November 11, 1918, peace dawned upon a war-sick
+world we had 2,000,000 men in Europe, and as many more on this side
+putting themselves in readiness to go across. On the seas we had close
+to 300,000 men. This tremendous force was welded into form in the
+nineteen months we were in the war. Yet within a few months after our
+entrance into the war there were more than this total in the Liberty
+Loan Army. The list of subscribers to the First Liberty Loan which
+closed two months after our entry had 4,500,000 names.
+
+And this number remained for the duration of the war, giving every penny
+they could spare, mortgaging their property, committing themselves to
+personal privations. When the Second Loan books were totalled in
+November the number had increased to 9,500,000, and it leaped to
+17,000,000 in the Third. In the Fourth--the last loan of war-time--it
+had grown to 22,777,680 and in the Fifth which closed six months after
+the armistice, it finished with 12,000,000 names.
+
+As in the Army, where organization is half the battle, it was through
+organization of the enthusiasm and the deep fervor of the American
+people that success came in this big venture. We had to create a state
+of mind, we had to educate the American public in finance--which in
+itself appeared an insuperable task--we had to marshal resources on a
+scale such as never before had been attempted, and we had to map out a
+sales campaign that would comprehend millions of persons. There were no
+precedents to go by; the example set in Europe could not have
+application in the United States because of temperamental and financial
+differences; the flotation of the loans in the Civil War afforded no
+practicable working basis. It was pioneering, and this fact was made
+clear in the first conference held in Washington when Secretary of the
+Treasury William G. McAdoo called together the financial leaders of the
+country.
+
+[Illustration: A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign]
+
+Only three weeks were allowed to prepare for the First Loan Drive. As
+soon as we had decided to get into the war, this decision carried with
+it the determination to go in to the limit of our resources. The
+Secretary of the Treasury informed the bankers that the first issue
+would be for $2,000,000,000 and this would be merely the forerunner of a
+succession of loans in larger amounts. The bonds were to be put on the
+market at three and a half percent. and the campaigns were to be
+conducted according to the territories of the Federal Reserve districts,
+twelve in all.
+
+     "It is quite likely," said the Secretary of the Treasury, "that
+     we could induce a group of men to take up this loan but that
+     would compromise the country before the world. We must sell to
+     the public in such numbers that there shall exist no doubt
+     among our enemies that our people are back of the Government as
+     a unit in this war."
+
+The men whom he addressed were all recognized as organizers, all had
+been identified with big business. However, few of them had had the
+general contact with the public so essential to popularizing the loan.
+They knew how to sell, but not in small denominations or to millions of
+purchasers. In an abstract sense they realized the value of advertising
+and newspaper publicity, but not one of them had the remotest idea of
+how the ideal of Secretary McAdoo could be realized.
+
+
+ORGANIZING THE FIRST DRIVE
+
+It was at this point that their resourcefulness came into play. Their
+first move was the right one; they engaged specialists to undertake the
+tasks of which they knew little. They addressed themselves to the public
+through men skilled in establishing such contacts as are given through
+advertising, publicity, and canvassing. In the brief time allotted to
+them, they barely had time to surround themselves with this trained
+talent.
+
+Verily, it was shooting in the dark, a process of hit and miss. Some one
+said that the campaign in the First Loan was planned as we went along,
+and that is literally true. The patriotism was there--that was an
+unquestionable fact; the problem was to make it manifest itself in
+sacrifice of savings and earnings. The work of the whole three weeks was
+experimental and the country was the laboratory. Let it be said that the
+alchemy of patriotism transmuted the hearts and minds of the public into
+pure gold. Once the people were informed of their duty toward the United
+States they rallied instantly.
+
+Newspapers turned over their columns, advertisers offered their precious
+space--and it was precious in those days of paper shortage; stores and
+banks opened booths for sales, public speakers cancelled every other
+engagement that they might participate, factories strove to enlist every
+person in their employment as purchasers, clubs responded in whole
+memberships, women's committees were formed for the acceleration of
+interest, churches consecrated themselves to the project, trade unions
+abandoned all differences with employers and allied themselves
+unselfishly, writers pleaded for a chance to exercise their influence,
+foreign language groups demanded opportunity to prove their Americanism,
+actors, singers, and lecturers begged for a place in the campaign.
+
+Wholeheartedly and with utter disregard of personal sacrifice this vast
+aggregation committed itself to the task. The initial momentum gave the
+drive the force of an avalanche that swept everything else aside. There
+came times during this first drive when the issue seemed in doubt, but
+this was due more to an excess of enthusiasm than to a lack of support.
+When the totals were in, it was realized that these misgivings were due
+to the physical inability of the tabulators to keep abreast of the tide
+of subscriptions. The subscriptions went to $3,035,226,850.
+
+It had been said that the first campaign in its directive agencies was
+largely hit and miss. When it was over the strikes were recorded and the
+misses eliminated for the preliminary work of the Second Loan which was
+to follow in October. Out of the mass was evolved a system of methods
+that served as the groundwork of the real organization. The results
+afforded a working basis that would have carried a dozen loans through,
+granting that the people remained faithful to their patriotism.
+
+
+THE APPEAL
+
+Let it be admitted that in the first loan there was no defined appeal.
+We were in the war and in to win, that was sufficient. It was foreseen
+that the psychology of the public must have a central theme for the next
+loan to which it must respond. The Second campaign began on October 1,
+1917, after the embarkation of the nucleus of the vast army that
+eventually was to overwhelm the foe. None of them yet had been called
+into action. The keynote of this drive was the education of the people
+on the meaning of a German victory. We had before us the ghastly stories
+of what the Germans had done in Belgium and in France; we had to throw
+ourselves into the conflict to keep our own homes safe.
+
+The eyes of all Europe, our Allies and our enemies, were upon us. It was
+clear that by the results at home we would be judged, as we had not yet
+had the opportunity to show ourselves in the field. For four weeks and a
+day the campaign went on, this time for $3,000,000,000. The appeal which
+touched the heartstrings of all persons served a double purpose. Not
+only did it carry the message of the Loan, but it knit closer the
+sentiment of the whole American people to the purposes of the war.
+Through its constant reiteration it had the effect of a prayer and like
+a prayer gained added meaning with deeper thought.
+
+Thought was compelled through its manifold repetitions. All the
+functions of life were linked with it, all the recreations, all the
+relaxations embodied it in part. It formed the backbone of conversation,
+it became a part of every daily activity. It assailed the eye at every
+turn, it smote the ear constantly, it crashed into consciousnesses in
+every conceivable form. Through a strange paradox it linked a fear and a
+hope. It embraced the whole gamut of emotions.
+
+
+GROWING RESPONSE
+
+Again there was a resounding response. In the First Loan the
+subscriptions were limited to the actual amount of the issue, but in
+the Second all subscriptions were accepted. The number of those who
+took bonds was increased more than 100 percent.--it reached 9,500,000,
+to be exact, and the $3,000,000,000 issue went to $3,808,766,150.
+
+So it was in the Third, which was put before the public on the
+anniversary of our entrance into the war. At this time our men had gone
+into the trenches which in itself made the war our own in its most
+serious meaning. This was intensified throughout the land by the
+operation of the Selective Service Act. The draft had entered almost
+every home; many of those who had qualified in the first call were at
+that time in France. Casualty lists were beginning to appear in the
+newspapers.
+
+It needed only this fact--the fact in itself was its own appeal--to
+bring out the finest in our people. All previous sentiment faded into
+insignificance compared with the solemnity of the actual participation.
+The resources that we had been led to believe had been plumbed to their
+depths were now revealed to us as inexhaustible. Giving seemed to be the
+poorest means of showing how the country was touched; the people gave as
+if in despair because this was all they might do.
+
+The campaign had been for $3,000,000,000 and it brought in returns of
+$4,170,069,650 from 17,000,000 men, women and children in the United
+States; men, who regretted that this was all they might give to their
+country's need; women, who offered with each dollar a passionate prayer
+that it might help the men now matching themselves against the foe, and
+children, who realized with joy that they were becoming part of the
+world's greatest war.
+
+
+FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN
+
+Before the Fourth Loan the Rolls of Honor in the daily newspapers were
+carrying a lengthening list of those who had paid the supreme sacrifice.
+In the training camps more and more hundreds of thousands of drafted men
+were preparing themselves to take their places on the line; the sea
+lanes were crowded with troopships, each bearing the best of our country
+away. There had been a depressing period when Ludendorff's men seemed to
+carry everything before them, when the coast ports of France seemed
+menaced, but before the bugle called the non-combatants at home to
+attention again our boys had turned the tide at Château-Thierry and now
+were in full cry after the fugitive enemy.
+
+[Illustration: A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign]
+
+On September 27, 1918, the call for the Fourth Loan came and it seemed
+at the time as if it had been postponed too long because the foe was
+crumbling. President Wilson sounded the tocsin in the Metropolitan Opera
+House in New York City. This time the appeal was to drive home the
+finishing blows, to demonstrate to the crumbling empire of the
+Hohenzollerns that here was a people undivided and unafraid.
+
+The campaign was carried through in a veritable ecstasy of delight.
+Where before there had been the spirit to give in order to wage the war
+to any length, here was the spirit to bring the end swiftly and
+splendidly, to crown the triumphs of our arms abroad with another
+triumph at home. In truth, the prospect of impending triumph at first
+almost defeated the need of a campaign. The enthusiasm during the period
+of the drive transcended everything ever seen in this country before.
+The result reflected it: In an issue of $6,000,000,000 there was an
+oversubscription of $933,073,250 and the total number was the 22,777,680
+which will stand as the high mark of Americanism for many generations to
+come.
+
+
+AROUSING THE HALF-HEARTED
+
+It has been set forth here that all appeals were based on arousing the
+emotions of the people. This was necessary because, had the offerings
+gone before the public solely on their practical value as investments,
+the results would have been considered abroad as another demonstration
+of our sordidness. Had the people of the United States been sordid, it
+is certain that they might have obtained better investment values. That
+they were not touched by selfish instincts is further proved by the fact
+that all through the drives the bonds of the previous issues had been
+quoted below par, due to the machinations of a group that never could be
+lifted above self-interest. The public, in full realization of this
+apparent depreciation, fought it out and showed their utter contempt for
+the manipulators by subscribing in greater force and for greater amounts
+to each subsequent issue.
+
+It has been said before that the feeling of the public toward the war
+was made clear in the First Loan. It became the problem of the Second
+and the succeeding drives to organize enthusiasm so that through
+contagion the more resistant types might be affected. This compelled an
+organization of psychology. Back of each demonstration there were stage
+managers. These managers of psychology worked upon the public through
+the newspapers, through advertising, through "stunts," and generated a
+force of example which affected the whole community in which they were
+expressed.
+
+For instance, a parade always has the effect of stirring people;
+feelings deep-hidden cannot be well concealed when, in war-time,
+marching men stride past. Unconsciously there comes to the mind of
+people the question: "What will become of these fine boys when they
+reach France?" There is the wish to help them, and the means to help
+them has been before their eyes for days in the Liberty Loan publicity.
+That is what is meant by stage management.
+
+Through all the Loans it was necessary to manipulate the emotions first,
+to bring to the consciousness of the people in the news reports the
+facts and purposes of the loans; secondly, to carry the "urge" to them
+through the advertising; and thirdly to work upon their feelings through
+spectacles, meetings, aeroplane flights, sham battles, motion pictures
+of actual warfare, and like accelerants. It was necessary to infect them
+in the mass so that as individuals they might infect others with the
+fever to buy bonds.
+
+All this work had to be carried through and was carried through with
+brilliant success in the four war-time loans. The Army, the Navy, the
+stage women's committees, police organizations, Boy Scouts, foreign
+language groups, all played a part. When the call came for the Fifth
+Loan, practically everything that had been done before had to be
+scrapped. It was all part of the war equipment and would help little in
+getting over another loan when people were striving with every fiber to
+get away from the thought and the sacrifices of the war.
+
+
+"FINISH THE JOB"
+
+We had to deal, then, with a people who were beginning to adjust
+themselves to peace, who were consoling themselves with the thought that
+they had done their part and should not be called upon again. It looked
+like a hopeless prospect from the vista presented at the close of the
+Fourth campaign to expect the same response for a peace campaign. The
+one optimistic fact that stood out was that the people had proved their
+patriotism, and such patriotism never dies. The Fifth Loan based its
+appeal solely upon patriotism's one expression in peace, duty.
+
+[Illustration: Victory Way at Night
+
+During the Victory Loan Drive, Park Avenue, just above the Grand Central
+Station, was shut off and devoted to propaganda for the drive. The
+photograph shows a pyramid of captured German helmets.]
+
+"Finish the Job" was the slogan of the Fifth Loan. The country was told
+that the war was not ended until its debts were paid, that we should
+feel gratitude in the lives spared by its sudden end. The Liberty Loan
+workers had to create a new state of mind, to begin a new education--for
+this time the issue was in Victory notes instead of bonds--and to arouse
+the people to new emotions through spectacles, parades and other
+features. It may be mentioned here that the greatest parade of the
+entire war was held in New York in this Fifth Loan, when the different
+branches of the army showed in procession the men and weapons they had
+employed to win victory.
+
+The call was for $4,500,000,000 and the answer was subscribed in notes
+by 12,000,000 persons, who paid in $5,249,908,300.
+
+
+WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN
+
+In between the drives there was a lesser drive constantly carried on
+among people who were not able to participate in bond buying. This was
+the War Savings campaign which was a part of the Government Loan
+enterprise. Newsboys, bootblacks, shop-girls, clerks and others who had
+been unable to participate in the Loan drives or who wanted to prove
+again their devotion to their country answered this appeal. In these
+savings there was collected for the country up to the date of the
+armistice $932,339,000 and the number of persons hoarding in small sums
+was far beyond a million.
+
+                          LIBERTY LOAN FIGURES
+                             Entire Country
+                            |               |               |  No. of
+                  Quota     |Am't Subscribed|    Allotted   |Subscribers
+ First Loan |$ 2,000,000,000|$ 3,035,226,850|$ 2,000,000,000| 4,500,000
+ Second Loan|  3,000,000,000|  4,617,532,300|  3,808,766,150| 9,500,000
+ Third Loan |  3,000,000,000|  4,170,069,650|  4,170,069,650|17,000,000
+ Fourth Loan|  6,000,000,000|  6,993,073,250|  6,993,073,250|22,777,680
+ Fifth Loan |  4,500,000,000|  5,249,908,300|  4,500,000,000|12,000,000
+            +---------------+---------------+---------------+----------
+   Totals   | 18,500,000,000|$24,065,810,350|$21,471,909,050|65,777,680
+
+                      Federal Reserve District of New York
+
+ First Loan |$   600,000,000|$ 1,191,992,100|$   617,831,650|   978,959
+ Second Loan|    900,000,000|  1,550,453,500|  1,164,366,950| 2,259,151
+ Third Loan |    900,000,000|  1,115,243,650|  1,115,243,650| 3,046,929
+ Fourth Loan|  1,800,000,000|  2,044,901,750|  2,044,901,750| 3,604,101
+ Fifth Loan |  1,350,000,000|  1,762,684,900|  1,318,098,450| 2,484,532
+            +---------------+---------------+---------------+----------
+   Totals   |$ 5,550,000,000|$ 7,665,275,900|$ 6,260,442,450|12,373,672
+
+BENEFITS DERIVED FROM LOAN CAMPAIGNS
+
+The benefits derived from the Loan campaigns were many. Prominent among
+them was the growth of thrift among the American people. The growth of
+this habit will be an important factor in the future greatness of this
+country.
+
+A lasting monument to the war spirit of those who had to stay at home is
+the fact that more than a million persons, men, women and children, were
+engaged actively in the promotion of the five loans. In other words, one
+person in every hundred in the United States was a part of the
+organization, and each induced twenty other persons in that hundred to
+buy bonds. This colossal force did not work in haphazard fashion nor
+scatter its energy but acted under a definite plan of campaign in which
+each had an assigned part and in which each worked according to a method
+that would avoid duplication or extra expense.
+
+The five campaigns which united such an aggregation of workers and which
+produced such remarkable results were carried forward with a minimum of
+expense. Never before in the history of finance had such widespread
+exploitation been accomplished at so low a cost. Of the million workers
+all but a small nucleus were volunteers; the resources of the country
+were thrown open to the organizers with unexampled prodigality, mediums
+of flotation in a veritable flood being contributed without cost to the
+officers in the Liberty Loan Army.
+
+A single purpose animated the whole nation. Party lines, race prejudice,
+creed distinctions, social barriers, all were wiped out in these loan
+drives. The whole country formed itself into an All-American team that
+rushed onward irresistibly. The closest approximation to a common
+brotherhood had been achieved. War, with its terrible losses, with its
+impairment of lusty young men, with its heartbreaks and agonies, surely
+had not been waged in vain when it brought about such a unity.
+
+The United States in waging the war for democracy had won that democracy
+for herself at home.
+
+
+
+
+VIII--FOOD AND THE WAR
+
+How Scientific Control and Voluntary Food-Saving Kept Belgium from
+Starving and Enabled the Allies to Avert Famine
+
+By VERNON KELLOGG
+
+Member of the Commission for the Relief of Belgium
+
+
+America was made familiar with a slogan during 1917 and 1918 which
+declared that "Food Will Win the War." The European Allies became
+familiar from the very beginning of the war with the fact that without
+much more food than they could count on from their own resources they
+could not hope to win the war. And it became equally obvious to Germany
+and her associates that if their normal food resources were materially
+impaired they also could not hope to win the war.
+
+So there arose almost from the beginning of the great military struggle
+an equally great struggle to get food and to keep food from being got.
+The Allies, devoting their manpower to fighting and munitions-making,
+saw their farms doomed to neglect and their food reduction doomed to
+lessen. And they began their call on America for food in such quantities
+as America had never dreamed of exporting before. In the last years
+before the war we had been sending about five million tons of foodstuffs
+a year to Europe. In 1918 we sent over fourteen million tons. Also the
+Allies began trying, by their blockade, to prevent the Central Empires
+from adding to their own inevitably lessened native production by
+importations from without.
+
+On the other hand, Germany and her associates began to husband carefully
+their internal food supplies by instituting a rigid, or would-be rigid,
+control of internal marketing and consumption, and to collect from any
+outside sources still accessible to them, such as the contiguous neutral
+lands, whatever food was possible. Also they had strong hopes of
+preventing, by their submarine warfare, the provisioning of the Allies
+from America and other overseas sources.
+
+Thus, from the beginning of the war, and all through its long course,
+food supply and food control were of the most vital importance. If our
+epigrammatic slogan, "Food Will Win the War," was, like most epigrams,
+not literally true, it was, nevertheless, literally true that there was
+always possible to either side the loss of the war through lack of food,
+and it is literally true that the food victory of the Allies was a great
+element in the final war victory. Germany's military defeat was partly
+due to food defeat, and if a military decision had not been reached in
+the fall of 1918, Germany would have lost the war in the spring of 1919
+anyway from lack of food and raw materials.
+
+
+ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY
+
+The great struggle for food supply and food control involved so many and
+such complex undertakings that it is hopeless to attempt a detailed
+account of it in any space short of a huge volume. Yet the very
+limitations of the present discussion may have its advantages in
+compelling us to concentrate our attention on the most important aspects
+of the struggle and to try to sum up the most important results of it.
+Some of these at least should not be forgotten, for they have a bearing
+on the peace-time food problem as well as the war-time one. Fortunately
+the war-time food situation has developed in us a national and an
+individual food consciousness that will certainly not disappear in this
+generation at least.
+
+The first important lesson that has been learned is that it is of great
+value to a nation to be able to provide in its own land its own
+necessary food supply. For although in times of peace and usual harvests
+international food exchanges enable a country, such as England or
+Belgium, highly industrialized and of large population in proportion to
+area, to make up without much difficulty its deficit as between
+production and consumption, the moment the great emergency arrives there
+is the utmost danger for its people. The history of the "relief of
+Belgium" during the war will illustrate this.
+
+
+$600,000,000 WORTH OF FOOD SUPPLIED
+
+This little country, famous through all past history as a battleground
+and now famous for all future time for its heroic and pathetic rôle in
+the World War, found itself at the very beginning of the war faced with
+a food problem that seemed at first insoluble, and which, if not solved,
+meant starvation for its people. It is a country highly industrialized,
+and with an agriculture which, though more highly developed as to method
+than that of almost any other country, was yet capable of providing but
+little more than a third of the food necessary to its people. It
+depended for its very life on a steady inflow of food from outside
+sources. But with its invasion and occupation by the Germans this inflow
+was immediately and completely shut off. Belgium was enclosed in a ring
+of steel. What food it possessed inside this ring disappeared rapidly.
+
+The terrible situation was met in a way of which Americans may be proud.
+For the Commission for the Relief of Belgium, which was the agency that
+solved Belgium's great problem, was an American organization with a
+staff composed chiefly of young Americans, most of them from American
+colleges and universities, headed by an American, Herbert Hoover, of
+great organizing and diplomatic genius, and with the large heart of a
+world philanthropist. In the four and a half years from November 1,
+1914, to May 1, 1919, which was the period of activity of the
+Commission, Belgium depended upon it for the supplying of three-fourths
+of the food of its people, over seven million in number. This amounted
+to about one million tons a year. In addition, the Commission supplied
+the food through practically all this period for the maintenance of the
+nearly two million unfortunate people in the German-occupied area of
+France. This amounted to a total of about one million tons. The total
+value of the food supplied to Belgium and occupied France was about six
+hundred million dollars, which was provided by the Governments of
+Belgium, France, England, and America, and the private charity of the
+world.
+
+
+THE FOOD PRODUCTION OF GERMANY
+
+For another impressive war-time food problem--which did not have the
+same solution as Belgium's--let us take that of Germany. In peace times
+the Germans produce about 80 percent. of the total food annually
+consumed by them. But their tremendous military effort necessarily
+entailed some reduction in their capacity for food production, although
+they also made a tremendous effort to stimulate and direct into most
+effective channels the native production of food.
+
+Although it is true, as already stated, that Germany normally produces
+about 80 percent. of her food needs, making it seem possible for the
+nation to meet the blockade emergency by repressing consumption by 10
+per cent. and increasing production by 10 per cent. this does not mean
+that they normally produce 80 per cent. of each kind of food consumed by
+them. As a matter of fact, they produce more than their total needs of
+certain kinds of food, as sugar, for example, and less than 80 per cent.
+of certain other kinds. And while there is a possibility of
+substituting, within certain limits, one kind of food for another, so
+that a shortage of wheat might be made up by an abundance of rye, or a
+shortage of bread-grains in general be made up, in some degree, by
+increasing the ration of potatoes, if they are available, this
+substitution cannot go to the extent of substituting pure carbo-hydrate
+or starchy foods like potatoes, which simply produce heat or energy for
+the body, for the protein foods like meat, fish, eggs and dairy
+products which produce not only energy but new tissues. A child must
+have protein food in order to grow; an adult must have it in order to
+replace the tissues worn out by daily work. Also, there are certain
+peculiar and so far little understood elements, called vitamines, found
+only in certain kinds of food, notably fats, milk and the green
+vegetables, which are essential to the proper metabolism of the body.
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+The Battle Scene at Home
+
+During the war the Allies called on the United States for food in far
+greater quantities than we had ever dreamed of exporting. For example,
+in the last years before the war we had been sending yearly to Europe
+about five million tons of food. In 1918 alone we shipped more than
+fourteen million tons of foodstuffs overseas.]
+
+
+GERMANY'S FOOD PROBLEM
+
+Now in the light of these needs for proper feeding, and in the light of
+the special conditions produced by the war, what was Germany's food
+problem through the war? It was that of attempting to increase
+production when the men and work animals had been sent to the fighting
+lines, of repressing consumption when both men in the army and the men
+in the war factories had to be well fed in order to fight well and work
+well, of attempting to get in food from outside the country when a
+blockade was steadily closing the borders ever and ever more tightly,
+and finally, of trying to get the people to modify their food habits in
+the way of accepting substitutes and using strange new semi-artificial
+foods in place of the familiar staples.
+
+In 1916 the potato crop of Germany was a failure--but the turnip crop
+was enormous. So turnips were substituted largely for potatoes, and for
+many other kinds of food as well. Even marmalade and coffee substitutes
+were made from them, and turnip meal was mixed in the already too coarse
+and too much mixed flour. The Germans will never forget that terrible
+_kohl-rüben zeit_, or turnip time, of late 1916 and early 1917. And it
+was just after this time that the effects of Germany's great food
+difficulties began to show in a really serious way; they began to
+undermine the strength and health of the people. Those diseases like
+tuberculosis, which can rest in incipient or suppressed form for years
+without becoming serious as long as the body is well nourished, began to
+develop rapidly and dangerously. The birth rate decreased and the death
+rate increased. The physical and mental and moral tone of the whole
+nation dropped.
+
+
+THE SUGAR SHORTAGE
+
+Belgium and Germany illustrate a special food situation created by the
+war, namely, one in which a country, which relied on outside sources for
+a greater or lesser part of its food needs, had access to these sources
+suddenly and almost completely shut off. But grave food problems also
+confronted the countries which were not blockaded in so specific a way.
+England and France, with full access to all the great food-producing
+lands overseas (except to the extent that the submarines reduced this
+freedom of access), nevertheless had food problems hardly less serious
+than those of the more strictly blockaded countries. Their difficulties
+arose primarily from the fact that there was only so much shipping in
+the world and that the war conditions created suddenly a need for much
+more shipping than existed. The transference of large numbers of troops
+with their necessary equipment and munitions from the distant colonies
+to the European seat of fighting, and of other numbers from the mother
+countries to extra-European battlegrounds, made great demands on the
+shipping available to these nations. At the same time, the reduction of
+their native production increased largely their needs of food
+importations.
+
+Take, for example, the case of the sugar supply for England and France.
+England is accustomed to use about 2,000,000 tons of sugar a year but
+she does not produce, at home, a single ton. She had relied before the
+war chiefly on importations from Germany and Austria with some little
+from Belgium and France. But with the outbreak of the war, she could get
+none from the Central Empires, and none from Belgium, while France,
+instead of being able to export sugar, suddenly found herself with her
+principal sugar-producing region invaded by the Germans and able to
+produce hardly a third of her former output. In fact, France herself was
+suddenly placed in the position of needing to import nearly two-thirds
+of the supply needed for her own consumption. So England and France had
+to turn to Cuba, the nearest great sugar-producing country, and ask for
+large quantities of her output. But the United States has always
+depended on Cuba for a large part of its own needs. Consequently there
+was a sugar problem for our own country as well as for England and
+France long before we entered the war.
+
+The situation was serious; the demands on Cuba were much larger than she
+could meet, although she was able under this stimulation of demand to
+increase materially her sugar crop in the years following the first of
+the war. One way of meeting this problem, which was promptly resorted
+to, was to cut down the consumption of sugar in the countries involved.
+In England and France sugar was strictly rationed; and in America the
+people were called on to limit their use of sugar by voluntary
+agreement. England cut her sugar allowance per capita from about seven
+and a half pounds a month to two, and France from nearly four to one. In
+America we reduced our per capita consumption by legally restricting the
+making of soft drinks and candy and by the voluntary restriction of the
+home use of sugar by about one-half. All this lessened the demand on
+Cuba, and also the demand on shipping.
+
+
+NATIONAL TASTES IN FOOD
+
+In this discussion of the war-time sugar problem one may be struck by
+the fact, as noted, that the people of France were normally accustomed
+to eat much less sugar than the people of England, indeed only about
+one-half as much. This introduces a subject of importance in any general
+discussion of the world food problem. It is that of the varying food
+habits of different peoples, even peoples living under very similar
+climatic and general physical conditions. For example, the people of
+Germany are accustomed to eat twice as many potatoes as the people of
+England, who in turn use more than three times as many as the people of
+Italy. On the other hand, England uses twice as much sugar as Germany,
+although she produces no sugar and Germany produces much sugar. The
+Italians eat only a third as much meat as the English and the French
+only half as much. But the English eat only two-thirds as much bread as
+the French.
+
+These differences in food use, established by long custom, have to be
+taken into account in all considerations of the world's food supply.
+They are differences which cannot be easily or quickly changed, even
+under circumstances which such great emergencies as war may produce. For
+example, we in America are accustomed to eat corn as food in the form of
+green corn, corn meal, corn flakes, etc. And in Italy one of the great
+national dishes is _polenta_ (corn meal cooked in a certain way). But
+when the Commission for the Relief of Belgium tried to introduce corn as
+human food in Belgium, because of the large amount that could be
+obtained from America when wheat and rye were scarce, it met with great
+opposition and but little success. To the Belgians, corn is food for
+animals.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC CONTROL OF FOOD
+
+An important point brought out by the war-time food problem is that of
+the "scientific" make-up of the personal ration. Not only are the
+national food habits of a people often difficult to understand from a
+point of view of taste, but they are often of such a character as to
+lead to a most uneconomical use of food. The exigencies of a world food
+shortage and a shortage of shipping for food transport have made it
+necessary for food ministries and relief organizations to give careful
+consideration to the most economical selection of foods for import and
+distribution, both from the point of view of economy of space and weight
+and lack of deterioration during shipping and storage, and from that of
+concentrated nutritional values and proper balancing of the ration.
+
+Food provides energy for bodily work and maintenance. It is the fuel for
+the human machine. Scientific students of nutrition measure the amount
+of energy thus provided, or the amount needed by the body, in units
+termed calories. Physiologists have determined by experiment the
+different amounts of calories produced by different kinds of foods and
+the varying amounts needed by men at rest, at light work, at hard work,
+by women and by children. By analyzing the make-up of a given population
+as to proportions of men, women and children, and of work done by them,
+it is possible to express the total food needs of the population in
+calories and to arrange for the most economical provision of the total
+calories necessary.
+
+But the simple provision of the total sum of calories may by no means
+satisfy the real food needs of the population. For example, all the
+calories might be provided by potatoes alone, or grains alone, or meat
+or fats alone. But the population would starve under such circumstances.
+Food provides not merely the energy for the body, but the substances
+from which the body adds new tissue to itself during growth and
+reproduces its constantly breaking down tissues during all of life. Now
+while all kinds of food produce energy in greater or less quantity, only
+certain kinds are the source of new tissues. Hence there must be in the
+personal or national ration a sufficient proportion of the
+tissue-producing foods, the protein carriers, as well as a sufficient
+amount of the more strictly energy-producing foods, such as the fats and
+carbohydrates. And there is necessary, too, in any ration capable of
+maintaining the body in properly healthy condition, the presence in it,
+in very small quantities, of certain food substances called vitamines
+which have an important regulatory effect on the functioning of the
+body. These substances occur only in certain kinds of food.
+
+All these things had to be taken into account in the war-time handling
+of food. So important was a proper knowledge of scientific food use and
+application of this knowledge, in connection with the efforts of the
+various countries to feed themselves most economically and to best
+effect in the light of their possibilities in the way of food supply,
+that every country concerned called on its scientific men to advise and
+help control the obtaining and distribution of its national food supply.
+For example, America and the Allies (England, France, Belgium and Italy)
+established an Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission composed of
+experts who met at various times at London, Paris, and Rome, and on
+whose advice the determination, both as to kind and quantity, of the
+necessary importations of food from overseas to England, France, Belgium
+and Italy was largely made. Thus the war has done more to popularize the
+scientific knowledge of food, and to put into practice a scientific
+control of food-use than all the efforts of colleges and scientific
+societies and food reform apostles for years and years before. Calories,
+proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamines have been taken out of the
+dictionary and put into the kitchen.
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+A Community Conference on Food-Saving
+
+The importance of work of this kind increased after the signing of the
+armistice, because the Poles, the Belgians, and other peoples whom we
+could not reach during the war needed every pound of food we could
+spare.]
+
+
+GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
+
+America's special relation to the world's war food problem was primarily
+that of a provider of the Allies, but in order to insure that this
+provision should be sufficient to keep the Allied soldiers and war
+workers up to full fighting and working strength and their families in
+full health, it was necessary for America to stimulate its own
+production, repress considerably its consumption and cut out all
+possible waste in food handling. To do this there was needed some form
+of governmental food control and a nation-wide voluntary effort of the
+people. Each of the Allied countries had established governmental food
+control early in the war under the direction of a "food controller"
+either attached to an already existing government department of
+agriculture or commerce, or acting as an independent food minister.
+
+On the actual entrance of America into the war in 1917, governmental
+food control was vested in a "United States Food Administration" with
+powers given it by Congress to control all exports of food and all
+food-handling by millers, manufacturers, jobbers, wholesalers, and
+large retail dealers. But no retail dealer doing a business of less than
+$100,000 a year, nor any farmer or farmers' coöperative association came
+under the Food Administration's control. Thus the American food
+administration differed from that of most European countries in that it
+had no authority to fix the prices at which the actual producers should
+sell their products or the small retailers should charge the consumers.
+
+But, indirectly, it was able to do, and did, a good deal in this
+direction. By its direct control of exports, and of the millers,
+manufacturers and large dealers, it was able to cut out a great part of
+the middleman profits, and reduce wholesale prices for most staple
+foodstuffs, especially that most important one, flour. By publicity of
+prices and by indirect pressure through the wholesaler it was also able
+to restrain the further sky-rocketing of retail prices.
+
+
+NATION-WIDE FOOD SAVING
+
+But if the Food Administration was limited in what it could effect by
+legal authority, there was no limit to what it could do by calling on
+the voluntary action of the people of the country, except by the
+possible refusal of the people to help. So there was set in movement a
+nation-wide propaganda for food-production and food-saving which
+resulted in the voluntary acceptance of wheatless and meatless days,
+voluntarily modified hotel and restaurant and dining-car meals, and the
+adoption of household pledges, taken by more than 12,000,000 American
+homes, to follow the Food Administration's suggestions for food-saving.
+All this, and the many other things which the Food Administration asked
+the people to do, and which the people did, resulted in accomplishing a
+very necessary thing. It enabled America not only to meet all those
+ever-increasing absolutely imperative calls of the Allies for food for
+their armies and people through 1917 and 1918, but to supply its own
+army and people sufficiently well to carry on the war effectively. The
+more food sunk by submarines, or prevented from coming to Europe from
+distant food sources, as Australia and Argentine and India, the more we
+provided by saving and increasing our production.
+
+A few figures will illustrate the actual results of the call for food
+conservation. We entered the crop year of 1917 (July 1, 1917, to July 1,
+1918), with a wheat supply which gave us only about 20,000,000 bushels
+available for export. By December 1, 1917, our surplus had gone overseas
+and an additional 36,000,000 bushels had been shipped to the Allies. In
+January we learned of the further imperative need of the Allies of
+75,000,000 bushels. We responded by sending 85,000,000 bushels between
+the first of the year and the advent of the new crop. When the crop year
+ended we had sent in all about 136,000,000 bushels of wheat to Europe.
+We were assisted in these operations by the importation of 28,000,000
+bushels of wheat from Australia and the Argentine to supplement our
+domestic supply, but the outstanding fact was the saving in our domestic
+consumption, most of which was accomplished in the six-months' period
+from January 1 to July 1, 1918.
+
+
+AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION
+
+But the cessation of the war did not produce food for the war-ravaged
+countries of Europe. The newly liberated peoples of Central and Eastern
+Europe found themselves, at the time of the Armistice, facing a period
+of starvation until their 1918 harvest could come in. Something to save
+these peoples had to be done quickly and on a large scale. The situation
+was met by the establishment of a new American governmental organization
+called the American Relief Administration which, with Mr. Hoover as
+director-general, worked in connection with the Inter-Allied Supreme
+Economic Council. Representatives of the A. R. A. were sent at once into
+all the countries crying for help to find out the exact food situation,
+and to arrange with the respective governments for the immediate
+beginning of the importation and distribution of staple foodstuffs.
+Programs for a food supply sufficient to last until the 1919 harvest
+were determined on a basis of minimum necessity, and provision for
+sufficient shipping and rail transportation was arranged by
+international agreement.
+
+Modern war has thrown the spotlight on food. It has partly realized that
+famous prophecy of the Polish economist, Jean Bloch, who wrote, twenty
+years ago: "That is the future of war, not fighting, but famine." In
+the World War of 1914--18 there was fighting on a scale never before
+reached, but there was also famine, as never before dreamed of.
+
+
+
+
+IX THE HIGH COST OF LIVING
+
+A Study of the Extraordinary Conditions Subsequent to the Armistice
+
+By THE DIRECTOR OF THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
+
+
+On August 9, 1919, Grosvenor B. Clarkson, Director of the Council of
+National defense, submitted to the Secretary of War, a report entitled
+"An Analysis of the High Cost of Living Problem." This report was the
+result of much careful study and investigation. It is non-academic in
+form and by omitting details presents a "panoramic view of the problem."
+It laid chief stress upon conditions since the armistice.
+
+In the report the problem of the high cost of living is viewed as a
+permanent one. It was, in other words, not peculiar to past war
+conditions. Careful investigation by the Council has resulted in the
+following analysis of the problem.
+
+     THE ESSENCE OF THE HIGH COST OF LIVING SITUATION
+
+     "1. The only complaints of the high cost of living which have
+     justification are those which are based upon inability of the
+     present income to maintain previous or reasonable standards of
+     living at present prices--such well-founded complaints mean
+     that increase of income has not kept pace with increased cost
+     of living, and therefore imply enforced reduction in standards
+     of living.
+
+
+     AMERICA'S PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
+
+     "2. America's industrial and economic achievements during the
+     war, notwithstanding depleted man power and diversion of
+     productive effort to war purposes, demonstrate the ample
+     ability of the Nation to sustain its population according to a
+     standard of living equal to or above standards of living which
+     obtained previous to or during the war.
+
+     "3. The fundamental basis for the maintenance of national
+     standards of living is adequate production, economical
+     distribution, and fair apportionment among the various economic
+     groups which constitute our society. With the exception of
+     agricultural activity, production since the armistice has shown
+     evidence of curtailment, and has in general been abnormally
+     low. Normal consumption can not continue unless an adequate
+     rate of production is maintained.
+
+
+     FOOD SITUATION AND READJUSTMENT
+
+     "4. Food production and the facilities for food production were
+     improved rather than injured during the war. Moreover, the
+     program with respect to food production since the signing of
+     the armistice has been one of vigorous expansion of the means
+     of providing raw food products. The actual consumption of
+     wheat, as shown by the Grain Corporation's report of May 25,
+     1919, had for the previous ten months averaged 37,700,000
+     bushels per month, as against 39,000,000 bushels for the
+     previous twelve months. This does not necessarily imply reduced
+     consumption of cereals.
+
+     "The number of cattle slaughtered in the period January to May,
+     1919, was 3,803,000, as against 4,204,000 for the corresponding
+     period of 1918, though the national reserve of cattle on farms
+     had increased during the war. The swine slaughtered January to
+     May increased from 18,260,000 in 1918 to 20,500,000 in 1919.
+
+
+     CLOTHING SITUATION
+
+     "5. The production of civilian cloths and clothing suffered
+     some reduction during the war, and has suffered heavy
+     curtailment for many months since the signing of the armistice.
+
+     "Boot and shoe production for civilian use was unfavorably
+     affected by the war and has likewise undergone extreme
+     curtailment since the signing of the armistice.
+
+
+     HOUSING PROBLEM
+
+     "6. Housing facilities developed acute shortage through
+     curtailment of building during the war and, due to curtailment,
+     for many months following the armistice, of the production of
+     building material and of building construction, housing is
+     still far below normal. Rents continue to rise.
+
+
+     PROVISION OF NEW CAPITAL
+
+     "7. The first half of 1919 shows diminished production of raw
+     materials and subnormal construction of new capital, and thus
+     indicates failure to utilize an adequate proportion of our
+     productive forces in the preliminary processes of provision to
+     meet future requirements. In fact, due to business uncertainty
+     and hesitation and tendencies to disagreement between
+     productive groups, retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers,
+     labor, etc., there ensued after the armistice a disuse of a
+     large proportion of America's productive capacity. Unless this
+     slump in production is atoned for by consistent future
+     activity, and unless production is constantly maintained on an
+     adequate scale, reduced standards of living will become
+     inescapable, regardless of prices, whether they rise or fall.
+
+     "8. The very fact that prices of finished commodities,
+     consumption goods, so called, have risen to an extent out of
+     proportion to the rise in prices of raw materials and perhaps
+     out of proportion to the rise in general wages, indicates that
+     production and distribution carried on under these conditions
+     is, in general, yielding profits abnormally high."
+
+In corroboration of the preceding analysis, the report cites statistical
+data gathered from various sources. The relation of currency and credit
+to prices is admirably epitomized in the following extract:
+
+
+CURRENCY AND CREDIT
+
+     "The manner in which the volume of circulating credit and
+     currency is related to the war-time rise in prices is about as
+     follows:
+
+     "The outbreak of the war brought to America urgent government
+     orders for munitions and supplies. Inasmuch as the belligerent
+     governments could not brook delay they were obliged to pay the
+     increased prices which American producers found it possible to
+     demand, and thus the wave of war prices was started in America.
+     When America entered the war it required, in order to perform
+     its part, almost boundless quantities of equipment and man
+     power. Producers naturally took advantage of the extremely
+     urgent character of these demands in order to increase their
+     prices, and, as a natural sequence, wages began to advance.
+     These increased prices and wages of course necessitated larger
+     expenditures by the government.
+
+     "Increased prices also necessitate the employment of larger
+     funds in the conduct of a business. A larger volume of credit
+     is required at higher prices to take care of bills for raw
+     materials, and more money is necessary to meet increased
+     payrolls. As a consequence, therefore, of increased prices,
+     business men required increased credit if they were to avoid
+     curtailment of operations and reduced production. Due to higher
+     prices, therefore, the banks were under the necessity of
+     meeting the business demand for expansion of credit."
+
+
+INFLATION
+
+The inflation process is described as follows:
+
+     "In pre-war times every dollar finding its way to the market
+     was supposedly the counterpart of some commodity or part of a
+     commodity also appearing in the market. Funds expended for the
+     purchase of food, clothing, and for the payment of rentals
+     were assumed to have been earned by some productive
+     contribution to the general supply of commodities. With the
+     outbreak of war there began to appear in the market, funds
+     derived from wages, profits, etc., which had been paid out in
+     connection with nonproductive activities of war, and which
+     therefore implied no corresponding contribution to the market
+     supply of commodities. The producers of, and the dealers in,
+     the decreased quantity of commodities brought to market
+     increased the prices of these commodities to the point where
+     they might absorb all the purchase money that became available.
+     These increased prices and wages have required increased
+     circulating medium. This requirement has been met primarily by
+     increased credit and the increased use of bank checks as an
+     instrument of payment. As to the currency situation, the total
+     money in the United States in 1900 amounted to $2,340,000,000.
+     According to a statement issued by Governor W. P. G. Harding,
+     of the Federal Reserve Board, the amount of money in
+     circulation has varied during the last five years as follows:
+
+    July 1, 1914, $3,419,108,368, or $34.53 per capita.
+    April 1, 1917, $4,100,976,000, or $37.88 per capita.
+    December 1, 1918, $5,129,985,000, or $48.13 per capita.
+    August 1, 1919, $4,796,890,000, or $45.16 per capita.
+
+     "This shows an increase during our war period of $7.28 per
+     capita. The amount of money in the Treasury and in Federal
+     Reserve Banks is not in circulation, and is, therefore not
+     included in the figures quoted from Governor Harding's
+     statement.
+
+     "In regard to the part played by national credit in meeting the
+     situation growing out of the extraordinary requirements of the
+     government and the rise in prices which the urgency of demands
+     made possible, it is to be noted that government bonds had to
+     be sold to pay for a large proportion of the goods which war
+     activities were consuming. In consequence the national debt up
+     to August 1, 1919, had been increased by $24,518,000,000, or
+     approximately $230 per capita. Of course, government bonds are
+     always good security for bank credit."
+
+
+FOOD SUPPLY--WHEAT, CORN AND SUGAR
+
+Despite the fact that we sent large shipments of food to our Allies, our
+supply at the close of the war was not seriously diminished. The 1919
+crop, while not expected to be large, was amply sufficient to prevent a
+real shortage. This is supported by the following extract from Mr.
+Clarkson's report:
+
+     "The wheat crop for 1918 amounted to 917,000,000 bushels, as
+     compared to an average for 1910--14 of 728,000,000 bushels; and
+     the probable harvest in 1919 is 1,236,000,000 bushels. Our
+     supply of wheat in elevators, mills, etc., on May 9, 1919, was
+     96,000,000 bushels, as against 34,000,000 bushels the year
+     before. Our flour mills, whose capacity is estimated at
+     something like double their usual output, were milling week by
+     week during 1919 considerably more flour than the year before.
+     They produced for the week ending May 9, 1919, for example,
+     2,553,000 barrels as against 1,569,000 barrels for the
+     corresponding week of 1918. Notwithstanding large exports, our
+     wheat supply is obviously adequate. In 1918, a record year, we
+     exported 21,000,000 barrels of flour. In 1915 our wheat exports
+     reached their maximum--206,000,000 bushels.
+
+[Illustration: McCutcheon in the Chicago Tribune
+
+Will There Be Enough to Go Around?]
+
+     "The corn crop of 1918 was likewise sufficient. The supply of
+     corn on hand on May 1, 1919, was 23,000,000 bushels, as
+     compared with 16,000,000 bushels May 1, 1918, and 7,000,000
+     bushels on May 1 of both 1917 and 1913. Though the 1919 corn
+     crop is not expected to be unusually large, there is no
+     prospect of real shortage. And the situation with respect to
+     the other cereals is generally very good.
+
+     "The sugar industry of the United States passed through the
+     period of the war with a tendency to increased production,
+     notwithstanding shipping difficulties. Though present stocks
+     are somewhat low in the United States, our exports during 1919
+     have been unusually large. The future is normally provided
+     for."
+
+
+THE MEAT SUPPLY
+
+The meat situation is described as follows:
+
+     "America emerged from the war producing meat at a rate far
+     above pre-war figures, and yet possessing in reserve a larger
+     number of animals on the farms than we had before the heavy war
+     drafts upon our supplies began. The number of cattle
+     slaughtered in 1918 was 11,000,000, as compared with 6,978,000
+     in 1913. Swine slaughtered were 41,214,000 in 1918 and
+     34,163,000 in 1913. The cattle slaughtered in 1919,
+     January--May, were 3,803,000, as against 4,204,000, January--May,
+     1918. The swine slaughtered January--May, 1919, made an increase
+     over the 1918 record, the figures being 20,500,000 for the
+     present year, as against 18,260,000 for the corresponding
+     interval last year. Although exports of hams and shoulders for
+     1918 approximately doubled previous records, amounting to
+     518,000,000 pounds, as against 172,000,000 pounds for 1913, and
+     exports have continued large during 1919, there is no doubt
+     that our productive capacity is vastly more than ample to meet
+     our requirements."
+
+
+HIGH PRICE OF FOOD
+
+In view of the apparent abundance of food it is interesting to know the
+reason for the high price of foodstuffs. The Council of National Defense
+is of the opinion that the probability that the production of garden
+products in war gardens had fallen far below that of 1918, when, it is
+estimated, to have reached the value of $525,000,000, would not account
+for the high prices. Exportation and storage had not depleted our stock
+sufficiently to affect prices abnormally. In regard to the question of
+exports the report gives the following illuminating figures:
+
+     "Present food prices are not to be accounted for largely on the
+     basis of heavy exports. Exports of beef, canned, fresh, and
+     pickled, for example, have been less for 1919 than in the
+     previous year, the quantity amounting to 23,499,000 pounds in
+     May, 1919, as compared with 82,787,000 pounds in May, 1918. The
+     May figures for exports of hog products show 125,937,000 pounds
+     in 1919, as against 201,279,000 pounds in May, 1918. The
+     monthly exports of beef and pork show a declining tendency
+     during the first five months of 1919, contrary to the tendency
+     in 1918, the total amounting to 1,090,000,000 pounds in 1919,
+     as against 1,122,000,000 pounds for the corresponding period of
+     1918--less than the amount of all meats in cold storage on July
+     1, 1919, which was 1,336,000,000 pounds."
+
+Concerning storage the same report states that:
+
+     "Even the fact that the report of goods in cold storage shows
+     an increase of over 9 per cent. in the quantity of all meats
+     held on July 1, 1919 (1,336,000,000 pounds), as compared with
+     the figures for July 1, 1918, is, though very important, not a
+     matter of significance for any considerable period of time.
+     Storage poultry July 1, 1919, was 48,895,704 pounds, or 181 per
+     cent. above last year; cheese, about 25 per cent.; butter,
+     about 75 per cent.; and eggs, about 25 per cent. above July 1
+     last year. There was a decrease of frozen fish of about 13 per
+     cent. from last year. Taken in connection with the evidence of
+     relatively abundant reserves of live animals and large crops
+     for the current year, it would seem that some relief from high
+     prices of food should be possible."
+
+
+WHY FOOD PRICES WERE HIGH
+
+The explanation of the post-war high prices of food is given as follows:
+
+     "It is true that food is, by comparison, plentiful. But it is
+     also true that money or other circulating medium is
+     unprecedently plentiful. The fact that food prices are
+     relatively high and that the prices of chemicals, metals,
+     lumber, etc., are relatively low, though their supply is
+     relatively small, may be due to a concentration of purchasing
+     power upon food, and the general direction of the flow of
+     currency toward the purchase of immediate consumables. Some
+     relatively minor luxuries such as jewelry (and perhaps
+     automobiles should also be included here as the semi-luxury of
+     greater magnitude) find favor with purchasers, but the main
+     trend of purchase seems to bear toward demand for the
+     necessities of life now in a finished state or nearly so, with
+     a relatively weaker tendency toward demand of capital goods. If
+     the supply, and also the production, of raw materials has been
+     relatively small, and if the prices at which they have
+     exchanged have also been relatively low, it seems obvious that
+     the proportionate amount of currency and credit engaged in
+     their purchase must be abnormally small, thus accounting for
+     the ability of the producers and purveyors of food to demand
+     abnormally high prices regardless of the relative plentifulness
+     of their goods."
+
+
+CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO PROFITEERING
+
+     "The conditions just described are highly favorable to both
+     speculative profiteering and wasteful distribution, through the
+     intervention of supernumerary middlemen and caterers. In fact,
+     the statistics published by the New York Industrial Relations
+     Commission seem to indicate an unusually large increase of
+     persons engaging in certain kinds of salesmanship after the
+     armistice. It should, however, be remembered that even though
+     it may smack of profiteering to produce a very large crop and
+     sell it at abnormally high prices, this is a kind of
+     profiteering which deserves unstinted praise as compared with
+     that other species of profiteering which deliberately reduces
+     output in the expectation that the extortionate prices which
+     the reduced product will command may more than make up to the
+     producer or speculator for the portion of production withheld
+     or the percentage of hoarded goods condemned to spoil and be
+     lost to the nation."
+
+
+OTHER COMMODITIES
+
+The price of commodities other than foodstuffs was influenced in 1919 by
+the inadequacy of supply and the curtailment of production. This was
+especially true of woolens, as stated by the Council:
+
+     "The most obvious explanation of the high prices of woolens is
+     the glaring fact of the extreme reduction in output which
+     ensued after the signing of the armistice and the completion of
+     Army orders, which practically ended in January, 1919.
+
+     "The war came to an end with the supply of civilian woolens
+     unprecedentedly low. The total quantity of wool available for
+     civilian fabrics between April and November, 1918, was probably
+     somewhere in the neighborhood of 75,000,000 pounds, an amount
+     perhaps a little more than sufficient to meet the demands of
+     normal manufacture for civilian consumption for one and
+     one-half months.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "In consequence of the general situation the total consumption
+     of wool in manufacture during first five months of the year
+     1919 amounted to but little more than one-half the amount
+     consumed during the corresponding months of the previous year.
+     The proportion of looms, 50-inch reed space and over, idle
+     increased from 21 per cent. in November, 1918, to 52 per cent.
+     idle in February, 1919, and these looms were still 39 per cent.
+     idle in May, 1919. Of worsted spindles, 27 per cent. were
+     reported idle in December, 1918, and 52 per cent. idle in
+     March, 1919, and 26 per cent. were still idle in May. In the
+     meantime an extraordinary number of textile workers were
+     condemned to idleness, their productive capacity perishing day
+     by day and week by week, while the deficiency in the supply of
+     clothing was developing to such a point that it became possible
+     for the wholesale index number of the prices of cloths and
+     clothing to rise to 250 in June."
+
+The production of cotton and cotton goods also was far below normal. To
+quote again from the report:
+
+     "When the war ended the world's cotton supply was understood to
+     be below normal. The supplies of cotton goods were also
+     reported low. The acreage planted to cotton was in 1919
+     approximately 9 per cent. less than for 1918. The present
+     prospects are that the cotton crop will be small, and published
+     articles are appearing expressing gratification over the
+     prospectively large commercial returns which the cotton
+     producers may be able to command because of the high prices
+     which may be had for the reduced cotton output. The forecast of
+     the cotton crop for 1919 is 10,900,000 bales--about 10 per
+     cent. below that of recent years and but little over two-thirds
+     as large as the record crop of 1914."
+
+
+     "OUTPUT AND MORE OUTPUT" ABANDONED
+
+     "In regard to cotton manufacture, it may be recorded that the
+     situation is less unsatisfactory than as regards wool
+     manufacture. In this industry, as in most of our industries,
+     the economic watchword of war-time, which was 'Output, and more
+     output' (the necessary condition of full prosperity in peace,
+     as well as of success during war), was not heard after the
+     armistice. There soon developed, on the contrary, groundless
+     doubts about future demand, and hints of unhealthy fears of
+     'overproduction.'
+
+     "Notwithstanding the release of labor, if it were needed, by
+     demobilization, and notwithstanding adequate supplies of raw
+     cotton to meet the season's requirements and the lack of any
+     important difficulties in the way of reconversion to peace-time
+     products, and with low supplies of finished goods in stock, the
+     cotton industry kept more spindles idle during the first five
+     months of 1919 than were idle during the corresponding period
+     for 1918. The amount of cotton consumed in the United States
+     during the nine months ending with April, 1919, was
+     approximately 12 per cent. less than for the corresponding nine
+     months of 1918. The prices of cloths and clothing, as above
+     mentioned, show in June, 1919, an increase of 150 per cent.
+     over 1913 prices."
+
+The boot and show industry showed a marked decline after the signing of
+the armistice. This, too, was borne out by the investigations of the
+Council.
+
+     "The production of boots and shoes for the first quarter of
+     1919 was reported as about 60 per cent. below the production
+     for the last quarter of 1918. Plants were partially closed and
+     in some cases it is reported that machinery was returned to the
+     Shoe Machinery Co. All in all, there were 75,000,000 less pairs
+     of shoes produced in the first quarter of 1919 than in the last
+     quarter of 1918.
+
+     "The census report shows a reduction of more than 25 per cent.
+     in the output of civilian men's shoes in the quarter ending
+     with March, 1919, as compared with production in the quarter
+     ending with December, 1918, and nearly 25 per cent. reduction
+     as compared with the quarter ending with September, 1918. The
+     reduction in output of women's shoes amounted to approximately
+     30 and 25 per cent., respectively, in comprising corresponding
+     periods. The reduction in the output of shoes for youths, boys
+     and misses was even more marked."
+
+
+COAL AND IRON
+
+What has been said of the production of cotton and woolen goods applied
+equally to the mining of coal and to the output of iron and steel.
+During the war we increased our coal production. In 1918 it amounted to
+"685,000,000 short tons, almost 50 per cent. of the world's estimated
+output for that year. Production for 1913 was 571,000,000 short tons."
+The coal situation since the armistice is stated as follows:
+
+     "Coal, the source of a vast proportion of our industrial power
+     as well as our chief source of heat and light, is a commodity
+     the production of which is itself an index of our economic
+     life. Coal output since the armistice has been greatly reduced,
+     the weekly production of anthracite for the first half of 1919
+     being from 1,200,000 to 1,800,000 net tons, as against
+     1,800,000 net tons to 3,000,000 net tons for the corresponding
+     period of 1918. Bituminous production was 9,147,000 net tons
+     for a typical week in 1919, as against 12,491,000 net tons for
+     the corresponding week in 1918. Coke production for the week
+     ending June 28, 1919, amounted to only 287,000 net tons, as
+     compared with 627,000 net tons for the week ending June 29,
+     1918. The total amount of coal produced up to July 5, 1919, was
+     261,000,000 long tons, as compared with 364,000,000 long tons
+     for the corresponding period of 1918."
+
+The production of iron and steel which was greatly stimulated by the war
+was allowed to decline as soon as the concentrated effort of the nation
+to win the war was abandoned. The resulting condition is succinctly
+described by the Council:
+
+     "The record of our after-war steel and iron output furnishes us
+     with another warning that we have been neglecting to keep pace
+     with the established American rate of industrial improvement
+     and expansion and foresighted preparation for future
+     requirements and progress.
+
+     "The iron and steel business was considerably stimulated by
+     war-time requirements. There was a governmental agency whose
+     business it was to for see the war needs and to place orders so
+     that those productive forces which are wrapped up in the steel
+     industry might be utilized to capacity. The steel industry's
+     activity has, however, since the armistice greatly declined.
+     Pig-iron production for April, 1919, was 82,607 tons per day,
+     as against 109,607 tons in April, 1918. Birmingham properties
+     are reported to have been working in April, 1919, at about 50
+     per cent. of the 1918 production. For the period January to
+     May, 1919, pig-iron production was only 2,114,000 tons, as
+     against 3,446,000 tons during the same period in 1918.
+     Steel-ingot production fell in the spring of 1919 to lower
+     figures than had been reached in more than two years. In fact,
+     a regular decline in production was in evidence after December,
+     1918.
+
+     "The figures representing the unfilled orders of the United
+     States Steel Corporation at the end of May, 1919, were smaller
+     than they had been since 1915."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Women Doing Night Farming
+
+Girls running a tractor plow and harrow at Farmingdale, Long Island.]
+
+
+RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+The Council summarized its findings and recommends remedial measures as
+follows:
+
+     "The findings of the Reconstruction Research Division Council
+     of National Defense, indicate that the high cost of living is
+     primarily due to curtailment in the production of nearly all
+     commodities except raw food products, to hoarding of storage
+     food products, to profiteering, conscious and unconscious, and
+     to inflation of circulating credit. The findings indicate that
+     the situation may be most advantageously met by:
+
+     "1. Stimulated production.
+
+     "2. Some readjustment of incomes to the basis of higher price
+     levels.
+
+     "3. The repression of hoarding and profiteering.
+
+     "4. Improvement and standardization of methods and facilities
+     for distributing and marketing goods.
+
+     "5. The perfecting of means of keeping the nation frequently,
+     promptly, and adequately informed regarding probable national
+     requirements and of current production and stocks of the more
+     important commodities.
+
+     "The findings emphasize the fact that high standards of living
+     can not be maintained upon a basis of reduced production,
+     regardless of whether price levels be high or low."
+
+[Illustration: The Ore Market--Cleveland]
+
+
+
+
+_PART II_
+
+I--THE PEACE CONFERENCE AT WORK
+
+A Vivid Account from the Inside of the Machinery Which Produced the
+Peace Treaty. How the Crises with Japan, Italy and Belgium Were Averted
+
+By THOMAS W. LAMONT
+
+Financial and Economic Adviser at Paris to the American Commission to
+Negotiate Peace
+
+
+When we finally gain an historic perspective of the work of the Peace
+Conference we shall realize that, instead of being unduly delayed, it
+was accomplished in an astonishingly brief period. The Treaty of Vienna,
+back in 1815, took eleven months, and the factors to be dealt with were
+nothing like so numerous nor so complex. The Paris Conference occupied
+only about six months, and the earlier weeks were largely given over to
+questions relating to the renewal of the Armistice, rather than to the
+actual framing of the Peace Treaty. The Treaty text itself--aside from
+the League of Nations Covenant--was whipped through in a little over
+three months; for the active work of the Commissions which were to draft
+the various chapters did not get under way until February 1st; and the
+Treaty was presented to the German delegates at Versailles on May 7th.
+
+
+COVENANTS "OPENLY ARRIVED AT"
+
+No adequate history of the Peace Conference can be written until years
+have elapsed--until it is possible, as it is not now possible, to make
+public a multitude of intimate details. Hundreds of important documents
+were woven into the completed text of the Treaty. Such documents must
+eventually be made available to the chroniclers of history, who must
+finally have access to the official records, so that in course of time
+they can acquaint the world with the details of those momentous
+conferences which were held among the Chiefs of State, where the
+ultimate decisions settling every important question were made. There
+have been complaints that the covenants of the Treaty were not as
+President Wilson had promised, "openly arrived at." In point of fact, as
+far as lay within the bounds of possibility, the covenants of the Treaty
+_were_ "openly arrived at," inasmuch as their essence was made public
+just as soon as an understanding upon them had been reached, and in many
+cases, long before the final agreement. Nothing was held back which the
+public had any legitimate interest in knowing. It would, of course, have
+been quite out of the question for the Chiefs of State to discuss in
+public all the highly delicate and complex situations which were bound
+to, and which did, arise at Paris. Every man of strong character and
+powerful conviction has a view of his own upon any given subject, and
+naturally maintains that view with vigor and tenacity--even at times, if
+he be bitterly opposed--with acrimony.
+
+To take a familiar instance, it is an open secret that M. Clemenceau's
+first solution of the question of the Saar Basin did not at all suit
+President Wilson. Not unnaturally, M. Clemenceau simply wanted in effect
+to annex the Saar Basin, on the grounds that the Germans had destroyed
+the coal mines of Northern France. Mr. Wilson was in entire accord--to
+this extent, that France should, until her coal mines had been repaired,
+enjoy the entire output of the Saar coal fields; but to have France
+permanently annex the Basin was contrary to his profoundest convictions,
+as expressed in the well-known Fourteen Points.
+
+In the course of the discussion between M. Clemenceau and Mr. Wilson,
+their ideas at the start being so divergent, vigorous views were
+undoubtedly expressed; quite possibly tart language was used, at any
+rate by the French Premier, who was feeling all the distress of German
+frightfulness and war weariness. But to what possible good end could the
+detail of such intimate conversations have been made public? I allude to
+the possible conversations on the Saar Basin not as an historical fact,
+but as an example of what might have taken place, and very likely did
+take place; and if such temporary disagreements existed on that
+question, undoubtedly, among so many Chiefs of State as were gathered
+together at Paris, they existed on others. But in all cases amicable and
+cordial agreements were finally reached.
+
+Whenever agreements were even in sight, the press was informed; so that,
+when the Treaty of Peace and the summary of it finally came out, there
+were no surprises for the public. Every covenant, every clause, had been
+already foreshadowed and accurately pictured.
+
+
+THE "BIG THREE"
+
+Naturally, the question is often asked: Who were the peacemakers at
+Paris? Were they two or three powerful Chiefs of State? The answer is
+both "Yes" and "No." The final decision on every important matter lay in
+the hands of the so-called Big Four, and after Premier Orlando's
+defection and return to Italy, it narrowed down to the Big Triumvirate,
+Messrs. Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau. Yet while they made the
+final decisions, these were almost invariably based upon reports and
+opinions expressed to this trio, or to the quartet, by their advisers
+and experts. The actual text of the Treaty was, of course, written by
+the technicians, and there is hardly a phrase in the whole of it that
+can claim as its original author any one of the Chiefs of State. In
+every true sense, then, the Treaty of Peace has been the product, not of
+three men, not even of three-score, nor of three hundred, but of
+thousands; for quite aside from the official delegations at Paris, which
+comprised several hundred persons, we must remember that the data and
+the various suggested solutions on most of the questions had been
+canvassed at home for each delegation by large groups of office and
+technical experts.
+
+Of course it sounds well to say that the Treaty was written by three
+men: the picture of those few Chiefs of State sitting in conference day
+after day is dramatic in the extreme. That is, I must confess, the
+picture which comes back oftenest to my mind. I see them today, as I saw
+them for months at Paris, sitting in that large but cosy salon in the
+house allotted to President Wilson on the Place des États Unis; for, by
+common consent, it was there that the Supreme Council finally held all
+its meetings. It is in that theatre, with the three or four Chiefs of
+State taking the leading rôles, that we saw the other characters in the
+great drama moving slowly on the stage, playing their parts, and then
+disappearing into the wings. Today it might be Paderewski, pleading with
+all his earnestness and sincerity, to have Danzig allotted to the
+sovereignty of Poland. To-morrow it might be Hymans, the Belgian
+Secretary for Foreign Affairs, begging that there should be a prompt
+realization of those pledges to Belgium, which Belgium felt had been
+made by all the Allies; or it might even be word brought by special
+aeroplane from the King of the Belgians at Brussels, with fresh and
+important instructions to his delegation in the matter of Reparation. Or
+it might be a group of the representatives of those newer nationalities,
+Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Jugoslavia, arguing some burning question of
+boundary rights. Or it might be the British shipping experts,
+maintaining that the captured German ships should be restored to the
+various Allies upon a basis dividing the ships _pro rata_ to the losses
+sustained by submarines, and contending against the American claim that
+the United States should have all the German ships finding lodgment in
+American harbors. Or it might be Herbert Hoover, that brilliant
+American, come to describe to the Big Four starvation conditions in
+Vienna, and to emphasize his belief that, enemy or no enemy, those
+conditions must be relieved or Bolshevism would march into Austria and
+directly on west until it reached France--and beyond.
+
+
+THE PLACE OF MEETING
+
+The stage for this world drama was originally set at the Ministry of
+War, behind the Chamber of Deputies and across the Seine; and here
+Premier Clemenceau--who, it will be remembered, was Minister of War as
+well as President of the Council of French Ministers--was the presiding
+genius. But eventually, as the result of an interesting trend of
+circumstances, the all important conferences took place at President
+Wilson's house.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Walter Adams & Sons
+
+=David Lloyd George=
+
+Ray Standard Baker, who attended the Peace Conference, wrote in his
+book, "What Wilson Did at Paris": "Lloyd George personally was one of
+the most charming and amiable figures at Paris, full of Celtic
+quicksilver, a torrential talker in the conference, but no one was ever
+quite sure, having heard him express an unalterable determination on one
+day, that he would not be unalterably determined some other way the day
+following."]
+
+The original theatre of operations at the War Ministry had been so
+large, and there was such an enormous chorus brought into play, that
+progress was interminably slow. There were usually present all five of
+the plenipotentiaries of each of the five great powers, including Japan,
+and very frequently Marshal Foch as well. His presence automatically
+commanded the attendance of the chief military experts of the other
+delegates. With the innumerable secretaries who had to attend the
+plenipotentiaries, with the interpreters and whatnot, the Supreme
+Council came to look like a legislative chamber, in the midst of which
+sat Clemenceau, presiding with his usual incisiveness. At such meetings
+progress could be made only upon rather formal matters which had been
+threshed out beforehand. When it came to a point of great delicacy,
+where the discussions could be only on a most intimate basis, it became
+quite impossible to "carry on." Nobody would feel like speaking out in
+meeting and calling the other fellow names--as was necessary at times in
+order to clear the atmosphere--if there were half a hundred other people
+around, to hear those names, and promptly to babble them to an expectant
+throng outside.
+
+So finally the Supreme Council was boiled down to the four Chiefs of
+State, including Japan's representative on any questions not strictly
+confined to Western Europe; and the small Council began to meet
+alternately at Clemenceau's office in the War Ministry, at Mr. Lloyd
+George's house, and at Mr. Wilson's, which was just around the corner
+from the British Premier's. Then in March, shortly after President
+Wilson's second coming from the United States, he fell ill with the
+grippe. After a rather severe attack he was able to get on his feet
+again and to do business, but was warned by his vigilant friend and
+physician, Admiral Grayson, to keep within doors for a time. Mr. Lloyd
+George, M. Clemenceau, and Signor Orlando were glad to accommodate
+themselves to Mr. Wilson's necessities, and formed the habit of meeting
+regularly at his house. His large salon was much better adapted for
+these conferences than the room at Mr. Lloyd George's. So there it was
+they met during all the final weeks of the Conference, leading up to the
+very end.
+
+
+A DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNCIL CHAMBER
+
+In the middle of the salon, facing the row of windows looking out upon
+the Place, was a large yet most inviting fireplace. On the left of this,
+a little removed from it, President Wilson usually ensconced himself on
+a small sofa, where he made room for some one member of his delegation,
+whom, for the particular subject under discussion, he desired to have
+most available. On the other side of the fireplace sat Mr. Lloyd George
+in a rather high, old-fashioned chair of carved Italian maple, and at
+his left sat his experts. Opposite the fireplace, to the right of it,
+and about half-way across the room, sat M. Clemenceau, with such of his
+Ministers as he needed, and then between him and President Wilson was
+Signor Orlando with the Italians. This made a semi-circle around the
+fireplace, and whenever Viscount Chinda of the Japanese delegation was
+present, the circle was usually enlarged so as to give him a seat in the
+middle of it. Behind this first semi-circle was a second one, made up of
+secretaries and various technical experts, but the conference was always
+a limited one, and was not allowed to grow so large as to become
+unwieldy.
+
+Directly in front of the fireplace, almost scorching his coat-tails, sat
+Professor Mantou, the official interpreter for the Big Four. Mantou is a
+Frenchman, Professor of French in the University of London, so he had a
+perfect mastery of both French and English, with a good working
+knowledge of Italian. Mantou was quite an extraordinary character, and
+the most vivid interpreter I have ever heard, or rather seen; for at
+times he entered into the spirit of the discussions more vigorously than
+the original actors. M. Clemenceau, for instance, might make a quiet,
+moderate statement, in French, of course; and when it became Mantou's
+time to interpret it into English, he would enliven and embellish it
+with his own unique gestures.
+
+The Secretary of the Council was Sir Maurice Hankey, a British Army
+officer of great skill and tact, who had a marvelous aptitude for
+keeping everything straight, for taking perfectly adequate, and yet not
+too voluminous minutes, for seeing that no topic was left in the air
+without further reference, and in the last analysis, for holding the
+Chiefs of State with their noses to the grindstone. He knew French and
+Italian well, and was a distinct asset to the Council. I note that, in
+the honors and money-grants disbursed by Parliament to Marshal Haig,
+Admiral Beatty and others, Hankey received £25,000. Everybody who worked
+with him at Paris will be glad of this just recognition. I have
+described this Council Chamber in the President's house rather minutely
+because, as I have said, it formed the stage for all of the momentous
+decisions which went to make up the final peace settlement. At these
+conferences there was no formal presiding officer, but to President
+Wilson was usually accorded the courtesy of acting as moderator.
+
+
+HOW THE TREATY WAS COMPOUNDED
+
+What, then, is the Treaty? The answer is that it is a human document, a
+compound of all the qualities possessed by human beings at their
+best--and at their worst. People might expect a Treaty of Peace to be a
+formal, legal, mechanical sort of document; and undoubtedly an effort
+was made by some of the drafting lawyers, who bound all the different
+clauses together, to throw the Treaty into the mold of formality. But
+all the same, it is a compound quivering with human passion--virtue,
+entreaty, fear, sometimes rage, and above all, I believe, justice.
+
+The reason fear enters into the Treaty must be manifest. Take, for
+instance, the case of France. France had lived under the German menace
+for half a century. Finally the sword of Damocles had fallen, and almost
+one-sixth of beautiful France had been laid waste. Her farms, her
+factories, her villages, had been destroyed; her women ravished and led
+captive; her children made homeless; her men folk killed. Do we realize
+that almost 60 per cent. of all the French soldiers under thirty-one
+years of age were killed in the war? Is it any wonder France could not
+believe that the German menace was gone forever, and that the world
+would never again allow German autocracy to overwhelm her? She could not
+believe it, and for that reason she felt it essential that the terms of
+the Treaty should be so severe as to leave Germany stripped for
+generations of any power to wage aggression against beautiful France. If
+her Allies pointed out that to cripple Germany economically was to make
+it impossible for Germany to repair the frightful damage she had wrought
+in France, France would in effect reply that this might be so, but never
+again could she endure such a menace as had threatened her eastern
+border for the previous half century. If certain of the Treaty clauses
+appear to some minds as unduly severe, it must be remembered that the
+Allies, little more than France, could bear the thought of letting
+Germany off so easily that within a few years she might again prepare
+for war.
+
+There was fear, too, on the part of those new nations, which had been
+largely split off from the effete and outworn Austro-Hungarian Empire,
+that in some way their ancient oppressors would once more gain sway over
+them. And, every nation, great and small, was overshadowed with the
+constant terror of Bolshevism,--that dread specter which seemed to be
+stalking, with long strides, from eastern Europe west towards the
+Atlantic. Unless peace were hastened that evil might overtake all the
+Allies. Such apprehensions as these, far more than imperial ambition or
+greed, were factors in the Treaty decisions. Judgments that might take
+many months in the ripening could not with safety be awaited.
+
+
+THE PROTECTION DEMANDED BY FRANCE
+
+France, I say, was thoroughly shocked at the frightful fate which had
+come upon so great a portion of her land and population. She seemed to
+have real fear that out of the ground, or from the sky, or from the
+waters of the earth, at the waving of the devil's wand, there would
+spring into being a fresh German army, ready to overwhelm her. It was
+this fear that led France to ask for a special Treaty by which England
+and America would pledge themselves to come to her aid in case of
+Germany's unprovoked attack against her. Those Americans who object to
+this have no conception of the real terror in France which led her to
+entreat her two most powerful Allies to make such a special treaty with
+her. France maintained, and with some reason, that during the formative
+period of the League of Nations, before it might become an effective
+instrument, if she did not have the psychological and practical
+protection of England and America, she must look to her own defense, and
+the only real defense she could conceive was to make the Rhine her
+eastern boundary. This suggestion of Marshal Foch, based upon sound
+military concept, was rejected by President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George
+on the theory that it would mean the annexation of German territory,
+would change Germany's ancient boundary line of the Rhine, and
+inevitably lead to future trouble.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+President Poincaré With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador, Driving to
+the Peace Conference in Paris.]
+
+"Very well," in effect answered M. Clemenceau, "we see your point, but
+if you will not allow us to fix this natural boundary for defense, then
+we must beg you to guarantee us by treaty your coöperation against
+German aggression. That coöperation you will never be called upon to
+render with military force, because if Germany knows you are pledged to
+come to our defense, that very fact will act as a complete deterrent to
+any aggression."
+
+This was the sound reasoning which led President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd
+George to agree to submit respectively to Congress and Parliament this
+special French Treaty; this is the reasoning which ought to lead
+Congress, as it has led Parliament, to ratify the French Treaty
+promptly. My belief is that after five years, this special Treaty will
+be abrogated by mutual consent, because by that time the League of
+Nations will be built up into such an effective instrument for the
+prevention of future wars, any special treaties will be deemed
+unnecessary.
+
+
+THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT
+
+If, in the foregoing paragraphs, I have given some idea as to how the
+Treaty of Peace was compounded, how it was made up of a mixture of
+virtue, selfishness, fear and justice, then perhaps I can proceed to
+describe briefly how the document was actually evolved. First, then, we
+deal with the drafting of the League of Nations Covenant:
+
+The world has come to regard President Wilson as the special promoter
+and sponsor for the League of Nations. It is perfectly true that Mr.
+Wilson went to Paris with a fixed determination, above all else, to
+bring about some definite arrangement which would tend to prevent future
+wars. It is also true, however, that English statesmen had, for an even
+longer time than President Wilson, been giving this same subject earnest
+thought and study. Some of the more enlightened French statesmen, like
+Leon Bourgeois, had also been sketching out plans for a League of Free
+Nations. In England Viscount Grey of Falloden, England's really great
+Minister of Foreign Affairs for almost a decade prior to the war, the
+man who did everything that human intelligence and wisdom could devise
+to prevent the war, and now happily named as British Ambassador to the
+United States, had long worked for a League of Nations. Lord Robert
+Cecil, a worthy son of a noble father, was another British statesman who
+had given his mind to the same subject. General Smuts of South Africa,
+recently made Premier in succession to the late General Botha, was
+another. So that President Wilson, Colonel House, and the other
+delegates, upon their arrival in Paris, found themselves in a not
+uncongenial atmosphere. To be sure, on the part of Clemenceau and of
+course of the militarists, there was great scepticism. Nevertheless the
+French joined in, and early in January the Covenant for the League of
+Nations began to evolve. It was built up step by step, President Wilson
+taking a most active part in the work.
+
+Finally the Covenant was adopted in a preliminary way and made public
+late in February. It was subject to amendment, and those who drafted the
+document welcomed amendments and urged that they be offered. An especial
+effort was made to secure suggestions from various Republican
+statesmen. No amendments, so far as I have been able to learn, were
+offered by any of the Republican Senators, but ex-President Taft
+suggested certain changes, some of which were adopted. President Lowell
+of Harvard contributed one or two which were taken over almost verbatim.
+Ex-Senator Elihu Root also made valuable suggestions, some of which were
+utilized in the final drafting of the Covenant, made public early in
+April.
+
+
+ESSENCE AND SPIRIT OF THE LEAGUE
+
+Roughly, as the situation developed, the purpose of the League of
+Nations became two-fold. The initial purpose, of course, was to set up
+the machinery for a body, representative of the nations, keeping in such
+close contact and guided by such general principles as would tend to
+make it impossible for one nation to begin war upon another. Elsewhere
+in this volume ex-Attorney General Wickersham has described in detail
+the clauses of the Covenant; but even in this brief allusion it is
+proper to set down the essence and spirit of the League. It is this: No
+two peoples, if they come to know each other and each other's motives
+sufficiently well, and if by certain machinery they are maintained in
+close personal and ideal contact, can conceivably fly at each other's
+throats. Now no machinery can be devised that will absolutely prevent
+war, but a carrying out of the spirit and principles set forth in the
+present Covenant ought to make war well-nigh impossible. The machinery
+that was thus set up at Paris was deemed at the time to be of course
+imperfect and subject to constant improvement.
+
+The second purpose of the League was to act as the binder, and in a way,
+the administrative force of the present existing Treaty. That is to say,
+we found as time went on there were many situations so complex that
+human wisdom could not devise an immediate formula for their solution.
+Hence, it became necessary for the Peace Conference to establish certain
+machinery which, if necessary, should function over a series of years,
+and thus work out permanently the problems involved. Therefore, as it
+fell out, there were established under the Treaty, almost a score of
+Commissions, most of them to act under the general supervision of a
+League of Nations. Here, then, is another great function that the League
+of Nations is immediately called upon to fulfil.
+
+
+WORK OF THE COMMISSIONS
+
+With the Covenant of the League of Nations more or less complete, the
+next business of the Conference was the setting up of the Treaty proper.
+The method for this work was roughly as follows: About the first of
+February there was appointed a large number of special Commissions, made
+up of members of the various delegations. These Commissions, which were
+each to treat of separate topics, having arrived at a solution of the
+special subject, were then to draft their reports in such language that
+they could readily be embodied in the final Treaty of Peace itself.
+Thus, for instance, there was appointed a Commission on Reparations, a
+Commission on Economic Phases of the Treaty, a Commission on Finance, a
+Commission on Boundaries, a Commission on Military and Naval Armament, a
+Commission on German Colonies, a Commission on the Saar Basin Coal
+Fields, a Commission on Inland Waterways, and so on to the number of
+perhaps twenty. These Commissions immediately organized, and if the
+subject were particularly complex and many-sided, resolved themselves
+into sub-commissions. These sub-commissions in turn organized, each with
+its chairman and vice-chairman, its secretariat, and its interpreters,
+together with experts called into attendance.
+
+
+DELAYS TO THE TREATY
+
+The sittings of all these Commissions began, as I say, about February
+1st, and at that time the plan was that the work of the Commissions
+should be concluded in the form of a report to the Supreme Council six
+weeks later, or about March 15th. The plan, further, was for the Supreme
+Council to pass upon these various reports, amend them if need be, and
+then have them drafted in such form as together would go to make up the
+Treaty, which, under this scheme, would be presented to the Germans on
+or about April 1st. The Germans would presumably sign within a
+fortnight, and we should all be going home about April 15th. As a matter
+of fact, the Germans signed the Treaty at Versailles at three o'clock on
+the afternoon of June 28th, two and one-half months later than the time
+originally planned.
+
+This delay was, however, not at all unreasonable, if one stops to
+consider the number of questions involved, their magnitude, and the
+difficulty of dealing with them promptly. In the first place, each
+Commission was supposed to present the Supreme Council a unanimous
+report. The Council had ruled that the Commissions should not report by
+majority vote, for if in any given instance the majority overruled the
+minority, the minority might have such bitter complaint that there would
+be left in the situation the seed for future trouble. Therefore the
+Council determined that in the case of divergence of opinion in the same
+Commission, the two or more groups in the Commission should make
+separate reports to the Council, each having its own day in court. The
+Council would act as judges of the last resort, and no delegation would
+go away feeling that it had not had ample opportunity to present its
+case. Inevitable and sharp differences of opinion did arise, so that at
+least half the reports, I should say, as presented to the Big Four had
+to be thrashed out there in considerable detail.
+
+The second handicap to rapid progress, of course, lay in the composition
+of the various Commissions. Each of the large five powers had to be
+represented on each Commission, and in most instances smaller powers
+also demanded representation. On some of the important Commissions the
+larger powers had two or more delegates sitting. Owing to the fact that
+Paris was full of influenza, each delegate had to have his alternate so
+as to keep the ball rolling. When they first met these delegates were
+not well acquainted with each other. They did not know how to get along
+together. It took weeks for them to shake down, so as to understand
+each other's methods and points of view; so as to be prepared to make
+the necessary give and take, certain meetings of views which are always
+essential where people are gathered from the four corners of the earth
+with a single aim, but with vastly different ideas for attaining it.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed
+
+This was the table and chair at which the delegates sat and signed the
+peace document.]
+
+
+POLITICS AT THE CONFERENCE
+
+Still another difficulty was the question of politics which could not be
+eliminated. It is easy enough to say, "cut out politics," but in any
+international gathering it is never possible to do it. I must say right
+here, however, that--as it seemed to me--the American delegation
+well-nigh attained that ideal, and be it to President Wilson's credit, I
+never once saw him throughout the length of the conference, "play"
+politics. But some of the other delegations naturally felt that at home
+there was a "list'ning senate" to applaud or to condemn, and many of
+these delegates, being members of their respective parliaments or
+ministries, naturally had their ear to the ground for the effect that
+their course at Paris was producing. Then if, at the sittings of a
+Commission, one delegate made a particularly eloquent speech, his fellow
+delegate might feel it incumbent upon him to make another equally long.
+Some of the delegates deemed it their duty to make an extended speech
+every day and seemed to feel that they were lacking in patriotism if
+they failed each morning to cover several pages of the record with their
+views.
+
+
+THE DIFFICULTY OF LANGUAGE
+
+Then the final difficulty, uniting with the other troubles to prevent
+rapid progress, was that of language. The Paris Conference was, of
+course, a regular Tower of Babel. There were two official
+languages--French and English. Each delegation used the language with
+which its delegates were most familiar, and every word uttered by those
+delegates had to be translated into the vernacular of the others. Not
+only did this interpretation consume a vast amount of time, but of
+course it frequently proved most unsatisfactory. Both the English and
+French languages are so idiomatic that the finer shades of meaning can
+never be well transmuted from one to the other. Hence, frequent and
+sometimes serious mistakes arose. For instance, a Serbian delegate who
+knew not a word of English would misunderstand something said by the
+British delegate, poorly translated into French. As the Serbian
+delegate's knowledge of French was also very limited he could not
+readily understand. So he would fly into a towering rage, and for an
+hour a heated argument would volley back and forth. Perhaps, at the end
+of that time, some cool-headed delegate (frequently an American), would
+point out that neither of the honorable delegates had any conception of
+what the other had said, and at bottom their views were precisely
+similar. Each of the competitors would then listen to reason, the
+situation would clear up, and things move on more happily.
+
+I use here as an example a Serbian delegate, not that the Serbian
+delegates were more prone to passion than anybody else. We were all
+fighting like mad to make peace. We realized that though fundamentally
+we all had the same aim, yet as to methods our views were so divergent,
+that when we entered into conference at ten o'clock in the morning we
+should probably have one continuous struggle, with interludes for
+luncheon and dinner, until perhaps late in the evening. These struggles
+never ceased altogether, but as we got to know one another better, they
+of course let up materially, and we got on amicably and effectively.
+
+
+THE COMMISSION ON REPARATIONS
+
+No sketch of the Peace Conference, even one as cursory and superficial
+as this, could give any idea of the picture without a more detailed
+reference to the workings of some particular Commission that played an
+important part in the building up of the Peace Treaty. Hence I may be
+permitted to mention the Commission on Reparations. All things
+considered, this was perhaps the most important Commission at work.
+
+The original Commission on Reparations was divided into three
+sub-commissions. Commission Number One was to determine upon what
+principles reparation should be demanded from Germany, that is to say,
+what items of damage should be included. In addition to physical damage
+inflicted by Germany upon the Allies, by reason of her aggression on
+land or sea, and from the air, should the cost of pensions for dead
+French soldiers be claimed? Was the entire cost of the war as waged by
+England, for instance, to be included as a charge against Germany? In
+other words, just what categories should be adopted in order to define
+Germany's liability?
+
+This Commission Number One sat for weeks, and it was only towards the
+very end that it succeeded in establishing the categories. At the start
+there was a sharp divergence of opinion among the various delegations.
+The American delegation pointed out that under President Wilson's
+Fourteen Points costs of war would have to be excluded. The British
+delegation maintained otherwise. The French thought the costs of war
+ought to be included, but deemed the matter academic, inasmuch as
+Germany could never pay the total war costs. And so the argument ran.
+
+Sub-commission Number Two on reparations had for its object to determine
+what Germany's capacity to pay was, and what the proper method of
+payment should be. Sub-commission Number Three was to devise sanctions
+or guarantees by which the Allies should be assured of receiving the
+payments finally determined upon.
+
+For weeks I was active upon Sub-commission Number Two, and in fact was
+charged with the duty of drawing up the initial report covering the
+question of Germany's capacity to pay. Early in the deliberations of
+this Sub-commission it became apparent that its work was of momentous
+import, for whatever the Sub-commission determined as Germany's capacity
+to pay, undoubtedly that sum would be fixed as what Germany should be
+obligated to pay. Theoretically, as the French had pointed out, it did
+not make a great difference what categories of damage were included,
+because Germany would probably be unable to pay even the extent of
+material damage she had wrought. It was equally evident that she would
+be compelled by the Allies to pay to the utmost extent of her capacity.
+Therefore Sub-commission Number Two was in effect, naming the amount of
+the German "indemnity."
+
+
+AN ESTIMATE OF GERMANY'S CAPACITY TO PAY
+
+This knowledge rendered the work of the delegates on Sub-commission
+Number Two considerably more difficult. To estimate Germany's capacity
+to pay over a series of years was by no means a purely scientific
+matter. No banker, or economist, or financier, whatever his experience,
+could look far enough into the future to be able to say what Germany
+could or could not pay, in ten, twenty, or thirty years. The initial
+estimate made by one of the delegations, as representing Germany's
+capacity to pay, was one thousand million of francs. Another estimate
+was twenty-four billion sterling, about one hundred twenty billion of
+dollars. Now Germany's entire wealth was estimated at not over eighty
+billion dollars, so it was inconceivable how it could be possible, even
+over a series of years, for Germany to pick up her entire commonwealth
+and transfer it to the Allies. Most of Germany's property consists of
+the soil, railroads, factories, dwellings, and none of those things can
+be transported, none can be made available for the payment of
+reparation. Hence the question arose as to how much liquid wealth
+Germany could export year after year and still maintain her own economic
+life. This was the estimate upon which the British, French and American
+delegations wrangled pleasantly for weeks. Whenever we reached too tense
+a point, tea and toast was served, with jam to sweeten the atmosphere a
+bit, and then we would start afresh.
+
+As a matter of fact, as we encouraged newspaper reporters to surmise, we
+had nearly arrived upon a basis of agreement for demanding a fixed sum
+from Germany. That sum would not have exceeded forty or forty-five
+billion dollars, with interest added. The American delegation believed
+it to be far sounder economically to name a fixed sum and thus limit
+Germany's liability, so that all nations could address themselves to a
+definite end and arrange their fiscal and taxation policies accordingly.
+But both Mr. Lloyd George and M. Clemenceau urged that public opinion in
+both their countries would not acquiesce in any sum that fell far below
+previous expectations; that, therefore, inasmuch as it was difficult
+anyway to arrive at once upon the exact amount of damage caused, it
+would be wiser to leave the amount of reparation open, to be determined
+by a commission which should examine into the damage sustained, and fix
+the total amount within two years. America's material interest in the
+question was so limited that President Wilson finally did not oppose Mr.
+Lloyd George's and M. Clemenceau's judgment. This, in brief, is the
+history of the Reparation clauses in the Treaty. As I have already said,
+if we realize that in almost every one of the other chapters similar
+complex courses of procedure had to be followed, we shall not be
+surprised at the time which the Treaty took for drafting.
+
+
+THE ITALIAN CRISIS
+
+The world is already familiar with the several crises which arose during
+the course of the Peace Conference. The so-called Fiume crisis, when the
+Italian delegation walked out and returned to Rome, was regarded as the
+most serious. I am not sure it was, although it was generally so
+considered. I believe most of Italy's warmest friends maintain that her
+action in going home was a mistake. The question of putting Fiume under
+Italian sovereignty was not covered nor even touched upon in the Treaty
+of London. In face, the question of Fiume arose long after the Peace
+Conference was under way. Signor Orlando, the Italian Premier, was
+accused of fostering Italian feeling on Fiume and of fanning it into
+flame. I believe there is no truth in this. At any rate, if the Italians
+had been wise, they would have prevented the matter of Fiume from
+becoming such a _cause celèbre_. I think that by judicious work they
+could have prevented it. Then, too, probably the difficulty would have
+been lessened if President Wilson's statement to the Italian people had
+previously met Signor Orlando's approval. Mr. Wilson made his statement
+with the best will in the world, with the intent to allay and not
+inflame Italian public opinion. It should have been possible to
+coördinate his idealism with Signor Orlando's position.
+
+Later on the Italian delegation returned to Paris, realizing that the
+question of Fiume, which was formerly an Austrian port, did not bear one
+way or another upon the Treaty with Germany. But the Italians had lost a
+certain tactical position which was important to them, and in my
+judgment the move cost Italy much more than the whole question of Fiume
+amounted to.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates.
+
+President Clemenceau is shown standing. Next to him from right to left
+are: President Wilson, Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Commissioner
+Henry White, Colonel House, Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, Stephen Pichon, French
+Minister of Foreign Affairs; Louis Klotz, French Minister of Finance,
+and André Tardieu, French High Commissioner. From Clemenceau, left to
+right: Premier Lloyd George, Bonar Law and A. J. Balfour.]
+
+
+THE QUESTION OF SHANTUNG
+
+The Shantung crisis was another serious one. It was so realized at the
+time by the conferees at Paris. The Japanese delegation considered that
+it had already suffered one or two rebuffs. Their clause to embody race
+equality in the League of Nations Covenant had not been accepted. They,
+as the leading Far Eastern Power, were being urged to take an active
+part in the organization and development of the League of Nations, yet
+they could see nothing for Japan in the idea except a chance to help the
+other fellow. It was at this time that the Treaty clause was being
+drafted covering the disposition of German rights in the Far East,
+including those on the Shantung Peninsula. It will be remembered that at
+the outbreak of the war Germany, by reason of treaty rights with China,
+had possession of Kiauchau, upon the neck of the Shantung Peninsula.
+Back in 1916, at a time when the war was going badly, after Japan had
+driven the Germans out of the Far East and had prevented German
+submarines from getting a base there to prey upon British troop ships
+from Australia, Japan had demanded from England and France that she
+become the inheritor of whatever rights Germany had in Shantung. England
+and France readily granted this request, as America probably would have
+done if she had been in the war at the time. Later on, according to the
+record, China confirmed Japan in these rights.
+
+President Wilson's idea, however, was "China for Chinamen"; therefore
+Shantung should be turned over to China. This was a proper point of
+view. It was a great pity that it could not be made to prevail. The
+difficulty, however, was two-fold: first, the agreement which I have
+just cited between England and France on one hand, and Japan on the
+other; second, Japan's statement to President Wilson that if he began
+his League of Nations by forcing England and France to break a solemn
+agreement with Japan, then Japan would have no use for such a faithless
+confederation and would promptly withdraw. At the same time, however,
+Japan reiterated that her inheritance of Shantung was largely a formal
+matter, and that if the Allies gave her that recognition, she would feel
+in honor bound to withdraw from Shantung in the near future. This
+statement, made repeatedly by the Japanese delegates to President
+Wilson, finally led him to refrain from forcing Great Britain and France
+to break their agreement, as he might perhaps otherwise have done. The
+climax, of course, came when Japan gave her ultimatum and said that
+unless she had her rights she would retire from the Conference.
+
+
+DEMANDS OF BELGIUM
+
+Then came the third and last crisis--the Belgians threatened to withdraw
+and go home. They had, as they claimed, been promised by their Allies,
+as well as by their enemies, including specifically Germany, that their
+country, trampled over and devastated in order to defend France and
+England from attack, was to be fully restored and reimbursed for its
+expenditures. Early in the Conference Colonel House projected a plan to
+Mr. Balfour of the British delegation and Mr. Klotz of the French
+delegation, granting Belgium a priority of $500,000,000 on the German
+reparation, this sum being sufficient to set Belgium well on her way to
+recovery. There was, however, great delay in getting the final assent to
+this priority. The American delegation worked hard to bring it about and
+to push the plan on every occasion, but it still hung fire.
+
+The Belgian delegation, finally becoming alarmed, insisted on formally
+taking up the question with the Council of Four. The Belgian delegation,
+under the leadership of Mr. Hymans, Minister of Foreign Affairs, made
+two chief demands, one for the priority already mentioned, and one for
+reimbursement for what the war had cost her. To this latter item there
+was vigorous objection on the ground that it was inadmissible to provide
+for Belgium's "costs of war" and not for those of England, France, Italy
+and the other Allies. As a compromise to meet the situation, a formula
+was finally proposed in a phrase to the effect that Germany was to be
+obligated especially "to reimburse Belgium for all the sums borrowed by
+Belgium from the Allies as a necessary consequence of the violation of
+the Treaty of 1839." Inasmuch as all such sums borrowed by Belgium were
+used for the prosecution of the war, this phrase was simply a euphemism
+for granting to Belgium the war costs which she had demanded. But it was
+finally agreed to on all hands, and the crisis was averted.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Press Illustrating Service
+
+The George Washington
+
+It was on this ship that President and Mrs. Wilson made their two trips
+across the Atlantic and back during the Peace Conference.]
+
+
+THE TREATY PRESENTED TO THE GERMANS AT VERSAILLES
+
+The Treaty in its final form was presented to the Germans at Versailles
+May 7th. The Germans were hoping they would be permitted to discuss
+certain phases of the Treaty in person with the Allied delegates, and in
+fact repeatedly requested the opportunity. Some of us believed such
+conversations might be advantageous if they were held; not between the
+chiefs of the Allied states and the heads of the German delegation, but
+between technical experts on both sides. Mr. Wilson favored this view,
+as tending to enlighten the Germans on certain phases of the Treaty,
+which from their written communications it was evident they did not
+understand. We thought that some weeks of delay might possibly be
+averted by sitting around the table with the Germans, distasteful as
+that task might be, and holding a kind of miniature peace conference.
+This suggestion, however, was strongly opposed by M. Clemenceau,
+although it was favored by some of his ministers. In fact, some of the
+latter, as well as many of the British, were for a time convinced that
+the terms of the Treaty were such that Germany would never sign them.
+Again and again Clemenceau was urged to give way on this point, but he
+sturdily opposed the view and declared positively that he knew the
+German character; that the only way to secure a German signature to the
+Treaty was to insist upon purely formal and written communications.
+Clemenceau had his way, and then began the laying of a good many wagers
+as to whether the Germans would sign. This was after the original German
+delegation, or at least the chiefs of it, had returned to Berlin and
+declared that they would not come back again to Versailles. My own
+opinion was, that after making as great a kick as possible the Germans
+would undoubtedly sign. The logic of the situation was all for their
+signing, the reasoning being this: If the Treaty were a just Treaty,
+then they ought to sign any way; if it were an unjust Treaty, then, even
+if signed, it would eventually fall of its own weight, and the Germans
+would run no risk in signing it. I felt that the German psychology of
+the situation would be acute enough to see these points and to lead to a
+signature.
+
+
+GERMANY SIGNS THE TREATY
+
+This proved to be the case, and on Saturday, the 21st of June, after
+questionings and misgivings, we finally got the word that the Germans
+were to sign. I shall never forget the moment that the news came. Some
+of us were in session with the Council of Four at the President's house.
+Mr. Wilson sat on the right of the fireplace, Mr. Lloyd George on the
+left, and M. Clemenceau in the middle. Mr. Orlando was in Italy but his
+foreign minister, Baron Sonnino, was there in his place. The afternoon
+was a tense one, for the time was growing short and the Germans had, as
+I say, not yet signified their intention of signing the treaty. In the
+mind of every one of us there lurked the question as to the terrible
+steps that would have to be taken in the event the Germans refused to
+sign. Late in the afternoon an orderly slipped into the room and
+whispered into M. Clemenceau's ear. He struggled to his feet, marched up
+to President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George, and, drawing himself up, said
+in solemn tones, "I have the honor to announce to you that the Germans
+will sign the treaty."
+
+And then a moment later the cannon boomed forth to the expectant
+populace the news that the Germans would sign, and M. Clemenceau,
+turning to me, breathed: "Ah, that is the sound that I have been waiting
+to hear for forty-eight years."
+
+
+
+
+II--WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS
+
+An Attempt to Raise International Morality to the Level of
+Private Morality
+
+
+On January 8, 1918, President Wilson outlined the fourteen points on the
+basis of which the Allies should make peace. This program was the
+startling climax of a whole series of peace proposals which had kept
+coming from both camps of belligerents, from neutrals, Socialists, and
+the Pope. It is without doubt one of the greatest and most inspiring
+State documents in the history of the world. It struck a vital and
+telling blow at the basic causes of modern wars. For that reason it
+electrified into complete unity the masses of the Allied countries.
+Liberal, radical and pacifist opponents of the war rallied around it as
+the last great hope of civilization. Its most important effect was to
+give a democratic basis to the weary and disillusioned masses of the
+Central Powers who were longing for peace. It was on the basis of the
+fourteen points that the enemy surrendered.
+
+
+THE WILSON PROGRAM
+
+     We entered this war because violations of right had occurred
+     which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own
+     people impossible unless they were corrected and the world
+     secured once for all against their recurrence. What we demand
+     in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is
+     that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and
+     particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation
+     which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its
+     own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealings by
+     the other peoples of the world, as against force and selfish
+     aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners
+     in this interest and for our own part we see very clearly that
+     unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The
+     programme of the world's peace, therefore, is our programme,
+     and that programme, the only possible programme, as we see it,
+     is this:
+
+     I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which
+     there shall be no private international understandings of any
+     kind, but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the
+     public view.
+
+     II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside
+     territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the
+     seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action
+     for the enforcement of international covenants.
+
+     III. The removal, as far as possible, of all economic barriers
+     and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among
+     all the nations consenting to the peace and associating
+     themselves for its maintenance.
+
+     IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments
+     will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic
+     safety.
+
+     V. A free, open minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of
+     all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the
+     principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty
+     the interests of the populations concerned must have equal
+     weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title
+     is to be determined.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Paris Crowds Greeting President Wilson
+
+A general holiday was declared to welcome the President of the United
+States. This photograph was taken in the Place dé la Concorde.]
+
+     VI. The evacuation of Russian territory and such a settlement
+     of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and
+     freest coöperation of the other nations of the world in
+     obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity
+     for the independent determination of her own political
+     development and national policy and assure her of a sincere
+     welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of
+     her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of
+     every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The
+     treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months
+     to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their
+     comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own
+     interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
+
+     VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and
+     restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which
+     she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other
+     single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence
+     among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set
+     and demanded for the government of their relations with one
+     another. Without this healing act the whole structure and
+     validity of international law is forever impaired.
+
+     VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded
+     portions restored, and the wrong done France by Prussia in 1871
+     in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace
+     of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in
+     order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest
+     of all.
+
+     IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected
+     along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
+
+     X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the
+     nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be
+     accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.
+
+     XI. Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro should be evacuated;
+     occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure
+     access to the sea, and the relations of the several Balkan
+     States to one another determined by friendly counsel along
+     historically established lines of allegiance and nationality,
+     and international guarantees of the political and economic
+     independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan
+     States should be entered into.
+
+     XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should
+     be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities
+     which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
+     security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of
+     autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be
+     permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce
+     of all nations under international guarantees.
+
+     XIII. An independent Polish State should be erected which
+     should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish
+     population, which should be assured a free and secure access to
+     the sea and whose political and economic independence and
+     territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international
+     covenant.
+
+     XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under
+     specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual
+     guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity
+     to great and small States alike.
+
+
+
+
+III--HOW THE PEACE TREATY WAS SIGNED
+
+A Description of the Historic Ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors at the
+Palace of Versailles, June 8, 1919
+
+(Reprinted from the New York _Times_.)
+
+
+No nobler and more eloquent setting could have been found for this
+greatest of all modern events, the signing of the Peace of Versailles,
+after five years of terrific struggle on whose outcome the fate of the
+whole world had hung, than the palace of the greatest of French Kings on
+the hillcrest of the Paris suburb that gave its name to the treaty. To
+reach it, says the correspondent of _The New York Times_, the
+plenipotentiaries and distinguished guests from all parts of the world
+motored to Versailles that day, and drove down the magnificent
+tree-lined Avenue du Château, then across the huge square--the famous
+Place d'Armes of Versailles--and up through the gates and over the
+cobblestones of the Court of Honor to the entrance, where officers of
+the Republican Guard, whose creation dates back to the French
+Revolution, in picturesque uniform, were drawn up to receive them.
+
+All day the crowd had been gathering. It was a cloudy day; not till noon
+did the sky clear. By noon eleven regiments of French cavalry and
+infantry had taken position along the approaches to the palace, while
+within the court on either side solid lines of infantry in horizon blue
+were drawn up at attention.
+
+Hours before the time set for the ceremony an endless stream of
+automobiles began moving out of Paris up the cannon-lined hill of the
+Champs Elysées, past the massive Arc de Triomphe, bulking somberly
+against the leaden sky, and out through the Bois de Boulogne. This whole
+thoroughfare was kept clear by pickets, dragoons, and mounted gendarmes.
+In the meantime thousands of Parisians were packing regular and special
+trains on all the lines leading to Versailles, and contending with
+residents of the town for places in the vast park where the famous
+fountains would rise in white fleur-de-lis to mark the end of the
+ceremony.
+
+
+A MEMORABLE SCENE
+
+Past the line of gendarmes thrown across the approaches to the square
+reserved for ticket holders, the crowd surged in a compact and
+irresistible wave, while hundreds of the more fortunate ones took up
+positions in the high windows of every wing of the palace. Up the broad
+boulevard of the Avenue de Paris the endless chain of motor cars rolled
+between rows of French soldiers; and a guard of honor at the end of the
+big court presented arms to the plenipotentiaries and delegates as they
+drove through to the entrance, which for the Allied delegates only was
+by the marble stairway to the "Queen's Apartments" and the Hall of
+Peace, giving access to the Hall of Mirrors. A separate route of entry
+was prescribed for the Germans, an arrangement which angered and
+disconcerted them when they discovered it, through the park and up the
+marble stairway through the ground floor.
+
+The delegates and plenipotentiaries began to arrive shortly after 2 p.
+m., their automobiles rolling between double lines of infantry with
+bayonets fixed--it was estimated that there were 20,000 soldiers
+altogether guarding the route--that held back the cheering throngs. The
+scene from the Court of Honor was impressive. The Place d'Armes was a
+lake of white faces, dappled everywhere by the bright colors of flags
+and fringed with the horizon blue of troops whose bayonets flamed
+silverly as the sun emerged for a moment from behind heavy clouds. At
+least a dozen airplanes wheeled and curvetted above.
+
+Up that triumphal passage, leading for a full quarter of a mile from the
+wings of the palace to the entrance to the Hall of Mirrors,
+representatives of the victorious nations passed in flag-decked
+limousines--hundreds, one after another, without intermission, for fifty
+minutes. Just inside the golden gates, which were flung wide, they
+passed the big bronze statue of Louis XIV., the "Sun-King," on
+horseback, flanked by statues of the Princes and Governors, Admirals and
+Generals who had made Louis the Grand Monarque of France. And on the
+façade of the twin, temple-like structures on either side of the great
+statue they could read as they passed an inscription symbolic of the
+historic ceremony just about to occur: "To All the Glories of France."
+
+
+NOTABILITIES ARRIVE
+
+One of the earliest to arrive was Marshal Foch, amid a torrent of
+cheering, which burst out even louder a few moments later when the
+massive head of Premier Clemenceau was seen through the windows of a
+French military car. To these and other leaders, including President
+Wilson, General Pershing, and Premier Lloyd George, the troops drawn up
+all around the courtyard presented arms. After Clemenceau the unique
+procession continued, diplomats, soldiers, Princes of India in gorgeous
+turbans and swarthy faces, dapper Japanese in immaculate Western dress,
+Admirals, aviators, Arabs; one caught a glimpse of the bright colors of
+French, British, and Colonial uniforms. British Tommies and American
+doughboys also dashed up on crowded camions, representing the blood and
+sweat of the hard-fought victory; they got an enthusiastic reception. It
+was 2:45 when Mr. Balfour, bowing and smiling, heralded the arrival of
+the British delegates. Mr. Lloyd George was just behind him, for once
+wearing the conventional high hat instead of his usual felt. At 2:50
+came President Wilson in a black limousine with his flag, a white eagle
+on a dark blue ground; he received a hearty welcome.
+
+By 3 o'clock the last contingent had arrived, and the broad ribbon road
+stretched empty between the lines of troops from the gates of the palace
+courtyard. The Germans had already entered; to avoid any unpleasant
+incident they had been quietly conveyed from their lodgings at the Hotel
+des Reservoirs Annex through the park.
+
+
+THE SCENE INSIDE
+
+The final scene in the great drama was enacted in the magnificent Hall
+of Mirrors. Versailles contains no more splendid chamber than this royal
+hall, whose three hundred mirrors gleam from every wall, whose vaulted
+and frescoed ceiling looms dark and high, in whose vastness the
+footfalls of the passer re-echo over marble floors and die away
+reverberatingly. It was no mere matter of convenience or accident that
+the Germans were brought to sign the Peace Treaty in this hall. For this
+same hall, which saw the German peace delegates of 1919, representing a
+beaten and prostrate Germany, affix their signatures to the Allied terms
+of peace, had witnessed in the year 1871 a very different ceremony. It
+was in the Hall of Mirrors that the German Empire was born. Forty-nine
+years ago, on a January morning, while the forts of beleaguered Paris
+were firing their last defiant shots, in that mirror-gleaming hall was
+inaugurated the reign of that German Empire the virtual end of which, so
+far as the concept held by its originators is concerned, was signalized
+in Versailles in the same spot on Saturday, June 28. And in 1871
+President Thiers had signed there the crushing terms of defeat imposed
+by a victorious and ruthless Germany.
+
+In anticipation of the present ceremony carpets had been laid and the
+ornamental table, with its eighteenth century gilt and bronze
+decorations, had been placed in position on the daïs where the
+plenipotentiaries were seated. Fronting the chair of M. Clemenceau was
+placed a small table, on which the diplomatic instruments were laid. It
+was to this table that each representative was called, in alphabetical
+order by countries, to sign his name to the treaty and affix to it his
+Governmental seal. The four hundred or more invited guests were given
+places in the left wing of the Hall of Mirrors, while the right wing was
+occupied by about the same number of press representatives. Sixty seats
+were allotted to the French press alone. Besides the military guards
+outside the palace, the grand stairway up which the delegates came to
+enter the hall was controlled by the Republican Guards in their most
+brilliant gala uniform.
+
+
+THE PEACE TABLE
+
+The peace table--a huge hollow rectangle with its open side facing the
+windows in the hall--was spread with tawny yellow coverings blending
+with the rich browns, blues, and yellows of the antique hangings and
+rugs; these, and the mellow tints of the historical paintings, depicting
+scenes from France's ancient wars, in the arched roof of the long hall,
+lent bright dashes of color to an otherwise austere scene. Against the
+sombre background also stood out the brilliant uniforms of a few French
+guards, in red plumed silver helmets and red, white, and blue uniforms,
+and a group of Allied Generals, including General Pershing, who wore the
+scarlet sash of the Legion of Honor.
+
+But all the diplomats and members of the parties who attended the
+ceremony of signing wore conventional civilian clothes. All gold lace
+and pageantry was eschewed, the fanciful garb of the Middle Ages was
+completely absent as representative of traditions and practices sternly
+condemned in the great bound treaty-volume of Japanese paper, covered
+with seals and printed in French and English, which was signed by
+twenty-seven nations that afternoon.
+
+As a contrast with the Franco-German peace session of 1871, held in the
+same hall, there were present some grizzled French veterans of the
+Franco-Prussian war. They took the place of the Prussian guardsmen of
+the previous ceremony, and gazed with a species of grim satisfaction at
+the disciples of Bismarck, who sat this time in the seats of the lowly,
+while the white marble statue of Minerva looked stonily on.
+
+
+ENTRANCE OF CHIEF ACTORS
+
+The ceremony of signing was marked only by three minor incidents: a
+protest by the German delegation at the eleventh hour over the
+provision of separate entrance, the filing of a document of protest by
+General Jan Smuts of the South African delegation, and the deliberate
+absence of the Chinese delegates from the ceremony, due to
+dissatisfaction over the concessions granted to Japan in Shantung.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Henry White
+
+Former Ambassador to France and Italy and one of the United States
+delegates to the Peace Conference.]
+
+The treaty was deposited on the table at 2:10 p.m. by William Martin of
+the French Foreign Office; it was inclosed in a stamped leather case,
+and bulked large. Because of the size of the volume and the fragile
+seals it bore, the plan to present it for signing to Premier Clemenceau,
+President Wilson, and Premier Lloyd George had been given up. A box of
+old-fashioned goose quills, sharpened by the expert pen pointer of the
+French Foreign Office, was placed on each of the three tables for the
+use of plenipotentiaries who desired to observe the conventional
+formalities.
+
+Secretary Lansing, meanwhile, had been the first of the American
+delegation to arrive in the palace--at 1:45 p.m. Premier Clemenceau
+entered at 2:20. Three detachments each consisting of fifteen private
+soldiers--from the American, British, and French forces--just before 3
+o'clock and took their places in the embrasures of the windows
+overlooking the château park, a few feet from Marshal Foch, who was
+seated with the French delegation at the peace table. Marshal Foch was
+present only as a spectator, and did not participate in the signing.
+These forty-five soldiers of the three main belligerent nations were
+present as the real "artisans of peace" and stood within the inclosure
+reserved for plenipotentiaries and high officials of the conference as a
+visible sign of their rôle in bringing into being a new Europe. These
+men had been selected from those who bore honorable wounds. Premier
+Clemenceau stepped up to the poilus of the French detachment and shook
+the hand of each, expressing his pleasure at seeing them, and his
+regrets for the suffering they had endured for France.
+
+
+PRESIDENT WILSON ENTERS
+
+Delegates of the minor powers made their way with difficulty through the
+crowd to their places at the table. Officers and civilians lined the
+walls and filled the aisles. President Wilson entered the Hall of
+Mirrors at 2:50. All the Allied delegates were then seated, except the
+Chinese representatives, who were conspicuous by their absence. The
+difficulty of seeing well militated against demonstrations on the
+arrival of prominent statesmen. The crowd refused to be seated and
+thronged toward the center of the hall, which is so long that a good
+view was impossible from any distance, even with the aid of opera
+glasses. German correspondents were ushered into the hall just before 3
+o'clock and took standing room in a window at the rear of the
+correspondents' section.
+
+At 3 o'clock a hush fell over the hall. There were a few moments of
+disorder while the officials and the crowd took their places. At 3:07
+the German delegates, Dr. Hermann Müller, German Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs, and Dr. Johannes Bell, Colonial Secretary, were shown into the
+hall; with heads held high they took their seats. The other delegates
+remained seated, according to a prearranged plan reminiscent of the
+discourtesy displayed by von Brockdorff-Rantzau, who at the ceremony of
+delivery of the peace treaty on May 7th, had refused to rise to read his
+address to the Allied delegates. The seats of the German delegates
+touched elbows with the Japanese on the right and the Brazilians on the
+left. They were thus on the side nearest the entrance, and the program
+required them to depart by a separate exit before the other delegates at
+the close of the ceremony. Delegates from Ecuador, Peru, and Liberia
+faced them across the narrow table.
+
+
+THE GERMANS SIGN
+
+M. Clemenceau, as President of the Peace Conference, opened the
+ceremony. Rising, he made the following brief address, amid dead
+silence:
+
+     "The session is open. The allied and associated powers on one
+     side and the German Reich on the other side have come to an
+     agreement on the conditions of peace. The text has been
+     completed, drafted, and the President of the Conference has
+     stated in writing that the text that is about to be signed now
+     is identical with the 200 copies that have been delivered to
+     the German delegation. The signatures will be given now, and
+     they amount to a solemn undertaking faithfully and loyally to
+     execute the conditions embodied by this treaty of peace. I now
+     invite the delegates of the German Reich to sign the treaty.'
+
+There was a tense pause for a moment. Then in response to M.
+Clemenceau's bidding the German delegates rose without a word, and,
+escorted by William Martin, master of ceremonies, moved to the signatory
+table, where they placed upon the treaty the sign-manuals which German
+Government leaders had declared over and over again, with emphasis and
+anger, would never be appended to this treaty. They also signed a
+protocol covering changes in the documents, and the Polish undertaking.
+All three documents were similarly signed by the Allied delegates who
+followed.
+
+
+WILSON SIGNS NEXT
+
+When the German delegates regained their seats after signing, President
+Wilson immediately rose and, followed by the other American
+plenipotentiaries, moved around the sides of the horseshoe to the
+signature tables. It was thus President Wilson, and not M. Clemenceau,
+who was first of the Allied delegates to sign. This, however, was purely
+what may be called an alphabetical honor, in accordance with which the
+nations were named in the prologue to the treaty. Premier Lloyd George,
+with the British delegation, came next. The British dominions followed.
+M. Clemenceau with the French delegates, was next in line; then came
+Baron Saionji and the other Japanese delegates, and they in turn were
+followed by the representatives of the smaller powers.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau
+
+Foreign Minister of Germany and President of the German Peace
+delegates.]
+
+During the attaching of the signatures of the great powers and the
+Germans a battery of moving picture cameras clicked away so audibly that
+they could be heard above the general noise and disorder of the throng.
+The close of the ceremony came so quickly and quietly that it was
+scarcely noticed until it was all over. M. Clemenceau arose almost
+unremarked, and in a voice half lost amid the confusion and the hum of
+conversation which had sprung up while the minor powers were signing
+declared the conference closed, and asked the Allied and associated
+delegates to remain in their seats for a few moments--this to permit the
+German plenipotentiaries to leave the building before the general
+exodus.
+
+
+THE GERMANS DEPART
+
+None arose as the Germans filed out, accompanied by their suite of
+secretaries and interpreters, just as all the plenipotentiaries had kept
+their seats when Dr. Müller and Dr. Bell entered. The Germans went forth
+evidently suffering strong emotion. Outside an unsympathetic crowd
+jammed close to the cars which took them away. There was no aggression,
+but the sentiment of the throng was unmistakable.
+
+Meanwhile the great guns that announced the closing of the ceremony were
+booming, and their concussion shook the old palace of Versailles to its
+foundations. Amid confusion the assembly dispersed, and the most
+momentous ceremony of the epoch was at an end.
+
+The great war which for five long years had shaken Europe and the world
+was formally ended at last. It was a war which had cost the belligerents
+over $200,000,000,000; which had caused the deaths of 8,000,000 human
+beings, and which had left the world a post-war burden of debt amounting
+to $135,000,000,000. It was a war which had changed the whole face of
+Europe, which had brought many new nations into existence, which had
+revolutionized the organization of all national and international life.
+It was a war which had brought the world the consciousness of its common
+obligation to unite against all war. The booming of the great guns of
+Versailles seemed to proclaim a new epoch.
+
+
+
+
+IV--THE PEACE TREATY--ITS MEANING
+TO AMERICA
+
+America's "Place in the Sun" Due to Her Efforts to Secure a Just Peace
+
+By GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM
+
+Formerly Attorney-General of the United States.
+
+
+"The cause of our entrance into the great war," declares Dr. David Jayne
+Hill in a recent essay, "being the violation by the German Imperial
+Government of our legal rights as a nation, our object in the war was to
+make our rights respected. The one clear duty of the treaty-making power
+in concluding peace with Germany, therefore, is to secure this
+result."[25]
+
+[25] "Americanizing the Treaty."--_North American Review_, August, 1919.
+
+In these words, one of the most distinguished and accomplished of the
+opponents of the treaty of Paris reveals the profound abyss which
+separates those who oppose from those who are urging the approval of the
+Treaty of Versailles. Dr. Hill, perhaps unconsciously, gives expression
+to a sordid, narrow, selfish view of the issues of the war, which would
+transmute into the most elemental act of self-defense one of the
+greatest crusades of high idealism ever conducted by any people in the
+history of nations. If, in fact, the cause of our participation in the
+war was merely to repel attacks upon our legal rights as a nation, then
+indeed, that end being attained, and the aggressor reduced to impotence
+for the future, we may return within our own borders, withdraw unto
+ourselves, disclaim all responsibility for the condition of the world
+elsewhere and plunge into the selfish exploitation of our national
+resources, "the world forgetting, by the world forgot." It is a strange
+perversion of the facts of recent history that leads to such a
+conception of America's responsibility for the future of civilization.
+
+There were undoubtedly, as Mr. Wilson said, "violations of right which
+touched us to the quick." Was it merely violations of our own national
+rights that roused this peace-loving nation to array itself for battle;
+that sent two million of our young men across three thousand miles of
+ocean to take their places beside the heroes of Verdun and the Marne,
+the veterans of Cambrai and Arras, Ypres and the Somme; infused the
+weary defenders of civilization with new courage; converted their
+defense into an irresistible offensive which shattered the greatest
+military machine of history, overthrew the Kaiser and his government,
+and brought the German nation to its knees? No! It was not the German
+attacks upon our rights as a nation; it was the German challenge of the
+whole basis of modern Christian civilization. It was her cynical
+disclaimer of the binding character of treaties; her inhuman method of
+warfare; her brutal cruelties of non-combatant men, women and children;
+her ruthless destruction of monuments of art--the possessions of not
+merely one nation, but of the entire world of men and women in every
+land who love beauty and revere art. It was the growing conviction that
+a government which ordered the sinking of the _Lusitania_ and the
+_Sussex_; that destroyed the priceless literary treasures of Louvain;
+that separated families in Belgium and France, and deported great
+companies of men to work in German munition factories; that ruthlessly
+cut up by the roots the fruit trees and shrubs of the occupied regions
+of France; that sought to destroy not merely the men, but the souls of
+nations, so that its own horrid philosophy of Force might reign over
+them--that such a government must no longer exist; that its pestilential
+influence was more noxious than tuberculosis or the bubonic plague.
+
+
+THE BASIS OF PEACE
+
+Therefore, the Youth of America joyously leaped to arms and crowded
+overseas in the greatest of all crusades, insuring victory and promising
+the opening of a new and better epoch of human history. It was the
+recognition of human kinship; the perception of human brotherhood, that
+inspired them to the great endeavor. Our proud sense of American
+nationality took on a deeper and holier significance as we joined
+forces with the older peoples in defense of the great principles of
+human right which had been formulated by our fathers and upon which was
+reared the American State. We were no less Americans that we had
+accepted a common responsibility with Great Britain, France and Italy
+for the preservation of the ideals of human freedom for which Washington
+fought and Lincoln died. Nay! better Americans, as we realized that the
+war was being fought in defense of those principles upon which our own
+institutions were founded and by which we had become the great, strong,
+free nation we are.
+
+And as the hideous carnage went on, and we saw a whole generation of the
+youth of the free nations of Europe butchered because the German people
+had become so obsessed with their own sense of superiority that they
+were determined to rule the world and impose upon all other peoples
+subservience to their Moloch-like gospel of efficiency, another feeling
+began to struggle for expression in Europe and America alike--a
+determination that all wars of aggression must cease; that disputes
+between nations must be settled like those between individuals, by
+peaceful arbitration or conciliation; that the causes of war must be
+examined and, so far as possible, removed, and that no such war as this
+ever again should desolate the earth. This was the meaning of the phrase
+one came to hear on many lips, that it was "a war against war." How
+could such a result be attained? Obviously, only by the continued
+association in peace of those powers whose close coöperation in war was
+compelling the overthrow of German militarism, and the widening of that
+association to include all the other nations who should accept its
+program and give an earnest of adherence to its ideals. There was also
+the hope that some time--when they should have offered up that ancient
+sacrifice, "an humble and a contrite heart"--even the German people,
+enfranchised and regenerated, might be admitted into the society of Free
+Peoples and with new significance become entitled to be called a
+civilized nation.
+
+These were the principles that underlay Mr. Wilson's program of
+peace--the fourteen points of January 8, 1918, and subsequent addresses;
+the only definite formulation of the basis of peace which was laid
+before the world, a program concerning which the American Congress
+expressed no definite criticism and for which it offered no substitute;
+a program which was accepted by Allies and opponents alike, and which
+constituted the Chart by which the Conference of Paris was required to
+endeavor to formulate the terms of the Treaty of Peace.
+
+The work of that Conference now has been submitted to the judgment of
+mankind. It was accepted by the new government of Germany with a wry
+face, as the judgment of the victors naturally would be taken by the
+vanquished. It has been ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain, by
+Italy, by France and by Japan. It has been for weeks under debate in the
+Senate of the United States. Daily efforts have been made to create a
+partisan political issue over it, and to visit upon it party resentment
+against the past actions of the President.[26]
+
+[26] This article by Mr. Wickersham was prepared prior to the Senate
+deadlock and the rejection of the Treaty with the Lodge reservations.
+
+Dr. Hill again sums up the case against the treaty--the final basis
+which the confused gropings after some means of making it unpopular with
+the people finally have evolved--in these words:
+
+     "The League of Nations, as proposed, includes not only
+     obligations not related to the reasons for engaging in the war,
+     but also obligations opposed to the traditions, the
+     time-honored policies, and even the constitutional provisions
+     of the United States. It commits the whole future policy of
+     this country to the decisions of an international body in which
+     it would have only a single voice; it permits that body to
+     intrude its judgments, and thereby its policies into a sphere
+     hitherto regarded as exclusively American, and, in addition, it
+     demands that the territories held by each of the members of the
+     League under this treaty shall receive the permanent protection
+     of the United States as integral parts of the Nations that now
+     claim them."
+
+Is it true? What is the real meaning of the Peace Treaty and its effect
+upon the people of the United States? The answer to these questions, and
+indeed to most of the criticism of the Covenant, is conclusively met by
+a reading of the treaty. But first let us turn for a moment to the
+fourteen points of Mr. Wilson's address of January 8, 1918. The basis of
+the territorial readjustment of Europe which he then proposed, was the
+giving of national expression to racial aspiration. Alien imperial rule
+such as that of Austria over Hungary and Bohemia, and that of Germany,
+Austria or Russia over Poland, was to end, and the Poles, the Croats,
+Serbs, Hungarians, Bohemians, and the Czechoslavs and Jugoslavs each
+were to be allowed national existence, with the right of
+self-determination. Whatever may now be thought of the wisdom of this
+theory, it was accepted by all of the Allies, who thereby were committed
+to a responsibility for the protection, certainly in the early years of
+their existence, of the new nations they united to call into being.
+Recognizing this fact, the fourteenth of the Wilson points provided for
+the creation of an Association of the Allied Nations to protect the work
+of their arms. Aside from that practical purpose, the League of Nations
+was recognized by many in every land as furnishing the only practicable
+machinery for the removal of causes of war and the prevention of new
+assaults upon civilization, such as that which Germany had launched in
+August, 1914.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Victoria Hall at Geneva=
+
+Selected by the Council of the Powers as the meeting place of the League
+of Nations.]
+
+The first Chapter of the Peace Treaty, therefore, is a Covenant or
+Compact forming a League of Nations, whose purpose, as expressed in the
+Preamble, is "to promote international coöperation and to achieve
+international peace and security." Worthy objects, these: how are they
+to be attained? The Preamble answers,
+
+     "by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the
+     prescription of open, just and honorable relations between
+     nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of
+     international law as to actual rule of conduct among
+     governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous
+     respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized
+     peoples with one another."
+
+Are not these methods such as America has made her own? Have we not in
+many treaties accepted obligations not to make war until all peaceful
+methods of settling disputes shall have been exhausted; have we not
+striven to make the principles of international law rules for the
+government of nations; and was not one of the main points in the
+indictment of Germany on which we prosecuted the war against her that
+she had flouted the sanctity of treaties and made them mere scraps of
+paper?
+
+The objects of the League therefore, as set forth in the Covenant, are
+expressive only of policies and principles to which the United States
+has given a consistent and unbroken adherence from the days of the Jay
+Treaty to the present hour. How are these objects proposed to be
+attained in the text of the Covenant? What is there in its provisions to
+justify the frantic abuse that has been heaped upon it by its opponents
+and to sustain the final accusation that it is "un-American?"
+
+
+MACHINERY OF THE LEAGUE
+
+First, as to the Machinery of the League. There is an Assembly of its
+members to which each Sovereign State may send delegates. There is an
+Assembly of its members to which each nation necessarily has one vote.
+In the United States Senate, Rhode Island and New York have equal
+representation, despite disparity in wealth and population. The
+principle of sovereignty requires this recognition of equality. But the
+powers of the Assembly are restricted to voting upon the admission of
+new members to the League, the addition of members to the Council, the
+disposition of international disputes which may be referred to it by the
+Council under Article XV, and the general consideration at its meetings
+of "any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting
+the peace of the world." This general authority only can embrace the
+right of discussion, save in very exceptional cases, as by Article V,
+"decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall
+require the agreement of all the members of the League represented at
+the meeting."
+
+The actual governing body of the League is the Council, which is to
+consist of representatives of the five greater powers,--the United
+States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan, together with
+representatives of four other members of the League selected by the
+Assembly from time to time. These numbers may be increased, but only by
+the unanimous vote of the Council, approved by a majority of the
+Assembly.
+
+As noted above, save in the very few expressly expected cases, the
+Council can reach decisions only by unanimous vote. What are to be its
+functions? They need not be enumerated in detail here. Briefly, they
+deal with the reduction of armaments, the control by governments of the
+private manufacture of munitions and implements of war, the
+consideration of any war or threat of war--"of any circumstance whatever
+affecting international relations which threatens to disturb either the
+peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace
+depends." They require the formulation and submission to the members of
+the League for adoption of plans for the establishment of a permanent
+Court of International Justice. They empower the Council to endeavor to
+effect a settlement of any international dispute which shall not be
+submitted to arbitration by the parties; to investigate, consider and
+report upon any such dispute, and to publish its conclusions.
+
+The parties to the League solemnly covenant and agree that if any
+dispute shall arise between them likely to lead to a rupture they will
+submit it either to arbitration or inquiry by the Council, and that in
+no case will they resort to war until three months after the award by
+the arbitrators or the report by the Council. They agree also to carry
+out in good faith any award that may be rendered, and not to make war
+against any member of the League that complies therewith. If a report by
+the Council is unanimously agreed to by its members, other than the
+representatives of the disputants, the members agree not to go to war
+with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of
+the report.
+
+
+OBJECTIONS TO THE PLAN
+
+It is objected by some that the decision of questions between nations by
+these provisions is left to a body of delegates composing the Council
+who are not bound to decide according to rules of international law, but
+may reach conclusions merely as political expediency. This seems a
+strained interpretation. The members of the League agree to submit
+either (1) to arbitration or (2) to investigation by the Council, every
+dispute which may arise between them likely to lead to a rupture and in
+no case to resort to war until three months after the award by
+arbitrators or the report by the Council. They declare (by Article XIII)
+
+     "Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any
+     question of international law, as to the existence of any fact
+     which, if established, would constitute a breach of any
+     international obligation, or as to the extent and nature of the
+     reparation to be made for any such breach," to be among those
+     which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration.
+     Disputes of the character thus enumerated are what are known as
+     justiciable, _i. e._, subject to be decided by a Court by the
+     application of the recognized principles of international law.
+
+Mr. Root recommended that such disputes should be required to be
+arbitrated. The Conference at Paris, like those at the two Hague
+Conferences, would not agree to that. But in view of the declaration
+just quoted, any power which should bring before the Council a dispute
+of the character mentioned, but which it was unwilling to submit to
+arbitration, would have the burden of showing convincing reason for such
+attitude.
+
+When the first draft of the Covenant was before the country, American
+critics objected that it would compel the United States to submit to
+arbitration on inquiry by the Council purely domestic questions such as
+tariff, immigration and coastwise traffic. To meet this objection, there
+was inserted in Art. XV the following paragraph:
+
+     "If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them,
+     and is found by the Council to arise out of a matter which by
+     international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of
+     that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no
+     recommendation as to its settlement."
+
+To this it is objected that the determination of the question whether or
+not a matter of dispute is by the rules of international law solely with
+the domestic jurisdiction of a member is left to the Council and not to
+the member. Surely, it requires no explanation to demonstrate, that if a
+member State may oust the Council of jurisdiction to inquire into a
+given dispute which threatens the peace of the world merely by itself
+asserting that it arises out of a matter within its exclusive domestic
+jurisdiction, a very imperfect means of averting war will have been
+provided, and the League Covenant will hardly have more efficacy than
+the second Hague Convention. Remember too, that the reports of the
+Council must be unanimous, and the unreasonableness of the objection to
+the provisions cited will appear.
+
+
+MEANS TO PREVENT WAR
+
+Articles XI to XVI constitute the heart of the Covenant, the most
+effective means ever formulated to prevent war. The agreements of the
+nations not to resort to war until the processes of arbitration or
+inquiry are exhausted, are buttressed by the provision that should any
+member violate these agreements it shall _ipso facto_ be deemed to have
+committed an act of war against all the other members of the League,
+entailing as a consequence commercial boycott, expulsion and the
+application of armed force, if the members shall so determine. The
+employment of force in this case, as in every other contemplated by the
+Covenant, is not left to the decision of Council or Assembly. They can
+only recommend. The member States agree _not to go_ to war. There is
+nowhere in the document any provision compelling them _to go_ to war.
+Even where one State in violation of its Covenant threatens the peace of
+the world, the utmost the Council can do is
+
+     "To recommend to the several governments concerned what
+     effective military or naval forces the members of the League
+     shall severally contribute to the armaments of forces to be
+     used to protect the covenants of the League."
+
+Much heated objection has been directed against Article X, which reads
+as follows:
+
+     "The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as
+     against external aggression the territorial integrity and
+     existing political independence of all members of the League.
+     In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or
+     danger of such aggression, the Council shall advise upon the
+     means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.'
+
+Again, it is left to the determination of each State what force it shall
+employ to enforce this provision. As a matter of fact, this article adds
+little, if anything, to the provisions of Article XI, which declares
+that "Any war or threat of war ... is hereby declared a matter of
+concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that
+may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations." Any
+external aggression against the territorial integrity or political
+independence of a member of the League would amount to a war or threat
+of war, and would invoke action under Article XI, if not under Article
+X. But the guaranty of Article X is very necessary as affording a moral
+protection to the new nations brought into being through the peace
+Conference. The United States of America, whose President formulated the
+principles of peace to which these Nations owe their existence, can not
+afford to shirk responsibility for their protection. The Covenant
+abolishes the evil of secret treaties between the nations composing the
+League, while preserving the effectiveness of existing treaties of
+arbitration.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Harris & Ewing
+
+=William Howard Taft=
+
+An earnest supporter of the President and his administration throughout
+the war, though of the opposite party.]
+
+
+THE MONROE DOCTRINE
+
+To meet the objection that the Covenant would deprive us of the Monroe
+Doctrine--a national policy adopted by the United States as its own and
+maintained for its own protection--Article XXI of the amended Covenant
+provides that--
+
+     "Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the
+     validity of international engagements such as treaties of
+     arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine
+     for securing the maintenance of peace."
+
+The phrase "regional understanding," as applied to the Monroe Doctrine,
+is not a happy one. But the article certainly excludes the Monroe
+Doctrine from modification or effect by the treaty. It secures from
+every one of the thirty-two original members and the thirteen other
+states which shall be invited to join the League, a recognition of the
+existence of the Monroe Doctrine and an agreement that it is not to be
+affected by anything contained in the Covenant. Certainly _that_ is not
+an un-American result to accomplish, and when one reads Dr. Hill's
+statement that the Covenant "does not embody our traditional American
+ideals," one wonders in what museum of forgotten lore the learned doctor
+has found those "traditional ideals" preserved. Dr. Hill's so-called
+ideals conflict with the expression in this great treaty of the
+peculiarly American ideal of averting war by providing peaceful methods
+of settling disputes among nations, with the express recognition by all
+the other nations of the doctrine that "was proclaimed in 1823 to
+prevent America from becoming a theater for the intrigues of European
+absolutism," and with the official commentary of the Delegates of Great
+Britain which says that--
+
+     "At first a principle of American foreign _policy_, it (Monroe
+     Doctrine) has become an international _understanding_, and it
+     is not illegitimate for the people of the United States to ask
+     that the Covenant should recognize this fact."
+
+
+GERMAN COLONIES
+
+One of the most difficult problems presented to the Peace Conference was
+the disposition of the former colonies of Germany in Asia, Africa and
+Australasia, and of the communities formerly belonging to the Turkish
+Empire. It was recognized that the victors in the war shared a common
+responsibility for the just and wise treatment of these peoples, who
+were utterly unable to stand alone. The method adopted declared all of
+them to be wards of the League of Nations and provided that they should
+be governed by Mandatory Powers willing to undertake the task and
+appointed by the League under charters framed by the Council. These
+Powers would be answerable to the League for the right exercise of their
+powers, and subject to inspection and report. A great deal of
+impassioned rhetoric has been expended over these provisions, upon the
+false assumption that thereby the United States was committed to a
+responsibility for the government of remote regions of the earth. The
+Covenant commits us to nothing. Our participation in the war has
+entailed upon us a common responsibility with our Allies for the
+protection and wise government of these communities. We no more can
+escape that responsibility with honor than we could after the Spanish
+War escape responsibility for the Philippine Islands.
+
+But it is for the American Congress to determine the extent of
+recognition of our duty and the means by which we shall discharge it.
+
+In the case of the Philippine Islands, the United States set for the
+world a great moral example in the government of colonies, not in its
+own interest, but for the benefit and exclusively in the interest of the
+inhabitants of possessions which fell into our hands as a consequence of
+the war with Spain. The principle thus proclaimed and practiced has been
+followed in the case of the colonies and territories which the World War
+has left at the disposition of the Allied and Associated Nations. This
+principle, in the words of the Covenant, is "that the well-being and
+development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization." The
+best method yet devised for giving practicable effect to this principle
+undoubtedly is,
+
+     "That the tutelage of such peoples be intrusted to advanced
+     nations who, by reason of their resources, their experience or
+     their geographical position, can best undertake this
+     responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this
+     tutelage should be exercised by them as mandatories on behalf
+     of the League."
+
+This is the American attitude toward undeveloped peoples. To remove
+these provisions from the Peace Treaty would be to _de_-Americanize the
+Treaty.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
+
+The Covenant brings within the cognizance of the League the regulation
+of international relations affecting (1) efforts to secure and maintain
+fair and humane conditions of labor for men, women and children--a
+subject elaborated and provided for in great detail in Part XIII of the
+Peace Treaty; (2) the execution of international agreements with regard
+to traffic in women and children, and in opium and other dangerous
+drugs; (3) the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which
+the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest; (4) the
+prevention and control of disease.
+
+The members of the League further agree (1)
+
+     "To make provision to secure and maintain freedom of
+     communication and of transit and _equitable_ treatment for the
+     commerce of all members of the League,"
+
+and (2)
+
+     "to encourage and promote the establishment and coöperation of
+     duly authorized voluntary national Red Cross organizations
+     having as purposes improvement of health, the prevention of
+     disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world."
+
+All these are subjects customarily dealt with in international
+agreements. These provisions are designed to bring into coördination
+with the League and make more effective all provisions concerning such
+matters.
+
+The framers of this great program recognized that it was, necessarily,
+an experiment, and that experience doubtless would develop defects and
+suggest needed changes. Provision is therefor made for amendments which
+should take effect when ratified by the members of the League whose
+representatives compose the Council, and by a majority of the members
+whose representatives compose the Assembly. But, preserving the theory
+that the League is to be an alliance of Sovereign Powers, it also is
+provided that no member shall be bound against his will by any such
+amendment. It may dissent, and thereby cease to be a member of the
+League.
+
+Finally, any member may, at will, after two years' notice, withdraw from
+the League,
+
+     "provided that all its international obligations and all its
+     obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at
+     the time of its withdrawal."
+
+No jurisdiction is vested in any organ of the League to determine
+whether or not in any instance this condition has been complied with. It
+is conceivable that pending some arbitration or inquiry by the Council,
+the application of a commercial boycott or other disciplinary process
+for violation of a provision of the Covenant, the offending power should
+seek to escape the jurisdiction of the League, by exercising the right
+of withdrawal. The period of notice probably is too long to allow of
+this, and yet the slow process of international procedure might require
+more than two years to reach a conclusion. Does it not seem fair that
+before a nation should withdraw from this great association it should be
+required to fulfil its obligations under the treaty?
+
+
+PROBABILITY OF WAR MINIMIZED
+
+The treaty of peace with Germany deals with many questions of vital
+import to European nations, but with which America has but little direct
+concern. Part I, the Covenant, is the section which touches us most
+nearly. It is the part which embodies the idealism of our people, and
+through which we are enabled to discharge the responsibilities we
+assumed by formulating for friend and foe the conditions of peace. Human
+nature changes but little from century to century, but the highest and
+purest aspirations of the human heart find expression from age to age
+with greater force and with wider acceptance. Doubtless, in the future,
+the passions of man will again flare up in bloody wars, but the
+creation of an adequate machinery for discussion and cooling reflection,
+must tend to minimize the probabilities of war. The spirits of millions
+of slaughtered youth who sleep in the fields of France and Flanders call
+out to us, for whom they died, to consecrate their sacrifice by a new
+and greater endeavor to safeguard the future peace of the world.
+
+The conferees of Paris have formulated a measure for this purpose. It is
+not perfect. Experience may develop even greater imperfections than
+study has revealed. But it contains much of hope and promise. It is
+practical; it is subject to amendment. It commits no one irrevocably to
+its provisions. It is instinct with American idealism. It is in accord
+with the best American traditions. Washington, Lincoln, McKinley, and
+Roosevelt--each has contributed to the establishment of some of its main
+provisions. No partisan, no provincial prejudice should be permitted to
+influence or control the judgment of our people concerning it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+=When Peace Came to Verdun=
+
+It was 10:45 on the morning of November 11th in Verdun. The Germans had
+thrown a barrage over the little French city, now immortal; and shells
+were falling, plowing up the earth that had been turned over and over,
+ground to powder by four years of artillery fire. Would the Germans stop
+at 11 o'clock? Reason said "yes." Everyone in Verdun knew that at that
+hour the armistice would go into effect.
+
+It was 10:50. The guns continued bellowing. A feeling deeper than reason
+came over those in the city that the Germans would not stop. Verdun had
+lived through four years of fire, smoke, thunder, blood, and ruin.
+Sometimes for days there would be a lull, but the guns were never quiet
+long. The Germans never forgave the "they-shall-not-pass" spirit that
+had hurled them back just as the prize--this military key to the West
+front--seemed within their grasp.
+
+It was 10:55. Men were crouching between buildings. They kept
+coming--doughboys, Morrocans, English soldiers, more doughboys. Even the
+general and his aids began to look anxious.
+
+"Then," says B. C. Edworthy in _Association Men_, "as suddenly as though
+God himself had dropped a wet blanket over the crackling flames of hell
+and at one blow had extinguished them all, the firing ceased. There was
+an instant's pause, in which it seemed as though the world had come to
+an end. Then from the forty bells, high in the still untouched towers of
+that old cathedral at Verdun, which had witnessed the most heroic
+sacrifice of life and love save that on Calvary alone, pealed forth as
+did the voices over the Bethlehem hills those silver tones that once
+again were saying, 'Peace on Earth.' The men were joyously and
+deliriously leaping about, yelling and shouting and singing and kissing
+one another. Slowly those heavy cathedral doors opened and in rushed
+about six hundred of the Allied soldiers."
+
+There were Mohammedans, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. They pressed
+forward into the choir space, the roofs above them open to heaven. A
+simple impromptu service of thanksgiving followed. An English soldier
+led the Doxology, and all who knew the hymn joined in. Six hundred
+worshipers knelt, each soldier praying according to his faith.
+Mohammedans bowed to the stones, Catholics crossed themselves, Jews and
+Protestants with moving lips bent their heads or lifted their faces to
+heaven. Dr. Oscar E. Maurer, of New Haven, Conn., led the _Lord's
+Prayer_. As the strange congregation rose, the Americans began "My
+Country 'tis of Thee," the English joining in with "God Save the King."
+
+There could be only one closing hymn in that battered shell of Verdun
+Cathedral. Now, as though it had been arranged, the French pushed
+forward and began the "Marseillaise." It was the singing of the soul of
+a nation, a soul redeemed:
+
+    _Allons, enfants de la patrie
+    Le jour de gloire est arrivé_
+
+Peace had come to Verdun, deliverance to France, safety to the world.
+With the last words of the national hymn of France, the service was
+finished, and the worshipers turned and reverently left the building.
+
+
+
+
+THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
+
+(Signed June 28, 1919, Rejected by the United States, November 19, 1919
+and Again Rejected, with the Lodge Reservations, March 19, 1920)
+
+
+The preamble contains the names of the plenipotentiaries that took part
+in the negotiations and signed the treaty, with a few exceptions: Dr.
+Hermann Müller and Dr. Johannes Bell were substituted for
+Brockdorff-Rantzau and his associates, China's delegates refused to sign
+on account of the Shantung concessions to Japan, and Italy was
+represented by a new commission headed by Signor Tittoni, the new
+Foreign Minister.
+
+The text here reproduced is the revised edition of the treaty
+distributed in French and English among the delegates at the time of the
+signing. The copy actually signed is deposited in the archives of the
+Republic of France in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+PREAMBLE
+
+
+     The United States of America, the British Empire, France,
+     Italy, and Japan, these powers being described in the present
+     treaty as the principal Allied and Associated Powers; Belgium,
+     Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala,
+     Haiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru,
+     Poland, Portugal, Rumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene State; Siam,
+     Czechoslovakia, and Uruguay, these powers constituting with the
+     principal powers mentioned above the Allied and Associated
+     Powers of the one part; and Germany, of the other part: Bearing
+     in mind that on the request of the Imperial German Government
+     an armistice was granted on Nov. 11, 1918, to Germany by the
+     principal Allied and Associated Powers in order that a treaty
+     of peace might be concluded with her, and the Allied and
+     Associated Powers being equally desirous that the war in which
+     they were successively involved directly or indirectly, and
+     which originated in the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary
+     on July 28, 1914, against Serbia; the declaration of war by
+     Germany against Russia on Aug. 1, 1914, and against France on
+     Aug. 3, 1914, and in the invasion of Belgium, should be
+     replaced by a firm, just, and durable peace;
+
+     For this purpose the high contracting parties represented as
+     follows:
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, by:
+
+     The Honorable Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States,
+     acting in his own name and by his own proper authority;
+
+     The Honorable Robert Lansing, Secretary of State;
+
+     The Honorable Henry White, formerly Ambassador Extraordinary
+     and Plenipotentiary of the United States at Rome and Paris;
+
+     The Honorable Edward M. House;
+
+     General Tasker H. Bliss, Military Representative of the United
+     States on the Supreme War Council;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND
+     IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, EMPEROR
+     OF INDIA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable David Lloyd George, M. P., First Lord of
+     his Treasury and Prime Minister;
+
+     The Right Honorable Andrew Bonar Law, M. P., his Lord Privy
+     Seal;
+
+     The Right Honorable Viscount Milner, G. C. B., G. C. M. G., his
+     Secretary of State for the Colonies;
+
+     The Right Honorable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P., his
+     Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs;
+
+     The Right Honorable George Nicoll Barnes, M. P., Minister
+     without portfolio; and
+
+     FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable Sir George Eulas Foster, G. C. M. G.,
+     Minister of Trade and Commerce;
+
+     The Right Honorable Charles Joseph Doherty, Minister of
+     Justice;
+
+     FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable William Morris Hughes, Attorney General and
+     Prime Minister;
+
+     The Right Honorable Sir Joseph Cook, G. C. M. G., Minister for
+     the Navy;
+
+     FOR THE DOMINION OF SOUTH AFRICA, by:
+
+     General the Right Honorable Louis Botha, Prime Minister;
+
+     Lieut. General the Right Honorable Jan Christiaan Smuts, K. C.,
+     Minister of Defense;
+
+     FOR THE DOMINION OF NEW ZEALAND, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable William Ferguson Massey, Minister of Labor
+     and Prime Minister;
+
+     FOR INDIA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable Edwin Samuel Montagu, M. P., his Secretary
+     of State for India;
+
+     Major General his Highness Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh Bahadur,
+     Maharaja of Bikanir, G. C. S. I., G. C. I. E., G. C. V. O., K.
+     C. B., A. D. C.;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council, Minister of
+     War;
+
+     Mr. Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     Mr. L. L. Klotz, Minister of Finance;
+
+     Mr. André Tardieu, Commissary General for Franco-American
+     Military Affairs;
+
+     Mr. Jules Cambon, Ambassador of France;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY,[27] by:
+
+     Mr. V. E. Orlando, President of the Council of Ministers;
+
+[27] On account of the overthrow of the Orlando Ministry and the
+formation of the Nitti Ministry, the treaty was signed by a delegation
+headed by Signor Tittoni, the New Foreign Minister.
+
+     Baron S. Sonnino, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     Mr. S. Crespi, Deputy, Minister of Supplies;
+
+     Marquis G. Imperiali, Senator of the Kingdom, Ambassador of his
+     Majesty the King of Italy at London;
+
+     Mr. S. Barzilai, Deputy, formerly Minister;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN, by:
+
+     Marquis Saionji, formerly President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Baron Makino, formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs, member of
+     the Diplomatic Council;
+
+     Viscount Chinda, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
+     of H. M. the Emperor of Japan at London;
+
+     Mr. K. Matsui, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
+     H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Paris;
+
+     Mr. H. Ijuin, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
+     H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Rome;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, by:
+
+     Mr. Hymans, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of State;
+
+     Mr. Van Den Heuvel, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of the Belgians, Minister of
+     State;
+
+     Mr. Vandervelde, Minister of Justice, Minister of State;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA, by:
+
+     Mr. Ismael Montes, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Bolivia at Paris;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL, by:
+
+     Mr. Epitacio Pessoa, formerly Minister of State, formerly
+     member of the Supreme Court of Justice, Federal Senator;
+
+     Mr. Pandiá Calogeras, Deputy, formerly Minister of Finance;
+
+     Mr. Raul Ferdnandes;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC,[28] by;
+
+     Mr. Lou Tseng-Tsiang, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     Mr. Chengting Thomas Wang, formerly Minister of Agriculture and
+     Commerce;
+
+     [28] Refused to sign on account of Shantung concessions to Japan.
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE CUBAN REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Antonio Sanchez de Bustamante, Dean of The Faculty of Law
+     in the University of Havana, President of the Cuban Society of
+     International Law;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, by:
+
+     Mr. Enrique Dorn y de Alsua, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Ecuador at Paris;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES, by:
+
+     Mr. Eleftherios Venizelos, President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Nicolas Politis, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA, by:
+
+     Mr. Joaquin Mendez, formerly Minister of State for Public Works
+     and Public Instruction, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Guatemala at Washington, Envoy Extraordinary
+     and Minister Plenipotentiary on Special Mission at Paris;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI, by:
+
+     Mr. Tertullien Guilbaud, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Haiti at Paris;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HEDJAZ, by:
+
+     Mr. Rustem Haidar;
+
+     Mr. Abdul Hadi Aouni;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS, by:
+
+     Dr. Policarpe Bonilla, on special mission to Washington,
+     formerly President of the Republic of Honduras, Envoy
+     Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA, by:
+
+     The Honorable C. D. B. King, Secretary of State;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA, by:
+
+     Mr. Salvador Chamorro, President of the Chamber of Deputies;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, by:
+
+     Mr. Antonio Burgos, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Panama at Madrid;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU, by:
+
+     Mr. Carlos G. Candamo, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Peru at Paris;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE POLISH REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Roman Dmowski, President of the Polish National Committee;
+
+     Mr. Ignace Paderewski, President of the Council of Ministers,
+     Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE PORTUGESE REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Dr. Affonso Costa, formerly President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Augusto Soares, formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF RUMANIA, by:
+
+     Mr. Jean J. C. Bratiano, President of the Council of Ministers,
+     Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     General Constantin Coanda, Corps Commander, A. D. C. to the
+     King, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS, AND THE
+     SLOVENES, by:
+
+     Mr. N. P. Pachitch, formerly President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Ante Trumbic, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Milenko R.
+     Vesnitch, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
+     H. M. the King of the Serbs, the Croats, and the Slovenes at
+     Paris;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SIAM, by:
+
+     Prince Charoon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of Siam at Paris;
+
+     Prince Traidos Prabandhu, Under Secretary of State for Foreign
+     Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHO-SLOVAK REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Charles Kramar, President of the Council of Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Edouard Benes, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY, by:
+
+     Mr. Juan Antonio Buero, Minister of Industry, formerly Minister
+     of Foreign Affairs;
+
+[Illustration: Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+
+On January 8, 1918, President Wilson outlined the fourteen points on the
+basis of which the Allies should make peace.]
+
+     GERMANY,[29] by;
+
+     Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the
+     Empire;
+
+[29] Treaty Signed by Dr. Hermann Müller, Minister for Foreign Affairs
+of the Empire, and Dr. Johannes Bell, Minister of the Empire.
+
+     Dr. Landsberg, Minister of Justice of the Empire;
+
+     Mr. Giesberts, Minister of Posts of the Empire;
+
+     Oberbürgermeister Leinert, President of the Prussian National
+     Assembly;
+
+     Dr. Schücking;
+
+     Dr. Karl Melchior; Acting in the name of the German Empire and
+     of each and every component State.
+
+WHO having communicated their full powers found in good and due form
+HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
+
+From the coming into force of the present treaty the state of war will
+terminate. From that moment and subject to the provisions of this treaty
+official relations with Germany and with any of the German States will
+be resumed by the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+
+
+
+PART I
+
+The Covenant of the League of Nations
+
+
+The high contracting parties, in order to promote international
+coöperation and to achieve international peace and security by the
+acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of
+open, just, and honorable relations between nations, by the firm
+establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual
+rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and
+a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of
+organized peoples with one another, agree to this covenant of the League
+of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 1.=--The original members of the League of Nations shall be
+those of the signatories which are named in the annex to this covenant
+and also such of those other States named in the annex as shall accede
+without reservation to this covenant. Such accession shall be effected
+by a declaration deposited with the secretariat within two months of the
+coming into force of the covenant. Notice thereof shall be sent to all
+other members of the League.
+
+Any fully self-governing State, dominion, or colony not named in the
+annex may become a member of the League if its admission is agreed to by
+two-thirds of the assembly, provided that it shall give effective
+guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its international
+obligations, and shall accept such regulations as may be prescribed by
+the League in regard to its military, naval and air forces and
+armaments.
+
+Any member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention
+so to do, withdraw from the League, provided that all its international
+obligations and all its obligations under this covenant shall have been
+fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.
+
+=ARTICLE 2.=--The action of the League under this covenant shall be
+effected through the instrumentality of an assembly and of a council,
+with a permanent secretariat.
+
+=ARTICLE 3.=--The assembly shall consist of representatives of the
+members of the League.
+
+The assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as
+occasion may require at the seat of the League or at such other place as
+may be decided upon.
+
+The assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere
+of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.
+
+At meetings of the assembly each member of the League shall have one
+vote, and may have not more than three representatives.
+
+=ARTICLE 4.=--The council shall consist of representatives of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, together with representatives of
+four other members of the League. These four members of the League shall
+be selected by the assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until
+the appointment of the representatives of the four members of the League
+first selected by the assembly, representatives of Belgium, Brazil,
+Spain, and Greece shall be members of the council.
+
+With the approval of the majority of the assembly, the council may name
+additional members of the League whose representatives shall always be
+members of the council; the council with like approval may increase the
+number of members of the League to be selected by the assembly for
+representation on the council.
+
+The council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at
+least once a year, at the seat of the League, or at such other place as
+may be decided upon.
+
+The council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere
+of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.
+
+Any member of the League not represented on the council shall be invited
+to send a representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the
+council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the
+interests of that member of the League.
+
+At meetings of the council, each member of the League represented on the
+council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one
+representative.
+
+=ARTICLE 5.=--Except where otherwise expressly provided in this covenant
+or by the terms of the present treaty, decisions at any meeting of the
+assembly or of the council shall require the agreement of all the
+members of the League represented at the meeting.
+
+All matters of procedure at meetings of the assembly or of the council,
+including the appointment of committees to investigate particular
+matters, shall be regulated by the assembly or by the council and may be
+decided by a majority of the members of the League represented at the
+meeting.
+
+The first meeting of the assembly and the first meeting of the council
+shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America.
+
+=ARTICLE 6.=--The permanent secretariat shall be established at the seat
+of the League. The secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and
+such secretaries and staff as may be required.
+
+The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the annex;
+thereafter the Secretary General shall be appointed by the council with
+the approval of the majority of the assembly.
+
+The secretaries and staff of the secretariat shall be appointed by the
+Secretary General with the approval of the council.
+
+The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the
+assembly and of the council.
+
+The expenses of the secretariat shall be borne by the members of the
+League in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the
+International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.
+
+=ARTICLE 7.=--The seat of the League is established at Geneva.
+
+The council may at any time decide that the seat of the League shall be
+established elsewhere.
+
+All positions under or in connection with the League, including the
+secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women.
+
+Representatives of the members of the League and officials of the League
+when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic
+privileges and immunities.
+
+The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials
+or by representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable.
+
+=ARTICLE 8.=--The members of the League recognize that the maintenance
+of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest
+point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common
+action of international obligations.
+
+The council, taking account of the geographical situation and
+circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction
+for the consideration and action of several Governments.
+
+Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least
+every ten years.
+
+After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments,
+the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the
+concurrence of the council.
+
+The members of the League agree that the manufacture by private
+enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave
+objections. The council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon
+such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the
+necessities of those members of the League which are not able to
+manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their
+safety.
+
+The members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank
+information as to the scale of their armaments, their military and naval
+programs and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable
+to warlike purposes.
+
+=ARTICLE 9.=--A permanent commission shall be constituted to advise the
+council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on
+military and naval questions generally.
+
+=ARTICLE 10.=--The members of the League undertake to respect and
+preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and
+existing political independence of all members of the League. In case of
+any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such
+aggression the council shall advise upon the means by which this
+obligation shall be fulfilled.
+
+=ARTICLE 11.=--Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting
+any of the members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of
+concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that
+may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In
+case any such emergency should arise the Secretary General shall on the
+request of any member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the
+council.
+
+It is also declared to be the friendly right of each member of the
+League to bring to the attention of the assembly or of the council any
+circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens
+to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations
+upon which peace depends.
+
+=ARTICLE 12.=--The members of the League agree that if there should
+arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will
+submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the council,
+and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the
+award by the arbitrators or the report by the council.
+
+In any case under this article the award of the arbitrators shall be
+made within a reasonable time, and the report of the council shall be
+made within six months after the submission of the dispute.
+
+=ARTICLE 13.=--The members of the League agree that whenever any dispute
+shall arise between them which they recognize to be suitable for
+submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by
+diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration.
+
+Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of
+international law, as to the existence of any fact which if established
+would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the
+extent and nature of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are
+declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission
+to arbitration.
+
+For the consideration of any such dispute the Court of Arbitration to
+which the case is referred shall be the court agreed on by the parties
+to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them.
+
+The members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good
+faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to
+war against a member of the League which complies therewith. In the
+event of any failure to carry out such an award, the council shall
+propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 14.=--The council shall formulate and submit to the members of
+the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court
+of International Justice.
+
+The court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an
+international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The
+court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question
+referred to it by the council or by the assembly.
+
+=ARTICLE 15.=--If there should arise between members of the League any
+dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to
+arbitration in accordance with Article 13, the members of the League
+agree that they will submit the matter to the council. Any party to the
+dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of
+the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary
+arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof.
+
+For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the
+Secretary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case
+with all the relevant facts and papers, and the council may forthwith
+direct the publication thereof.
+
+The council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if
+such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving
+such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of
+settlement thereof as the council may deem appropriate.
+
+If the dispute is not thus settled, the council either unanimously or by
+a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement
+of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed
+just and proper in regard thereto.
+
+Any member of the League represented on the council may make public a
+statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding
+the same.
+
+If a report by the council is unanimously agreed to by the members
+thereof other than the representatives of one or more of the parties to
+the dispute, the members of the League agree that they will not go to
+war with any party to the dispute which complies with the
+recommendations of the report.
+
+If the council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by
+the members thereof, other than the representatives of one or more of
+the parties to the dispute, the members of the League reserve to
+themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider
+necessary for the maintenance of right and justice.
+
+If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is
+found by the council to arise out of a matter which by international law
+is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the council
+shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.
+
+The council may in any case under this article refer the dispute to the
+assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either
+party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within fourteen
+days after the submission of the dispute to the council.
+
+In any case referred to the assembly all the provisions of this article
+and of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the council shall
+apply to the action and powers of the assembly, provided that a report
+made by the assembly, if concurred in by the representatives of those
+members of the League represented on the council and of a majority of
+the other members of the League, exclusive in each case of the
+representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force
+as a report by the council concurred in by all the members thereof other
+than the representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute.
+
+=ARTICLE 16.=--Should any member of the League resort to war in
+disregard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13, or 15, it shall =ipso
+facto= be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other
+members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it
+to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of
+all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the
+covenant-breaking State and the prevention of all financial, commercial,
+or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking
+State and the nationals of any other State, whether a member of the
+League or not.
+
+It shall be the duty of the council in such case to recommend to the
+several Governments concerned what effective military, naval or air
+force the members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed
+forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League.
+
+The members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually
+support one another in the financial and economic measures which are
+taken under this article, in order to minimize the loss and
+inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will
+mutually support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at
+one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and that they will
+take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to
+the forces of any of the members of the League which are coöperating to
+protect the covenants of the League.
+
+Any member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League
+may be declared to be no longer a member of the League by a vote of the
+council concurred in by the representatives of all the other members of
+the League represented thereon.
+
+=ARTICLE 17.=--In the event of a dispute between a member of the League
+and a State which is not a member of the League, or between States not
+members of the League, the State or States not members of the League
+shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League
+for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the council
+may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of
+Articles 12 to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as
+may be deemed necessary by the council.
+
+Upon such invitation being given the council shall immediately institute
+an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such
+action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.
+
+If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of
+membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall
+resort to war against a member of the League, the provisions of Article
+16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action.
+
+If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the
+obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such
+dispute, the council may take such measures and make such
+recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the
+settlement of the dispute.
+
+=ARTICLE 18.=--Every treaty or international engagement entered into
+hereafter by any member of the League shall be forthwith registered with
+the secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No
+such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so
+registered.
+
+=ARTICLE 19.=--The assembly may from time to time advise the
+reconsideration by members of the League of treaties which have become
+inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose
+continuance might endanger the peace of the world.
+
+=ARTICLE 20.=--The members of the League severally agree that this
+covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings
+inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly
+undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements
+inconsistent with the terms thereof.
+
+In case any member of the League shall, before becoming a member of the
+League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of
+this covenant, it shall be the duty of such member to take immediate
+steps to procure its release from such obligations.
+
+=ARTICLE 21.=--Nothing in this covenant shall be deemed to affect the
+validity of international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration
+or regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine, for securing the
+maintenance of peace.
+
+=ARTICLE 22.=--To those colonies and territories which as a consequence
+of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States
+which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet
+able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern
+world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and
+development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that
+securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this
+covenant.
+
+The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the
+tutelage of such peoples should be intrusted to advanced nations who by
+reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical
+position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to
+accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as
+mandatories on behalf of the League.
+
+The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of
+development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory,
+its economic conditions and other similar circumstances.
+
+Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have
+reached a stage of development where their existence as independent
+nations can be provisionally recognized subject to rendering of
+administrative advice and assistance by a mandatory until such time as
+they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a
+principal consideration in the selection of the mandatory.
+
+Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage
+that the mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the
+territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience
+and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and
+morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms
+traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment
+of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training
+of the natives for other than police purposes and the defense of
+territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and
+commerce of other members of the League.
+
+There are territories such as Southwest Africa and certain of the South
+Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population or
+their small size, or their remoteness from the centers of civilization;
+or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the mandatory, and
+other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the
+mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the
+safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous
+population.
+
+In every case of mandate the mandatory shall render to the council an
+annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge.
+
+The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by
+the mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the members of the
+League, be explicitly defined in each case by the council.
+
+A permanent commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the
+annual reports of the mandatories and to advise the council on all
+matters relating to the observance of the mandates.
+
+=ARTICLES 23.=--Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of
+international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the
+members of the League:
+
+     (a) will endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane
+     conditions of labor for men, women and children, both in their
+     own countries and in all countries to which their commercial
+     and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will
+     establish and maintain the necessary international
+     organizations;
+
+     (b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native
+     inhabitants of territories under their control;
+
+     (c) will intrust the League with the general supervision over
+     the execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women
+     and children and the traffic in opium and other dangerous
+     drugs;
+
+     (d) will intrust the League with the general supervision of the
+     trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the
+     control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;
+
+     (e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of
+     communications and of transit and equitable treatment for the
+     commerce of all members of the League. In this connection the
+     special necessities of the regions devastated during the war of
+     1914--1918 shall be borne in mind;
+
+     (f) will endeavor to take steps in matters of international
+     concern for the prevention and control of disease.
+
+=ARTICLE 24.=--There shall be placed under the direction of the League
+all international bureaus already established by general treaties if the
+parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaus and all
+commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest
+hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the League.
+
+In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general
+conventions but which are not placed under the control of international
+bureaus or commissions, the secretariat of the League shall, subject to
+the consent of the council and if desired by the parties, collect and
+distribute all relevant information and shall render any other
+assistance which may be necessary or desirable.
+
+The council may include as part of the expenses of the secretariat the
+expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction
+of the League.
+
+=ARTICLE 25.=--The members of the League agree to encourage and promote
+the establishment and co-operation of duly authorized voluntary national
+Red Cross organizations having as purposes the improvement of health,
+the prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering throughout
+the world.
+
+=ARTICLE 26.=--Amendments to this covenant will take effect when
+ratified by the members of the League whose representatives compose the
+council and by a majority of the members of the League whose
+representatives compose the assembly.
+
+No such amendment shall bind any member of the League which signifies
+its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a member of
+the League.
+
+ANNEX
+
+I. Original members of the League of Nations signatories of the treaty
+of peace.
+
+    United States of America.
+    Belgium.
+    Bolivia.
+    Brazil.
+    British Empire.
+     Canada.
+      Australia.
+      South Africa.
+      New Zealand.
+      India
+    China.[30]
+    Cuba.
+    Ecuador.
+    France.
+    Greece.
+    Guatemala.
+    Uruguay.
+    Haiti.
+    Hedjaz.
+    Honduras.
+    Italy.
+    Japan.
+    Liberia.
+    Nicaragua.
+    Panama.
+    Peru.
+    Poland.
+    Portugal.
+    Rumania.
+    Serb-Croat-Slovene State.
+    Siam.
+    Czecho-Slovakia.
+
+States invited to accede to the covenant.
+
+    Argentine Republic
+    Chile.
+    Colombia.
+    Denmark.
+    Netherlands.
+    Norway.
+    Paraguay
+    Persia.
+    Salvador.
+    Spain.
+    Sweden.
+    Switzerland.
+    Venezuela.
+
+[30] Refused to sign.
+
+II. First Secretary General of the League of Nations. The Honorable Sir
+James Eric Drummond, K. C. M. G., C. B.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+Boundaries of Germany
+
+
+=ARTICLE 27.=--The boundaries of Germany will be determined as follows:
+
+1. With Belgium: From the point common to the three frontiers of
+Belgium, Holland, and Germany, and in a southerly direction; the
+northeastern boundary of the former territory of neutral Moresnet, then
+the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Eupen, then the frontier between
+Belgium and the Kreis of Montjoie, then the northeastern and eastern
+boundary of the Kreis of Malmédy to its junction with the frontier of
+Luxemburg.
+
+2. With Luxemburg: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, to its junction
+with the frontier of France of the 18th July, 1870.
+
+3. With France: The frontier of the 18th July, 1870, from Luxemburg to
+Switzerland, with the reservations made in Article 48 of Section 4
+(Sarre Basin) of Part III.
+
+4. With Switzerland: The present frontier.
+
+5. With Austria: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, from Switzerland
+to Czechoslovakia is hereinafter defined.
+
+6. With Czechoslovakia: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, between
+Germany and Austria from its junction with the old administrative
+boundary separating Bohemia and the Province of Upper Austria to the
+point north of the salient of the old Province of Austrian Silesia
+situated at about eight kilometers east of Neustadt.
+
+7. With Poland: From the point defined above to a point to be fixed on
+the ground about 2 kilometers east of Lorzendorf: the frontier as it
+will be fixed in accordance with Article 88 of the present treaty;
+thence in a northerly direction to the point where the administrative
+boundary of Posnania crosses the river Bartsch; a line to be fixed on
+the ground leaving the following places in Poland: Skorischau,
+Reichthal, Trembatschau, Kunzendorf, Schleise, Gross Kosel,
+Schreibersdorf, Rippin, Fürstlich-Niefken, Pawelau, Tscheschen,
+Konradau, Johannisdorf, Modzenowe, Bogdaj, and in Germany: Lorzendorf,
+Kaulwitz, Glausche, Dalbersdorf, Reesewitz, Stradam, Gross Wartenberg
+Kraschen, Neu Mittelwalde, Domaslawitz, Wodelsdorf, Tscheschen Hammer;
+thence the boundary of Posnania northwestward to the point where it cuts
+the Rawitsch-Herrnstadt railway; thence to the point where the
+administrative boundary of Posnania cuts the Reisen-Tschirnau road: a
+line to be fixed on the ground passing west of Triebusch and Gabel and
+east of Saborwitz; thence the administrative boundary of Posnania to its
+junction with the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Fraustadt;
+
+Thence in a northwesterly direction to a point to be chosen on the road
+between the villages of Unruhstadt and Kophitz: a line to be fixed on
+the ground passing west of Geyersdorf, Brenno, Fehlen, Altkloster,
+Klebel, and east of Ulbersdorf, Buchwald, Ilgen, Weine, Lupitze,
+Schwenten; thence in a northerly direction to the northernmost point of
+Lake Chlop: a line to be fixed on the ground following the median line
+of the lakes; the town and the station of Bentschen, however, (including
+the junction of the lines Schwiebus-Bentschen and Züllichau-Bentschen,)
+remaining in Polish territory;
+
+Thence in a northeasterly direction to the point of junction of the
+boundaries of the Kreise of Schwerin, Birnbaum, and Meseritz: a line to
+be fixed on the ground passing east of Betsche; thence in a northerly
+direction the boundary separating the Kreise of Schwerin and Birnbaum,
+then in an easterly direction the northern boundary of Posnania and to
+the point where it cuts the river Netze; thence upstream to its
+confluence with the Küddow: the course of the Netze; thence upstream to
+a point to be chosen about 6 kilometers southeast of Schneidemühl; the
+course of the Küddow;
+
+Thence northeastward to the most southern point of the re-entrant of the
+northern boundary of Posnania about 5 kilometers west of Stahren: a line
+to be fixed on the ground leaving the Schneidemühl-Konitz railway in
+this area entirely in German territory; thence the boundary of Posnania
+northeastward to the point of the salient it makes about 15 kilometers
+east of Flatow; thence northeastward to the point where the river
+Kamionka meets the southern boundary of the Kreis of Konitz about 3
+kilometers northeast of Grunau: a line to be fixed on the ground leaving
+the following places to Poland: Jasdrowo, Gr. Lutau, Kl. Lutau and
+Wittkau, and to Germany: Gr. Butzig, Cziskowo, Battow, Böch, and Grunau;
+
+Thence in a northerly direction the boundary between the Kreise of
+Konitz and Schlochau to the point where this boundary cuts the river
+Brahe; thence to a point on the boundary of Pomerania 15 kilometers east
+of Rummelsburg: a line to be fixed on the ground leaving the following
+localities in Poland: Konarzin, Kelpin, Adl. Briesen, and in Germany:
+Sampohl, Neuguth, Steinfort, and Gr. Peterkau; then the boundary of
+Pomerania in an easterly direction to its junction with the boundary
+between the Kreis of Konitz and Schlochau;
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Press Illustrating Service
+
+President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye
+
+This picture was taken as they were starting out for their first trip to
+the Peace Conference.]
+
+Thence northward the boundary between Pomerania and West Prussia to the
+point on the river Rheda about 3 kilometers northwest of Gohra, where
+that river is joined by a tributary from the northwest; thence to a
+point to be selected in the bend of the Piasnitz River about 1½
+kilometers northwest of Warschkau: a line to be fixed on the ground;
+thence this river downstream, then the median line of Lake Zarnowitz,
+then the old boundary of West Prussia to the Baltic Sea.
+
+8. With Denmark: The frontier as it will be fixed in accordance with
+Articles 109 and 110 of Part III., Section XII., (Schleswig.)
+
+=ARTICLE 28.=--The boundaries of East Prussia, with the reservations
+made in Section IX. (East Prussia) of Part III. will be determined as
+follows:
+
+From a point on the coast of the Baltic Sea about 1½ kilometers north of
+Pröbbernau Church in a direction of about 159 degrees east from true
+north: A line to be fixed on the ground for about 2 kilometers, thence
+in a straight line to the light at the bend of the Elbinger Channel in
+approximately latitude 54.19½ north, longitude 19.26 east of Greenwich;
+
+Thence to the easternmost mouth of the Nogat River at a bearing of
+approximately 209 degrees east from true north;
+
+Thence up the course of the Nogat River to the point where the latter
+leaves the Vistula, (Weichsel;)
+
+Thence up the principal channel of navigation of the Vistula, then the
+southern boundary of the Kreis of Marienwerder, then that of the Kreis
+of Rosenberg, eastward to the point where it meets the old boundary of
+East Prussia;
+
+Thence the old boundary between East and West Prussia, then the boundary
+between the Kreise of Osterode and Neidenburg, then the course of the
+River Skoppau down stream, then the course of the Neide up stream to a
+point situated about 5 kilometers west of Bialutten, being the nearest
+point to the old frontier of Russia, thence in an easterly direction to
+a point immediately south of the intersection of the road
+Neidenburg-Mlava with the old frontier of Russia;
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Bialutten;
+
+Thence the old frontier of Russia to a point east of Schmalleningken,
+then the principal channel of navigation of the Niemen (Memel) down
+stream, then the Skierwieth arm of the delta to the Kurisches Haff;
+
+Thence a straight line to the point where the eastern shore of the
+Kurische Nehrung meets the administrative boundary about 4 kilometers
+southwest of Nidden;
+
+Thence this administrative boundary to the western shore of the Kurische
+Nehrung.
+
+=ARTICLE 29.=--The boundaries as described above are drawn in red on a
+one-in-a-million map which is annexed to the present treaty. (Map No.
+1.)
+
+In the case of any discrepancies between the text of the treaty and this
+map or any other map which may be annexed, the text will be final.
+
+=ARTICLE 30.=--In the case of boundaries which are defined by a
+waterway, the terms "course" and "channel" used in the present treaty
+signify: in the case of non-navigable rivers, the median line of the
+waterway or of its principal arm, and in the case of navigable rivers
+the median line of the principal channel of navigation. It will rest
+with the boundary commissions provided by the present treaty to specify
+in each case whether the frontier line shall follow any changes of the
+course or channel which may take place or whether it shall be definitely
+fixed by the position of the course or channel at the time when the
+present treaty comes into force.
+
+
+
+
+PART III
+
+Political Clauses for Europe
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Belgium_
+
+=ARTICLE 31.=--Germany, recognizing that the treaties of April 19, 1839,
+which established the status of Belgium before the war, no longer
+conform to the requirements of the situation, consents to the abrogation
+of the said treaties and undertakes immediately to recognize and to
+observe whatever conventions may be entered into by the principal allied
+and associated powers, or by any of them in concert with the Governments
+of Belgium and of the Netherlands, to replace the said treaties of 1839.
+If her formal adhesion should be required to such conventions or to any
+of their stipulations, Germany undertakes immediately to give it.
+
+=ARTICLE 32.=--Germany recognizes the full sovereignty of Belgium over
+the whole of the contested territory of Moresnet, (called Moresnet
+Neutre.)
+
+=ARTICLE 33.=--Germany renounces in favor of Belgium all rights and
+title over the territory of Prussian Moresnet situated on the west of
+the road from Liége to Aix-la-Chapelle: the road will belong to Belgium
+where it bounds this territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 34.=--Germany renounces in favor of Belgium all rights and
+title over the territory comprising the whole of the Kreise of Eupen and
+of Malmédy.
+
+During the six months after the coming into force of this treaty,
+registers will be opened by the Belgian authorities at Eupen and Malmédy
+in which the inhabitants of the above territory will be entitled to
+record in writing a desire to see the whole or part of it remain under
+German sovereignty.
+
+The results of this public expression of opinion will be communicated by
+the Belgian Government to the League of Nations, and Belgium undertakes
+to accept the decision of the League.
+
+=ARTICLE 35.=--A commission of seven persons, five of whom will be
+appointed by the principal allied and associated powers, one by Germany
+and one by Belgium, will be set up fifteen days after the coming into
+force of the present treaty to settle on the spot the new frontier line
+between Belgium and Germany, taking into account the economic factors
+and the means of communication.
+
+Decisions will be taken by a majority and will be binding on the parties
+concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 36.=--When the transfer of the sovereignty over the territories
+referred to above has become definitive, German nationals habitually
+resident in the territories will definitively acquire Belgian
+nationality ipso facto, and will lose their German nationality.
+
+Nevertheless German nationals who become resident in the territories
+after the 1st August, 1914, shall not obtain Belgian nationality without
+a permit from the Belgian Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 37.=--Within the two years following the definitive transfer of
+the sovereignty over the territories assigned to Belgium under the
+present treaty, German nationals over 18 years of age habitually
+resident in those territories will be entitled to opt for German
+nationality.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife, and option by parents will
+cover their children under 18 years of age.
+
+Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must within the
+ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to Germany.
+
+They will be entitled to retain their immovable property in the
+territories acquired by Belgium. They may carry with them their movable
+property of every description. No export or import duties may be imposed
+upon them in connection with the removal of such property.
+
+=ARTICLE 38.=--The German Government will hand over without delay to the
+Belgian Government the archives, registers, plans, title deeds and
+documents of every kind concerning the civil, military, financial,
+judicial or other administrations in the territory transferred to
+Belgian sovereignty.
+
+The German Government will likewise restore to the Belgian Government
+the archives and documents of every kind carried off during the war by
+the German authorities from the Belgian public administrations, in
+particular from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Brussels.
+
+=ARTICLE 39.=--The proportion and nature of the financial liabilities of
+Germany and of Prussia which Belgium will have to bear on account of the
+territories ceded to her shall be fixed in conformity with Articles 254
+and 256 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Luxemburg_
+
+=ARTICLE 40.=--With regard to the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, Germany
+renounces the benefit of all the provisions inserted in her favor in the
+treaties of Feb. 8, 1842; April 2, 1847; Oct. 20--25, 1865; Aug. 18,
+1866; Feb. 21 and May 11, 1867; May 10, 1871; June 11, 1872, and Nov.
+11, 1902, and in all conventions consequent upon such treaties.
+
+Germany recognizes that the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg ceased to form part
+of the German Zollverein as from January 1, 1919; renounces all right to
+the exploitation of the railways, adheres to the termination of the
+régime of neutrality of the Grand Duchy, and accepts in advance all
+international arrangements which may be concluded by the Allied and
+Associated Powers relating to the Grand Duchy.
+
+=ARTICLE 41.=--Germany undertakes to grant to the Grand Duchy of
+Luxemburg, when a demand to that effect is made to her by the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, the rights and advantages stipulated in
+favor of such powers or their nationals in the present treaty, with
+regard to economic questions, to questions relative to transport and to
+aerial navigation.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Left Bank of the Rhine_
+
+=ARTICLE 42.=--Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any
+fortifications either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank
+to the west of a line drawn fifty kilometers to the east of the Rhine.
+
+=ARTICLE 43.=--In the area defined above the maintenance and the
+assembly of armed forces either permanently or temporarily, and military
+maneuvers of any kind, as well as the upkeep of all permanent works for
+mobilization, are in the same way forbidden.
+
+=ARTICLE 44.=--In case Germany violates in any manner the provisions of
+Article 42 and 43 she shall be regarded as committing a hostile act
+against the powers signatory of the present treaty and as calculated to
+disturb the peace of the world.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Sarre Basin_
+
+=ARTICLE 45.=--As compensation for the destruction of the coal mines in
+the North of France and as part payment toward the total reparation due
+from Germany for the damage resulting from the war, Germany cedes to
+France in full and absolute possession, with exclusive rights of
+exploitation, unincumbered and free from all debts and charges of any
+kind, the coal mines situated in the Sarre Basin as defined in Article
+48.
+
+=ARTICLE 46.=--In order to assure the rights and welfare of the
+population and to guarantee to France complete freedom in working the
+mines, Germany agrees to the provisions of Chapters 1 and 2 of the annex
+hereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 47.=--In order to make in due time permanent provision for the
+government of the Sarre Basin in accordance with the wishes of the
+population, France and Germany agree to the provisions of Chapter 3 of
+the annex hereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 48.=--The boundaries of the territory of the Sarre Basin, as
+dealt with in the present stipulations, will be fixed as follows:
+
+On the south and southwest: By the frontier of France as fixed by the
+present treaty.
+
+On the northwest and north: By a line following the northern
+administrative boundary of the Kreise of Merzig from the point where it
+leaves the French frontier to the point where it meets the
+administrative boundary, separating the commune of Saarhölzbach from the
+commune of Britten; following this communal boundary southward and
+reaching the administrative boundary of the Canton of Merzig so as to
+include in the territory of the Sarre Basin the Canton of Mettlach, with
+the exception of the commune of Britten: following successively the
+northern administrative limits of the Cantons of Merzig and Haustadt,
+which are incorporated in the aforesaid Sarre Basin, then successively
+the administrative boundaries separating the Kreise of Saare Louis,
+Ottweiler, and Saint-wendel from the Kreise of Merzig, Treves, (Trier.)
+and the principality of Birkenfeld as far as a point situated about 500
+meters north of the village of Furschweiler, (viz.: The highest point of
+the Metzelberg.)
+
+On the northeast and east: From the last point defined above to a point
+about 3½ kilometers east-northeast of Saint Wendel:
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing east of Furschweiler, west of
+Roschberg, east of points 418, 329, (south of Roschberg,) west of
+Leitersweiler, northeast of point 46'4, and following the line of the
+crest southward to its junction with the administrative boundary of the
+Kreis of Kusel;
+
+Thence in a southerly direction the boundary of the Kreis of Kusel, then
+the boundary of the Kreis of Homburg toward the south-southeast to a
+point situated about 1,000 meters west of Dunzweiler;
+
+Thence to a point about one kilometer south of Hornbach: a line to be
+fixed on the ground passing through point 424, (about 1,000 meters
+southeast of Dunzweiler,) point 363, (Fuchsberg,) point 322, (southwest
+of Waldmohr,) then east of Jagersburg and Erbach, then encircling
+Homburg, passing through the points 361, (about 2½ kilometers northeast
+by east of that town,) 342, (about 2 kilometers southeast of that town,)
+347, (Schreinersberg,) 356, 350, (about 1½ kilometers southeast of
+Schwarzenbach,) then passing east of Einöd, southeast of points 322 and
+333, about 2 kilometers east of Webenheim, about 2 kilometers east of
+Mimbach, passing east of the plateau which is traversed by the road from
+Mimbach to Böckweiler, (so as to include this road in the territory of
+the Sarre Basin,) passing immediately north of the junction of the roads
+from Böckweiler and Altheim, situated about 2 kilometers north of
+Altheim, then passing south of Ringweilderhof and north of point 322,
+rejoining the frontier of France at the angle which it makes about 1
+kilometer south of Hornbach, (see Map No. 2, scale 1-100,000, annexed to
+the present treaty.)
+
+A commission composed of five members, one appointed by France, one by
+Germany, and three by the Council of the League of Nations, which will
+select nationals of other powers, will be constituted within fifteen
+days from the coming into force of the present treaty, to trace on the
+spot the frontier line described above. In those parts of the preceding
+line which do not coincide with administration boundaries, the
+commission will endeavor to keep to the line indicated, while taking
+into consideration, so far as is possible local economic interests and
+existing communal boundaries.
+
+The decisions of this commission will be taken by a majority and will be
+binding on the parties concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 49.=--Germany renounces in favor of the League of Nations, in
+the capacity of trustee, the government of the territory defined above.
+
+At the end of fifteen years from the coming into force of the present
+treaty the inhabitants of the said territory shall be called upon to
+indicate the sovereignty under which they desire to be placed.
+
+=ARTICLE 50.=--The stipulations under which the cession of the mines in
+the Sarre Basin shall be carried out, together with the measures
+intended to guarantee the rights and the well-being of the inhabitants
+and the government of the territory, as well as the conditions in
+accordance with which the plebiscite hereinbefore provided for is to be
+made, are laid down in the annex hereto. This annex shall be considered
+as an integral part of the present treaty, and Germany declares her
+adherence to it.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+In accordance with the provisions of Articles 45 to 50 of the present
+treaty, the stipulations under which the cession by Germany to France of
+the mines of the Sarre Basin will be effected, as well as the measures
+intended to insure respect for the rights and well-being of the
+population and the government of the territory, and the conditions in
+which the inhabitants will be called upon to indicate the sovereignty
+under which they may wish to be placed, have been laid down as follows:
+
+
+CHAPTER 1.--CESSION AND EXPLOITATION OF MINING PROPERTY
+
+1. From the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, all the
+deposits of coal situated within the Sarre Basin, as defined in Article
+48 of the said treaty, become the complete and absolute property of the
+French State.
+
+The French State will have the right of working or not working the said
+mines or of transferring to a third party the right of working them,
+without having to obtain any previous authorization or to fulfill any
+formalities.
+
+The French State may always require that the German mining laws and
+regulations referred to below shall be applied in order to insure the
+determination of its rights.
+
+2. The right of ownership of the French State will apply not only to the
+deposits which are free, and for which concessions have not yet been
+granted, but also to the deposits for which concessions have already
+been granted, whoever may be the present proprietors, irrespective of
+whether they belong to the Prussian State, to the Bavarian State, to
+other States or bodies, to companies or to individuals, whether they
+have been worked or not, or whether a right of exploitation distinct
+from the right of the owners of the surface of the soil has or has not
+been recognized.
+
+3. As far as concerns the mines which are being worked, the transfer of
+the ownership to the French State will apply to all the accessories and
+subsidiaries of the said mines, in particular to their plant and
+equipment both on and below the surface, to their extracting machinery,
+their plants for transforming coal into electric power, coke and
+by-products, their workshops, means of communication, electric lines,
+plant for catching and distributing water, land, buildings, such as
+offices, managers', employes', and workmen's dwellings, schools,
+hospitals, and dispensaries, their stocks and supplies of every
+description, their archives and plans, and in general everything which
+those who own or exploit the mines possess or enjoy for the purpose of
+exploiting the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries.
+
+The transfer will apply also to the debts owing for products delivered
+before the entry into possession by the French State, and after the
+signature of the present treaty, and to deposits of money made by
+customers, whose rights will be guaranteed by the French State.
+
+4. The French State will acquire the property free and clear of all
+debts and charges. Nevertheless the rights acquired, or in course of
+being acquired, by the employes of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+in connection with pensions for old age or disability, will not be
+affected. In return, Germany must pay over to the French State a sum
+representing the actuarial amounts to which the said employes are
+entitled.
+
+5. The value of the property thus ceded to the French State will be
+determined by the Reparation Commission referred to in Article 233 of
+Part VIII. (Reparations) of the present treaty.
+
+This value shall be credited to Germany in part payment of the amount
+due for reparation.
+
+It will be for Germany to indemnify the proprietors or parties
+concerned, whoever they may be.
+
+6. No tariff shall be established on the German railways and canals
+which may directly or indirectly discriminate to the prejudice of the
+transport of the personnel or products of the mines and their
+accessories or subsidiaries, or of the material necessary to their
+exploitation. Such transport shall enjoy all the rights and privileges
+which any international railway conventions may guarantee to similar
+products of French origin.
+
+7. The equipment and personnel necessary to insure the dispatch and
+transport of the products of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, as well as the carriage of workmen and employes, will be
+provided by the local railway administration of the basin.
+
+8. No obstacle shall be placed in the way of such improvements of
+railways or waterways as the French State may judge necessary to assure
+the dispatch and transport of the products of the mines and their
+accessories and subsidiaries, such as double trackage, enlargement of
+stations, and construction of yards and appurtenances.
+
+The distribution of expenses will, in the event of disagreement, be
+submitted to arbitration.
+
+The French State may also establish any new means of communication, such
+as roads, electric lines, and telephone connections, which it may
+consider necessary for the exploitation of the mines.
+
+It may exploit freely and without any restrictions the means of
+communication of which it may become the owner, particularly those
+connecting the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries with the
+means of communication situated in French territory.
+
+9. The French State shall always be entitled to demand the application
+of the German mining laws and regulations in force on the 11th of
+November, 1918, excepting provisions adopted exclusively in view of the
+state of war, with a view to the acquisition of such land as it may
+judge necessary for the exploitation of the mines and their accessories
+and subsidiaries.
+
+The payment for damage caused to immovable property by the working of
+the said mines and their accessories and subsidiaries shall be made in
+accordance with the German mining laws and regulations above referred
+to.
+
+10. Every person whom the French State may substitute for itself as
+regards the whole or part of its rights to the exploitation of the mines
+and their accessories and subsidiaries shall enjoy the benefit of the
+privileges provided in this annex.
+
+11. The mines and other immovable property which become the property of
+the French State may never be made the subject of measures of
+forfeiture, forced sale, expropriation or requisition, nor of any other
+measure affecting the right of property.
+
+The personnel and the plant connected with the exploitation of these
+mines or their accessories and subsidiaries, as well as the product
+extracted from the mines or manufactured in their accessories and
+subsidiaries, may not at any time be made the subject of any measures of
+requisition.
+
+12. The exploitation of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, which become the property of the French State, will
+continue, subject to the provisions of Paragraph 23 below, to be subject
+to the régime established by the German laws and regulations in force on
+the 11th November, 1918, excepting provisions adopted exclusively in
+view of the state of war.
+
+The rights of the workmen shall be similarly maintained, subject to the
+provisions of the said Paragraph 23, as established on the 11th
+November, 1918, by the German laws and regulations above referred to. No
+impediment shall be placed in the way of the introduction or employment
+in the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries of workmen from
+without the basin.
+
+The employes and workmen of French nationality shall have the right to
+belong to French labor unions.
+
+13. The amount contributed by the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, either to the local budget of the territory of the Sarre
+Basin or to the communal funds, shall be fixed with due regard to the
+ratio of the value of the mines to the total taxable wealth of the
+basin.
+
+14. The French State shall always have the right of establishing and
+maintaining, as incidental to the mines, primary or technical schools
+for its employes and their children, and of causing instruction therein
+to be given in the French language, in accordance with such curriculum
+and by such teachers as it may select.
+
+It shall also have the right to establish and maintain hospitals,
+dispensaries, workmen's houses and gardens, and other charitable and
+social institutions.
+
+15. The French State shall enjoy complete liberty with respect to the
+distribution, dispatch and sale prices of the products of the mines and
+their accessories and subsidiaries.
+
+Nevertheless, whatever may be the total product of the mines, the French
+Government undertakes that the requirements of local consumption for
+industrial and domestic purposes shall always be satisfied in the
+proportion existing in 1913 between the amount consumed locally and the
+total output of the Sarre Basin.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE SARRE BASIN
+
+16. The government of the territory of the Sarre Basin shall be
+intrusted to a commission representing the League of Nations. This
+commission shall sit in the territory of the Sarre Basin.
+
+17. The Governing Commission provided for by Paragraph 16 shall consist
+of five members chosen by the Council of the League of Nations, and will
+include one citizen of France, one native inhabitant of the Sarre Basin
+not a citizen of France, and three members belonging to three countries
+other than France or Germany.
+
+The members of the Governing Commission shall be appointed for one year
+and may be reappointed. They can be removed by the Council of the League
+of Nations, which will provide for their replacement. The members of the
+Governing Commission will be entitled to a salary which will be fixed by
+the Council of the League of Nations, and charged on the local revenues.
+
+18. The Chairman of the Governing Commission shall be appointed for one
+year from among the members of the commission by the Council of the
+League of Nations and may be reappointed. The Chairman will act as the
+executive of the commission.
+
+19. Within the territory of the Sarre Basin the Governing Commission
+shall have all the powers of government hitherto belonging to the German
+Empire, Prussia or Bavaria, including the appointment and dismissal of
+officials, and the creation of such administrative and representative
+bodies as it may deem necessary. It shall have full powers to administer
+and operate the railways, canals, and the different public services.
+
+Its decisions shall be taken by a majority.
+
+20. Germany will place at the disposal of the Governing Commission all
+official documents and archives under the control of Germany, of any
+German State, or of any local authority, which relate to the territory
+of the Sarre Basin or to the rights of the inhabitants thereof.
+
+21. It will be the duty of the Governing Commission to insure, by such
+means and under such conditions as it may deem suitable, the protection
+abroad of the interests of the inhabitants of the territory of the Sarre
+Basin.
+
+22. The Governing Commission shall have the full right of user of all
+property, other than mines belonging, both in public and in private
+domain, to the Imperial German Government, or the Government of any
+German State, in the territory of the Sarre Basin.
+
+As regards the railways, an equitable apportionment of rolling stock
+shall be made by a mixed commission on which the government of the
+territory of the Sarre Basin and the German railways will be
+represented.
+
+Persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails, coming from or
+going to the Sarre Basin, shall enjoy all the rights and privileges
+relating to transit and transport which are specified in the provisions
+of Part XII. (ports, waterways, railways) of the present treaty.
+
+23. The laws and regulations in force n Nov. 11, 1918, in the territory
+of the Sarre Basin, (except those enacted in consequence of the state of
+war,) shall continue to apply. If, for general reasons or to bring
+these laws and regulations into accord with the provisions of the
+present treaty, it is necessary to introduce modifications, these shall
+be decided on, and put into effect by the Governing Commission, after
+consultation with the elected representatives of the inhabitants in such
+a manner as the commission may determine. No modification may be made in
+the legal régime for the exploitation of the mines, provided for in
+Paragraph 12, without the French State being previously consulted,
+unless such modification results from a general regulation respecting
+labor adopted by the League of Nations.
+
+In fixing the conditions and hours of labor for men, women, and
+children, the Governing Commission is to take into consideration the
+wishes expressed by the local labor organizations, as well as the
+principles adopted by the League of Nations.
+
+24. Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 4, no rights of the
+inhabitants of the Sarre Basin acquired or in process of acquisition at
+the date of the coming into force of this treaty, in respect of any
+insurance system of Germany, or in respect of any pension of any kind,
+are affected by any of the provisions of the present treaty.
+
+Germany and the Government of the territory of the Saare Basin will
+preserve and continue all the aforesaid rights.
+
+25. The civil and criminal courts existing in the territory of the Sarre
+Basin shall continue.
+
+A civil and criminal court will be established by the Governing
+Commission to hear appeals from the decisions of the said courts, and to
+decide matters for which these courts are not competent.
+
+The Governing Commission will be responsible for settling the
+organization and jurisdiction of the said court.
+
+Justice will be rendered in the name of the Governing Commission.
+
+26. The Governing Commission will alone have the power of levying taxes
+and dues in the territory of the Sarre Basin.
+
+These taxes and dues will be exclusively applied to the needs of the
+territory.
+
+The fiscal system existing on Nov. 11, 1918, will be maintained as far
+as possible, and no new tax except customs duties may be imposed without
+previously consulting the elected representatives of the inhabitants.
+
+27. The present stipulations will not affect the existing nationality of
+the inhabitants of the territory of the Sarre Basin. No hindrance shall
+be placed in the way of those who wish to acquire a different
+nationality, but in such case the acquisition of the new nationality
+will involve the loss of any other.
+
+28. Under the control of the Governing Commission the inhabitants will
+retain their local assemblies, their religious liberties, their schools,
+and their language. The right of voting will not be exercised for any
+assemblies other than the local assemblies, and will belong to every
+inhabitant over the age of 20 years without distinction of sex.
+
+29. Any of the inhabitants of the Sarre Basin who may desire to leave
+the territory will have full liberty to retain in it their immovable
+property or to sell it at fair prices and to remove their movable
+property free of any charge.
+
+30. There will be no military service, whether compulsory or voluntary,
+in the territory of the Sarre Basin, and the construction of
+fortifications therein is forbidden. Only a local gendarmerie for the
+maintenance of order may be established. It will be the duty of the
+Governing Commission to provide in all cases for the protection of
+persons and property in the Sarre Basin.
+
+31. The territory of the Sarre Basin as defined by Article 48 of the
+present treaty shall be subjected to the French customs régime. The
+receipts from the customs duties on goods intended for local consumption
+shall be included in the budget of the said territory after deduction of
+all costs of collection. No export tax shall be imposed upon
+metallurgical products or coal exported from the said territory to
+Germany, nor upon German exports for the use of the industries of the
+territory of the Sarre Basin. Natural or manufactured products
+originating in the basin in transit over German territory and similarly
+German products in transit over the territory of the basin shall be free
+of all customs duties.
+
+Products which both originate in and pass from the basin into Germany
+shall be free of import duties for a period of five years from the date
+of the coming into force of the present treaty, and during the same
+period articles imported from Germany into the territory of the basin
+for local consumption shall likewise be free of import duties.
+
+During these five years the French Government reserves to itself the
+right of limiting to the annual average of the quantities imported into
+Alsace-Lorraine and France in the years 1911 to 1913 the quantities
+which may be sent into France of all articles coming from the basin,
+which include raw materials and semi-manufactured goods imported duty
+free from Germany. Such average shall be determined after reference to
+all available official information and statistics.
+
+32. No prohibition or restriction shall be imposed upon the circulation
+of French money in the territory of the Sarre Basin. The French State
+shall have the right to use French money in all purchases, payments, and
+contracts connected with the exploitation of the mines or their
+accessories and subsidiaries.
+
+33. The Governing Commission shall have power to decide all questions
+arising from the interpretation of the preceding provisions. France and
+Germany agree that any dispute involving a difference of opinion as to
+the interpretation of the said provisions shall in the same way be
+submitted to the Governing Commission, and the decision of a majority of
+the commission shall be binding on both countries.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--PLEBISCITE
+
+34. At the termination of a period of fifteen years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, the population of the territory of the
+Sarre Basin will be called upon to indicate their desires in the
+following manner:
+
+A vote will take place, by communes or districts, on the three following
+alternatives: (a) Maintenance of the régime established by the present
+treaty and by this annex; (b) union with France; (c) union with Germany.
+
+All persons without distinction of sex, more than 20 years old at the
+date of the voting, resident in the territory at the date of the
+signature of the present treaty, will have the right to vote.
+
+The other conditions, methods, and the date of the voting shall be fixed
+by the Council of the League of Nations in such a way as to secure the
+liberty, secrecy, and trustworthiness of the voting.
+
+35. The League of Nations shall decide on the sovereignty under which
+the territory is to be placed, taking into account the wishes of the
+inhabitants as expressed by the voting.
+
+(a) If, for the whole or part of the territory, the League of Nations
+decides in favor of the maintenance of the régime established by the
+present treaty and this annex, Germany hereby agrees to make such
+renunciation of her sovereignty in favor of the League of Nations as the
+latter shall deem necessary. It will be the duty of the League of
+Nations to take appropriate steps to adapt the régime definitely adopted
+to the permanent welfare of the territory and the general interests.
+
+(b) If for the whole or part of the territory the League of Nations
+decides in favor of union with France, Germany hereby agrees to cede to
+France in accordance with the decision of the League of Nations all
+rights and title over the territory specified by the League.
+
+(c) If for the whole or part of the territory the League of Nations
+decides in favor of union with Germany, it will be the duty of the
+League of Nations to cause the German Government to be re-established in
+the government of the territory specified by the League.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=President Wilson's Welcome in Paris=
+
+A general view of the Place de l'Etoile, showing the President's
+carriage, passing the triumphant arch on its way to the Murat Castle,
+where President Wilson established his home during his stay in the
+French Capitol.]
+
+36. If the League of Nations decides in favor of the union of the whole
+or part of the territory of the Sarre Basin with Germany, France's
+rights of ownership in the mines situated in such part of the territory
+will be repurchased by Germany in their entirety at a price payable in
+gold. The price to be paid will be fixed by three experts, one nominated
+by Germany, one by France, and one, who shall be neither a Frenchman nor
+a German, by the Council of the League of Nations. The decision of the
+experts will be given by a majority.
+
+The obligation of Germany to make such payment shall be taken into
+account by the Reparation Commission, and for the purpose of this
+payment Germany may create a prior charge upon her assets or revenues
+upon such detailed terms as shall be agreed to by the Reparation
+Commission.
+
+If, nevertheless, Germany after a period of one year from the date on
+which the payment becomes due shall not have effected the said payment,
+the Reparation Commission shall do so in accordance with such
+instructions as may be given by the League of Nations, and, if
+necessary, by liquidating that part of the mines which is in question.
+
+37. If, in consequence of the repurchase provided for in Paragraph 36,
+the ownership of the mines or any part of them is transferred to
+Germany, the French State and French nationals shall have the right to
+purchase such amount of coal of the Sarre Basin as their industrial and
+domestic needs are found at that time to require. An equitable
+arrangement regarding amounts of coal, duration of contract, and prices
+will be fixed in due time by the Council of the League of Nations.
+
+38. It is understood that France and Germany may, by special agreements
+concluded before the time fixed for the payment of the price for the
+repurchase of the mines, modify the provisions of Paragraphs 36 and 37.
+
+39. The Council of the League of Nations shall make such provisions as
+may be necessary for the establishment of the régime which is to take
+effect after the decisions of the League of Nations mentioned in
+Paragraph 35 have become operative, including an equitable apportionment
+of any obligations of the Government of the territory of the Sarre Basin
+arising from loans raised by the commission or from other causes.
+
+From the coming into force of the new régime, the powers of the
+Governing Commission will terminate, except in the case provided for in
+Paragraph 35. (a)
+
+40. In all matters dealt with in the present annex, the decisions of the
+Council of the League of Nations will be taken by a majority.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Alsace-Lorraine_
+
+The high contracting powers, recognizing the moral obligation to redress
+the wrong done by Germany in 1871, both to the rights of France and to
+the wishes of the population of Alsace and Lorraine, which were
+separated from their country in spite of solemn protests of their
+representatives of the Assembly of Bordeaux, agree upon the following
+articles:
+
+=ARTICLE 51.=--The territories which were ceded to Germany in accordance
+with the preliminaries of peace signed at Versailles on the 26th
+February, 1871, and the treaty of Frankfort on the 10th May, 1871, are
+restored to French sovereignty as from the date of the armistice of the
+11th November, 1918.
+
+The provisions of the treaties establishing the delimination of the
+frontiers before 1871 shall be restored.
+
+=ARTICLE 52.=--The German Government shall hand over without delay to
+the French Government all archives, registers, plans, titles, and
+documents of every kind concerning the civil, military, financial,
+judicial, or other administrations of the territories restored to French
+sovereignty. If any of these documents, archives, registers, titles, or
+plans have been misplaced, they will be restored by the German
+Government on the demand of the French Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 53.=--Separate agreements shall be made between France and
+Germany dealing with the interests of the inhabitants of the territories
+referred to in Article 51, particularly as regards their civil rights,
+their business and the exercise of their professions, it being
+understood that Germany undertakes as from the present date to recognize
+and accept the regulations laid down in the annex hereto regarding the
+nationality of the inhabitants or natives of the said territories, not
+to claim at any time or in any place whatsoever as German nationals
+those who shall have been declared on any ground to be French, to
+receive all others in her territory, and to conform, as regards the
+property of German nationals in the territories indicated in Article 51,
+with the provisions of Article 297, and the Annex to Section 4 of Part
+X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+Those German nationals who without acquiring French nationality shall
+receive permission from the French Government to reside in the said
+territories shall not be subjected to the provisions of the said
+article.
+
+=ARTICLE 54=.--Those persons who have regained French nationality in
+virtue of Paragraph 1 of the annex hereto, will be held to be
+Alsace-Lorrainers for the purposes of the present section.
+
+The persons referred to in Paragraph 2 of the said annex will, from the
+day on which they have claimed French nationality, be held to be
+Alsace-Lorrainers with retroactive effect as from the 11th November,
+1918. From those whose application is rejected, the privilege will
+terminate at the date of the refusal.
+
+Such juridical persons will also have the status of Alsace-Lorrainers as
+have been recognized as possessing this quality, whether by the French
+administrative authorities or by a judicial decision.
+
+=ARTICLE 55.=--The territories referred to in Article 51 shall return to
+France, free and quit of all public debts under the conditions laid down
+in Article 255 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 56.=--In conformity with the provisions of Article 256 of Part
+IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty, France shall enter into
+possession of all property and estate within the territories referred to
+in Article 51, which belong to the German Empire or German States,
+without any payment or credit on this account to any of the States
+ceding the territories.
+
+This provision applies to all movable or immovable property of public or
+private domain, together with all rights whatsoever belonging to the
+German Empire or the German States or to their administrative areas.
+
+Crown property and the property of the former Emperor or other German
+sovereigns shall be assimilated to property of the public domain.
+
+=ARTICLE 57.=--Germany shall not take any action, either by means of
+stamping or by any other legal or administrative measures not applying
+equally to the rest of her territory, which may be to the detriment of
+the legal value or redeemability of German monetary instruments or
+moneys which at the date of the signature of the present treaty are
+legally current, and at that date are in the possession of the French
+Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 58.=--A special convention will determine the conditions for
+repayment in marks of the exceptional war expenditure advanced during
+the course of the war by Alsace-Lorraine or by public bodies in
+Alsace-Lorraine on account of the empire in accordance with German law,
+such as payment to the families of persons mobilized, requisitions,
+billeting of troops, and assistance to persons who have been expelled.
+In fixing the amount of these sums Germany shall be credited with that
+portion which Alsace-Lorraine would have contributed to the empire to
+meet the expenses resulting from these payments, this contribution being
+calculated according to the proportion of the imperial revenue derived
+from Alsace-Lorraine in 1913.
+
+=ARTICLE 59.=--The French Government will collect for its own account
+the imperial taxes, duties, and dues of every kind leviable in the
+territories referred to in Article 51 and not collected at the time of
+the armistice of the 11th November, 1918.
+
+=ARTICLE 60.=--The German Government shall without delay restore to
+Alsace-Lorrainers, (individuals, juridical persons, and public
+institutions,) all property, rights, and interests belonging to them on
+the 11th November, 1918, in so far as these are situated in German
+territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 61.=--The German Government undertakes to continue and complete
+without delay the execution of the financial clauses regarding
+Alsace-Lorraine contained in the armistice conventions.
+
+=ARTICLE 62.=--The German Government undertakes to bear the expense of
+all civil and military pensions which had been earned in Alsace-Lorraine
+on the date of the 11th November, 1918, and the maintenance of which was
+a charge on the budget of the German Empire.
+
+The German Government shall furnish each year the funds necessary for
+the payment in francs, at the average rate of exchange for that year, of
+the sums in marks to which persons resident in Alsace-Lorraine would
+have been entitled if Alsace-Lorraine had remained under German
+jurisdiction.
+
+=ARTICLE 63.=--For the purposes of the obligation assumed by Germany in
+Part VIII. (reparations) of the present treaty to give compensation for
+damages caused to the civil populations of the Allied and Associated
+countries in the form of lines, the inhabitants of the territories
+referred to in Article 51 shall be assimilated to the above mentioned
+populations.
+
+=ARTICLE 64.=--The regulations concerning the control of the Rhine and
+of the Moselle are laid down in Part XII. (ports, waterways, and
+railways) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 65.=--Within a period of three weeks after the coming into
+force of the present treaty the Port of Strasbourg and the Port of Kehl
+shall be constituted, for a period of seven years, a single unit from
+the point of view of exploitation.
+
+The administration of this single unit will be carried on by a manager
+named by the Central Rhine Commission, which shall also have power to
+remove him. He shall be of French nationality. He will reside in
+Strasbourg and will be subject to the supervision of the Central Rhine
+Commission.
+
+There will be established in the two ports free zones in conformity with
+Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways) of the present treaty.
+
+A special convention between France and Germany, which shall be
+submitted to the approval of the Central Rhine Commission, will fix the
+details of this organization, particularly as regards finance.
+
+It is understood that for the purpose of the present article the Port of
+Kehl includes the whole of the area necessary for the movements of the
+port and the trains which serve it, including the harbor, quays and
+railroads, platforms, cranes, sheds and warehouses, silos, elevators and
+hydro-electric plants, which make up the equipment of the port.
+
+The German Government undertakes to carry out all measures which shall
+be required of it in order to assure that all the making up and
+switching of trains arriving at or departing from Kehl, whether for the
+right bank or the left bank of the Rhine, shall be carried on in the
+best conditions possible.
+
+All property rights shall be safeguarded. In particular, the
+administration of the ports shall not prejudice any property rights of
+the French or Baden railroads.
+
+Equality of treatment as respects traffic shall be assured in both ports
+to the nationals, vessels, and goods of every country.
+
+In case at the end of the sixth year France shall consider that the
+progress made in the improvement of the Port of Strasbourg still
+requires a prolongation of this temporary régime, she may ask for such
+prolongation from the Central Rhine Commission, which may grant an
+extension for a period not exceeding three years.
+
+Throughout the whole period of any such extension the free zones above
+provided for shall be maintained.
+
+Pending appointment of the first manager by the Central Rhine
+Commission, a provisional manager, who shall be of French nationality,
+may be appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, subject
+to the foregoing provisions.
+
+For all purposes of the present article the Central Rhine Commission
+will decide by a majority of votes.
+
+=ARTICLE 66.=--The railway and other bridges across the Rhine now
+existing within the limits of Alsace-Lorraine shall, as to all their
+parts and their whole length, be the property of the French State, which
+shall insure their upkeep.
+
+=ARTICLE 67.=--The French Government is substituted in all the rights of
+the German Empire over all the railways which were administered by the
+Imperial Railway Administration, and which are actually working or under
+construction.
+
+The same shall apply to the rights of the empire with regard to railway
+and tramway concessions within the territories referred to in Article
+51.
+
+This substitution shall not entail any payment on the part of the French
+State.
+
+The frontier railway stations shall be established by a subsequent
+agreement, it being stipulated in advance that on the Rhine frontier
+they shall be situated on the right bank.
+
+=ARTICLE 68.=--In accordance with the provisions of Article 268 of
+Chapter 1. of Section I. of Part X. (economic clause) of the present
+treaty, for a period of five years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, natural or manufactured products originating in and
+coming from the territories referred to in Article 51 shall, on
+importation into German customs territory, be exempt from all customs
+duty. The French Government shall fix each year, by decree communicated
+to the German Government, the nature and amount of the products which
+shall enjoy this exemption.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+Further, during the period of five years above mentioned, the German
+Government shall allow the free export from Germany and the free
+reimportation into Germany, exempt from all customs duties and other
+charges (including internal charges), of yarns, tissues, and other
+textile materials or textile products of any kind, and in any condition,
+sent from Germany into the territories referred to in Article 51, to be
+subjected there to any finishing process, such as bleaching, dyeing,
+printing, mercerization, gassing, twisting, or dressing.
+
+=ARTICLE 69.=--During a period of ten years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty, central electric supply works situated in German
+territory, and formerly furnishing electric power to the territories
+referred to in Article 51, or to any establishment the working of which
+passes permanently or temporarily from Germany to France, shall be
+required to continue such supply up to the amount of consumption
+corresponding to the undertakings and contracts current on the 11th
+November, 1918.
+
+Such supply shall be furnished according to the contracts in force and
+at a rate which shall not be higher than that paid to the said works by
+German nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 70.=--It is understood that the French Government preserves its
+right to prohibit in the future in the territories referred to in
+Article 51 all new German participation:
+
+1. In the management or exploitation of the public domain and of public
+services, such as railways, navigable waterways, water works, gas works,
+electric power, &c.
+
+2. In the ownership of mines and quarries of every kind and in
+enterprises connected therewith;
+
+3. In metallurgical establishments, even though their working may not be
+connected with that of any mine.
+
+=ARTICLE 71.=--As regards the territories referred to in Article 51,
+Germany renounces on behalf of herself and her nationals as from the
+11th November, 1918, all rights under the law of the 25th May, 1910,
+regarding the trade in potash salts and generally under any stipulations
+for the intervention of German organizations in the working of the
+potash mines. Similarly she renounces on behalf of herself and her
+nationals all rights under any agreements, stipulations or laws, which
+may exist to her benefit with regard to other products of the aforesaid
+territories.
+
+=ARTICLE 72.=--The settlement of the questions relating to debts
+contracted before the 11th November, 1918, between the German Empire and
+the German States or their nationals residing in Germany on the one
+part, and Alsace-Lorrainers residing in Alsace-Lorraine on the other
+part, shall be effected in accordance with the provisions of Section
+III. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, the expression
+"before the war" therein being replaced by the expression "before the
+11th November, 1918." The rate of exchange applicable in the case of
+such settlement shall be the average rate quoted on the Geneva Exchange
+during the month preceding the 11th November, 1918. There may be
+established in the territories referred to in Article 51, for the
+settlement of the aforesaid debts under the conditions laid down in
+Section III. of Part X (economic clauses) of the present treaty, a
+special clearing office, it being understood that this office shall be
+regarded as a "central office" under the provisions of Paragraph 1 of
+the annex to the said section.
+
+=ARTICLE 73.=--The private property rights and interests of
+Alsace-Lorrainers in Germany will be regulated by the stipulations of
+Section IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 74.=--The French Government reserves the right to retain and
+liquidate all the property, rights and interests which German nationals
+or societies controlled by Germany possessed in the territories referred
+to in Article 51 on Nov. 11, 1918, subject to the conditions laid down
+in the last paragraph of Article 53 above.
+
+Germany will directly compensate its nationals who may have been
+dispossessed by the aforesaid liquidations.
+
+The product of these liquidations shall be applied in accordance with
+the stipulations of Sections III. and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses)
+of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 75.=--Notwithstanding the stipulations of Section V. of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty, all contracts made before the
+date of the promulgation in Alsace-Lorraine of the French decree of 30th
+November, 1918, between Alsace-Lorrainers (whether individuals or
+juridical persons) or others resident in Alsace-Lorraine on the one
+part, and the German Empire or German States and their nationals
+resident in Germany on the other part, the execution of which has been
+suspended by the armistice or by subsequent French legislation, shall be
+maintained.
+
+Nevertheless, any contract of which the French Government shall notify
+the cancellation to Germany in the general interest within a period of
+six months from the date of the coming into force of the present treaty
+shall be annulled except in respect of any debt or other pecuniary
+obligation arising out of any act done or money paid thereunder before
+the 11th November, 1918. If this dissolution would cause one of the
+parties substantial prejudice, equitable compensation, calculated solely
+on the capital employed without taking account of loss of profits, shall
+be accorded to the prejudiced party.
+
+With regard to prescriptions, limitations, and forfeitures in
+Alsace-Lorraine, the provisions of Articles 300 and 301 of Section V.,
+Part X. (economic clauses) shall be applied, with the substitution for
+the expression "outbreak of war" of the expression "11th November,
+1918," and for the expression "duration of the war" of the expression
+"period from the 11th November, 1918, to date of the coming into force
+of the present treaty."
+
+=ARTICLE 76.=--Questions concerning rights in industrial, literary, or
+artistic property of Alsace-Lorrainers shall be regulated in accordance
+with the general stipulations of Section VII. of Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty, it being understood that
+Alsace-Lorrainers holding rights of this nature under German legislation
+will preserve full and entire enjoyment of those rights on German
+territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 77.=--The German Government undertakes to pay over to the
+French Government such proportion of all reserves accumulated by the
+empire or by public or private bodies dependent upon it, for the
+purposes of disability and old age insurance, as would fall to the
+disability and old age insurance fund at Strasbourg.
+
+The same shall apply in respect of the capital and reserves accumulated
+in Germany falling legitimately to other serial insurance funds, to
+miners' superannuation funds, to the fund of the railways of
+Alsace-Lorraine, to other superannuation organizations established for
+the benefit of the personnel of public administrations and institutions
+operating in Alsace-Lorraine, and also in respect of the capital and
+reserves due by the insurance fund of private employes at Berlin by
+reason of engagements entered into for the benefit of insured persons of
+that category resident in Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+A special convention shall determine the conditions and procedure of
+these transfers.
+
+=ARTICLE 78.=--With regard to the execution of judgments, orders and
+prosecutions, the following rules shall be applied:
+
+1. All civil and commercial judgments which shall have been given since
+Aug. 3, 1914, by the courts of Alsace-Lorraine between
+Alsace-Lorrainers, or between Alsace-Lorrainers and foreigners, or
+between foreigners, and which shall not have been appealed from before
+the 11th November, 1918, shall be regarded as final and capable of being
+fully executed.
+
+When the judgment has been given between Alsace-Lorrainers and Germans,
+or between Alsace-Lorrainers and subjects of the allies of Germany, it
+shall only be capable of execution after the issue of an exequatur by
+the corresponding new tribunal in the restored territory referred to in
+Article 51.
+
+2. All judgments given by German courts since the 3d August, 1914,
+against Alsace-Lorrainers for political crimes or misdemeanors shall be
+regarded as null and void.
+
+3. All sentences passed since the 11th November, 1918, by the Imperial
+Court of Leipzig on Appeals against the decisions of the courts of
+Alsace-Lorraine shall be regarded as null and void and shall be so
+pronounced. The papers in regard to the cases in which such sentences
+have been given shall be returned to the courts of Alsace-Lorraine
+concerned.
+
+All appeals to the Imperial Court against decisions of the courts of
+Alsace-Lorraine shall be suspended. In the cases referred to above, the
+papers shall be returned under the aforesaid conditions for transfer
+without delay to the French Cour de Cassation which shall be competent
+to decide them.
+
+4. All prosecutions of Alsace-Lorraine for offenses committed during the
+period between the 11th November, 1918, and the coming into force of the
+present treaty will be conducted under German law except in so far as
+this has been modified by decrees duly published on the spot by the
+French authorities.
+
+All other questions as to competence, procedure or administration of
+justice, shall be determined by a special convention between France and
+Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 79.=--The stipulations as to nationality contained in the annex
+hereto shall be considered as of equal force with the provisions of the
+present section.
+
+All other questions concerning Alsace-Lorraine which are not regulated
+by the present section and the annex thereto, or by the general
+provisions of the present treaty, will form the subject of further
+conventions between France and Germany.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. As from the 11th November, 1918, the following persons are ipso facto
+reinstated in French nationality:
+
+First--Persons who lost French nationality by the application of the
+Franco-German treaty of the 10th May, 1871, and who have not since that
+date acquired any nationality other than German;
+
+Second--The legitimate or natural descendants of the persons referred to
+the immediately preceding paragraph, with the exception of those whose
+ascendants in the paternal line include a German who migrated into
+Alsace-Lorraine after the 15th July, 1870;
+
+Third--All persons born in Alsace-Lorraine of unknown parents or whose
+nationality is unknown.
+
+2. Within the period of one year from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, persons included in any of the following categories may
+claim French nationality:
+
+First--All persons not restored to French nationality under Paragraph 1,
+above, whose ascendants include a Frenchman or French woman who lost
+French nationality under the conditions referred to in the said
+paragraph;
+
+Second--All foreigners not nationals of a German State who acquired the
+status of a citizen of Alsace-Lorraine before the 3d August, 1914;
+
+Third--All Germans domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine, if they have been so
+domiciled since a date previous to 15th July, 1870, or if one of their
+ascendants was at that date domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine;
+
+Fourth--All Germans born or domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine who have served
+in the allied or associated armies during the present war and their
+descendants;
+
+Fifth--All persons born in Alsace-Lorraine before 10th May, 1871, of
+foreign parents, and the descendants of such persons;
+
+Sixth--The husband or wife of any person whose French nationality may
+have been restored under Paragraph 1 or who may have claimed and
+obtained French nationality in accordance with the preceding previsions.
+
+The legal representatives of a minor may exercise on behalf of that
+minor the right to claim French nationality; and if that right has not
+been exercised, the minor may claim French nationality within the year
+following his majority.
+
+Except in the case provided in No. 6 of the present paragraph, the
+French authorities reserve to themselves the right in individual cases
+to reject the claim to French nationality.
+
+3. Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 2, Germans born or domiciled
+in Alsace-Lorraine shall not acquire French nationality by reason of the
+restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France, even though they may have the
+status of citizens of Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+They may acquire French nationality only by naturalization, on condition
+of having been domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine from a date previous to the
+3d August, 1914, and of submitting proof of unbroken residence within
+the restored territory for a period of three years from the 11th
+November, 1918.
+
+France will be solely responsible for their diplomatic and consular
+protection from the date of their application for French naturalization.
+
+4. The French Government shall determine the procedure by which
+reinstatement in French nationality as of right shall be effected, and
+the conditions under which decisions shall be given upon claims to such
+nationality and applications for naturalization, as provided by the
+present annex.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Austria_
+
+=ARTICLE 80.=--Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the
+independence of Austria. Within the frontiers which may be fixed by a
+treaty between that State and the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+she agrees that this independence shall be inalienable, except with the
+consent of the Council of the League of Nations.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--_Czechoslovak State_
+
+=ARTICLE 81.=--Germany, in conformity with the action already taken by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, recognizes the complete independence
+of the Czechoslovak State, which will include the autonomous territory
+of the Ruthenians to the south of the Carpathians. Germany hereby
+recognizes the frontier of this State as determined by the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers and the other interested States.
+
+=ARTICLE 82.=--The old frontier as it existed on Aug. 3, 1914, between
+Austria-Hungary and the German Empire will constitute the frontier
+between Germany and the Czechoslovak State.
+
+=ARTICLE 83.=--Germany renounces in favor of the Czechoslovak State all
+rights and title over the portion of Silesian territory defined as
+follows:
+
+Starting from a point about 2 kilometers southeast of Katscher, on the
+boundary between the Circles (Kreise) of Loebschütz and Ratibor: the
+boundary between the two Kreise; then, the former boundary between
+Germany and Austria-Hungary up to a point on the Oder immediately to the
+south of the Ratibor-Oderberg railway; thence, toward the northwest and
+up to a point about 2 kilometers to the southeast of Katscher: a line to
+be fixed on the spot passing to the west of Kranowitz.
+
+A commission composed of seven members, five nominated by the Principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, one by Poland, and one by the Czechoslovak
+State, will be appointed fifteen days after the coming into force of the
+present treaty to trace on the spot the frontier line between Poland and
+the Czechoslovak State.
+
+The decisions of this commission will be taken by a majority and shall
+be binding on the parties concerned.
+
+Germany hereby agrees to renounce in favor of the Czechoslovak State all
+rights and title over the part of the Kreise of Loebschütz comprised
+within the following boundaries in case after the determination of the
+frontier between Germany and Poland the said part of that circle should
+become isolated from Germany: from the southeastern extremity of the
+salient of the former Austrian frontier at about 5 kilometers to the
+west of Loebschütz southward and up to a point of junction with the
+boundary between the Kreise of Loebschütz and Ratibor: the former
+frontier between Germany and Austria-Hungary; then, northward, the
+administrative boundary between the Kreise of Loebschütz and Ratibor up
+to a point situated about 2 kilometers to the southeast of Katscher;
+thence, northwestward and up to the starting point of this definition: a
+line to be fixed on the spot passing to the east of Katscher.
+
+=ARTICLE 84.=--German nationals habitually resident in any of the
+territories recognized as forming part of the Czechoslovak State will
+obtain Czechoslovak nationality ipso facto and lose their German
+nationality.
+
+=ARTICLE 85.=--Within a period of two years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty German nationals over 18 years of age habitually
+resident in any of the territories recognized as forming part of the
+Czechoslovak State will be entitled to opt for German nationality.
+Czechoslovaks who are habitually resident in Germany will have a similar
+right to opt for Czechoslovak nationality.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife, and option by parents will
+cover their children under 18 years of age. Persons who have exercised
+the above right to opt must within the succeeding twelve months transfer
+their place of residence to the State for which they have opted. They
+will be entitled to retain their landed property in the territory of the
+other State where they had place of residence before exercising the
+right to opt. They may carry with them their movable property of every
+description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property. Within the same period
+Czechoslovaks who are German nationals and are in a foreign country will
+be entitled, in the absence of any provisions to the contrary in the
+foreign law, and if they have not acquired the foreign nationality, to
+obtain Czechoslovak nationality and lose their German nationality by
+complying with the requirements laid down by the Czechoslovak State.
+
+=ARTICLE 86.=--The Czechoslovak State accepts and agrees to embody in a
+treaty with the principal Allied and Associated Powers such provisions
+as may be deemed necessary by the said powers to protect the interests
+of inhabitants of that State who differ from the majority of the
+population in race, language or religion.
+
+The Czechoslovak State further accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty
+with the said powers such provisions as they may deem necessary to
+protect freedom of transit and equitable treatment of the commerce of
+other nations.
+
+The proportion and nature of the financial obligations of Germany and
+Prussia, which the Czechoslovak State will have to assume on account of
+the Silesian territory placed under its sovereignty will be determined
+in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the
+present treaty.
+
+Subsequent agreements will decide all questions not decided by the
+present treaty which may arise in consequence of the cession of the said
+territory.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--_Poland_
+
+=ARTICLE 87.=--Germany, in conformity with the action already taken by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, recognizes the complete independence
+of Poland and renounces in her favor all rights and title over the
+territory bounded by the Baltic Sea; the eastern frontier of Germany as
+laid down in Article 27 of Part II. (boundaries of Germany) of the
+present treaty, up to a point situated about two kilometers to the east
+of the Lorzendorf, then a line to the acute angle which the northern
+boundary of Upper Silesia makes about three kilometers northwest of
+Simmenau, then to where the boundary of Upper Silesia has its meeting
+point with the old frontier between Germany and Russia, then this
+frontier to the point where it crosses the course of the Niemen, and
+then the northern frontier of East Prussia, as laid down in Article 28,
+Part II. aforesaid.
+
+The terms of this article do not, however, apply to the territories of
+East Prussia and the free city of Danzig, as defined in Article 28, of
+Part II. (boundaries of Germany,) and in Article 100 of Section XI.
+(Danzig) of this part.
+
+The boundaries of Poland not laid down in the present treaty will be
+subsequently determined by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. A
+commission consisting of seven members, five of whom shall be nominated
+by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, one by Germany, and one
+by Poland, shall be constituted fifteen days after the coming into force
+of the present treaty to delimit on the spot the frontier line between
+Poland and Germany. The decision of the commission will be taken by a
+majority of votes and shall be binding upon the parties concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 88.=--In the portion of Upper Silesia included within the
+boundaries described below the inhabitants will be called upon to
+indicate by a vote whether they wish to be attached to Germany or to
+Poland:
+
+Starting from the northern point of the salient of the old province of
+Austrian Silesia, situated about eight kilometers east of Neustadt, the
+former frontier between Germany and Austria, to its junction with the
+boundary between the Kreise of Loebschütz and Ratibor; thence in a
+northerly direction to a point about two kilometers southeast of
+Katscher; the boundary between the Kreise of Loebschütz and Ratibor;
+thence in a southeasterly direction to a point on the course of the Oder
+immediately south of the Ratibor-Oderberg railway: a line to be fixed on
+the ground passing south of Karanowitz;
+
+Thence the old boundary between Germany and Austria, thence the old
+boundary between Germany and Russia to its junction with the
+administrative boundary between Posnania and Upper Silesia; thence this
+administrative boundary to its junction with the administrative boundary
+between Upper and Middle Silesia; thence westward to the point where the
+administrative boundary turns in an acute angle to the southwest about
+three kilometers northwest of Simmenau;
+
+The boundary between Upper and Middle Silesia; thence in a westerly
+direction to a point to be fixed on the ground about two kilometers east
+of Orzendorf: a line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Kein
+Hennersdorf; thence southward to the point where the boundary between
+Upper and Middle Silesia cuts the Stadtel-Karlsruhe road: a line to be
+fixed on the ground passing west of Hennersdorf, Polkowitz, Noldau,
+Steamersdorf and Dammer, and east of Strehlitz, Nassadel, Eckersdorf,
+Schwirz, and Stadtel; thence the boundary between Upper and Middle
+Silesia to its junction with the eastern boundary of the Kreise of
+Falkenberg; thence the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Falkenberg to
+the point of the salient which is three kilometers east of Puschine;
+thence to the northern point of the salient of the old province of
+Austrian Silesia, situated about eight kilometers east of Neustadt: a
+line to be fixed on the ground, passing east of Zulls.
+
+The régime under which this plebiscite will be taken and given effect to
+is laid down in the annex hereto.
+
+The Polish and German Governments hereby respectively bind themselves to
+conduct no prosecutions on any part of their territory and to take no
+exceptional proceedings for any political action performed in Upper
+Silesia during the period of the régime laid down in the annex hereto,
+and up to the settlement of the final status of the country Germany
+hereby renounces in favor of Poland all rights and title over the
+portion of Upper Silesia lying beyond the frontier line fixed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers as this result of the plebiscite.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. Within fifteen days from the coming into force of the present treaty
+the German troops and such officials as may be designated by the
+commission set up under the provisions of Paragraph 2 shall evacuate the
+plebiscite area. Up to the moment of the completion of the evacuation
+they shall refrain from any form of requisitioning in money or in kind
+and from all acts likely to prejudice the material interest of the
+country.
+
+Within the same period the workmen's and soldiers' councils which have
+been constituted in this area shall be dissolved. Members of such
+councils who are natives of another region and are exercising their
+functions at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, or
+who have gone out of office since the 1st March, 1919, shall be
+evacuated.
+
+All military and semi-military unions formed in the said area by the
+inhabitants of the district shall be immediately disbanded. All members
+of such military organizations who are not domiciled in the said area
+shall be required to leave it.
+
+2. The plebiscite area shall be immediately placed under the authority
+of an international commission of four members to be designated by the
+following powers: The United States of America, France, the British
+Empire, and Italy. It shall be occupied by troops belonging to the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and the German Government undertakes to
+give facilities for the transference of troops to Upper Silesia.
+
+3. The commission shall enjoy all the powers exercised by the German or
+by the Prussian Government; except those of legislation or taxation. It
+shall also be substituted for the Government of the Province and the
+Regierungsbezirk.
+
+It shall be within the competence of the commission to interpret the
+powers hereby conferred upon it, and to determine to what extent it
+shall exercise them and to what extent they shall be left in the hands
+of the existing authorities.
+
+Changes in the existing laws and the existing taxation shall only be
+brought into force with the consent of the commission.
+
+The commission will maintain order with the help of the troops which
+will be at its disposal and to the extent which it may deem necessary by
+means of gendarmerie recruited among the inhabitants of the country. The
+commission shall provide immediately for the replacement of the
+evacuated German officials, and, if occasion arises, shall itself order
+the evacuation of such authorities and proceed to the replacement of
+such local authorities as may be required. It shall take all steps which
+it thinks proper to insure the freedom, fairness, and secrecy of the
+vote. In particular, it shall have the right to order the expulsion of
+any person who may in any way have attempted to distort the result of
+the plebiscite by methods of corruption or intimidation.
+
+The commission shall have full power to settle all questions arising
+from the execution of the present clauses. It shall be assisted by
+technical advisers, chosen by it from among the local populations. The
+decision of the commission shall be taken by a majority vote.
+
+4. The vote shall take place at such date as may be determined by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, but not sooner than six months
+or later than eighteen months after the establishment of the commission
+in the area.
+
+The right to vote shall be given to all persons, without distinction of
+sex, who:
+
+(a) Have completed their twentieth year on the 1st of January of the
+year in which the plebiscite takes place;
+
+(b) Were born in the plebiscite area or have been domiciled there since
+a date to be determined by the commission, which shall not be subsequent
+to January 1, 1919, or who have been expelled by the German authorities
+and have not retained their domicile there.
+
+Persons convicted of political offenses shall not exercise their right
+of voting. Every person will vote in the commune where he is domiciled,
+or in which he was born, if he has not retained his domicile in the
+area.
+
+The result of the vote will be determined by the communes according to
+the majority of votes in each commune.
+
+5. On the conclusion of the voting the number of votes cast in each
+commune will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers with a full report as to the taking of the vote
+and a recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the
+frontier of Germany in Upper Silesia. In this recommendation regard will
+be paid to the wishes of the inhabitants, as shown by the vote, and to
+the geographical and economic conditions of the locality.
+
+6. As soon as the frontier has been fixed by the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers the German authorities will be notified by the
+International Commission that they are free to take over the
+administration of the territory which it is recognized should be German;
+the said authorities must proceed to do so within one month of such
+notification and in the manner prescribed by the commission. Within the
+same period and in the manner prescribed by the commission, the Polish
+Government must proceed to take over the administration of the
+territory which it is recognized should be Polish.
+
+When the administration of the territory has been provided for by the
+German and Polish authorities respectively the powers of the commission
+will terminate.
+
+The cost of the Army of Occupation and expenditure by the commission,
+whether in discharge of its own functions or in the administration of
+the territory, will be a charge on the area.
+
+=ARTICLE 89.=--Poland undertakes to accord freedom of transit to
+persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails in transit between
+East Prussia and the rest of Germany over Polish territory, including
+territorial waters, and to treat them at least as favorably as the
+persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails, respectively, of
+Polish or of any other most-favored nationality, origin, importation
+starting point, or ownership, as regards facilities, restrictions, and
+all other matters.
+
+Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar
+duties.
+
+Freedom of transit will extend to telegraphic and telephonic services
+under the conditions laid down by the conventions referred to in Article
+98.
+
+=ARTICLE 90.=--Poland undertakes to permit, for a period of fifteen
+years, the exportation to Germany of the products of the mines in any
+part of Poland in accordance with the present treaty. Such export shall
+be subject to duties or other charges or restrictions on exportation.
+
+Poland agrees to take such steps as may be necessary to secure that such
+products shall be available for sale to purchasers in Germany on terms
+as favorable as are applicable to like products sold under similar
+conditions to purchasers in Poland or in any other country.
+
+=ARTICLE 91.=--German nationals habitually resident in territories
+recognized as forming part of Poland will acquire Polish nationality
+ipso facto and will lose their German nationality. German nationals,
+however, or their descendants who became resident in these territories
+after January 1, 1908, will not acquire Polish nationality without a
+special authorization from the Polish State.
+
+Within a period of two years after the coming into force of the present
+treaty, German nationals over 18 years of age, habitually resident in
+any of the territories recognized as forming part of Poland, will be
+entitled to opt for German nationality. Poles who are German nationals
+over 18 years of age, and habitually resident in Germany, will have a
+similar right to opt for Polish nationality. Option by a husband will
+cover his wife and option by parents will cover their children under 18
+years of age. Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must
+within the succeeding twelve months transfer their place of residence to
+the State for which they have opted. They will be entitled to retain
+their immovable property in the territory of the other State, where they
+had their place of residence before exercising the right to opt. They
+may carry with them their movable property of every description. No
+export or import duties or charges may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property.
+
+Within the same period Poles who are German nationals and are in a
+foreign country will be entitled, in the absence of any provisions to
+the contrary in the foreign law, and if they have not acquired foreign
+nationality, to obtain Polish nationality and to lose their German
+nationality by complying with the requirements laid down by the Polish
+State.
+
+In this portion of Upper Silesia submitted to a plebiscite the
+provisions of this article should only come into force as from the
+definite attribution of the territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 92.=--The proportion and the nature of the financial
+liabilities of Germany and Prussia to be borne by Poland will be
+determined in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty. There shall be excluded from the share
+of such financial liabilities assumed by Poland that portion of the debt
+which, according to the finding of the Reparation Commission referred to
+in the above mentioned article, arises from measures adopted by the
+German and Prussian Governments with a view to German colonization in
+Poland. In fixing under Article 256 of the present treaty the value of
+the property and possessions belonging to the German Empire and to the
+German states which pass to Poland, with the territory transferred
+above, the Reparation Commission shall exclude from the valuation
+buildings, forests, and other State property which belonged to the
+former kingdom of Poland; Poland shall acquire these properties free of
+all costs and charges.
+
+In all the German territory transferred in accordance with the present
+treaty and recognized as forming definitely a part of Poland, the
+property rights and interests of German nationals shall not be
+liquidated under Article 297 by the Polish Government except in
+accordance with the following provisions:
+
+1. The proceeds of the liquidation shall be paid direct to the owner;
+
+2. If, on his application, the mixed arbitral tribunal provided for by
+the Section 6 of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, or an
+arbitrator appointed by that tribunal, is satisfied that the conditions
+of the sale or measures taken by the Polish Government outside of its
+general legislation were unfairly prejudicial to the price obtained,
+they shall have discretion to award to the owner equitable compensation
+to be paid by the Polish Government.
+
+Further agreements will regulate all questions arising out of the
+cession of the above territory, which are not regulated by the present
+treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 93.=--Poland accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty with the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers such provisions as may be deemed
+necessary by the said powers to protect the interests of inhabitants of
+Poland who differ from the majority of the population in race, language
+or religion.
+
+Poland further accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty with the said
+powers such provisions as they may deem necessary to protect freedom of
+transit and equitable treatment of the commerce of other nations.
+
+
+SECTION IX.--_East Prussia._
+
+=ARTICLE 94.=--In the area between the southern frontier of East
+Prussia, as described in Article 28 of Part II. (frontiers of Germany)
+of the present treaty, and the line described below, the inhabitants
+will be called upon to indicate by a vote the State to which they wish
+to belong:
+
+The western and northern boundary of Regierungsbezirk Allenstein to its
+junction with the boundary between the Kreise of Oletsko and Angerburg,
+thence, the northern boundary of the Kreise of Oletsko to its junction
+with the old frontier of East Prussia.
+
+=ARTICLE 95.=--The German troops and authorities will be withdrawn from
+the area defined above within a period not exceeding fifteen days after
+the coming into force of the present treaty. Until the evacuation is
+completed they will abstain from all requisitions in money or in kind
+and from all measures injurious to the economic interests of the
+country.
+
+On the expiration of the above-mentioned period the said area will be
+placed under the authority of an International Commission of five
+members appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. This
+commission will have general powers of administration and, in
+particular, will be charged with the duty of arranging for the vote, and
+of taking such measures as it may deem necessary to insure its freedom,
+fairness, and secrecy. The commission will have all necessary authority
+to decide any questions to which the execution of these provisions may
+give rise. The commission will make such arrangements as may be
+necessary for assistance in the exercise of its functions by officials
+chosen by itself from the local population; its decisions will be taken
+by a majority.
+
+Every person, irrespective of sex, will be entitled to vote who:
+
+(a) Is 20 years of age at the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty, and
+
+(b) Was born within the area where the vote will take place, or has been
+habitually resident there from a date to be fixed by the commission.
+
+Every person will vote in the commune where he is habitually resident
+or, if not habitually resident in the area, in the commune where he was
+born.
+
+The result of the vote will be determined by commune, (Gemeinde,)
+according to the majority of the votes in each commune.
+
+On the conclusion of the voting the number of votes cast in each commune
+will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers with a full report as to the taking of the vote and a
+recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the boundary
+of East Prussia in this region.
+
+In this recommendation, regard will be paid to the wishes of the
+inhabitants as shown by the vote, and to the geographical and economic
+conditions of the locality. The principal Allied and Associated Powers
+will then fix the frontier between East Prussia and Poland in this
+region. If the line fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+is such as to exclude from East Prussia any part of the territory
+defined in Article 94, the renunciation of its rights by Germany in
+favor of Poland, as provided in Article 87, above, will extend to the
+territories so excluded. As soon as the line has been fixed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, the authorities administering
+East Prussia will be notified by the International Commission that they
+are free to take over the administration of the territory to the north
+of the line so fixed, which they shall proceed to do within one month of
+such notification and in the manner prescribed by the commission. Within
+the same period, and as prescribed by the commission, the Polish
+Government must proceed to take over the administration of the territory
+to the south of the line. When the administration of the territory by
+the East Prussian and Polish authorities, respectively, has been
+provided for, the powers of the commission will terminate.
+
+Expenditure by the commission, whether in the discharge of its own
+functions or in the administration of the territory, will be borne by
+the local revenues. East Prussia will be required to bear such
+proportion of any deficit as may be fixed by the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 96.=--In the area comprising the Kreise of Stuhm and Rosenberg,
+and the portion of the Kreise of Marienburg which is situated east of
+the Nogat, and that of Marienwerder east of the Vistula, the inhabitants
+will be called upon to indicate by a vote, to be taken in each commune,
+(Gemeinde,) whether they desire the various communes situated in this
+territory to belong to Poland or to East Prussia.
+
+=ARTICLE 97.=--The German troops and authorities will be withdrawn from
+the area defined in Article 96 within a period not exceeding fifteen
+days after the coming into force of the present treaty. Until the
+evacuation is completed they will abstain from all requisitions in money
+or in kind and from all measures injurious to the economic interests of
+the country. On the expiration of the above-mentioned period the said
+area will be placed under the authority of an International Commission
+of five members appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+This commission, supported, if occasion arises, by the necessary forces,
+will have general powers of administration, and, in particular, will be
+charged with the duty of arranging for the vote and of taking such
+measures as it may deem necessary to insure its freedom, fairness, and
+secrecy. The commission will conform as far as possible to the
+provisions of the present treaty relating to the plebiscite in the
+Allenstein area. Its decision will be taken by a majority. Expenditure
+by the commission, whether in the discharge of its own functions or in
+the administration of the territory, will be borne by the local
+revenues.
+
+On the conclusion of the voting, the number of votes cast in each
+commune will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, with a full report as to the taking of the vote
+and a recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the
+boundary of East Prussia in this region. In this recommendation regard
+will be paid to the wishes of the inhabitants as shown by the vote and
+to the geographical and economic conditions of the locality. The
+principal Allied and Associated Powers will then fix the frontier
+between East Prussia and Poland in this region, leaving in any case to
+Poland for the whole of the section bordering on the Vistula full and
+complete control of the river, including the east bank as far east of
+the river as may be necessary for its regulation and improvement.
+Germany agrees that in any portion of the said territory which remains
+German no fortifications shall at any time be erected.
+
+The principal Allied and Associated Powers will at the same time draw up
+regulations for assuring to the population of East Prussia to the
+fullest extent, and under equitable conditions, access to the Vistula,
+and the use of it for themselves, their commerce, and their boats. The
+determination of the frontier and the foregoing regulations shall be
+binding upon all the parties concerned. When the administration of the
+territory has been taken over by the East Prussian and Polish
+authorities, respectively, the powers of the commission will terminate.
+
+=ARTICLE 98.=--Germany and Poland undertake, within one year of the
+coming into force of this treaty, to enter into conventions of which the
+terms, in case of difference, shall be settled by the Council of the
+League of Nations, with the object of securing on the one hand to
+Germany full and adequate railroad, telegraphic, and telephonic
+facilities for communication between the rest of Germany and East
+Prussia over the intervening Polish territory, and Anthe other hand to
+Poland full and adequate railroad, telegraphic, and telephonic
+facilities for communication between Poland and the free city of Danzig
+over any German territory that may, on the right bank of the Vistula,
+intervene between Poland and the free city of Danzig.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright Harris and Ewing_
+
+Sir Eric Drummond
+
+The first Secretary of the League of Nations. Sir Eric joined the
+British Foreign Office in 1900, and later served as confidential
+secretary to Sir Edward (Viscount) Grey, Herbert H. Asquith, and Arthur
+J. Balfour. In 1917 he accompanied Mr. Balfour to the United States as a
+member of the British High Commission.]
+
+
+SECTION X.--_Memel_
+
+=ARTICLE 99.=--Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers all rights and title over the territories included
+between the Baltic, the northeastern frontier of East Prussia as defined
+in Article 28 of Part II. (frontiers of Germany) of the present treaty
+and the former frontier between Germany and Russia.
+
+Germany undertakes to accept the settlement made by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers in regard to these territories, particularly in so
+far as concerns the nationality of the inhabitants.
+
+
+SECTION XI.--_Free City of Danzig_
+
+=ARTICLE 100.=--Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers all rights and title over the territory comprised
+within the following limits:
+
+From the Baltic Sea southward to the point where the principal channels
+of navigation of the Nogat and Vistula (Weichsel) meet;
+
+The boundary of East Prussia as described in Article 28 of Part II.
+(boundaries of Germany) of the peace treaty;
+
+Thence the principal channel of navigation of the Vistula downstream to
+a point about 6½ kilometers north of the bridge of Dirschau;
+
+Thence northwest to point 5, 1½ kilometers southeast of the Church of
+Güttland, a line to be fixed on the ground;
+
+Thence in a general westerly direction to the salient of the Kreise of
+Berent, 8½ kilometers northeast of Schöneck;
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing between Mühlbanz on the south
+and Rambeltsch on the north;
+
+Thence the boundary of the Kreise of Berent, westward to the re-entrant
+which it forms 6 kilometers north-northwest of Schöneck;
+
+Thence to a point on the median line of Lonkener See; a line to be fixed
+on the ground passing north of Neu Fietz and Schatarpi and south of
+Barenhütte and Lonken; thence the median line of the Lonkener See to its
+northernmost point; thence to the southern end of Pollenziner See; a
+line to be fixed on the ground;
+
+Thence the median line of Pollenziner See to its northernmost point;
+
+Thence in a northeasterly direction to a point about one kilometer south
+of Koliebken Church, where the Danzig-Neustadt Railway crosses a stream;
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing southeast of Kamehlen, Krissau,
+Fidlin, Sulmin, (Richthof,) Mattern, Schaferei, and to the northwest of
+Neuendorf, Marschau, Czapielken, Hoch and Klein Kelpin, Pulvermühl,
+Renneberg, and the towns of Oliva and Zoppot;
+
+Thence the course of this stream to the Baltic Sea.
+
+The boundaries described above are drawn on a German map scale
+1-100,000, attached to the present treaty, (Map No. 4.)
+
+=ARTICLE 101.=--A commission composed of three members appointed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, including a High Commissioner as
+President, one member appointed by Germany, and one member appointed by
+Poland, shall be constituted within fifteen days of the coming into
+force of the present treaty for the purpose of delimiting on the spot
+the frontier of the territory as described above, taking into account as
+far as possible the existing communal boundaries.
+
+=ARTICLE 102.=--The principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to
+establish the town of Danzig, together with the rest of the territory
+described in Article 100, as a free city. It will be placed under the
+protection of the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 103.=--A constitution for the free city of Danzig shall be
+drawn up by the duly appointed representatives of the free city in
+agreement with a High Commissioner to be appointed by the League of
+Nations. The constitution shall be placed under the guarantee of the
+League of Nations.
+
+The High Commissioner will also be intrusted with the duty of dealing in
+the first instance with all differences arising between Poland and the
+free city of Danzig in regard to this treaty or any arrangements or
+agreements made thereunder.
+
+The High Commissioner shall reside at Danzig.
+
+=ARTICLE 104.=--The principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to
+negotiate a treaty between the Polish Government and the free city of
+Danzig which shall come into force at the same time as the establishment
+of said free city, with the following objects:
+
+1. To effect the inclusion of the free city of Danzig within the Polish
+customs frontiers and to establish a free area in the port.
+
+2. To insure to Poland without any restriction the free use and service
+of all waterways, docks, basins, wharves, and other works within the
+territory of the free city necessary for Polish imports and exports.
+
+3. To insure to Poland the control and administration of the Vistula and
+of the whole railway system within the free city; except such street and
+other railways as serve primarily the needs of the free city and of
+postal, telegraphic, and telephonic communication between Poland and the
+Port of Danzig.
+
+4. To insure to Poland the right to develop and improve the waterways,
+docks, basins, wharves, railways, and other works and means of
+communication mentioned in this article, as well as to lease or purchase
+through appropriate processes such land and other property as may be
+necessary for these purposes.
+
+5. To provide against any discrimination within the free city of Danzig
+to the detriment of citizens of Poland and other persons of Polish
+origin or speech.
+
+6. To provide that the Polish Government shall undertake the conduct of
+the foreign relations of the free city of Danzig as well as the
+diplomatic protection of citizens of that city when abroad.
+
+=ARTICLE 105.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty German
+nationals ordinarily resident in the territory described in Article 100
+will ipso facto lose their German nationality, in order to become
+nationals of the free city of Danzig.
+
+=ARTICLE 106.=--Within a period of two years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty German nationals over 18 years of age ordinarily
+resident in the territory described in Article 100 will have the right
+to opt for German nationality.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife and option by parents will cover
+their children less than 18 years of age.
+
+All persons who exercise the right of option referred to above must
+during the ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to
+Germany.
+
+These persons will be entitled to preserve the immovable property
+possessed by them in the territory of the free city of Danzig. They may
+carry with them their movable property of every description. No export
+or import duties shall be imposed upon them in this connection.
+
+=ARTICLE 107.=--All property situated within the territory of the free
+city of Danzig belonging to the German Empire or any German State shall
+pass to the principal Allied and Associated Powers for transfer to the
+free city of Danzig or to the Polish State as they may consider
+equitable.
+
+=ARTICLE 108.=--The proportion and nature of the financial liabilities
+of Germany and of Prussia to be borne by the free city of Danzig shall
+be fixed in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial clauses)
+of the present treaty.
+
+All other questions which may arise from the cession of the territory
+referred to in Article 100 shall be settled by further agreements.
+
+
+SECTION XII.--_Schleswig_
+
+=ARTICLE 109.=--The frontier between Germany and Denmark shall be fixed
+in conformity with the wishes of the population.
+
+For this purpose the population inhabiting the territories of the former
+German Empire situated to the north of a line from east to west, (shown
+by a brown line on the Map No. 3 annexed to the present treaty;)
+
+Leaving the Baltic coast about thirteen kilometers east-northeast of
+Flensburg, running southwest so as to pass southeast of Sygum,
+Ringsberg, Munkbrarup, Adelby, Tastrup, Jarplund, Oversee, and northwest
+of Langballigholz, Langballig, Bönstrup, Rüllschau, Weseby,
+Kleinwolstrup, Gross-Solt; thence westward passing south of Frörup and
+north of Wanderup; thence in a southwesterly direction passing southeast
+of Oxlund, Stieglund, and Ostenau and northwest of the villages on the
+Wanderup-Kollund road; thence in a northwesterly direction passing
+southwest of Löwenstedt, Joldelund, Goldelund and northeast of
+Kalkerheide and Högel to the bend of the Soholmer Au, about one
+kilometer east of Soholm, where it meets the southern boundary of the
+Kreise of Tondern; thence following this boundary to the North Sea;
+thence passing south of the islands of Fohr and Amrum and north of the
+islands of Oland and Langeness shall be called upon to pronounce by a
+vote which will be taken under the following conditions:
+
+1. Within a period not exceeding ten days from the coming into force of
+the present treaty, the German troops and authorities (including the
+Oberprasidenten, Regierungs-Prasidenten, Landrathe, Amtsvorsteher,
+Oberbürgermeister) shall evacuate the zone lying to the north of the
+line above fixed.
+
+Within the same period the Workmen's and Soldiers' Councils which have
+been constituted in this zone shall be dissolved; members of such
+councils who are natives of another region and are exercising their
+functions at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, or
+who have gone out of office since the 1st March, 1919, shall also be
+evacuated.
+
+The said zone shall immediately be placed under the authority of an
+international commission, composed of five members, of whom three will
+be designated by the principal Allied and Associated Powers; the
+Norwegian and Swedish Governments will each be requested to designate a
+member. In the event of their failing to do so, these two members will
+be chosen by the principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+The commission, assisted in case of need by the necessary forces, shall
+have general powers of administration. In particular, it shall at once
+provide for filling the places of the evacuated German authorities, and,
+if necessary, shall itself give orders for their evacuation and proceed
+to fill the places of such local authorities as may be required. It
+shall take all steps which it thinks proper to insure the freedom,
+fairness, and secrecy of the vote. It shall be assisted by German and
+Danish technical advisers chosen by it from among the local population.
+Its decisions will be taken by a majority.
+
+One-half of the expenses of the International Commission and of the
+expenditure occasioned by the plebiscite shall be paid by Germany.
+
+2. The right to vote shall be given all persons, without distinction of
+sex, who:
+
+(a) Have completed their twentieth year at the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty; and
+
+(b) Were born in the zone in which the plebiscite is taken, or had been
+domiciled there since a date before the 1st January, 1900, or had been
+expelled by the German authorities without having retained their
+domicile there.
+
+Every person will vote in the commune (Gemeinde) where he is domiciled
+or of which he is a native.
+
+Military persons, officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers of
+the German Army, who are natives of the zone of Schleswig, in which the
+plebiscite is taken, shall be given the opportunity to return to their
+native place in order to take part in the voting there.
+
+3. In the section of the evacuated zone lying to the north of a line
+from east to west (shown by a red line on Map No. 3, which is annexed to
+the present treaty):
+
+Passing south of the Island of Alsen and following the median line of
+Flensburg Fjord;
+
+Thence leaving the fjord about six kilometers north of Flensburg, and
+following the course of the stream flowing past Kupfermühle upstream to
+a point north of Niehuus;
+
+Thence passing north of Pattburg and Ellund and south of Fröslee to meet
+the eastern boundary of the Kreise of Tondern at its junction with the
+boundary between the old jurisdiction of Slogs and Kjaer, (Slogs Herred
+and Kjaer Herred;)
+
+Thence the latter boundary to where it meets the Scheidebek;
+
+Thence the course of the Scheidebek, (Alte Au), Süder Au, and Wied Au
+downstream successively to the point where the latter bends northward,
+about 1,500 meters west of Ruttebüll;
+
+Thence in a west-northwesterly direction to meet the North Sea north of
+Sieltoft;
+
+Thence passing north of the Island of Sylt.
+
+The vote above provided for shall be taken within a period not exceeding
+three weeks after the evacuation of the country by the German troops and
+authorities.
+
+The result will be determined by the majority of votes cast in the whole
+of this section. This result will be immediately communicated by the
+commission to the principal Allied and Associated Governments and
+proclaimed.
+
+If the vote results in favor of the reincorporation of this territory in
+the Kingdom of Denmark, the Danish Government, in agreement with the
+commission will be entitled to effect its occupation with their military
+and administrative authorities immediately after the proclamation.
+
+4. In the section of the evacuated zone situated to the south of the
+preceding section and to the north of the line which starts from the
+Baltic Sea thirteen kilometers from Flensburg and ends north of the
+islands of Oland and Langeness, the vote will be taken within a period
+not exceeding five weeks after the plebiscite shall have been held in
+the first section.
+
+The result will be determined by communes (Gemeinden) in accordance with
+the majority of the votes cast in each commune, (Gemeinde.)
+
+=ARTICLE 110.=--Pending a delimination on the spot, a frontier line will
+be fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers according to a
+line based on the result of the voting, and proposed by the
+International Commission, and taking into account the particular
+geographical and economic conditions of the localities in question.
+
+From that time the Danish Government may effect the occupation of these
+territories which the Danish civil and military authorities, and the
+German Government may reinstate up to the said frontier line the German
+civil and military authorities whom it has evacuated.
+
+Germany hereby renounced definitively in favor of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers all rights of sovereignty over the territories
+situated to the north of the frontier line fixed in accordance with the
+above provisions. The principal Allied and Associated Powers will hand
+over the said territories to Denmark.
+
+=Article 111.=--A commission composed of seven members, five of whom
+shall be nominated by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, one by
+Denmark, and one by Germany, shall be constituted within fifteen days
+from the date when the final result of the vote is known, to trace the
+frontier line on the spot.
+
+The decisions of the commission will be taken by a majority of votes,
+and shall be binding on the parties concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 112.=--All the inhabitants of the territory which is returned
+to Denmark will acquire Danish nationality ipso facto, and will lose
+their German nationality. Persons, however, who had become habitually
+resident in this territory after the 1st October, 1918, will not be able
+to acquire Danish nationality without permission from the Danish
+Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 113.=--Within two years from the date on which the sovereignty
+over the whole or part of the territory of Schleswig subjected to the
+plebiscite is restored to Denmark:
+
+Any person over 18 years of age, born in the territory restored to
+Denmark, not habitually resident in this region and possessing German
+nationality, will be entitled to opt for Denmark.
+
+Any person over 18 years of age habitually resident in the territory
+restored to Denmark will be entitled to opt for Germany.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife and option by parents will cover
+their children less than 18 years of age.
+
+Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must within the
+ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to the State in
+favor of which they have opted.
+
+They will be entitled to retain the immovable property which they own in
+the territory of the other State in which they were habitually resident
+before opting. They may carry with them their movable property of every
+description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property.
+
+=ARTICLE 114.=--The proportion and nature of the financial or other
+obligations of Germany and Prussia which are to be assumed by Denmark
+will be fixed in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+Further stipulations will determine any other questions arising out of
+the transfer to Denmark of the whole or part of the territory of which
+she was deprived by the treaty of Oct. 30, 1864.
+
+
+SECTION XIII.--_Heligoland_
+
+=ARTICLE 115.=--The fortifications, military establishments, and harbors
+of the islands of Heligoland and Dune shall be destroyed under the
+supervision of the principal Allied Governments by German labor and at
+the expense of Germany within a period to be determined by the said
+Governments.
+
+The term "harbors" shall include the Northeast Mole, the West Wall, the
+outer and inner breakwaters and reclaimed land within them, and all
+naval and military works, fortifications, and buildings, constructed or
+under construction, between lines connecting the following positions
+taken from the British Admiralty Chart No. 126 of 19 April, 1918:
+
+(A) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 49 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+39 seconds E.;
+
+(B) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 35 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 54 minutes
+18 seconds E.;
+
+(C) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 14 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 54 minutes
+0 seconds E.;
+
+(D) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 17 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+37 seconds E.;
+
+(E) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 44 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+26 seconds E.
+
+These fortifications, military establishments, and harbors shall not be
+reconstructed nor shall any similar works be constructed in future.
+
+
+SECTION XIV.--_Russia and Russian States_
+
+=ARTICLE 116.=--Germany acknowledges and agrees to respect as permanent
+and inalienable the independence of all the territories which were part
+of the former Russian Empire on Aug. 1, 1914.
+
+In accordance with the provisions of Article 259 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses,) and Article 292 of Part X. (economic clauses,) Germany accepts
+definitely the abrogation of the Brest-Litovsk Treaties and of all
+treaties, conventions, and agreements entered into by her with the
+Maximalist Government in Russia.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers formally reserve the rights of Russia
+to obtain from Germany restitution and reparation based on the
+principles of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 117.=--Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of all
+treaties or agreements which may be entered into by the Allied and
+Associated Powers with States now existing or coming into existence in
+future in the whole or part of the former Empire of Russia as it existed
+on August 1, 1914, and to recognize the frontiers of any such States as
+determined therein.
+
+
+
+
+PART IV
+
+German Rights and Interests Outside Germany
+
+
+=ARTICLE 118.=--In territory outside her European frontiers as fixed by
+the present treaty, Germany renounces all rights, titles, and privileges
+whatever in or over territory which belonged to her or to her allies,
+and all rights, titles, and privileges, whatever their origin, which she
+held as against the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+Germany undertakes immediately to recognize and to conform to the
+measures which may be taken now or in the future by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, in agreement where necessary with third powers,
+in order to carry the above stipulation into effect.
+
+In particular, Germany declares her acceptance of the following articles
+relating to certain special subjects:
+
+
+SECTION I.--_German Colonies_
+
+=ARTICLE 119.=--Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers all her rights and titles over her overseas
+possessions.
+
+=ARTICLE 120.=--All movable and immovable property in such territories
+belonging to the German Empire or to any German State shall pass to the
+Government exercising authority over such territories on the terms laid
+down in Article 257 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present
+treaty. The decision of the local courts in any dispute as to the nature
+of such property shall be final.
+
+=ARTICLE 121.=--The provisions of Section I. (commercial relations) and
+Section IV. (property, rights, and interests) of Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty shall apply in the case of these
+territories whatever be the form of government adopted for them.
+
+=ARTICLE 122.=--The Government exercising authority over such
+territories may make such provisions as it thinks fit with reference to
+the repatriation from them of German nationals, and to the conditions
+upon which German subjects of European origin shall, or shall not, be
+allowed to reside, hold property, trade, or exercise a profession in
+them.
+
+=ARTICLE 123.=--The provisions of Article 260 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty shall apply in the case of all agreements
+concluded with German nationals for the construction or exploitation of
+public works in the German overseas possessions, as well as any
+sub-concessions or contracts resulting therefrom which may have been
+made to or with such nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 124.=--Germany hereby undertakes to pay in accordance with the
+estimate to be presented by the French Government, and approved by the
+Reparation Commission, reparation for damage suffered by French
+nationals in the Cameroons or the frontier zone by reason of the acts of
+the German civil and military authorities and of German private
+individuals during the period from Jan. 1, 1900, to Aug. 1, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 125.=--Germany renounces all rights under the conventions and
+agreements with France of Nov. 4, 1911, and Sept. 28, 1912, relating to
+equatorial Africa. She undertakes to pay to the French Government, in
+accordance with the estimate to be presented by the Government and
+approved by the Reparation Commission, all the deposits, credits,
+advances, &c., effected by virtue of these instruments in favor of
+Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 126.=--Germany undertakes to accept and observe the agreements
+made or to be made by the Allied and Associated Powers or some of them
+with any other power with regard to the trade in arms and spirits, and
+to the matters dealt with in the general act of Berlin of Feb. 26, 1885,
+the general act of Brussels of July 2, 1890, and the conventions
+completing or modifying the same.
+
+=ARTICLE 127.=--The native inhabitants of the former German overseas
+possessions shall be entitled to the diplomatic protection of the
+Governments exercising authority over those territories.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_China_
+
+=ARTICLE 128.=--Germany renounces in favor of China all benefits and
+privileges resulting from the provisions of the final protocol signed at
+Peking on Sept. 7, 1901, and from all annexes, notes, and documents
+supplementary thereto. She likewise renounces in favor of China any
+claim to indemnities accruing thereunder subsequent to March 14, 1917.
+
+=ARTICLE 129.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply in so far as concerns them
+respectively:
+
+1. The arrangement of Aug. 29, 1902, regarding the new Chinese customs
+tariff.
+
+2. The arrangement of Sept. 27, 1905, regarding Whang-Poo, and the
+provisional supplementary arrangement of April 4, 1912. China, however,
+will no longer be bound to grant to Germany the advantages of privileges
+which she allowed Germany under these arrangements.
+
+=ARTICLE 130.=--Subject to the provisions of Section VIII. of this part,
+Germany cedes to China all the buildings, wharves and pontoons,
+barracks, forts, arms and munitions of war, vessels of all kinds,
+wireless telegraphy installations and other public property belonging to
+the German Government, which are situated or may be in the German
+concessions at Tientsin and Hankow or elsewhere in Chinese territory.
+
+It is understood, however, that premises used as diplomatic or consular
+residences or offices are not included in the above cession, and,
+furthermore, that no steps shall be taken by the Chinese Government to
+dispose of the German public and private property situated within the
+so-called legation quarter at Peking without the consent of the
+diplomatic representatives of the powers which, on the coming into force
+of the present treaty, remain parties to the final protocol of Sept. 7,
+1901.
+
+=ARTICLE 131.=--Germany undertakes to restore to China within twelve
+months from the coming into force of the present treaty all the
+astronomical instruments which her troops in 1900--1901 carried away from
+China, and to defray all expenses which may be incurred in affecting
+such restoration, including the expenses of dismounting, packing,
+transporting, insurance, and installation in Peking.
+
+[Illustration: From Around the World
+
+_Copyright Paul Thompson_
+
+Lord Robert Cecil
+
+A son of Lord Salisbury and one of the most influential statesmen in
+Great Britain during the war and an enthusiastic advocate of a League of
+Nations.]
+
+=ARTICLE 132.=--Germany agrees to the abrogation of the leases from the
+Chinese Government under which the German concessions at Hankow and
+Tientsin are now held.
+
+China, restored to the full exercise of her sovereign rights in the
+above areas, declares her intention of opening them to international
+residence and trade. She further declares that the abrogation of the
+leases under which these concessions are now held shall not affect the
+property rights of nationals or Allied and Associated Powers who are
+holders of lots in these concessions.
+
+=ARTICLE 133.=--Germany waives all claims against the Chinese Government
+or against any Allied or Associated Government arising out of the
+internment of German nationals in China and their repatriation. She
+equally renounces all claims arising out of the capture and condemnation
+of German ships in China or the liquidation, sequestration or control of
+German properties, rights, and interests in that country since Aug. 14,
+1917. This provision, however, shall not affect the rights of the
+parties interested in the proceeds of any such liquidation, which shall
+be governed by the provisions of Part X. (economic clauses) of the
+present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 134.=--Germany renounces, in favor of the Government of his
+Britannic Majesty, the German State property in the British concession
+at Shameen at Canton. She renounces, in favor of the French and Chinese
+Governments conjointly, the property of the German school situated in
+the French concession at Shanghai.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Siam_
+
+=ARTICLE 135.=--Germany recognizes that all treaties, conventions, and
+agreements between her and Siam, and all rights, titles and privileges
+derived therefrom, including all rights of extra territorial
+jurisdiction, terminated as from July 22, 1917.
+
+=ARTICLE 136.=--All goods and property in Siam belonging to the German
+Empire or to any German State, with the exception of premises used as
+diplomatic or consular residences or offices, pass ipso facto and
+without compensation to the Siamese Government.
+
+The goods, property, and private rights of German nationals in Siam
+shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 137.=--Germany waives all claims against the Siamese Government
+on behalf of herself or her nationals arising out of the seizure or
+condemnation of German ships, the liquidation of German property, or the
+internment of German nationals in Siam. This provision shall not affect
+the rights of the parties interested in the proceeds of any such
+liquidation, which shall be governed by the provisions of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Liberia_
+
+=ARTICLE 138.=--Germany renounces all rights and privileges arising from
+the arrangements of 1911 and 1912 regarding Liberia, and particularly
+the right to nominate a German receiver of customs in Liberia. She
+further renounces all claim to participate in any measures whatsoever
+which may be adopted for the rehabilitation of Liberia.
+
+=ARTICLE 139.=--Germany recognizes that all treaties and arrangements
+between her and Liberia terminated as from Aug. 4, 1917.
+
+=ARTICLE 140.=--The property, rights, and interests of Germans in
+Liberia shall be dealt with in accordance with Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Morocco_
+
+=ARTICLE 141.=--Germany renounces all rights, titles, and privileges
+conferred on her by the general act of Algeciras of April 7, 1906, and
+by the Franco-German agreements of Feb. 9, 1909, and Nov. 4, 1911. All
+treaties, agreements, arrangements, and contracts concluded by her with
+the Sherifian Empire are regarded as abrogated as from Aug. 3, 1914.
+
+In no case can Germany take advantage of these instruments, and she
+undertakes not to intervene in any way in negotiations relating to
+Morocco which may take place between France and the other powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 142.=--Germany having recognized the French Protectorate in
+Morocco, hereby accepts all consequences of its establishment, and she
+renounces the régime of the capitulations therein.
+
+This renunciation shall take effect as from Aug. 3, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 143.=--The Sherifian Government shall have complete liberty of
+action in regulating the status of German nationals in Morocco and the
+conditions in which they may establish themselves there.
+
+German-protected persons, semsars, and "associés agricoles" shall be
+considered as having ceased, as from Aug. 3, 1914, to enjoy the
+privileges attached to their status and shall be subject to the ordinary
+law.
+
+=ARTICLE 144.=--All property and possessions in the Sherifian Empire of
+the German Empire and the German States pass to the Maghzen without
+payment.
+
+For the purposes of this clause, the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and States shall be deemed to include all the property of
+the crown, the empire, or States, and the private property of the former
+German Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+All movable and immovable property in the Sherifian Empire belonging to
+German nationals shall be dealt with in accordance with Sections III.
+and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+Mining rights which may be recognized as belonging to German nationals
+by the Court of Arbitration set up under the Moroccan mining regulations
+shall form the subject of a valuation, which the arbitrators shall be
+requested to make, and these rights shall then be treated in the same
+way as property in Morocco belonging to German nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 145.=--The German Government shall insure the transfer to a
+person nominated by the French Government of the shares representing
+Germany's portion of the capital of the State Bank of Morocco. The value
+of these shares, as assessed by the Reparation Commission, shall be paid
+to the Reparation Commission for the credit of Germany on account of the
+sums due for reparation. The German Government shall be responsible for
+indemnifying its nationals so dispossessed.
+
+This transfer will take place without prejudice to the repayment of
+debts which German nationals may have contracted toward the State Bank
+of Morocco.
+
+=ARTICLE 146.=--Moroccan goods entering Germany shall enjoy the
+treatment accorded to French goods.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Egypt_
+
+=ARTICLE 147.=--Germany declares that she recognizes the protectorate
+proclaimed over Egypt by Great Britain on Dec. 18, 1914, and that she
+renounces the régime of the capitulations in Egypt. This renunciation
+shall take effect as from Aug. 4, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 148.=--All treaties, agreements, arrangements, and contracts
+concluded by Germany with Egypt are regarded as abrogated as from Aug.
+4, 1914.
+
+In no case can Germany avail herself of these instruments, and she
+undertakes not to intervene in any way in negotiations relating to Egypt
+which may take place between Great Britain and the other powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 149.=--Until an Egyptian law of judicial organization
+establishing courts with universal jurisdiction comes into force,
+provision shall be made, by means of decrees issued by his Highness the
+Sultan for the exercise of jurisdiction over German nationals and
+property by the British consular tribunals.
+
+=ARTICLE 150.=--The Egyptian Government shall have complete liberty of
+action in regulating the status of German nationals and the conditions
+under which they may establish themselves in Egypt.
+
+=ARTICLE 151.=--Germany consents to the abrogation of the decree issued
+by his Highness the Khédive on Nov. 28, 1904, relating to the commission
+of the Egyptian public debt, or to such changes as the Egyptian
+Government may think it desirable to make therein.
+
+=ARTICLE 152.=--Germany consents, in so far as she is concerned, to the
+transfer to his Britannic Majesty's Government of the powers conferred
+on his Imperial Majesty the Sultan, by the convention signed at
+Constantinople on Oct. 29, 1888, relating to the free navigation of the
+Suez Canal.
+
+She renounces all participation in the Sanitary, Maritime, and
+Quarantine Board of Egypt, and consents, in so far as she is concerned,
+to the transfer to the Egyptian authorities of the powers of that board.
+
+=ARTICLE 153.=--All property and possessions in Egypt of the German
+Empire and the German States pass to the Egyptian Government without
+payment.
+
+For this purpose the property and possessions of the German Empire and
+States shall be deemed to include all the property of the crown, the
+empire, or the States, and the private property of the former German
+Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+All movable and immovable property in Egypt belonging to German
+nationals shall be dealt with in accordance with Sections III. and IV.
+of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 154.=--Egyptian goods entering Germany shall enjoy the
+treatment accorded to British goods.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--_Turkey and Bulgaria_
+
+=ARTICLE 155.=--Germany undertakes to recognize and accept all
+arrangements which the Allied and Associated Powers may make with Turkey
+and Bulgaria, with reference to any rights, interests, and privileges
+whatever which might be claimed by Germany or her nationals in Turkey
+and Bulgaria and which are not dealt with in the provisions of the
+present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--_Shantung_
+
+=ARTICLE 156.=--Germany renounces in favor of Japan, all her rights,
+titles, and privileges--particularly those concerning the territory of
+Kiao-Chau, railways, mines, and submarine cables--which she acquired in
+virtue of the treaty concluded by her with China on 6th March, 1898, and
+of all other arrangements relative to the Province of Shantung.
+
+All German rights in the Tsing-tao-Tsinan-Fu railway, including its
+branch lines, together with its subsidiary property of all kinds,
+stations, shops, fixed and rolling stock, mines, plant, and material for
+the exploitation of the mines are and remain acquired by Japan, together
+with all rights and privileges attaching thereto.
+
+The German State submarine cables from Tsing-tao to Shanghai and from
+Tsing-tao to Che Foo, with all the rights, privileges, and properties
+attaching thereto, are similarly acquired by Japan, free and clear of
+all charges and incumbrances.
+
+=ARTICLE 157.=--The movable and immovable property owned by the German
+State in the territory of Kiao-Chau, as well as all the rights which
+Germany might claim in consequence of the works or improvements made or
+of the expenses incurred by her, directly or indirectly, in connection
+with this territory, are and remain acquired by Japan, free and clear of
+all charges and incumbrances.
+
+=ARTICLE 158.=--Germany shall hand over to Japan within three months
+from the coming into force of the present treaty the archives,
+registers, plans, title deeds, and documents of every kind, wherever
+they may be, relating to the administration, whether civil, military,
+financial, judicial or other, of the territory of Kiao-Chau.
+
+Within the same period Germany shall give particulars to Japan of all
+treaties, arrangements or agreements relating to the rights, title or
+privileges referred to in the two preceding articles.
+
+
+
+
+PART V
+
+Military, Naval, and Aerial Clauses
+
+
+In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of
+the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the
+military, naval, and air clauses which follow:
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Military Clauses_
+
+CHAPTER I.--EFFECTIVES AND CADRES OF THE GERMAN ARMY
+
+=ARTICLE 159=--The German military forces shall be demobilized and
+reduced as prescribed hereinafter.
+
+=ARTICLE 160=--1. By a date which must not be later than March 31, 1920,
+the German Army must not comprise more than seven divisions of infantry
+and three divisions of cavalry. After that date the total number of
+effectives in the army of the States constituting Germany must not
+exceed 100,000 men, including officers and establishments of depots. The
+army shall be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of order within the
+territory and to the control of the frontiers.
+
+The total effective strength of officers, including the personnel of
+staffs, whatever their composition, must not exceed 4,000.
+
+2. Divisions and army corps headquarters staffs shall be organized in
+accordance with Table No. 1 annexed to this section.
+
+The number and strength of the units of infantry, artillery, engineers,
+technical services, and troops laid down in the aforesaid table
+constitute maxima which must not be exceeded.
+
+The following units may each have their own depot:
+
+An infantry regiment; a cavalry regiment; a regiment of field artillery;
+a battalion of pioneers.
+
+3. The divisions must not be grouped under more than two army corps
+headquarters staff.
+
+The maintenance or formation of forces differently grouped or of other
+organizations for the command of troops or for preparation for war is
+forbidden.
+
+The Great German General Staff and all similar organizations shall be
+dissolved and may not be reconstituted in any form.
+
+The officers, or persons in the position of officers, in the Ministries
+of War in the different States in Germany and in the administrations
+attached to them, must not exceed three hundred in number and are
+included in the maximum strength of four thousand laid down in the third
+sub-paragraph of the first paragraph of this article.
+
+=ARTICLE 161.=--Army administrative services consisting of civilian
+personnel not included in the number of effectives prescribed by the
+present treaty will have such personnel reduced in each class to
+one-tenth of that laid down in the budget of 1913.
+
+=ARTICLE 162.=--The number of employes or officials of the German
+States, such as customs officers, forest guards, and coast guards shall
+not exceed that of the employes or officials functioning in these
+capacities in 1913.
+
+The number of gendarmes and employes or officials of the local or
+municipal police may only be increased to an extent corresponding to the
+increase of population since 1913 in the districts or municipalities in
+which they are employed.
+
+These employes and officials may not be assembled for military training.
+
+=ARTICLE 163.=--The reduction of the strength of the German military
+forces as provided for in Article 160 may be effected gradually in the
+following manner:
+
+Within three months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+total number of effectives must be reduced to 200,000 and the number of
+units must not exceed twice the number of those laid down in Article
+160.
+
+At the expiration of this period, and at the end of each subsequent
+period of three months, a conference of military experts of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers will fix the reductions to be
+made in the ensuing three months, so that by the 31st of March, 1920, at
+the latest, the total number of German effectives does not exceed the
+maximum number of 100,000 men laid down in Article 160. In these
+successive reductions the same ratio between the number of officers and
+of men, and between the various kinds of units shall be maintained as is
+laid down in that article.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--ARMAMENT, MUNITIONS, AND MATERIAL
+
+=ARTICLE 164.=--Up till the time at which Germany is admitted as a
+member of the League of Nations the German Army must not possess an
+armament greater than the amounts fixed in Table No. 2, annexed to this
+section, with the exception of an optional increase not exceeding
+one-twenty-fifth part for small arms and one-fiftieth part for guns,
+which shall be exclusively used to provide for such eventual
+replacements as may be necessary.
+
+Germany agrees that after she has become a member of the League of
+Nations the armaments fixed in the said table shall remain in force
+until they are modified by the Council of the League. Furthermore she
+hereby agrees strictly to observe the decisions of the Council of the
+League on this subject.
+
+=ARTICLE 165.=--The maximum number of guns, machine guns, trench
+mortars, rifles, and the amount of ammunition and equipment which
+Germany is allowed to maintain during the period between the coming into
+force of the present treaty and the date of March 31, 1920, referred to
+in Article 160, shall bear the same proportion to the amount authorized
+in Table No. 3 annexed to this section as the strength of the German
+Army as reduced from time to time in accordance with Article 163 bears
+to the strength permitted under Article 160.
+
+=ARTICLE 166.=--At the date of March 31, 1920, the stock of munitions
+which the German Army may have at its disposal shall not exceed the
+amounts fixed in Table No. 3 annexed to this section.
+
+Within the same period the German Government will store these stocks at
+points to be notified to the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers. The German Government is forbidden to establish any
+other stocks, depots, or reserves of munitions.
+
+=ARTICLE 167.=--The number and calibre of the guns constituting at the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty the armament of the
+fortified works, fortresses, and any land or coast forts which Germany
+is allowed to retain, must be notified immediately by the German
+Government to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers, and will constitute maximum amounts which may not be exceeded.
+
+Within two months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+maximum stock of ammunition for these guns will be reduced to, and
+maintained at, the following uniform rates: Fifteen hundred rounds per
+piece for those the calibre of which is 10.5 cm. and under; 500 rounds
+per piece for those of higher calibre.
+
+=ARTICLE 168.=--The manufacture of arms, munitions, or any war material
+shall only be carried out in factories or works the locations of which
+shall be communicated to and approved by the Governments of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, and the number of which they
+retain the right to restrict.
+
+Within three months from the coming into force of the present treaty all
+other establishments for the manufacture, preparation, storage, or
+design of arms, munitions, or any war material whatever shall be closed
+down. The same applies to all arsenals except those used as depots for
+the authorized stocks of munitions. Within the same period the personnel
+of these arsenals will be dismissed.
+
+=ARTICLE 169.=--Within two months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, German arms, munitions, and war materials, including
+anti-aircraft material, existing in Germany in excess of the quantities
+allowed must be surrendered to the Governments of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, to be destroyed or rendered useless. This will
+also apply to any special plant intended for the manufacture of military
+material, except such as may be recognized as necessary for equipping
+the authorized strength of the German Army.
+
+The surrender in question will be effected at such points in German
+territory as may be selected by the said Governments.
+
+Within the same period, arms, munitions, and war material, including
+anti-aircraft material, of origin other than German, in whatever state
+they may be, will be delivered to the said Governments, who will decide
+as to their disposal.
+
+Arms and munitions which on account of the successive reductions in the
+strength of the German Army become in excess of the amounts authorized
+by Tables 2 and 3 of the annex must be handed over in the manner laid
+down above within such periods as may be decided by the conferences
+referred to in Article 163.
+
+=ARTICLE 170.=--Importation into Germany of arms, munitions, and war
+material of every kind shall be strictly prohibited.
+
+The same applies to the manufacture for and export to foreign countries
+of arms, munitions, and war material of every kind.
+
+=ARTICLE 171.=--The use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and
+all analogous liquids, materials or devices being prohibited, their
+manufacture and importation are strictly forbidden in Germany.
+
+The same applies to materials specially intended for the manufacture,
+storage, and use of the said products or devices.
+
+The manufacture and the importation into Germany of armored cars, tanks,
+and all similar constructions suitable for use in war are also
+prohibited.
+
+=ARTICLE 172.=--Within a period of three months from the coming into
+force of the present treaty the German Government will disclose to the
+Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers the nature and
+mode of manufacture of all explosives, toxic substances or other like
+chemical preparations used by them in the war or prepared by them for
+the purpose of being so used.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--RECRUITING AND MILITARY TRAINING
+
+=ARTICLE 173.=--Universal compulsory military service shall be abolished
+in Germany.
+
+The German Army may only be constituted and recruited by means of
+voluntary enlistment.
+
+=ARTICLE 174.=--The period of enlistment for non-commissioned officers
+and privates must be twelve consecutive years.
+
+The number of men discharged for any reason before the expiration of
+their term of enlistment must not exceed in any year 5 per cent. of the
+total effectives as fixed by the second sub-paragraph of Paragraph 1 of
+Article 160 of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 175.=--The officers who are retained in the army must undertake
+the obligation to serve in it up to the age of forty-five years, at
+least.
+
+Officers newly appointed must undertake to serve on the active list for
+twenty-five consecutive years, at least.
+
+Officers who have previously belonged to any formation whatever of the
+army and who are not retained in the units allowed to be maintained must
+not take part in any military exercise, whether theoretical or
+practical, and will not be under any military obligations whatever.
+
+The number of officers discharged for any reason before the expiration
+of their term of service must not exceed in any year 5 per cent. of the
+total effectives of officers provided for in the third sub-paragraph of
+Paragraph 1 of Article 100 of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 176.=--On the expiration of two months from the coming into
+force of the present treaty there must only exist in Germany the number
+of military schools which is absolutely indispensable for the
+recruitment of the officers of the units allowed. These schools will be
+exclusively intended for the recruitment of officers of each arm, in the
+proportion of one school per arm.
+
+The number of students admitted to attend the courses of the said
+schools will be strictly in proportion to the vacancies to be filled in
+the cadres of officers. The students and the cadres will be reckoned in
+the effectives fixed by the second and third sub-paragraphs of Paragraph
+1 of Article 160 of the present treaty.
+
+Consequently, and during the period fixed above, all military academies
+or similar institutions in Germany, as well as the different military
+schools for officers, student officers (aspiranten), cadets
+non-commissioned officers, or student non-commissioned officers
+(aspiranten), other than the schools above provided for, will be
+abolished.
+
+=ARTICLE 177.=--Educational establishments, the universities, societies
+of discharged soldiers, shooting or touring clubs, and, generally
+speaking, associations of every description, whatever be the age of
+their members, must not occupy themselves with any military matters. In
+particular they will be forbidden to instruct or exercise their members,
+or to allow them to be instructed or exercised, in the profession or use
+of arms.
+
+These societies, associations, educational establishments, and
+universities must have no connection with the Ministries of War or any
+other military authority.
+
+=ARTICLE 178.=--All measures of mobilization or appertaining to
+mobilization are forbidden.
+
+In no case must formations, administrative services, or general staffs
+include supplementary cadres.
+
+=ARTICLE 179.=--Germany agrees, from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, not to accredit nor to send to any foreign country any
+military, naval, or air mission, nor to allow any such missions to leave
+her territory, and Germany further agrees to take appropriate measures
+to prevent German nationals from leaving her territory to become
+enrolled in the army, navy, or air service of any foreign power, or to
+be attached to such army, navy, or air service for the purpose of
+assisting in the military, naval, or air training thereof, or otherwise
+for the purpose of giving military, naval, or air instruction in any
+foreign country.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers agree, so far as they are concerned,
+from the coming into force of the present treaty, not to enroll in nor
+to attach to their armies or naval or air forces any German national for
+the purpose of assisting in the military training of such armies or
+naval or air forces, or otherwise to employ any such German national as
+military, naval, or aeronautic instructor.
+
+The present provision, however, does not affect the right of France to
+recruit for the Foreign Legion in accordance with French military laws
+and regulations.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--FORTIFICATIONS
+
+=ARTICLE 180.=--All fortified works, fortresses, and field works
+situated in German territory to the west of a line drawn fifty
+kilometers to the east of the Rhine shall be disarmed and dismantled.
+
+Within a period of two months from the coming into force of the present
+treaty such of the above fortified works, fortresses, and field works as
+are situated in territory not occupied by Allied and Associated troops
+shall be disarmed and within a further period of four months they shall
+be dismantled. Those which are situated in territory occupied by Allied
+and Associated troops shall be disarmed and dismantled within such
+periods as may be fixed by the Allied High Command.
+
+The construction of any new fortification, whatever its nature and
+importance, is forbidden in the zone referred to in the first paragraph
+above.
+
+The system of fortified works of the southern and eastern frontiers of
+Germany shall be maintained in its existing state.
+
+
+=TABLE NO. 1.=
+
+=State and Establishment of Army Corps Headquarters Staffs and of
+Infantry and Cavalry Divisions.=
+
+These tabular statements do not form a fixed establishment to be imposed
+on Germany, but the figures contained in them (number of units and
+strengths) represent maximum figures, which should not in any case be
+exceeded.
+
+ +----------------------+----------+----------------------------+
+ |Unit                  |   Maximum| Max. Strength of Each Unit |
+ |                      |       No.|                            |
+ |                      +----------+----------------------------+
+ |                      |Authorized|      Officers.|    N.C.O.'s|
+ |                      | Division.|               |        Men.|
+ +----------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
+ |Army corps hdq. staffs|         2|             30|         150|
+ |Total for hdq. staffs |        ..|             60|         300|
+ +----------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
+
+
+2. ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INFANTRY DIVISION.
+
+ +--------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
+ |                          |Maximum No.|                             |
+ |                          |  of Such  |                             |
+ |                          |Units in a | Max. Strength of Each Unit  |
+ |                          |  Single   +-----------+-----------------+
+ |           Unit           |  Division |   Officers| N.C.O.'s and Men|
+ +--------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+
+ |Hdqrs. of inf. div.       |          1|         25|               70|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Hdqrs. of divisional inf. |          1|          4|               30|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Hdqrs. of divisional art. |          1|          4|               30|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Regiment of inf.          |          3|         70|            2,300|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(Each regiment comprises 3|           |           |                 |
+ |battalions of infantry.   |           |           |                 |
+ |Each battalion comprises 3|           |           |                 |
+ |companies of infantry and |           |           |                 |
+ |1 machine-gun company.)   |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Trench mortar company     |          3|          6|              150|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Divisional squadron       |          1|          6|              150|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Field artillery regiment  |          1|         85|            1,300|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(Each regiment comprises 3|           |           |                 |
+ |groups of artillery. Each |           |           |                 |
+ |group comprises 3         |           |           |                 |
+ |batteries.)               |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Pioneer battalion         |          1|         12|              400|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(This battalion comprises |           |           |                 |
+ |2 companies of pioneers, 1|           |           |                 |
+ |pontoon detachment, 1     |           |           |                 |
+ |searchlight section.)     |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Signal detachment\        |          1|         12|              300|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(This detachment comprises|           |           |                 |
+ |1 telephone detachment, 1 |           |           |                 |
+ |listening section, 1      |           |           |                 |
+ |carrier pigeon section.)  |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Divisional Med. Service   |          1|         20|              400|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Parks and convoys         |         ..|         14|              800|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Total for infantry div.   |         ..|        410|           10,830|
+ +--------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+
+
+3. ESTABLISHMENT OF A CAVALRY DIVISION.
+
+ +------------------------------------+----------+--------+---------+
+ |                                               | Maximum Strength |
+ |                                               |   of Each Unit   |
+ |                                    +----------+------------------+
+ |                                    |[31]Units.|Officers.|N.C.O.'s|
+ |                                    |          |         |and Men.|
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Headquarters of a cavalry division  |         1|       15|      50|
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Cavalry regiment                    |         6|       40|     800|
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |(Each regiment comprises four       |          |         |        |
+ |squadrons.)                         |          |         |        |
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Horse artillery group (three        |         1|       20|     400|
+ |batteries)                          |          |         |        |
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Total for cavalry division          |        ..|      275|   5,250|
+ +------------------------------------+----------+---------+--------+
+
+[31] Maximum number of such units in single division.
+
+=TABLE NO. 2.=
+
+=Tabular statement of armament establishment for a maximum of seven
+infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, and two army corps
+headquarters staffs.=
+
+ +--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+
+ |Materials.                |  Inft.|  For 7|   Cav.| For 3|  Total|
+ |                          |   Div.|  Inft.|   Div.|  Cav.|Columns|
+ |                          |       |  Divs.|       | Divs.|  2 & 4|
+ +--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+
+ |Rifles                    | 12,000| 84,000|    ...|   ...| 84,000|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Carbines                  |    ...|    ...|  6,000|18,000| 18,000|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Heavy machine guns        |    108|    756|     12|    36|    792|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Light machine guns        |    162|  1,134|    ...|   ...|  1,134|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Medium trench mortars     |      9|     63|    ...|   ...|     63|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Light trench mortars      |     27|    189|    ...|   ...|    189|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |7.7 cm. guns              |     24|    168|     12|    36|    204|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |10.5 cm. howitzers        |     12|     84|    ...|   ...|     84|
+ +--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+
+
+
+Army corps headquarters staff establishment
+must be drawn from the increased armaments of
+the divisional infantry.
+
+=TABLE NO. 3.=
+
+=Maximum Stocks Authorized.=
+
+ +----------------------+-----------+---------+-----------+
+ |Material.             |  Maximum  | Estab-  |    Maximum|
+ |                      | Number of |lishment |    Totals,|
+ |                      |   Arms    |Per Unit,|    Rounds.|
+ |                      |Authorized.| Rounds. |           |
+ +----------------------+-----------+---------+-----------+
+ |Rifles                |  84,000 } |     40  | 40,800,000|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Carbines              |  18,000 } |         |           |
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Heavy machine guns    |     792 } |  8,000  | 15,408,000|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Light machine guns    |  1,134 }  |         |           |
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Medium trench mortars |     63    |     40  |     25,200|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Light trench mort's   |    189    |    800  |    151,200|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Field artillery--     |           |         |           |
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |7.7 cm. guns          |    204    |  1,000  |    204,000|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |10.5 cm. howitzers    |     84    |    800  |     67,200|
+ +----------------------+-----------+---------+-----------+
+
+SECTION II.--_Naval Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 181.=--After the expiration of a period of two months from the
+coming into force of the present treaty the German naval forces in
+commission must not exceed: Six battleships of the Deutschland or
+Lothringen type, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, twelve torpedo
+boats, or an equal number of ships constructed to replace them as
+provided in Article 190.
+
+No submarines are to be included. All other warships except where there
+is provision to the contrary in the present treaty must be placed in
+reserve or devoted to commercial purposes.
+
+=ARTICLE 182.=--Until the completion of the minesweeping prescribed by
+Article 193, Germany will keep in commission such number of minesweeping
+vessels as may be fixed by the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 183.=--After the expiration of a period of two months from the
+coming into force of the present treaty the total personnel of the
+German Navy, including the manning of the fleet, coast defenses, signal
+stations, administration, and other land services, must not exceed
+15,000, including officers and men of all grades and corps. The total
+strength of officers and warrant officers must not exceed 1,500. Within
+two months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+personnel in excess of the above strength shall be demobilized. No naval
+or military corps or reserve force in connection with the navy may be
+organized in Germany without being included in the above strength.
+
+=ARTICLE 184.=--From the date of the coming into force of the present
+treaty all the German surface warships which are not in German ports
+cease to belong to Germany, who renounces all rights over them. Vessels
+which, in compliance with the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918, are now
+interned in the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers, are declared
+to be finally surrendered. Vessels which are now interned in neutral
+ports will be there surrendered to the Governments of the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers. The German Government must address a
+notification to that effect to the neutral powers on the coming into
+force of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 185.=--Within a period of two months from the coming into force
+of the present treaty the German surface warships enumerated below will
+be surrendered to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers in such allied ports as the said powers may direct. These
+warships will have been disarmed as provided in Article 23 of the
+armistice, dated Nov. 11, 1918. Nevertheless, they must have all their
+guns on board.
+
+Battleships--Oldenburg, Thuringen, Ostfriesland, Heligoland, Posen,
+Westfalen, Rheinland, and Nassau.
+
+Light Cruisers--Stettin, Danzig, München, Lübeck, Stralsund, Augsburg,
+Kolberg, and Stuttgart.
+
+And in addition forty-two modern destroyers and fifty modern torpedo
+boats, as chosen by the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 186.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty the
+German Government must undertake, under the supervision of the
+Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers, the breaking
+up of all the German surface warships now under construction.
+
+=ARTICLE 187.=--The German auxiliary cruisers and fleet auxiliaries
+enumerated below will be disarmed and treated as merchant ships.
+
+Ships interned in neutral countries: Berlin, Santa Fé, Seydlitz, Yorck.
+
+Ships interned in Germany: Ammon, Fürst Bülow, Answald, Gertrud, Bosnia,
+Kigoma, Cordoba, Rugia, Cassel, Santa Elena, Dania, Schleswig, Rio
+Negro, Möwe, Rio Pardo, Sierra Ventana, Santa Cruz, Chemnitz, Schwaben,
+Emil Georg von Strauss, Solingen, Habsburg, Steigerwald, Meteor,
+Franken, Waltraute, Gundomar, Scharnhorst.
+
+=ARTICLE 188.=--On the expiration of one month from the coming into
+force of the present treaty all German submarines, salvage vessels, and
+docks for submarines, including the tubular dock, must have been handed
+over to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+Such of these submarines, vessels, and docks as are considered by said
+Governments to be fit to proceed under their own power or to be towed
+shall be taken by the German Government into such allied ports as have
+been indicated. The remainder, and also those in course of construction,
+shall be broken up entirely by the German Government under the
+supervision of the said Governments. The breaking up must be completed
+within three months at the most after the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 189.=--Articles, machinery, and material arising from the
+breaking up of German warships of all kinds, whether surface vessels or
+submarines, may not be used except for purely industrial or commercial
+purposes. They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 190.=--Germany is forbidden to construct or acquire any
+warships other than those intended to replace the units in commission
+provided for in Article 181 of the present treaty. The warships intended
+for replacement purposes as above shall not exceed the following
+displacement: Armored ships, 10,000 tons; light cruisers, 6,000 tons;
+destroyers, 800 tons; torpedo boats, 200 tons. Except where a ship has
+been lost, units of the different classes shall only be replaced at the
+end of a period of twenty years in the case of battleships and cruisers,
+and fifteen years in the case of destroyers and torpedo boats, counting
+from the launching of the ship.
+
+=ARTICLE 191.=--The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even
+for commercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 192.=--The warships in commission of the German fleet must only
+have on board or in reserve the allowance of arms, munitions, and war
+material fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Within a
+month from the fixing of the quantities as above, arms, munitions and
+war material of all kinds, including mines and torpedoes now in the
+hands of the German Government and in excess of the said quantities,
+shall be surrendered to the Governments of the said powers at places to
+be indicated by them. Such arms, munitions and war material will be
+destroyed or rendered useless. All other stocks, depots or reserves of
+arms, munitions or naval war material of all kinds are forbidden. The
+manufacture of these articles in German territory for, and their export
+to, foreign countries shall be forbidden.
+
+=ARTICLE 193.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty Germany
+will forthwith sweep up the mines in the following areas in the North
+Sea to the eastward of longitude 4 degrees 00 minutes east of Greenwich:
+(1) Between parallels of latitude 53 degrees 00 minutes N. and 59
+degrees 00 minutes N.; (2) to the northward of latitude 60 degrees 30
+minutes N. Germany must keep these areas free from mines. Germany must
+also sweep and keep free from mines such areas in the Baltic as may
+ultimately be notified by the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 194.=--The personnel of the German Navy shall be recruited
+entirely by voluntary engagements entered into for a minimum period of
+twenty-five consecutive years for officers and warrant officers, and
+twelve consecutive years for petty officers, and men. The number engaged
+to replace those discharged for any reason before the expiration of
+their term of service must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum of the
+totals laid down in this section. (Article 183.)
+
+The personnel discharged from the navy must not receive any kind of
+naval or military training or undertake any further service in the navy
+or army. Officers belonging to the German Navy and not demobilized must
+engage to serve till the age of 45 unless discharged for sufficient
+reasons. No officer or man of the German mercantile marine shall receive
+any training in the navy.
+
+=ARTICLE 195.=--In order to insure free passage into the Baltic to all
+nations, Germany shall not erect any fortifications in the area
+comprised between latitudes 55.27 north and 54.00 north and longitudes
+9.00 east and 16.00 east of the meridian of Greenwich, nor install any
+guns commanding the maritime routes between the North Sea and the
+Baltic. The fortifications now existing in this area shall be demolished
+and the guns removed under the supervision of the Allied Governments and
+in periods to be fixed by them. The German Government shall place at the
+disposal of the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers all hydrographical information now in its possession concerning
+the channels and adjoining waters between the Baltic and the North Sea.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty=]
+
+=ARTICLE 196.=--All fortified works and fortifications other than those
+mentioned in Article 195 and in Part III. (political clauses for
+Europe), Section XIII. (Heligoland), now established within fifty
+kilometers of the German coast or on German islands off that coast,
+shall be considered of a defensive nature and may remain in their
+existing condition. No new fortifications shall be constructed within
+these limits. The armament of these defenses shall not exceed, as
+regards the number and calibre of guns, those in position at the date of
+the coming into force of the present treaty. The German Government shall
+communicate forthwith particulars thereof to all the European
+Governments. On the expiration of a period of two months from the coming
+into force of the present treaty the stocks of ammunition for these guns
+shall be reduced to and maintained at a maximum figure of fifteen
+hundred rounds per piece for calibres of 4.1-inch and under, and five
+hundred rounds per piece for higher calibres.
+
+=ARTICLE 197.=--During the three months following the coming into force
+of the present treaty the German high-power wireless telegraphy stations
+at Nauen, Hanover, and Berlin shall not be used for the transmission of
+messages concerning naval, military, or political questions of interest
+to Germany or any State which has been allied to Germany in the war,
+without the assent of the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers. These stations may be used for commercial purposes,
+but only under the supervision of the said Governments, who will decide
+the wave length to be used. During the same period Germany shall not
+build any more high-power wireless telegraphy stations in her own
+territory or that of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, or Turkey.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Air Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 198.=--The armed forces of Germany must not include any
+military or naval air forces. Germany may, during a period not extending
+beyond Oct. 1, 1919, maintain a maximum number of 100 seaplanes or
+flying boats, which shall be exclusively employed in searching for
+submarine mines, shall be furnished with the necessary equipment for
+this purpose, and shall in no case carry arms, munitions, or bombs of
+any nature whatever. In addition to the engines installed in the
+seaplanes or flying boats above mentioned, one spare engine may be
+provided for each engine of each of these craft. No dirigible shall be
+kept.
+
+=ARTICLE 199.=--Within two months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty the personnel of the air forces on the rolls of the
+German land and sea forces shall be demobilized. Up to the 1st October,
+1919, however, Germany may keep and maintain a total number of 1,000
+men, including officers, for the whole of the cadres and personnel,
+flying and nonflying, of all formations and establishments.
+
+=ARTICLE 200.=--Until the complete evacuation of German territory by the
+Allied and Associated troops, the aircraft of the Allied and Associated
+Powers shall enjoy in Germany freedom of passage through the air,
+freedom of transit and of landing.
+
+=ARTICLE 201.=--During the six months following the coming into force of
+the present treaty the manufacture and importation of aircraft, parts of
+aircraft, engines for aircraft, and parts of engines for aircraft shall
+be forbidden in all German territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 202.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty all
+military and naval aeronautical material, except the machines mentioned
+in the second and third paragraphs of Article 198, must be delivered to
+the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Delivery
+must be effected at such places as the said Governments may select, and
+must be completed within three months. In particular, this material will
+include all items under the following heads, which are or have been in
+use or were designed for warlike purposes:
+
+Complete airplanes and seaplanes, as well as those being manufactured,
+repaired, or assembled.
+
+Dirigibles able to take the air being manufactured, repaired, or
+assembled.
+
+Plant for the manufacture of hydrogen.
+
+Dirigible sheds and shelters of every kind for aircraft.
+
+Pending their delivery, dirigibles will, at the expense of Germany, be
+maintained inflated with hydrogen; the plant for the manufacture of
+hydrogen, as well as the sheds for dirigibles, may, at the discretion of
+said powers, be left to Germany until the time when the dirigibles are
+handed over.
+
+Engines for aircraft.
+
+Nacelles and fuselages.
+
+Armament (guns, machine guns, light machine guns, bomb-dropping
+apparatus, torpedo-dropping apparatus, synchronization apparatus, aiming
+apparatus).
+
+Munitions (cartridges, shells, bombs, loaded or unloaded, stocks of
+explosives or of material for their manufacture).
+
+Instruments for use on aircraft.
+
+Wireless apparatus and photographic or cinematograph apparatus for use
+on aircraft.
+
+Component parts of any of the items under the preceding heads.
+
+The material referred to above shall not be removed without special
+permission from the said Governments.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Interallied Commissions of Control_
+
+=ARTICLE 203.=--All the military, naval, and air clauses contained in
+the present treaty, for the execution of which a time limit is
+prescribed, shall be executed by Germany under the control of
+interallied commissions specially appointed for this purpose by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 204.=--The Interallied Commissions of Control will be specially
+charged with the duty of seeing to the complete execution of the
+delivery, destruction, demolition, and rendering things useless to be
+carried out at the expense of the German Government in accordance with
+the present treaty. They will communicate to the German authorities the
+decisions which the principal Allied and Associated Powers have reserved
+the right to take, or which the execution of the military, naval, and
+air clauses may necessitate.
+
+=ARTICLE 205.=--The Interallied Commissions of Control may establish
+their organizations at the seat of the Central German Government. They
+shall be entitled as often as they think desirable to proceed to any
+point whatever in German territory, or to send sub-commissions, or to
+authorize one or more of their members to go, to any such point.
+
+=ARTICLE 206.=--The German Government must give all necessary facilities
+for the accomplishment of their missions to the Interallied Commissions
+of Control and to their members. It shall attach a qualified
+representative to each Interallied Commission of Control for the purpose
+of receiving the communications which the commission may have to address
+to the German Government, and of supplying or procuring for the
+commission all information or documents which may be required. The
+German Government must in all cases furnish at its own cost all labor
+and material required to effect the deliveries and the work of
+destruction, dismantling, demolition, and of rendering things useless,
+provided for in the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 207.=--The upkeep and cost of the Commissions of Control and
+the expenses involved by their work shall be borne by Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 208.=--The Military Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the military clauses. In particular it will be its duty to
+receive from the German Government the notifications relating to the
+location of the stocks and depots of munitions, the armament of the
+fortified works, fortresses and forts which Germany is allowed to
+retain, and the location of the works or factories for the production of
+arms, munitions and war material and their operations. It will take
+delivery of the arms, munitions, and war material, will select the
+points where such delivery is to be effected, and will supervise the
+works of destruction and demolition and of rendering things useless
+which are to be carried out in accordance with the present treaty. The
+German Government must furnish to the Military Interallied Commission of
+Control all such information and documents as the latter may deem
+necessary to insure the complete execution of the military clauses, and
+in particular all legislative and administrative documents and
+regulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 209.=--The Naval Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the naval clauses. In particular it will be its duty to
+proceed to the building yards and to supervise the breaking up of the
+ships which are under construction there, to take delivery of all
+surface ships or submarines, salvage ships, docks and the tubular dock,
+and to supervise the destruction and breaking up provided for. The
+German Government must furnish to the Naval Interallied Commission of
+Control all such information and documents as the commission may deem
+necessary to insure the complete execution of the naval clauses, in
+particular the designs of the warships, the composition of their
+armaments, the details and models of the guns, munitions, torpedoes,
+mines, explosives, wireless telegraphic apparatus and in general
+everything relating to naval war material, as well as all legislative or
+administrative documents or regulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 210.=--The Aeronautical Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the air clauses. In particular it will be its duty to make
+an inventory of the aeronautical material existing in German territory,
+to inspect airplane, balloon, and motor manufactories, and factories
+producing arms, munitions, and explosives capable of being used by
+aircraft, to visit all aerodromes, sheds, landing grounds, parks, and
+depots, to authorize, where necessary, a removal of material, and to
+take delivery of such material. The German Government must furnish to
+the Aeronautical Interallied Commission of Control all such information
+and legislative, administrative or other documents which the commission
+may consider necessary to insure the complete execution of the air
+clauses, and, in particular, a list of the personnel belonging to all
+the German air services, and of the existing material as well as of that
+in process of manufacture or on order, and a list of all establishments
+working for aviation, of their positions, and of all sheds and landing
+grounds.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_General Articles_
+
+=ARTICLE 211.=--After the expiration of a period of three months from
+the coming into force of the present treaty the German laws must have
+been modified and shall be maintained in conformity with this part of
+the present treaty. Within the same period all the administrative or
+other measures relating to the execution of this part of the treaty must
+have been taken.
+
+=ARTICLE 212.=--The following portions of the armistice of Nov. 11,
+1918: Article VI., the first two and the sixth and seventh paragraphs of
+Article VII, Article IX, Clauses I., II., and V. of Annex No. 2 and the
+protocol, dated April 4, 1919, supplementing the armistice of Nov. 11,
+1918, remain in force so far as they are not inconsistent with the above
+stipulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 213.=--So long as the present treaty remains in force, Germany
+undertakes to give every facility for any investigation which the
+Council of the League of Nations, acting if need be by a majority vote,
+may consider necessary.
+
+
+
+
+PART VI
+
+Prisoners of War and Graves
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Prisoners of War_
+
+
+=ARTICLE 214.=--The repatriation of prisoners of war and interned
+civilians shall take place as soon as possible after the coming into
+force of the present treaty and shall be carried out with the greatest
+rapidity.
+
+=ARTICLE 215.=--The repatriation of German prisoners of war and interned
+civilians shall, in accordance with Article 214, be carried out by a
+commission composed of representatives of the Allied and Associated
+Powers on the one part, and of the German Government on the other part.
+
+For each of the Allied and Associated Powers a sub-commission composed
+exclusively of representatives of the interested powers and of delegates
+of the German Government shall regulate the details of carrying into
+effect the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
+
+=ARTICLE 216.=--From the time of their delivery into the hands of the
+German authorities the prisoners of war and interned civilians are to be
+returned without delay to their homes by the said authorities. Those
+among them who before the war were habitually resident in territory
+occupied by the troops of the Allied and Associated Powers are likewise
+to be sent to their homes, subject to the consent and control of the
+military authorities of the Allied and Associated Armies of Occupation.
+
+=ARTICLE 217.=--The whole cost of repatriation from the moment of
+starting shall be borne by the German Government, who shall also provide
+the land and sea transport and staff considered necessary by the
+commission referred to in Article 215.
+
+=ARTICLE 218.=--Prisoners of war and interned civilians awaiting
+disposal or undergoing sentences for offenses against discipline shall
+be repatriated irrespective of the completion of their sentence or of
+the proceedings pending against them.
+
+This stipulation shall not apply to prisoners of war and interned
+civilians punished for offenses committed subsequent to May 1, 1919.
+
+During the period pending their repatriation all prisoners of war and
+interned civilians shall remain subject to the existing regulations,
+more especially as regards work and discipline.
+
+=ARTICLE 219.=--Prisoners of war and interned civilians who are awaiting
+disposal or undergoing sentence for offenses other than those against
+discipline may be detained.
+
+=ARTICLE 220.=--The German Government undertakes to admit to its
+territory without distinction all persons liable to repatriation.
+
+Prisoners of war or other German nationals who do not desire to be
+repatriated may be excluded from repatriation; but the Allied and
+Associated Governments reserve to themselves the right either to
+repatriate them or to take them to a neutral country or to allow them to
+reside in their own territories.
+
+The German Government undertakes not to institute any exceptional
+proceedings against these persons or their families nor to take any
+repressive or vexatious measures of any kind whatsoever against them on
+this account.
+
+=ARTICLE 221.=--The Allied and Associated Governments reserve the right
+to make the repatriation of German prisoners of war or German nationals
+in their hands conditional upon the immediate notification and release
+by the German Government of any prisoners of war who are nationals of
+the Allied and Associated Powers and may still be in Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 222.=--Germany undertakes:
+
+1. To give every facility to the commissions to inquire into the cases
+of those who cannot be traced; to furnish such commissions with all
+necessary means of transport; to allow them access to camps, prisons,
+hospitals, and all other places; and to place at their disposal all
+documents, whether public or private, which would facilitate their
+inquiries.
+
+2. To impose penalties upon any German officials or private persons who
+have concealed the presence of any nationals of any of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, or have neglected to reveal the presence of any such
+after it had come to their knowledge.
+
+=ARTICLE 223.=--Germany undertakes to restore without delay from the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty all articles, money,
+securities, and documents which have belonged to nationals of the Allied
+and Associated Powers and which have been retained by the German
+authorities.
+
+=ARTICLE 224.=--The high contracting parties waive reciprocally all
+repayment of sums due for the maintenance of prisoners of war in their
+respective territories.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Graves_
+
+=ARTICLE 225.=--The Allied and Associated Governments and the German
+Government will cause to be respected and maintained the graves of the
+soldiers and sailors buried in their respective territories.
+
+They agree to recognize any commission appointed by an Allied or
+Associated Government for the purpose of identifying, registering,
+caring for, or erecting suitable memorials over the said graves and to
+facilitate the discharge of its duties.
+
+Furthermore, they agree to afford, so far as the provisions of their
+laws and the requirements of public health allow, every facility for
+giving effect to requests that the bodies of their soldiers and sailors
+may be transferred to their own countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 226.=--The graves of prisoners of war and interned civilians
+who are nationals of the different belligerent States and have died in
+captivity shall be properly maintained in accordance with Article 225 of
+the present treaty.
+
+The Allied and Associated Governments on the one part, and the German
+Government on the other part, reciprocally, undertake also to furnish to
+each other:
+
+1. A complete list of those who have died, together with all information
+useful for identification.
+
+2. All information as to the number and position of the graves of all
+those who have been buried without identification.
+
+
+
+
+PART VII
+
+Penalties
+
+
+=ARTICLE 227.=--The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign
+William II. of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme
+offense against international morality and the sanctity of treaties.
+
+A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby
+assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defense. It will
+be composed of five judges, one appointed by each of the following
+powers: The United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Japan.
+
+In its decision, the tribunal will be guided by the highest motives of
+international policy with a view to vindicating the solemn obligations
+of international undertakings and the validity of international
+morality. It will be its duty to fix the punishment which it considers
+should be imposed.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers will address a request to the
+Government of the Netherlands for the surrender to them of the
+ex-Emperor in order that he may be put on trial.
+
+=ARTICLE 228.=--The German Government recognizes the right of the Allied
+and Associated Powers to bring before military tribunals persons accused
+of having committed acts in violation of the laws and customs of war.
+Such persons shall, if found guilty, be sentenced to punishments laid
+down by law. This provision will apply, notwithstanding any proceedings
+or prosecution before a tribunal in Germany or in the territory of her
+allies.
+
+The German Government shall hand over to the Allied and Associated
+Powers or to such one of them as shall so request, all persons accused
+of having committed an act in violation of the laws and customs of war
+who are specified either by name or by the rank, office, or employment
+which they held under the German authorities.
+
+=ARTICLE 229.=--Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of
+one of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before the
+military tribunals of that power.
+
+Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of more than one
+of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before military
+tribunals composed of members of the military tribunals of the powers
+concerned.
+
+In every case the accused will be entitled to name his own counsel.
+
+=ARTICLE 230.=--The German Government undertakes to furnish all
+documents and information of every kind, the production of which may be
+considered necessary to insure the full knowledge of the incriminating
+acts, the discovery of offenders, and the just appreciation of
+responsibility.
+
+
+
+
+PART VIII
+
+Reparation
+
+
+SECTION I.--_General Provisions_
+
+
+=ARTICLE 231.=--The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and
+Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for
+causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated
+Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of
+the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.
+
+=ARTICLE 232.=--The Allied and Associated Governments recognize that the
+resources of Germany are not adequate, after taking into account
+permanent diminutions of such resources which will result from other
+provisions of the present treaty, to make complete reparation for all
+such loss and damage.
+
+The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany
+undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the
+civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their
+property during the period of the belligerency of each as an Allied or
+Associated Power against Germany by such aggression by land, by sea, and
+from the air, and in general all damage as defined in Annex I. hereto.
+
+In accordance with Germany's pledges, already given as to complete
+restoration for Belgium, Germany undertakes, in addition to the
+compensation for damage elsewhere in this chapter provided for, as a
+consequence of the violation of the treaty of 1839, to make
+reimbursement of all sums which Belgium has borrowed from the Allies and
+Associated Governments up to Nov. 11, 1918, together with interest at
+the rate of 5 per cent. per annum on such sums. This amount shall be
+determined by the Reparation Commission, and the German Government
+undertakes thereupon forthwith to make a special issue of bearer bonds
+to an equivalent amount payable in marks gold, on May 1, 1926, or, at
+the option of the German Government, on the 1st of May in any year up to
+1926. Subject to the foregoing, the form of such bonds shall be
+determined by the Reparation Commission. Such bonds shall be handed over
+to the Reparation Commission, which has authority to take and
+acknowledge receipt thereof on behalf of Belgium.
+
+=ARTICLE 233.=--The amount of the above damage for which compensation is
+to be made by Germany shall be determined by an interallied commission,
+to be called the Reparation Commission, and constituted in the form and
+with the power set forth hereunder and in Annexes II. to VII. inclusive
+hereto.
+
+This commission shall consider the claims and give to the German
+Government a just opportunity to be heard.
+
+The findings of the commission as to the amount of damage defined as
+above shall be concluded and notified to the German Government on or
+before the 1st May, 1921, as representing the extent of that
+Government's obligations.
+
+The commission shall concurrently draw up a schedule of payments
+prescribing the time and manner for securing and discharging the entire
+obligation within a period of thirty years from the 1st May, 1921. If,
+however, within the period mentioned, Germany fails to discharge her
+obligations, any balance remaining unpaid may, within the discretion of
+the commission, be postponed for settlement in subsequent years, or may
+be handled otherwise in such manner as the Allied and Associated
+Governments, acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in this
+part of the present treaty, shall determine.
+
+=ARTICLE 234.=--The Reparation Commission shall after the 1st May, 1921,
+from time to time, consider the resources and capacity of Germany and,
+after giving her representatives a just opportunity to be heard, shall
+have discretion to extend the date and to modify the form of payments,
+such as are to be provided for in accordance with Article 233; but not
+to cancel any part, except with the specific authority of the several
+Governments represented upon the commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 235.=--In order to enable the Allied and Associated Powers to
+proceed at once to the restoration of their industrial and economic
+life, pending the full determination of their claims, Germany shall pay
+in such installments and in such manner (whether in gold, commodities,
+ships, securities, or otherwise) as the Reparation Commission may fix,
+during 1919, 1920, and the first four months of 1921, the equivalent of
+20,000,000,000 gold marks.
+
+Out of this sum the expenses of the armies of occupation subsequent to
+the armistice of the 11th November, 1918, shall first be met, and such
+supplies of food and raw materials as may be judged by the Governments
+of the principal Allied and Associated Powers to be essential to enable
+Germany to meet her obligations for reparation may also, with the
+approval of the said Governments, be paid for out of the above sum. The
+balance shall be reckoned toward liquidation of the amounts due for
+reparation.
+
+Germany shall further deposit bonds as prescribed in Paragraph 12 (c) of
+Annex II. hereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 236.=--Germany further agrees to the direct application of her
+economic resources to reparation as specified in Annexes III., IV., V.,
+and VI., relating respectively to merchant shipping, to physical
+restoration, and to coal and derivatives of coal, and to dyestuffs and
+other chemical products; provided always that the value of the property
+transferred and any services rendered by her under these annexes,
+assessed in the manner herein prescribed, shall be credited to her
+toward liquidation of her obligations under the above articles.
+
+=ARTICLE 237.=--The successive installments, including the above sum,
+paid over by Germany in satisfaction of the above claims, will be
+divided by the Allied and Associated Governments in proportions which
+have been determined upon by them in advance on a basis of general
+equity and of the rights of each.
+
+For the purposes of this division the value of property transferred and
+services rendered under Article 243 and under Annexes III., IV., VI.,
+and VII. shall be reckoned in the same manner as cash payments effected
+in that year.
+
+=ARTICLE 238.=--In addition to the payments mentioned above, Germany
+shall effect, in accordance with the procedure laid down by the
+Reparation Commission, restitution in cash of cash taken away, seized,
+or sequestrated, and also restitution of animals, objects of every
+nature, and securities taken away, seized, or sequestrated, in the cases
+in which it proves possible to identify them in territory belonging to
+Germany or her allies.
+
+Until this procedure is laid down restitution will continue in
+accordance with the provisions of the armistice of 11th November, 1918,
+and its renewals and the protocols thereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 239.=--Germany undertakes to make forthwith the restitution
+contemplated by Article 238 and to make the payments and deliveries
+contemplated by Articles 233, 234, 235, and 236.
+
+=ARTICLE 240.=--Germany recognizes the commission provided for by
+Article 233 as the same may be constituted by the Allied and Associated
+Governments in accordance with Annex II. and agrees irrevocably to the
+possession and exercise by such commission of the power and authority
+given to it under the present treaty. The German Government will supply
+to the commission all the information which the commission may require
+relative to the financial situation and operations and to the property,
+productive capacity, and stocks and current production of raw materials
+and manufactured articles of Germany and her nationals, and, further,
+any information relative to military operations which in the judgment of
+the commission may be necessary for the assessment of Germany's
+liability for reparation as defined in Annex I.
+
+The German Government will accord to the members of the commission and
+its authorized agents the same rights and immunities as are enjoyed in
+Germany by duly accredited diplomatic agents of friendly powers. Germany
+further agrees to provide for the salaries and expenses of the
+commission, and of such staff as it may employ.
+
+=ARTICLE 241.=--Germany undertakes to pass, issue, and maintain in force
+any legislation, orders, and decrees that may be necessary to give
+complete effect to these provisions.
+
+=ARTICLE 242.=--The provisions of this part of the present treaty do not
+apply to the property, rights, and interests referred to in Sections
+III. and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, nor to
+the product of their liquidation, except so far as concerns any final
+balance in favor of Germany under Article 243 (a).
+
+=ARTICLE 243.=--The following shall be reckoned as credits to Germany in
+respect of her reparation obligations:
+
+(a) Any final balance in favor of Germany under Sections III. and IV. of
+Part X. (economic clauses) and Section V. (Alsace-Lorraine) of Part III.
+(political clauses for Europe).
+
+(b) Amounts due to Germany in respect of transfers under Part IX.
+(financial clauses), Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways), and
+Section IV. (Sarre Basin) of Part III. (political clauses for Europe).
+
+(c) Amounts which in the judgment of the Reparation Commission should be
+credited to Germany on account of any other transfers under the present
+treaty of property, rights, concessions, or other interests.
+
+In no case, however, shall credit be given for property restored in
+accordance with Article 238.
+
+=ARTICLE 244.=--The transfer of the German submarine cables which do not
+form the subject of particular provisions of the present treaty as
+regulated by Annex VII. hereto.
+
+
+ANNEX I.
+
+Compensation may be claimed from Germany under Article 232 above in
+respect of the total damage under the following categories:
+
+1. Damage to injured persons and to surviving dependents by personal
+injury to or death of civilians caused by acts of war, including
+bombardments or other attacks on land, on sea, or from the air, and all
+the direct consequences thereof, and of all operations of war by the two
+groups of belligerents wherever arising.
+
+2. Damage caused by Germany or her allies to civilian victims of acts of
+cruelty, violence, or maltreatment, (including injuries to life or
+health as a consequence of imprisonment, deportation, internment, or
+evacuation, of exposure at sea, or of being forced to labor by Germany
+or her allies,) wherever arising, and to the surviving dependents of
+such victims.
+
+3. Damage caused by Germany or her allies in their own territory or in
+occupied or invaded territory to civilian victims of all acts injurious
+to health or capacity to work, or to honor, as well as to the surviving
+dependents of such victims.
+
+4. Damage caused by any kind of maltreatment of prisoners of war.
+
+5. As damage caused to the peoples of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+all pensions and compensations in the nature of pensions to naval and
+military victims of war, (including members of the air forces,) whether
+mutilated, wounded, sick or invalided, and to the dependents of such
+victims, the amount due to the Allied and Associated Governments being
+calculated for each of them as being the capitalized costs of such
+pensions and compensations at the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty, on the basis of the scales in force in France at such
+date.
+
+6. The cost of assistance by the Governments of the Allied and
+Associated Powers to prisoners of war and to their families and
+dependents.
+
+7. Allowances by the Governments of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+the families and dependents of mobilized persons or persons serving with
+the forces, the amount due to them for each calendar year in which
+hostilities occurred being calculated for each Government on the basis
+of the average scale for such payments in force in France during that
+year.
+
+8. Damage caused to civilians by being forced by Germany or her allies
+to labor without just remuneration.
+
+9. Damage in respect of all property, wherever situated, belonging to
+any of the Allied or Associated States or their nationals, with the
+exception of naval and military works or materials, which have been
+carried off, seized, injured, or destroyed by the acts of Germany or her
+allies on land, on sea, or from the air, or damage directly in
+consequence of hostilities or of any operations of war.
+
+10. Damage in the form of levies, fines and other similar exactions
+imposed by Germany or her allies upon the civilian population.
+
+
+ANNEX II.
+
+1. The commission referred to in Article 233 shall be called "The
+Reparation Commission," and is hereinafter referred to as "the
+commission."
+
+2. Delegates to the commission shall be nominated by the United States
+of America, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, and the
+Serb-Croat-Slovene State. Each of these powers will appoint one delegate
+and also one assistant delegate, who will take his place in case of
+illness or necessary absence, but at other times will only have the
+right to be present at proceedings without taking any part therein. On
+no occasion shall the delegates of more than five of the above powers
+have the right to take part in the proceedings of the commission and to
+record their votes. The delegates of the United States, Great Britain,
+France, and Italy shall have this right on all occasions. The delegates
+of Belgium shall have this right on all occasions other than those
+referred to below. The delegate of Japan shall have this right on
+occasions when questions relating to damage at sea and questions arising
+under Article 260 of Part IX. (financial clauses) in which Japanese
+interests are concerned are under consideration. The delegate of the
+Serb-Croat-Slovene State shall have this right when questions relating
+to Austria, Hungary, or Bulgaria are under consideration.
+
+Each Government represented on the commission shall have the right to
+withdraw therefrom upon twelve months' notice, filed with the commission
+and confirmed in the course of the sixth month after the date of the
+original notice.
+
+3. Such of the other Allied and Associated Powers as may be interested
+shall have the right to appoint a delegate to be present and act as
+assessor only while their respective claims and interests are under
+examination or discussion, but without the right to vote.
+
+4. In case of the death, resignation or recall of any delegate,
+assistant delegate, or assessor, a successor to him shall be nominated
+as soon as possible.
+
+5. The commission will have its principal permanent bureau in Paris and
+will hold its first meeting in Paris as soon as practicable after the
+coming into force of the present treaty, and thereafter will meet in
+such place or places and at such time as it may deem convenient and as
+may be necessary for the most expeditious discharge of its duties.
+
+6. At its first meeting the commission shall elect from among the
+delegates referred to above a Chairman and a Vice Chairman, who shall
+hold office for one year and shall be eligible for re-election. If a
+vacancy in the Chairmanship or Vice Chairmanship should occur during the
+annual period the commission shall proceed to a new election for the
+remainder of the said period.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+German Press Representatives in Versailles
+
+These men who are shown in their work room in the Hotel Des Reservoirs,
+Versailles, sent the news of the progress of the Peace Treaty throughout
+Germany]
+
+7. The commission is authorized to appoint all necessary officers,
+agents, and employees who may be required for the execution of its
+functions, and to fix their remuneration; to constitute committees,
+whose members need not necessarily be members of the commission, and to
+take all executive steps necessary for the purpose of discharging its
+duties, and to delegate authority and discretion to officers, agents,
+and committees.
+
+8. All proceedings of the commission shall be private unless, on
+particular occasions, the commission shall otherwise determine for
+special reasons.
+
+9. The commission shall be required, if the German Government so desire,
+to hear, within a period which it will fix from time to time, evidence
+and arguments on the part of Germany on any question connected with her
+capacity to pay.
+
+10. The commission shall consider the claims and give to the German
+Government a just opportunity to be heard, but not to take any part
+whatever in the decisions of the commission. The commission shall afford
+a similar opportunity to the allies of Germany when it shall consider
+that their interests are in question.
+
+11. The commission shall not be bound by any particular code or rules of
+law or by any particular rule of evidence or of procedure, but shall be
+guided by justice, equity, and good faith. Its decisions must follow the
+same principles and rules in all cases where they are applicable. It
+will establish rules relating to methods of proof of claims. It may act
+on any trustworthy modes of computation.
+
+12. The commission shall have all the powers conferred upon it, and
+shall exercise all the functions assigned to it by the present treaty.
+
+The commission shall in general have wide latitude as to its control and
+handling of the whole reparation problem as dealt with in this part of
+the present treaty, and shall have authority to interpret its
+provisions. Subject to the provisions of the present treaty, the
+commission is constituted by the several Allied and Associated
+Governments referred to in Paragraphs 2 and 3 above as the exclusive
+agency of the said Governments respectively for receiving, selling,
+holding, and distributing the reparation payments to be made by Germany
+under this part of the present treaty. The commission must comply with
+the following conditions and provisions:
+
+(a) Whatever part of the full amount of the proved claims is not paid in
+gold, or in ships, securities, and commodities or otherwise, Germany
+shall be required, under such conditions as the commission may
+determine, to cover by way of guarantee by an equivalent issue of bonds,
+obligations, or otherwise, in order to constitute an acknowledgment of
+the said part of the debt;
+
+(b) In periodically estimating Germany's capacity to pay, the commission
+shall examine the German system of taxation, first to the end that the
+sums for reparation which Germany is required to pay shall become a
+charge upon all her revenues prior to that for the service or discharge
+of any domestic loan, and, secondly, so as to satisfy itself that, in
+general, the German scheme of taxation is fully as heavy proportionately
+as that of any of the powers represented on the commission.
+
+(c) In order to facilitate and continue the immediate restoration of the
+economic life of the Allied and Associated countries, the commission
+will, as provided in Article 235, take from Germany by way of security
+for and acknowledgment of her debt a first installment of gold bearer
+bonds free of all taxes or charges of every description established or
+to be established by the Government of the German Empire or of the
+German States, or by any authority subject to them; these bonds will be
+delivered on account and in three portions, the marks gold being payable
+in conformity with Article 262 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the
+present treaty, as follows:
+
+First. To be issued forthwith, 20,000,000,000 marks gold bearer bonds,
+payable not later than May 1, 1921, without interest. There shall be
+specially applied toward the amortization of these bonds the payments
+which Germany is pledged to make in conformity with Article 235, after
+deduction of the sums used for the reimbursement of expenses of the
+armies of occupation and for payment of foodstuffs and raw materials.
+Such bonds as have not been redeemed by May 1, 1921, shall then be
+exchanged for new bonds of the same type as those provided for below,
+(Paragraph 12, c. second.)
+
+Second. To be issued forthwith, further 40,000,000,000 marks gold bearer
+bonds, bearing interest at 2½ per cent. per annum between 1921 and 1926,
+and thereafter at 5 per cent. per annum, with an additional 1 per cent
+for amortization beginning in 1926 on the whole amount of the issue.
+
+Third. To be delivered forthwith a covering undertaking in writing, to
+issue when, but not until, the commission is satisfied that Germany can
+meet such interest and sinking fund obligations, a further installment
+of 40,000,000,000 marks gold 5 per cent. bearer bonds, the time and mode
+of payment of principal and interest to be determined by the commission.
+
+The dates for payment of interest, the manner of applying the
+amortization fund, and all other questions relating to the issue,
+management, and regulation of the bond issue shall be determined by the
+commission from time to time.
+
+Further issues by way of acknowledgment and security may be required as
+the commission subsequently determines from time to time.
+
+(d) In the event of bonds, obligations, or other evidence of
+indebtedness issued by Germany by way of security for or acknowledgment
+of her reparation debt being disposed of outright, not by way of pledge,
+to persons other than the several Governments in whose favor Germany's
+original reparation indebtedness was created, an amount of such
+reparation indebtedness shall be deemed to be extinguished
+corresponding to the nominal value of the bonds, &c., so disposed of
+outright, and the obligation of Germany in respect for such bonds shall
+be confined to her liabilities to the holders of the bonds, as expressed
+upon their face.
+
+(e) The damage for repairing, reconstructing, and rebuilding property in
+the invaded and devastated districts, including reinstallation of
+furniture, machinery and other equipment, will be calculated according
+to the cost at the dates when the work is done.
+
+(f) Decisions of the commission relating to the total or partial
+cancellation of the capital or interest of any verified debt of Germany
+must be accompanied by a statement of its reasons.
+
+13. As to voting, the commission will observe the following rules:
+
+When a decision of the commission is taken, the votes of all the
+delegates entitled to vote, or in the absence of any of them, of their
+assistant delegates, shall be recorded. Abstention from voting is to be
+treated as a vote against the proposal under discussion. Assessors have
+no vote.
+
+On the following questions unanimity is necessary:
+
+(a) Questions involving the sovereignty of any of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, or the cancellation of the whole or any part of the
+debt or obligations of Germany.
+
+(b) Questions of determining the amount and conditions of bonds or other
+obligations to be issued by the German Government and of fixing the time
+and manner for selling, negotiating, or distributing such bonds.
+
+(c) Any postponement, total or partial, beyond the end of 1930, of the
+payment of installments falling due between the 1st May, 1921, and the
+end of 1926 inclusive.
+
+(d) Any postponement, total or partial, of any installment falling due
+after 1926 for a period exceeding three years.
+
+(e) Questions of applying in any particular case a method of measuring
+damages different from that which has been previously applied in a
+similar case.
+
+(f) Questions of the interpretation of the provisions of this part of
+the present treaty.
+
+All other questions shall be decided by the vote of a majority.
+
+In case of any difference of opinion among the delegates, which cannot
+be solved by reference to their Governments, upon the question whether a
+given case is one which requires a unanimous vote for its decision or
+not, such difference shall be referred to the immediate arbitration of
+some impartial person to be agreed upon by the Governments, whose award
+the Allied and Associated Governments agree to accept.
+
+14. Decisions of the commission, in accordance with the powers conferred
+upon it, shall forthwith become binding and may be put into immediate
+execution without further proceedings.
+
+15. The commission will issue to each of the interested powers, in such
+form as the commission shall fix:
+
+First. A certificate stating that it holds for the account of the said
+power bonds of the issues mentioned above, the said certificate, on the
+demand of the power concerned, being divisible in a number of parts not
+exceeding five;
+
+Second. From time to time certificates stating the goods delivered by
+Germany on account of her reparation debt which it holds for the account
+of the said power.
+
+The said certificates shall be registered, and, upon notice to the
+commission, may be transferred by indorsement.
+
+When bonds are issued for sale or negotiation, and when goods are
+delivered by the commission, certificates to an equivalent value must be
+withdrawn.
+
+16. Interest shall be debited to Germany as from 1st May, 1921, in
+respect of her debt as determined by the commission, after allowing for
+sums already covered by cash payments or their equivalent, or by bonds
+issued to the commission, or under Article 243. The rate of interest
+shall be 5 per cent., unless the commission shall determine at some
+future time that circumstances justify a variation of this rate.
+
+The commission, in fixing on 1st May, 1921, the total amount of the debt
+of Germany, may take account of interest due on sums arising out of the
+reparation of material damage, as from 11th November, 1918, up to 1st
+May, 1921.
+
+17. In case of default by Germany in the performance of any obligation
+under this part of the present treaty, the commission will forthwith
+give notice of such default to each of the interested powers and may
+make such recommendations as to the action to be taken in consequence of
+such default as it may think necessary.
+
+18. The measures which the Allied and Associated Powers shall have the
+right to take, in case of voluntary default by Germany, and which
+Germany agrees not to regard as acts of war, may include economic and
+financial prohibitions and reprisals and in general such other measures
+as the respective Governments may determine to be necessary in the
+circumstances.
+
+19. Payments required to be made in gold or its equivalent on account of
+the proved claims of the Allied and Associated Powers may at any time be
+accepted by the commission in the form of chattels, properties,
+commodities, businesses, rights, concessions, within or without German
+territory, ships, bonds, shares, or securities of any kind, or
+currencies of Germany or other States, the value of such substitutes for
+gold being fixed at a fair and just amount by the commission itself.
+
+20. The commission, in fixing or accepting payment in specified
+properties or rights, shall have due regard for any legal or equitable
+interests of the Allied and Associated Powers or of neutral powers or of
+their nationals therein.
+
+21. No member of the commission shall be responsible, except to the
+Government appointing him, for any action or omission as such member. No
+one of the Allied or Associated Governments assumes any responsibility
+in respect of any other Government.
+
+22. Subject to the provisions of the present treaty this annex may be
+amended by the unanimous decision of the Governments represented from
+time to time upon the commission.
+
+23. When all the amounts due from Germany and her allies under the
+present treaty or the decisions of the commission have been discharged
+and all sums received, or their equivalents, shall have been distributed
+to the powers interested, the commission shall be dissolved.
+
+
+ANNEX III.
+
+1. Germany recognizes the right of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+the replacement, ton for ton (gross tonnage) and class for class, of all
+merchant ships and fishing boats lost or damaged owing to the war.
+
+Nevertheless, and in spite of the fact that the tonnage of German
+shipping at present in existence is much less than that lost by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, in consequence of the German aggression,
+the right thus recognized will be enforced on German ships and boats
+under the following conditions:
+
+The German Government on behalf of themselves and so as to bind all
+other persons interested, cede to the Allied and Associated Governments
+the property in all the German merchant ships which are of 1,600 tons
+gross and upward; in one-half, reckoned in tonnage, of the ships which
+are between 1,000 tons and 1,600 tons gross; in one-quarter, reckoned in
+tonnage, of the steam trawlers, and in one-quarter, reckoned in tonnage,
+of the other fishing boats.
+
+2. The German Government will, within two months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty, deliver to the Reparation Commission all
+the ships and boats mentioned in Paragraph 1.
+
+3. The ships and boats mentioned in Paragraph 1 include all ships and
+boats which (a) fly, or may be entitled to fly, the German merchant
+flag; or (b) are owned by any German national, company, or corporation
+or by any company or corporation belonging to a country other than an
+Allied or Associated country and under the control or direction of
+German nationals; or (c) which are now under construction (1) in
+Germany, (2) in other than Allied or Associated countries for the
+account of any German national, company, or corporation.
+
+4. For the purpose of providing documents of title for the ships and
+boats to be handed over as above mentioned, the German Government will:
+
+(a) Deliver to the Reparation Commission in respect of each vessel a
+bill of sale or other document of title evidencing the transfer to the
+commission of the entire property in the vessel free from all
+incumbrances, charges, and liens of all kinds, as the commission may
+require:
+
+(b) Take all measures that may be indicated by the Reparation Commission
+for insuring that the ships themselves shall be placed at its disposal.
+
+5. As an additional part of reparation, Germany agrees to cause merchant
+ships to be built in German yards for the account of the Allied and
+Associated Governments as follows:
+
+(a) Within three months of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+the Reparation Commission will notify to the German Government the
+amount of tonnage to be laid down in German shipyards in each of the two
+years next succeeding the three months mentioned above:
+
+(b) Within twenty-four months of the coming into force of the present
+treaty, the Reparation Commission will notify to the German Government
+the amount of tonnage to be laid down in each of the three years
+following the two years mentioned above;
+
+(c) The amount of tonnage to be laid down in each year shall not exceed
+200,000 tons, gross tonnage;
+
+(d) The specifications of the ships to be built, the conditions under
+which they are to be built and delivered, the price per ton at which
+they are to be accounted for by the Reparation Commission, and all other
+questions relating to the accounting, ordering, building and delivery of
+the ships, shall be determined by the commission.
+
+6. Germany undertakes to restore in kind and in normal condition of
+upkeep to the Allied and Associated Powers, within two months of the
+coming into force of the present treaty, in accordance with procedure to
+be laid down by the Reparation Commission, any boats and other movable
+appliances belonging to inland navigation which since the 1st August,
+1914, have by any means whatever come into her possession or into the
+possession of her nationals, and which can be identified.
+
+With a view to make good the loss in inland navigation tonnage, from
+whatever cause arising, which has been incurred during the war by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and which cannot be made good by means of
+the restitution prescribed above, Germany agrees to cede to the
+Reparation Commission a portion of the German river fleet up to the
+amount of the loss mentioned above, provided that such cession shall not
+exceed 20 per cent. of the river fleet as it existed on the 11th
+November, 1918.
+
+The condition of this session shall be settled by the arbitrators
+referred to in Article 339 of Part XII. (ports, waterways and railways)
+of the present treaty, who are charged with the settlement of
+difficulties relating to the apportionment of river tonnage resulting
+from the new international régime applicable to certain river systems or
+from the territorial changes affecting those systems.
+
+7. Germany agrees to take any measures that may be indicated to her by
+the Reparation Commission for obtaining the full title to the property
+in all ships which have been during the war transferred, or are in
+process of transfer, to neutral flags, without the consent of the Allied
+and Associated Governments.
+
+8. Germany waives all claims of any description against the Allied and
+Associated Governments and their nationals in respect of the detention,
+employment, loss or damage of any German ships or boats, except when
+being made of payments due in respect of the employment of ships in
+conformity with the armistice agreement of the 13th January, 1919, and
+subsequent agreements.
+
+The handing over of the ships of the German mercantile marine must be
+continued without interruption in accordance with the said agreement.
+
+9. Germany waives all claims to vessels or cargoes sunk by or in
+consequence of naval action and subsequently salved, in which any of the
+Allied or Associated Governments or their nationals may have any
+interest, either as owners, charterers, insurers or otherwise,
+notwithstanding any decree of condemnation which may have been made by a
+prize court of Germany or of her allies.
+
+
+ANNEX IV.
+
+1. The Allied and Associated Powers require, and Germany undertakes,
+that, in part satisfaction of her obligations expressed in this part of
+the present treaty, she will, as hereinafter provided, devote her
+economic resources directly to the physical restoration of the invaded
+areas of the Allied and Associated Powers, to the extent that these
+powers may determine.
+
+2. The Allied and Associated Governments may file with the Reparation
+Commission lists showing:
+
+(a) Animals, machinery, equipment, tools, and like articles of
+commercial character, which have been seized, consumed, or destroyed by
+Germany or destroyed in direct consequence of military operations, and
+which such Governments, for the purpose of meeting immediate and urgent
+needs, desire to have replaced by animals and articles of the same
+nature which are being in German territory at the date of the coming
+into force of the present treaty;
+
+(b) Reconstruction materials, (stones, bricks, refractory bricks, tiles,
+wood, window glass, steel, lime, cement, &c.,) machinery, heating
+apparatus, furniture, and like articles of a commercial character which
+the said Governments desire to have produced and manufactured in Germany
+and delivered to them to permit of the restoration of the invaded areas.
+
+3. The lists relating to the articles mentioned in 2 (a), above, shall
+be filed within sixty days after the date of the coming into force of
+the present treaty. The lists relating to the articles in 2 (b), above,
+shall be filed on or before Dec. 31, 1919. The lists shall contain all
+such details as are customary in commercial contracts dealing with the
+subject matter, including specifications, dates of delivery, (but not
+extending over more than four years,) and places of delivery, but not
+price or value, which shall be fixed as hereinafter provided by the
+commission.
+
+4. Immediately upon the filing of such lists with the commission, the
+commission shall consider the amount and number of the materials and
+animals mentioned in the lists provided for above which are to be
+required of Germany. In reaching a decision on this matter the
+commission shall take into account such domestic requirements of Germany
+as it deems essential for the maintenance of Germany's social and
+economic life, and the prices and dates at which similar articles can be
+obtained in the Allied and Associated countries as compared with those
+to be fixed for German articles, and the general interest of the Allied
+and Associated Governments that the industrial life of Germany be not so
+disorganized as to affect adversely the ability of Germany to perform
+the other acts of reparation stipulated for. Machinery, equipment,
+tools, and like articles of a commercial character in actual industrial
+use are not, however, to be demanded of Germany unless there is no free
+stock of such articles respectively which is not in use and is
+available, and then not in excess of 30 per cent. of the quantity of
+such articles in use in any one establishment or undertaking.
+
+The commission shall give representatives of the German Government an
+opportunity and a time to be heard as to their capacity to furnish the
+said materials, articles, and animals. The decision of the commission
+shall thereupon and at the earliest possible moment be communicated to
+the German Government and to the several interested Allied and
+Associated Governments. The German Government undertakes to deliver the
+materials, articles, and animals as specified in the said communication,
+and the interested Allied and Associated Governments severally agree to
+accept the same, provided they conform to the specification given, or
+are not, in the judgment of the commission, unfit to be utilized in the
+work of reparation.
+
+5. The commission shall determine the value to be attributed to the
+materials, articles, and animals to be delivered in accordance with the
+foregoing, and the Allied or Associated Power receiving the same agrees
+to be charged with such value, and the amount thereof shall be treated
+as a payment by Germany to be divided in accordance with Article 237 of
+this part of the present treaty.
+
+In cases where the right to require physical restoration as above
+provided is exercised the commission shall insure that the amount to be
+credited against the reparation obligation of Germany shall be the fair
+value of work done or materials supplied by Germany and that the claim
+made by the interested power in respect of the damage so repaired by
+physical restoration shall be discharged to the extent of the
+proportion which the damage thus repaired bears to the whole of the
+damage thus claimed for.
+
+6. As an immediate advance on account of the animals referred to in
+Paragraph 2 (a) above, Germany undertakes to deliver in equal monthly
+installments in the three months following the coming into force of the
+present treaty the following quantities of live stock:
+
+First. To the French Government, 500 stallions, (3 to 7 years,) 30,000
+fillies and mares, (18 months to 7 years,) type: Ardennais, Boulonnais,
+or Belgian; 2,000 bulls, (18 months to 3 years); 90,000 milch cows, (2
+to 6 years); 1,000 rams, 100,000 sheep, 10,000 goats.
+
+Second. To the Belgian Government, 200 stallions, (3 to 7 years) large
+Belgian type; 5,000 mares, (3 to 7 years) large Belgian type; 5,000
+fillies, (18 months to 3 years); large Belgian type; 2,000 bulls, (18
+months to 3 years) 50,000 milch cows, (2 to 6 years) 40,000 heifers, 200
+rams, 20,000 sheep, 15,000 sows.
+
+The animals delivered shall be of average health and condition. To the
+extent that animals so delivered cannot be identified as animals taken
+away or seized, the value of such animals shall be credited against the
+reparation obligations of Germany in accordance with Paragraph 5 of this
+annex.
+
+7. Without waiting for the decisions of the commission, referred to in
+Paragraph 4 of this annex, to be taken, Germany must continue the
+delivery to France of the agricultural material referred to in Article 3
+of the renewal of the armistice of 16th January, 1919.
+
+
+ANNEX V.
+
+1. Germany accords the following options for the delivery of coal and
+derivatives of coal to the under-mentioned signatories of the present
+treaty.
+
+2. Germany undertakes to deliver to France 7,000,000 tons of coal per
+year for ten years. In addition, Germany undertakes to deliver to France
+annually for a period not exceeding ten years an amount of coal equal to
+the difference between the annual production before the war of the coal
+mines of the Nord and Pas de Calais, destroyed as a result of the war,
+and the production of the mines of the same area during the years in
+question; such delivery not to exceed 20,000,000 tons in any one year of
+the first five years, and 8,000,000 tons in any one year of the
+succeeding five years.
+
+It is understood due diligence will be exercised in the restoration of
+the destroyed mines in the Nord and Pas de Calais.
+
+3. Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium 8,000,000 tons of coal
+annually for ten years.
+
+4. Germany undertakes to deliver to Italy up to the following quantities
+of coal:
+
+    July, 1919, to June, 1920, 4,500,000 tons.
+    July, 1920, to June, 1921, 6,000,000 tons.
+    July, 1921, to June, 1922, 7,500,000 tons.
+    July, 1922, to June, 1923, 8,000,000 tons.
+    July, 1923, to June, 1924, 8,500,000 tons.
+
+and each of the following five years, 8,500,000 tons.
+
+At least two-thirds of the actual deliveries to be land borne.
+
+5. Germany further undertakes to deliver annually to Luxemburg, if
+directed by the Reparation Commission, a quantity of coal equal to the
+pre-war annual consumption of German coal in Luxemburg.
+
+6. The prices to be paid for coal delivered under these options shall be
+as follows:
+
+(a) For overland delivery, including delivery by barge, the German
+pithead price to German nationals, plus the freight to French, Belgian,
+Italian, or Luxemburg frontiers, provided the pithead price does not
+exceed the pithead price of British coal for export. In case of Belgian
+bunker coal, the price shall not exceed the Dutch bunker price. Railroad
+and barge tariffs shall not be higher than the lowest similar rates paid
+in Germany.
+
+(b) For sea delivery, the German export price f. o. b. the German ports,
+or the British export price f. o. b. British ports, whichever may be
+lower.
+
+7. The Allied and Associated Governments interested may demand the
+delivery in place of coal of metallurgical coke in the proportion of
+three tons of coke to four tons of coal.
+
+8. Germany undertakes to deliver to France and to transport to the
+French frontier by rail or by water the following products during each
+of the three years following the coming into force of this treaty:
+
+    Benzol--35,000 tons.
+    Coal tar--50,000 tons.
+    Sulphate of ammonia--30,000 tons.
+
+All or part of the coal tar may, at the option of the French Government,
+be replaced by corresponding quantities of products of distillation,
+such as light oils, heavy oils, anthracine, naphthaline, or pitch.
+
+9. The price paid for coke and for the articles referred to in the
+preceding paragraphs shall be the same as the price paid by German
+nationals under the same conditions of shipment to the French frontier
+or to the German ports, and shall be subject to any advantages which may
+be accorded similar products furnished to German nationals.
+
+10. The foregoing options shall be exercised through the intervention of
+the Reparation Commission, which, subject to the specific provisions
+hereof, shall have power to determine all questions relative to
+procedure and the qualities and quantities of products, the quantity of
+coke which may be substituted for coal, and the times and modes of
+delivery and payment. In giving notice to the German Government of the
+foregoing options the commission shall give at least 120 days' notice of
+deliveries to be made after 1st January, 1920, and at least thirty days'
+notice of deliveries to be made between the coming into force of this
+treaty and the 1st January, 1920. Until Germany has received the demands
+referred to in this paragraph the provisions of the protocol of the 25th
+December, 1918, (execution of Article 6 of the armistice of the 11th
+November, 1918,) remain in force.
+
+The notice to be given to the German Government of the exercise of the
+right of substitution accorded by Paragraphs 7 and 8 shall be such as
+the Reparation Commission may consider sufficient.
+
+If the commission shall determine that the full exercise of the
+foregoing options would interfere unduly with the industrial
+requirements of Germany, the commission is authorized to postpone or to
+cancel deliveries, and in so doing to settle all questions of priority,
+but the coal to replace coal from destroyed mines shall receive priority
+over other deliveries.
+
+
+ANNEX VI.
+
+1. Germany accords to the Reparation Commission an option to require as
+part of reparation the delivery by Germany of such quantities and kinds
+of dyestuffs and chemical drugs as the commission may designate, not
+exceeding 50 per cent. of the total stock of each and every kind of
+dyestuff and chemical drug in Germany or under German control at the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+This option shall be exercised within sixty days of the receipt by the
+commission of such particulars as to stocks as may be considered
+necessary by the commission.
+
+2. Germany further accords to the Reparation Commission an option to
+require delivery during the period from the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty until Jan. 1, 1920, and during each period
+of six months thereafter until Jan. 1, 1925, of any specified kind of
+dyestuff and chemical drug up to an amount not exceeding 25 per cent. of
+the German production of such dyestuffs and chemical drugs during the
+previous six months' period. If in any case the production during such
+previous six months was, in the opinion of the commission, less than
+normal, the amount required may be 25 per cent. of the normal
+production.
+
+Such option shall be exercised within four weeks after the receipt of
+such particulars as to production and in such form as may be considered
+necessary by the commission; these particulars shall be furnished by the
+German Government immediately after the expiration of each six months'
+period.
+
+3. For dyestuffs and chemical drugs delivered under Paragraph 1 the
+price shall be fixed by the commission, having regard to pre-war net
+export prices and to subsequent increases of cost.
+
+For dyestuffs and chemical drugs delivered under Paragraph 2 the price
+shall be fixed by the commission, having regard to pre-war net export
+prices and subsequent variations of cost or the lowest net selling price
+of similar dyestuffs and chemical drugs to any other purchaser.
+
+4. All details, including mode and times of exercising the options and
+making delivery, and all other questions arising under this arrangement
+shall be determined by the Reparation Commission; the German Government
+will furnish to the commission all necessary information and other
+assistance which it may require.
+
+5. The above expression "dyestuffs and chemical drugs" includes all
+synthetic dyes and drugs and intermediate or other products used in
+connection with dyeing, so far as they are manufactured for sale. The
+present arrangement shall also apply to cinchona bark and salts of
+quinine.
+
+
+ANNEX VII.
+
+Germany renounces on her own behalf and on behalf of her nationals in
+favor of the principal Allied and Associated Powers all rights, titles
+or privileges of whatever nature in the submarine cables set out below,
+or in any portions thereof:
+
+    Emden-Vigo: from the Straits of Dover to off Vigo;
+
+    Emden-Brest: from off Cherbourg to Brest;
+
+    Emden-Teneriffe: from off Dunkirk to off Teneriffe;
+
+    Emden-Azores (1): from the Straits of Dover to Fayal;
+
+    Emden-Azores (2): from the Straits of Dover to Fayal;
+
+    Azores-New York (1): from Fayal to New York;
+
+    Azores-New York (2): from Fayal to the longitude of Halifax;
+
+    Teneriffe-Monrovia: from off Teneriffe to off Monrovia;
+
+    Monrovia-Lome: from about latitude 2 degrees 30 minutes north,
+    and longitude 7 degrees 40 minutes west of Greenwich, to about
+    latitude 2 degrees 20 minutes north, and longitude 5 degrees 30
+    minutes west of Greenwich, and from about latitude 3 degrees 48
+    minutes north, and longitude 0 degrees 0 minutes to Lome;
+
+    Lome-Duala: from Lome to Duala;
+
+    Monrovia-Pernambuco: from off Monrovia to off Pernambuco;
+
+    Constantinople-Constanza: from Constantinople to Constanza;
+
+    Yap-Shanghai, Yap-Guam, and Yap-Menado (Celebes): from Yap
+    Island to Shanghai, from Yap Island to Guam Island, and from
+    Yap Island to Menado.
+
+The value of the above-mentioned cables or portions thereof in so far as
+they are privately owned, calculated on the basis of the original cost
+less a suitable allowance for depreciation, shall be credited to Germany
+in the reparation account.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Special Provisions_
+
+=ARTICLE 245.=--Within six months after coming into force of the present
+treaty the German Government must restore to the French Government the
+trophies, archives, historical souvenirs, or works of art carried away
+from France by the German authorities in the course of the war of
+1870--71 and during this last war, in accordance with a list which will
+be communicated to it by the French Government; particularly the French
+flags taken in the course of the war of 1870--71, and all the political
+papers taken by the German authorities on Oct. 10, 1870, at the Château
+of Cercay, near Brunoy, (Seine-et-Oise,) belonging at the time to M.
+Rouher, formerly Minister of State.
+
+=ARTICLE 246.=--Within six months of the coming into force of the
+present treaty Germany will restore to his Majesty the King of the
+Hedjaz the original Koran of the Caliph Othman, which was removed from
+Medina by the Turkish authorities and is stated to have been presented
+to the ex-Emperor William II.
+
+Within the same period Germany will hand over to his Britannic Majesty's
+Government the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa, which was removed from the
+protectorate of German East Africa and taken to Germany.
+
+The delivery of the articles above referred to will be effected in such
+place and in such conditions as may be laid down by the Governments to
+which they are to be restored
+
+=ARTICLE 247.=--Germany undertakes to furnish to the University of
+Louvain, within three months after a request made by it and transmitted
+through the intervention of the Reparation Commission, manuscripts,
+incunabula, printed books, maps, and objects of collection corresponding
+in number and value to those destroyed in the burning by Germany of the
+library of Louvain. All details regarding such replacement will be
+determined by the Reparation Commission.
+
+Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium, through the Reparation
+Commission, within six months of the coming into force of the present
+treaty, in order to enable Belgium to reconstitute her two great
+artistic works:
+
+(a) The leaves of the triptych of the Mystic Lamb painted by the Van
+Eyck Brothers, formerly in the Church of St. Bavon at Ghent, now in the
+Berlin Museum.
+
+(b) The leaves of the triptych of the Last Supper, painted by Dierick
+Bouts, formerly in the Church of St. Peter at Louvain, two of which are
+now in the Berlin Museum and two in the old Pinakothek at Munich.
+
+
+
+
+PART IX
+
+Financial Clauses
+
+
+=ARTICLE 248.=--Subject to such exceptions as the Reparation Commission
+may approve, a first charge upon all the assets and revenues of the
+German Empire and its constituent States shall be the cost of reparation
+and all other costs arising under the present treaty or any treaties or
+agreements supplementary thereto or under arrangements concluded between
+Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers during the armistice or its
+extensions.
+
+Up to May 1, 1921, the German Government shall not export or dispose of,
+and shall forbid the export or disposal of, gold without the previous
+approval of the Allied and Associated Powers acting through the
+Reparation Commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 249.=--There shall be paid by the German Government the total
+cost of all armies of the Allied and Associated Governments in occupied
+German territory from the date of the signature of the armistice of the
+11th November, 1918, including the keep of men and beasts, lodging and
+billeting, pay and allowances, salaries and wages, bedding, heating,
+lighting, clothing, equipment, harness and saddlery, armament and
+rolling stock, air services, treatment of sick and wounded, veterinary
+and remount services, transport service of all sorts, (such as by rail,
+sea, river, or motor lorries,) communications and correspondence, and in
+general the cost of all administrative or technical services, the
+working of which is necessary for the training of troops and for keeping
+their numbers up to strength and preserving their military efficiency.
+
+The cost of such liabilities under the above heads, so far as they
+relate to purchases or requisitions by the Allied and Associated
+Governments in the occupied territories, shall be paid by the German
+Government to the Allied and Associated Governments in marks at the
+current or agreed rate of exchange. All other of the above costs shall
+be paid in gold marks.
+
+=ARTICLE 250.=--Germany confirms the surrender of all material handed
+over to the Allied and Associated Powers in accordance with the
+armistice agreement of the 11th November, 1918, and subsequent armistice
+agreements, and recognizes the title of the Allied and Associated Powers
+to such material.
+
+There shall be credited to the German Government against the sums due
+from it to the Allied and Associated Powers for reparation, the value,
+as assessed by the Reparation Commission referred to in Article 233 of
+Part VIII. (reparation) of the present treaty, of the material handed
+over in accordance with Article 7 of the armistice agreement of the 11th
+November, 1918, Article 3 of the armistice agreement of the 16th
+January, 1919, as well as of any other material handed over in
+accordance with the armistice agreement of the 11th November, 1918, and
+of subsequent armistice agreements, for which, as having non-military
+value, credit should, in the judgment of the Reparation Commission, be
+allowed to the German Government.
+
+Property belonging to the Allied and Associated Governments or their
+nationals restored or surrendered under the armistice agreements in
+specie shall not be credited to the German Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 251.=--The priority of the charges established by Article 248
+shall, subject to the qualifications made below, be as follows:
+
+(a) The cost of the armies of occupation as defined under Article 249
+during the armistice and its extensions;
+
+(b) The cost of any armies of occupation as defined under Article 249
+after the coming into force of the present treaty;
+
+(c) The cost of reparation arising out of the present treaty or any
+treaties or conventions supplementary thereto;
+
+(d) The cost of all other obligations incumbent on Germany under the
+armistice conventions or under this treaty or any treaties or
+conventions supplementary thereto.
+
+The payment for such supplies of food and raw material for Germany and
+such other payments as may be judged by the Allied and Associated Powers
+to be essential to enable Germany to meet her obligations in respect of
+reparation will have priority to the extent and upon the conditions
+which have been or may be determined by the Governments of the said
+powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 252.=--The right of each of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+dispose of enemy assets and property within its jurisdiction at the date
+of the coming into force of the present treaty is not affected by the
+foregoing provisions.
+
+=ARTICLE 253.=--Nothing in the foregoing provisions shall prejudice in
+any manner charges or mortgages lawfully effected in favor of the Allied
+and Associated Powers or their nationals respectively, before the date
+at which a state of war existed between Germany and the Allied and
+Associated Powers concerned, by the German Empire or its constituent
+States, or by German nationals on assets in their ownership at that
+date.
+
+=ARTICLE 254.=--The powers to which German territory is ceded shall,
+subject to the qualifications made in Article 255, undertake to pay:
+
+1. A portion of the debt of the German Empire as it stood on the 1st
+August, 1914, calculated on the basis of the ratio between the average
+for the three financial years 1911, 1912, 1913, of such revenues of the
+ceded territory and the average for the same years of such revenues of
+the whole German Empire as in the judgment of the Reparation Commission
+are best calculated to represent the relative ability of the respective
+territories to make payments.
+
+2. A portion of the debt as it stood on the 1st August, 1914, of the
+German State to which the ceded territory belonged, to be determined in
+accordance with the principle stated above.
+
+Such portions shall be determined by the Reparation Commission.
+
+The method of discharging the obligation both in respect of capital and
+of interest, so assumed, shall be fixed by the Reparation Commission.
+Such method may take the form, inter alia, of the assumption by the
+power to which the territory is ceded of Germany's liability for the
+German debt held by her nationals. But in the event of the method
+adopted involving any payments to the German Government, such payments
+shall be transferred to the Reparation Commission on account of the sums
+due for reparation so long as any balance in respect of such sums
+remains unpaid.
+
+=ARTICLE 255.=--1. As an exception to the above provision and inasmuch
+as in 1871 Germany refused to undertake any portion of the burden of
+the French debt, France shall be, in respect of Alsace-Lorraine, exempt
+from any payment under Article 254.
+
+2. In the case of Poland that portion of the debt which, in the opinion
+of the Reparation Commission is attributable to the measures taken by
+the German and Prussian Governments for the German colonization of
+Poland shall be excluded from the apportionment to be made under Article
+254.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home
+
+This photograph taken from the Fighting Top of the _Pennsylvania_, shows
+American Warships in the North River, firing a salute in honor of the
+President's return from France on the _George Washington_.]
+
+3. In the case of all ceded territories other than Alsace-Lorraine that
+portion of the debt of the German Empire or German States which in the
+opinion of the Reparation Commission represents expenditure by the
+Governments of the German Empire or States upon the Government
+properties referred to in Article 256 shall be excluded from the
+apportionment to be made under Article 254.
+
+=ARTICLE 256.=--Powers to which German territory is ceded shall acquire
+all property and possessions situated therein belonging to the German
+Empire or to the German States, and the value of such acquisitions shall
+be fixed by the Reparation Commission, and paid by the State acquiring
+the territory to the Reparation Commission for the credit of the German
+Government on account of the sums due for reparation.
+
+For the purposes of this article the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and States shall be deemed to include all the property of
+the Crown, the Empire or the States, and the private property of the
+former German Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+In view of the terms on which Alsace-Lorraine was ceded to Germany in
+1871--France shall be exempt in respect thereof from making any payment
+or credit under this article for any property or possessions of the
+German Empire or States situated therein. Belgium also shall be exempt
+from making any payment or any credit under this article for any
+property or possessions of the German Empire or States situated in
+German territory ceded to Belgium under the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 257.=--In the case of the former German territories, including
+colonies, protectorates, or dependencies, administered by a mandatory
+under Article 22 of Part I. (League of Nations) of the present treaty,
+neither the territory nor the mandatory power shall be charged with any
+portion of the debt of the German Empire or States.
+
+All property and possessions belonging to the German Empire or to the
+German States situated in such territory shall be transferred with the
+territories to the Mandatory Power in its capacity as such, and no
+payment shall be made nor any credit given to those Governments in
+consideration of this transfer.
+
+For the purpose of this article the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and of the German States shall be deemed to include all
+the property of the crown, the empire or the States and the private
+property of the former German Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+=ARTICLE 258.=--Germany renounces all rights accorded to her or her
+nationals by treaties, conventions or agreements, of whatsoever kind, to
+representation upon or participation in the control or administration of
+commissions, state banks, agencies or other financial or economic
+organizations of an international character, exercising powers of
+control or administration, and operating in any of the Allied or
+Associated States, or in Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or Turkey, or in the
+dependencies of these States, or in the former Russian Empire.
+
+=ARTICLE 259.=--1. Germany agrees to deliver within one month from the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty, to such authority
+as the principal Allied and Associated Powers may designate, the sum in
+gold which was to be deposited in the Reichsbank in the name of the
+Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as security for
+the first issue of Turkish Government currency notes.
+
+2. Germany recognizes her obligation to make annually for the period of
+twelve years the payments in gold for which provision is made in the
+German Treasury bonds deposited by her from time to time in the name of
+the Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as security
+for the second and subsequent issues of Turkish Government currency
+notes.
+
+3. Germany undertakes to deliver, within one month from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, to such authority as the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers may designate, the deposit gold constituted in the
+Reichsbank or elsewhere, representing the residue of the advance in gold
+agreed to on the 5th of May, 1915, by the Council of the Administration
+of the Ottoman Public Debt to the Imperial Ottoman Government.
+
+4. Germany agrees to transfer to the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers any title that she may have to the sum in gold and silver
+transmitted by her to the Turkish Ministry of Finance in November, 1918,
+in anticipation of the payment to be made in May, 1919, for the service
+of the Turkish internal loan.
+
+5. Germany undertakes to transfer to the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers within a period of one month from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, any sums in gold transferred as pledge or as collateral
+security to the German Government or its nationals in connection with
+loans made by them to the Austro-Hungarian Government.
+
+6. Without prejudice to Article 292 of Part X. (economic clauses) of the
+present treaty, Germany confirms the renunciation provided for in
+Article XV. of the armistice convention of the 11th November, 1918, of
+any benefit disclosed by the treaties of Bucharest and of Brest-Litovsk,
+and by the treaties supplementary thereto.
+
+Germany undertakes to transfer, either to Rumania or to the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, as the case may be, all monetary
+instruments, specie, securities and negotiable instruments or goods
+which she has received under the aforesaid treaties.
+
+7. The sums of money and all securities, instruments and goods of
+whatever nature, to be delivered, paid and transferred under the
+provisions of this article, shall be disposed of by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers in a manner hereafter to be determined by these
+powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 260.=--Without prejudice to the renunciation of any rights by
+Germany on behalf of herself or of her nationals in the other provisions
+of the present treaty, the Reparation Commission may, within one year
+from the coming into force of the present treaty, demand that the German
+Government become possessed of any rights and interests of the German
+nationals in any public utility undertaking or in any concession
+operating in Russia, China, Turkey, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria, or
+in the possessions or dependencies of these States or in any territory
+formerly belonging to Germany or her allies, to be ceded by Germany or
+her allies to any power, or to be administered by a mandatary under the
+present treaty, and may require that the German Government transfer,
+within six months of the date of demand, all such rights and interests
+and any similar rights and interests the German Government may itself
+possess, to the Reparation Commission.
+
+Germany shall be responsible for indemnifying her nationals so
+dispossessed and the Reparation Commission shall credit Germany on
+account of sums due for reparation with such sums in respect of the
+value of the transferred rights and interests as may be assessed by the
+Reparation Commission, and the German Government shall, within six
+months from the coming into force of the present treaty, communicate to
+the Reparation Commission all such rights and interests, whether already
+granted, contingent, or not yet exercised, and shall renounce on behalf
+of itself and its nationals in favor of the Allied and Associated Powers
+all such rights and interests which have not been so communicated.
+
+=ARTICLE 261.=--Germany undertakes to transfer to the Allied and
+Associated Powers any claims she may have to payment or repayment by the
+Governments of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, and, in particular
+any claims which may arise, now or hereafter, from the fulfillment of
+undertakings made by Germany during the war to those Governments.
+
+=ARTICLE 262.=--Any monetary obligation due by Germany arising out of
+the present treaty and expressed in terms of gold marks shall be payable
+at the option of the creditors in pounds sterling payable in London;
+gold dollars of the United States of America payable in New York; gold
+francs payable in Paris, or gold lire payable in Rome.
+
+For the purpose of this article, the gold coins mentioned above shall be
+defined as being of the weight and fineness of gold as enacted by law on
+the 1st January, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 263.=--Germany gives a guarantee to the Brazilian Government
+that all sums representing the sale of coffee belonging to the State of
+Sao Paolo in the Ports of Hamburg, Bremen, Antwerp, and Trieste, which
+were deposited with the Bank of the Bleichröder at Berlin, shall be
+reimbursed, together with interest at the rate or rates agreed upon.
+
+Germany, having prevented the transfer of the sums in question to the
+State of Sao Paolo at the proper time, guarantees also that the
+reimbursements shall be effected at the rate of exchange of the day of
+the deposit.
+
+
+
+
+PART X
+
+Economic Clauses
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Commercial Relations_
+
+CHAPTER I.--CUSTOMS REGULATIONS, DUTIES, AND RESTRICTIONS
+
+
+=ARTICLE 264.=--Germany undertakes that goods the produce or manufacture
+of any one of the Allied or Associated States imported into German
+territory, from whatsoever place arriving, shall not be subjected to
+other or higher duties or charges (including internal charges) than
+those to which the like goods the produce or manufacture of any other
+such State or of any other foreign country are subject.
+
+Germany will not maintain or impose any prohibition or restriction on
+the importation into German territory of any goods the produce or
+manufacture of the territories of any one of the Allied or Associated
+States, from whatsoever place arriving, which shall not equally extend
+to the importation of the like goods the produce or manufacture of any
+other such State or of any other foreign country.
+
+=ARTICLE 265.=--Germany further undertakes that, in the matter of the
+régime applicable on importation, no discrimination against the commerce
+of any of the Allied and Associated States as compared with any other of
+the said States or any other foreign country shall be made, even by
+indirect means, such as customs regulations or procedure, methods of
+verification or analysis, conditions of payment of duties, tariff
+classification or interpretation, or the operation of monopolies.
+
+=ARTICLE 266.=--In all that concerns exportation Germany undertakes that
+goods, natural products or manufactured articles, exported from German
+territory to the territories of any one of the Allied or Associated
+States shall not be subjected to other or higher duties or charges
+(including internal charges) than those paid on the like goods exported
+to any other such State or to any other foreign country.
+
+Germany will not maintain or impose any prohibition or restriction on
+the exportation of any goods sent from her territory to any one of the
+Allied or Associated States which shall not equally extend to the
+exportation of the like goods, natural products or manufactured
+articles, sent to any other such State or to any other foreign country.
+
+=ARTICLE 267.=--Every favor, immunity, or privilege in regard to the
+importation, exportation, or transit of goods granted by Germany to any
+Allied or Associated State or to any other foreign country whatever
+shall simultaneously and unconditionally, without request and without
+compensation, be extended to all the Allied and Associated States.
+
+=ARTICLE 268.=--The provisions of Article 264 to 267 inclusive of this
+chapter and of Article 323 of Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways)
+of the present treaty are subject to the following exceptions:
+
+(a) For a period of five years from the coming into force of the present
+treaty, natural or manufactured products which both originate in and
+come from the territories of Alsace and Lorraine reunited to France
+shall, on importation into German customs territory, be exempt from all
+customs duty.
+
+The French Government shall fix each year by decree communicated to the
+German Government, the nature and amount of the products which shall
+enjoy this exemption.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+Further, during the period above mentioned the German Government shall
+allow the free export from Germany, and the free reimportation into
+Germany, exempt from all customs duties and other charges, (including
+internal charges,) of yarns, tissues, and other textile materials or
+textile products of any kind and in any condition sent from Germany into
+the territories of Alsace or Lorraine, to be subjected there to any
+finishing process, such as bleaching, dyeing, printing, mercerization,
+gassing, twisting, or dressing.
+
+(b) During a period of three years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty natural or manufactured products which both originate in
+and come from Polish territories which before the war were part of
+Germany shall, on importation into German customs territory, be exempt
+from all customs duty.
+
+The Polish Government shall fix each year, by decree communicated to the
+German Government, the nature and amount of the products which shall
+enjoy this exemption.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+(c) The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to require
+Germany to accord freedom from customs duty, on importation into German
+customs territory, to natural products and manufactured articles which
+both originate in and come from the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, for a
+period of five years from the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+The nature and amount of the products which shall enjoy the benefits of
+this régime shall be communicated each year to the German Government.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+=ARTICLE 269.=--During the first six months after the coming into force
+of the present treaty, the duties imposed by Germany on imports from
+Allied and Associated States shall not be higher than the most favorable
+duties which were applied to imports into Germany on the 31st July,
+1914.
+
+During a further period of thirty months after the expiration of the
+first six months, this provision shall continue to be applied
+exclusively with regard to products which, being comprised in Section A
+of the First Category of the German Customs Tariff of the 25th December,
+1902, enjoyed at the above-mentioned date (31st July, 1914,) rates
+conventionalized by treaties with the Allied and Associated Powers, with
+the addition of all kinds of wine and vegetable oils, of artificial silk
+and of washed or scoured wool, whether or not they were the subject of
+special conventions before the 31st July, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 270.=--The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to
+apply to German territory occupied by their troops a special customs
+régime as regards imports and exports, in the event of such a measure
+being necessary in their opinion in order to safeguard the economic
+interests of the population of these territories.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--SHIPPING
+
+=ARTICLE 271.=--As regards sea fishing, maritime coasting trade, and
+maritime towage, vessels of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+enjoy, in German territorial waters, the treatment accorded to vessels
+of the most-favored nation.
+
+=ARTICLE 272.=--Germany agrees that, notwithstanding any stipulation to
+the contrary contained in the conventions relating to the North Sea
+fisheries and liquor traffic, all rights of inspection and police shall,
+in the case of fishing boats of the Allied Powers, be exercised solely
+by ships belonging to those powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 273.=--In the case of vessels of the Allied or Associated
+Powers, all classes of certificates or documents relating to the vessel,
+which were recognized as valid by Germany before the war, or which may
+hereafter be recognized as valid by the principal maritime States, shall
+be recognized by Germany as valid and as equivalent to the corresponding
+certificates issued to German vessels.
+
+A similar recognition shall be accorded to the certificates and
+documents issued to their vessels by the Governments of new States,
+whether they have a seacoast or not, provided that such certificates and
+documents shall be issued in conformity with the general practice
+observed in the principal maritime States.
+
+The high contracting parties agree to recognize the flag flown by the
+vessels of an Allied or Associated Power having no seacoast which are
+registered at some one specified place situated in its territory; such
+place shall serve as the port of registry of such vessels.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--UNFAIR COMPETITION
+
+=ARTICLE 274.=--Germany undertakes to adopt all the necessary
+legislative and administrative measures to protect goods the produce or
+manufacture of any one of the Allied and Associated Powers from all
+forms of unfair competition in commercial transactions.
+
+Germany undertakes to prohibit and repress by seizure and by other
+appropriate remedies the importation, exportation, manufacture,
+distribution, sale or offering for sale in its territory of all goods
+bearing upon themselves or their usual get-up or wrappings any marks,
+names, devices, or descriptions whatsoever which are calculated to
+convey directly or indirectly a false indication of the origin, type,
+nature, or special characteristics of such goods.
+
+=ARTICLE 275.=--Germany undertakes on condition that reciprocity is
+accorded in these matters to respect any law, or any administrative or
+judicial decision given in conformity with such law, in force in any
+Allied or Associated State and duly communicated to her by the proper
+authorities, defining or regulating the right to any regional
+appellation in respect of wine or spirits produced in the State to which
+the region belongs or the conditions under which the use of any such
+appellation may be permitted; and the importation, exportation,
+manufacture, distribution, sale or offering for sale of products or
+articles bearing regional appellations inconsistent with such law or
+order shall be prohibited by the German Government and repressed by the
+measures prescribed in the preceding article.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--TREATMENT OF NATIONALS OF ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
+
+=ARTICLE 276.=--Germany undertakes:
+
+(a) not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+any prohibition in regard to the exercise of occupations, professions,
+trade, and industry, which shall not be equally applicable to all aliens
+without exception;
+
+(b) not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers in
+regard to the rights referred to in Paragraph (a) to any regulation or
+restriction which might contravene directly or indirectly the
+stipulations of the said paragraph, or which shall be other or more
+disadvantageous than those which are applicable to nationals of the
+most-favored nation;
+
+(c) not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+their property, rights, or interests, including companies and
+associations in which they are interested, to any charge, tax, or
+impost, direct or indirect, other or higher than those which are or may
+be imposed on her own nationals or their property, rights, or interests;
+
+(d) not to subject the nationals of any one of the Allied and Associated
+Powers to any restriction which was not applicable on July 1, 1914, to
+the nationals of such powers unless such restriction is likewise imposed
+on her own nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 277.=--The nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+enjoy in German territory a constant protection for their persons and
+for their property, rights, and interests, and shall have free access to
+the courts of law.
+
+=ARTICLE 278.=--Germany undertakes to recognize any new nationality
+which has been or may be acquired by her nationals under the laws of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and in accordance with the decisions of
+the competent authorities of these powers pursuant to naturalization
+laws or under treaty stipulations, and to regard such persons as having,
+in consequence of the acquisition of such new nationality, in all
+respects severed their allegiance to their country of origin.
+
+=ARTICLE 279.=--The Allied and Associated Powers may appoint Consuls
+General, Consuls, Vice Consuls, and Consular Agents in German towns and
+ports. Germany undertakes to approve the designation of the Consuls
+General, Consuls, Vice Consuls, and Consular Agents, whose names shall
+be notified to her, and to admit them to the exercise of their functions
+in conformity with the usual rules and customs.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.--GENERAL ARTICLES
+
+=ARTICLE 280.=--The obligations imposed on Germany by Chapter I. and by
+Articles 271 and 272 of Chapter II. above shall cease to have effect
+five years from the date of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+unless otherwise provided in the text, or unless the Council of the
+League of Nations shall, at least twelve months before the expiration of
+that period, decide that these obligations shall be maintained for a
+further period with or without amendment.
+
+Article 276 of Chapter IV. shall remain in operation, with or without
+amendment, after the period of five years for such further period, if
+any, not exceeding five years, as may be determined by a majority of the
+Council of the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 281.=--If the German Government engages in international trade,
+it shall not in respect thereof have or be deemed to have any rights,
+privileges, or immunities of sovereignty.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Treaties_
+
+=ARTICLE 282.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty and
+subject to the provisions thereof the multilateral treaties,
+conventions, and agreements of an economic or technical character
+enumerated below and in the subsequent articles shall alone be applied
+as between Germany and those of the Allied and Associated Powers party
+thereto:
+
+1. Conventions of March 14, 1884; Dec. 1, 1886, and March 23, 1887, and
+final protocol of July 7, 1887, regarding the protection of submarine
+cables.
+
+2. Convention of Oct. 11, 1909, regarding the international circulation
+of motor cars.
+
+3. Agreement of May 15, 1886, regarding the sealing of railway trucks
+subject to customs inspection, and protocol of May 18, 1907.
+
+4. Agreement of May 15, 1886, regarding the technical standardization of
+railways.
+
+5. Convention of July 5, 1890, regarding the publication of customs
+tariffs and the organization of an international union for the
+publication of customs tariffs.
+
+6. Convention of Dec. 31, 1913, regarding the unification of commercial
+statistics.
+
+7. Convention of April 25, 1907, regarding the raising of the Turkish
+customs tariff.
+
+8. Convention of March 14, 1857, for the redemption of toll dues on the
+Sound and Belts.
+
+9. Convention of June 22, 1861, for the redemption of the Stade Toll on
+the Elbe.
+
+10. Convention of July 16, 1863, for the redemption of toll dues on the
+Scheldt.
+
+11. Convention of Oct. 29, 1888, regarding the establishment of a
+definite arrangement guaranteeing the free use of the Suez Canal.
+
+12. Convention of Sept. 23, 1910, respecting the unification of certain
+regulations regarding collisions and salvage at sea.
+
+13. Convention of Dec. 21, 1904, regarding the exemption of hospital
+ships from dues and charges in ports.
+
+14. Convention of Feb. 4, 1898, regarding the tonnage measurement of
+vessels for inland navigation.
+
+15. Convention of Sept. 26, 1906, for the suppression of nightwork for
+women.
+
+16. Convention of Sept. 26, 1906, for the suppression of the use of
+white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches.
+
+17. Conventions of May 18, 1904, and May 4, 1910, regarding the
+suppression of the white slave traffic.
+
+18. Convention of May 4, 1910, regarding the suppression of obscene
+publications.
+
+19. Sanitary conventions of January, 1892; April 15, 1893; April 3,
+1894; April 19, 1897, and Dec. 3, 1903.
+
+20. Convention of May 20, 1875, regarding the unification and
+improvement of the metric system.
+
+21. Convention of Nov. 29, 1906, regarding the unification of
+pharmacopoeial formulae for potent drugs.
+
+22. Convention of Nov. 16 and 19, 1885, regarding the establishment of a
+concert pitch.
+
+23. Convention of June 7, 1905, regarding the creation of an
+International Agricultural Institute at Rome.
+
+24. Conventions of Nov. 3, 1881, and April 15, 1889, regarding
+precautionary measures against phylloxera.
+
+25. Convention of March 19, 1902, regarding the protection of birds
+useful to agriculture.
+
+26. Convention of June 12, 1902, as to the protection of minors.
+
+=ARTICLE 283.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply the conventions and agreements
+hereinafter mentioned, in so far as concerns them, on condition that the
+special stipulations contained in this article are fulfilled by Germany.
+
+=Postal Conventions:=
+
+Conventions and agreements of the Universal Postal Union concluded at
+Vienna, July 4, 1891.
+
+Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Washington,
+June 15, 1897.
+
+Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Rome May 26,
+1906.
+
+=Telegraphic Conventions:=
+
+International Telegraphic Conventions signed at St. Petersburg July 10,
+(22,) 1875.
+
+Regulations and tariffs drawn up by the International Telegraphic
+Conference, Lisbon, June 11, 1908.
+
+Germany undertakes not to refuse her assent to the conclusion by the new
+States of the special arrangements referred to in the conventions and
+agreements relating to the Universal Postal Union and to the
+International Telegraphic Union, to which the said new States have
+adhered or may adhere.
+
+=ARTICLE 284.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply, in so far as concerns them, the
+International Radio-Telegraphic Convention of July 5, 1912, on condition
+that Germany fulfills the provisional regulations which will be
+indicated to her by the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+If within five years after the coming into force of the present treaty a
+new convention regulating international radio-telegraphic communications
+should have been concluded to take the place of the convention of July
+5, 1912, this new convention shall bind Germany even if Germany should
+refuse either to take part in drawing up the convention or to subscribe
+thereto.
+
+This new convention will likewise replace the provisional regulations in
+force.
+
+=ARTICLE 285.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply in so far as concerns them and
+under the conditions stipulated in Article 272 the conventions
+hereinafter mentioned:
+
+1. The conventions of May 6, 1882, and Feb. 1, 1889, regulating the
+fisheries in the North Sea outside territorial waters.
+
+2. The conventions and protocols of Nov. 16, 1887, Feb. 14, 1893, and
+April 11, 1894, regarding the North Sea liquor traffic.
+
+=ARTICLE 286.=--The International Convention of Paris of March 20, 1883,
+for the protection of industrial property, revised at Washington on June
+2, 1911; the International Convention of Berne of Sept. 9, 1886, for the
+protection of literary and artistic works, revised at Berlin on Nov. 13,
+1908, and completed by the additional protocol signed at Berne on March
+20, 1914, will again come into effect as from the coming into force of
+the present treaty, in so far as they are not affected or modified by
+the exceptions and restrictions resulting therefrom.
+
+=ARTICLE 287.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply, in so far as concerns them, the
+Convention of the Hague of July 17, 1905, relating to civil procedure.
+This renewal, however, will not apply to France, Portugal and Rumania.
+
+=ARTICLE 288.=--The special rights and privileges granted to Germany by
+Article 3 of the convention of Dec. 2, 1899, relating to Samoa shall be
+considered to have terminated on Aug. 4, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 289.=--Each of the Allied or Associated Powers, being guided by
+the general principles or special provisions of the present treaty,
+shall notify to Germany the bilateral treaties or conventions which such
+Allied or Associated Power wishes to revive with Germany.
+
+The notification referred to in the present article shall be made either
+directly or through the intermediary of another power. Receipt thereof
+shall be acknowledged in writing by Germany. The date of the revival
+shall be that of the notification.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers undertake among themselves not to
+revive with Germany any conventions or treaties which are not in
+accordance with the terms of the present treaty.
+
+The notification shall mention any provisions of the said conventions
+and treaties which, not being in accordance with the terms of the
+present treaty, shall not be considered as revived. In case of any
+difference of opinion, the League of Nations will be called on to
+decide.
+
+A period of six months from the coming into force of the present treaty
+is allowed to the Allied and Associated Powers within which to make the
+notification.
+
+Only those bilateral treaties and conventions which have been the
+subject of such a notification shall be revived between the Allied and
+Associated Powers and Germany; all the others are and shall remain
+abrogated.
+
+The above regulations apply to all bilateral treaties or conventions
+existing between all the Allied and Associated Powers signatories to the
+present treaty and Germany, even if the said Allied and Associated
+Powers have not been in a state of war with Germany.
+
+
+=ARTICLE 290.=--Germany recognizes that all the treaties, conventions,
+or agreements which she has concluded with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria,
+or Turkey since Aug. 1, 1914, until the coming into force of the present
+treaty are and remain abrogated by the present treaty.
+
+
+=ARTICLE 291.=--Germany undertakes to secure to the Allied and
+Associated Powers, and to the officials and nationals of the said
+powers, the enjoyment of all the rights and advantages of any kind which
+she may have granted to Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, or Turkey, or to the
+officials and nationals of these States by treaties, conventions, or
+arrangements concluded before Aug. 1, 1914, so long as those treaties,
+conventions, or arrangements remain in force.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to accept or not the
+enjoyment of these rights and advantages.
+
+
+=ARTICLE 292.=--Germany recognizes that all treaties, conventions, or
+arrangements which she concluded with Russia or with any State or
+Government of which the territory previously formed a part of Russia, or
+with Rumania before Aug. 1, 1914, or after that date until the coming
+into force of the present treaty, are and remain abrogated.
+
+=ARTICLE 293.=--Should an Allied or Associated Power, Russia, or a State
+or Government of which the territory formerly constituted a part of
+Russia have been forced since Aug. 1, 1914, by reason of military
+occupation or by any other means or for any other cause, to grant or to
+allow to be granted by the act of any public authority, concessions,
+privileges, and favors of any kind to Germany or to a German nation,
+such concessions, privileges, and favors are _ipso facto_ annulled by
+the present treaty.
+
+No claims or indemnities which may result from this annulment shall be
+charged against the Allied or Associated Powers or the powers, States,
+Governments, or public authorities which are released from their
+engagements by the present article.
+
+=ARTICLE 294.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty Germany
+undertakes to give the Allied and Associated Powers and their nationals
+the benefit _ipso facto_ of the rights and advantages of any kind which
+she has granted by treaties, conventions or arrangements to
+non-belligerent States or their nationals since Aug. 1, 1914, until the
+coming into force of the present treaty so long as those treaties,
+conventions, or arrangements remain in force.
+
+=ARTICLE 295.=--Those of the high contracting parties who have not yet
+signed, or who have signed but not yet ratified, the Opium Convention
+signed at The Hague on Jan. 23, 1912, agree to bring the said convention
+into force, and for this purpose to enact the necessary legislation
+without delay and in any case within a period of twelve months from the
+coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+Furthermore, they agree that ratification of the present treaty should
+in the case of powers which have not yet ratified the Opium Convention
+be deemed in all respects equivalent to the ratification of that
+convention and to the signature of the special protocol which was opened
+at The Hague in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the Third
+Opium Conference in 1914 for bringing the said convention into force.
+
+For this purpose the Government of the French Republic will communicate
+to the Government of the Netherlands a certified copy of the protocol of
+the deposit of ratifications of the present treaty, and will invite the
+Government of the Netherlands to accept and deposit the said certified
+copy as if it were a deposit of ratifications of the Opium Convention
+and a signature of the additional protocol of 1914.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Debts._
+
+=ARTICLE 296.=--There shall be settled through the intervention of
+clearing offices to be established by each of the high contracting
+parties within three months of the notification referred to in paragraph
+(e) hereafter the following classes of pecuniary obligations:
+
+1. Debts payable before the war and due by a national of one of the
+contracting powers, residing within its territory, to a national of an
+opposing power, residing within its territory.
+
+2. Debts which became payable during the war to nationals of one
+contracting power residing within its territory and arose out of
+transactions or contracts with the nationals of an opposing power,
+resident within its territory, of which the total or partial execution
+was suspended on account of the declaration of war.
+
+3. Interest which has accrued due before and during the war to a
+national of one of the contracting powers in respect of securities
+issued by an opposing power, provided that the payment of interest on
+such securities to the nationals of that power or to neutrals has not
+been suspended during the war.
+
+4. Capital sums which have become payable before and during the war to
+nationals of one of the contracting powers in respect of securities
+issued by one of the opposing powers, provided that the payment of such
+capital sums to nationals of that power or to neutrals has not been
+suspended during the war.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Harris & Ewing
+
+M. Stephen Pichon
+
+Chosen Chairman of the provisional organization of the League of Nations
+in recognition of his long leadership, not only in France but
+internationally, in the work of bringing about a world-wide organization
+to preserve peace.]
+
+The proceeds of liquidation of enemy property, rights, and interests
+mentioned in Section IV. and in the annex thereto will be accounted for
+through the clearing offices, in the currency and at the rate of
+exchange hereinafter provided in Paragraph (d), and disposed of by them
+under the conditions provided by the said section and annex.
+
+The settlements provided for in this article shall be effected according
+to the following principles and in accordance with the annex to this
+section:
+
+(a) Each of the high contracting parties shall prohibit, as from the
+coming into force of the present treaty, both the payment and the
+acceptance of payment of such debts, and also all communications between
+the interested parties with regard to the settlement of the said debts
+otherwise than through the clearing offices.
+
+(b) Each of the high contracting parties shall be respectively
+responsible for the payment of such debts due by its nationals, except
+in the cases where before the war the debtor was in a state of
+bankruptcy or failure, or had given formal indication of insolvency or
+where the debt was due by a company whose business has been liquidated
+under emergency legislation during the war. Nevertheless, debts due by
+the inhabitants of territory invaded or occupied by the enemy before the
+armistice will not be guaranteed by the States of which those
+territories form part.
+
+(c) The sums due to the nationals of one of the high contracting parties
+by the nationals of an opposing State will be debited to the clearing
+office of the country of the debtor, and paid to the creditor by the
+clearing office of the country of the creditor.
+
+(d) Debts shall be paid or credited in the currency of such one of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, their colonies or protectorates, or the
+British Dominions or India, as may be concerned. If the debts are
+payable in some other currency they shall be paid or credited in the
+currency of the country concerned, whether an Allied or Associated
+Power, colony, protectorate, British Dominion, or India, at the pre-war
+rate of exchange.
+
+For the purpose of this provision the pre-war rate of exchange shall be
+defined as the average cable transfer rate prevailing in the Allied or
+Associated country concerned during the month immediately preceding the
+outbreak of war between the said country concerned and Germany.
+
+If a contract provides for a fixed rate of exchange governing the
+conversion of the currency in which the debt is stated into the currency
+of the Allied or Associated country concerned, then the above provisions
+concerning the rate of exchange shall not apply.
+
+In the case of new States the currency in which and the rate of exchange
+at which debts shall be paid or credited shall be determined by the
+Reparation Commission provided for in Part VIII. (Reparation.)
+
+(e) The provisions of this article and of the annex thereto shall not
+apply as between Germany on the one hand and any one of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, their colonies or protectorates, or any one of the
+British Dominions or India on the other hand, unless within a period of
+one month from the deposit of the ratifications of the present treaty by
+the power in question, or of the ratification on behalf of such dominion
+or of India, notice to that effect is given to Germany by the
+Government of such Allied or Associated Power or of such Dominion or of
+India as the case may be.
+
+(f) The Allied and Associated Powers who have adopted this article and
+the annex hereto may agree between themselves to apply them to their
+respective nationals established in their territory so far as regards
+matters between their nationals and German nationals. In this case the
+payments made by application of this provision will be subject to
+arrangements between the allied and associated clearing offices
+concerned.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. Each of the high contracting parties will, within three months from
+the notification provided for in Article 296, Paragraph (e), establish a
+clearing office for the collection and payment of enemy debts.
+
+Local clearing offices may be established for any particular portion of
+the territories of the high contracting parties. Such local clearing
+offices may perform all the functions of a central clearing office in
+their respective districts, except that all transactions with the
+clearing office in the opposing State must be effected through the
+central clearing office.
+
+2. In this annex the pecuniary obligations referred to in the first
+paragraph of Article 296 are described as "enemy debts," the persons
+from whom the same are due as "enemy debtors," the persons to whom they
+are due as "enemy creditors," the clearing office in the country of the
+creditor is called the "Creditor Clearing Office," and the clearing
+office in the country of the debtor is called the "Debtor Clearing
+Office."
+
+3. The high contracting parties will subject contraventions of Paragraph
+(a) of Article 296 to the same penalties as are at present provided by
+their legislation for trading with the enemy. They will similarly
+prohibit within their territory all legal process relating to payment of
+enemy debts, except in accordance with the provisions of this annex.
+
+4. The Government guarantee specified in Paragraph (b) of Article 296
+shall take effect whenever, for any reason, a debt shall not be
+recoverable, except in a case where at the date of the outbreak of war
+the debt was barred by the laws of prescription in force in the country
+of the debtor, or where the debtor was at that time in a state of
+bankruptcy or failure or had given formal indication of insolvency, or
+where the debt was due by a company whose business has been liquidated
+under emergency legislation during the war. In such case the procedure
+specified by this annex shall apply to payment of the dividends.
+
+The terms "bankruptcy" and "failure" refer to the application of
+legislation providing for such juridical conditions. The expression
+"formal indication of insolvency" bears the same meaning as it has in
+English law.
+
+5. Creditors shall give notice to the Creditor Clearing Office within
+six months of its establishment of debts due to them, and shall furnish
+the Clearing Office with any documents and information required of them.
+
+The high contracting parties will take all suitable measures to trace
+and punish collusion between enemy creditors and debtors. The clearing
+offices will communicate to one another any evidence and information
+which might help the discovery and punishment of such collusion.
+
+The high contracting parties will facilitate as much as possible postal
+and telegraphic communication at the expense of the parties concerned
+and through the intervention of the clearing offices between debtors and
+creditors desirous of coming to an agreement as to the amount of their
+debt.
+
+The Creditor Clearing Office will notify the Debtor Clearing Office of
+all debts declared to it. The Debtor Clearing Office will, in due
+course, inform the Creditor Clearing Office which debts are admitted and
+which debts are contested. In the latter case the Debtor Clearing Office
+will give the grounds for the non-admission of debt.
+
+6. When a debt has been admitted, in whole or in part, the Debtor
+Clearing Office will at once credit the Creditor Clearing Office with
+the amount admitted, and at the same time notify it of such credit.
+
+7. The debt shall be deemed to be admitted in full and shall be credited
+forthwith to the Creditor Clearing Office unless within three months
+from the receipt of the notification or such longer time as may be
+agreed to by the Creditor Clearing Office notice has been given by the
+Debtor Clearing Office that it is not admitted.
+
+8. When the whole or part of a debt is not admitted the two clearing
+offices will examine into the matter jointly, and will endeavor to bring
+the parties to an agreement.
+
+9. The Creditor Clearing Office will pay to the individual creditor the
+sums credited to it out of the funds placed at its disposal by the
+Government of its country and in accordance with the conditions fixed by
+the said Government, retaining any sums considered necessary to cover
+risks, expenses, or commissions.
+
+10. Any person having claimed payment of an enemy debt which is not
+admitted in whole or in part shall pay to the clearing office by way of
+fine interest at 5 per cent. on the part not admitted. Any person having
+unduly refused to admit the whole or part of a debt claimed from him
+shall pay by way of fine interest at 5 per cent. on the amount with
+regard to which his refusal shall be disallowed.
+
+Such interest shall run from the date of expiration of the period
+provided for in Paragraph 7 until the date on which the claim shall have
+been disallowed or the debt paid.
+
+Each clearing office shall in so far as it is concerned take steps to
+collect the fines above provided for, and will be responsible if such
+fines cannot be collected.
+
+The fines will be credited to the other clearing office, which shall
+retain them as a contribution toward the cost of carrying out the
+present provisions.
+
+11. The balance between the clearing offices shall be struck monthly,
+and the credit balance paid in cash by the debtor State within a week.
+
+Nevertheless, any credit balances which may be due by one or more of the
+Allied and Associated Powers shall be retained until complete payment
+shall have been effected of the sums due to the Allied or Associated
+Powers or their nationals on account of the war.
+
+12. To facilitate discussion between the clearing offices each of them
+shall have a representative at the place where the other is established.
+
+13. Except for special reasons all discussions in regard to claims will,
+so far as possible, take place at the Debtor Clearing Office.
+
+14. In conformity with Article 296, Paragraph (b), the high contracting
+parties are responsible for the payment of the enemy debts owing by
+their nationals.
+
+The Debtor Clearing Office will therefore credit the Creditor Clearing
+Office with all debts admitted, even in case of inability to collect
+them from the individual debtor. The Governments concerned will,
+nevertheless, invest their respective clearing offices with all
+necessary powers for the recovery of debts which have been admitted.
+
+As an exception the admitted debts owing by persons having suffered
+injury from acts of war shall only be credited to the Creditor Clearing
+Office when the compensation due to the person concerned in respect of
+such injury shall have been paid.
+
+15. Each Government will defray the expenses of the clearing office set
+up in its territory, including the salaries of the staff.
+
+16. Where the two clearing offices are unable to agree whether a debt
+claimed is due, or in case of a difference between an enemy debtor and
+an enemy creditor, or between the clearing offices, the dispute shall
+either be referred to arbitration if the parties so agree under
+conditions fixed by agreement between them, or referred to the mixed
+arbitral tribunal provided for in Section VI. hereafter.
+
+At the request of the Creditor Clearing Office the dispute may, however,
+be submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the place of domicile
+of the debtor.
+
+17. Recovery of sums found by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, the court, or
+the arbitration tribunal to be due shall be effected through the
+clearing offices as if these sums were debts admitted by the Debtor
+Clearing Office.
+
+18. Each of the Governments concerned shall appoint an agent who will be
+responsible for the presentation to the mixed arbitral tribunal of the
+cases conducted on behalf of its clearing office. This agent will
+exercise a general control over the representatives or counsel employed
+by its nationals.
+
+Decisions will be arrived at on documentary evidence, but it will be
+open to the tribunal to hear the parties in person, or, according to
+their preference, by their representatives approved by the two
+Governments, or by the agent referred to above, who shall be competent
+to intervene along with the party or to reopen and maintain a claim
+abandoned by the same.
+
+19. The clearing offices concerned will lay before the mixed arbitral
+tribunal all the information and documents in their possession, so as to
+enable the tribunal to decide rapidly on the cases which are brought
+before it.
+
+20. Where one of the parties concerned appeals against the joint
+decision of the two clearing offices he shall make a deposit against the
+costs, which deposit shall only be refunded when the first judgment is
+modified in favor of the appellant and in proportion to the success he
+may attain, his opponent in case of such a refund being required to pay
+an equivalent proportion of the costs and expenses. Security accepted by
+the tribunal may be substituted for a deposit.
+
+A fee of 5 per cent. of the amount in dispute shall be charged in
+respect of all cases brought before the tribunal. This fee shall, unless
+the tribunal directs otherwise, be borne by the unsuccessful party. Such
+fee shall be added to the deposit referred to. It is also independent of
+the security.
+
+The tribunal may award to one of the parties a sum in respect of the
+expenses of the proceedings.
+
+Any sum payable under this paragraph shall be credited to the clearing
+office of the successful party as a separate item.
+
+21. With a view to the rapid settlement of claims, due regard shall be
+paid in the appointment of all persons connected with the clearing
+offices or with the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal to their knowledge of the
+language of the other country concerned. Each of the clearing offices
+will be at liberty to correspond with the other, and to forward
+documents in its own language.
+
+22. Subject to any special agreement to the contrary between the
+Governments concerned, debts shall carry interest in accordance with the
+following provisions:
+
+Interest shall not be payable on sums of money due by way of dividend,
+interest, or other periodical payments which themselves represent
+interest on capital.
+
+The rate of interest shall be 5 per cent. per annum except in cases
+where, by contract, law, or custom, the creditor is entitled to payment
+of interest at a different rate. In such cases the rate to which he is
+entitled shall prevail.
+
+Interest shall run from the date of commencement of hostilities (or, if
+the sum of money to be recovered fell due during the war, from the date
+at which it fell due) until the sum is credited to the clearing office
+of the creditor.
+
+Sums due by way of interest shall be treated as debts admitted by the
+clearing offices and shall be credited to the Creditor Clearing Office
+in the same way as such debts.
+
+23. Where by decision of the clearing offices or the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal a claim is held not to fall within Article 296, the creditor
+shall be at liberty to prosecute the claim before the courts or to take
+such other proceedings as may be open to him.
+
+The presentation of a claim to the clearing office suspends the
+operation of any period of prescription.
+
+24. The high contracting parties agree to regard the decisions of the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal as final and conclusive, and to render them
+binding upon their nationals.
+
+25. In any case where a Creditor Clearing Office declines to notify a
+claim to the Debtor Clearing Office, or to take any step provided for in
+this annex, intended to make effective in whole or in part a request of
+which it has received due notice, the enemy creditor shall be entitled
+to receive from the clearing office a certificate setting out the amount
+of the claim, and shall then be entitled to prosecute the claim before
+the courts or to take such other proceedings as may be open to him.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Property, Rights, and Interests_
+
+=ARTICLE 297.=--The question of private property, rights, and interests
+in an enemy country shall be settled according to the principles laid
+down in this section and to the provisions of the annex hereto:
+
+(a) The exceptional war measures and measures of transfer (defined in
+Paragraph 3 of the annex hereto) taken by Germany with respect to the
+property, rights, and interests of nationals of Allied or Associated
+Powers, including companies and associations in which they are
+interested, when liquidation has not been completed, shall be
+immediately discontinued or stayed and the property, rights, and
+interests concerned restored to their owners, who shall enjoy full
+rights therein in accordance with the provisions of Article 298.
+
+(b) Subject to any contrary stipulations which may be provided for in
+the present treaty, the Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right
+to retain and liquidate all property, rights, and interests belonging at
+the date of the coming into force of the present treaty to German
+nationals, or companies controlled by them, within their territories,
+colonies, possessions, and protectorates including territories ceded to
+them by the present treaty.
+
+The liquidation shall be carried out in accordance with the laws of the
+Allied or Associated State concerned, and the German owner shall not be
+able to dispose of such property, rights, or interests nor to subject
+them to any charge without the consent of that State.
+
+German nationals who acquire _ipso facto_ the nationality of an Allied
+or Associated Power in accordance with the provisions of the present
+treaty will not be considered as German nationals within the meaning of
+this paragraph.
+
+(c) The price of the amount of compensation in respect of the exercise
+of the right referred to in the preceding Paragraph (b) will be fixed in
+accordance with the methods of sale or valuation adopted by the laws of
+the country in which the property has been retained or liquidated.
+
+(d) As between the Allied and Associated Powers or their nationals on
+the one hand and Germany or her nationals on the other hand, all the
+exceptional war measures, or measures of transfer, or acts done or to be
+done in execution of such measures as defined in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of
+the annex hereto shall be considered as final and binding upon all
+persons except as regards the reservations laid down in the present
+treaty.
+
+(e) The nationals of Allied and Associated Powers shall be entitled to
+compensation in respect of damage or injury inflicted upon their
+property, rights, or interests including any company or association in
+which they are interested, in German territory as it existed on Aug. 1,
+1914, by the application either of the exceptional war measures or
+measures of transfer mentioned in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of the annex
+hereto. The claims made in this respect by such nationals shall be
+investigated, and the total of the compensation shall be determined by
+the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI, or by an
+arbitrator appointed by that tribunal. This compensation shall be borne
+by Germany, and may be charged upon the property of German nationals,
+within the territory or under the control of the claimant's State. This
+property may be constituted as a pledge for enemy liabilities under the
+conditions fixed by Paragraph 4 of the annex hereto. The payment of this
+compensation may be made by the Allied or Associated State, and the
+amount will be debited to Germany.
+
+(f) Whenever a national of an Allied or Associated Power is entitled to
+property which has been subjected to a measure of transfer in German
+territory and expresses a desire for its restitution, his claim for
+compensation in accordance with Paragraph (e) shall be satisfied by the
+restitution of the said property if it still exists in specie.
+
+In such case Germany shall take all necessary steps to restore the
+evicted owner to the possession of his property, free from all
+incumbrances or burdens with which it may have been charged after the
+liquidation, and to indemnify all third parties injured by the
+restitution.
+
+If the restitution provided for in this paragraph cannot be effected,
+private agreements arranged by the intermediation of the powers
+concerned or the clearing offices provided for in the Annex to Section
+III. may be made, in order to secure that the national of the Allied or
+Associated Power may secure compensation for the injury referred to in
+Paragraph (e) by the grant of advantages or equivalents which he agrees
+to accept in place of the property, rights or interests of which he was
+deprived.
+
+Through restitution in accordance with this article the price or the
+amount of compensation fixed by the application of Paragraph (e) will be
+reduced by the actual value of the property restored, account being
+taken of compensation in respect of loss of use or deterioration.
+
+(g) The rights conferred by Paragraph (f) are reserved to owners who are
+nationals of Allied or Associated Powers within whose territory
+legislative measures prescribing the general liquidation of enemy
+property, rights or interests were not applied before the signature of
+the armistice.
+
+(h) Except in cases where, by application of Paragraph (f), restitutions
+in specie have been made, the net proceeds of sales of enemy property,
+rights or interests wherever situated carried out either by virtue of
+war legislation, or by application of this article, and in general all
+cash assets of enemies, shall be dealt with as follows:
+
+(1) As regards powers adopting Section III. and the annex thereto, the
+said proceeds and cash assets shall be credited to the power of which
+the owner is a national, through the clearing office established
+thereunder; any credit balance in favor of Germany resulting therefrom
+shall be dealt with as provided in Article 243.
+
+(2) As regards powers not adopting Section III. and the annex thereto,
+the proceeds of the property, rights and interests, and the cash assets,
+of the nationals or Allied or Associated Powers held by Germany shall be
+paid immediately to the person entitled thereto or to his Government;
+the proceeds of the property, rights and interests, and the cash assets,
+of German nationals received by an Allied or Associated Power shall be
+subject to disposal by such power in accordance with its laws and
+regulations and may be applied in payment of the claims and debts
+defined by this article or Paragraph 4 of the annex hereto. Any
+property, rights and interests or proceeds thereof or cash assets not
+used as above provided may be retained by the said Allied or Associated
+Power and if retained the cash value thereof shall be dealt with as
+provided in Article 243.
+
+In the case of liquidations effected in new States, which are
+signatories of the present treaty as Allied and Associated Powers, or in
+States which are not entitled to share in the reparation payments to be
+made by Germany, the proceeds of liquidations effected by such States
+shall, subject to the rights of the Reparation Commission under the
+present treaty, particularly under Articles 235 and 260, be paid direct
+to the owner. If on the application of that owner the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal, provided for by Section VI. of this part or an arbitrator
+appointed by that tribunal, is satisfied that the conditions of the sale
+or measures taken by the Government of the State in question outside its
+general legislation were unfairly prejudicial to the price obtained,
+they shall have discretion to award to the owner equitable compensation
+to be paid by that State.
+
+(i) Germany undertakes to compensate its nationals in respect of the
+sale or retention of their property, rights or interests in Allied or
+Associated States.
+
+(j) The amount of all taxes and imposts upon capital levied or to be
+levied by Germany on the property, rights, and interests of the
+nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers from the 11th of November,
+1918, until three months from the coming into force of the present
+treaty, or, in the case of property, rights or interests which have been
+subjected to exceptional measures of war, until restitution in
+accordance with the present treaty, shall be restored to the owners.
+
+=ARTICLE 298.=--Germany undertakes, with regard to the property, rights
+and interests, including companies and associations in which they were
+interested, restored to nationals of Allied and Associated Powers in
+accordance with the provisions of Article 297, Paragraph (a) or (f):
+
+(a) to restore and maintain, except as expressly provided in the present
+treaty, the property, rights, and interests of the nationals of Allied
+or Associated Powers in the legal position obtaining in respect of the
+property, rights, and interests of German nationals under the laws in
+force before the war.
+
+(b) not to subject the property, rights, or interests of the nationals
+of the Allied or Associated Powers to any measures in derogation of
+property rights which are not applied equally to the property, rights,
+and interests of German nationals, and to pay adequate compensation in
+the event of the application of these measures.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. In accordance with the provisions of Article 297, Paragraph (d), the
+validity of vesting orders and of orders for the winding up of
+businesses or companies, and of any other orders, directions, decisions,
+or instructions of any court or any department of the Government of any
+of the high contracting parties made or given, or purporting to be made
+or given, in pursuance of war legislation with regard to enemy property,
+rights, and interests is confirmed. The interests of all persons shall
+be regarded as having been effectively dealt with by any order,
+direction, decision, or instruction dealing with property in which they
+may be interested, whether or not such interests are specifically
+mentioned in the order, direction, decision, or instruction. No question
+shall be raised as to the regularity of a transfer of any property,
+rights, or interests dealt with in pursuance of any such order,
+direction, decision, or instruction. Every action taken with regard to
+any property, business, or company, whether as regards its
+investigation, sequestration, compulsory administration, use,
+requisition, supervision, or winding up, the sale or management of
+property, rights, or interests, the collection or discharge of debts,
+the payment of costs, charges or expenses, or any other matter
+whatsoever, in pursuance of orders, directions, decisions, or
+instructions of any court or of any department of the Government of any
+of the high contracting parties, made or given, or purporting to be made
+or given in pursuance of war legislation with regard to enemy property,
+rights or interests, is confirmed. Provided that the provisions of this
+paragraph shall not be held to prejudice the titles to property
+heretofore acquired in good faith and for value and in accordance with
+the laws of the country in which the property is situated by nationals
+of the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to such of the
+above-mentioned measures as have been taken by the German authorities in
+invaded or occupied territory, nor to such of the above mentioned
+measures as have been taken by Germany or the German authorities since
+Nov. 11, 1918, all of which shall be void.
+
+2. No claim or action shall be made or brought against any Allied or
+Associated Power or against any person acting on behalf of or under the
+direction of any legal authority or department of the Government of such
+a power by Germany or by any German national wherever resident in
+respect of any act or omission with regard to his property, rights, or
+interests during the war or in preparation for the war. Similarly no
+claim or action shall be made or brought against any person in respect
+of any act or omission under or in accordance with the exceptional war
+measures, laws, or regulations of any Allied or Associated Power.
+
+3. In Article 297 and this Annex the expression "exceptional war
+measures" includes measures of all kinds, legislative, administrative,
+judicial, or others, that have been taken or will be taken hereafter
+with regard to enemy property, and which have had or will have the
+effect of removing from the proprietors the power of disposition over
+their property, though without affecting the ownership, such as measures
+of supervision, of compulsory administration, and of sequestration; or
+measures which have had or will have as an object the seizure of, the
+use of, or the interference with enemy assets, for whatsoever motive,
+under whatsoever form or in whatsoever place. Acts in the execution of
+these measures include all detentions, instructions, orders or decrees
+of Government departments or courts applying these measures to enemy
+property, as well as acts performed by any person connected with the
+administration or the supervision of enemy property, such as the payment
+of debts, the collecting of credits, the payment of any costs, charges,
+or expenses, or the collecting of fees.
+
+Measures of transfer are those which have affected or will affect the
+ownership of enemy property by transferring it in whole or in part to a
+person other than the enemy owner, and without his consent, such as
+measures directing the sale, liquidation, or devolution of ownership in
+enemy property, or the canceling of titles or securities.
+
+4. All property, rights, and interests of German nationals within the
+territory of any Allied or Associated Power and the net proceeds of
+their sale, liquidation or other dealing therewith may be charged by
+that Allied or Associated Power in the first place with payment of
+amounts due in respect of claims by the nationals of that Allied or
+Associated Power with regard to their property, rights, and interests,
+including companies and associations in which they are interested, in
+German territory, or debts owing to them by German nationals, and with
+payment of claims growing out of acts committed by the German Government
+or by any German authorities since July 31, 1914, and before that Allied
+or Associated Power entered into the war. The amount of such claims may
+be assessed by an arbitrator appointed by Gustave Ador, if he is
+willing, or if no such appointment is made by him by an arbitrator
+appointed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI.
+They may be charged in the second place with payment of the amounts due
+in respect of claims by the nationals of such Allied or Associated Power
+with regard to their property, rights, and interests in the territory of
+other enemy powers, or debts owing to them by nationals of such powers
+in so far as those claims or debts are otherwise unsatisfied.
+
+5. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 297, where immediately
+before the outbreak of war a company incorporated in an Allied or
+Associated State had rights in common with a company controlled by it
+and incorporated in Germany to the use of trade-marks in third
+countries, or enjoyed the use in common with such company of unique
+means of reproduction of goods or articles for sale in third countries,
+the former company shall alone have the right to use these trade-marks
+in third countries to the exclusion of the German company, and these
+unique means of reproduction shall be handed over to the former company,
+notwithstanding any action taken under German war legislation with
+regard to the latter company or its business, industrial property or
+shares. Nevertheless, the former company, if requested, shall deliver to
+the latter company derivative copies permitting the continuation of
+reproduction of articles for use within German territory.
+
+6. Up to the time when restitution is carried out in accordance with
+Article 297, Germany is responsible for the conservation of property,
+rights, and interests of the nationals of Allied or Associated Powers,
+including companies and associations in which they are interested, that
+have been subjected by her to exceptional war measures.
+
+7. Within one year from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+Allied or Associated Powers will specify the property, rights and
+interests over which they intend to exercise the right provided in
+Article 297, Paragraph (f).
+
+8. The restriction provided in Article 297 will be carried out by order
+of the German Government or of the authorities which have been
+substituted for it. Detailed accounts of the action of administrators
+shall be furnished to the interested persons by the German authorities
+upon request, which may be made at any time after the coming into force
+of the present treaty.
+
+9. Until completion of the liquidation provided for by Article 297,
+Paragraph (b), the property, rights and interests of German nationals
+will continue to be subject to exceptional war measures that have been
+or will be taken with regard to them.
+
+10. Germany will within six months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, deliver to each Allied or Associated Power all
+securities, certificates, deeds, or other documents of title held by its
+nationals and relating to property, rights or interests situated in the
+territory of that Allied or Associated Power, including any shares,
+stock, debentures, debenture stock, or other obligations of any company
+incorporated in accordance with the laws of that power.
+
+Germany will at any time on demand of any Allied or Associated Power
+furnish such information as may be required with regard to the property,
+rights, and interests of German nationals within the territory of such
+Allied or Associated Power, or with regard to any transactions
+concerning such property, rights or interests effected since July 1,
+1914.
+
+11. The expression "cash assets" includes all deposits or funds
+established before or after the declaration of war, as well as all
+assets coming from deposits, revenues, or profits collected by
+administrators, sequestrators, or others from funds placed on deposit or
+otherwise, but does not include sums belonging to the Allied or
+Associated Powers or to their component States, provinces, or
+municipalities.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Harris & Ewing
+
+Henry Cabot Lodge
+
+Republican Senator from Massachusetts.
+
+One of the most earnest opponents of the peace treaty as originally
+drawn up.]
+
+12. All investments wheresoever effected with the cash assets of
+nationals of the high contracting parties, including companies and
+associations in which such nationals were interested, by persons
+responsible for the administration, of enemy properties or having
+control over such administration, or by order of such persons or of any
+authority whatsoever shall be annulled. These cash assets shall be
+accounted for irrespective of any such investment.
+
+13. Within one month from the coming into force of the present treaty,
+or on demand at any time, Germany will deliver to the Allied and
+Associated Powers all accounts, vouchers, records, documents, and
+information of any kind which may be within German territory, and which
+concern the property, rights and interests of the nationals of those
+powers, including companies and associations in which they are
+interested, that have been subjected to an exceptional war measure, or
+to a measure of transfer either in German territory or in territory
+occupied by Germany or her allies.
+
+The controllers, supervisors, managers, administrators, sequestrators,
+liquidators, and receivers shall be personally responsible under
+guarantee of the German Government for the immediate delivery in full of
+these accounts and documents, and for their accuracy.
+
+14. The provisions of Article 297 and this annex relating to property,
+rights and interests in an enemy country, and the proceeds of the
+liquidation thereof, apply to debts, credits and accounts, Section III.
+regulating only the method of payment.
+
+In the settlement of matters provided for in Article 297 between Germany
+and the Allied or Associated States, their colonies or protectorates, or
+any one of the British Dominions or India, in respect of any of which a
+declaration shall not have been made that they adopt Section III., and
+between their respective nationals, the provisions of Section III.
+respecting the currency in which payment is to be made and the rate of
+exchange and of interest shall apply unless the Government of the Allied
+or Associated Power concerned shall within six months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty notify Germany that the said provisions are
+not to be applied.
+
+15. The provisions of Article 297 and this annex apply to industrial,
+literary, and artistic property which has been or will be dealt with in
+the liquidation of property, rights, interests, companies, or businesses
+under war legislation by the Allied or Associated Powers, or in
+accordance with the stipulations of Article 297, Paragraph (b).
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Contracts, Prescriptions, Judgments_
+
+=ARTICLE 299.=--(a) Any contract concluded between enemies shall be
+regarded as having been dissolved as from the time when any two of the
+parties become enemies, except in respect of any debt or other pecuniary
+obligation arising out of any act done or money paid thereunder, and
+subject to the exceptions and special rules with regard to particular
+contracts or classes of contracts contained herein or in the annex
+hereto.
+
+(b) Any contract of which the execution shall be required in the general
+interest, within six months from the date of the coming into force of
+the present treaty, by the Allied or Associated Governments of which one
+of the parties is a national, shall be excepted from dissolution under
+this article.
+
+When the execution of the contract thus kept alive would, owing to the
+alteration of trade conditions, cause one of the parties substantial
+prejudice the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section VI. shall
+be empowered to grant to the prejudiced party equitable compensation.
+
+(c) Having regard to the provisions of the Constitution and law of the
+United States of America, of Brazil, and of Japan, neither the present
+Article, nor Article 300, nor the Annex hereto shall apply to contracts
+made between nationals of these States and German nationals; nor shall
+Article 305 apply to the United States of America or its nationals.
+
+(d) The present Article and the Annex hereto shall not apply to
+contracts the parties to which became enemies by reason of one of them
+being an inhabitant of territory of which the sovereignty has been
+transferred, if such party shall acquire under the present Treaty the
+nationality of an Allied or Associated Power, nor shall they apply to
+contracts between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers between
+whom trading has been prohibited by reason of one of the parties being
+in allied or associated territory in the occupation of the enemy.
+
+(e) Nothing in the present Article or the Annex hereto shall be deemed
+to invalidate a transaction lawfully carried out in accordance with a
+contract between enemies if it has been carried out with the authority
+of one of the belligerent Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 300.=--(a) All periods of prescription, or limitation of right
+of action, whether they began to run before or after the outbreak of
+war, shall be treated in the territory of the High Contracting Parties,
+so far as regards relations between enemies, as having been suspended
+for the duration of the war. They shall begin to run again at earliest
+three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty. This
+provision shall apply to the period prescribed for the presentation of
+interest or dividend coupons or for the presentation for repayment of
+securities drawn for repayment or repayable on any other ground.
+
+(b) Where, on account of failure to perform any act or comply with any
+formality during the war, measures of execution have been taken in
+German territory to the prejudice of a national of an Allied or
+Associated Power, the claim of such national shall, if the matter does
+not fall within the competence of the courts of an Allied or Associated
+Power, be heard by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section
+VI.
+
+(c) Upon the application of any interested person who is a national of
+an Allied or Associated Power, the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall order
+the restoration of the rights which have been prejudiced by the measures
+of execution referred to in Paragraph (b), wherever, having regard to
+the particular circumstances of the case, such restoration is equitable
+and possible.
+
+If such restoration is inequitable or impossible the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal may grant compensation to the prejudiced party to be paid by
+the German Government.
+
+(d) Where a contract between enemies has been dissolved by reason either
+of failure on the part of either party to carry out its provisions or of
+the exercise of a right stipulated in the contract itself the party
+prejudiced may apply to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal for relief. The
+tribunal will have the powers provided for in Paragraph (c).
+
+(e) The provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this article shall
+apply to the nationals of Allied and Associated Powers who have been
+prejudiced by reason of measures referred to above taken by Germany in
+invaded or occupied territory, if they have not been otherwise
+compensated.
+
+(f) Germany shall compensate any third party who may be prejudiced by
+any restitution or restoration ordered by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal
+under the provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this Article.
+
+(g) As regards negotiable instruments, the period of three months
+provided under paragraph (a) shall commence as from the date on which
+any exceptional regulations applied in the territories of the interested
+power with regard to negotiable instruments shall have definitely ceased
+to have force.
+
+=ARTICLE 301.=--As between enemies, no negotiable instrument made before
+the war shall be deemed to have become invalid by reason only of failure
+within the required time to present the instrument for acceptance or
+payment or to give notice of non-acceptance or non-payment to drawers or
+indorsers or to protest the instrument, nor by reason of failure to
+complete any formality during the war.
+
+Where the period within which a negotiable instrument should have been
+presented for acceptance or for payment, or within which notice of
+non-acceptance or non-payment should have been given to the drawer or
+indorser within which the instrument should have been protested, has
+elapsed during the war, and the party who should have presented or
+protested the instrument or have given notice of non-acceptance or
+non-payment has failed to do so during the war, a period of not less
+than three months from the coming into force of the present treaty shall
+be allowed within which presentation, notice of non-acceptance or
+non-payment or protest may be made.
+
+=ARTICLE 302.=--Judgments given by the courts of an Allied or Associated
+Power in all cases which, under the present treaty, they are competent
+to decide, shall be recognized in Germany as final, and shall be
+enforced without it being necessary to have them declared executory.
+
+If a judgment in respect of any dispute which may have arisen has been
+given during the war by a German court against a national of an Allied
+or Associated State in a case in which he was not able to make his
+defense, the allied and associated national who has suffered prejudice
+thereby shall be entitled to recover compensation, to be fixed by the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI.
+
+At the instance of the national of the Allied or Associated Power the
+compensation above mentioned may, upon order to that effect of the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal, be effected where it is possible by replacing the
+parties in the situation which they occupied before the judgment was
+given by the German court.
+
+The above compensation may likewise be obtained before the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal by the nationals of Allied or Associated Powers who
+have suffered prejudice by judicial measures taken in invaded or
+occupied territories, if they have not been otherwise compensated.
+
+=ARTICLE 303.=--For the purpose of Sections III., IV., V., and VII., the
+expression "during the war" means for each Allied or Associated Power
+the period between the commencement of the state of war between that
+power and Germany and the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+I. _General Provisions_
+
+1. Within the meaning of Articles 299, 300 and 301, the parties to a
+contract shall be regarded as enemies when trading between them shall
+have been prohibited by or otherwise became unlawful under laws, orders
+or regulations to which one of those parties was subject. They shall be
+deemed to have become enemies from the date when such trading was
+prohibited or otherwise became unlawful.
+
+2. The following classes of contracts are excepted from dissolution by
+Article 299 and, without prejudice to the rights contained in Article
+297 (b) of Section IV., remain in force subject to the application of
+domestic laws, orders or regulations made during the war by the Allied
+and Associated Powers and subject to the terms of the contracts:
+
+(a) Contracts having for their object the transfer of estates or of real
+or personal property where the property therein had passed or the object
+had been delivered before the parties became enemies;
+
+(b) Leases and agreements for leases of land and houses;
+
+(c) Contracts of mortgage, pledge, or lien;
+
+(d) Concessions concerning mines, quarries or deposits;
+
+(e) Contracts between individuals or companies and States, provinces,
+municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with
+administrative functions, and concessions granted by States, provinces,
+municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with
+administrative functions.
+
+3. If the provisions of a contract are in part dissolved under Article
+299, the remaining provisions of that contract shall, subject to the
+same application of domestic laws as is provided for in Paragraph 2,
+continue in force if they are severable, but where they are not
+severable the contract shall be deemed to have been dissolved in its
+entirety.
+
+
+II. _Provisions Relating to Certain Classes of Contracts_
+
+_Stock Exchange and Commercial Exchange Contracts_
+
+4. (a) Rules made during the war by any recognized exchange of
+commercial association providing for the closure of contracts entered
+into before the war by an enemy are confirmed by the high contracting
+parties, as also any action taken thereunder, provided:--
+
+(i.) That the contract was expressed to be made subject to the rules of
+the exchange or association in question;
+
+(ii.) That the rules applied to all persons concerned;
+
+(iii.) That the conditions attaching to the closure were fair and
+reasonable.
+
+(b) The preceding paragraph shall not apply to rules made during the
+occupation by exchange or commercial associations in the districts
+occupied by the enemy.
+
+(c) The closure of contracts relating to cotton "futures," which were
+closed as on the 31st July, 1914, under the decision of the Liverpool
+Cotton Association, is also confirmed.
+
+_Security_
+
+(5) The sale of a security held for an unpaid debt owing by an enemy
+shall be deemed to have been valid irrespective of notice to the owner
+if the creditor acted in good faith and with reasonable care and
+prudence, and no claim by the debtor on the ground of such sale shall be
+admitted.
+
+This stipulation shall not apply to any sale of securities effected by
+an enemy during the occupation in regions invaded or occupied by the
+enemy.
+
+
+_Negotiable Instruments_
+
+6. As regards powers which adopt Section III. and the Annex thereto the
+pecuniary obligations existing between enemies and resulting from the
+issue of negotiable instruments shall be adjusted in conformity with the
+said Annex by the instrumentality of the Clearing Offices, which shall
+assume the rights of the holder as regards the various remedies open to
+him.
+
+7. If a person has either before or during the war become liable upon a
+negotiable instrument in accordance with an undertaking given to him by
+a person who has subsequently become an enemy, the latter shall remain
+liable to indemnify the former in respect of his liability,
+notwithstanding the outbreak of war.
+
+
+III. _Contracts of Insurance_
+
+8. Contracts of insurance entered into by any person with another person
+who subsequently became an enemy will be dealt with in accordance with
+the following paragraphs:
+
+_Fire Insurance_
+
+9. Contracts for the insurance of property against fire entered into by
+a person interested in such property with another person who
+subsequently became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been dissolved
+by the outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming an enemy,
+or on account of the failure during the war and for a period of three
+months thereafter to perform his obligations under the contract, but
+they shall be dissolved at the date when the annual premium becomes
+payable for the first time after the expiration of a period of three
+months after the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+A settlement shall be effected of unpaid premiums which became due
+during the war, or of claims for losses which occurred during the war.
+
+10. Where by administrative or legislative action an insurance against
+fire effected before the war has been transferred during the war from
+the original to another insurer, the transfer will be recognized and the
+liability of the original insurer will be deemed to have ceased as from
+the date of the transfer. The original insurer will, however, be
+entitled to receive on demand full information as to the terms of the
+transfer, and if it should appear that these terms were not equitable
+they shall be amended so far as may be necessary to render them
+equitable.
+
+Furthermore, the insured shall, subject to the concurrence of the
+original insurer, be entitled to retransfer the contract to the original
+insurer as from the date of the demand.
+
+_Life Insurance_
+
+11. Contracts of life insurance entered into between an insurer and a
+person who subsequently became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been
+dissolved by the outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming
+an enemy.
+
+Any sum which during the war became due upon a contract deemed not to
+have been dissolved under the preceding provision shall be recoverable
+after the war with the addition of interest of five per cent. per annum
+from the date of its becoming due up to the day of payment.
+
+Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of
+premiums, or has become void from breach of the conditions of the
+contract, the assured or his representatives or the persons entitled
+shall have the right at any time within twelve months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty to claim from the insurer the surrender
+value of the policy at the date of its lapse or avoidance.
+
+Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of
+premiums the payment of which has been prevented by the enforcement of
+measures of war, the assured or his representative or the persons
+entitled shall have the right to restore the contract on payment of the
+premiums with interest at five per cent. per annum within three months
+from the coming into effect of the present treaty.
+
+12. Any Allied or Associated Power may within three months of the coming
+into force of the present treaty cancel all the contracts of insurance
+running between a German insurance company and its nationals under
+conditions which shall protect its nationals from any prejudice.
+
+To this end the German insurance company will hand over to the allied or
+associated Government concerned, the proportion of its assets
+attributable to the policies so canceled and will be relieved from all
+liability in respect of such policies. The assets to be handed over
+shall be determined by an actuary appointed by the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal.
+
+13. Where contracts of life insurance have been entered into by a local
+branch of an insurance company established in a country which
+subsequently became an enemy country, the contract shall, in the absence
+of any stipulation to the contrary in the contract itself, be governed
+by the local law, but the insurer shall be entitled to demand from the
+insured or his representatives the refund of sums paid on claims made or
+enforced under measures taken during the war, if the making or
+enforcement of such claims was not in accordance with the terms of the
+contract itself or was not consistent with the laws or treaties existing
+at the time when it was entered into.
+
+14. In any case where by the law applicable to the contract the insurer
+remains bound by the contract notwithstanding the non-payment of
+premiums until notice is given to the insured of the termination of the
+contract, he shall be entitled where the giving of such notice was
+prevented by the war to recover the unpaid premiums with interest at
+five per cent. per annum from the insured.
+
+15. Insurance contracts shall be considered as contracts of life
+assurance for the purpose of Paragraphs 11 to 14 when they depend on the
+probabilities of human life combined with the rate of interest for the
+calculation of the reciprocal engagements between the two parties.
+
+
+_Marine Insurance_
+
+16. Contracts of marine insurance including time policies and voyage
+policies entered into between an insurer and a person who subsequently
+became an enemy, shall be deemed to have been dissolved on his becoming
+an enemy, except in cases where the risk undertaken in the contract had
+attached before he became an enemy.
+
+Where the risk had not attached, money paid by way of premium or
+otherwise shall be recoverable from the insurer.
+
+Where the risk had attached, effect shall be given to the contract
+notwithstanding the party becoming an enemy, and sums due under the
+contract either by way of premiums or in respect of losses shall be
+recoverable after the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+In the event of any agreement being come to for the payment of interest
+on sums due before the war to or by the nationals of States which have
+been at war and recovered after the war, such interest shall in the case
+of losses recoverable under contracts of marine insurance run from the
+expiration of a period of one year from the date of the loss.
+
+17. No contract of marine insurance with an insured person who
+subsequently became an enemy shall be deemed to cover losses due to
+belligerent action by the power of which the insurer was a national or
+by the allies or associates of such power.
+
+18. Where it is shown that a person who had before the war entered into
+a contract of marine insurance with an insurer who subsequently became
+an enemy entered after the outbreak of war into a new contract covering
+the same risk with an insurer who was not an enemy, the new contract
+shall be deemed to be substituted for the original contract as from the
+date when it was entered into, and the premiums payable shall be
+adjusted on the basis of the original insurer having remained liable on
+the contract only up till the time when the new contract was entered
+into.
+
+
+_Other Insurances_
+
+19. Contracts of insurance entered into before the war between an
+insurer and a person who subsequently became an enemy other than
+contracts dealt with in Paragraphs 9 to 18 shall be treated in all
+respects on the same footing as contracts of fire insurance between the
+same persons would be dealt with under the said paragraphs.
+
+_Re-Insurance_
+
+20. All treaties of re-insurance with a person who became an enemy shall
+be regarded as having been abrogated by the person becoming an enemy,
+but without prejudice in the case of life or marine risks which had
+attached before the war to the right to recover payment after the war
+for sums due in respect of such risks.
+
+Nevertheless, if, owing to invasion, it has been impossible for the
+re-insured to find another re-insurer, the treaty shall remain in force
+until three months after the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+Where a re-insurance treaty becomes void under this paragraph, there
+shall be an adjustment of accounts between the parties in respect both
+of premiums paid and payable and of liabilities for losses in respect of
+life or marine risk which had attached before the war. In the case of
+risks other than those mentioned in Paragraphs 11 to 18 the adjustment
+of accounts shall be made as at the date of the parties becoming enemies
+without regard to claims for losses which may have occurred since that
+date.
+
+21. The provisions of the preceding paragraph will extend equally to
+re-insurances existing at the date of the parties becoming enemies of
+particular risks undertaken by the insurer in a contract of insurance
+against any risks other than life or marine risks.
+
+22. Re-insurance of life risks effected by particular contracts and not
+under any general treaty remain in force.
+
+The provisions of Paragraph 12 apply to treaties of re-insurance of life
+insurance contracts in which enemy companies are the re-insurers.
+
+23. In case of a re-insurance effected before the war of a contract of
+marine insurance the cession of a risk which had been ceded to the
+re-insurer shall, if it had attached before the outbreak of war, remain
+valid and effect be given to the contract notwithstanding the outbreak
+of war; sums due under the contract of re-insurance in respect either of
+premiums or of losses shall be recoverable after the war.
+
+24. The provisions of Paragraphs 17 and 18 and the last part of
+Paragraph 16 shall apply to contracts for the re-insurance of marine
+risks.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Mixed Arbitral Tribunal_
+
+=ARTICLE 304.=--(a) Within three months from the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty, a Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall be
+established between each of the Allied and Associated Powers on the one
+hand and Germany on the other hand. Each such tribunal shall consist of
+three members. Each of the Governments concerned shall appoint one of
+these members. The President shall be chosen by agreement between the
+two Governments concerned.
+
+In case of failure to reach agreement, the President of the tribunal and
+two other persons either of whom may in case of need take his place,
+shall be chosen by the Council of the League of Nations, or, until this
+is set up, by M. Gustave Ador if he is willing. These persons shall be
+nationals of Powers that have remained neutral during the war.
+
+If any Government does not proceed within a period of one month in case
+there is a vacancy to appoint a member of the tribunal, such member
+shall be chosen by the other Government from the two persons mentioned
+above other than the President.
+
+The decision of the majority of the members of the tribunal shall be the
+decision of the tribunal.
+
+(b) The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals established pursuant to Paragraph (a)
+shall decide all questions within their competence under Sections III.,
+IV., V., and VII.
+
+In addition, all questions, whatsoever their nature, relating to
+contracts concluded before the coming into force of the present treaty
+between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers and German
+nationals shall be decided by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, always
+excepting questions which, under the laws of the Allied, Associated or
+neutral powers, are within the jurisdiction of the national courts of
+those powers. Such questions shall be decided by the national courts in
+question, to the exclusion of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. The party who
+is a national of an Allied or Associated Power may nevertheless bring
+the case before the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal if this is not prohibited by
+the laws of his country.
+
+(c) If the number of cases justifies it, additional members shall be
+appointed and each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall sit in divisions. Each
+of these divisions will be constituted as above.
+
+(d) Each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal will settle its own procedure except in
+so far as it is provided in the following Annex, and is empowered to
+award the sums to be paid by the loser in respect of the costs and
+expenses of the proceedings.
+
+(e) Each Government will pay the remuneration of the member of the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal appointed by it and of any agent whom it may appoint
+to represent it before the Tribunal. The remuneration of the President
+will be determined by special agreement between the Governments
+concerned, and this remuneration and the joint expenses of each
+tribunal will be paid by the two Governments in equal moieties.
+
+(f) The high contracting parties agree that their courts and authorities
+shall render to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal direct all the assistance in
+their power, particularly as regards transmitting notices and collecting
+evidence.
+
+(g) The high contracting parties agree to regard the decisions of the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal as final and conclusive, and to render them
+binding upon their nationals.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. Should one of the members of the Tribunal either die, retire, or be
+unable for any reason whatever to discharge his functions, the same
+procedure will be followed for filling the vacancy as was followed for
+appointing him.
+
+2. The tribunal may adopt such rules of procedure as shall be in
+accordance with justice and equity and decide the order and time at
+which each party must conclude its arguments, and may arrange all
+formalities required for dealing with the evidence.
+
+3. The agent and counsel of the parties on each side are authorized to
+present orally and in writing to the tribunal arguments in support or in
+defense of each case.
+
+4. The tribunal shall keep record of the questions and cases submitted
+and the proceedings thereon, with the dates of such proceedings.
+
+5. Each of the Powers concerned may appoint a secretary. These
+secretaries shall act together as joint secretaries of the tribunal and
+shall be subject to its direction. The tribunal may appoint and employ
+any other necessary officer or officers to assist in the performance of
+its duties.
+
+6. The tribunal shall decide all questions and matters submitted upon
+such evidence and information as may be furnished by the parties
+concerned.
+
+7. Germany agrees to give the tribunal all facilities and information
+required by it for carrying out its investigations.
+
+8. The language in which the proceedings shall be conducted shall,
+unless otherwise agreed, be English, French, Italian, or Japanese, as
+may be determined by the Allied or Associated Power concerned.
+
+9. The place and time for the meetings of each tribunal shall be
+determined by the President of the tribunal.
+
+=ARTICLE 305.=--Whenever a competent court has given or gives a decision
+in a case covered by Sections III., IV., V. or VII., and such decision
+is inconsistent with the provisions of such sections, the party who is
+prejudiced by the decision shall be entitled to obtain redress which
+shall be fixed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. At the request of the
+national of an Allied or Associated Power, the redress may, whenever
+possible, be effected by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal directing the
+replacement of the parties in the position occupied by them before the
+judgment was given by the German Court.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--_Industrial Property_
+
+=ARTICLE 306.=--Subject to the stipulations of the present treaty,
+rights of industrial, literary, and artistic property, as such property
+is defined by the International Conventions of Paris and of Berne,
+mentioned in Article 286, shall be re-established or restored, as from
+the coming into force of the present treaty in the territories of the
+high contracting parties, in favor of the persons entitled to the
+benefit of them at the moment when the state of war commenced, or their
+legal representatives. Equally, rights which, except for the war, would
+have been acquired during the war in consequence of an application made
+for the protection of industrial property, or the publication of a
+literary or artistic work, shall be recognized and established in favor
+of those persons who would have been entitled thereto, from the coming
+into force of the present treaty.
+
+Nevertheless, all acts done by virtue of the special measures taken
+during the war under legislative, executive or administrative authority
+of any Allied or Associated Power in regard to the rights of German
+nationals in industrial, literary or artistic property shall remain in
+force and shall continue to maintain their full effect.
+
+No claim shall be made or action brought by Germany or German nationals
+in respect of the use during the war by the Government of any Allied or
+Associated Power, or by any persons acting on behalf or with the assent
+of such Government of any rights in industrial, literary or artistic
+property, nor in respect of the sale, offering for sale, or use of any
+products, articles, or apparatus whatsoever to which such rights
+applied.
+
+Unless the legislation of any one of the Allied or Associated Powers in
+force at the moment of the signature of the present treaty otherwise
+directs, sums due or paid in virtue of any act or operation resulting
+from the execution of the special measures mentioned in Paragraph 1 of
+this article shall be dealt with in the same way as other sums due to
+German nationals are directed to be dealt with by the present treaty;
+and sums produced by any special measures taken by the German Government
+in respect of rights in industrial, literary or artistic property
+belonging to the nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers shall be
+considered and treated in the same way as other debts due from German
+nationals.
+
+Each of the Allied and Associated Powers reserves to itself the right to
+impose such limitations, conditions or restrictions on rights of
+industrial, literary or artistic property (with the exception of
+trade-marks) acquired before or during the war, or which may be
+subsequently acquired in accordance with its legislation, by German
+nationals, whether by granting licenses, or by the working, or by
+preserving control over their exploitation, or in any other way as may
+be considered necessary for national defense or in the public interest,
+or for assuring the fair treatment by Germany of the rights of
+industrial, literary, and artistic property held in German territory by
+its nationals, or for securing the due fulfillment of all the
+obligations undertaken by Germany in the present treaty.
+
+As regards rights of industrial, literary and artistic property acquired
+after the coming into force of the present treaty, the right so reserved
+by the Allied and Associated Powers shall only be exercised in cases
+where these limitations, conditions or restrictions may be considered
+necessary for national defense or in the public interest.
+
+In the event of the application of the provisions of the preceding
+paragraph by any of the Allied or Associated Powers, there shall be paid
+reasonable indemnities or royalties which shall be dealt with in the
+same way as other sums due to German nationals are directed to be dealt
+with by the present treaty.
+
+Each of the Allied or Associated Powers reserves the right to treat as
+void and of no effect any transfer in whole or in part of or other
+dealing with rights of or in respect of industrial, literary or
+artistic property effected after Aug. 1, 1914, or in the future, which
+would have the result of defeating the objects of the provisions of this
+article.
+
+The provisions of this article shall not apply to rights in industrial,
+literary or artistic property which have been dealt with in the
+liquidation of businesses or companies under war legislation by the
+Allied or Associated Powers, or which may be so dealt with by virtue of
+Article 297, Paragraph (b).
+
+=ARTICLE 307.=--A minimum of one year after the coming into force of the
+present treaty shall be accorded to the nationals of the high
+contracting parties, without extension fees or other penalty, in order
+to enable such persons to accomplish any act, fulfill any formality, pay
+any fees, and generally satisfy any obligation prescribed by the laws or
+regulations of the respective States relating to the obtaining,
+preserving or opposing rights to, or in respect of, industrial property
+either acquired before the 1st of August, 1914, or which, except for the
+war, might have been acquired since that date as a result of an
+application made before the war or during its continuance, but nothing
+in this article shall give any right to reopen interference proceedings
+in the United States of America where a final hearing has taken place.
+
+All rights in, or in respect of, such property which may have lapsed by
+reason of any failure to accomplish any act, fulfill any formality, or
+make any payment, shall revive, but subject in the case of patents and
+designs to the imposition of such conditions as each Allied or
+Associated Power may deem reasonably necessary for the protection of
+persons who have manufactured or made use of the subject matter of such
+property while the rights had lapsed. Further, where rights to patents
+or designs belonging to German nationals are revived under this article,
+they shall be subject in respect of the grant of licenses to the same
+provisions as would have been applicable to them during the war, as well
+as to all the provisions of the present treaty.
+
+The period from the 1st August, 1914, until the coming into force of the
+present treaty shall be excluded in considering the time within which a
+patent should be worked or a trade mark or design used, and it is
+further agreed that no patent, registered trade mark or design in force
+on the 1st of August, 1914, shall be subject to revocation or
+cancellation by reason only of the failure to work such patent or use
+such trade mark or design for two years after the coming into force of
+the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 308.=--The rights of priority, provided by Article IV. of the
+International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of
+Paris, of the 20th March, 1883, revised at Washington in 1911, or by any
+other convention or statute, for the filing or registration of
+applications for patents or models of utility, and for the registration
+of trade marks, designs, and models which had not expired on the 1st
+August, 1914, and those which have arisen during the war, or would have
+arisen but for the war, shall be extended by each of the high
+contracting parties in favor of all nationals of the other high
+contracting parties for a period of six months after the coming into
+force of the present treaty.
+
+Nevertheless, such extension shall in no way affect the right of any of
+the high contracting parties or of any person who before the coming into
+force of the present treaty was _bona fide_ in possession of any rights
+of industrial property conflicting with rights applied for by another
+who claims rights of priority in respect of them, to exercise such
+rights by itself or himself personally, or by such agents or licensees
+as derived their rights from it or him before the coming into force of
+the present treaty; and such persons shall not be amenable to any action
+or other process of law in respect of infringement.
+
+=ARTICLE 309.=--No action shall be brought and no claim made by persons
+residing or carrying on business within the territories of Germany on
+the one part and of the Allied or Associated Powers on the other, or
+persons who are nationals of such powers, respectively, or by any one
+deriving title during the war from such persons, by reason or any action
+which has taken place within the territory of the other party between
+the date of the declaration of war and that of the coming into force of
+the present treaty, which might constitute an infringement of the rights
+of industrial property or rights of literary and artistic property,
+either existing at any time during the war or revived under the
+provisions of Articles 307 and 308.
+
+[Illustration: America's Peace Capitol in Paris
+
+The Hotel Crillon, facing upon the Place de la Concorde, was
+requisitioned to serve during the Peace Conference as the office and
+living quarters of President Wilson's staff.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+
+Equally, no action for infringement of industrial, literary or artistic
+property rights by such persons shall at any time be permissible in
+respect of the sale or offering for sale for a period of one year after
+the signature of the present treaty in the territories of the Allied or
+Associated Powers on the one hand or Germany on the other, of products
+or articles manufactured, or of literary or artistic works published,
+during the period between the declaration of war and the signature of
+the present treaty, or against those who have acquired and continue to
+use them. It is understood, nevertheless, that this provision shall not
+apply when the possessor of the rights was domiciled or had an
+industrial or commercial establishment in the districts occupied by
+Germany during the war.
+
+This article shall not apply as between the United States of America on
+the one hand and Germany on the other.
+
+=ARTICLE 310.=--Licenses in respect of industrial, literary, or artistic
+property concluded before the war between nationals of the Allied or
+Associated Powers or persons residing in their territory or carrying on
+business therein, on the one part, and German nationals, on the other
+part, shall be considered as canceled as from the date of the
+declaration of war between Germany and the Allied or Associated Powers.
+But, in any case, the former beneficiary of a contract of this kind
+shall have the right, within a period of six months after the coming
+into force of the present treaty, to demand from the proprietor of the
+rights the grant of a new license, the conditions of which, in default
+of agreement between the parties, shall be fixed by the duly qualified
+tribunal in the country under whose legislation the rights had been
+acquired, except in the case of licenses held in respect of rights
+acquired under German law. In such cases the conditions shall be fixed
+by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal referred to in Section VI. of this Part.
+The tribunal may, if necessary, fix also the amount which it may deem
+just should be paid by reason of the use of the rights during the war.
+
+No license in respect of industrial, literary, or artistic property,
+granted under the special war legislation of any Allied or Associated
+Power, shall be affected by the continued existence of any license
+entered into before the war, but shall remain valid and of full effect,
+and a license so granted to the former beneficiary of a license entered
+into before the war shall be considered as substituted for such license.
+
+Where sums have been paid during the war by virtue of a license or
+agreement concluded before the war in respect of rights of industrial
+property or for the reproduction or the representation of literary,
+dramatic, or artistic works, these sums shall be dealt with in the same
+manner as other debts or credits of German nationals, as provided by the
+present treaty.
+
+This Article shall not apply as between the United States of America on
+the one hand and Germany on the other.
+
+=ARTICLE 311.=--The inhabitants of territories separated from Germany by
+virtue of the present treaty shall, notwithstanding this separation and
+the change of nationality consequent thereon, continue to enjoy in
+Germany all the rights in industrial, literary, and artistic property to
+which they were entitled under German legislation at the time of the
+separation.
+
+Rights of industrial, literary and artistic property which are in force
+in the territories separated from Germany under the present treaty at
+the moment of the separation of these territories from Germany, or which
+will be re-established or restored in accordance with the provisions of
+Article 306 of the present treaty, shall be recognized by the State to
+which the said territory is transferred and shall remain in force in
+that territory for the same period of time given them under the German
+law.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--_Social and State Insurance in Ceded Territory_
+
+=ARTICLE 312.=--Without prejudice to the provisions contained in other
+articles of the present treaty, the German Government undertakes to
+transfer to any power to which German territory in Europe is ceded, and
+to any power administering former German territory as a mandatory under
+Article 22 of Part I. (League of Nations), such portion of the reserves
+accumulated by the Government of the German Empire or of German States,
+or by public or private organizations under their control, as is
+attributable to the carrying on of social or State insurance in such
+territory.
+
+The powers to which these funds are transferred must apply them to the
+performance of the obligations arising from such insurances.
+
+The conditions of the transfer will be determined by special conventions
+to be concluded between the German Government and the Governments
+concerned.
+
+In case these special conventions are not concluded in accordance with
+the above paragraph within three months after the coming into force of
+the present treaty, the conditions of transfer shall in each case be
+referred to a commission of five members, one of whom shall be appointed
+by the German Government, one by the other interested Government, and
+three by the governing body of the International Labor Office from the
+nationals of other States. This commission shall by majority vote within
+three months after appointment adopt recommendations for submission to
+the Council of the League of Nations, and the decisions of the council
+shall forthwith be accepted as final by Germany and the other Government
+concerned.
+
+
+
+
+PART XI
+
+Aerial Navigation
+
+
+=ARTICLE 313.=--The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+have full liberty of passage and landing over and in the territory and
+territorial waters of Germany, and shall enjoy the same privileges as
+German aircraft, particularly in case of distress by land or sea.
+
+=ARTICLE 314.=--The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall,
+while in transit to any foreign country whatever, enjoy the right of
+flying over the territory and territorial waters of Germany without
+landing subject always to any regulations which may be made by Germany,
+and which shall be applicable equally to the aircraft of Germany and
+those of the Allied and Associated Countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 315.=--All aerodromes in Germany open to national public
+traffic shall be open for the aircraft of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, and in any such aerodrome such aircraft shall be treated on a
+footing of equality with German aircraft as regards charges of every
+description, including charges for landing and accommodation.
+
+=ARTICLE 316.=--Subject to the present provisions, the rights of
+passage, transit and landing provided for in Articles 313, 314 and 315
+are subject to the observation of such regulations as Germany may
+consider it necessary to enact, but such regulations shall be applied
+without distinction to German aircraft and to those of Allied and
+Associated Countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 317.=--Certificates of nationality, airworthiness, or
+competency, and licenses, issued or recognized as valid by any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers, shall be recognized in Germany as valid and
+as equivalent to the certificates and licenses issued by Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 318.=--As regards internal commercial air traffic, the aircraft
+of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany most favored
+nation treatment.
+
+=ARTICLE 319.=--Germany undertakes to enforce the necessary measures to
+insure that all German aircraft flying over her territory shall comply
+with the rules as to lights and signals, rules of the air and rules for
+air traffic on and in the neighborhood of aerodromes, which have been
+laid down in the convention relative to aerial navigation concluded
+between the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 320.=--The obligations imposed by the preceding provisions
+shall remain in force until the 1st January, 1923, unless before that
+date Germany shall have been admitted into the League of Nations or
+shall have been authorized, by consent of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, to adhere to the convention relative to aerial navigation
+concluded between those powers.
+
+
+
+
+PART XII
+
+Ports, Waterways, and Railways
+
+
+SECTION I.--_General Provisions_
+
+=ARTICLE 321.=--Germany undertakes to grant freedom of transit through
+her territories on the routes most convenient for international transit,
+either by rail, navigable waterway, or canal, to persons, goods,
+vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails coming from or going to the
+territories of any of the Allied and Associated Powers (whether
+contiguous or not); for this purpose the crossing of territorial waters
+shall be allowed. Such persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and
+mails shall not be subjected to any transit duty or to any undue delays
+or restrictions, and shall be entitled in Germany to national treatment
+as regards charges, facilities, and all other matters.
+
+Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar
+duties.
+
+All charges imposed on transport in transit shall be reasonable, having
+regard to the conditions of the traffic. No charge, facility, or
+restriction shall depend directly or indirectly on the ownership or on
+the nationality of the ship or other means of transport on which any
+part of the through journey has been, or is to be, accomplished.
+
+=ARTICLE 322.=--Germany undertakes neither to impose nor to maintain any
+control over transmigration traffic through her territories beyond
+measures necessary to insure that passengers are _bona fide_ in transit;
+nor to allow any shipping company or any other private body,
+corporation, or person interested in the traffic to take any part
+whatever in, or to exercise any direct or indirect influence over, any
+administrative service that may be necessary for this purpose.
+
+=ARTICLE 323.=--Germany undertakes to make no discrimination or
+preference, direct or indirect, in the duties, charges, and prohibitions
+relating to importations into or exportations from her territories, or,
+subject to the special engagements contained in the present treaty, in
+the charges and conditions of transport of goods or persons entering or
+leaving her territories, based on the frontier crossed; or on the kind,
+ownership, or flag of the means of transport (including aircraft)
+employed; or on the original or immediate place of departure of the
+vessel, wagon, or aircraft or other means of transport employed, or its
+ultimate or intermediate destination; or on the route of or places of
+transshipment on the journey; or on whether any port through which the
+goods are imported or exported is a German port or a port belonging to
+any foreign country or on whether the goods are imported or exported by
+sea, by land, or by air.
+
+Germany particularly undertakes not to establish against the ports and
+vessels of any of the Allied and Associated Powers any surtax or any
+direct or indirect bounty for export or import by German ports of
+vessels, or by those of another power, for example by means of combined
+tariffs. She further undertakes that persons or goods passing through a
+port or using a vessel of any of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+not be subjected to any formality or delay whatever to which such
+persons or goods would not be subjected if they passed through a German
+port or a port of any other power, or used a German vessel or a vessel
+of any other power.
+
+=ARTICLE 324.=--All necessary administrative and technical measures
+shall be taken to shorten, as much as possible, the transmission of
+goods across the German frontiers and to insure their forwarding and
+transport from such frontiers, irrespective of whether such goods are
+coming from or going to the territories of the Allied and Associated
+Powers or are in transit from or to those territories, under the same
+material conditions in such matters as rapidity of carriage and care en
+route as are enjoyed by other goods of the same kind carried on German
+territory under similar conditions of transport.
+
+In particular, the transport of perishable goods shall be promptly and
+regularly carried out, and the customs formalities shall be effected in
+such a way as to allow the goods to be carried straight through by
+trains which make connection.
+
+=ARTICLE 325.=--The seaports of the Allied and Associated Powers are
+entitled to all favors and to all reduced tariffs granted on German
+railways or navigable waterways for the benefit of German ports or of
+any port of another power.
+
+=ARTICLE 326.=--Germany may not refuse to participate in the tariffs or
+combinations of tariffs intended to secure for ports of any of the
+Allied and Associated Powers advantages similar to those granted by
+Germany to her own ports or the ports of any other power.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Navigation_
+
+CHAPTER I.--FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION
+
+=ARTICLE 327.=--The nationals of any of the Allied and Associated Powers
+as well as their vessels and property shall enjoy in all German ports
+and in the inland navigation routes of Germany, the same treatment in
+all respects as German nationals, vessels and property.
+
+In particular the vessels of any one of the Allied or Associated Powers
+shall be entitled to transport goods of any description, and passengers,
+to or from any ports or places in German territory to which German
+vessels may have access, under conditions which shall not be more
+onerous than those applied in the case of national vessels; they shall
+be treated on a footing of equality with national vessels as regards
+port and harbor facilities and charges of every description, including
+facilities for stationing, loading and unloading, and duties and charges
+of tonnage, harbor, pilotage, lighthouse, quarantine, and all analogous
+duties and charges of whatsoever nature, levied in the name of or for
+the profit of the Government, public functionaries, private individuals,
+corporations or establishments of any kind.
+
+In the event of Germany granting a preferential régime to any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers or to any other foreign power, this régime
+shall be extended immediately and unconditionally to all the Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+There shall be no impediment to the movement of persons or vessels other
+than those arising from prescriptions concerning customs, police,
+sanitation, emigration and immigration and those relating to the import
+and export of prohibited goods. Such regulations must be reasonable and
+uniform and must not impede traffic unnecessarily.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--FREE ZONES IN PORTS
+
+=ARTICLE 328.=--The free zones existing in German ports on the 1st
+August, 1914, shall be maintained. These free zones and any other free
+zones which may be established in German territory by the present treaty
+shall be subject to the régime provided for in the following articles.
+
+Goods entering or leaving a free zone shall not be subjected to any
+import or export duty, other than those provided for in Article 330.
+
+Vessels and goods entering a free zone may be subjected to the charges
+established to cover expenses of administration, upkeep and improvement
+of the port, as well as to the charges for the use of various
+installations, provided that these charges shall be reasonable, having
+regard to the expenditure incurred, and shall be levied in the
+conditions of equality provided for in Article 327.
+
+Goods shall not be subjected to any other charge except a statistical
+duty which shall not exceed 1 per mille ad valorem, and which shall be
+devoted exclusively to defraying the expenses of compiling statements of
+the traffic in the port.
+
+=ARTICLE 329.=--The facilities granted for the erection of warehouses,
+for packing and for unpacking goods, shall be in accordance with trade
+requirements for the time being. All goods allowed to be consumed in the
+free zone shall be exempt from duty, whether of excise or of any other
+description, apart from the statistical duty provided for in Article 328
+above.
+
+There shall be no discrimination in regard to any of the provisions of
+the present article between persons belonging to different nationalities
+or between goods of different origin or destination.
+
+=ARTICLE 330.=--Import duties may be levied on goods leaving the free
+zone for consumption in the country on the territory of which the port
+is situated. Conversely, export duties may be levied on goods coming
+from such country and brought into the free zone. These import and
+export duties shall be levied on the same basis and at the same rates as
+similar duties levied at the other customs frontiers of the country
+concerned. On the other hand, Germany shall not levy, under any
+denomination, any import, export, or transit duty on goods carried by
+land or water across her territory to or from the free zone from or to
+any other State.
+
+Germany shall draw up the necessary regulations to secure and guarantee
+such freedom of transit over such railways and waterways in her
+territory as normally give access to the free zone.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--CLAUSES RELATING TO THE ELBE, THE ODER, THE NIEMEN
+(RUSSTROM-MEMEL-NIEMEN), AND THE DANUBE
+
+(I)--_General Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 331.=--The following rivers are declared international:
+
+    The Elbe (Labe) from its confluence with the Vitava (Moldau)
+    and the Vitava (Moldau) from Prague;
+    the Oder (Odra) from its confluence with the Oppa;
+    the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) from Grodno,
+    the Danube from Ulm;
+
+and all navigable parts of these river systems which naturally provide
+more than one State with access to the sea, with or without
+transshipment from one vessel to another; together with lateral canals
+and channels constructed either to duplicate or to improve naturally
+navigable sections of the specified river system, or to connect two
+naturally navigable sections of the same river.
+
+The same shall apply to the Rhine-Danube navigable waterway, should such
+a waterway be constructed under the conditions laid down in Article 353.
+
+=ARTICLE 332.=--On the waterways declared to be international in the
+preceding article, the nationals, property and flags of all powers shall
+be treated on a footing of perfect equality, no distinction being made
+to the detriment of the nationals, property or flag of any power between
+them and the nationals, property or flag of the riparian State itself or
+of the most favored nation.
+
+Nevertheless, German vessels shall not be entitled to carry passengers
+or goods by regular services between the ports of any Allied or
+Associated Power, without special authority from such power.
+
+=ARTICLE 333.=--Where such charges are not precluded by any existing
+conventions, charges varying on different sections of a river may be
+levied on vessels using the navigable channels or their approaches,
+provided that they are intended solely to cover equitably the cost of
+maintaining in a navigable condition, or of improving, the river and its
+approaches, or to meet expenditure incurred in the interests of
+navigation. The schedule of such charges shall be calculated on the
+basis of such expenditure and shall be posted up in the ports. These
+charges shall be levied in such a manner as to render any detailed
+examination of cargoes unnecessary, except in cases of suspected fraud
+or contravention.
+
+=ARTICLE 334.=--The transit of vessels, passengers, and goods on these
+waterways shall be effected in accordance with the general conditions
+prescribed for transit in Section I., above.
+
+When the two banks of an international river are within the same State,
+goods in transit may be placed under seal or in the custody of customs
+agents. When the river forms a frontier, goods and passengers in transit
+shall be exempt from all customs formalities; the loading and unloading
+of goods, and the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, shall
+only take place in the ports specified by the riparian State.
+
+=ARTICLE 335.=--No dues of any kind other than those provided for in the
+present part shall be levied along the course or at the mouth of these
+rivers.
+
+This provision shall not prevent the fixing by the riparian States of
+customs, local octroi, or consumption duties, or the creation of
+reasonable and uniform charges levied in the ports, in accordance with
+public tariffs, for the use of cranes, elevators, quays, warehouses, &c.
+
+=ARTICLE 336.=--In default of any special organization for carrying out
+the works connected with the upkeep and improvement of the international
+portion of a navigable system, each riparian State shall be bound to
+take suitable measures to remove any obstacle or danger to navigation
+and to insure the maintenance of good conditions of navigation.
+
+If a State neglects to comply with this obligation any riparian State,
+or any State represented on the International Commission, if there is
+one, may appeal to the tribunal instituted for this purpose by the
+League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 337.=--The same procedure shall be followed in the case of a
+riparian State undertaking any works of a nature to impede navigation in
+the international section. The tribunal mentioned in the preceding
+article shall be entitled to enforce the suspension or suppression of
+such works, making due allowance in its decisions for all rights in
+connection with irrigation, waterpower, fisheries, and other national
+interests, which, with the consent of all the riparian States or of all
+the States represented on the International Commission, if there be one,
+shall be given priority over the requirements of navigation.
+
+Appeal to the tribunal of the League of Nations does not require the
+suspension of the works.
+
+=ARTICLE 338.=--The régime set out in Articles 332 to 337 above shall be
+superseded by one to be laid down in a General Convention drawn up by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, and approved by the League of Nations,
+relating to the waterways recognized in such Convention as having an
+international character. This Convention shall apply in particular to
+the whole or part of the above-mentioned river systems of the Elbe
+(Labe), the Oder (Odra), the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen), and the
+Danube, and such other parts of these river systems as may be covered by
+a general definition.
+
+Germany undertakes, in accordance with the provisions of Article 379, to
+adhere to the said General Convention as well as to all projects
+prepared in accordance with Article 343 below for the revision of
+existing international agreements and regulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 339.=--Germany shall cede to the Allied and Associated Powers
+concerned, within a maximum period of three months from the date on
+which notification shall be given her, a proportion of the tugs and
+vessels remaining registered in the ports of the river systems referred
+to in Article 331 after the deduction of those surrendered by way of
+restitution or reparation. Germany shall in the same way cede material
+of all kinds necessary to the Allied and Associated Powers concerned for
+the utilization of those river systems.
+
+The number of the tugs and boats and the amount of the material so
+ceded, and their distribution, shall be determined by an arbitrator or
+arbitrators nominated by the United States of America, due regard being
+had to the legitimate needs of the parties concerned, and particularly
+to the shipping traffic during the five years preceding the war.
+
+All craft so ceded shall be provided with their fittings and gear, shall
+be in a good state of repair and in condition to carry goods, and shall
+be selected from among those most recently built.
+
+The cessions provided for in the present article shall entail a credit
+of which the total amount, settled in a lump sum by the arbitrator or
+arbitrators, shall not in any case exceed the value of the capital
+expended in the initial establishment of the material ceded, and shall
+be set off against the total sums due from Germany; in consequence, the
+indemnification of the proprietors shall be a matter for Germany to deal
+with.
+
+
+(2) _Special Clauses Relating to the Elbe, the Oder, and the Niemen
+(Russtrom-Memel-Niemen)_
+
+=ARTICLE 340.=--The Elbe (Labe) shall be placed under the administration
+of an International Commission which shall comprise:
+
+    4 representatives of the German States bordering on the river;
+    2 representatives of the Czechoslovak State;
+    1 representative of Great Britain;
+    1 representative of France;
+    1 representative of Italy;
+    1 representative of Belgium;
+
+Whatever be the number of members present, each delegation shall have
+the right to record a number of votes equal to the number of
+representatives allotted to it.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 341.=--The Oder (Odra) shall be placed under the administration
+of an International Commission, which shall comprise:
+
+    1 representative of Poland;
+    3 representatives of Prussia;
+    1 representative of the Czechoslovak State;
+    1 representative of Great Britain;
+    1 representative of France;
+    1 representative of Denmark;
+    1 representative of Sweden.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 342.=--On a request being made to the League of Nations by any
+riparian State, the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) shall be placed under
+the administration of an International Commission, which shall comprise
+one representative of each riparian State, and three representatives of
+other States specified by the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 343.=--The International Commissions referred to in Articles
+340 and 341 shall meet within three months of the date of the coming
+into force of the present treaty, The International Commission referred
+to in Article 342 shall meet within three months from the date of the
+request made by a riparian State. Each of these commissions shall
+proceed immediately to prepare a project for the revision of the
+existing international agreements and regulations, drawn up in
+conformity with the General Convention referred to in Article 338,
+should such convention have been already concluded. In the absence of
+such convention, the project for revision shall be in conformity with
+the principles of Articles 332 to 337, above.
+
+=ARTICLE 344.=--The projects referred to in the preceding article shall,
+_inter alia_:
+
+(a) Designate the headquarters of the International Commission, and
+prescribe the manner in which its President is to be nominated;
+
+(b) Specify the extent of the commission's powers, particularly in
+regard to the execution of works of maintenance, control, and
+improvement on the river system, the financial régime the fixing and
+collection of charges, and regulations for navigation;
+
+(c) Define the sections of the river or its tributaries to which the
+international régime shall be applied.
+
+=ARTICLE 345.=--The international agreements and regulations at present
+governing the navigation of the Elbe (Labe), the Oder (Odra), and the
+Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) shall be provisionally maintained in
+force until the ratification of the above-mentioned projects.
+Nevertheless, in all cases where such agreements and regulations in
+force are in conflict with the provisions of Articles 332 to 337 above,
+or of the General Convention to be concluded, the latter provisions
+shall prevail.
+
+(3) _Special Clauses Relating to the Danube_
+
+=ARTICLE 346.=--The European Commission of the Danube reassumes the
+powers it possessed before the war. Nevertheless, as a provisional
+measure, only representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Rumania shall constitute this commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 347.=--From the point where the competence of the European
+Commission ceases, the Danube system referred to in Article 331 shall be
+placed under the administration of an international commission composed
+as follows:
+
+    2 representatives of German riparian States;
+
+    1 representative of each other riparian State;
+
+    1 representative of each non-riparian State represented in the
+    future on the European Commission of the Danube.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 348.=--The International Commission provided for in the
+preceding article shall meet as soon as possible after the coming into
+force of the present treaty, and shall undertake provisionally the
+administration of the river in conformity with the provisions of
+Articles 332 to 337, until such time as a definitive statute regarding
+the Danube is concluded by the powers nominated by the Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 349.=--Germany agrees to accept the régime which shall be laid
+down for the Danube by a conference of the powers nominated by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, which shall meet within one year after the
+coming into force of the present treaty, and at which German
+representatives may be present.
+
+=ARTICLE 350.=--The mandate given by Article 57 of the Treaty of Berlin
+of the 13th July, 1878, to Austria-Hungary, and transferred by her to
+Hungary, to carry out works at the Iron Gates, is abrogated. The
+commission intrusted with the administration of this part of the river
+shall lay down provisions for the settlement of accounts subject to the
+financial provisions of the present treaty. Charges which may be
+necessary shall in no case be levied by Hungary.
+
+=ARTICLE 351.=--Should the Czechoslovak State, the Serb-Croat-Slovene
+State, or Rumania, with the authorization of or under mandate from the
+International Commission undertake maintenance, improvement, weir or
+other works on a part of the river system which forms a frontier, these
+States shall enjoy on the opposite bank, and also on the part of the bed
+which is outside their territory, all necessary facilities for the
+survey, execution and maintenance of such works.
+
+=ARTICLE 352.=--Germany shall be obliged to make to the European
+Commission of the Danube all restitutions, reparations, and indemnities
+for damages inflicted on the commission during the war.
+
+=ARTICLE 353.=--Should a deep-draught Rhine-Danube navigable waterway be
+constructed, Germany undertakes to apply thereto the régime prescribed
+in Articles 332 to 338.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--CLAUSES RELATING TO THE RHINE AND THE MOSELLE
+
+=ARTICLES 354.=--As from the coming into force of the present treaty,
+the Convention of Mannheim of 17th October, 1868, together with the
+Final Protocol thereof, shall continue to govern navigation on the
+Rhine, subject to the conditions hereinafter laid down.
+
+In the event of any provisions of the said Convention being in conflict
+with those laid down by the General Convention referred to in Article
+338 (which shall apply to the Rhine), the provisions of the General
+Convention shall prevail.
+
+Within a maximum period of six months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, the Central Commission referred to in Article 355 shall
+meet to draw up a project of revision of the Convention of Mannheim.
+This project shall be drawn up in harmony with the provisions of the
+General Convention referred to above, should this have been concluded by
+that time, and shall be submitted to the powers represented on the
+Central Commission. Germany hereby agrees to adhere to the project so
+drawn up.
+
+Further, the modifications set out in the following articles shall
+immediately be made in the Convention of Mannheim.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers reserve to themselves the right to
+arrive at an understanding in this connection with Holland, and Germany
+hereby agrees to accede if required to any such understanding.
+
+=ARTICLE 355.=--The Central Commission provided for in the Convention of
+Mannheim shall consist of nineteen members, viz.:
+
+    Two representatives of the Netherlands;
+
+    Two representatives of Switzerland;
+
+    Four representatives of German riparian States;
+
+    Four representatives of France, which in addition shall appoint
+    the President of the Commission;
+
+    Two representatives of Great Britain;
+
+    Two representatives of Italy;
+
+    Two representatives of Belgium.
+
+
+[Illustration: Drawing by Georges Scott in L'illustration
+
+The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German Cause and Marked the
+Beginning of the End of the War
+
+German delegates on their way to the armistice conference with Marshal
+Foch reaching the first French lines near Haudroy, November 7, 1918.]
+
+The headquarters of the Central Commission shall be at Strasbourg.
+
+Whatever be the number of members present, each delegation shall have
+the right to record a number of votes equal to the number of
+representatives allotted to it.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+Commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 356.=--Vessels of all nations, and their cargoes, shall have
+the same rights and privileges as those which are granted to vessels
+belonging to the Rhine navigation, and to their cargoes.
+
+None of the provisions contained in Articles 15 to 20 and 26 of the
+above-mentioned Convention of Mannheim, in Article 4 of the Final
+Protocol thereof, or in later Conventions, shall impede the free
+navigation of vessels and crews of all nations on the Rhine and on
+waterways to which such Conventions apply, subject to compliance with
+the regulations concerning pilotage and other police measures drawn up
+by the Central Commission.
+
+The provisions of Article 22 of the Convention of Mannheim and of
+Article 5 of the Final Protocol thereof shall be applied only to vessels
+registered on the Rhine. The Central Commission shall decide on the
+steps to be taken to insure that other vessels satisfy the conditions of
+the general regulations applying to navigation on the Rhine.
+
+=ARTICLE 357.=--Within a maximum period of three months from the date on
+which notification shall be given Germany shall cede to France tugs and
+vessels, from among those remaining registered in German Rhine ports
+after the deduction of those surrendered by way of restitution or
+reparation, or shares in German Rhine navigation companies.
+
+When vessels and tugs are ceded, such vessels and tugs, together with
+their fittings and gear, shall be in good state of repair, shall be in
+condition to carry on commercial traffic on the Rhine, and shall be
+selected from among those most recently built.
+
+The same procedure shall be followed in the matter of the cession by
+Germany to France of--
+
+(1) the installations, berthing, and anchorage accommodation, platforms,
+docks, warehouses, plant, &c., which German subjects or German companies
+owned on the 1st August, 1914, in the port of Rotterdam, and
+
+(2) the shares or interests which Germany or German nationals possessed
+in such installations at the same date.
+
+The amount and specifications of such cessions shall be determined
+within one year of the coming into force of the present treaty by an
+arbitrator or arbitrators appointed by the United States of America, due
+regard being had to the legitimate needs of the parties concerned.
+
+The cessions provided for in the present article shall entail a credit
+of which the total amount, settled in a lump sum by the arbitrator, or
+arbitrators mentioned above, shall not in any case exceed the value of
+the capital expended in the initial establishment of the ceded material
+and installations, and shall be set off against the total sums due from
+Germany; in consequence, the indemnification of the proprietors shall be
+a matter for Germany to deal with.
+
+=ARTICLE 358.=--Subject to the obligation to comply with the provisions
+of the Convention of Mannheim or of the convention which may be
+substituted therefor, and to the stipulations of the present treaty,
+France shall have on the whole course of the Rhine included between the
+two extreme points of the French frontiers--
+
+     (a) the right to take water from the Rhine to feed navigation
+     and irrigation canals (constructed or to be constructed) or for
+     any other purpose, and to execute on the German bank all works
+     necessary for the exercise of this right;
+
+     (b) the exclusive right to the power derived from works of
+     regulation on the river, subject to the payment to Germany of
+     the value of half the power actually produced, this payment,
+     which will take into account the cost of the works necessary
+     for producing the power, being made either in money or in power
+     and in default of agreement being determined by arbitration.
+     For this purpose France alone shall have the right to carry out
+     in this part of the river all works of regulation (weirs or
+     other works) which she may consider necessary for the
+     production of power. Similarly, the right of taking water from
+     the Rhine is accorded to Belgium to feed the Rhine-Meuse
+     navigable waterway provided for below.
+
+The exercise of the rights mentioned under (a) and (b) of the present
+article shall not interfere with navigability nor reduce the facilities
+for navigation, either in the bed of the Rhine or in the derivations
+which may be substituted therefor, nor shall it involve any increase in
+the tolls formerly levied under the convention in force. All proposed
+schemes shall be laid before the Central Commission in order that the
+commission may assure itself that these conditions are complied with.
+
+To insure the proper and faithful execution of the provisions contained
+in (a) and (b) above, Germany:
+
+(i) binds herself not to undertake or to allow the construction of any
+lateral canal or any derivation on the right bank of the river opposite
+the French frontiers;
+
+(ii) recognizes the possession by France of the right of support on and
+the right of way over all lands situated on the right bank which may be
+required in order to survey, to build, and to operate weirs which
+France, with the consent of the Central Commission, may subsequently
+decide to establish. In accordance with such consent, France shall be
+entitled to decide upon and fix the limits of the necessary sites, and
+she shall be permitted to occupy such lands after a period of two months
+after simple notification, subject to the payment by her to Germany of
+indemnities of which the total amount shall be fixed by the Central
+Commission. Germany shall make it her business to indemnify the
+proprietors whose property will be burdened with such servitudes or
+permanently occupied by the works.
+
+Should Switzerland so demand, and if the Central Commission approves,
+the same rights shall be accorded to Switzerland for the part of the
+river forming her frontier with other riparian States;
+
+(iii) shall hand over to the French Government, during the month
+following the coming into force of the present treaty, all projects,
+designs, drafts of concessions and of specifications concerning the
+regulation of the Rhine for any purpose whatever which have been drawn
+up or received by the Governments of Alsace-Lorraine or of the Grand
+Duchy of Baden.
+
+=ARTICLE 359.=--Subject to the preceding provisions, no works shall be
+carried out in the bed or on either bank of the Rhine where it forms the
+boundary of France and Germany without the previous approval of the
+Central Commission or of its agents.
+
+=ARTICLE 360.=--France reserves the option of substituting herself as
+regards the rights and obligations resulting from agreements arrived at
+between the Government of Alsace-Lorraine and the Grand Duchy of Baden
+concerning the works to be carried out on the Rhine; she may also
+denounce such agreements within a term of five years dating from the
+coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+France shall also have the option of causing works to be carried out
+which may be recognized as necessary by the Central Commission for the
+upkeep or improvement of the navigability of the Rhine above Mannheim.
+
+=ARTICLE 361.=--Should Belgium, within a period of 25 years from the
+coming into force of the present treaty, decide to create a deep-draught
+Rhine-Meuse navigable waterway, in the region of Ruhrort, Germany shall
+be bound to construct, in accordance with plans to be communicated to
+her by the Belgian Government, after agreement with the Central
+Commission, the portion of this navigable waterway situated within her
+territory.
+
+The Belgian Government shall, for this purpose, have the right to carry
+out on the ground all necessary surveys.
+
+Should Germany fail to carry out all or part of these works, the Central
+Commission shall be entitled to carry them out instead; and, for this
+purpose, the commission may decide upon and fix the limits of the
+necessary sites and occupy the ground after a period of two months after
+simple notification, subject to the payment of indemnities to be fixed
+by it and paid by Germany.
+
+This navigable waterway shall be placed under the same administrative
+régime as the Rhine itself, and the division of the cost of initial
+construction, including the above indemnities, among the States crossed
+thereby shall be made by the Central Commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 362.=--Germany hereby agrees to offer no objection to any
+proposals of the Central Rhine Commission for extending its
+jurisdiction:
+
+(1) to the Moselle below the Franco-Luxemburg frontier down to the
+Rhine, subject to the consent of Luxemburg;
+
+(2) to the Rhine above Basle up to the Lake of Constance, subject to the
+consent of Switzerland;
+
+(3) to the lateral canals and channels which may be established either
+to duplicate or to improve naturally navigable sections of the Rhine or
+the Moselle, or to connect two naturally navigable sections of these
+rivers, and also any other parts of the Rhine River system which may be
+covered by the General Convention provided for in Article 338 above.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.--CLAUSES GIVING TO THE CZECHO-SLOVAK STATE THE USE OF
+NORTHERN PORTS
+
+=ARTICLE 363.=--In the ports of Hamburg and Stettin, Germany shall lease
+to the Czechoslovak State, for a period of ninety-nine years, areas
+which shall be placed under the general régime of free zones and shall
+be used for the direct transit of goods coming from or going to that
+State.
+
+=ARTICLE 364.=--The delimitation of these areas, and their equipment,
+their exploitation, and in general all conditions for their utilization,
+including the amount of the rental, shall be decided by a commission
+consisting of one delegate of Germany, one delegate of the Czechoslovak
+State and one delegate of Great Britain. These conditions shall be
+susceptible of revision every ten years in the same manner.
+
+Germany declares in advance that she will adhere to the decisions so
+taken.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Railways_
+
+CHAPTER I.--CLAUSES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT
+
+=ARTICLE 365.=--Goods coming from the territories of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, and going to Germany, or in transit through Germany
+from or to the territories of the Allied and Associated Powers, shall
+enjoy on the German railways as regards charges to be collected (rebates
+and drawbacks being taken into account) facilities, and all other
+matters, the most favorable treatment applied to goods of the same kind
+carried on any German lines, either in internal traffic, or for export,
+import or in transit, under similar conditions of transport, for example
+as regards length of route. The same rule shall be applied, on the
+request of one or more of the Allied and Associated Powers, to goods
+specially designated by such power or powers coming from Germany and
+going to their territories.
+
+International tariffs established in accordance with the rates referred
+to in the preceding paragraph and involving through waybills shall be
+established when one of the Allied and Associated Powers shall require
+it from Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 366.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall renew, in so far as concerns them and
+under the reserves indicated in the second paragraph of the present
+Article, the conventions and arrangements signed at Berne on the 14th of
+October, 1890, the 20th September, 1893, the 16th July, 1895, the 16th
+June, 1898, and the 19th September, 1906, regarding the transportation
+of goods by rail.
+
+If within five years from the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty a new convention for the transportation of passengers,
+luggage and goods by rail shall have been concluded to replace the Berne
+convention of the 14th October, 1890, and the subsequent additions
+referred to above, this new convention and the supplementary provisions
+for international transport by rail which may be based on it shall bind
+Germany even if she shall have refused to take part in the preparation
+of the convention or to subscribe to it. Until a new convention shall
+have been concluded, Germany shall conform to the provisions of the
+Berne Convention and the subsequent additions referred to above, and to
+the current supplementary provisions.
+
+=ARTICLE 367.=--Germany shall be bound to co-operate in the
+establishment of through ticket services (for passengers and their
+luggage) which shall be required by any of the Allied and Associated
+Powers to insure their communication by rail with each other and with
+all other countries by transit across the territories of Germany; in
+particular Germany shall, for this purpose, accept trains and carriages
+coming from the territories of the Allied and Associated Powers and
+shall forward them with a speed at least equal to that of her best
+long-distance trains on the same lines. The rates applicable to such
+through services shall not in any case be higher than the rates
+collected on German internal services for the same distance, under the
+same conditions of speed and comfort.
+
+The tariffs applicable under the same conditions of speed and comfort to
+the transportation of emigrants going to or coming from ports of the
+Allied and Associated Powers and using the German railways, shall not be
+at a higher kilometric rate than the most favorable tariffs (drawbacks
+and rebates being taken into account) enjoyed on the said railways by
+emigrants going to or coming from any other ports.
+
+=ARTICLE 368.=--Germany shall not apply specially to such through
+services or to the transportation of emigrants going to or coming from
+the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers, any technical, fiscal or
+administrative measures, such as measures of customs examination,
+general police, sanitary police, and control, the result of which would
+be to impede or delay such services.
+
+=ARTICLE 369.=--In case of transport partly by rail and partly by
+internal navigation, with or without through way-bill, the preceding
+Articles shall apply to the part of the journey performed by rail.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--ROLLING STOCK
+
+=ARTICLE 370.=--Germany undertakes that German wagons shall be fitted
+with apparatus allowing:
+
+(1) of their inclusion in goods trains on the lines such of the Allied
+and Associated Powers as are parties to the Berne Convention of May 15,
+1886, as modified on May 18, 1907, without hampering the action of the
+continuous brake which may be adopted in such countries within ten years
+of the coming into force of the present treaty, and
+
+(2) of the acceptance of wagons of such countries in all goods trains on
+the German lines.
+
+The rolling stock of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy on the
+German lines the same treatment as German rolling stock as regards
+movement, upkeep and repairs.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--CESSIONS OF RAILWAY LINES
+
+=ARTICLE 371.=--Subject to any special provisions concerning the cession
+of ports, waterways and railways situated in the territories over which
+Germany abandons her sovereignty, and to the financial conditions
+relating to the concessionaires and the pensioning of the personnel, the
+cession of railways will take place under the following conditions:
+
+1. The works and installations of all the railroads shall be handed over
+complete and in good condition.
+
+2. When a railway system possessing its own rolling-stock is handed over
+in its entirety by Germany to one of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+such stock shall be handed over complete, in accordance with the last
+inventory before November 11th, 1918, and in a normal state of upkeep.
+
+3. As regards lines without any special rolling-stock, commissions of
+experts designated by the Allied and Associated Powers, on which Germany
+shall be represented, shall fix the proportion of the stock existing on
+the system to which those lines belong to be handed over. These
+commissions shall have regard to the remount of material registered on
+these lines in the last inventory before November 11th, 1918, the length
+of track (sidings included), and the nature and amount of traffic. These
+commissions shall also specify the locomotives, carriages and wagons to
+be handed over in each case; they shall decide upon the conditions of
+their acceptance, and shall make the provisional arrangements necessary
+to insure their repair in German workshops.
+
+4. Stocks of stores, fittings and plant shall be handed over under the
+same conditions as the rolling-stock.
+
+The provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall be applied to the lines
+of former Russian Poland converted by Germany to the German gauge, such
+lines being regarded as detached from the Prussian State System.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN RAILWAY LINES
+
+=ARTICLE 372.=--When as a result of the fixing of new frontiers a
+railway connection between two parts of the same country crosses another
+country, or a branch line from one country has its terminus in another,
+the conditions of working, if not specifically provided for in the
+present treaty, shall be laid down in a convention between the railway
+administrations concerned. If the administrations cannot come to an
+agreement as to the terms of such convention, the points of difference
+shall be decided by commissions of experts composed as provided in the
+preceding Article.
+
+=ARTICLE 373.=--Within a period of five years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty the Czechoslovak State may require the
+construction of a railway line in German territory between the stations
+of Schlauney and Nachod. The cost of construction shall be borne by the
+Czechoslovak State.
+
+=ARTICLE 374.=--Germany undertakes to accept, within ten years of the
+coming into force of the present treaty, on request being made by the
+Swiss Government after agreement with the Italian Government, the
+denunciation of the International Convention of the 13th October, 1909,
+relative to the St. Gothard railway. In the absence of agreement as to
+the conditions of such denunciation, Germany hereby agrees to accept the
+decision of an arbitrator designated by the United States of America.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.--TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
+
+=ARTICLE 375.=--Germany shall carry out the instructions given her, in
+regard to transport, by an authorized body acting on behalf of the
+Allied and Associated Powers:
+
+1. For the carriage of troops under the provisions of the present
+treaty, and of material, ammunition and supplies for army use.
+
+2. As a temporary measure, for the transportation of supplies for
+certain regions, as well as for the restoration, as rapidly as possible,
+of the normal conditions of transport, and for the organization of
+postal and telegraphic services.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Disputes and Revision of Permanent Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 376.=--Disputes which may arise between interested powers with
+regard to the interpretation and application of the preceding articles
+shall be settled as provided by the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 377.=--At any time the League of Nations may recommend the
+revision of such of these Articles as relate to a permanent
+administrative régime.
+
+=ARTICLE 378.=--The stipulations in Articles 321 to 330, 332, 365, and
+367 to 369 shall be subject to revision by the Council of the League of
+Nations at any time after five years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+Failing such revision, no Allied or Associated Power can claim after the
+expiration of the above period of five years the benefit of any of the
+stipulations in the Articles enumerated above on behalf of any portion
+of its territories in which reciprocity is not accorded in respect of
+such stipulations. The period of five years during which reciprocity
+cannot be demanded may be prolonged by the Council of the League of
+Nations.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Special Provision_
+
+=ARTICLE 379.=--Without prejudice to the special obligations imposed on
+her by the present treaty for the benefit of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, Germany undertakes to adhere to any general conventions
+regarding the international régime of transit, waterways, ports or
+railways which may be concluded by the Allied and Associated Powers,
+with the approval of the League of Nations, within five years of the
+coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Clauses Relating to the Kiel Canal_
+
+=ARTICLE 380.=--The Kiel Canal and its approaches shall be maintained
+free and open to the vessels of commerce and of war of all nations at
+peace with Germany on terms of entire equality.
+
+=ARTICLE 381.=--The nationals, property, and vessels of all powers
+shall, in respect to charges, facilities, and in all other respects, be
+treated on a footing of perfect equality in the use of the canal, no
+distinction being made to the detriment of nationals, property, and
+vessels of any power between them and the nationals, property, and
+vessels of Germany or of the most favored nations.
+
+No impediment shall be placed on the movement of persons or vessels
+other than those arising out of police, customs, sanitary, emigration or
+immigration regulations, and those relating to the import or export of
+prohibited goods. Such regulations must be reasonable and uniform and
+must not unnecessarily impede traffic.
+
+=ARTICLE 382.=--Only such charges may be levied on vessels using the
+canal or its approaches as are intended to cover in an equitable manner
+the cost of maintaining in a navigable condition, or if improving, the
+canal or its approaches, or to meet expenses incurred in the interests
+of navigation. The schedule of such charged shall be calculated on the
+basis of such expenses, and shall be posted up in the ports.
+
+These charges shall be levied in such a manner as to render any detailed
+examination of cargoes unnecessary, except in the case of suspected
+fraud or contravention.
+
+=ARTICLE 383.=--Goods in transit may be placed under seal or in the
+custody of customs agents; the loading and unloading of goods, and the
+embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, shall only take place in
+the ports specified by Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 384.=--No charge of any kind other than those provided for in
+the present treaty shall be levied along the course or at the approaches
+of the Kiel Canal.
+
+=ARTICLE 385.=--Germany shall be bound to take suitable measures to
+remove any obstacle or danger to navigation, and to insure the
+maintenance of good conditions of navigation. She shall not undertake
+any works of a nature to impede navigation on the canal or its
+approaches.
+
+=ARTICLE 386.=--In the event of violation of any of the conditions of
+Articles 380 to 386, or of disputes as to the interpretation of these
+articles, any interested power can appeal to the jurisdiction instituted
+for the purpose by the League of Nations.
+
+In order to avoid reference of small questions to the League of Nations,
+Germany will establish a local authority at Kiel qualified to deal with
+disputes in the first instance and to give satisfaction so far as
+possible to complaints which may be presented through the consular
+representatives of the interested powers.
+
+
+
+
+PART XIII
+
+Labor
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Organization of Labor_
+
+Whereas the League of Nations has for its object the establishment of
+universal peace and such a peace can be established only if it is based
+upon social justice;
+
+And whereas conditions of labor exist involving such injustice,
+hardship, and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest
+so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperiled; and an
+improvement of those conditions is urgently required: as, for example,
+by the regulations of the hours of work, including the establishment of
+a maximum working day and week, the regulation of the labor supply, the
+prevention of unemployment, the provision of an adequate living wage,
+the protection of the worker against sickness, disease, and injury
+arising out of his employment, the protection of the children, young
+persons, and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the
+interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own,
+recognition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization
+of vocational and technical education, and other measures:
+
+Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of
+labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve
+the conditions in their own countries;
+
+The high contracting parties, moved by sentiments of justice and
+humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the
+world, agree to the following.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.--ORGANIZATION
+
+=ARTICLE 387.=--A permanent organization is hereby established for the
+promotion of the objects set forth in the preamble.
+
+The original members of the League of Nations shall be the original
+members of this organization, and hereafter membership of the League of
+Nations shall carry with it membership of the said organization.
+
+=ARTICLE 388.=--The permanent organization shall consist of:
+
+(i) a General Conference of Representatives of the Members, and,
+
+(ii) an International Labor Office controlled by the governing body
+described in Article 393.
+
+=ARTICLE 389.=--The meetings of the General Conference of
+Representatives of the Members shall be held from time to time as
+occasion may require, and at least once in every year. It shall be
+composed of four representatives of each of the members, of whom two
+shall be Government delegates and the two others shall be delegates
+representing respectively the employers and the workpeople of each of
+the members.
+
+Each delegate may be accompanied by advisers, who shall not exceed two
+in number for each item on the agenda of the meeting. When questions
+specially affecting women are to be considered by the conference, one at
+least of the advisers should be a woman.
+
+The members undertake to nominate non-Government delegates and advisers
+chosen in agreement with the industrial organizations, if such
+organizations exist, which are most representative of employers or
+workpeople, as the case may be, in their respective countries.
+
+Advisers shall not speak except on a request made by the delegate whom
+they accompany and by special authorization of the President of the
+conference, and may not vote.
+
+A delegate may by notice in writing addressed to the President appoint
+one of his advisers to act as his deputy, and the adviser, while so
+acting, shall be allowed to speak and vote.
+
+The names of the delegates and their advisers will be communicated to
+the International Labor Office by the Government of each of the members.
+
+The credentials of delegates and their advisers shall be subject to
+scrutiny by the conference, which may, by two-thirds of the votes cast
+by the delegates present, refuse to admit any delegate or adviser whom
+it deems not to have been nominated in accordance with this article.
+
+=ARTICLE 390.=--Every delegate shall be entitled to vote individually on
+all matters which are taken into consideration by the conference.
+
+If one of the members fails to nominate one of the non-Government
+delegates whom it is entitled to nominate, the other non-Government
+delegates shall be allowed to sit and speak at the conference, but not
+to vote.
+
+If, in accordance with Article 389, the conference refuses admission to
+a delegate of one of the members, the provisions of the present article
+shall apply as if that delegate had not been nominated.
+
+=ARTICLE 391.=--The meetings of the conference shall be held at the seat
+of the League of Nations, or at such other place as may be decided by
+the conference at a previous meeting by two-thirds of the votes cast by
+the delegates present.
+
+=ARTICLE 392.=--The International Labor Office shall be established at
+the seat of the League of Nations as part of the organization of the
+League.
+
+=ARTICLE 393.=--The International Labor Office shall be under the
+control of a governing body consisting of twenty-four persons, appointed
+in accordance with the following provisions:
+
+The governing body of the International Labor Office shall be
+constituted as follows:
+
+Twelve persons representing the Governments:
+
+Six persons elected by the delegates to the conference representing the
+employers:
+
+Six persons elected by the delegates to the conference representing the
+workers.
+
+Of the twelve persons representing the Governments, eight shall be
+nominated by the members which are of the chief industrial importance,
+and four shall be nominated by the members selected for the purpose by
+the Government delegates to the conference, excluding the delegates of
+the eight members mentioned above.
+
+Any question as to which are the members of the chief industrial
+importance shall be decided by the council of the League of Nations.
+
+The period of office of the members of the governing body will be three
+years. The method of filling vacancies and other similar questions may
+be determined by the governing body, subject to the approval of the
+conference.
+
+The governing body shall, from time to time, elect one of its members to
+act as its Chairman, shall regulate its own procedure, and shall fix its
+own times of meeting. A special meeting shall be held if a written
+request to that effect is made by at least ten members of the governing
+body.
+
+=ARTICLE 394.=--There shall be a Director of the International Labor
+Office, who shall be appointed by the governing body, and, subject to
+the instructions of the Governing Body, shall be responsible for the
+efficient conduct of the International Labor Office and for such other
+duties as may be assigned to him.
+
+The Director or his deputy shall attend all meetings of the governing
+body.
+
+=ARTICLE 395.=--The staff of the International Labor Office shall be
+appointed by the Director, who shall, as far as is possible with due
+regard to the efficiency of the work of the Office, select persons of
+different nationalities. A certain number of these persons shall be
+women.
+
+=ARTICLE 396.=--The functions of the International Labor Office shall
+include the collection and distribution of information on all subjects
+relating to the international adjustment of conditions of industrial
+life and labor, and particularly the examination of subjects which it is
+proposed to bring before the conference with a view to the conclusion of
+international conventions, and the conduct of such special
+investigations as may be ordered by the conference.
+
+It will prepare the agenda for the meetings of the conference.
+
+It will carry out the duties required of it by the provisions of this
+part of the present treaty in connection with international disputes.
+
+It will edit and publish in French and English, and in such other
+languages as the governing body may think desirable, a periodical paper
+dealing with problems of industry and employment of international
+interest.
+
+Generally, in addition to the functions set out in this Article, it
+shall have such other powers and duties as may be assigned to it by the
+conference.
+
+=ARTICLE 397.=--The Government departments of any of the members which
+deal with questions of industry and employment may communicate directly
+with the Director through the representative of their Government on the
+governing body of the International Labor Office, or, failing any such
+representative, through such other qualified official as the Government
+may nominate for the purpose.
+
+=ARTICLE 398.=--The International Labor Office shall be entitled to the
+assistance of the Secretary-General of the League of Nations in any
+matter in which it can be given.
+
+=ARTICLE 399.=--Each of the members will pay the traveling and
+subsistence expenses of its delegates and their advisers and of its
+representatives attending the meetings of the conference or governing
+body, as the case may be.
+
+
+All the other expenses of the International Labor Office and of the
+meetings of the conference or governing body shall be paid to the
+Director by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations out of the
+general funds of the League.
+
+The Director shall be responsible to the Secretary-General of the League
+for the proper expenditure of all moneys paid to him in pursuance of
+this Article.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--PROCEDURE
+
+=ARTICLE 400.=--The agenda of all meetings of the conference will be
+settled by the governing body, who shall consider any suggestion as to
+the agenda that may be made by the Government of any of the members or
+by any representative organization recognized for the purpose of Article
+389.
+
+=ARTICLE 401.=--The Director shall act as the Secretary of the
+Conference, and shall transmit the agenda so as to reach the members
+four months before the meeting of the conference, and, through them, the
+non-Government delegates when appointed.
+
+=ARTICLE 402.=--Any of the Governments of the members may formally
+object to the inclusion of any item or items in the agenda. The grounds
+for such objection shall be set forth in a reasoned statement addressed
+to the Director, who shall circulate it to all the members of the
+permanent organization.
+
+Items to which such objection has been made shall not, however, be
+excluded from the agenda if at the conference a majority of two-thirds
+of the votes cast by delegates present is in favor of considering them.
+
+If the conference decides (otherwise than under the preceding paragraph)
+by two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present that any
+subject shall be considered by the conference, that subject shall be
+included in the agenda for the following meeting.
+
+=ARTICLE 403.=--The conference shall regulate its own procedure, shall
+elect its own President, and may appoint committees to consider and
+report on any matter.
+
+Except as otherwise expressly provided in this part of the present
+treaty, all matters shall be decided by a simple majority of the votes
+cast by the delegates present.
+
+The voting is void unless the total number of votes cast is equal to
+half the number of the delegates attending the conference.
+
+=ARTICLE 404.=--The conference may add to any committees which it
+appoints technical experts, who shall be assessors without power to
+vote.
+
+=ARTICLE 405.=--When the conference has decided on the adoption of
+proposals with regard to an item in the agenda, it will rest with the
+conference to determine whether these proposals should take the form:
+(a) of a recommendation to be submitted to the members for consideration
+with a view to effect being given to it by national legislation or
+otherwise, or (b) of a draft international convention for ratification
+by the members.
+
+In either case a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the
+delegates present shall be necessary on the final vote for the adoption
+of the recommendation or draft convention, as the case may be, by the
+conference.
+
+In framing any recommendation or draft convention of general application
+the conference shall have due regard to those countries in which
+climatic conditions, the imperfect development of industrial
+organization or other special circumstances make the industrial
+conditions substantially different and shall suggest the modifications,
+if any, which it considers may be required to meet the case of such
+countries.
+
+A copy of the recommendation or draft convention shall be authenticated
+by the signature of the President of the conference and of the Director
+and shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the League of
+Nations. The Secretary-General will communicate a certified copy of the
+recommendation or draft convention to each of the members.
+
+Each of the members undertakes that it will, within the period of one
+year at most from the closing of the session of the conference, or if it
+is impossible owing to exceptional circumstances to do so within the
+period of one year, then at the earliest practicable moment and in no
+case later than eighteen months from the closing of the session of the
+conference, bring the recommendation or draft convention before the
+authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for
+the enactment of legislation or other action.
+
+In the case of a recommendation the members will inform the
+Secretary-General of the action taken.
+
+In the case of a draft convention, the member will, if it obtains the
+consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the
+matter lies, communicate the formal ratification of the convention to
+the Secretary-General and will take such action as may be necessary to
+make effective the provisions of such convention.
+
+If on a recommendation no legislative or other action is taken to make a
+recommendation effective, or if the draft convention fails to obtain the
+consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the
+matter lies, no further obligation shall rest upon the member.
+
+In the case of a federal state, the power of which to enter into
+conventions on labor matters is subject to limitations, it shall be in
+the discretion of that Government to treat a draft convention to which
+such limitations apply as a recommendation only, and the provisions of
+this article with respect to recommendations shall apply in such case.
+
+The above Article shall be interpreted in accordance with the following
+principle:
+
+In no case shall any member be asked or required, as a result of the
+adoption of any recommendation or draft convention by the conference to
+lessen the protection afforded by its existing legislation to the
+workers concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 406.=--Any convention so ratified shall be registered by the
+Secretary-General of the League of Nations, but shall only be binding
+upon the members which ratify it.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Paris in War Time
+
+A wonderful photograph made from the top platform of the Eiffel Tower.
+Hovering over the city is a French dirigible, a guardian against the
+dreaded Zeppelins. Paris in war time pursued the even tenor of its way,
+but it was a saddened city where frivolous tourists were not wanted.]
+
+=ARTICLE 407.=--If any convention coming before the conference for final
+consideration fails to secure the support of two-thirds of the votes
+cast by the delegates present, it shall nevertheless be within the right
+of any of the members of the permanent organization to agree to such
+convention among themselves.
+
+Any convention so agreed to shall be communicated by the Governments
+concerned to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who shall
+register it.
+
+=ARTICLE 408.=--Each of the members agrees to make an annual report to
+the International Labor office on the measures which it has taken to
+give effect to the provisions of conventions to which it is a party.
+These reports shall be made in such form and shall contain such
+particulars as the governing body may request. The Directors shall lay a
+summary of these reports before the next meeting of the conference.
+
+=ARTICLE 409.=--In the event of any representation being made to the
+International Labor Office by an industrial association of employers or
+of workers that any of the members has failed to secure in any respect
+the effective observance within its jurisdiction of any convention to
+which it is a party, the Governing Body may communicate this
+representation to the Government against which it is made and may invite
+that Government to make such statement on the subject as it may think
+fit.
+
+=ARTICLE 410.=--If no statement is received within a reasonable time
+from the Government in question, or if the statement when received is
+not deemed to be satisfactory by the Governing Body, the latter shall
+have the right to publish the representation and the statement, if any,
+made in reply to it.
+
+=ARTICLE 411.=--Any of the members shall have the right to file a
+complaint with the International Labor Office if it is not satisfied
+that any other member is securing the effective observance of any
+convention which both have ratified in accordance with the foregoing
+articles.
+
+The Governing Body may, if it thinks fit, before referring such a
+complaint to a Commission of inquiry, as hereinafter provided for,
+communicate with the Government in question in the manner described in
+Article 409.
+
+If the Governing Body does not think it necessary to communicate the
+complaint to the Government in question, or if, when they have made such
+communication, no statement in reply has been received within a
+reasonable time which the Governing Body considers to be satisfactory,
+the Governing Body may apply for the appointment of a Commission of
+inquiry to consider the complaint and to report thereon.
+
+The Governing Body may adopt the same procedure either of its own motion
+or on receipt of a complaint from a Delegate to the Conference.
+
+When any matter arising out of Articles 410 or 411 is being considered
+by the Governing Body, the Government in question shall, if not already
+represented thereon, be entitled to send a representative to take part
+in the proceedings of the Governing Body while the matter is under
+consideration. Adequate notice of the date on which the matter will be
+considered shall be given to the Government in question.
+
+=ARTICLE 412.=--The Commission of Inquiry shall be constituted in
+accordance with the following provisions:
+
+Each of the members agrees to nominate within six months of the date on
+which the present Treaty comes into force three persons of industrial
+experience, of whom one shall be a representative of employers, one a
+representative of workers, and one a person of independent standing, who
+shall together form a panel from which the members of the Commission of
+Inquiry shall be drawn.
+
+The qualifications of the persons so nominated shall be subject to
+scrutiny by the Governing Body, which may by two-thirds of the votes
+cast by the representatives present refuse to accept the nomination of
+any person whose qualifications do not in its opinion comply with the
+requirements of the present article.
+
+Upon the application of the Governing Body, the Secretary-General of the
+League of Nations shall nominate three persons, one from each section of
+this panel, to constitute the Commission of Inquiry, and shall designate
+one of them as the President of the commission. None of these three
+persons shall be a person nominated to the panel by any member directly
+concerned in the complaint.
+
+=ARTICLE 413.=--The members agree that, in the event of the reference of
+a complaint to a commission of inquiry under Article 411, they will
+each, whether directly concerned in the complaint or not, place at the
+disposal of the commission all the information in their possession which
+bears upon the subject-matter of the complaint.
+
+=ARTICLE 414.=--When the Commission of Inquiry has fully considered the
+complaint, it shall prepare a report embodying its findings on all
+questions of fact relevant to determining the issue between the parties
+and containing such recommendations as it may think proper as to the
+steps which should be taken to meet the complaint and the time within
+which they should be taken.
+
+It shall also indicate in this report the measures, if any, of an
+economic character against a defaulting Government which it considers to
+be appropriate, and which it considers other Governments would be
+justified in adopting.
+
+=ARTICLE 415.=--The Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall
+communicate the report of the Commission of Inquiry to each of the
+Governments concerned in the complaint, and shall cause it to be
+published.
+
+Each of these Governments shall within one month inform the
+Secretary-General of the League of Nations whether or not it accepts the
+recommendations contained in the report of the Commission; and if not,
+whether it proposes to refer the complaint to the Permanent Court of
+International Justice of the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 416.=--In the event of any member failing to take the action
+required by Article 405, with regard to a recommendation or draft
+convention, any other member shall be entitled to refer the matter to
+the Permanent Court of International Justice.
+
+=ARTICLE 417.=--The decision of the Permanent Court of International
+Justice in regard to a complaint or matter which has been referred to it
+in pursuance of Article 415 or Article 416 shall be final.
+
+=ARTICLE 418.=--The Permanent Court of International Justice may affirm,
+vary or reverse any of the findings or recommendations of the Commission
+of Inquiry, if any, and shall in its decision indicate the measures, if
+any, of an economic character which it considers to be appropriate, and
+which other Governments would be justified in adopting against a
+defaulting Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 419.=--In the event of any member failing to carry out within
+the time specified the recommendations, if any, contained in the report
+of the Commission of Inquiry, or in the decision of the Permanent Court
+of International Justice, as the case may be, any other member may take
+against that member the measures of an economic character indicated in
+the report of the Commission or in the decision of the Court as
+appropriate to the case.
+
+=ARTICLE 420.=--The defaulting Government may at any time inform the
+Governing Body that it has taken the steps necessary to comply with the
+recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry or with those in the
+decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice, as the case
+may be, and may request it to apply to the Secretary-General of the
+League to constitute a commission of Inquiry to verify its contention.
+In this case the provisions of Articles 412, 413, 414, 415, 417 and 418
+shall apply, and if the report of the Commission of Inquiry or the
+decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice is in favor of
+the defaulting Government, the other Governments shall forthwith
+discontinue the measures of an economic character that they have taken
+against the defaulting Government.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--GENERAL
+
+=ARTICLE 421.=--The members engage to apply conventions which they have
+ratified in accordance with the provisions of this part of the present
+treaty to their colonies, protectorates, and possessions which are not
+fully self-governing:
+
+1. Except where owing to the local conditions the convention is
+inapplicable, or
+
+2. Subject to such modifications as may be necessary to adapt the
+convention to local conditions.
+
+And each of the members shall notify to the International Labor Office
+the action taken in respect of each of its colonies, protectorates, and
+possessions which are not fully self-governing.
+
+=ARTICLE 422.=--Amendments to this part of the present treaty which are
+adopted by the Conference by a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast
+by the delegates present shall take effect when ratified by the States
+whose representatives compose the Council of the League of Nations and
+by three-fourths of the members.
+
+=ARTICLE 423.=--Any question or dispute relating to the interpretation
+of this part of the present treaty or of any subsequent convention
+concluded by the members in pursuance of the provisions of this part of
+the present treaty shall be referred for decision to the Permanent Court
+of International Justice.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
+
+=ARTICLE 424.=--The first meeting of the Conference shall take place in
+October, 1919. The place and agenda for this meeting shall be as
+specified in the Annex hereto.
+
+Arrangements for the convening and the organization of the first meeting
+of the Conference will be made by the Government designated for the
+purpose in the said Annex. That Government shall be assisted in the
+preparation of the documents for submission to the Conference by an
+International Committee constituted as provided in the said Annex.
+
+The expenses of the first meeting and of all subsequent meetings held
+before the League of Nations has been able to establish a general fund,
+other than the expenses of delegates and their advisers, will be borne
+by the members in Accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of
+the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.
+
+=ARTICLE 425.=--Until the League of Nations has been constituted all
+communications which under the provisions of the foregoing articles
+should be addressed to the Secretary-General of the League will be
+preserved by the Director of the International Labor Office, who will
+transmit them to the Secretary-General of the League.
+
+=ARTICLE 426.=--Pending the creation of a Permanent Court of
+International Justice, disputes which in accordance with this part of
+the present treaty would be submitted to it for decision will be
+referred to a tribunal of three persons appointed by the Council of the
+League of Nations.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+_First Meeting of Annual Labor Conference, 1919_
+
+The place of meeting will be Washington.
+
+The Government of the United States of America is requested to convene
+the conference.
+
+The International Organizing Committee will consist of seven members,
+appointed by the United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy,
+Japan, Belgium, and Switzerland. The committee may, if it thinks
+necessary, invite other members to appoint representatives.
+
+Agenda:
+
+1. Application of principle of the 8-hours day or of the 48-hours week.
+
+2. Question of preventing or providing against unemployment.
+
+3. Women's employment.
+
+    (a) Before and after childbirth, including the question of
+    maternity benefit.
+
+    (b) During the night.
+
+    (c) In unhealthy processes.
+
+
+4. Employment of children:
+
+    (a) Minimum age of employment.
+
+    (b) During the night.
+
+    (c) In unhealthy processes.
+
+5. Extension and application of the International Conventions adopted at
+Berne in 1906 on the prohibition of night work for women employed in
+industry and the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus in the
+manufacture of matches.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_General Principles_
+
+=ARTICLE 427.=--The High Contracting Parties, recognizing that the
+well-being, physical, moral, and intellectual, of industrial wage
+earners is of supreme international importance, have framed, in order to
+further this great end, the permanent machinery provided for in Section
+I, and associated with that of the League of Nations.
+
+They recognize that differences of climate, habits, and customs, of
+economic opportunity and industrial tradition, make strict uniformity in
+the conditions of labor difficult of immediate attainment. But, holding
+as they do, that labor should not be regarded merely as an article of
+commerce, they think that there are methods and principles for
+regulating labor conditions which all industrial communities should
+endeavor to apply, so far as their special circumstances will permit.
+
+Among these methods and principles, the following seem to the High
+Contracting Parties to be of special and urgent importance:
+
+First--The guiding principle above enunciated that labor should not be
+regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce.
+
+Second--The right of association for all lawful purposes by the employed
+as well as by the employers.
+
+Third--The payment to the employed of a wage adequate to maintain a
+reasonable standard of life as this is understood in their time and
+country.
+
+Fourth--The adoption of an eight hours day or a forty-eight hours week
+as the standard to be aimed at where it has not already been attained.
+
+Fifth--The adoption of a weekly rest of at least twenty-four hours,
+which should include Sunday wherever practicable.
+
+Sixth--The abolition of child labor and the imposition of such
+limitations on the labor of young persons as shall permit the
+continuation of their education and assure their proper physical
+development.
+
+Seventh--The principle that men and women should receive equal
+remuneration for work of equal value.
+
+Eighth--The standard set by law in each country with respect to the
+conditions of labor should have due regard to the equitable economic
+treatment of all workers lawfully resident therein.
+
+Ninth--Each State should make provision for a system of inspection in
+which women should take part in order to insure the enforcement of the
+laws and regulations for the protection of the employed.
+
+Without claiming that these methods and principles are either complete
+or final, the High Contracting Parties are of opinion that they are well
+fitted to guide the policy of the League of Nations; and that, if
+adopted by the industrial communities who are members of the League, and
+safeguarded in practice by an adequate system of such inspection, they
+will confer lasting benefits upon the wage earners of the world.
+
+
+
+
+PART XIV
+
+Guarantees
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Western Europe_
+
+=ARTICLE 428.=--As a guarantee for the execution of the present treaty
+by Germany, the German territory situated to the west of the Rhine,
+together with the bridgeheads, will be occupied by Allied and Associated
+troops for a period of fifteen years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 429.=--If the conditions of the present treaty are faithfully
+carried out by Germany, the occupation referred to in Article 428 will
+be successively restricted as follows:
+
+(i) At the expiration of five years there will be evacuated:--the
+bridgehead of Cologne and the territories north of a line running along
+the Ruhr, then along the railway Jülich, Duren, Euskirchen, Rheinbach,
+thence along the road Rheinbach to Sinzig, and reaching the Rhine at the
+confluence with the Ahr; the roads, railways and places mentioned above
+being excluded from the area evacuated.
+
+(ii) At the expiration of ten years, there will be evacuated:--the
+bridgehead of Coblenz and the territories north of a line to be drawn
+from the intersection between the frontiers of Belgium, Germany and
+Holland, running about 4 kilometers south of Aix-la-Chapelle, then to
+and following the crest of Forst Gremünd, then east of the railway of
+the Urft Valley, then along Blankenheim, Valdorf, Dreis, Ulmen to and
+following the Moselle from Bremm to Nehren, then passing by Kappel and
+Simmern, then following the ridge of the heights between Simmern and the
+Rhine and reaching this river at Bacharach; all the places, valleys,
+roads and railways mentioned above being excluded from the area
+evacuated.
+
+(iii) At the expiration of fifteen years there will be evacuated:--the
+bridgehead of Mainz, the bridgehead of Kehl and the remainder of the
+German territory under occupation.
+
+If at that date the guarantees against unprovoked aggression by Germany
+are not considered sufficient by the Allied and Associated Governments
+the evacuation of the occupying troops may be delayed to the extent
+regarded as necessary for the purpose of obtaining the required
+guarantees.
+
+=ARTICLE 430.=--In case either during the occupation or after the
+expiration of the fifteen years referred to above, the Reparation
+Commission finds that Germany refuses to observe the whole or part of
+her obligations under the present treaty with regard to reparation, the
+whole or part of the areas specified in Article 429 will be re-occupied
+immediately by the Allied of the employed.
+
+=ARTICLE 431.=--If before the expiration of the period of fifteen years
+Germany complies with all the undertakings resulting from the present
+treaty, the occupying forces will be withdrawn immediately.
+
+=ARTICLE 432.=--All matters relating to the occupation and not provided
+for by the present treaty shall be regulated by subsequent agreements,
+which Germany hereby undertakes to observe.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Eastern Europe_
+
+=ARTICLE 433.=--As a guarantee for the execution of the provisions of
+the present treaty, by which Germany accepts definitely the abrogation
+of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, and of all treaties, conventions and
+agreements entered into by her with the Maximalist Government in Russia,
+and in order to insure the restoration of peace and good government in
+the Baltic Provinces and Lithuania, all German troops at present in the
+said territories shall return to within the frontiers of Germany as soon
+as the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers shall
+think the moment suitable, having regard to the internal situation of
+these territories. These troops shall abstain from all requisitions and
+seizures and from any other coercive measures, with a view to obtaining
+supplies intended for Germany, and shall in no way interfere with such
+measures for national defense as may be adopted by the provisional
+Governments of Esthonia, Letvia, and Lithuania.
+
+No other German troops shall, pending the evacuation or after the
+evacuation is complete, be admitted to the said territories.
+
+
+
+
+PART XV
+
+Miscellaneous Provisions
+
+
+=ARTICLE 434.=--Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of the
+treaties of peace and additional conventions which may be concluded by
+the Allied and Associated Powers with the powers who fought on the side
+of Germany, and to recognize whatever disposition may be made concerning
+the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, of the Kingdom
+of Bulgaria, and of the Ottoman Empire, and to recognize the new States
+within their frontiers as there laid down.
+
+=ARTICLE 435.=--The high contracting parties, while they recognize the
+guarantees stipulated by the treaties of 1815, and especially by the Act
+of 20th November, 1815, in favor of Switzerland, the said guarantees
+constituting international obligations for the maintenance of peace,
+declare nevertheless that the provisions of these treaties, conventions,
+declarations and other supplementary acts concerning the neutralized
+zone of Savoy, as laid down in paragraph 1 of Article 92 of the Final
+Act of the Congress of Vienna, and in paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the
+Treaty of Paris of 20th November, 1815, are no longer consistent with
+present conditions. For this reason the high contracting parties take
+note of the agreement reached between the French Government and the
+Swiss Government for the abrogation of the stipulations relating to this
+zone which are and remain abrogated.
+
+The high contracting parties also agree that the stipulations of the
+treaties of 1815 and of the other supplementary acts concerning the free
+zones of Upper Savoy and the Gex district are no longer consistent with
+present conditions, and that it is for France and Switzerland to come to
+an agreement together with a view to settling between themselves the
+status of these territories under such conditions as shall be considered
+suitable by both countries.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. The Swiss Federal Council has informed the French Government on the
+5th May, 1919, that after examining the provisions of Article 435 in a
+like spirit of sincere friendship it has happily reached the conclusion
+that it was possible to acquiesce in it under the following conditions
+and reservations:
+
+First--The neutralized zone of Haute-Savoie:
+
+(a) It will be understood that as long as the Federal Chambers have not
+ratified the agreement come to between the two Governments concerning
+the abrogation of the stipulations in respect of the neutralized zone of
+Savoy nothing will be definitely settled, on one side or the other, in
+regard to this subject.
+
+(b) The assent given by the Swiss Government to the abrogation of the
+above-mentioned stipulations presupposes, in conformity with the text
+adopted, the recognition of the guarantees formulated in favor of
+Switzerland by the treaties of 1815 and particularly by the declaration
+of 20th November, 1815.
+
+(c) The agreement between the Governments of France and Switzerland for
+the abrogation of the above-mentioned stipulations will only be
+considered as valid if the treaty of peace contains this article in its
+present wording. In addition, the parties to the treaty of peace should
+endeavor to obtain the assent of the signatory powers of the treaties of
+1815 and of the declaration of 20th November, 1815, which are not
+signatories of the present treaty of peace.
+
+Second--Free zone of Haute-Savoie and the district of Gex.
+
+(a) The Federal Council makes the most express reservations to the
+interpretation to be given to the statement mentioned in the last
+paragraph of the above article for insertion in the treaty of peace,
+which provides that "the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and other
+supplementary acts concerning the free zones of Haute-Savoie and the Gex
+district are no longer consistent with the present conditions." The
+Federal Council would not wish that its acceptance of the above wording
+should lead to the conclusion that it would agree to the suppression of
+a system intended to give neighboring territory the benefit of a special
+régime which is appropriate to the geographical and economical situation
+and which has been well tested.
+
+In the opinion of the Federal Council the question is not the
+modification of the customs system of the zones as set up by the
+treaties mentioned above, but only the regulation in a manner more
+appropriate to the economic conditions of the present day of the terms
+of the exchange of goods between the regions in question. The Federal
+Council has been led to make the preceding observations by the perusal
+of the draft convention concerning the future constitution of the zones,
+which was annexed to the note of April 26 from the French Government.
+While making the above reservations the Federal Council declares its
+readiness to examine in the most friendly spirit any proposals which the
+French Government may deem it convenient to make on the subject.
+
+(b) It is conceded that the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and
+other supplementary acts relative to the free zones will remain in force
+until a new arrangement is come to between France and Switzerland to
+regulate matters in this territory.
+
+2. The French Government have addressed to the Swiss Government, on May
+18, 1919, the following note in reply to the communication set out in
+the preceding paragraph:
+
+In a note dated May 5 the Swiss Legation in Paris was good enough to
+inform the Government of the French Republic that the Federal Government
+adhered to the proposed article to be inserted in the Treaty of Peace
+between the Allied and Associated Governments and Germany.
+
+The French Government have taken note with much pleasure of the
+agreement thus reached, and, at their request, the proposed article,
+which had been accepted by the Allied and Associated Governments, has
+been inserted under No. 435 in the peace conditions presented to the
+German plenipotentiaries.
+
+The Swiss Government, in their note of May 5, on this subject, have
+expressed various views and reservations.
+
+Concerning the observations relating to the free zones of Haute-Savoie
+and the Gex district, the French Government have the honor to observe
+that the provisions of the last paragraph of Article 435 are so clear
+that their purport cannot be misapprehended, especially where it implies
+that no other power but France and Switzerland will in future be
+interested in that question.
+
+The French Government, on their part, are anxious to protect the
+interests of the French territories concerned, and, with that object,
+having their special situation in view, they bear in mind the
+desirability of assuring them a suitable customs régime and determining,
+in a manner better suited to present conditions, the methods of
+exchanges between these territories and the adjacent Swiss territories,
+while taking into account the reciprocal interests of both regions.
+
+It is understood that this must in no way prejudice the right of France
+to adjust her customs line in this region in conformity with her
+political frontier, as is done on the other portions of her territorial
+boundaries, and as was done by Switzerland long ago on her own
+boundaries in this region.
+
+The French Government are pleased to note on this subject in what a
+friendly disposition the Swiss Government take this opportunity of
+declaring their willingness to consider any French proposal dealing with
+the system to be substituted for the present régime of the said free
+zones, which the French Government intend to formulate in the same
+friendly spirit.
+
+Moreover, the French Government have no doubt that the provisional
+maintenance of the régime of 1815 as to the free zones referred to in
+the above-mentioned paragraph of the note from the Swiss Legation of May
+5, whose object is to provide for the passage from the present régime to
+the conventional régime, will cause no delay whatsoever in the
+establishment of the new situation which has been found necessary by the
+two Governments. This remark applies also to the ratification by the
+Federal Chambers, dealt with in Paragraph 1 (a), of the Swiss note of
+May 5, under the heading "Neutralized Zone of Haute-Savoie."
+
+=ARTICLE 436.=--The high contracting parties declare and place on record
+that they have taken note of the treaty signed by the Government of the
+French Republic on July 17th, 1918, with His Serene Highness the Prince
+of Monaco defining the relations between France and the Principality.
+
+=ARTICLE 437.=--The high contracting parties agree that, in the absence
+of a subsequent agreement to the contrary, the Chairman of any
+commission established by the present treaty shall, in the event of an
+equality of votes, be entitled to a second vote.
+
+=ARTICLE 438.=--The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where
+Christian religious missions were being maintained by German societies
+or persons in territory belonging to them, or of which the government is
+intrusted to them in accordance with the present treaty, the property
+which these missions or missionary societies possessed, including that
+of trading societies whose profits were devoted to the support of
+missions, shall continue to be devoted to missionary purposes. In order
+to insure the due execution of this undertaking the Allied and
+Associated Governments will hand over such property to boards of
+trustees appointed by or approved by the Governments and composed of
+persons holding the faith of the mission whose property is involved.
+
+The Allied and Associated Governments, while continuing to maintain full
+control as to the individuals by whom the missions are conducted, will
+safeguard the interests of such missions.
+
+Germany, taking note of the above undertaking, agrees to accept all
+arrangements made or to be made by the Allied or Associated Government
+concerned for carrying on the work of the said missions or trading
+societies and waives all claims on their behalf.
+
+=ARTICLE 439.=--Without prejudice to the provisions of the present
+treaty, Germany undertakes not to put forward directly or indirectly
+against any Allied or Associated Power, signatory of the present treaty,
+including those which without having declared war, have broken off
+diplomatic relations with the German Empire, any pecuniary claim based
+on events which occurred at any time before the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+The present stipulation will bar completely and finally all claims of
+this nature, which will be thenceforward extinguished, whoever may be
+the parties in interest.
+
+=ARTICLE 440.=--Germany accepts and recognizes as valid and binding all
+decrees and orders concerning German ships and goods and all orders
+relating to the payment of costs made by any prize court of any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers, and undertakes not to put forward any claim
+arising out of such decrees or orders on behalf of any German national.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to examine in such
+manner as they may determine all decisions and orders of German Prize
+Courts, whether affecting the property rights of nationals of those
+powers or of neutral powers. Germany agrees to furnish copies of all the
+documents constituting the record of the cases, including the decisions
+and orders made, and to accept and give effect to the recommendations
+made after such examination of the cases.
+
+The present treaty, of which the French and English texts are both
+authentic, shall be ratified.
+
+The deposit of ratifications shall be made at Paris as soon as possible.
+
+Powers of which the seat of the Government is outside Europe will be
+entitled merely to inform the Government of the French Republic through
+their diplomatic representative at Paris that their ratification has
+been given; in that case they must transmit the instrument of
+ratification as soon as possible.
+
+A first procès-verbal of the deposit of ratifications will be drawn up
+as soon as the treaty has been ratified by Germany on the one hand, and
+by three of the principal Allied and Associated Powers on the other
+hand.
+
+From the date of the first procès-verbal the treaty will come into force
+between the high contracting parties who have ratified it. For the
+determination of all periods of time provided for in the present treaty
+this date will be the date of the coming into force of the treaty.
+
+In all other respects the treaty will enter into force for each power at
+the date of the deposit of its ratification.
+
+The French Government will transmit to all the signatory powers a
+certified copy of the procès-verbaux of the deposit of ratifications.
+
+IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named plenipotentiaries (1) except as
+indicated in the footnotes to the preamble, have signed the present
+treaty.
+
+DONE AT VERSAILLES, in a single copy which will remain deposited in the
+archives of the French Republic, and of which authenticated copies will
+be transmitted to each of the signatory powers.
+
+
+
+
+REJECTION OF THE PEACE TREATY
+
+The Senate Fails to Ratify the Treaty of Versailles With the Revised
+Lodge Reservations by a Vote of 49 to 35
+
+
+The Treaty of Versailles with the Covenant of The League of Nations was
+signed on June 28, 1919, by Germany and by the representatives of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, with the exception of China.
+
+It was ratified by the German National Assembly on July 10th; by the
+British Parliament on July 25th, and by King George on July 31st, by the
+King of Italy on October 7th, by France on October 13th and by Japan on
+October 27th.
+
+On the day the Treaty was signed President Wilson sailed for New York,
+and on July 10th he addressed the Senate and submitted the Treaty to
+that body, which under the Constitution is empowered to give its "advice
+and consent" to treaties negotiated by the Chief Executive. Opposition
+to the Covenant of the League of Nations had previously developed in the
+Senate, especially on the part of the Republican majority. The Foreign
+Affairs Committee, of which Senator Lodge of Massachusetts was Chairman,
+was from the start unalterably opposed to the Treaty unless it contained
+as amendments or as reservations clauses which, it was claimed, would
+safeguard American interests and institutions. In February the
+President, who had made a hurried trip from Paris in order to acquaint
+the American people with the details of the Treaty as it affected this
+country, conferred at the White House with the Foreign Relations
+Committee of the Senate and the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House,
+on which occasion there was a frank and comprehensive discussion, a
+complete stenographic report of which was published in the press. On
+March 3rd Senator Lodge presented a resolution signed by 39 Republican
+Senators and Senators-elect protesting against the Covenant of The
+League of Nations, as it stood. As it required a two-thirds vote of the
+Senate to ratify, these 39 opponents of the treaty would be sufficient
+to reject it, and the virtual effect of this resolution was to give
+warning to the President that the Treaty unless it were to be
+"Americanized" would fail of ratification.
+
+The President on March 5th sailed from New York and returned to Paris to
+take up his work at the Peace Conference, remaining there until the
+Treaty was signed.
+
+On July 15th, the Foreign Relations Committee took the Treaty under
+consideration and conducted hearings on it. One of these, continuing for
+several days, was for the purpose of exposing what the Committee
+regarded as the unjust treatment of China in respect of the cession to
+Japan, under the Treaty, of the German rights in Shantung (Kiauchau).
+
+On August 19th, the Foreign Relations Committee again conferred at the
+White House with the President, and on September 3rd the President
+started on a tour of the country to win support for the Treaty and The
+League of Nations.
+
+On September 10th the Foreign Relations Committee reported the Treaty to
+the Senate with 45 amendments and four reservations.
+
+On September 26th, owing to a nervous breakdown, the President at
+Wichita, Kansas, gave up his tour of the country and returned to
+Washington.
+
+What were known as the Fall amendments to the Treaty were defeated in
+the Senate on October 2nd by 58 to 30, and as this vote indicated the
+unlikelihood of amendments being passed, the Republicans of the Foreign
+Relations Committee changed their tactics, abandoning amendments and
+considering reservations instead. It had been pointed out that American
+amendments to the Treaty would require ratification by Germany and that
+this might nullify the whole Treaty and necessitate the re-opening of
+negotiations, thereby delaying peace indefinitely.
+
+On October 4th the Massachusetts Republican State Convention, before
+which Senator Lodge spoke in defense of his attitude on the Treaty,
+urged prompt ratification of the Peace Treaty with "reasonable and
+effective" reservations.
+
+On October 15th by a vote of 55 to 35 the Senate rejected a proposed
+amendment of the Foreign Relations Committee to the clause affecting the
+German rights in Shantung by virtue of which these would be transferred
+to China.
+
+The deadlock in the Senate had meanwhile aroused widespread criticism
+throughout the country, the attitude of the Republican majority being
+vigorously objected to by influential members of that party. Public
+opinion both in and out of the Republican party was generally in favor
+of ratification with reservations, as was repeatedly indicated by
+"straw" votes among the people.
+
+
+RATIFICATION, WITH ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATIONS, DEFEATED NOV. 19, 1919.
+
+On November 6th Senator Lodge presented 14 reservations which had been
+agreed to by the majority members of the Foreign Relations Committee. On
+November 19th, they were voted on by the Senate, being coupled with the
+following resolution of ratification:
+
+_Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein)_, That
+the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace
+with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919
+subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are
+hereby made a part and condition to this resolution of ratification,
+which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until
+the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been
+accepted by an exchange of notes as a part and a condition of this
+resolution of ratification by at least three of the four principal
+allied and associated powers, to wit, Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Japan.
+
+1. The United States so understands and construes Article I that in case
+of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in said
+article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether all its
+international obligations and all its obligations under the said
+covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United
+States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the
+United States.
+
+2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country or to
+interfere in controversies between nations--whether members of the
+League or not--under the provisions of Article 10, or to employ the
+military or naval forces of the United States under any article of the
+Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress,
+which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war or
+authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United
+States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.
+
+3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article 22,
+Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with Germany,
+except by action of the Congress of the United States.
+
+4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide
+what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that
+all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its
+internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the
+tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children, and
+in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions,
+are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not
+under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to
+the consideration of the Council or of the Assembly of the League of
+Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of
+any other power.
+
+5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the
+Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in
+said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United
+States depend upon or relate to its long-established policy, commonly
+known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the
+United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the
+jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any
+provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.
+
+6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158,
+and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy
+which may arise under said articles between the Republic of China and
+the Empire of Japan.
+
+7. The Congress of the United States will provide by law for the
+appointment of the representatives of the United States in the Assembly
+and the Council of the League of Nations, and may in its discretion
+provide for the participation of the United States in any commission,
+committee, tribunal, court, council, or conference, or in the selection
+of any members thereof and for the appointment of members of said
+commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences, or
+any other representatives under the Treaty of Peace, or in carrying out
+its provisions, and until such participation and appointment have been
+so provided for and the powers and duties of such representatives have
+been defined by law, no person shall represent the United States under
+either said League of Nations or the Treaty of Peace with Germany, or be
+authorized to perform any act for or on behalf of the United States
+thereunder, and no citizen of the United States shall be selected or
+appointed as a member of said commissions, committees, tribunals,
+courts, councils, or conferences except with the approval of the Senate
+of the United States.
+
+8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will
+regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or
+from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or
+joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.
+
+9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any
+expenses of the League of Nations, or of the secretariat, or of any
+commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized
+under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of
+carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of
+funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress
+of the United States.
+
+10. If the United States shall at any time adopt any plan for the
+limitation of armaments proposed by the Council of the League of
+Nations, under the provisions of Article 8, it reserves the right to
+increase such armaments without the consent of the Council whenever the
+United States is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.
+
+11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion,
+the nationals of a covenant-breaking State, as defined in Article 16 of
+the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States
+or in countries other than that violating said Article 16, to continue
+their commercial, financial, and personal relations with the nationals
+of the United States.
+
+12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in
+any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
+shall, as against citizens of the United States, be taken to mean any
+confirmation, ratification, or approval of any act otherwise illegal or
+in contravention of the right of citizens of the United States.
+
+13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 387
+to 427, inclusive) unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall
+hereafter make provision for representation in the organization
+established by said Part XIII, and in such event the participation of
+the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of
+such act or joint resolution.
+
+14. The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any election,
+decision, report, or finding of the council, or assembly in which any
+member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies, or
+parts of empire, in the aggregate have cast more than one vote, and
+assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of
+the council or assembly arising out of any dispute between the United
+States and any member of the League if such member, or any
+self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united with
+it politically has voted.
+
+Ratification of the above resolution required a two-thirds vote. The
+resolution was lost 55 to 39, the votes of 13 Republican
+"irreconcilables" being cast against the resolution. On a motion to
+reconsider, the resolution was again voted on, this time the vote being
+51 to 41. Senator Underwood's motion for unconditional ratification of
+the Treaty without reservation was then lost 53 to 38.
+
+The crux of the opposition to the Treaty was Article X. In President
+Wilson's view, the Lodge reservation to this article cut the heart out
+of the League of Nations, and nullified its whole structure and
+practical operation. For a time it looked as if the Peace Treaty was
+dead. Public opinion, however, insisted that the Treaty must not be
+allowed to die and that the United States was morally obligated to the
+rest of the world to take its place in the family of nations as a
+signatory to the Treaty with such interpretative reservations as would
+protect America's interests, and at the same time not antagonize other
+nations.
+
+Early in January, 1920, the President in a letter to Senator Hitchcock
+declared against "strong" reservations, and on January 15th, with a view
+to reaching a compromise, there began a series of bi-partisan
+conferences among Senators at which were discussed the various
+reservations that had been a stumbling block, but no agreement could be
+reached. As before, the phraseology and intent of Article X was the
+principal bone of contention.
+
+
+THE TREATY AGAIN BEFORE THE SENATE
+
+On February 10th Senator Lodge reported the Treaty a second time to the
+Senate, and with the original set of reservations. After another month
+of debate and of organized efforts on the part of public spirited
+citizens to exert pressure on the Senators to settle their differences
+and give the nation what it demanded--a Treaty of Peace--the lines were
+again drawn preparatory to another vote. The Senate, sitting in
+Committee of the Whole, took up the Lodge reservations, one after
+another, accepting some virtually without change, modifying or
+amplifying others, until all but Article X had been agreed upon.
+
+Various new drafts of this reservation were suggested, both by Senators
+and by private citizens; some of these were voted on, but none could
+muster the votes necessary for adoption.
+
+Early in March a compromise reservation was worked out by Republicans
+and Democrats, and this was made the occasion of an effort to induce the
+President to give his views on Article X. For convenience in comparison,
+Article X of the League of Nations, the original Lodge reservation, and
+the proposed compromise reservation, are reproduced herewith:
+
+     ARTICLE X OF THE LEAGUE
+
+     The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as
+     against external aggression the territorial integrity and
+     existing political independence of all members of the League.
+     In case of any such aggression the Council shall advise upon
+     the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.
+
+
+     THE ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATION
+
+     The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the
+     territorial integrity or political independence of any other
+     country or to interfere in controversies between
+     nations--whether members of the League or not--under the
+     provision of Article X., or to employ the military or naval
+     forces of the United States under any article of the Treaty for
+     any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which
+     under the Constitution has the sole power to declare war or
+     authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the
+     United States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.
+
+
+     THE PROPOSED COMPROMISE RESERVATION
+
+     The United States assumes no obligation to employ its military
+     or naval forces, its resources, or the economic boycott to
+     preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of
+     any other country under the provisions of Article X., or to
+     employ the military or naval forces of the United States under
+     any other article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any
+     particular case the Congress, which, under the Constitution,
+     has the sole power to declare war, shall, by act or joint
+     resolution, so provide.
+
+
+ARTICLE X, SAYS WILSON, NULLIFIES A SACRED OBLIGATION
+
+The President expressed his views on Article X and the proposed
+reservations to it in a letter to Senator Hitchcock under date of March
+8th, in which he said:
+
+     "There is no escaping the moral obligations which are expressed
+     in positive terms in this article of the covenant. We won a
+     moral victory over Germany, far greater even than the military
+     victory won on the field of battle, because the opinion of the
+     whole world swung to our support and the support of the nations
+     associated with us in the great struggle. It did so because of
+     our common profession and promise that we meant to establish
+     'an organization of peace which should make it certain that the
+     combined power of free nations would check every invasion of
+     right, and serve to make peace and justice the more secure by
+     affording a definite tribunal of opinion to which all must
+     submit and by which every international readjustment that
+     cannot be amicably agreed upon by the peoples directly
+     concerned shall be sanctioned.'
+
+     "This promise and assurance were written into the preliminaries
+     of the armistice and into the preliminaries of the peace itself
+     and constitute one of the most sacred obligations ever assumed
+     by any nation or body of nations. It is unthinkable that
+     America should set the example of ignoring such a solemn moral
+     engagement.
+
+     "For myself, I feel that I could not look the soldiers of our
+     gallant armies in the face again if I did not do everything in
+     my power to remove every obstacle that lies in the way of the
+     adoption of this particular article of the covenant, because we
+     made these pledges to them as well as to the rest of the world,
+     and it was to this cause they deemed themselves devoted in a
+     spirit of crusaders. I should be forever unfaithful to them if
+     I did not do my utmost to fulfill the high purpose for which
+     they fought."
+
+
+"A NEW DOCTRINE IN THE WORLD'S AFFAIRS"
+
+The President said he regarded the stipulations as to constitutional
+methods required by the proposed compromise reservation as superfluous,
+because it was understood at Paris that whatever duties any nation
+undertook under the Treaty would as a matter of course "have to be
+fulfilled by its usual and established constitutional methods of
+action." He said further:
+
+     "Any reservation which seeks to deprive the League of Nations
+     of the force of Article X. cuts at the very heart and life of
+     the covenant itself. Any League of Nations which does not
+     guarantee as a matter of incontestable right the political
+     independence and integrity of each of its members might be
+     hardly more than a futile scrap of paper, as ineffective in
+     operation as the agreement between Belgium and Germany which
+     the Germans violated in 1914.
+
+     "Article X. as written into the Treaty of Versailles represents
+     the renunciation by Great Britain and Japan, which before the
+     war had begun to find so many interests in common in the
+     Pacific; by France, by Italy, by all the great fighting powers
+     of the world, of the old pretensions of political conquest and
+     territorial aggrandisement. It is a new doctrine in the world's
+     affairs and must be recognized or there is no secure basis for
+     the peace which the whole world so desperately needs.
+
+     "If Article X. is not adopted and acted upon, the Governments
+     which reject it will, I think, be guilty of bad faith to their
+     people, whom they induced to make the infinite sacrifices of
+     the war by the pledge that they would be fighting to redeem the
+     world from the old order of force and aggression. They will be
+     acting also in bad faith to the opinion of the world at large,
+     to which they appealed for support in a concerted stand against
+     the aggressions and pretensions of Germany.
+
+     "If we were to reject Article X. or so to weaken it as to take
+     its full force out of it, it would mark us as desiring to
+     return to the old world of jealous rivalry and
+     misunderstandings from which our gallant soldiers have rescued
+     us and would leave us without any vision or new conception of
+     justice and peace. We would have learned no lesson from the
+     war, but gained only the regret that it had involved us in its
+     maelstrom of suffering. If America has awakened, as the rest of
+     the world has, to the vision of a new day in which the mistakes
+     of the past are to be corrected, it will welcome the
+     opportunity to share the responsibilities of Article X.
+
+     "It must not be forgotten, Senator, that the article
+     constitutes a renunciation of all ambition on the part of
+     powerful nations with whom we were associated in the war. It is
+     by no means certain that without this article any such
+     renunciation will take place. Militaristic ambitions and
+     imperialistic policies are by no means dead, even in counsels
+     of the nations whom we most trust and with whom we most desire
+     to be associated in the tasks of peace.
+
+
+     DEMOCRACY VERSUS IMPERIALISM
+
+     "The choice is between two ideals; on the one hand, the ideal
+     of democracy, which represents the rights of free peoples
+     everywhere to govern themselves, and on the other hand the
+     ideal of imperialism which seeks to dominate by force and
+     unjust power, an ideal which is by no means dead and which is
+     earnestly held in many quarters still.
+
+     "Every imperialistic influence in Europe was hostile to the
+     embodiment of Article X. in the covenant of the League of
+     Nations, and its defeat now would mark the complete
+     consummation of their efforts to nullify the Treaty. I hold the
+     doctrine of Article X. as the essence of Americanism. We cannot
+     repudiate it or weaken it without at the same time repudiating
+     our own principles.
+
+     "The imperialist wants no League of Nations, but if, in
+     response to the universal cry of the masses everywhere, there
+     is to be one, he is interested to secure one suited to his own
+     purposes, one that will permit him to continue the historic
+     game of pawns and peoples--the juggling of provinces, the old
+     balances of power, and the inevitable wars attendant upon these
+     things.
+
+     "The reservation proposed would perpetuate the old order. Does
+     any one really want to see the old game played again? Can any
+     one really venture to take part in reviving the old order? The
+     enemies of a League of Nations have by every true instinct
+     centered their efforts against Article X., for it is
+     undoubtedly the foundation of the whole structure. It is the
+     bulwark, and the only bulwark, of the rising democracy of the
+     world against the forces of imperialism and reaction.
+
+     "Either we should enter the League fearlessly, accepting the
+     responsibility and not fearing the rôle of leadership, which we
+     now enjoy, contributing our efforts toward establishing a just
+     and permanent peace, or we should retire as gracefully as
+     possible from the great concert of powers, by which the world
+     was saved. For my own part, I am not willing to trust to the
+     counsel of diplomats the working out of any salvation of the
+     world from the things which it has suffered."
+
+
+ARTICLE X AS FINALLY ADOPTED
+
+The Article X reservation was again rewritten and when finally adopted
+on March 15 by a vote of 56 to 26, read as follows:
+
+     The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the
+     territorial integrity or political independence of any other
+     country by the employment of its military or naval forces, its
+     resources, or any form of economic discrimination, or to
+     interfere in any way in controversies between nations,
+     including all controversies relating to territorial integrity
+     or political independence, whether members of the League or
+     not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the
+     military or naval forces of the United States, under any
+     article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular
+     case the Congress, which, under the Constitution, has the sole
+     power to declare war or authorize the employment of the
+     military or naval forces of the United States, shall, in the
+     exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution
+     so provide.
+
+
+THE TREATY AGAIN REJECTED
+
+All of the 14 reservations having been debated and adopted in the
+Senate, sitting in Committee of the Whole, a fifteenth reservation
+expressing sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people having been
+added, the resolution of ratification was introduced by Senator Lodge on
+March 19th. The vote stood: in favor of ratification, 49; against, 35.
+By this vote, the Treaty of Versailles was for the second time rejected.
+The resolution was supported by 28 Republicans and 21 Democrats, and
+opposed by 23 Democrats and 12 Republicans. The resolution lacked seven
+votes of the necessary two-thirds, and although it was a Republican
+measure, the opposition of the Republican "irreconcilables" or
+"bitter-enders" was sufficient to defeat it.
+
+
+
+
+THE RESERVATIONS WHICH FAILED
+
+Text of the Preamble and Fifteen Reservations as Adopted by the Senate
+Before the Final Vote on Ratification
+
+
+Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That
+the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace
+with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919,
+subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are
+hereby made a part and condition of this resolution of ratification,
+which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until
+the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been
+accepted as a part and a condition of this resolution of ratification by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, and a failure on the part of the
+Allied and Associated Powers to make objection to said reservations and
+understandings prior to the deposit of ratification by the United States
+shall be taken as a full and final acceptance of such reservations and
+understandings by said powers:
+
+1. The United States so understands and construes Article I. that in
+case of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in
+said article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether
+all its international obligations and all its obligations under the said
+covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United
+States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the
+United States.
+
+2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country by the
+employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form
+of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies
+between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial
+integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or
+not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or
+naval forces of the United States, under any article of the treaty for
+any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the
+Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the
+employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall,
+in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so
+provide.
+
+3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article
+XXII., Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with
+Germany, except by action of the Congress of the United States.
+
+4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide
+what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that
+all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its
+internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the
+tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children and
+in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions,
+are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not
+under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to
+the consideration of the council or of the Assembly of the League of
+Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of
+any other power.
+
+5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the
+Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in
+said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United
+States depend upon or relate to its long established policy, commonly
+known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the
+United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the
+jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any
+provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.
+
+6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158,
+and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy
+which may arise under said articles.
+
+7. No person is or shall be authorized to represent the United States,
+nor shall any citizen of the United States be eligible, as a member of
+any body or agency established or authorized by said Treaty of Peace
+with Germany except pursuant to an act of the Congress of the United
+States providing for his appointment and defining his powers and duties.
+
+8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will
+regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or
+from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or
+joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.
+
+9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any
+expenses of the League of Nations, or of the Secretariat or of any
+commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized
+under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of
+carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of
+funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress
+of the United States; provided, that the foregoing limitation shall not
+apply to the United States' proportionate share of the expense of the
+office force and salary of the Secretary General.
+
+10. No plan for the limitation of armaments as reported by the Council
+of the League of Nations under the provisions of Article 8 shall be held
+as binding the United States until the same shall have been accepted by
+Congress, and the United States reserves the right to increase its
+armament without the consent of the Council whenever the United States
+is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.
+
+11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion,
+the nationals of a covenant-breaking state as defined in Article XVI. of
+the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States
+or in countries other than such covenant-breaking state, to continue
+their commercial, financial and personal relations with the nationals of
+the United States.
+
+12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in
+any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
+shall, as against citizens of the United States be taken to mean any
+confirmation, ratification or approval of any act otherwise illegal or
+in contravention of the rights of citizens of the United States.
+
+13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 337
+to 427 inclusive), unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall
+hereafter make provision for representation in the organization
+established by said Part XIII., and in such event the participation of
+the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of
+such act or joint resolution.
+
+14. Until Part 1, being the covenant of the League of Nations, shall be
+so amended as to provide that the United States shall be entitled to
+cast a number of votes equal to that which any member of the League and
+its self-governing dominions, colonies or parts of empire, in the
+aggregate, shall be entitled to cast, the United States assumes no
+obligation to be bound, except in cases where Congress has previously
+given its consent, by any election, decision, report, or finding of the
+Council or Assembly in which any member of the League and its
+self-governing dominions, colonies, or parts of empire, in the
+aggregate, have cast more than one vote.
+
+The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision,
+report, or finding of the Council or Assembly arising out of any dispute
+between the United States and any member of the League if such member or
+any self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united
+with it politically has voted.
+
+15. In consenting to the ratification of the Treaty with Germany the
+United States adheres to the principle of self-determination and to the
+resolution of sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people for a
+government of their own choice adopted by the Senate June 6, 1919, and
+declares that when such government is attained by Ireland, a
+consummation which it is hoped is at hand, it should promptly be
+admitted as a member of the League of Nations.
+
+
+The First Meeting of the Council of the League of Nations
+
+
+Representatives of France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Spain,
+Japan and Brazil, members of the Council of the League of Nations, met
+on January 16, 1920, in the "cloak room" of the French Foreign Office
+for the first meeting in the history of the League.
+
+The Council organized by electing Leon Bourgeois Chairman and confirming
+the choice of Sir Eric Drummond of Great Britain as General Secretary.
+The first official act of the League Council was the appointment of a
+commission to trace upon the spot the frontiers of the territory of the
+Saar Basin.
+
+All the members of the Council called for by the covenant of the League,
+with the exception of the representative of the United States, were
+present. Beside M. Bourgeois, the members were Earl Curzon, the British
+Foreign Secretary, for Great Britain; Premier Venizelos, for Greece;
+Carlo Ferraris, Italian Minister of Industry, Commerce, Labor and Food,
+for Italy; Paul Hymans, the Belgian Foreign Minister, for Belgium; Baron
+Matsui, Ambassador to France, for Japan; Dr. Gastoa da Cunha, Ambassador
+to France, for Brazil; Count Quinones de Leon, Ambassador to France, for
+Spain.
+
+
+
+
+PEACE BY CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT FAILS
+
+President Wilson Vetoes Knox Resolution Declaring State of War Ended
+
+
+The failure of the Peace Treaty of ratification for the second time on
+March 19, 1920, with the Lodge reservations attached, and the determined
+refusal of the Republican majority to ratify it in the form desired by
+President Wilson, showed quite conclusively that under existing
+political alignment no peace might be expected for the country through
+the Treaty of Versailles. The Republicans, therefore, turned their
+efforts in a new direction to bring about peace without yielding to the
+President.
+
+On April 1st the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of
+Representatives reported favorably a joint resolution declaring the
+state of war between Germany and the United States at an end and
+terminating the operation of all Congressional acts and Presidential
+proclamations dependent for their duration on the termination of the war
+or of the "present or existing emergency." It gave Germany forty-five
+days in which similarly to declare the ending of the war with the United
+States, and to waive all claims against this country, which she would
+not have had the right to assert had the United States ratified the
+Treaty of Versailles. For failure to comply with this provision, all
+commercial intercourse and the furnishing of loans and other financial
+assistance by this country to Germany were prohibited, except by license
+of the President. In answer to Democratic criticisms that the resolution
+was not only insincere, but also unconstitutional in arrogating to
+Congress the treaty-making power of the President, the Republican
+leaders conceded that, while the negotiation of peace terms rested with
+the President, the declaration of a status of peace was quite within the
+proper functions of Congress.
+
+
+TEXT OF HOUSE RESOLUTION
+
+The original resolution, as introduced in the House, read as follows:
+
+     WHEREAS the President of the United States, in the performance
+     of his constitutional duty to give to Congress information of
+     the state of the Union, has advised Congress that the war with
+     the Imperial German Government has ended;
+
+     _Resolved_, by the Senate and the House of Representatives of
+     the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the
+     state of war declared to exist between the Imperial German
+     Government and the people of the United States by a joint
+     resolution of Congress, approved April 6, 1917, is hereby
+     declared at an end.
+
+     Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating
+     to the date of the termination of the present war, or of the
+     present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint
+     resolutions or proclamations of the President containing
+     provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the
+     war, or of the present or existing emergency, the date when
+     this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and
+     treated as the date of the termination of the war, or of the
+     present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in
+     any act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other
+     mode of determination of the date of the termination of the
+     war, or of the present or existing emergency.
+
+     Section 3--That, with a view to securing reciprocal trade with
+     the German Government and its nationals, and for this purpose,
+     it is hereby provided that unless within forty-five days from
+     the date when this resolution becomes effective the German
+     Government shall duly notify the President of the United States
+     that it has declared a termination of the war with the United
+     States and that it waives and renounces on behalf of itself and
+     its nationals any claim, demand, right or benefit against the
+     United States, or its nationals, that it or they would not have
+     the right to assert had the United States ratified the Treaty
+     of Versailles, the President of the United States shall have
+     the power, and it shall be his duty, to proclaim the fact that
+     the German Government has not given the notification
+     hereinbefore mentioned, and thereupon, and until the President
+     shall have proclaimed the receipt of such notification,
+     commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany
+     and the making of loans or credits, and the furnishing of
+     financial assistance or supplies to the German Government or
+     the inhabitants of Germany, directly or indirectly, by the
+     Government or the inhabitants of the United States, shall,
+     except with the license of the President, be prohibited.
+
+     Section 4--That whoever shall willfully violate the foregoing
+     prohibition, whenever the same shall be in force, shall upon
+     conviction be fined not more than $10,000, or, if a natural
+     person, imprisoned for not more than two years, or both; and
+     the officer, director or agent of any corporation who knowingly
+     participates in such violation shall be punished by a like
+     fine, imprisonment, or both, and any property, funds,
+     securities, papers, or other articles or documents, or any
+     vessel, together with her tackle, apparel, furniture, and
+     equipment, concerned in such violation, shall be forfeited to
+     the United States.
+
+     Section 5--That nothing herein contained shall be construed as
+     a waiver by the United States of its rights, privileges,
+     indemnities, reparations or advantages to which the United
+     States has become entitled under the terms of the armistice
+     signed November 11, 1918, or which were acquired by or are in
+     the possession of the United States by reason of its
+     participation in the war or otherwise; and all fines,
+     forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the
+     United States are hereby ratified, confirmed, and maintained.
+
+
+MINORITY OPPOSITION
+
+The Democratic members of the Foreign Affairs Committee presented a
+minority report severely arraigning the Republican majority both for the
+spirit and the provisions of the resolution, which, the report
+contended, "outrageously surrendered" American rights and, by the spirit
+in which it was conceived, laid open its authors to the charge of "sharp
+practice." The chief points made in the minority report were:
+
+     "The preamble states that the President of the United States,
+     in the performance of his constitutional duty to give to
+     Congress information of the state of the Union, has advised
+     Congress that the war with the Imperial German Government has
+     ended. At no time and under no circumstances has the President
+     made any such assertion.
+
+     "It is true that, on the signing of the armistice, the
+     President, in the course of an address to Congress, used the
+     words, 'the war thus comes to an end.' But he spoke of actual
+     hostilities, as every one knew, and not of the technical state
+     of war.
+
+     "It takes a treaty to end a war. Hostilities had ceased, but
+     the war had not ended, and will not end until it is terminated
+     in a constitutional manner. The drafters of the resolution and
+     the members of the Committee on Foreign Affairs who voted for
+     it knew that this was the case.
+
+     "By quoting this statement of the President as the basis for
+     this resolution the authors of the resolution lay themselves
+     open to the charge of insincerity and sharp practice. The
+     President never declared that the technical state of war which
+     this resolution undertakes to declare at an end had come to an
+     end, and the Supreme Court of the United States has recently
+     declared that what the President had done did not announce the
+     termination of the war.[32]
+
+     [32] The reference is to the Supreme Court decision on the question
+     of war-time prohibition in the Kentucky distilleries case.
+
+     "This resolution contains some provisions that are within the
+     power of Congress, and others that are not. So far as it seeks
+     to declare peace, and so far as it seeks to direct the
+     President to issue a proclamation to the German Government, it
+     trenches upon the treaty-making powers and is not within the
+     power of Congress.
+
+     "So far as it prohibits the United States citizens and
+     residents from commercial intercourse with Germany or its
+     nationals, and provides penalties for the violation of such
+     restriction, it is valid. So far as it attempts to repeal war
+     legislation, it is, of course, within the power of Congress."
+
+With regard to Section 2, which fixed the date of the termination of the
+war as the date when the resolution shall become effective, the report
+said:
+
+     "There is much war and emergency legislation that should be
+     repealed. This section does not repeal this legislation,
+     however, and it gives no relief from the burdens,
+     inconveniences, extravagances and losses which come from the
+     existence of this legislation. Much of this legislation is
+     burdensome, and oppressive in time of peace.
+
+     "Congress has the power to repeal it, and it should address
+     itself to this task instead of frittering away its time in
+     attempting to pass unconstitutional legislation for the purpose
+     of embarrassing the executive department of the Government, or
+     for some other political purpose."
+
+Objection was raised against Section 3 for not adequately protecting
+American rights. The report, which was presented by Representative
+Flood, observed on this subject:
+
+     "The first thought which comes to one's mind in connection with
+     this section is that it gives to Germany and her nationals all
+     the rights they would have had if the United States had
+     ratified the Treaty of Versailles. Without the provisions of
+     the treaty great uncertainty prevails as to the title to and
+     right to use German ships. The Versailles Treaty contains
+     Germany's assent to the use of the property seized by the Alien
+     Property Custodian, amounting to more than $500,000,000, to pay
+     claims of the United States against Germany. This resolution
+     does not pretend to accomplish this result.
+
+     "If we are dependent for a status of peace upon this
+     resolution, I fail to see how we could be able to demand
+     reimbursement for the cost of our army of occupation.
+
+     "Under the treaty Germany can become a League of Nations
+     member, and, having under this resolution all the rights it
+     would have had under the treaty when it became a member of the
+     League, it would be entitled to assert against the United
+     States the same rights which any other nation could assert, had
+     our country ratified the treaty. We would thus be in the
+     position of being compelled to protect the independence and
+     territorial integrity of Germany against the aggressions of any
+     or all of our allies.
+
+     "Section 5 is an attempt to preserve something out of the wreck
+     of American rights which have been so outrageously surrendered
+     in former sections of the resolution."
+
+
+RESOLUTION PASSES HOUSE, 242 TO 150
+
+The first test of strength between the supporters and the opponents of
+the resolution came on April 8th, when a rule limiting debate was
+adopted by a nearly strict party vote of 214 to 155, the Republicans, as
+were to be expected, supporting, and the Democrats opposing the rule.
+The vote on the resolution itself came next day, April 9th, when, after
+a flow of oratory characterized chiefly by bitterly partisan attacks
+from both sides of the House, the resolution was adopted by a vote of
+242 to 150. Twenty-two Democrats joined the Republicans in voting for
+it, and two Republicans broke party lines in opposing it. Despite the
+comfortable majority, however, the result showed that without the
+President's approval efforts to declare peace by Congressional action
+would prove futile, since the vote lacked twenty of the two-thirds
+majority necessary to override a veto.
+
+
+SENATE TAKES UP FIGHT TO FORCE PEACE
+
+The scene now shifted to the Senate. Here the fortunes of the resolution
+were placed in the hands of Senator Philander C. Knox, of Pennsylvania,
+Secretary of State in President Taft's cabinet and a recognized
+authority on international law. Senator Knox redrafted the House
+resolution so as to repeal specifically the joint resolutions of war
+against Germany on April 6, 1917, and against Austria-Hungary on
+December 7, 1917, and thus, by annulling Congressional action declaring
+a state of war, to re-establish _status quo ante bellum_.
+
+Such a solution of the problem, it was felt, did not encroach at all
+upon the President's right of making treaties. In fact, the resolution
+specifically requested the President to open negotiations for the
+purpose of establishing friendly relations and commercial intercourse
+between the United States and Germany, and the United States and the
+successors of the Austro-Hungarian government. The resolution also
+provided for the retention by the United States government of all enemy
+property seized during the war until all American claims against enemy
+governments had been settled, and declared further that, although the
+United States had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nevertheless it
+did not waive any of the "rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations
+or advantages" stipulated for its benefit in the terms of that document.
+
+
+TEXT OF ORIGINAL KNOX RESOLUTION
+
+The text of the Knox resolution, as favorably reported to the Senate on
+April 30th by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, read:
+
+     Joint resolution repealing the joint resolution of April 6,
+     1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United
+     States and Germany, and the joint resolution of December 7,
+     1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the United
+     States and the Austro-Hungarian Government.
+
+     _Resolved_ by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+     United States of America, in Congress assembled, that the joint
+     resolution of Congress passed April 6, 1917, declaring a state
+     of war to exist between the Imperial German Government and the
+     Government and people of the United States, and making
+     provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby
+     declared at an end.
+
+     Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German
+     Government or its successor or successors, and of all German
+     nationalists which was on April 6, 1917, in or has since that
+     date come into the possession or under control of the
+     Government of the United States or of any of its officers,
+     agents, or employees, from any source or by any agency
+     whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no
+     disposition thereof made, except as shall specifically be
+     hereafter provided by Congress, until such time as the German
+     Government has by treaty with the United States, ratification
+     whereof is to be made by and with the advice and consent of the
+     Senate, made suitable provisions for the satisfaction of all
+     claims against the German Government of all persons wheresoever
+     domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United States,
+     whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the
+     German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss,
+     damage or injury to persons or property, directly or
+     indirectly, through the ownership of shares of stock in German,
+     American, or other corporations, or otherwise, and until the
+     German Government has given further undertakings and made
+     provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and
+     consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent
+     allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment,
+     whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters
+     affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation,
+     commerce, and industrial property rights, and confirming to the
+     United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures
+     imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in
+     respect to the property of the German government or German
+     nationalists, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events
+     which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such
+     treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and
+     Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+     To these ends, and for the purpose of establishing fully
+     friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the
+     United States and Germany, the President is hereby requested
+     immediately to open negotiations with the Government of
+     Germany.
+
+     Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating
+     to the date of the termination of the present war or of the
+     present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint
+     resolutions or proclamations of the President containing
+     provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the
+     war or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this
+     resolution becomes effective, shall be construed and treated as
+     the date of the termination of the war or of the present or
+     existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of
+     Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of
+     determining the date of the termination of the war or of the
+     present or existing emergency.
+
+     Section 3--That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of
+     Congress it shall be determined otherwise, the United States,
+     although it has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not
+     waive any of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations,
+     or advantages to which it and its nationals have become
+     entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11,
+     1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or which,
+     under the Treaty of Versailles, have been stipulated for its
+     benefit as one of the principal allied and associated powers
+     and to which it is entitled.
+
+     Section 4--That the joint resolution of Congress, approved
+     December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between
+     the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the
+     Government and people of the United States, and making
+     provisions to prosecute the same, be and the same is hereby
+     repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an end,
+     and the President is hereby requested immediately to open
+     negotiations with the successor or successors of said
+     Government for the purpose of establishing fully friendly
+     relations and commercial intercourse between the United States
+     and the Governments and peoples of Austria and Hungary.
+
+
+A DEMOCRAT PAYS HIS RESPECTS TO REPUBLICANS
+
+The attitude of leaders of the Democratic party on Republican maneuvers
+to force peace by Congressional action was indicated by a statement
+issued by Homer S. Cummings, chairman of the Democratic National
+Committee, in which the Knox resolution was characterized as "renewed
+evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the
+Republican party," and which, according to Mr. Cummings, proposed
+dishonor in the name of peace. As reported in the press, the statement
+said:
+
+     "The so-called Knox peace resolution, which has just been
+     reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is
+     renewed evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the
+     heart of the Republican party. In the name of peace it proposes
+     dishonor.
+
+     "An analysis of the resolution discloses that:
+
+     "First, it recognizes the defect in the recent House
+     resolution, which attempted to make a separate treaty with
+     Germany by act of Congress.
+
+[Illustration: Senator Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania
+
+A former United States Attorney-General and Secretary of State, and one
+of the "irreconcilable" opponents of the League of Nations and Treaty of
+Versailles. He was the author of the peace resolution declaring war with
+Germany ended which was passed by Congress but vetoed by President
+Wilson.]
+
+     "Second, as an alternative proposition, it requests the
+     President to commence negotiations for a separate peace with
+     Germany.
+
+     "Third, it seeks to terminate, by a paper resolution, a state
+     of war without protecting American rights.
+
+     "Fourth, it attempts to take advantage of the provisions of the
+     Treaty of Versailles without becoming a party to that treaty
+     and,
+
+     "Fifth, it requests the President to negotiate a separate peace
+     with Austria.
+
+     "These are the outstanding features of the resolution. If any
+     group of leaders a year ago had dared to suggest that we should
+     abandon our allies and negotiate a separate treaty of peace,
+     they would have found themselves isolated and discredited.
+     Republican leaders have lost their moral sense in their mad
+     lust for power.
+
+     "There has not been one moment since November, 1918, during
+     which America has not suffered in honor, prestige, and power,
+     as the result of the elections of that year. Since that time
+     everything has been in confusion, and the frantic attempt of
+     Republican leaders to find a legal method in which to do the
+     dishonorable thing merely adds to the confusion. There is but
+     one clear path of duty. It is likewise the path of honor and of
+     peace and of permanent security.
+
+     "The path lies straight before us, and consists simply in
+     ratifying the treaty of peace which our companions in arms have
+     already ratified. The more the matter is debated the more it
+     will become apparent that there are no substitutes for the
+     requirements of plain duty and American honor."
+
+
+KNOX URGES SEPARATE PEACE WITH GERMANY
+
+On May 5th the debate on the resolution was opened in the Senate with a
+carefully prepared speech by Senator Knox, which outlined in detail
+arguments not only for the propriety and validity of the resolution, but
+for the absolute necessity of its adoption. Senator Knox contended that
+the war had ended, in fact and in law; that the objects for which the
+United States had entered the struggle had been achieved; that a
+"power-maddened administration" was continuing the technical state of
+war solely for the purpose of coercing the Senate into ratifying the
+Versailles Treaty, which had been universally discredited in all its
+parts; and that, since there was no hope of co-operation from the
+President, Congress must find means of ending the technical state of
+war independently of him. Said Senator Knox:
+
+     "The welfare and safety of the nation imperatively demands that
+     we know we have peace. The whole world seethes with revolution.
+     Our own nation is in ferment and turmoil. Force and strife are
+     rampant and threaten the destruction not only of our property,
+     but of our free institutions and even of our very lives. And
+     yet we stand, and have stood for months, as a rudderless ship
+     foundering in the trough of tremendous seas. We must not dare
+     longer to delay a return to the ordered government of peace. As
+     a preliminary step, the Executive must be returned to his
+     peace-time powers and prerogatives. Need, propriety, wisdom,
+     cannot question this. The resolution before us is designed to
+     bring us to this.
+
+
+     WILSON TO BLAME
+
+     "The course of the President ever since he cruised to Europe to
+     participate in the Peace Conference leaves no chance for doubt
+     that he will continue hereafter as heretofore to thwart, so far
+     as he is able, every attempt on the part of the Senate, the
+     Congress, or the people, to take any action immediately or
+     remotely affecting, in however slight a degree, through change
+     or modification, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles as
+     it came to us fresh from his signature. He preferred to keep
+     the country in an alleged state of war for now almost a year
+     rather than abate one jot or tittle of the full measure his
+     isolated will had set for the nation. Constitutional order,
+     lawful functions, rights and duties of position, oaths of
+     office as affecting the members of this body, he has noticed
+     only to bring into contempt. He has conjured up every power
+     within the whole vast executive domain in his efforts to compel
+     this Senate to surrender its will and judgment to him, to
+     become mere automatons to register his mandate--to approve this
+     treaty in its last minutiæ of detail as he sent it to us.
+
+     "Now, in the face of this situation, it will be idle for us to
+     pass any resolution looking to the immediate establishment of
+     peace that does not contemplate the unqualified acceptance of
+     the treaty, if that resolution requires from the President the
+     performance of any act or duty in order to secure peace,
+     because if we do, he will, if the statements of his
+     representatives are accepted, so delay or ignore that act or
+     duty as to defeat the end and purpose of our action, for in his
+     opinion wisdom lies only in following the behests of his will.
+     Therefore, if the resolution is to be effective, it must be
+     self-operative. Nothing necessary to the bringing of peace must
+     be left for his accomplishment.
+
+
+WHY UNITED STATES WENT TO WAR
+
+"Our purposes, as stated by the President, were three-fold:
+
+"First, the defeat and elimination of the Imperial German Government and
+Prussian autocracy;
+
+"Next, the liberation from their yoke of despotism of the Germans
+themselves--for whom we had nothing but sympathy and friendship--to the
+end that they might be masters of their own fates and fortunes; and
+
+"Lastly, the establishment, as sincere friends of the German people, of
+intimate relations of mutual advantage between them and us.
+
+"In so far as my information goes, the German Government never declared
+war against the United States. They merely accepted the status which
+this declaration recognized and probably created; for it must be
+remembered that while we interpreted, and rightly so, that German
+submarine warfare, as directed against the United States, was illegal,
+constituting acts of war, the German Government never acquiesced in that
+view and, on the contrary, maintained the legality of all general
+measures taken.
+
+"The Imperial German Government, against whom we declared war, did cease
+to exist at the time of the signing of the armistice, leaving us from
+thence on without any titular enemy against which to wage a war unless
+we were warring with the German people, and we have clearly estopped
+ourselves to make such a contention.
+
+"Thus from this point of view also the armistice brought us not alone
+the end of hostilities, but the actual peace. There remained only the
+making of arrangements covering the ordinary peace-time intercourse.
+
+
+WAR AT END, IN FACT AND IN LAW
+
+"As a matter of law and of fact we are at peace with Germany; first,
+because of the terms of the armistice of November 11, 1918, its
+amendments and renewals; second, because of the 'silent ceasing' of
+hostilities; third, because of the disappearance, the extinction of the
+Government against which we declared war, and fourth, because of the
+negotiation by us and our allies or associates in the war with the
+people who were lately our enemies, and the ratification by our allies
+or associates and our enemies, of a treaty of peace which specifically
+provides both for the termination of hostilities to be followed by a
+resumption of diplomatic relations, and also for the status that should
+exist during our future peace-time intercourse; which treaty is now in
+force and observed everywhere except in the United States, and has in
+fact and in international law brought peace to the whole world,
+including ourselves.
+
+     "Having thus in law and in fact international peace, having
+     nothing left but a domestic status of war created by a
+     legislative declaration of war, with no hostilities heretofore
+     or now existent or possible in the territory over which this
+     paper-war status exists, it is not only legally sound, but
+     economically, morally, and patriotically necessary and
+     indispensable that we at once repeal the declaration of war and
+     so immediately end the despotic war powers with which a
+     power-maddened administration continues to misrule this great
+     people.
+
+
+VERSAILLES TREATY IMPOSSIBLE
+
+"To what end has all this juggling with obvious facts and universally
+recognized principles been maintained? The answer is easy and known to
+all. The purpose has been to coerce the Senate to approve the Treaty of
+Versailles--a treaty that is almost universally discredited in all its
+parts. The majority of its negotiators concede this. Its economic terms
+are impossible; its League of Nations is an aggravated imitation of the
+worst features of the ill-fated and foolish Holy Alliance of a century
+ago. It promises little but mischief unless recast on such radical lines
+as will entirely obliterate its identity.
+
+"Wisdom requires the negotiation of a separate treaty between the United
+States and Germany, which should provide reciprocal rights and
+obligations between us and that country alone."
+
+
+KNOX RESOLUTION PASSES BOTH HOUSES
+
+In the course of its consideration in the Senate, the provision of the
+resolution requesting the President to negotiate a separate treaty with
+Germany was eliminated, but the request for a treaty with the successors
+of the Austro-Hungarian government was retained. In its amended form the
+resolution was brought to a decision in the Senate on May 15th, and
+adopted by a vote of 43 to 38, three Democrats voting with its
+supporters and one Republican with the opposition.
+
+As the text of the Knox resolution adopted by the Senate differed from
+the measure which had been passed by the House of Representatives on
+April 9th, the House, to expedite matters, dropped its own resolution,
+and passed, on May 21st, the Senate draft by a vote of 228 to 139,
+seventeen short of the two-thirds majority necessary to override the
+expected Presidential veto.
+
+
+TEXT OF AMENDED RESOLUTION
+
+The text of the peace resolution as passed by the Senate and later
+concurred in by the House of Representatives, read as follows:
+
+     The joint resolution of Congress, passed April 6, 1917,
+     declaring a state of war to exist between the Imperial German
+     Government and the Government and people of the United States,
+     and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same
+     is hereby repealed and said state of war is hereby declared at
+     an end.
+
+     Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German
+     Government, or its successor or successors, and of all German
+     nationals which was on April 6, 1917, is or has since that date
+     come into the possession or under control of the Government of
+     the United States or any of its officers, agents or employees
+     from any source or by any agency whatsoever, shall be retained
+     by the United States and no disposition thereof made, except as
+     shall specifically be hereafter provided by Congress, until
+     such time as the German Government has, by treaty with the
+     United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with
+     the advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions
+     for the satisfaction of all claims against the German
+     Government of all persons, wheresoever domiciled, who owe
+     permanent allegiance to the United States, whether such persons
+     have suffered through the acts of the German Government or its
+     agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage, or injury to their
+     persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the
+     ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other
+     corporations, or have suffered damage directly in consequence
+     of hostilities or any operations of war, or otherwise, or until
+     the German Government has given further undertakings and made
+     provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and
+     consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent
+     allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment,
+     whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters
+     affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation,
+     commerce and industrial property rights, and confirming to the
+     United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures
+     imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in
+     respect to the property of the German Government or German
+     nationals, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events
+     which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such
+     treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and
+     Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+     That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of
+     the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency
+     in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the
+     President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the
+     termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, the
+     date when this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and
+     treated as the date of the termination of the war or of the present
+     or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of
+     Congress or joint resolution, providing any other mode of
+     determining the date of the termination of the war or of the
+     present or existing emergency.
+
+     That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it
+     shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although it
+     has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any
+     of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or
+     advantages to which it and its nationals have become entitled
+     under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or
+     any extensions or modifications thereof or which under the
+     Treaty of Versailles have been stipulated for its benefit as
+     one of the principal allied and associated powers and to which
+     it is entitled.
+
+     That the joint resolution of Congress approved December 7,
+     1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial
+     and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and
+     the people of the United States and making provisions to
+     prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed, and
+     said state of war is hereby declared at an end, and the
+     President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations
+     with the successor or successors of said Government for the
+     purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial
+     intercourse between the United States and the Governments and
+     peoples of Austria and Hungary.
+
+
+PRESIDENT'S VETO
+
+The resolution now came before the President for his signature. On May
+27th he returned it to the House without his approval, and in an
+accompanying message explained the reasons for his veto. The President
+did not touch upon the question of constitutionality which had been
+raised frequently during the debates, but gave as his chief reason
+refusal to become party to an action which, he felt, would place
+"ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States."
+
+Following is the text of President Wilson's message vetoing the peace
+resolution:
+
+     "_To the House of Representatives:_
+
+     "I return herewith, without my signature, House Joint
+     Resolution 327, intended to repeal the Joint Resolution of
+     April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the
+     United States and Germany, and the Joint Resolution of December
+     7, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United
+     States and the Austro-Hungarian Government, and to declare a
+     state of peace. I have not felt at liberty to sign this
+     resolution because I cannot bring myself to become party to an
+     action which would place ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry
+     and honor of the United States.
+
+     "The resolution seeks to establish peace with the German Empire
+     without exacting from the German Government any action by way
+     of setting right the infinite wrongs which it did to the
+     peoples whom it attacked and whom we professed it our purpose
+     to assist when we entered the war. Have we sacrificed the lives
+     of more than one hundred thousand Americans and ruined the
+     lives of thousands of others and brought upon thousands of
+     American families an unhappiness that can never end for
+     purposes which we do not now care to state or take further
+     steps to attain?
+
+     "The attainment of these purposes is provided for in the Treaty
+     of Versailles by terms deemed adequate by the leading statesmen
+     and experts of all the great peoples who were associated in the
+     war against Germany. Do we now not care to join in the effort
+     to secure them?
+
+     "We entered the war most reluctantly. Our people were
+     profoundly disinclined to take part in a European war, and at
+     last did so, only because they became convinced that it could
+     not in truth be regarded as only a European war, but must be
+     regarded as a war in which civilization itself was involved and
+     human rights of every kind as against a belligerent Government.
+     Moreover, when we entered the war we set forth very definitely
+     the purposes for which we entered, partly because we did not
+     wish to be considered as merely taking part in a European
+     contest. This Joint Resolution which I return does not seek to
+     accomplish any of these objects, but in effect makes a complete
+     surrender of the rights of the United States so far as the
+     German Government is concerned.
+
+     "A treaty of peace was signed at Versailles on the
+     twenty-eighth of June last which did seek to accomplish the
+     objects which we had declared to be in our minds, because all
+     the great Governments and peoples which united against Germany
+     had adopted our declarations of purpose as their own and had in
+     solemn form embodied them in communications to the German
+     Government preliminary to the armistice of November 11, 1918.
+     But the treaty, as signed at Versailles, has been rejected by
+     the Senate of the United States, though it has been ratified by
+     Germany. By that rejection and by its methods we had in effect
+     declared that we wish to draw apart and pursue objects and
+     interests of our own, unhampered by any connections of interest
+     or of purpose with other Governments and peoples.
+
+     "Notwithstanding the fact that upon our entrance into the war
+     we professed to be seeking to assist in the maintenance of
+     common interests, nothing is said in this resolution about the
+     freedom of navigation upon the seas, or the reduction of
+     armaments, or the vindication of the rights of Belgium, or the
+     rectification of wrongs done to France, or the release of the
+     Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire from the
+     intolerable subjugation which they have had for so many
+     generations to endure, or the establishment of an independent
+     Polish State, or the continued maintenance of any kind of
+     understanding among the great powers of the world which would
+     be calculated to prevent in the future such outrages as Germany
+     attempted and in part consummated.
+
+     "We have now, in effect, declared that we do not care to take
+     any further risks or to assume any further responsibilities
+     with regard to the freedom of nations or the sacredness of
+     international obligations or the safety of independent peoples.
+     Such a peace with Germany--a peace in which none of the
+     essential interests which we had at heart when we entered the
+     war is safeguarded--_is_, or ought to be, inconceivable, as
+     inconsistent with the dignity of the United States, with the
+     rights and liberties of her citizens, and with the very
+     fundamental conditions of civilization.
+
+     "I hope that in these statements I have sufficiently set forth
+     the reasons why I have felt it incumbent upon me to withhold my
+     signature.
+
+    WOODROW WILSON.
+    THE WHITE HOUSE, _May 27, 1920._"
+
+Next day, May 28th, the resolution was brought before the House in an
+attempt to repass it over the veto, but the vote, 219 to 152, lacked
+twenty-nine of the necessary two-thirds majority. On the original House
+resolution, passed April 9th, the vote had been 242 to 150, and on the
+Knox resolution, passed by the House on May 21st, 228 to 139. A few days
+later Congress adjourned until the winter session in December.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAP OF EUROPE REMADE
+
+Proposed Form of Government, Countries from Which Formed and Ethnic or
+Racial Stock of Newly Established Political Units Resulting from the
+World War.
+
+(From a paper prepared in January, 1920, by O. P. Austin, Statistical
+Department, National City Bank.)
+
+
+ =========================================================================
+             |[33]Area |   [33]   | Date |Form of   |Countries  |Ethnic or
+             |         |Population|estab-|Govern-   |from which |  Racial
+             |         |          |lished|ment      |formed     |  Stock
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Poland      |  141,854|36,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Russia,    | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1916 |          |Germany,   | Semitic
+             |         |          |      |          |Austria-   |
+             |         |          |      |          |Hungary    |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Czecho-     |   60,000|13,000,000|Oct., |Republic  |Austria-   |   Slavic
+ Slovakia    |         |          | 1918 |          |Hungary    |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Jugo-Slavia |   85,000|10,500,000|Oct., |Kingdom   |Hung,      | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |Serbia,    |  Serbs,
+             |         |          |      |          |Bosnia,    |  Croats
+             |         |          |      |          |Herzegovina,
+             |         |          |      |          |Mont.      |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ukrainia    |  215,000|30,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Russia,    |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1917 |          |Austria-   |
+             |         |          |      |          |Hungary    |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Esthonia    |    7,300| 1,750,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Livonia     |   17,000| 1,650,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Courland    |   10,000|   600,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Letvia      |    9,000| 1,500,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Letts
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           | (Balto-
+             |         |          |      |          |           |  Slavs)
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Lithuania   |   90,000|10,000,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |Germania
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ White Russia|  140,000| 5,000,000| May, |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ North Russia|  275,000|   400,000|Nov., |Military  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |Gov       |           |  Finns
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rus. Fed.   | Undet'd | Undet'd  |Nov., |Soviet Rep|Russia     |  Slavic
+ Soviet Rep  |         |          | 1917 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Don Rep     |   63,000| 4,000,000|Jan., |Military  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |Gov       |           | Cossack
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kuban Rep   |   36,000| 3,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Tauride Rep |   23,000| 1,800,000|Mar., |Republic  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Terek Rep   |   28,000| 1,300,000|Sept.,|Republic  |Russia     |  Turko-
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Tatar-      |  175,000| 9,000,000|Oct., |Military  |Russia     |  Turko-
+ Bashkir Rep |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Yakutsk Rep |1,000,000|   400,000| May, |Military  |Siberian   | Yakuts,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |Russia     | Cossack
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep. of     | Undet'd | Undet'd  |Dec., |Military  |Siberian   |  Slav,
+ Siberia               |          | 1917 |          |Russia     | Mongol,
+             |         |          |      |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep. of     |   40,000| 2,500,000|Jan., |Republic  |Russia,    |Georgian,
+ Georgia     |         |          | 1918 |          |Turkey     | Armenian
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep. of     |  400,000| 6,500,000|Jan., |Military  |Russia     |  Turko-
+ Turkestan   |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Eastern     |   68,000|   250,000| May, |Military  |Russia     |  Balto-
+ Karelia     |         |          | 1919 |          |           |  Slavic
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Finland     |  125,000| 3,500,000|Dec., |Republic  |Russia     |  Finns
+             |         |          | 1917 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Murman      |   35,000|   100,000|July, |Military  |Russian    |  Finns
+ Region      |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ German Rep  |  175,000|60,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Germany    | Germanic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep of      |   28,000|10,000,000|Oct., |Republic  |Austria    | Germanic
+ German      |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ Austria     |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Hungarian   |   32,000| 9,000,000|Nov., |Soviet    |Hungary    |  Magyar
+ Rep         |         |          | 1918 |Rep.      |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ [34]Rumania |  110,000|12,500,000|      |Kingdom   |Rumania,   |Rumanian,
+             |         |          | 1919 |          |Hungary,   |  Magyar
+             |         |          |      |          |Bessarabia |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Turkey in   |   10,000| 1,900,000|      |Undet'd   |Turkey     | Turkish
+ Europe      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Anatolia,   |  145,000| 5,000,000|      |Undet'd   |Turkey     | Turkish
+ Asia Minor  |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Armenia,    |   75,000| 2,500,000|Aug., |Undet'd   |Turkey     |Armenians
+ Asia Minor  |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Mesopotamia,|  143,000| 2,000,000| 1917 |British   |Turkey     |  Turks,
+ Asia Minor  |         |          |      |Admin.    |           |  Arabs,
+             |         |          |      |          |           | Persian
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Syria, Asia |   37,000| 1,000,000| 1919 |Undet'd   |Turkey     | Syrian,
+ Minor       |         |          |      |          |           | Turkish
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Palestine,  |   16,000|   500,000| 1917 |British   |Turkey     |  Turks,
+ Asia Minor  |         |          |      |Admin.    |           |  Arabs,
+             |         |          |      |          |           |   Jews
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kingdom of  |   96,500|   300,000|June, |Kingdom   |Turkey     |  Arabs,
+ Hejaz       |         |          | 1916 |          |           |  Turks
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Nejd & Hasa,| No data | No data  | 1913 |Emirate   |Turkey     |  Arabs
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Jebel       | No data | No data  | 1918 |Emirate   |Turkey     | Bedouin
+ Shammar,    |         |          |      |          |           |
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Asir, Arabia| No data | No data  | 1918 |Principate|Turkey     |  Arabs
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Yemen,      | No data | No data  | 1918 |Imamate   |Turkey     |  Arabs
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Koweit,     | No data | No data  | 1918 |Sultanate |Turkey     |  Arabs
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Oman, Arabia|   82,000|   500,000| 1913 |G. Brit & |Turkey     |  Arabs
+             |         |          |      |France    |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Egypt       |  350,000|12,000,000| 1914 |Great     |Turkey     | Egyptian
+             |         |          |      |Britain   |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ German East |  384,000| 8,000,000| 1918 |Great     |German     |  Bantu
+ Africa      |         |          |      |Britain   |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ German S. W.|  322,000|   200,000| 1915 |British S.|German     Hottentots
+ Africa      |         |          |      |Africa    |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kamerun     |  191,000| 2,500,000| 1916 |British & |German     | Sudanese
+             |         |          |      |French    |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Togo        |   33,000| 1,000,000| 1914 |Allied Mil|German     | Hamitic
+             |         |          |      |          |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kaiser      |   70,000|   250,000| 1918 |Australia |German     |  Malay
+ Wilhelm Land|         |          |      |          |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ger. Samoan |    1,200|    40,000| 1918 |Australia |German     |  Samoan
+ Islands     |         |          |      |          |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Nauru       |  [35]   |          | 1918 |Mandate-- |German     |  Samoan
+ Islands     |         |          |      |British   |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ger. S.     |   15,000|   350,000| 1918 |Australia |German     |  Malay
+ Pacific     |         |          |      |Japan     |Colony     |
+ Islands     |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ger. N.     |    5,000|   600,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German     |  Malay
+ Pacific     |         |          |      |Japan     |Colony     |
+ Islands     |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kiau Chau   |      200|   200,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German     | Chinese
+             |         |          |      |Japan     |Colony     |
+ =========================================================================
+
+[33] Latest available estimate.
+
+[34] Enlarged by absorption of Hungarian territory.
+
+[35] A small island in the Marshall Group occupied as a wireless
+station; also known as Pleasant Island.
+
+
+
+
+OUR PART IN WINNING THE WAR
+
+Official Figures That Reveal the Enormous Contribution of This
+Country in Men, Money and Supplies
+
+
+              FIGURES OF AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR[36]
+                        Revised to August 1, 1919
+
+    Total armed forces, including
+    Army, Navy, Marine Corps,  etc.                         4,800,000
+    Total men in the Army                                   4,000,000
+    Men who went overseas                                   2,086,000
+    Men who fought in France                                1,390,000
+    Greatest number sent in one month                         306,000
+    Greatest number returning in one month                    333,000
+    Tons of supplies shipped from America to France         7,500,000
+    Total registered in draft                              24,234,021
+    Total draft inductions                                  2,810,296
+    Greatest number inducted in one month                     400,000
+    Graduates of Line Officers' Training Schools               80,568
+    Cost of war to April 30, 1919                     $21,850,000,000
+
+    Cost of Army to April 30, 1919                    $13,930,000,000
+    Battles fought by American troops                             13
+    Months of American participation in the war                    19
+    Days of battle                                                200
+    Days of duration of Meuse-Argonne battle                       47
+    Americans in Meuse-Argonne battle                       1,200,000
+    American casualties in Meuse-Argonne battle               120,000
+    American battle deaths in war                              50,300
+    American wounded in war                                   205,690
+    American deaths from disease                               57,500
+    Total deaths in the Army                                  115,500
+
+    [36] From the _War with Germany_--A STATISTICAL SUMMARY, by Leonard P.
+    Ayres, Colonel, General Staff, U. S. A. (For statistics of American
+    casualties revised to the end of 1919, see Vol. III, pp. 403-6.)
+
+The part played by the United States in the war is statistically and
+graphically summarized in a compact little book prepared by Colonel
+Leonard P. Ayres of the Statistical Staff of the War Department.
+Attentively as the public may have followed the published reports of the
+many progressive steps and stages of our preparation for and
+participation in the war, much of the matter in _The War With Germany--A
+Statistical Summary_ will have surprising interest. It is the first time
+a comprehensive view of the character and magnitude of our war
+activities has been made possible through anything so concrete and
+authoritative. The data were obtained from official reports, during the
+war, to the President, Secretary of War and Chief-of-Staff from the
+American Peace Commission in Paris, from the files of the Supreme War
+Council in Versailles, and other sources; and though, as Colonel Ayres
+states, it was still impossible to get final figures on some points or
+wholly reliable ones on others, care was taken to insure the degree of
+reliability reasonably practicable. The diagrams, figures and other
+information presented here and elsewhere in this volume are reproduced
+from Colonel Ayres' _Summary_, second edition, revised to August 1,
+1919.
+
+[Illustration: Official Government Statistics.
+
+Male Population Registered and Not Registered]
+
+
+THE SELECTIVE SERVICE
+
+"The willingness," Colonel Ayres says, "with which the American people
+accepted the universal draft was the most remarkable feature in the
+history of our preparation for war. It is a noteworthy evidence of the
+enthusiastic support given the war program that, despite the previous
+hostility to the principle of universal liability for military service,
+a few months after the selective service law was passed, the standing of
+the drafted soldier was fully as honorable in the estimation of his
+companions and of the country in general as was that of the man who
+enlisted voluntarily. Moreover, the record of desertions from the Army
+shows that the total was smaller than in previous wars and a smaller
+percentage occurred among drafted men than among those who volunteered.
+The Selective Service Law was passed on May 19, 1917, and as
+subsequently amended, it mobilized all the man power of the nation from
+the ages of 18 to 45 inclusive. Under this act, 24,234,021 men were
+registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the
+military service on the first draft. But during the war, from April 6,
+1917, to November 11, 1918, about 4,000,000 served in the Army of the
+United States." The total number serving the armed forces of the
+country, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps and other services, amounted
+to 4,800,000. Approximately five men out of every 100 citizens were in
+arms. Of these, 2,086,000, constituting the American Expeditionary
+Force, were in service on the Western front. Those who saw actual
+fighting were 1,390,000.
+
+It is interesting in this connection to record the fact that in our
+greatest previous war, the Civil War, 2,400,000 men served in the
+Northern Armies and in the Navy. In that struggle 10 men in each 100
+inhabitants of the Northern States served as soldiers or sailors.
+
+The fact is pointed out by Colonel Ayres that though the British sent to
+France more men in their first year than we did in our first year, it
+took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 men in France
+whereas the United States reached that strength in France in a year and
+a half. But as an offset, it must be borne in mind that the British had
+to use men from the beginning to fill terrible casualty gaps, which was
+not the case with the American steadily building forces, and that the
+British also were sending men to several other battle fronts than those
+of France.
+
+
+HOW THE DRAFT WAS MADE UP
+
+Under the draft, registrants were subjected to a preliminary examination
+by the local boards to determine who were not of sufficient soundness
+and vigor for military life. Those accepted as qualified for service
+were sent to training camps where they underwent a second examination
+and rejections were made of those in any serious way defective. The not
+surprising result of the examinations was the demonstration that men
+representing the highest order of physical condition came from
+agricultural districts, the country bred boys far excelling those reared
+in the city. Taken by States it is noteworthy that men from the Middle
+West and those from Kentucky and Arkansas of the Southern States had the
+highest record, their physical condition enabling 70 to 80 percent. to
+pass the two examinations. The lowest percentage was in the New England
+States, in New York, in Michigan and in Western States that have for
+years been health resorts, where subnormal persons from all over the
+country resort. The percentage of men from those states who passed the
+two examinations was but 50 to 59. The intermediate ranges were 60 to
+69. Under the two examinations not only did country boys make a better
+showing than city boys (100,000 country boys would furnish for military
+service 4,700 more soldiers than would an equal number of city boys),
+but the white registrants were better than the colored, the native-born
+better than the alien-born. Under the analysis 100,000 whites would
+furnish 1,240 more soldiers than would an equal number of colored; and
+100,000 native-born would yield 3,500 more soldiers than would the like
+number of foreign-born. As 3,500 men are equivalent to an infantry
+regiment at full war strength, the value of these differences can be
+appreciated.
+
+[Illustration: Official Government Statistics.
+
+Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War]
+
+About 200,000 commissioned officers were required for the Army. Less
+than 9,000 were in the Federal Service at the beginning of the
+war,--5,791 were Regulars and 3,199 were officers of the National Guard
+in Federal Service. Thus out of every six officers one had had previous
+training in the army, Guard or ranks; three trained for their
+commissions in officers' training camps; two went from civil life into
+the army with little or no military training--the latter being in the
+majority physicians, ministers or technical men.
+
+
+CAMPS AND TRAINING
+
+Shelter was constructed in a few months for the accommodation of
+1,800,000 men under training. For the National Guard and National Army
+divisions there were 16 camps and 16 cantonments, chiefly in the North.
+For National Guard Units organized during the summer of 1917 there were
+canvas camps in the South. One division, the Rainbow, required no
+training field, as it was assembled directly at Camp Mills for early
+transportation to France. The average American soldier who went to
+France received six months' training before he sailed and two months
+more in a quiet sector after reaching France, before entering the battle
+line.
+
+The infantry soldier was trained in the division, the American typical
+unit, composed of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Before the
+signing of the armistice there had been trained and sent overseas 42
+divisions, the training of 12 more was well advanced and 4 others were
+being organized. Had the war continued this country would have had 80
+divisions overseas before July, 1919, and 100 by the end of that year.
+
+This country had the benefit in its training camps of 547 of the ablest
+French and English officers who had seen service on the Western front
+and were sent over to bring to the training of our men the approved
+methods developed in the experiences of the war. There were besides 226
+non-commissioned British officers detailed as instructors. Colonel Ayres
+says they rendered services out of all proportion to their number, being
+a significant contribution to our training program.
+
+
+GETTING THE TROOPS OVER
+
+Especially impressive are the figures dealing with troop movements:
+
+     "During our nineteen months of war more than 2,000,000 American
+     soldiers were carried to France. Half a million of these went
+     over in the first thirteen months, the others in the last six
+     months.
+
+     "The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918,
+     when 306,000 soldiers were carried to Europe, and June, 1919,
+     when 364,000 were brought home to America.
+
+     "Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York.
+     Half of them landed in England and the other half landed in
+     France.
+
+     "Among every 100 Americans who went over forty-nine went in
+     British ships, forty-five in American ships, three in Italian,
+     two in French, and one in Russian shipping under English
+     control.
+
+     "Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every seventy days
+     and our troopships one complete trip every thirty-five days.
+
+     "The cargo fleet was almost exclusively American. It reached
+     the size of 2,700,000 dead-weight tons and carried to Europe
+     about 7,500,000 tons of cargo.
+
+     "The greatest troopship among all the ships has been the
+     _Leviathan_, which landed 12,000 men (the equivalent of a
+     German division) in France every month.
+
+     "The fastest transports have been the _Great Northern_ and the
+     _Northern Pacific_, which have made complete turn-arounds,
+     taken on new troops and started back again in nineteen days."
+
+
+TRANSPORTATION EXTRAORDINARY
+
+_Apropos_ of the rapid transportation Colonel Ayres says:
+
+     "In June (1918) with the German drives in full swing, the
+     Allies called on us to continue the extraordinary
+     transportation of troops begun in April. The early movement had
+     been met by filling up the divisions that sailed with the best
+     trained men wherever they could be found. Divisions embarked
+     after July 1 had to meet shortages with men called to the
+     colors in the spring. By November the average period of
+     training in the United States had been shortened to close to
+     four months, and the average for the period July 1 to Nov. 11
+     was probably five months.
+
+     "In the last months of the war, the induction of men was
+     carried forward at top speed and every device was used for
+     hastening training. The result fully justified the effort. Into
+     the great Meuse-Argonne offensive we were able to throw a force
+     of 1,200,000 men, while we had many thousands of troops engaged
+     in other parts of the line. Our training camp officers stood up
+     to the test; our men with their intensive drilling in
+     open-order fighting, which has characterized American
+     training, routed the best of the German divisions from the
+     Argonne Forest and the Valley of the Meuse."
+
+
+FEEDING AND CLOTHING PROBLEMS
+
+When an army is 3,000 or 4,000 miles from its sources of supply the
+amounts of supplies in reserve and in transit are enormous as compared
+with the quantities actually consumed each month. As an example the army
+purchases of blankets in 1918 were two and one-quarter times as great as
+the entire American production in 1914. Put differently, the blankets
+bought in one year for the use of 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 soldiers would
+have been sufficient to make good the normal consumption of blankets by
+100,000,000 American civilians for two and a quarter years. So
+proportionately with other things, the rule for clothing was that for
+every man at the front there must be a three months' reserve in France,
+another two or three months' reserve in the United States and a third
+three months' supply continuously in transit.
+
+The same thing was true of other supplies and munitions. The need for
+reserves and the time required for transportation called for the supply
+of enormous quantities and called for it at once.
+
+     An indication of the quartermaster problem may be obtained from
+     the fact that between April 6, 1917, and May 31, 1918, there
+     was delivered to the army 131,800,000 pairs of wool stockings,
+     85,000,000 undershirts, 83,600,000 drawers, 30,700,000 pairs of
+     shoes, 26,500,000 flannel shirts, 21,700,000 blankets,
+     21,700,000 wool breeches, 13,900,000 wool coats, and 8,300,000
+     overcoats. When the troop movement was speeded up in 1918
+     Colonel Ayres states that the margin of woolen clothing was
+     dangerously narrow, and to secure these and other articles in
+     sufficient quantity it was found necessary to take control of
+     all states of the manufacturing process, from assembling the
+     raw material to inspecting the finished product.
+
+     At no time was there a shortage of food in the expeditionary
+     forces. Soldiers sometimes went hungry in this as in all other
+     wars, but the condition was local and temporary. It occurred
+     because of transportation difficulties during periods of active
+     fighting or rapid movement when the units outran their rolling
+     kitchens.
+
+     In France American engineers built seventeen new ship berths
+     and 1,000 miles of standard and 125 miles of narrow gauge
+     railroads. The Signal Corps strung 100,000 miles of telephone
+     wires, and 40,000 American made motor trucks were shipped
+     overseas. In this country army construction projects cost
+     twice as much as the Panama Canal and were on nearly as large a
+     scale overseas.
+
+The storage space constructed in France was more than nine-tenths as
+large as that built at home. The amount of food on hand from the time
+the American troops entered active fighting never fell below a 45 days'
+supply, and at the time of the submarine scare, was kept at 59 to 72
+days' supply.
+
+Likewise the supply of clothing arose to the emergency of combat.
+
+     "The records of the quartermaster show that during the six
+     months of hard fighting, from June to November, the enlisted
+     man in the A. E. F. received on the average:
+
+     "Slicker and overcoat, every 5 months; blanket, flannel shirt,
+     and breeches, every 2 months; coat, every 79 days; shoes and
+     puttees, every 51 days; drawers and undershirt, every 34 days;
+     woolen socks, every 23 days."
+
+
+GUNS AND MUNITIONS
+
+When war was declared we had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield rifles.
+The American Enfield rifle was designed and manufactured. The total
+production of the two up to the signing of the armistice was over
+2,500,000. The production of rifle ammunition amounted to 3,500,000,000,
+of which half was shipped overseas, in addition to the 200,000,000
+rounds secured from the French and British.
+
+     During the war the Browning automatic rifle and the Browning
+     machine gun were developed, put into quantity production and
+     used in large numbers in the final battles in France. Before
+     the war the allowance of machine guns in the American Army was
+     four guns to a regiment; the allowance now is 336 to a
+     regiment, testimony to the demonstrated importance in war of
+     that effective weapon. The Browning machine guns are believed
+     to be more effective than the corresponding weapons used in any
+     other army.
+
+     The total number of machine guns produced in America up to the
+     end of 1918 was 226,557, of these 69,960 being of the light
+     Browning and 56,612 of the heavy Browning type. The Vickers
+     field machine guns produced totaled 12,125, the other field
+     guns 6,366, the Lewis aircraft guns, 39,200, the Browning
+     aircraft 580, the Marlin aircraft 38,000, and the Vickers
+     aircraft 3,714. Before Nov. 1, 1918, 29,000 light Brownings,
+     27,000 heavy Brownings, and 1,500,000,000 rounds of rifle and
+     machine-gun ammunition were shipped.
+
+     When war was declared the United States had sufficient light
+     artillery to equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found
+     itself confronted with the problem of preparing to equip
+     5,000,000 men. To meet the situation, it was decided in June,
+     1917, to allot our guns to training purposes and to equip our
+     forces in France with artillery conforming to the French and
+     British standard calibers. It was arranged that we should
+     purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for
+     our first divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts
+     of steel, copper and other raw materials so that they could
+     either manufacture guns for us in their own factories or give
+     us guns out of their stocks and replace them by new ones made
+     from our materials.
+
+     Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery
+     units produced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal
+     to all those purchased from the French and British during the
+     war. The number of rounds of complete artillery ammunition
+     produced in American plants was in excess of 20,000,000, as
+     compared with 10,000,000 rounds secured from the French and
+     British. In the first twenty months after the declaration of
+     war by each country, the British did better than we did in the
+     production of light artillery, and we excelled them in
+     producing heavy artillery and both light and heavy shells.
+
+
+THE ARTILLERY SUPPLY
+
+Colonel Ayres says:
+
+     "The most important single fact about our artillery in France
+     is that we always had a sufficient supply of light artillery
+     for the combat divisions that were ready for front-line
+     service. This does not mean that when the divisions went into
+     the battle line they always had their artillery with them, for
+     in a number of cases they did not.
+
+     "The result of the compilation is to show that in every 100
+     days that our combat divisions were in line they were supported
+     by their own artillery for seventy-five days, by British
+     artillery for five days, by French for one and one-half days,
+     and were without artillery for eighteen and one-half days out
+     of the 100. Of these eighteen and one-half days, however,
+     eighteen days were in quiet sectors and only one-half of one
+     day in each hundred was in active sectors. There are only three
+     records of American divisions being in an active sector without
+     artillery support. The total of these three cases amounts to
+     one-half of 1 per cent., or about fourteen hours out of the
+     typical 100 days just analyzed.
+
+     "The facts can be summarized in round numbers with approximate
+     accuracy by saying that we had in France 3,500 pieces of
+     artillery of which nearly 500 were made in America, and we used
+     on the firing line 2,250, of which over 100 were made in
+     America."
+
+
+THE CAMPAIGN OF 1919
+
+At the conclusion of his chapter on rifles and machine guns Colonel
+Ayres has an interesting bit of semi-critical comment on the question
+of foresight, of which some desk-experts have been inclined to doubt the
+United States authorities were possessed. He says:
+
+     "At this point it is appropriate to comment on the fact that
+     there are many articles of munitions in which American
+     production reached great amounts by the fall of 1918 but which
+     were not used in large quantities at the front because the
+     armistice was signed before big supplies of them reached
+     France. In the main, these munitions are articles of ordnance
+     and aviation equipment, involving such technical difficulties
+     of manufacture that their production could not be improvised or
+     even greatly abbreviated in time.
+
+     "As the production figures are scrutinized in retrospect, and
+     it is realized that many millions of dollars were spent on army
+     equipment that was never used at the front, it seems fair to
+     question whether prudent foresight could not have avoided some
+     of this expense.
+
+     "Perhaps the best answer to the question is to be found in the
+     record of a conference that took place in the little French
+     town of Trois Fontaines on October 4, 1918, between Marshal
+     Foch and the American Secretary of War.
+
+     "In that conference the Allied Commander-in-Chief made final
+     arrangements with the American Secretary as to the shipment of
+     American troops and munitions in great numbers during the fall
+     and winter preparatory for the campaign of 1919.
+
+     "This was one day before the first German peace note and 38
+     days before the end of the war, but Marshal Foch was then
+     calling upon America to make her great shipments of munitions
+     and her supreme contribution of man-power for the campaign of
+     the following year."
+
+
+GAS AND EXPLOSIVES
+
+One of the striking contributions to the cause of the Allies was the
+enormous quantity of smokeless powder and high explosives produced. From
+April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918, the production of smokeless powder
+in the United States was 632,000,000 pounds, which was almost equal to
+the combined production of France and Great Britain. But by the time the
+war ended the production of smokeless powder in this country was 45 per
+cent. greater than that of France and Great Britain combined.
+
+The output of high explosives, T.N.T. and others, increased rapidly from
+its pre-war status to a quantity 40 percent. greater than that of Great
+Britain, and nearly double the French production at the close of the
+war.
+
+     "The result of the high rate of production of both smokeless
+     powder and high explosives was that the artillery ammunition
+     program was never held up for lack of either the powder which
+     hurls the bullet or the shell from the gun, or the high
+     explosive which makes the shell effective when it reaches its
+     destination."
+
+Colonel Ayres says of toxic gases:
+
+     "When the clouds of chlorine suddenly enveloped the British and
+     French lines in the Ypres salient, early in 1915, a new weapon
+     was introduced into the war. That it was a powerful weapon is
+     evidenced by the fact that during the year 1918 from 20 to 30
+     percent. of all our battle casualties were due to gas.
+
+     "At the time we entered the war we had practically no
+     experience in manufacturing toxic gases, and no existing
+     facilities which could be readily converted to such use. At the
+     signing of the armistice we were equipped to produce gas at a
+     more rapid rate than France, England, or Germany."
+
+
+THE AIR SERVICE
+
+     "On the declaration of war the United States had fifty-five
+     training airplanes, of which fifty-one were classified as
+     obsolete and the other four as obsolescent. When we entered the
+     war the Allies made the designs of their planes available to us
+     and before the end of hostilities furnished us from their own
+     manufacture 3,800 service planes.
+
+     "Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602
+     men from elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses.
+     More than 5,000 pilots and observers were sent overseas. The
+     total personnel of the Air Service, officers, students, and
+     enlisted men, increased from 1,200 at the outbreak of the war
+     to nearly 200,000 at its close.
+
+     "There were produced in the United States to Nov. 30, 1918,
+     more than 8,000 training planes and more than 16,000 training
+     engines.
+
+     "The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the
+     only plane the United States put into quantity production.
+     Before the signing of the armistice 3,227 had been completed
+     and 1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was successfully used at
+     the front for three months.
+
+     "The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's
+     chief contribution to aviation. Before the armistice 13,574 had
+     been completed, 4,435 shipped to the expeditionary forces, and
+     1,025 delivered to the Allies.
+
+     "The first fliers in action wearing the American uniforms were
+     members of the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to
+     the American service in December, 1917.
+
+     "The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in
+     April to 45 in November, 1918. On Nov. 11 the 45 squadrons had
+     an equipment of 740 planes.
+
+     "Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American
+     aviators 667, or nearly one-fourth, were of American
+     manufacture.
+
+     "American air squadrons played important rôles in the battles of
+     Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought
+     down in combat 755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes
+     numbered only 357."
+
+     "The squadrons were of four types: Observation squadrons, whose
+     business it is to make observations, take photographs, and
+     direct artillery fire; pursuit squadrons, using light fighting
+     planes to protect the observation planes at their work, to
+     drive the enemy from the air, or to _strafe_ marching columns
+     by machine-gun fire; the day bombers, whose work was the
+     dropping of bombs on railways or roads; and the night bombers,
+     carrying heavier bomb loads for the destruction of strategic
+     enemy works."
+
+[Illustration: _Official Government Statistics_
+
+Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month]
+
+At the armistice there were on the front 20 pursuit squadrons, 18
+observation squadrons and 7 bomber squadrons with 1,238 flying officers
+and 740 service planes, in addition to which there were 23 balloon
+companies.
+
+
+CARGO SHIPMENTS
+
+Altogether, from our entrance into the war through April, 1919, the Army
+shipped from this side of the Atlantic nearly seven and a half million
+tons (7,500,000) of cargo.
+
+Included in the cargo shipment were 1,791 consolidation locomotives of
+the 100-ton type. Of these, 650 were shipped, set up on their own wheels
+so that they could be unloaded in France and run off in a few hours
+under their own steam.
+
+The Army also shipped 26,994 standard-gauge freight cars; motor car
+trucks to the number of 47,018, and rails and fittings for the
+reinforcing of French railways and for the construction of our own lines
+of communications to the aggregate of 423,000 tons. The Army also
+shipped 68,694 horses and mules.
+
+
+SIGNAL CORPS STATISTICS
+
+In order to operate the transportation of supplies in France the Signal
+Corps strung its wires over nearly every part of that country. At the
+end of the war the Signal Corps was operating 282 telephone exchanges
+and 133 complete telegraph stations. The telephone lines numbered
+14,956, reaching 8,959 stations. More than 100,000 miles of wire had
+been strung. The peak load of operation reached was 47,555 telegrams a
+day, averaging 60 words each.
+
+[Illustration: _Official Government Statistics_
+
+Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice]
+
+
+CONSTRUCTION STATISTICS
+
+In building factories and storage warehouses for supplies as well as
+housing for troops, 200,000 workmen in the United States were kept
+continuously occupied for the period of the war.
+
+The operations of the Construction Division constituted what was
+probably the largest contracting business ever handled in one office.
+The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were
+about $800,000,000.
+
+Construction projects were conducted in France by the Corps of Engineers
+under the services of supplies. Up to the signing of the armistice these
+projects had been undertaken to the number of 831, distributed all over
+France. To economize tonnage, materials were obtained in Europe as far
+as possible. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries, and its own
+logging camps and saw-mills. The labor force consisted largely of
+American soldiers and German prisoners, though French and English
+civilians and Chinese coolies were used wherever available.
+
+
+TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE
+
+Of our combat forces Colonel Ayres says:
+
+     "Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France
+     took part in battle. The number who reached France was
+     2,086,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service in the
+     front line.
+
+     "American combat forces were organized into divisions, which
+     consisted of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were
+     the largest on the Western front, since the British division
+     numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Germans about
+     12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and
+     several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service of
+     supply troops.
+
+     "Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active
+     combat service, while the others were used for replacements or
+     were just arriving during the last month of hostilities. The
+     battle record of the United States Army in this war is largely
+     the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were
+     Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National
+     Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops.
+
+     "American combat divisions were in battle for 200 days, from
+     the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular division after
+     long training in quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the
+     Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During these
+     200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11
+     were joint enterprises with the French, British, and Italians,
+     and 2 were distinctively American.
+
+     "At the time of their greatest activity in the second week of
+     October all 29 American divisions were in action. They then
+     held 101 miles of front, or 23 percent. of the entire allied
+     battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war
+     they held, during the greater part of the time a front longer
+     than that held by the British. Their strength tipped the
+     balance of man-power in favor of the Allies, so that from the
+     middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the Allied forces
+     were superior in numbers to those of the enemy."
+
+[Illustration: Our Flag in Alsace
+
+A scene in Alsace after the armistice when American doughboys occupied a
+small town. They were welcomed there by the inhabitants.]
+
+The total battle advances of the American divisions amounted to 782
+kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17
+miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They
+captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench
+mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter
+the enemy advance toward Paris, and to turn retreat into a triumphant
+offensive.
+
+It is stated in reference to the part played by the American divisions
+in the Argonne-Meuse that it was the 77th Division of New York selective
+draft men that achieved the greatest advance against the enemy--71½
+kilometers, or nearly 45 miles.
+
+In that battle the American Army captured 16,059 prisoners, liberated
+150 French towns and villages, and as an army penetrated 34 miles into
+territory previously held by the Germans.
+
+
+THE DEADLIEST WAR
+
+In his chapter on "Health and Casualties," Colonel Ayres reminds us that
+"the war was undoubtedly the bloodiest that has ever been fought." The
+total battle deaths is given as 7,450,200. Russia led the death list
+with 1,700,000; Germany came next with 1,600,000; France next with
+1,385,300; Great Britain next with 900,000; Austria, 800,000; Italy,
+364,000; Turkey, 250,000; Serbia and Montenegro, 125,000; Belgium,
+102,000; Rumania and Bulgaria 100,000 each; the United States, 50,300;
+Greece, 7,000; Portugal, 2,000.
+
+Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part, 2 were killed
+or died of disease during the period of hostilities. Among the other
+nations between 20 and 25 in every 100 were killed or died.
+
+The total deaths were greater than all the deaths in all wars for more
+than one hundred years previous. In the above figures only deaths
+resulting directly from action are included. The total deaths from all
+causes is very much larger. Some of the armies lost more heavily through
+disease and privation than from battle. With regard to civilians' deaths
+due to the war, see Volume XII.
+
+[Illustration: Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers
+
+The head of the War Department is drawing for the first capsule after
+the registration of young men who have become of age in the past year.
+All told 24,000,000 names were registered in the draft.
+
+National Service Magazine]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+    A
+
+    Abbas Hilmi, Khédive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.
+
+    Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
+
+    Abbeville agreement,
+      on U. S. military participation in War, v: 128, 284;
+      text, v: 378.
+
+    Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.
+
+    Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.
+
+    _Aboukir_, British cruiser,
+      sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.
+
+    Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Acceleration, in projectiles, viii: 111.
+
+    Achi Baba,
+      key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170;
+      _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Acre, taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.
+
+    Adana, British objective in Turkish campaigns, ii: 90.
+
+    Adler, Friedrich,
+      kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Stürgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.
+
+    Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    _Admiral Charner_,
+      French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.
+
+    Adramyti, Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.
+
+    Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.
+
+    Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.
+
+    Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, xii: 71.
+
+    A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.
+
+    Aerial photography,
+      in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14;
+      gun cameras, description, viii: 216;
+      value, viii: 226, 331;
+      difficulties, viii: 228;
+      U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235;
+      future, viii: 234;
+      _see also_ Photography.
+
+    Aeronautics:
+
+      Airplanes,
+        conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123;
+        use of depth bombs by, iv: 332;
+        torpedo planes, iv: 335;
+        number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
+        as war weapon, viii: _Intro._, xi: 214;
+        detection by sound-rangers, viii: 20;
+        machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216;
+        Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189;
+        Farman plane, viii: 189;
+        utility in scouting, viii: 189;
+        Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192;
+        Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192;
+        Allied and German types compared, viii: 194;
+        Spad biplanes, viii: 194;
+        general utility planes, viii: 196;
+        Gotha biplanes, viii: 196;
+        Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223;
+        aero engines, development of, viii: 198-200;
+        Liberty motor, viii: 199;
+        construction, essentials in, viii: 200;
+        maneuvering, types of, viii: 200;
+        Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201;
+        French types, viii: 202, 206;
+        British types, viii: 203-206;
+        British planes, viii: 203;
+        D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204;
+        German equipment, viii: 206;
+        pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
+        national supremacy, viii: 207;
+        machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208;
+        aerial marksmanship, viii: 210;
+        "C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades,
+          viii: 214-216;
+        navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;
+        bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224;
+        A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221;
+        Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
+        Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222;
+        Caproni triplanes, viii: 223;
+        Caudron bombers, viii: 223;
+        Letord bombers, viii: 223;
+        Voisin bombers, viii: 223;
+        Breguet bombers, viii: 224;
+        spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308;
+        signals for landing in dark, viii: 335;
+        value in directing artillery fire, viii: 337, xi: 277;
+        ambulance planes, viii: 379;
+        U. S., in War, xi: 218;
+        development, xi: 219;
+        use against submarines, xi: 239;
+        commercial uses, xii: 103.
+      Aviators,
+        duties, iii: 392;
+        kinds of patrol, iii: 392;
+        fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358;
+        qualifications, xi: 215.
+      Balloons,
+        development for war use, iv: 288;
+        in naval operations, iv: 289;
+        number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
+        functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
+        parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263;
+        hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.
+
+      Dirigibles,
+        use in coast patrol, iv: 290;
+        compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;
+        in long-distance transportation, viii: 243-245;
+        British types, viii: 245;
+        _R-34_, description, viii: 245, 254;
+        _R-34_, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
+        U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257;
+        U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257;
+        U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257;
+        mooring masts, viii: 245;
+        development in different countries, viii: 254;
+        _R-33_, sister ship of _R-34_, viii: 254;
+        Zeppelins, _see below_ under Aeronautics.
+      Navigation,
+        rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 246.
+      Observation,
+        in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 13, 337, xi: 277;
+        uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
+        utility in War, xi: 216.
+      Seaplanes,
+        in battle of Jutland, iv: 107;
+        for submarine spotting, iv: 285;
+        U. S. _N-C-4_ first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240;
+        N-C flying boats, description, viii: 236-240.
+      Zeppelins,
+        progress in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241;
+        use during War, viii: 246-248;
+        description, viii: 248-254;
+        number in crew, viii: 254.
+        _See also_ under each country.
+
+    Aeroplane, see Aeronautics, Airplane.
+
+    Afghanistan,
+      put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104;
+      friendly to England during War, vi: 78;
+      changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80;
+      border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.
+
+    Africa,
+      dark continent, i: 10;
+      European penetration, i: 48;
+      "spheres of influence," i: 96.
+
+    African campaigns, iii: 250-256;
+      tropical peculiarities, iii: 250;
+      German handicaps, iii: 252;
+      operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252;
+      in Togoland, iii: 252;
+      in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253;
+      in German East Africa, iii: 255.
+
+    Agadir incident,
+      Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.
+
+    _Agamemnon_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      hit by gunfire, iv: 43.
+
+    Agram,
+      suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
+
+    Ahmed Fevzi, Turkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.
+
+    Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
+
+    Air raids,
+      Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333;
+      use of Zeppelins in, viii: 246;
+      success of, xi: 216;
+      on:
+        England,
+          Aug. 9, '15, i: 381;
+          Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;
+          Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;
+          Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;
+          Jan. 31, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 1, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 5, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 19, '16, i: 384;
+          Apr. 1--3, '16, i: 385;
+          Apr. 24, '16, i: 385;
+          Aug. 9, '16, i: 386;
+          Sept. 23, '16, i: 388;
+          Sept. 25, '16, i: 388;
+          Oct. 1, '16, i: 388;
+          attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4;
+          first attack on London, iii: 41.
+        Paris,
+          Jan. 30, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.
+
+    Aircraft, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Aire valley, description, v: 73;
+     scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.
+
+    Airships, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Aisne, battles of:
+      Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36.
+      Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
+        French start offensive, iii: 73;
+        early French success, iii: 73;
+        battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;
+        Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76.
+      May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135;
+        situation before German offensive, iii: 92;
+        Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93;
+        Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93;
+        Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93;
+        Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93;
+        Germans reach Marne, iii: 93;
+        American troops check enemy, iii: 94.
+
+    Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183;
+      artillery, important feature, v: 171;
+      A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.
+
+    Aisne-Meuse sector,
+      Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1--11, '18, iii: 103.
+
+    Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.
+
+    Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.
+
+    Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.
+
+    Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.
+
+    Albania,
+      primitiveness of people, i: 92;
+      William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206;
+      Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397;
+      Serbians retreat into, iii: 160;
+      Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120;
+      promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.
+
+    Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.
+
+    Albert,
+      captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98;
+      captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.
+
+    Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.
+
+    Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.
+
+    _Albert of Belgium_,
+      poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228;
+      by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.
+
+    _Albion_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.
+
+    _Alcantara_,
+      British armed liner, sinks German _Greif_, iv: 200.
+
+    _Alcedo_, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.
+
+    Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.
+
+    Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,
+      re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;
+      foreign policy, vi: 355;
+      head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.
+
+    Alexanderson alternator,
+      for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.
+
+    Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.
+
+    Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch,
+      commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140;
+      biography, ix: 238.
+
+    Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.
+
+    Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.
+
+    _Algonquin_,
+      American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.
+
+    All-American (82nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates,
+      convention of, '17, vi: 164.
+
+    All-Russian Government of Siberia,
+      formation, vi: 191;
+      collapse, vi: 193.
+
+    Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T.,
+      commands 90th Div., v: 196;
+      in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.
+
+    Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,
+      British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193;
+      defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213;
+      captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48;
+      strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
+      at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171;
+      commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25;
+      biography, ix: 194-199.
+
+    Allenstein,
+      Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;
+      occupied by Russians, iii: 111.
+
+    Alliances, Holy Alliance,
+      formation, i: 33;
+      conflict of European, i: 93-101;
+      Three Emperors' League, i: 95;
+      Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115;
+      Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98;
+      Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2;
+      Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107;
+      Balkan League, i: 204;
+      _see also_ under name of alliance.
+
+    Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.
+
+    Allies, superiority in inventiveness, i: _Intro. ix_;
+      agree not to make separate peace, i: 146;
+      defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1;
+      lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55;
+      unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50;
+      unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214;
+      man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403;
+      "Will to win" _vs._ German efficiency, ii: 100;
+      underestimate German strength, ii: 101;
+      propaganda among German troops, ii: 321;
+      plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8;
+      Balkan blunder, iii: 156;
+      fail to support Rumania, iii: 214;
+      casualties, iii: 404;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      war aims, iv: 6;
+      military position, '17, iv: 10;
+      lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
+      gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206;
+      make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213;
+      appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378;
+      secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
+      send troops to Russia, vi: 187;
+      intervene in Siberia, vi: 192;
+      intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320;
+      occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325;
+      secret treaties, '16--'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334;
+      overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36;
+      war cost, xii: 27, 107;
+      plan of economic boycott against Germany, xii: 102;
+      rise in national debts, xii: 114;
+      list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, xii: 179.
+
+    Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Almereyda, traitorous editor of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105.
+
+    _Alnwick Castle_,
+      British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.
+
+    Alpini, description, ii: 242.
+
+    Alsace-Lorraine, early history, i: 210-212;
+      annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212;
+      formed into _Reichsland_, i: 213;
+      German dictatorship in, i: 213;
+      fidelity to France during War, i: 215;
+      German immigration into, i: 215;
+      German constitution for, '11, i: 215;
+      French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197;
+      exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226.
+
+    Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.
+
+    Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Alvensleben, G. C. A. von,
+      German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.
+
+    _Amalfi_, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat,
+      July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.
+
+    Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.
+
+    Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.
+
+    Ambulance, first use, vii: 9;
+      Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31;
+      difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376;
+      improved types of stretchers, viii: 377;
+      drawn by dogs, viii: 379;
+      airplane ambulances, viii: 379;
+      hospital trains, viii: 380;
+      perils of driving, x: 92.
+
+    American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.
+
+    American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.
+
+    American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany,
+      vii: 88.
+
+    American Escadrille, _see_ Lafayette Escadrille.
+
+    A. E. F., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.
+
+    American Jewish Committee, relief for Belgium, vii: 350;
+      relief for Palestine, vii: 350;
+      organization, vii: 354.
+
+    American Relief Administration,
+      for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141;
+      Herbert Hoover director-general, xii: 141.
+
+    American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.
+
+    American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.
+
+    Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.
+
+    Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.
+
+    Amiens, strategic importance, ii: 69;
+      German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389;
+      British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.
+
+    Aminullah Khan,
+      murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.
+
+    Ammunition:
+      Bullets, component parts, viii: 1;
+        steel-piercing, viii: 60-64;
+        Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63;
+        advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93;
+        types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214;
+        U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, xii: 284.
+      Explosives, function, viii: 1;
+        detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1;
+        explosive _compound_ and explosive _mixture_ compared, viii: 2;
+        black powder, viii: 2;
+        guncotton, viii: 2;
+        nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2;
+        driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2;
+        smokeless powder, viii: 4;
+        primers, viii: 6;
+        composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6;
+        cordite, viii: 6;
+        trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6;
+        ballistic tests, viii: 7;
+        muzzle flash, viii: 7;
+        manufacture, xi: 282-284;
+        U. S. war production of smokeless powder, xii: 285;
+          of high explosives, xii: 285;
+          of T.N.T., xii: 285.
+      Shells, high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288;
+        non-ricochet, iv: 333;
+        star, iv: 334, viii: 77;
+        gas, U. S. production, v: 324;
+        kinds, viii: 8;
+        used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23;
+        structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46;
+        illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74;
+        rifle lights, viii: 75;
+        reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110;
+        forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112;
+        computation of air resistance, viii: 113;
+        U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, xii: 284;
+        shrapnel, _see below_.
+      Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287;
+        invention, viii: 72;
+        description, viii: 72;
+        manufacture, viii: 72-74.
+
+    Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.
+
+    Anatolia, area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.
+
+    _Ancona_,
+      Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384;
+      controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking,
+        summary, i: 361;
+      torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.
+
+    Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.
+
+    Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Andrassy, Count Julius,
+      member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311;
+      statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.
+
+    Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D.,
+      Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
+
+    Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., xii: 111.
+
+    Annunzio, Gabriele D', _see_ D'Annunzio.
+
+    Anti-aircraft guns, range, ii: 264;
+      effectiveness, v: 308.
+
+    Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    _Antilles_,
+      U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 337.
+
+    Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Antwerp, Belgian Government moves to, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375;
+      captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15;
+      strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.
+
+    Anzac Cove,
+      landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.
+
+    Anzacs, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Apponyi, Count Albert, advocates war, vi: 307;
+      leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.
+
+    Aprémont, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;
+      captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.
+
+    _Arabia_, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.
+
+    _Arabic_,
+      British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15,
+        i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20;
+      loss of life in sinking, i: 323;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.
+
+    Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Arbitration, Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94;
+      international treaties of, i: 103.
+
+    Archangel, Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395;
+      limited value as port, iii: 161;
+      A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.
+
+    Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9--19, '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Ardennes, strategic importance, ii: 6;
+      topography, ii: 87, v: 73;
+      French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.
+
+    Arditi, description, ii: 240.
+
+    _Arethusa_, British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
+      sinks German _Blücher_ at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.
+
+    Argentine, German population of, i: 79;
+      ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390;
+      neutrality, vi: 389;
+      soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.
+
+    Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.
+
+    Argonne Forest, military topography, v: 73, 217, 234;
+      battle of, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+
+    _Ariadne_,
+      German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
+      sunk, iv: 241.
+
+    Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    _Ark Royal_,
+      mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.
+
+    Armaments, international movement for reduction, i: _Intro. xi_;
+      battleships, xi: 280-282.
+
+    Armenia, military operations in, iii: 260-263;
+      massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331;
+      early history, vi: 231;
+      fate under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      independent government established. Aug., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.
+
+    Armentières,
+      occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359;
+      recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.
+
+    Armies, _see under_ name of country.
+
+    Armies of Occupation,
+      Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;
+      conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.
+
+    Armistice, with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
+      with Germany, Nov. 11, '18,
+        i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
+      false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400;
+      terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399;
+      with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400;
+      celebrations, iii: 402;
+      with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.
+
+    Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.
+
+    Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.
+
+    Army of Occupation, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Army schools, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Arnim, Gen. von, commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14;
+      launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.
+
+    Arras, battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72;
+      Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70;
+      British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72;
+      German casualties, iii: 72;
+      results, iii: 72.
+
+    Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Arsiero, captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238;
+      retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.
+
+    Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.
+
+    Artillery:
+      Anti-aircraft, v: 308.
+      Bore, explained, viii: 7, 111;
+        bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7;
+        rifling, viii: 7, 111.
+      Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280.
+      Field, French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287;
+        German and Austrian, viii: 22;
+        structure and operation, viii: 22;
+        U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25;
+        U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23;
+        U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24;
+        U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24;
+        development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140;
+        French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140.
+      Heavy, mobile German guns, ii: 287;
+        German superiority, ii: 288;
+        U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45;
+        use in offensive, v: 304;
+        French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308;
+        U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39;
+        U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39;
+        long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274;
+        structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46;
+        super-range guns impractical, viii: 47;
+        U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51;
+        British naval super-guns, viii: 53;
+        manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58;
+        shell velocity of, viii: 314;
+        destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336;
+        kinds used during War, xi: 274;
+        naval, xi: 280-282.
+      Howitzers, Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278;
+        U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24;
+        U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39;
+        French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53;
+        use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274.
+      Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131.
+      Mortars, limitations, viii: 30;
+        range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31;
+        German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36;
+        absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112;
+        device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112;
+        functions, viii: 118;
+        Stokes mortar, viii: 141;
+        trench mortars captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.
+      Range-finding, muzzle velocity, viii: 7;
+        by sight, viii: 8-14;
+        telescopic range-finder, viii: 9;
+        problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13;
+        use of aircraft in, viii: 13;
+        by sound, viii: 14-16;
+        use of photography in, viii: 14;
+        direct and indirect fire, viii: 28;
+        zones of fire, viii: 32;
+        altering range by change of projectile and powder charge,
+          viii: 32;
+        air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.
+        _See also_ under each country.
+
+    Artistic rights,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.
+
+    Artois, Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46;
+      battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.
+
+    Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.
+
+    Asir, Principate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    _Askold_, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.
+
+    Asquith, Herbert Henry,
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204;
+      biography, ix: 30-35.
+
+    Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.
+
+    Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.
+
+    _Asturias_,
+      British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.
+
+    Athletics, for A. E. F., _see_ Sports.
+
+    Atkins, Tommy, nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230;
+      fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.
+
+    Atrocities, German, summary of crimes, i: 400;
+      Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346;
+      burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277;
+      in Marne district, iii: 297-300;
+      at Senlis, iii: 334-337;
+      in Belgium, vi: 84;
+      destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.
+
+    Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.
+
+    _Audacious_,
+      British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.
+
+    Auffenberg, Gen. von,
+      commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.
+
+    Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.
+
+    Australia, war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
+      army strength, iii: 405;
+      naval strength, iv: 58;
+      history prior to '14, vi: 37;
+      area and population, vi: 37;
+      pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39;
+      recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40;
+      conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42;
+      conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41;
+      labor unrest, '16, vi: 42;
+      Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42;
+      coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
+      "Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
+      Australian Workers' Union,
+        similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45;
+      "One Big Union" movement, vi: 45;
+      labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time,
+        '17, vi: 45;
+      war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45;
+      soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in public debt, xii: 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.
+
+    Austria, Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
+      Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, xii: 197;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Austria-Hungary:
+      Army, German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105;
+        requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311;
+        for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
+      Blockade of, vi: 253;
+        food shortage due to, vi: 312.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
+        battle deaths, v: 363;
+        Aug., '14--Aug., '15, vi: 311;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
+      Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war,
+        ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,
+          i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
+        on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375;
+        reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
+        on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
+        by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;
+        on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375;
+        by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386;
+        diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;
+        by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
+        by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393.
+      Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321;
+        forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317;
+        cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321.
+      Foreign policy,
+        German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252;
+        not a colonizing nation, i: 37;
+        Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41;
+        world position in 1871, i: 47;
+        gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50;
+        subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133;
+        joins Triple Alliance, i: 95;
+        annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109;
+        ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,
+          i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
+        during last days before War, i: 126;
+        unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
+        reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
+        antagonism to Russia, vi: 306;
+        antagonism to Italy, vi: 308;
+        ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355;
+        opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356;
+        anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
+        suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396.
+      Internal conditions, race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306;
+        loyalty of German elements, vi: 307;
+        revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308;
+        effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309;
+        parliamentary disturbances, '15--'16, vi: 311;
+        labor troubles, vi: 311, 314;
+        revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313;
+        revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317;
+        Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
+        Bolshevism, vi: 319.
+      National anthem, xi: 332.
+      Navy, development, iv: 364;
+        surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364;
+        _Monarch_ sunk, x: 290;
+        _Wien_ sunk, x: 290;
+        _Viribus Unitis_
+          sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.
+      Peace negotiations,
+        proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18,
+          i: 397;
+        appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399;
+        asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27--29, '18, i: 399;
+        Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315;
+        asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252;
+        armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52;
+        Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321;
+        armistice terms, vi: 364.
+      Population, in 1860, i: 40;
+        German, i: 79, vi: 306;
+        Hungarian, i: 79;
+        Slav, i: 79.
+      Press, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306;
+        attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310;
+        attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314;
+        _Arbeiter Zeitung_ preaches radicalism, vi: 315;
+        comment on peace terms, vi: 322.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      War cost, money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, July, '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 114.
+
+    Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: _Intro. x._
+
+    Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
+
+    Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.
+
+    Aviators, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.
+
+    Avocourt Woods, French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384;
+      scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.
+
+    _Ayesha, S. S._, _Emden's_
+      landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191;
+      abandoned, iv: 192.
+
+    Aylmer, Gen.,
+      commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.
+
+    Ayres, Col. Leonard P.,
+      extracts from _The War with Germany--a Statistical Summary_,
+        by, xii: 280-289.
+
+
+    B
+
+    Babtie, Surg.-Gen.
+      responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia,
+        iii: 367.
+
+    "Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.
+
+    Baccarat sector, assigned to A. E. F., v: 11;
+      training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.
+
+    Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.
+
+    Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.
+
+    Bagdad,
+      captured by British, Mar. 11, '17,
+        i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48;
+      description, iii: 332.
+
+    Bagdad Railway, German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80;
+      Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295;
+      menaced by Serbia, ii: 33;
+      "largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290;
+      beginnings, 1871, ii: 291;
+      Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292;
+      Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora,
+        1888, ii: 292;
+      British oppose German concessions, ii: 292;
+      German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292;
+     _La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_,
+        terms of concession to, ii: 292;
+      Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292;
+      clash of European interests, ii: 292;
+      compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294;
+      sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294;
+      Pan-German policy, ii: 296;
+      internationalization, ii: 297;
+      cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213;
+      opened, '15, vi: 258;
+      route, xi: 4.
+
+    Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W.,
+      commander of U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_,
+        sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.
+
+    Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.
+
+    Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.
+
+    Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.
+
+    Baker, Newton D., biography, ix: 323-326;
+      conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, xii: 285.
+
+    Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.
+
+    Bakhireff, Vice-Adm.,
+      commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.
+
+    Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.
+
+    Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, biography, ix: 40-44;
+      visits America, ix: 44.
+
+    Balkan League, i: 204.
+
+    Balkan Wars, '12--'13, i: 109, 204;
+      unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110;
+      Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198;
+      London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204;
+      London Peace Conference, i: 204;
+      war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206;
+      Rumanian intervention, i: 206;
+      peace terms, i: 206;
+      German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.
+
+    Balkans, conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89;
+      international position in '14, i: 62;
+      area, i: 90, 92;
+      independent states in, i: 92;
+      population in '14, i: 92;
+      racial mixtures, i: 92;
+      policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114;
+      German dynasties in, i: 96;
+      German designs on, ii: 27;
+      civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.
+
+    Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.
+
+    Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.
+
+    Ballistics,
+      computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.
+
+    Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.
+
+    Baltic Provinces, early history, vi: 226;
+      Russian duplicity in, vi: 226;
+      under domination of German landlords, vi: 226;
+      revolt, '05, vi: 227;
+      form Lettish Legion, vi: 227;
+      Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228;
+      overrun by Germans, vi: 230;
+      ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.
+
+    _Baltimore_,
+      U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.
+
+    Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution,
+      Mar.--May, '19, vi: 300.
+
+    Bamford, Brig.-Gen.,
+      commander 1st Div., v: 250;
+      of 26th Div., v: 252.
+
+    Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.
+
+    Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.
+
+    Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Bapaume,
+      taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157;
+      British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;
+      captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.
+
+    Barbed wire,
+      French use in trench defense, v: 13;
+      impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68;
+      value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152;
+      French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155;
+      Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152;
+      Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.
+
+    Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.
+
+    Barracks, Adrian type, v: 8;
+      constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.
+
+    Barrage, North Sea,
+      Allied mine, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
+      artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.
+
+    Barrett, Sir Arthur,
+      commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.
+
+    Barricourt Wood,
+      taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262;
+      heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.
+
+    Barrow, Sir Edmund,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
+
+    Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.
+
+    Bartlett, Brig.-Gen.,
+      commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.
+
+    Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.
+
+    Baruch, Bernard M.,
+      Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, xii: 72;
+      member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    Base hospitals, _see_
+      Hospitals;
+      Red Cross.
+
+    Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.
+
+    Basra,
+      occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180;
+      British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.
+
+    Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.
+
+    Battles:
+      Aisne,
+        Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36;
+        Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
+        May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135.
+      Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375.
+      Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389.
+      Ardahan, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.
+      Argonne, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+      Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72.
+      Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42.
+      Augustovo, iii: 118.
+      "Battle of France," Sept.--Nov., '18, iii: 100-103.
+      Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43.
+      Cambrai,
+        Nov., '17,
+          i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156;
+        Sept.--Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52.
+      Cantigny,
+        May 28, '18, i: 395;
+        '18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380.
+      Champagne,
+        Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46;
+        July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158.
+      Château-Thierry,
+        May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43.
+      Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132.
+      Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308.
+      Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384.
+      Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253.
+      Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308.
+      Flanders,
+        June--July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299;
+        _see also_ Yser.
+      Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, xii: 205.
+      Isonzo, _see_ Italian Front.
+      Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.
+      Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29.
+      Kars, '15, iii: 260.
+      Kut-el-Amara,
+        i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29.
+      Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23.
+      Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9.
+      Lys, iii: 91.
+      Marne,
+        Sept., '14,
+          i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258,
+          iii: 30-34, xi: 12;
+        July--Aug., '18,
+          ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326,
+          iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387.
+      Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130.
+      Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360.
+      Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21--23, '14,
+        i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10.
+      Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375.
+      Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377.
+      Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116.
+      Ravaruska, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122.
+      Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392.
+      St. Mihiel,
+        Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37;
+        Sept. 12, '18,
+          ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46.
+      San, May 15--17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136.
+      Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18.
+      Somme,
+        July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314;
+        Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24;
+        Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46.
+      Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116.
+      Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329;
+        _see also_ Verdun.
+      Verdun,
+        i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189,
+        iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22.
+      Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349.
+      Ypres,
+        Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41;
+        Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320;
+        July--Sept., '17, ii: 128;
+        Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363.
+      Yser,
+        Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40;
+        July, '17, iii: 77.
+        _See also_ under name of engagement.
+
+    Bauer, Herr Gustav,
+      chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.
+
+    Bauer, Otto,
+      leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314;
+      activities, '18, vi: 318;
+      becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.
+
+    Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.
+
+    Bavaria,
+      socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;
+      revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298;
+      soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300;
+      Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300;
+      Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich,
+        Mar., '19, vi: 300.
+
+    Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.
+
+    Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.
+
+    Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Beatty, Adm. Sir David,
+      at battle of Jutland, iv: 99;
+      British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
+      at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246;
+      arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383;
+      biography, ix: 283-287.
+
+    Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
+
+    Beaucourt,
+      captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388;
+      British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.
+
+    Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.
+
+    Beaumont,
+      taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48;
+      Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64;
+      captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.
+
+    Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.
+
+    Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: _Intro. ix._
+
+    Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.
+
+    Belfort,
+      defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215;
+      bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.
+
+    Belgian Relief, _see_ Belgium; War Relief.
+
+    _Belgian Prince, S. S._, sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.
+
+    _Belgium, 1918_, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.
+
+    Belgium:
+      Army,
+        increase in, '09--'12, i: 144;
+        dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234;
+        German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
+        escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 4;
+        mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378;
+        strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202;
+        for military operations, _see under_ name of campaign.
+      Casualties,
+        total in War, iii: 404;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        battle deaths, xii: 289.
+      Coal production '13--'15, xii: 48.
+      Food, _see_ Relief, below.
+      Neutrality,
+        guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229;
+        British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224;
+        defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143;
+        German violation,
+          Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146;
+        France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380;
+        King Albert appeals to England, i: 223;
+        violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224;
+        Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224;
+        German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380;
+        German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9;
+        Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229;
+        German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230;
+        German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381;
+        German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231;
+        British offer of help, i: 232;
+        appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233;
+        German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234;
+        evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234;
+        Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236;
+        German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4;
+        military topography of German border, ii: 6;
+        French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8;
+        effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206;
+        Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346;
+        composition of invading forces, iii: 10;
+        French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20;
+        invasion creates national unity, vi: 84;
+        Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84;
+        deportation of civilian population, vi: 84;
+        for invasion and military operations,
+       _see_ name of engagement.
+      Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 180.
+      Peace Treaty,
+        claims against Holland, vi: 89;
+        acquires Moresnet, xii: 188;
+        acquires Eupen, xii: 188;
+        acquires Malmédy, xii: 188;
+        reparation by Germany, xii: 218.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Relief, Commission for,
+        in Belgium, vii: 116-144;
+        famine conditions, vii: 117;
+        early relief organization, vii: 118;
+        Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136;
+        _Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation_,
+          vii: 120;
+        overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127;
+        care of children, vii: 134;
+        American contributions, vii: 139-144;
+        dependence on imports for existence, xii: 136.
+      Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145.
+      War cost,
+        debt to U.S., xii: 18;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        war cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 114.
+
+    Belgrade,
+      captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357;
+      recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397;
+      retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6--8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.
+
+    Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.
+
+    Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., commander 33rd Div., v: 144;
+     in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
+
+    Belleau Wood, battle of,
+      June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43;
+      strategic importance, v: 138;
+      renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139;
+      Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.
+
+    Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
+
+    Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.
+
+    Benedict XV, Pope, makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390;
+      offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;
+      biography, ix: 405.
+
+    Benes, Edward, seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397;
+      member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.
+
+    Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.
+
+    Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.
+
+    Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.
+
+    Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.
+
+    Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.
+
+    Bergson, Henri,
+      French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.
+
+    Berlin, revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284;
+      Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287;
+      Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289;
+      second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.
+
+    Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, _see_ Bagdad Railway.
+
+    Berlin Conference, '85,
+      divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.
+
+    Berlin, Congress of, 1878,
+      Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93;
+      terms of settlement at, i: 93;
+      defects of settlement, i: 93.
+
+    Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von,
+      expounds German Kultur in _Germany and the Next War_, i: 67;
+      on desirability of a European war, i: 131;
+      striking quotations from, i: 179.
+
+    Bernstein, Herr,
+      German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._
+
+    Bernstorff, Count Johann von,
+      activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326;
+      biography, ix: 133.
+
+    Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.
+
+    Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.
+
+    Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.
+
+    Bessarabia, Russian offensive in, starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382;
+      invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.
+
+    Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von,
+      German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117;
+      "scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146;
+      statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344;
+      proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262;
+      resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266;
+      biography, ix: 121-126;
+      admission of German guilt, ix: 121;
+      opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.
+
+    "Big Bertha,"
+      German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.
+
+    Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.
+
+    Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.
+
+    Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.
+
+    Bismarck, Prince Otto von, builder of German Empire, i: 41;
+      Near East policy, i: 48;
+      forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359;
+      forms Triple Alliance, i: 95;
+      colonial policy, i: 97;
+      representative of Junker class, i: 258;
+      plan for universal empire, ii: 2;
+      publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.
+
+    Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380.
+
+    Bissell, Lieut.,
+      commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry,
+        May 31, '18, v: 134.
+
+    Bissolati, Signor,
+      Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362;
+      against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.
+
+    Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.
+
+    Bitlis, captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263;
+      evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386;
+      recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.
+
+    "Black Cobra Bill,"
+      nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India,"
+        vi: 78.
+
+    _Black Prince_,
+      British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.
+
+    Black Sea, Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47;
+      Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Blanc Mont,
+      captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.
+
+    Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.
+
+    Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.
+
+    "Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.
+
+    Blind, Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99;
+      Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259;
+      Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259;
+      number blinded in War, vii: 260.
+
+    Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.
+
+    Bliss, Gen. Tasker H.,
+      U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.
+
+    Blockade, of Allies by Germany, _see_ Submarine Warfare;
+      of Germany by Allies, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.
+
+    _Blücher_,
+      German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.
+
+    Blue and Gray (29th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Blue Ridge (80th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Bobo, Capt. Stephen N.,
+      story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.
+
+    Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.
+
+    Boers, rebel against British, '14, vi: 49;
+      Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49;
+      aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50;
+    _see_ also South Africa, Union of.
+
+    Bohemia, Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311;
+      early history, vi: 396;
+      oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396;
+      press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396;
+      formation of army, '17, vi: 398;
+      National Council, vi: 399;
+    _see also_ Czechoslovakia.
+
+    Boirault tank, viii, 153.
+
+    Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17--18, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Bolivia,
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
+      Peace Conference, delegate to, xii: 180.
+
+    Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.
+
+    Bolshevism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi._;
+      doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
+      as product of high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      in: Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45.
+        Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319.
+        Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346.
+        Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400.
+        Finland, provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
+          suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200.
+        Germany, _see_ Spartacides.
+        Hungary, riots, Jan.--Feb., '19, vi: 324;
+          success, Mar., '19, vi: 325.
+        India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77.
+        Poland, spread in, vi: 223.
+        Russia,
+          peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18,
+            ii: 272, VI: 183;
+          propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322;
+          Russian troops incited to desert and revolt,
+            iii: 269, vi: 155, 164;
+          doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
+          navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164;
+          Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169;
+          movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173;
+          arguments used to win populace, vi: 175;
+          Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17,
+            vi: 175;
+          increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177;
+          overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183;
+          Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179;
+          dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181;
+          Bolshevik land program, vi: 181;
+          opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181;
+          Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183;
+          Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185;
+          Red Army raised, vi: 185;
+          reign of terror, vi: 187;
+          state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187;
+          Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference,
+            vi: 188;
+          Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198;
+          progress in Letvia, vi: 228;
+          financing German Spartacides, vi: 281;
+          connection with Maximalists, vi: 314;
+          Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115;
+          currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii._
+        Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.
+
+    Bombs:
+      Aerial, viii: 221-225.
+      Depth, evolution of, iv: 307;
+        for combating U-boats, iv: 317;
+        development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
+        launching mechanism, iv: 331;
+        invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
+        description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
+      Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.
+
+    Bona, bombarded by _Breslau_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.
+
+    Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J.,
+      battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.
+
+    _Bonnet Rouge_, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.
+
+    Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.
+
+    Bordeaux, French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375;
+      embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    Borden, Sir Robert, Premier of Canada, vi: 24;
+      urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.
+
+    "Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111.
+
+    Boris, Czar of Bulgaria,
+     succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.
+
+    Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.
+
+    Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;
+      devastated, '18, vi: 363.
+
+    Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Botchkareva (Butchkareff),
+      Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.
+
+    Botha, Gen. Louis,
+      commander of British South African troops, iii: 253;
+      policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47;
+      biography, ix: 191-193.
+
+    Bott, Capt. Alan,
+      British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.
+
+    Bourassa, Henri, Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30;
+      opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.
+
+    Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.
+
+    Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
+
+    Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.
+
+    _Bouvet_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.
+
+    Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.
+
+    Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attaché in U. S., dismissed, i: 276;
+      share in passport frauds, i: 315;
+      German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.
+
+    Boy Scouts, war-time activities, British, xi: 94;
+      Belgian, xi: 98;
+      French, xi: 98;
+      American, xi: 100-116.
+
+    Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, xii: 102.
+
+    Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.
+
+    Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C.,
+      commander of British submarine _E-14_, iv: 209.
+
+    Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    _Brabançonne, La_, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.
+
+    Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
+
+    Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.
+
+    Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.
+
+    Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.
+
+    Brazil, German population of, i: 79;
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
+      declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.
+
+    Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.
+
+    Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.
+
+    Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    _Bremen_,
+      German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.
+
+    Breshkovsky, Catherine,
+      leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;
+      prophecy on Russia, ix: 231;
+      biography, ix: 348.
+
+    _Breslau_, German cruiser,
+      outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14,
+        i: 375, iv: 13;
+      sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.
+
+    Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.
+
+    Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of,
+      between Russia and Germany, a dictated "German peace,"
+        ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268;
+      effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314;
+      abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, xii: 205.
+
+    _Bretelle_, definition of, v: 16.
+
+    Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.
+
+    Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
+
+    Bridges, pontoons, viii: 299;
+      portable steel, viii: 301.
+
+    Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse,
+      action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.
+
+    Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.
+
+    _Brilliant_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.
+
+    _Bristol_,
+      British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.
+
+    Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.
+
+    _Britannia_, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.
+
+    _Britannic_,
+      British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.
+
+    British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.
+
+    Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.
+
+    _Broke_,
+      British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
+
+    Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E.,
+      head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.
+
+    Browning machine-guns, description, viii: 84-87;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
+
+    Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.
+
+    Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch,
+      commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119;
+      biography, ix: 232-235.
+
+    Brussels, occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14;
+      German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.
+
+    _Brussels_, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.
+
+    Bryan, William Jennings, policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321;
+      resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.
+
+    Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.
+
+    Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.
+
+    Bucharest, Treaty of,
+      between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352;
+      Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.
+
+    Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B.,
+      cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180;
+      promoted to major-general, v: 182;
+      commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Buckeye (37th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18--'19, vi:323.
+
+    Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.
+
+    Buffaloes (92nd Division), _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.
+
+    Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.
+
+    Bulgaria, German ruler of, i: 96;
+      defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18,
+        i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48;
+      key to Balkan situation, ii: 28;
+      tool of Germany, ii: 28;
+      enmity for Serbia, ii: 32;
+      reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32;
+      enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343;
+      Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329;
+      mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342;
+      invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289;
+      effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270;
+      racial characteristics, vi: 338;
+      desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339;
+      geographical position, vi: 341;
+      attitude toward Allies, vi: 341;
+      proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341;
+      terms for entering War, vi: 341;
+      antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342;
+      Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343;
+      result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344;
+      cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344;
+      friction with Germany, vi: 344;
+      attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344;
+      dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345;
+      Bolshevism in, vi: 346;
+      terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      war cost, Oct., '15--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debt, xii: 114;
+      for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
+
+    Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,
+      in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18,
+        v: 62,167, 189, 383;
+      of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390;
+      of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388;
+      biography, ix: 218-221.
+
+    Bullets, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Bülow, Gen. von,
+      commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10;
+      on Italian Front, iii: 247.
+
+    Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.
+
+    Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
+
+    _Bulwark_, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.
+
+    Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132;
+      biography, ix: 223-226.
+
+    Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.
+
+    Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.
+
+    _Buresk, S. S._, _Emden's_ collier, iv: 188.
+
+    Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.
+
+    Burnham, Gen.,
+      commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.
+
+    Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.
+
+    Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.
+
+    Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.
+
+    Byng, Gen. Sir Julian,
+      commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371;
+      fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142;
+      personal traits, iii: 376.
+
+    Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.
+
+
+    C
+
+    _Cabinga, S. S._, prize of German raider _Emden_, iv: 172.
+
+    Cables,
+      German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty,
+        xii: 225.
+
+    Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.
+
+    Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.
+
+    Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
+      Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241;
+      biography, ix: 225-229.
+
+    Caillaux, Joseph,
+      arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393;
+      accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.
+
+    Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Calais, German drive for, iii: 40;
+      Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.
+
+    Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Callaghan, Adm. Sir George,
+      commander of British Grand Fleet,
+      relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.
+
+    Cambrai, German base in France, ii: 86;
+      first battle of, Nov., '17,
+        Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280;
+      Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, 337-340
+      (Philip Gibbs's description), viii: 142, 156;
+      American engineers at, iii: 82;
+      German prisoners captured, iii: 82;
+      German counter-offensive, iii: 82;
+      "best-kept secret of War," iii: 337;
+      adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338;
+      Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340;
+      second battle of, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213;
+      captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.
+
+    Cambrai-St. Quentin sector,
+      Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.
+
+    Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H., commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
+      commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.
+
+    Cameroons (Kamerun) conquered by Allies,
+      Aug., '14--Feb., '16, iii: 252, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, '16, xii: 279.
+
+    _Camilla, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    Camouflage, use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241;
+      for masking machine-guns, v: 287;
+      development, viii: 136;
+      in nature, viii: 336;
+      war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.
+
+    Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    _Campbells Are Coming_, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.
+
+    Canada, becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43;
+      army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343;
+      characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343;
+      war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23;
+      enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24;
+      political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25;
+      war donations by provinces, vi: 25;
+      Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25;
+      Premier Borden's view of Canada
+        as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25;
+      Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26;
+      voluntary enlistments, vi: 26;
+      increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26;
+      increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26;
+      bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28;
+      Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30;
+      failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36;
+      conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36;
+      Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31;
+      labor against conscription, vi: 32;
+      Liberals support conscription, vi: 32;
+      Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32;
+      Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33;
+      War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34;
+      Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34;
+      results of election, '17, vi: 35;
+      pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35;
+      secessionist talk, vi: 36;
+      Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36;
+      loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+      coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48;
+      nationalization plans for railroads, xii: 90;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Aug., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in public debt, xii: 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179;
+    _see also_ Great Britain.
+
+    Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.
+
+    _Canadians_, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.
+
+    Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.
+
+    Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.
+
+    Cannon, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    _Canopus_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
+      in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64;
+      in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Cantigny,
+      captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124;
+      American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141;
+      significance of capture, v: 34;
+      Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.
+
+    Cantonments, U. S., description, xi: 155;
+      soldiers' life at, xi: 159;
+      construction of, xii: 125.
+
+    _Cap Trafalgar_, armed German liner,
+      battle with British _Carmania_,
+      Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
+
+    Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.
+
+    Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.
+
+    Caporetto, Italian disaster at,
+      Oct. 21--Nov. 1, '17, effect on Western Front, ii: _Intro. xx_;
+      Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246;
+      wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246;
+      army demoralized, iii: 247;
+      causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129;
+      retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250;
+      effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.
+
+    Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.
+
+    Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.
+
+    Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166;
+      monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.
+
+    Carbonyl chloride, _see_ Phosgene.
+
+    Carden, Vice-Adm.,
+      commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28;
+      at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.
+
+    Carency, French attack at, May 11--12, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Carignan-Sedan-Mézières railroad,
+      vital importance to Germans, v: 387;
+      threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.
+
+    _Carmania_, armed British liner,
+      battle with German _Cap Trafalgar_,
+      Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
+
+    _Carnarvon_, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.
+
+    _Carnetta, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.
+
+    Carpathian Mts., Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26;
+      Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360;
+      topography, iii: 108;
+      Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124;
+      Austrian attacks, Jan.--Mar., '15, iii: 132;
+    _see also_ Russian Front.
+
+    Carpenter, Capt.,
+      commander of _Vindictive_ at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263;
+      account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.
+
+    Carrel, Dr. Alexis,
+      invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds,
+        viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289;
+      wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310;
+      biography, ix: 310-313.
+
+    Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.
+
+    Carso Plateau, description, ii: 244, iii: 239;
+      Italian advance across, June, '15--Oct., '17, ii: 245;
+    _see also_ Italian Front.
+
+    Carson, Sir Edward,
+      leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60;
+      biography, ix: 50-53.
+
+    Cary, Gen. Langle de,
+      commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.
+
+    Casement, Sir Roger,
+      hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53;
+      negotiations with Germany, vi: 57;
+      captured, vi: 58.
+
+    _Cassin_, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.
+
+    Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.
+
+    Castelnau, Gen., commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16;
+      stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38;
+      appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46;
+      at Verdun, iii: 304.
+
+    Casualties, among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284;
+      total in War, iii: 403;
+      classified by belligerents, iii: 404;
+      civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405;
+      per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64;
+      in World War compared with all other wars, 1800--1913, xii: 25;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, xii: 25;
+      total battle deaths, by countries, xii: 288;
+    _see also_ under campaign, battle, and country.
+
+    Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Caucasus, military operations in, Oct., '14--Jan., '15, ii: 91-92;
+      iii: 260-263, xi: 29;
+      early history, vi: 231;
+      conflict of racial interests, vi: 231;
+      Russian misrule in, vi: 231;
+      demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231;
+      effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232;
+      rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.
+
+    Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.
+
+    Causes, of War,
+      summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: _Intro. vii_;
+      complexity of, i: 2;
+      conflict of political systems, i: 4;
+      conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5;
+      element of individual responsibility, i: 5;
+      German desire for war, i: 8;
+      colonial rivalry, i: 14;
+      Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121;
+      German ambitions for world power, i: 83;
+      murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii;
+      Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117;
+      Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119;
+      Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120;
+      statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120;
+      racial element in, i: 120;
+      German territorial ambitions, i: 122;
+      German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139;
+      German statement of English responsibility, i: 193;
+      Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193;
+      Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346;
+    _see also_ Germany, Responsibility for War.
+
+    Cavalry, function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
+      Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120;
+      German military critic on importance of, ii: 260;
+      use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206;
+    _see also_ under armies of each country.
+
+    Cavell, Edith, executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382;
+      story of, x: 172;
+      betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.
+
+    "C. C. Gear,"
+      for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades,
+        viii: 214-216.
+
+    Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
+
+    Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.
+
+    Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War,
+        vii: 352;
+    _see also_ Jews.
+
+    Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.
+
+    Central Powers, unity of command established, ii: 330;
+      general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110;
+      mobilized strength, iii: 430;
+      war casualties, iii: 404;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313;
+      Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
+      war cost, xii: 27, 107;
+      rise in national debts, xii: 114;
+    _see also_
+        Austria-Hungary;
+        Bulgaria;
+        Germany;
+        Turkey.
+
+    Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.
+
+    Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16--'18, xii: 37.
+
+    Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.
+
+    Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.
+
+    Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.
+
+    Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Châlons, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375;
+      system of trench defenses, v: 44.
+
+    Chamberlain, Austen,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
+
+    Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm.,
+      commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.
+
+    Champagne, French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46;
+      as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67;
+      German offensive checked, July 15--17, '18,
+        v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148;
+      A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15--17, '18,
+        v: 148-158.
+
+    Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Chanak, town on Dardanelles, iv: 24;
+      bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.
+
+    Channel ports, importance to Allies, ii: _Intro. viii_;
+      German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359;
+      opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of,
+        ii: 172;
+      Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.
+
+    _Chant du Départ, Le_, French patriotic song, xi: 333.
+
+    Chapman, Victor,
+      member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.
+
+    Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.
+
+    _Charge of the Tank Brigade_,
+       poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.
+
+    _Charlemagne_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+      ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388;
+      secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace,
+        Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315;
+      conciliatory policy, vi: 313;
+      overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317;
+      letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317;
+      leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319;
+      biography, ix: 371-373.
+
+    Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.
+
+    Chartèves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.
+
+    Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.
+
+    Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
+      Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320;
+      re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184;
+      German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F.,
+        May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43;
+      location and importance, v: 133;
+    _see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.
+
+    Châteauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.
+
+    Châtel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
+
+    Châtillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.
+
+    Châtillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.
+
+    Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.
+
+    Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.
+
+    Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.
+
+    Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
+
+    Chemical warfare,
+      poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr.,
+        '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285;
+      first use against Russians, iii: 288-292;
+      Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322;
+      German projector batteries, v: 28;
+      U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401;
+      gas warfare development, v: 321;
+      kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172;
+      mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321;
+      phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170;
+      U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325;
+      invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: _Intro. ix_;
+      methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165;
+      gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316;
+      gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320;
+      poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167;
+      carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166;
+      nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166;
+      carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168;
+      chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170;
+      vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172;
+      diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
+      xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
+      chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
+      sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
+      Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172;
+      methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179;
+      oxygen helmets, viii: 173;
+      gas masks, viii: 174-178;
+      use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176;
+      fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178;
+      use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178;
+      wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178;
+      U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal,
+        viii: 179-187, xii: 285;
+      gas gangrene, xi: 287;
+      international law on, xi: 313;
+      general description, xi: 313-323.
+
+    Chemin des Dames, battle and capture of,
+      by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132;
+      Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76;
+      training area for 26th Div., v: 117.
+
+    _Chemung, S. S._,
+      American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.
+
+    Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.
+
+    Children in the War, xi: _Intro. ix-xiii_, 56-84;
+      letters of, xi: 60, 74-84;
+      brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67;
+      Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69;
+      "The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69;
+      American relief for European, xi: 84-93.
+
+    Chile, neutral during War, vi: 390;
+      Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.
+
+    Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.
+
+    China, under foreigners' yoke, i: 18;
+      defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20;
+      forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38;
+      U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57;
+      special Japanese interests in,
+        recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;
+      international position of, '14, i: 63;
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389;
+      declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
+      coolie labor in France, ii: 377, xii: 80, 85;
+      siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257;
+      Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259;
+      origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248;
+      Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385;
+      coal production, '13--'15, xii: 48;
+      refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 167;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206;
+      Kiao-Chau (Shantung)
+        transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+        _see also_ Kiau-Chau; Shantung.
+
+    "Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179.
+
+    Chipilly Ridge,
+      33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.
+
+    Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    Chlorine, first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres,
+      Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285;
+      poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168;
+      use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.
+
+    Chlorpicrin, description of, v: 321;
+      use in chemical warfare, viii: 171;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.
+
+    _Choising, S. S._,
+      _Emdens's_ survivors transfer from _Ayesha_ to, iv: 192.
+
+    Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.
+
+    Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.
+
+    Chunuk Bair, Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172;
+      Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Churchill, Winston Spencer,
+      advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: _Intro. x, xiv._, 29, 200;
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
+      member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;
+      defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56;
+      biography, ix: 44-47.
+
+    Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.
+
+    Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.
+
+    Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of,
+      compared with World War, ii: _Intro. xiii._
+
+    Civilian deaths, due to War, iii: 405;
+      money value of, xii: 25.
+
+    Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.
+
+    Clarkson, Grosvenor B.,
+      Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 115;
+      on causes of high cost of living, xii: 142-148.
+
+    Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von,
+      influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.
+
+    Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.
+
+    Clayton-Bulwer Treaty,
+      between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.
+
+    Clemenceau, Georges, makes _Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures, vi: 105;
+      forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
+      disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108;
+      publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus
+        offering to make peace, vi: 315;
+      biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125;
+      record as Premier, ix: 12;
+      view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13;
+      bibliography, ix: 13;
+      faith in Foch, ix: 151;
+      at the Peace Conference, xii: 149-163;
+      excludes Germans from, xii: 162.
+
+    Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.
+
+    Cléry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
+
+    Cléry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.
+
+    Clifford, Rev. J. H.,
+      "Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.
+
+    Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.
+
+    Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    Coal, abundance secret of German power, i: 267;
+      German production, 1880--1913, i: 267;
+      seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20;
+      consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331;
+      Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377;
+      U. S. production, '18--'19, xii: 46;
+      production by chief countries, '13--'17, xii: 47;
+      war-time price of, xii: 48;
+      Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries
+        to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224.
+
+    Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.
+
+    "Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.
+
+    Coblenz, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392;
+      bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394;
+      conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.
+
+    Cochin, Lieut.,
+      French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.
+
+    Codes, detection of, v: 319.
+
+    Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.
+
+    Coffin, H. E.,
+      Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, xii: 69;
+      views on industrial preparedness, xii: 69;
+      member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    Cohalan, Justice,
+      leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.
+
+    Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Cologne, bridgehead at, occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400;
+      conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.
+
+    Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.
+
+    Colonies, important share of British, in winning War, i: 13;
+      loss of German, i: 13;
+      German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14;
+      share of French, in final victory, i: 14;
+      European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14;
+      era of colonization by European nations, i: 26;
+      influence on development of naval power, i: 28;
+      colonization during 19th century, i: 37;
+      in Far East, i: 38;
+      expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.
+
+    _Columbia, S. S._,
+      American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Combles, captured by Allies,
+      Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59;
+      recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.
+
+    _Comité Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation_,
+      organization, vii: 120.
+
+    Commerce, national rivalries, i: 262;
+      English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253;
+    _see also_ Trade, under name of country.
+
+    Commerce raiders, German, exploits of _Emden_, iv: 166-194;
+    _Königsberg_, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195;
+    _Karlsruhe_, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196;
+    _Königin Luise_, operations in English Channel, iv: 197;
+    _Meteor_, activities in Baltic, iv: 197;
+    _Moewe_, converted merchantman, iv: 197;
+    _Seeadler_, iv: 198;
+    _Wolf_, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.
+
+    Commissaries, political, in Russia, demoralize army, iii: 268;
+      Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181;
+    _see also_ Russia.
+
+    Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.
+
+    Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87;
+      for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.
+
+    Communication, lines of,
+      French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;
+      between France and Germany, v: 214.
+
+    Compass, for airplanes, viii: 220;
+      Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
+
+    Comrades in Service, vii: 284.
+
+    _Conduct of War, The_, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.
+
+    _Confédération Générale du Travail_,
+      French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.
+
+    Congo, Belgian exploitation of, i: 50;
+      creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.
+
+    Congo Conference, '84--'85, i: 16.
+
+    Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.
+
+    Congressional Medal of Honor,
+      list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
+
+    Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox,
+      Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.
+
+    Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader,
+      wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60;
+      Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53.
+
+    Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.
+
+    Conscription, _see under_ name of country.
+
+    Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
+
+    Constantine, King of Greece, abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390;
+      opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202;
+      biography, ix: 380-382.
+
+    Constantinesco, M.,
+      inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.
+
+    Constantinople, Russian ambitions for, i: 63;
+      captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90;
+      Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27;
+      key to early ending of War, ii: 29;
+      early history, iv: 18;
+    _see also_
+      Gallipoli Campaign;
+      Turkey.
+
+    Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.
+
+    Constanza, captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221;
+      bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Constituent Assembly, Russian,
+      dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.
+
+    Contraband, _see_ Germany, Blockade.
+
+    Contracts, between German and Allied nationals,
+      Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge,
+        xii: 240-243.
+
+    Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.
+
+    Cook, Lieut. S. W.,
+      co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.
+
+    Co-operative Societies, Siberia,
+      organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.
+
+    Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.
+
+    Corfu, seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160;
+      meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.
+
+    _Cormoran, S. S._,
+      converted into auxiliary cruiser by _Emden's_ crew, vi: 169.
+
+    _Cornwall_, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.
+
+    _Cornwallis_, British battleship sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389;
+      at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Coronel, battle of, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308;
+      comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65;
+      Von Spee's account of, iv: 66;
+      British account of, iv: 67;
+      losses, iv: 68;
+      Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.
+
+    Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.
+
+    Cossacks, origin, vi: 146;
+      fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.
+
+    Cost of living, _see_ Prices;
+    _also_ under each country.
+
+    Cost of War, capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, xii: 25;
+      importance of money as war weapon, xii: 1;
+      compared with previous wars, xii: 24;
+      value of property destroyed, xii: 24, 25;
+      economic loss in man-power, xii: 25;
+      value of production loss, xii: 26;
+      value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
+      cost to Allies and Central Powers, xii: 27, 107;
+      meaning of "cost of war," xii: 105;
+      difficulties of computing money equivalent, xii: 105;
+      range of expenditures, xii: 105;
+      expenditures of different belligerents, xii: 106-107;
+      methods used to raise war funds, xii: 107-114;
+      taxation _vs._ borrowing, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debts of belligerents, xii: 114;
+    _see also_ under each belligerent.
+
+    Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.
+
+    Côte de Châtillon, capture of,
+      by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.
+
+    Côtes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69.
+
+    Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.
+
+    Coulommiers,
+      Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.
+
+    Council of National Defense, U. S.,
+    _see_ United States, Council of National Defense.
+
+    Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Courland, early history, vi: 226;
+      Republic of, established Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Baltic Provinces.
+
+    Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    _Covington_, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.
+
+    Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.
+
+    Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher,
+      commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel,
+        iv: 63, ix: 308.
+
+    Crandell, Miss Marion G.,
+      American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313.
+
+    _Cressy_, British cruiser, sunk by _U-9_,
+      Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.
+
+    Crile, Col. George W.,
+      first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anæsthetic, vii: 68.
+
+    Croats, early history, vi: 354;
+      antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.
+
+    Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313.
+
+    Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.
+
+    Cromer, Lord,
+      chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.
+
+    Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert, commander 80th Div., v: 144;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
+
+    Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.
+
+    Crown Prince of Germany, _see_ Frederick William.
+
+    Crown Prince of Prussia, _see_ Frederick William.
+
+    Ctesiphon,
+      British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182;
+      description of Arch of, iii: 331;
+      collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.
+
+    Cuba, revolt against Spain, i: 56;
+      declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.
+
+    Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Cumières, captured and lost by Germans, May 23--27, '16, iii: 54, 312.
+
+    Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
+
+    Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.
+
+    _Cushing_,
+      American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.
+
+    Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.
+
+    Custer (85th) Division, _see_ U. S. Army.
+
+    Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, xii: 229.
+
+    Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.
+
+    _Cyclops_, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.
+
+    Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.
+
+    Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Czar of Russia, _see_ Nicholas II.
+
+    Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192;
+      capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192;
+      attack on Hungary, April--May, '19, vi: 326;
+      antagonism to Italy, vi: 362;
+      independence recognized, vi: 399;
+      German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399;
+      Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400;
+      against Bolshevism, vi: 400;
+      claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, xii: 197;
+      use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, xii: 253;
+      Republic established, Oct., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, Oct., '18, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Bohemia.
+
+    Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+      appointment as, vi: 313;
+      peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314;
+      resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.
+
+    Czernowitz, taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122;
+      abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384;
+      recaptured by Russians, June 17--18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144;
+      occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.
+
+
+    D
+
+    _Daffodil_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.
+
+    Dalmatia, Italian claims for, vi: 361;
+      conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.
+
+    D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.
+
+    Damascus,
+      captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.
+
+    Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.
+
+    Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    "Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93.
+
+    Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.
+
+    Dankl, Gen.,
+      commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.
+
+    Dannevoux,
+     scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    D'Annunzio, Gabriele,
+      pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality,
+        ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343;
+      manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368;
+      claims Fiume, vi: 369;
+      seizes Fiume, vi: 370;
+      biography, ix: 343-345;
+      author of _Song of the Dardanelles_, ix: 343;
+      message to America, ix: 344.
+
+    _Danton_, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.
+
+    Danube River, as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214;
+      bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221;
+      internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    Danzig, demanded by Poland, vi: 225;
+      made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, xii: 203.
+
+    Dardanelles, Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161;
+      closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28;
+      strategic importance, ii: 29;
+      Narrows, critical point, ii: 29;
+      topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
+      modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
+      early history, iv: 18-22;
+      early fortifications, iv: 19;
+      closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20;
+      forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20;
+      fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20;
+      forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21;
+      importance to Turkey, iv: 23;
+      importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26;
+      description, xi: 14;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Dardanelles Expedition, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.
+
+    Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.
+
+    Davis, Richard Harding,
+      description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273;
+      description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.
+
+    Davison, Henry P., Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i;
+      biography, ix: 339.
+
+    De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.
+
+    De Valera, Prof. Eamonn, elected to Parliament, vi: 62;
+      arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65;
+      elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55;
+      address to America, ix: 55.
+
+    Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun,
+      battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.
+
+    Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.
+
+    Debts, national, of belligerents, xii: 111-114;
+      between German and Allied nationals,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, xii: 232-236.
+
+    Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor,
+      list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
+
+    _Deductions from the World War_,
+      by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.
+
+    _Defender_,
+      British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    _Defense_, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.
+
+    Defense, elements in, iv: 4;
+      French trench system of, v: 12;
+      Gouraud's method of, against infiltration,
+        v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
+    _see also_ Tactics.
+
+    Defense of the Realm Act, British,
+      as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14;
+      used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.
+
+    Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.
+
+    Delcassé, Théophile,
+      dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99;
+      resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
+
+    Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.
+
+    Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Democracy, in Europe, as result of the War, i: _Intro. x_;
+      rise of, during 19th century, i: 29;
+      among American colonists, i: 29;
+      development in France, i: 30;
+      European reaction, 1814--40, i: 32;
+      failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32;
+      growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04--'14, i: 293.
+
+    Demotika, ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344;
+      Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.
+
+    Denikin, Gen., report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270;
+      leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.
+
+    Denmark, war with Prussia, 1864, i: _Intro. vii_;
+      neutral during War, vi: 393;
+      popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393;
+      war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.
+
+    Depth bomb, evolution of, iv: 307;
+      use in fighting submarines, iv: 317;
+      development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
+      launching mechanism, iv: 331;
+      invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
+      for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332;
+      description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
+
+    _Der Kampf_, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.
+
+    _Der Tag_, the German "millennium," xi: 195.
+
+    _Derflinger_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, justifies German war policy, i: 120;
+      heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316;
+      character sketch of, ix: 353.
+
+    _Derrière Chez Mon Père_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
+
+    D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet,
+      commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31;
+      commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347;
+      signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.
+
+    Destroyers,
+      effectiveness against submarines, viii: _Intro. viii._
+
+    Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.
+
+    _Deutschland_, German merchant submarine,
+      arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214;
+      Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215;
+      feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.
+
+    Devastation of France,
+      by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67;
+      French protest to neutrals, iii: 68;
+      German excuses for, iii: 68.
+
+    _Devoir, Le_, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.
+
+    D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.
+
+    D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.
+
+    _Dhair Hissar_, Turkish torpedo-boat in Ægean, iv: 49.
+
+    Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.
+
+    Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.
+
+    Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes,
+      defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.
+
+    Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T.,
+      commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51;
+      commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132;
+      commands 3rd Div. at Château-Thierry, v: 132;
+      commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+
+    Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas),
+      use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
+
+    Dinant,
+      Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.
+
+    Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
+
+    Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.
+
+    Dirigibles, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Disarmament, Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194;
+      German answer to British proposals, i: 195.
+
+    Disease,
+      statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;
+      early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177;
+      preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248;
+      results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195;
+      sanitation, vii: 253;
+      inoculation against, vii: 253;
+      prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397;
+      anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;
+    _see also_
+        Infection;
+        Medical Science;
+        Sanitation.
+
+    Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272.
+
+    "Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.
+
+    Dixmude, occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376;
+      evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376;
+      occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29--30, '18, i: 397;
+      German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.
+
+    Dixmude-Ypres sector,
+      Allied offensive, Sept. 28--Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.
+
+    Djemal Pasha,
+      commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.
+
+    Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.
+
+    Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.
+
+    Dniester River,
+      Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Dobrudja, German conquest of, Sept.--Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221;
+      description of, iii: 215;
+      disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220;
+      dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344;
+      overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.
+
+    Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.
+
+    Dogger Bank, battle of,
+      British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253;
+      eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250;
+      Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.
+
+    Dogs in War, as ambulance drawers, viii: 379;
+      varied activities, xi: 340-347;
+      story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367;
+      story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402;
+      effect of food shortage on, xii: 40.
+
+    Dommartin-la-Montagne,
+      captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69, 212.
+
+    Don Republic, established Jan., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Dormans, 28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53;
+      location, v: 133.
+
+    Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.
+
+    Douaumont Fort, at Verdun,
+      captured by Germans, Feb. 25--26, '16,
+        i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305;
+      French recapture and lose, May 22--25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310;
+      retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
+
+    Doughboys, spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370;
+    _see also_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.
+
+    Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.
+
+    Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Draft, _see_ Conscription under name of country.
+
+    _Drake_, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    _Dresden_, German cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
+      in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70;
+      sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.
+
+    Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.
+
+    Drop bombs, viii: 76.
+
+    Drummond, Sir James Eric,
+      first Secretary-General of League of Nations, xii: 186.
+
+    Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.
+
+    Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.
+
+    Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.
+
+    Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.
+
+    Duds, deloading of, v: 326.
+
+    Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Duff, Sir Beauchamp,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.
+
+    Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.
+
+    Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.
+
+    Duma, Russian, reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;
+      struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144;
+      forces dismissal of Stürmer as Premier, vi: 142;
+      Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144;
+      refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146;
+      activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155;
+      establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155;
+    _see also_ Russia.
+
+    Dumba, Dr. Constantin,
+      Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275;
+      dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.
+
+    Dun-sur-Meuse, captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;
+      bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.
+
+    Dunant, Henri,
+      influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.
+
+    Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B.,
+      brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
+      commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.
+
+    Dunkirk, bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380;
+      bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380;
+      German drive for, '14, iii: 40.
+
+    Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.
+
+    Dunne, Edw. F.,
+      member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.
+
+    Durazzo, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384;
+      naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399;
+      occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399;
+      retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.
+
+    Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.
+
+    Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.
+
+    Duval, traitorous owner of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105;
+      found guilty and shot, vi: 106.
+
+    Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.
+
+    Dyestuffs,
+      German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, xii: 224.
+
+
+    E
+
+    _E-7_, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.
+
+    _E-9_, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.
+
+    _E-11_, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.
+
+    _E-14_, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.
+
+    _E-50_, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.
+
+    _E-54_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.
+
+    Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300.
+
+    East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice
+      on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv._
+
+    East Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 255;
+      acquired by Great Britain, '18, xii: 271;
+      area and population, xii: 271.
+
+    East Prussia,
+      Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116;
+      battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;
+      effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227;
+      German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account,
+        ii: 353-357;
+      plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110;
+      importance, iii: 112;
+      Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113;
+      strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113;
+      decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113;
+      Russian withdrawal, iii: 116;
+      plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, xii: 200.
+
+    Eastern Front, fortifications of, iii: 109;
+      strategic aspects, iii: 110;
+      Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118;
+    _see also_ East Prussia;
+        Galicia;
+        Mazurian Lakes;
+        Poland.
+
+    Eastern Karelia, military government established, May, '19, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Ebert, Friedrich,
+      elected President of Germany, Feb., '19,
+        vi: _Intro. xiii_, 292;
+      appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273;
+      establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
+      states government's determination to put down Spartacides,
+        Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287;
+      outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+      German press comment on personality, vi: 293;
+      biography, ix: 135-138.
+
+    Economic strategy, in war, theory and example of, ii: 16;
+      Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, xii: 102.
+
+    Ecuador, proletarian unrest, vi: 392;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.
+
+    Education, bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29;
+      A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280;
+      A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281;
+      Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281;
+      demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282;
+      A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282;
+      work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282;
+      U. S. soldier students at French and British universities,
+        vii: 282, 290;
+      Army Educational Committee, vii: 282;
+      A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282;
+      Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.
+
+    Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.
+
+    Edwards, Maj.-Gen.,
+      commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;
+      relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.
+
+    Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.
+
+    Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.
+
+    Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service,
+      tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.
+
+    Egypt, British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48;
+      British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99;
+      anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188;
+      political unrest, iii: 188;
+      operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189;
+      Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190;
+      Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191;
+      tribesmen suppressed, '16--'17, iii: 191;
+      resentment against British domination, vi: 67;
+      popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330;
+      Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69;
+      Great Britain declares protectorate over,
+        Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, xii: 279;
+      Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70;
+      insurrection, '19, vi: 71;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, '14, xii: 279.
+
+    Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.
+
+    Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.
+
+    Eisner, Kurt,
+      becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18,
+        vi: 273, 280;
+      appeals to German national government on behalf of
+        Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
+      assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.
+
+    El Arish, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189;
+      taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.
+
+    El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.
+
+    El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Elbe,
+      internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, xii: 248.
+
+    Electric drive, description and advantages of, iv: 322;
+      successfully applied in _U. S. S. New Mexico_, iv: 322.
+
+    Electric welding, use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319;
+      use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.
+
+    Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.
+
+    Elliott, Col.,
+      leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.
+
+    Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E.,
+      as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124;
+      assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.
+
+    _Emden_, German commerce raider, exploits of, iv: 166-194;
+       method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173;
+      bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174;
+      attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178;
+      lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184;
+      attacked by _Sydney_ off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185;
+      destruction of, report of captain of _Sydney_, iv: 187;
+      summary of raiding activities, iv: 189;
+      landing force at Keeling escapes on _Ayesha_, iv: 190-194.
+
+    Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liége, iii: 10.
+
+    Emont Wood, cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+      37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.
+
+    Emplacements,
+      duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.
+
+    _Empress Maria_, Russian dreadnought,
+       blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.
+
+    Enfield rifle, facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347;
+      standard British service rifle, viii: 95;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
+
+    Engineering, development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319;
+      relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.
+
+    Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, xii: 286.
+
+    England, _see_ Great Britain.
+
+    Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.
+
+    Entertainment,
+      27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299;
+      Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343;
+      for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277;
+      at Winchester camp, vii: 287;
+      for Army of Occupation, vii: 292;
+      for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295;
+      "Y" program for Navy, vii: 299;
+      by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.
+
+    Enver Pasha, leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270;
+      commander of Turkish army, iii: 164;
+      in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260;
+      biography, ix: 270-274.
+
+    Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.
+
+    Epieds, German stand at, in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184;
+      General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.
+
+    Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Ersatz, German, i: 72.
+
+    Erskine, Prof. John, member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282;
+      educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.
+
+    Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
+
+    Erzberger, leader of German Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_;
+      becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: _Intro. xiii._
+
+    Erzerum,
+      captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.
+
+    Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.
+
+    Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Esnes, location of, v: 217;
+      4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.
+
+    Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1--3, '18, v: 254.
+
+    Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
+
+    Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.
+
+    Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10--11, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.
+
+    Esthonia, early history, vi: 226;
+      independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, '18, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Baltic Provinces.
+
+    Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Etraye, threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82;
+      ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86;
+      captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.
+
+    Europe, area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9;
+      race rivalries in, i: 21;
+      alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2;
+      general conditions, winter '17--'18, v: 1, 113;
+      military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.
+
+    Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh,
+      commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.
+
+    Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.
+
+    Exermont Valley, slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+      heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.
+
+    Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.
+
+    Explosives, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Extraterritoriality, explained, i: 17;
+      Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18;
+      Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.
+
+
+    F
+
+    _Falaba, S. S._, British steamer,
+      sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.
+
+    Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von,
+      sent to regain Bagdad, ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 196;
+      invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218;
+      replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg,
+        iii: 61;
+      biography, ix: 262.
+
+    Falkland Islands, battle of,
+      British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14,
+        i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308;
+      strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70;
+      von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70;
+      Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71;
+      German cruiser _Dresden_ escapes, iv: 74;
+      British casualties, iv: 74;
+      German loss in men and ships, iv: 74;
+      importance of victory, iv: 74;
+      Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79;
+      eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.
+
+    Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.
+
+    _Falmouth_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
+      at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.
+
+    _Fanning_, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
+
+    Fanning Island,
+      Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.
+
+    Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.
+
+    _Farewell_, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.
+
+    Farman airplane, viii: 189.
+
+    Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S.,
+      commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145;
+      in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.
+
+    Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.
+
+    Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    Fayolle, Gen.,
+      commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18,
+        ii: 152;
+      decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
+
+    _Fearless_,
+      British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.
+
+    Ferdinand, Archduke Francis,
+    _see_ Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.
+
+    Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
+      proclamation to army, vi: 340;
+      appeals to Germany, vi: 347;
+      character, ix: 378;
+      biography, ix: 378-380.
+
+    _Ferdinand of Bulgaria_, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.
+
+    Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.
+
+    Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.
+
+    Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian,
+      comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism,
+        ii: 365-372;
+      sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.
+
+    Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.
+
+    Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.
+
+    Finland, signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393;
+      political history, 1809--1914, vi: 196;
+      granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196;
+      autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196;
+      threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196;
+      socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196;
+      nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196;
+      German aid against Russification, vi: 196;
+      declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198;
+      base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198;
+      Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
+      Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198;
+      Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198;
+      White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198;
+      General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199;
+      Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200;
+      new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200;
+      Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200;
+      origin of inhabitants, vi: 200;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    _Finland_, U. S. transport sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392;
+      torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.
+
+    _Firedrake_,
+      British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.
+
+    Fisher, Adm. Lord John,
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
+      views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203;
+      biography, ix: 288-290.
+
+    Fisher, Prof. Irving,
+      analysis of high cost of living, xii: _Intro._
+
+    Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.
+
+    Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B.,
+      Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
+
+    Fismes, captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61;
+      taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July--Aug., '18, v: 189;
+      General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18,
+        v: 192.
+
+    Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.
+
+    Fiume, conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365;
+      arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366;
+      Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference
+        in controversy over, vi: 368-370, xii: 159;
+      occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370;
+      awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.
+
+    _Five Souls_, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.
+
+    Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.
+
+    Flanders, battles of:
+      Oct., '14, nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299;
+        extent of battle line, iii: 38;
+        Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40;
+        Germans repulsed, iii: 40.
+      Aug., '17, failure of British offensive, ii: 56;
+        Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343;
+        description of, iii: 78-80;
+        duration, iii: 78;
+        objects, iii: 78;
+        Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79;
+        Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79;
+        Allied gains, Sept.--Oct., '17, iii: 79;
+        results, iii: 79.
+      Sept., '18, Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.
+
+    Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.
+
+    Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Fleury, at Verdun, captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386;
+      captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.
+
+    Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    _Florence H._, cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.
+
+    Florina, occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208;
+      occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.
+
+    "Flying Dutchman," name applied to _Emden_, iv: 187.
+
+    Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
+      strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213;
+      at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154;
+      theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137;
+      takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130;
+      as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre,
+        ii: 103, 137, 220;
+      share in victory at first Marne battle,
+        ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220;
+      author of _Principles of War_, summary, ii: 104;
+      conception of _mind_ as determining factor in victory,
+        ii: 138;
+      on functions of a general, ii: 138;
+      theories on battle tactics, ii: 138;
+      commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138;
+      organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138;
+      famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33;
+      given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14,
+        ii: 143, iii: 38;
+      floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145;
+      stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220;
+      commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148;
+      appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148;
+      appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148;
+      sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149;
+      French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149;
+      appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18,
+        ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41;
+      analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154;
+      made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97;
+      Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170;
+      General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220;
+      commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18;
+      repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33;
+      member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
+      text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380;
+      biography, ix: 148-153;
+      Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151;
+      pronunciation of name, ix: 151;
+      bibliography, ix: 153;
+      members of family killed in War, ix: 153;
+      military commandments, xi: 55;
+      conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18,
+        xii: 277.
+
+    Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.
+
+    Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.
+
+    Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.
+
+    Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.
+
+    Food, sent to Europe from U. S., '16--'18, xii: 36;
+      importance in winning War, xii: 40, 135;
+      War's effect on neutrals, xii: 42;
+      European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, xii, 42;
+      situation in Europe after armistice, xii: 43;
+      world's requirements and supply, '19, xii: 44;
+      use of potatoes as, xii: 47;
+      U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, xii: 135;
+      problem of national self-sufficiency, xii: 135;
+      war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138;
+      national tastes in, xii: 138;
+      scientific rations _vs._ personal taste, xii: 139;
+      scientific rations as conservation measure, xii: 139;
+      Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139;
+      war-time government control, xii: 140;
+      U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141;
+    _see also_ under each country.
+
+    Foreign Legion, American enlistments in, '14--'17, iii: 391;
+      in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168;
+      heroic story of, x: 27-32;
+      history, xi: 193.
+
+    Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.
+
+    Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
+
+    Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
+
+    Forges, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306;
+      captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    _Formidable_,
+      British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.
+
+    Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.
+
+    Fortescue, Granville,
+      description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.
+
+    Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    "Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, xii: 163-165.
+
+    "Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.
+
+    "Foyers du Soldats," comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310;
+      number, vii: 311;
+      locations, vii: 313.
+
+    Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.
+
+    France:
+      Air Service, strength at end of War, viii: 201;
+        personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206.
+      Army, increase in, for '14, i: 132;
+        German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
+        military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12;
+        German military critic on, ii: 256;
+        uniform, ii: 286;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 3;
+        morale, '17, iv: 10;
+        relations with A. E. F., v: 22;
+        type of service rifle, viii: 95;
+        medical service, viii: 362-365;
+        Chasseurs, xi: 189;
+        Spahi, xi: 189;
+        Zouaves, xi: 189;
+        Tirailleurs, xi: 191;
+        Foreign Legion, xi: 193;
+        _see also_ Foreign Legion;
+        for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
+      Artillery, famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287;
+        plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14;
+        520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war, by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140;
+        on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
+        on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
+        on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382;
+        popular reception of, '14, vi: 95.
+      Food, potato crop, xii: 47;
+        war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138.
+      Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37;
+        world position, 1871, i: 47;
+        world position, '14, i: 59;
+        Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain,
+          i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2;
+        Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98;
+        Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99;
+        Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
+        Anglo-French agreement for united action
+          against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220;
+        Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220;
+        pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223;
+        French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382;
+        Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315;
+        claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+        Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334.
+      Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
+      Frontiers, topography of German border, ii: 6;
+        defenses, iii: 2;
+        natural gateways on, v: 214.
+      Industries, war-time disorganization, xii: 79;
+        economic value of A. E. F. to, xii: 86;
+        German destruction in invaded territory, xii: 87.
+      Internal politics, development of democracy, i: 30;
+        organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97;
+        fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100;
+        nation united in War aims, vi: 101;
+        mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102;
+        Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103;
+        fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103;
+        effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103;
+        Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103;
+        _Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17,
+          vi: 104;
+        Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105;
+        Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
+        Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106;
+        Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106;
+        growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109;
+        class war, '19, vi: 110;
+        Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110;
+        significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110;
+        French peace aims, vi: 111;
+        May Day riots, '19, vi: 111;
+        class war intensified, vi: 113.
+      Labor, war achievements, ii: 373-382;
+        shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373;
+        skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374;
+        women as munition workers, ii: 376;
+        foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377;
+        importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377;
+        use of colonials, ii: 377;
+        use of prisoners of war, ii: 377;
+        size of labor army, ii: 377;
+        housing of war workers, ii: 377;
+        co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378;
+        protection for women workers, ii: 379;
+        war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379;
+        state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380;
+        growth of syndicalism, ii: 381;
+        demand for share in management, ii: 381;
+        selective assignment to industries, xii: 79.
+      Minerals, German plans for seizure of iron mines,
+        i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20;
+        coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
+      Morale, of people during War, i: _Intro. xiii_, ii: 383-392;
+        war-time unity, ii: 385;
+        factors in war-time unity, ii: 392;
+        depression, '17--'18, v: 2.
+      Munitions, statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373;
+        immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373.
+      Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;
+        increase in, for '14, i: 132;
+        entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12;
+        strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373;
+        war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373;
+        work in Dardanelles, iv: 375;
+    _Fusiliers marins_, French naval gunners,
+        on Western Front, iv: 376;
+        protection of French coast, iv: 377;
+        anti-submarine activities, iv: 378.
+      Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179;
+        _see also_ Peace Conference.
+      Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264;
+        _see also_ Peace Treaty.
+      Population, in 1860, i: 40;
+        in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
+        in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
+        growth since 1870 compared with that of Germany, i: 262.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, unprecedented war-time demands on, xii: 91;
+        equipment shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286.
+      Reconstruction, material needs, xii: 87.
+      Shipping, war losses, xii: 87.
+      War cost, loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., xii: 4;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18, 31;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        André Tardieu's estimate, xii: 86;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 109;
+        loans, xii: 111;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 111-113, 114.
+      War relief, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austrian throne, i: 111;
+      murdered with consort at Sarajevo,
+        June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4;
+      responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112;
+      responsibility disclaimed, i: 246;
+      causes and results of murder, vi: 135;
+      national policy, vi: 356.
+
+    Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+      dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313;
+      tragedies of reign, vi: 305;
+      proclamation against Italy, vi: 310;
+      biography, ix: 370-373.
+
+    Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier,
+      vii: 101.
+
+    Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.
+
+    Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.
+
+    Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Frantz, Gen. von,
+      protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.
+
+    _Frauenlob_, German cruiser,
+      torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Frederick William, German Crown Prince,
+      moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13;
+      commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
+      renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340;
+      commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10;
+      commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303;
+      detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      biography, ix: 367-369.
+
+    Free Milk for France, fund started, vii: 376;
+      object, vii: 376;
+      French testimonials, vii: 379.
+
+    Freedom of the seas, U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324;
+      Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of,
+        ii: 27;
+      definition, xi: 18.
+
+    French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.
+
+    French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres,
+      report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9;
+      first British commander-in-chief in France,
+        ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180;
+      publishes _1914_, account of military operations of year,
+        ii: 159;
+      summary of _1914_, ii: 160-174;
+      arrival in France, ii: 161;
+      dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France,
+        ii: 164, 169;
+      exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173;
+      overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports,
+        ii: 174;
+      commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
+      official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24;
+      relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52;
+      biography, ix: 177-181;
+      Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.
+
+    French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.
+
+    French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.
+
+    Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Fresnes-en-Woevre,
+      taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.
+
+    Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.
+
+    Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von,
+      German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War,
+        ii: 10;
+      summary of his _Deductions from the World War_, ii: 254;
+      exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.
+
+    Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.
+
+    Fryatt, Capt. Chas.,
+      executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269;
+      attempts to ram _U-33_, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265;
+      Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.
+
+    Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen.,
+      German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.
+
+    Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Fyfe, Hamilton,
+      defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.
+
+
+    G
+
+    _G-13_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.
+
+    G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.
+
+    Gaba Tepe. _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo,
+      for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.
+
+    Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.
+
+    Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Galicia,
+      German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, 360
+     (Ludendorff's account), iii: 135-138;
+      Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124;
+      General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120;
+      Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121;
+      rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121;
+      last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147;
+      Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.
+
+    Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon,
+      prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28;
+      biography, ix: 161-164;
+      Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.
+
+    Gallipoli Campaign,
+      Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles,
+        ii: _Intro. x, xii_, 29, 200;
+      reasons for,
+        ii: _Intro. xii_, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57;
+      failure of initial naval attack, ii: _Intro. xv_;
+      reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: _Intro. xv_;
+      weakness, ii: _Intro. xvi_;
+      strategy, ii: 27-31;
+      Feb.--Dec., '15, ii: 27-31;
+      Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173;
+      Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure,
+        appointment and personnel, ii: 197;
+      persons named as responsible, ii: 198;
+      summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200;
+      British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200;
+      campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200;
+      Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203;
+      Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53;
+      Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56;
+      military operations, Apr. 25, '15--Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177;
+      Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15,
+        iii: 162;
+      composition of Allied forces, iii: 162;
+      Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32;
+      Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164;
+      composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164;
+      topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
+      defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
+      British plans for landing attack, iii: 167;
+      Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, iv: 36-42
+      (Adm. de Robeck's official report), x: 35-40;
+      Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167, 352
+      (Masefield's description), iv: 36 (official report);
+      Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355;
+      Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170;
+      Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May--June, '15, iii: 170;
+      "war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171;
+      Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173;
+      Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171;
+      Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
+      last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15,
+        iii: 173, 355-358. (Masefield's description);
+      last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355;
+      last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357;
+      last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
+      obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173;
+      Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174;
+      evacuation, Nov., '15--Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358;
+      casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51;
+      reasons for failure, iii: 177;
+      bibliography, iii: 177;
+      Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343;
+      Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341;
+      Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350;
+      soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353;
+      Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356;
+      Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28;
+      initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28;
+      British plan of operations, iv: 30;
+      preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15--Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30;
+      bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42;
+      Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32;
+      Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet,
+        Mar., '15, iv: 32;
+      Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49;
+      number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33;
+      Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 34 (official report), 47;
+      Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34;
+      French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;
+      heroic minesweeping, iv: 43;
+      Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45;
+      analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War,
+        iv: 51;
+      cost of expedition, iv: 51;
+      lessons of, iv: 52;
+      mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56;
+      Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330;
+      Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321;
+    _see also_ Dardanelles.
+
+    Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.
+
+    Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.
+
+    Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.
+
+    Gardens, cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131;
+      by A. E. F., v: 330.
+
+    Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.
+
+    Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.
+
+    _Garibaldi_, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.
+
+    _Garibaldi Hymn_, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.
+
+    Garrisons, use of small _groupes de combat_ by French, v: 13.
+
+    Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Gas, _see_ Chemical warfare.
+
+    Gas gangrene, _see_ Gangrene.
+
+    Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.
+
+    Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    _Gaulois_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.
+
+    Gaza, Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26--27, '17, iii: 192;
+      captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.
+
+    Generalship, British, in the War,
+      analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378;
+      physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371;
+      mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371;
+      personal gallantry, iii: 371;
+      as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371;
+      mental characteristics, iii: 371;
+      mostly conservative men, iii: 372;
+      no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374;
+      personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373;
+      ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373;
+      faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374;
+      desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374;
+      efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374;
+      Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375;
+      faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375;
+      Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375;
+      tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375;
+      final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378;
+      success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378;
+      inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378;
+      chief shortcoming, iii: 378.
+
+    Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.
+
+    Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.
+
+    Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.
+
+    George V, King of England,
+      receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
+      biography, ix: 392-395.
+
+    Georgia, early history of people, vi: 231;
+      Republic established, Jan., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.
+
+    German-Americans, distribution and characteristics, i: 278;
+      Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.
+
+    German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.
+
+    _Germania, To_, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.
+
+    Germany:
+      Air Service,
+        passing of supremacy, vii: 201;
+        strength at end of War, viii: 202;
+        pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
+        equipment and strength, viii: 206;
+        supremacy over Allies, viii: 207;
+        bombing planes, viii: 221-222;
+        A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221;
+        Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
+        Lizenz bombers, viii: 222;
+        Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248;
+        Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254;
+        military service abolished under Peace Treaty, xii: 214;
+        surrendered to Allies, xii: 215.
+      Area, of Republic, xii: 279.
+      Army,
+        aristocratic character, i: 69;
+        system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6;
+        tradition of efficiency, i: 72;
+        conception of duties, i: 72;
+        increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131;
+        dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21;
+        loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47;
+        manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65;
+        loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18,
+          ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270;
+        German critic's opinion of, ii: 257;
+        machine-gun equipment, ii: 275;
+        heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282;
+        invisibility of uniform, ii: 286;
+        recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318;
+        desertions, ii: 309;
+        punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318;
+        Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333;
+        agitators undermine morale, ii: 320;
+        reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61;
+        best equipped, iii: 272;
+        infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17;
+        construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37;
+        sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274;
+        return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282;
+        Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79;
+        trench systems, viii: 124-129;
+        adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134;
+        machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134;
+        method of attack, viii: 137;
+        "holding" troops, viii: 144;
+        "shock" troops, viii: 144;
+        training, xi: 195-204;
+        cavalry, xi: 196;
+        discipline, xi: 202;
+        reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, xii: 209, 211;
+        reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, xii: 210, 212;
+        table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 212;
+        for military operations, _see_ Western Front;
+        _also_ name of campaign or engagement.
+      Artillery,
+        superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36;
+        guns captured by Allies, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103;
+        development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22;
+        11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36;
+        long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47;
+        structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46.
+      Bagdad Railway, interest in, _see_ Bagdad Railway.
+      Belgian neutrality, violation of, _see_ Belgium, Neutrality.
+      Blockade of, effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253, xii: 97 (German view);
+        Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377;
+        controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+        British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318;
+        Allied trade blacklist, i: 335;
+        controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
+        measures to starve Germany, i: 358;
+        objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16;
+        food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294;
+        report of German scientists on, ii: 17;
+        estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17;
+        meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18;
+        statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18;
+        shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18;
+        increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18;
+        reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254;
+        increase in tilled land, ii: 19;
+        international law on, ii: 21;
+        difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86;
+        German isolation, ii: 21;
+        value of, ii: 22;
+        effect on civilian population, ii: 99;
+        use of dog flesh as food, xii: 41;
+        after-War food conditions, xii: 45;
+        U. S. export license system, xii: 99;
+        German trade with neutrals, xii: 100;
+        smuggling, xii: 100;
+        Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;
+        pre-War food production, xii: 136-138;
+        war-time food problems, xii: 136.
+      Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, xii: 186.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
+        princes killed in battle, ix: 237;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206.
+      Coal, production, 1880--1913, i: 267;
+        secret of power, i: 267;
+        production, '13--'15, xii: 48.
+      Colonies, loss of, i: 13;
+        acquisition of African, i: 50, 95;
+        acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81;
+        acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82;
+        South American settlements, i: 84;
+        area and population of African, i: 96, xii: 279;
+        understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200;
+        necessity as outlet for population, i: 262;
+        important motive in war policy, ii: 13;
+        conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256;
+        New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38;
+        Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
+        surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 206;
+        Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, xii: 209, 279;
+        distribution among Allies, xii: 279;
+        area and population, xii: 279;
+        _see also_ name of colony.
+      Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war,
+        on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;
+        on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375;
+        by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375;
+        on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;
+        by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+        on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;
+        by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35;
+        diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
+        diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
+        Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390;
+        by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390.
+      Defeat, causes of,
+        underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: _Intro. ix_;
+        underestimate of British, ii: _Intro, viii_;
+        strategic, ii: 15;
+        faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221;
+        collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329;
+        analysis of, ii: 99;
+        German efficiency _vs._ Allies' "will to win," ii: 100;
+        Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120;
+        failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221;
+        Russian campaigns, ii: 221;
+        adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222;
+        forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222;
+        miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224;
+        launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225;
+        failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255;
+        not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304;
+        Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government,
+          ii: 301-304, 310;
+        Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Strategy;
+        for military operations, _see_ Western Front,
+        _also_ campaign or engagement.
+      Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Food, _see_ Blockade.
+      Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44;
+        influence of industrialism on, i: 77;
+        domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133;
+        Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;
+        ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13;
+        expansion in South America, i: 84;
+        Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86;
+        jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87;
+        plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;
+        ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27;
+        enters Triple Alliance, i: 95;
+        dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96;
+        sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192;
+        Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330;
+        Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;
+        hatred of Great Britain,
+          i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264;
+        Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat
+          _Panther_ to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;
+        negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12,
+          i: 106, 194-197;
+        dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258;
+        von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173;
+        Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190;
+        ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192;
+        _Hymn of Hate_, i: 194;
+        negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;
+        Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204;
+        Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207;
+        unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
+        Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209;
+        hatred of France, i: 215;
+        Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23--Aug. 3, '14,
+          i: 218-227;
+        refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223;
+        Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229;
+        Russian policy, i: 239;
+        statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14;
+        plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15;
+        anti-British plans in East, ii: 27;
+        "Gott strafe England," vi: 251;
+        Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251;
+        desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322;
+        friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344;
+        attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376;
+        relations with Japan, vi: 382;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism.
+      Fortifications,
+        demolition under Peace Treaty terms, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214.
+      Health, effect of War on, iii: 406.
+      Industries,
+        rise as industrial power, i: 75-78;
+        state aid, i: 76;
+        influence on foreign policy, i: 77;
+        industrial mobilization, xii: 80;
+        effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, xii: 97;
+        use of potash boycott against U. S., xii: 98.
+      Internal politics,
+        political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26;
+        failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32;
+        unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1;
+        political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156;
+        strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;
+        powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156;
+        William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97;
+        Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155;
+        composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156;
+        composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156;
+        powers of Emperor, i: 156;
+        dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258;
+        social classes, i: 258;
+        Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258;
+        change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260;
+        struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260;
+        basis of national strength, i: 260;
+        social legislation, i: 264;
+        Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties,
+          vi: _Intro. ix-xvi_;
+        party principles compared, vi: _Intro. ix, xii_;
+        Social-Democratic leaders, vi: _Intro. ix_;
+        Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: _Intro. x_;
+        leaders of the Revolution, vi: _Intro. x_;
+        strength of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;
+        strength of Conservatives, vi: _Intro. xi, xiv, xv_;
+        Conservative principles, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+        principles of Social-Democrats, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+        principles of National-Liberals, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+        policies of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_;
+        National-Liberal strength, vi: _Intro. xv_;
+        strength of Democratic Party, vi: _Intro. xv_;
+        Germany politically undeveloped, vi: _Intro. xv_;
+        city governments non-partisan, vi: _Intro. xvi_;
+        public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250;
+        anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250;
+        Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262;
+        Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260;
+        beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260;
+        "preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262;
+        Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;
+        Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk,
+          vi: 268;
+        labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17,
+          vi: 268;
+        strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260;
+        reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270;
+        Germany faces defeat, vi: 270;
+        Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling
+          as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;
+        Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government,
+          vi: 270;
+        Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271;
+        Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
+        revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
+        Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272;
+        Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272;
+        establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280;
+        revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277;
+        Ebert, as Chancellor,
+          establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277;
+        Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277;
+        radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278;
+        Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279;
+        spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280;
+        Independents demand immediate social reconstruction
+          before political reform, vi: 280;
+        Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280;
+        Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280;
+        return of "victorious" army to Berlin
+          strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282;
+        Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert,
+          Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283;
+        Central Council votes for election of National Assembly,
+          Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283;
+        Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+        Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283;
+        Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved,
+          Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+        Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution,
+          Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+        Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284;
+        hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298;
+        Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
+        Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
+        Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;
+        National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290;
+        National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291;
+        Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies,
+          vi: 292;
+        Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+        Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+        composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292;
+        German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293;
+        middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294;
+        Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298;
+        Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300;
+        Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
+        second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske,
+          Mar., '19, vi: 299;
+        Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet,
+          Apr.--May, '19, vi: 300-301;
+        forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
+        press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
+        Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor
+          to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304;
+        National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms,
+          June 22, '19, vi: 305.
+      International concessions,
+        surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.
+      Iron, plans for annexation of French ore lands,
+        i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15;
+        importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267;
+        seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20.
+      Kultur, Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160;
+        great men of, i: 64;
+        significance, i: 64;
+        manifestations, i: 64;
+        spokesmen of, i: 66;
+        gospel of conquest, i: 66;
+        educational program for dissemination of, i: 67;
+        supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148;
+        doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68;
+        relation to militarism, i: 69;
+        German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149;
+        strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals,
+          i: 149;
+        Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152;
+        transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152;
+        materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154;
+        national egoism, i: 154;
+        contributions to world culture, i: 154;
+        definition and exposition of, i: 158;
+        compared with _culture_, i: 158;
+        Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160;
+        right to conquest, i: 161;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Militarism.
+      Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, _see_ Luxemburg.
+      Militarism, war as national policy, i: _Intro. vii_, 70;
+        basic conception, i: 69;
+        glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69;
+        Henri Bergson on, i: 152;
+        Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155;
+        Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162;
+        Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162;
+        Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171;
+        German pride in, i: 163;
+        compared with Christianity, i: 165;
+        compared with British policy, i: 165;
+        force in place of diplomacy, i: 166;
+        "World power or downfall," i: 170;
+        von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171;
+        German statement of policy, i: 171-173;
+        striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179;
+        Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181;
+        German denial of, i: 182;
+        compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1;
+        statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14;
+        explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260;
+        compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero,
+          ii: 365-372;
+        pre-War preparedness, vi: 249;
+        _see also_ under Germany,
+        Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism.
+      Morale, demands of War on nation, ii: 302;
+        fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311;
+        change between '17 and '18, v: 2.
+      Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;
+        negotiations with British for curbing naval program,
+          i: 106, 194-197;
+        increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131;
+        strength threat to British security, i: 196;
+        surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18,
+          i: 400,
+         iv: 142-144, 383-384 (list and description of major units),
+             385-387 (German eye-witness account),
+             387-390 (American eye-witness account),
+             390-394 (British eye-witness account),
+        xii: 213 (Peace Treaty terms);
+        hemmed in by British, ii: _Intro. viii_;
+        efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256;
+        strength of China Squadron, iv: 58;
+        operations in Pacific, iv: 60;
+        strategy of defense, iv: 86;
+        operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91;
+        superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94;
+        use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94;
+        High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96;
+        North Sea raids, iv: 136;
+        mission during War, iv: 138;
+        development, iv: 362;
+        Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380;
+        revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283;
+        morale, iv: 294;
+        mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266;
+        Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, xii: 212-214;
+        _see also_ Submarine warfare.
+      Occupation by Allies, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;
+        conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.
+      Pan-Germanism,
+        ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe,
+          i: 78, xi: 4;
+        Pan-German League, objects, i: 79;
+        propaganda in U. S., i: 79;
+        policy in South America, i: 84;
+        Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152;
+        Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2;
+        first steps toward under William II, ii: 2;
+        goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13;
+        Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296;
+        compared with Roman imperialism,
+          by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;
+        expounded by Friedrich Naumann in _Mitteleuropa_, vi: 258;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Foreign policy, Militarism.
+      Peace negotiations,
+        Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18,
+          i: 399, vi: 271;
+        armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399,
+          iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
+        war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14;
+        condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;
+        Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316;
+        Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;
+        Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335;
+        drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390;
+        armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;
+        Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183;
+        Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17,
+          vi: 262-264;
+        Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266;
+        Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17,
+          vi: 266;
+        forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
+        Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302;
+        press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
+        National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19,
+          vi: 304;
+        Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179, 182;
+        Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, xii: 264;
+        _see also_ Peace, moves for.
+      Population, in 1860, i: 40;
+        compared with France, 1874--1914, i: 61;
+        emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277;
+        emigration to South America, i: 79;
+        growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262;
+        relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262;
+        rapid increase, i: 277;
+        of Republic, xii: 279.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Propaganda, in U. S. before War, i: 79;
+        activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133;
+        artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149;
+        preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181;
+        appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268;
+        von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273;
+        activities of German agents in U. S.,
+          i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348;
+        Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274;
+        instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317;
+        Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347;
+        on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128;
+        following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123;
+        in Spain, xii: 101.
+      Railroads, war-time deterioration, viii: 283;
+        efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285;
+        Peace Treaty regulations, xii: 253.
+      Reparation, views of U. S. press on, xii: 24;
+        estimates of capacity to pay, xii: 159;
+        cession of Sarre coalfields to France, xii: 189;
+        Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.
+      Responsibility for War,
+        German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138;
+        unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War,
+          i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250;
+        responsibility denied, i: 116-120;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117;
+        Hellferich's justification, i: 119;
+        statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120;
+        Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120;
+        German case against Great Britain, i: 121;
+        evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131;
+        complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252;
+        Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250;
+        statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139;
+        Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War,
+          July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
+        Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War,
+          i: 246, 250;
+        Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254;
+        Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, xii: 217;
+        _see also_ Causes of the War.
+      Royal family, xi: 149;
+    _see also_
+        William II;
+        Frederick William.
+      Shipping,
+        increase in tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with British, i: 77;
+        increase in tonnage, '00--'04, i: 263;
+        Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264;
+        German resourcefulness, i: 264;
+        tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264;
+        tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264;
+        tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264;
+        tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264.
+      Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Strategy,
+        seizure of French coal and iron mines,
+          i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20;
+        general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8;
+        estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4;
+        conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10;
+        topography of German western frontier, ii: 6;
+        invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9;
+        mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14,
+          ii: 11;
+        probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14,
+          ii: 13;
+        reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13;
+        destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, xii: 23;
+        defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22;
+        East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24;
+        invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25;
+        failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31;
+        military plans for '17, ii: 53;
+        necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65;
+        at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66;
+        selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67;
+        plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149;
+        retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86;
+        causes of failure, ii: 99;
+        faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215;
+        Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233;
+        Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270;
+        underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272;
+        fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304;
+        Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion
+          through Belgium, ii: 345;
+        Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346;
+        alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17--'18, v: 3;
+        general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133;
+        _see also_
+          under Germany, Defeat, causes of;
+       _also_ Western Front;
+          campaign or engagement.
+      Submarine warfare, _see_ Submarine warfare.
+      Trade, 1880--1914, compared with British, i: 77;
+        tariff policy, i: 78;
+        production and import of grains, ii: 17;
+        dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20;
+        war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, xii: 100;
+        anti-German toy boycott in New York, xii: 99;
+        Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;
+        customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 229;
+        suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, xii: 230.
+      Treaties,
+        pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, xii: 231;
+        with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
+        with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
+        with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
+        _see also_ Brest-Litovsk Treaty;
+          Bucharest, Treaty of;
+          Peace Treaty;
+          Triple Alliance.
+      War booty, value, xii: 22.
+      War cost, financial mobilization, ii: 265, xii: 21;
+        gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265;
+        loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        method of raising war funds, xii: 21;
+        system of loans, xii: 21, 113;
+        estimate of expenditures, xii: 21;
+        currency inflation, xii: 22;
+        war finance system compared with British, xii: 22;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, Aug., '14--Oct. '19, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 109;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.
+      Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, xii: 214.
+
+    _Germany and the Next War_, book by General von Bernhardi,
+      striking quotations from, i: 179.
+
+    Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Gesnes, location, v: 217;
+      captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.
+
+    Gibbons, Floyd, account of _Laconia_ sinking, iv: 226-229.
+
+    Gibbs, Philip, analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221;
+      account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337;
+      description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360;
+      analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.
+
+    Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Gifford, Walter S.,
+      Director U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    Ginchy, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
+      description of battle, x: 147-155.
+
+    Giolitti,
+      Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.
+
+    Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.
+
+    Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.
+
+    _Glasgow_, British cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;
+      hit by gunfire, iv: 68;
+      in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Gleaves, Adm.,
+      convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.
+
+    _Glenart Castle_, British hospital ship,
+      sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.
+
+    _Glory of War, The_, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.
+
+    Glossop, Capt. John C. T.,
+      commands _Sydney_ in engagement with _Emden_, iv: 187.
+
+    _Gloucester Castle_,
+      British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.
+
+    Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    _Gneisenau_, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
+      sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;
+      eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.
+
+    _God Save the King_, English national anthem, xi: 326.
+
+    Godfrey, Dr. Hollis,
+      member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    _Goeben_, German battle cruiser,
+      eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters,
+        Aug., '14, iv: 13-16;
+      far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16;
+      sold to Turkey, iv: 16;
+      damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.
+
+    Gold, Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, xii: 226;
+      deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.
+
+    Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.
+
+    _Goliath_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
+      sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.
+
+    Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der,
+      heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164;
+      commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199;
+      biography, ix: 268.
+
+    Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.
+
+    Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister, reactionary government of, vi: 143;
+      gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144;
+      issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.
+
+    Gompers, Samuel,
+      member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.
+
+    _Good-by-ee_, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.
+
+    _Good Hope_,
+      Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64;
+      hit by gunfire, iv: 66;
+      sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.
+
+    Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.
+
+    Gorizia, Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244;
+      captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;
+      life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244;
+      key to Isonzo, iii: 239.
+
+    _Goshawk_, British destroyer,
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.
+
+    Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.
+
+    Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.
+
+    Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, at first Ypres battle, ii: 171;
+      responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army,
+        Mar., '18, ii: 190-197;
+      decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
+
+    Gouraud, Gen.,
+      defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18,
+        ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
+      famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45;
+      qualities as leader, v: 46.
+
+    Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225;
+      exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.
+
+    Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.
+
+    Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.
+
+    Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Grand Fleet, British, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.
+
+    Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.
+
+    Granger, Dr. Amédée,
+      invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.
+
+    Graves, war, A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for care of, xii: 217.
+
+    Great Britain:
+      Air Service, formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202;
+        strength at end of War, viii: 202;
+        types of airplanes, viii: 203-206;
+        Bristol planes, viii: 203;
+        Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223;
+        D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204;
+        types of dirigibles, viii: 245;
+        dirigible _R-34_ crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
+        dirigibles _R-33_ and _R-34_, description, viii: 254.
+      Army, German contempt for, i: 191;
+        lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
+        ammunition shortage, '14,
+          ii: _Intro. xiii_, 173 (Viscount French's exposé);
+        deficiency in trained men, ii: 113;
+        deficiency in material, ii: 114;
+        Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120;
+        machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275;
+        artillery equipment, ii: 125;
+        Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125;
+        artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126;
+        ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.--Nov., '18, ii: 130;
+        military hospitals in France, ii: 131;
+        total strength in France, ii: 131;
+        service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132;
+        Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133;
+        Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134;
+        changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135;
+        Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136;
+        opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 3;
+        Intelligence service, iii: 383;
+        strength, '14--'18, iii: 404, 405;
+        strength in Italy, iii: 405;
+        strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405;
+        "Pal" regiments, vi: 6;
+        slackers driven into service, vi: 6;
+        origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230;
+        types of rifles used, viii: 95;
+        Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85;
+        Senegalese troops, x: 116;
+        British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189;
+        for military operations, _see_ campaign or engagement.
+      Blockade by Germany, _see_ Submarine warfare.
+      Blockade of Germany, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405;
+        causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118;
+        at Gallipoli, iii: 177;
+        in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364;
+        in '17, iii: 382;
+        in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288;
+        _see also_ campaign or engagement.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47;
+        war-time fuel control, xii: 51.
+      Cost of living,
+        increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: _Intro. xxii_;
+        price movements in England and U. S. since 1780,
+          xii: _Intro. viii-x_;
+        criticism of government policy, xii: 28.
+      Declarations of war,
+        on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of,
+          i: 145, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's statement), 375;
+        on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;
+        on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
+        on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382.
+      Food, effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10;
+        police prevent hoarding, vi: 11;
+        government control of, xii: 34, 59;
+        Food Control Committee established, xii: 34;
+        sugar shortage, xii: 34, 138;
+        meat control, xii: 34;
+        war-time fish supply, xii: 34;
+        wheat control, xii: 35;
+        increase in crop production, '16--'18, xii: 40;
+        work of women in production of, xii: 40;
+        effect of food shortage on dogs, xii: 40;
+        potato crop, xii: 47;
+        war-time problems, xii: 138.
+      Foreign policy, value of U. S. good-will, i: 35;
+        world position, 1871, i: 44;
+        Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48;
+        acquires control of Egypt, i: 48;
+        extent of colonial empire, i: 59;
+        international position, '14, i: 59;
+        policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218;
+        Anglo-French good-will, i: 98;
+        treaty with France, '04, i: 99;
+        agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104;
+        Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104;
+        negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program,
+          '12, i: 106, 194-197;
+        statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106;
+        agreement with France for united action against "third Power,"
+          '12, i: 107, 220;
+        negotiations to prevent World War, July--Aug., '14,
+          i: 115, 124, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's account),
+          247-249 (Prince Lichnowsky's account);
+        policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224;
+        arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06,
+          i: 143, 231;
+        promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220;
+        statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189;
+        negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;
+        Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will,
+          i: 198;
+        agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200;
+        agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200;
+        question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218;
+        freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218;
+        Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of
+          Belgian neutrality, i: 224;
+        offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232;
+        influence in the East, ii: 27;
+        claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+        Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334;
+        _see also_ Triple Entente.
+      Industries during War, peace and war productivity compared,
+        xii: 19, 77-79;
+        women in, xiii: 25;
+        bonuses to labor, xii: 28;
+        provisions for settlement of labor disputes, xii: 79.
+      Internal politics, Imperial unity through war,
+        i: _Intro. xiv_;
+        political philosophy compared with German, i: 165;
+        members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198;
+        political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1;
+        industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2;
+        labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6;
+        Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6;
+        treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8;
+        pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12;
+        Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13;
+        Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14;
+        Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14;
+        conditions at close of War, vi: 15;
+        general elections, '18, vi: 16-17;
+        industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17;
+        ship-builders' strike, vi: 19;
+        Glasgow riots, vi: 19;
+        strike in electrical trades prevented
+          by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20;
+        Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20;
+        commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed,
+          Feb., '19, vi: 20;
+        truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22;
+        after-War problems, vi: 23.
+      Munitions, exposé of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173;
+        production compared with that of Central Empires, xii: 78;
+        work of Ministry of Munitions, xii: 78.
+      Navy, protector of lines of supply, i: 15;
+        rise to world supremacy, i: 28;
+        strength in '06, i: 101;
+        negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program,
+          i: 106, 194-197;
+        general strategy during War, ii: _Intro. vii_, iv: 85-93;
+        ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13;
+        squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58;
+        ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58;
+        problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86;
+        Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet,
+          Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88;
+        minesweeping operations, iv: 91;
+        convoy of troopships, iv: 92;
+        bases, iv: 92;
+        extracts from Jellicoe's _The Grand Fleet, 1914--1916_,
+          iv: 93-97;
+        unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93;
+        lack of destroyers, iv: 94;
+        Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96;
+        Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96;
+        make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97;
+        make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119;
+        Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140;
+        statistics on transport of troops, '15--'18, iv: 239;
+        18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53;
+        _see also_
+          battle or engagement;
+          Gallipoli Campaign.
+      Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 179;
+        _see also_ Peace Conference.
+      Peace Treaty, press views, vi: 22;
+        ratified, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264;
+        _see also_ Peace Treaty with Germany.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, system of war-time government control, xii: 89.
+      Royal family, xi: 150-152;
+        _see also_ George V.
+      Shipping, tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77;
+        government control of ship-building, xii: 95;
+        tonnage in '14, xii: 95;
+        yearly tonnage production, '14--'17, xii: 96;
+        war-time shortage of, xii: 96.
+      Strategy, analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice,
+        ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_;
+        naval, iv: 85-93.
+      Trade, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77;
+        pre-War position, xii: 18-19;
+        pre-War and war-time compared, xii: 78.
+      War cost, financial position at start of War, xii: 1, 18;
+        loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, xii: 4;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+        exchange rates with U. S., xii: 19;
+        extravagance in expenditure of war funds, xii: 19-20;
+        taxes, xii: 20, 107, 108, 111;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        currency inflation, xii: 27-28;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 105;
+        total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+        war loans, xii: 111;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 111, 114.
+
+    _Great Northern, S. S._, speed record as army transport, v: 358.
+
+    Greece, revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34;
+      breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17,
+        i: 390, vi: 345;
+      anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206;
+      Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16,
+        iii: 210;
+      Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210;
+      King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245;
+      war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+    _see also_ Salonika Campaign.
+
+    Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.
+
+    Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    _Greif_, German armed liner,
+      sunk in fight with British _Alcantara_, iv: 200.
+
+    Grenades, number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
+      ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119;
+      Germans first to use, viii: 119;
+      Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119;
+      nature, viii: 119;
+      technique of throwing, viii: 120;
+      kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.
+
+    Grenfell, Capt. Francis O.,
+      first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.
+
+    Gresham, Pvt.,
+      one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.
+
+    Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon,
+      efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247;
+      mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198;
+      efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198;
+      negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia,
+        '12--'14, i: 200;
+      speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War,
+        Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
+      biography, ix: 35-40;
+      bibliography, ix: 40;
+      advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
+
+    Grierson, Gen. Sir James,
+      commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.
+
+    Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.
+
+    Grimm, Swiss Socialist,
+      expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.
+
+    Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.
+
+    _Groupes de Combat_, function in French defensive, v: 12.
+
+    Guatemala,
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Guépratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.
+
+    _Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne_,
+     French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
+
+    Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
+
+    _Gulflight_, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15,
+      i: 319, 380, iv: 218.
+
+    Gumbinnen, Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16--24, '14, iii: 111;
+      retaken by Germans, iii: 116.
+
+    Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Guncotton, composition and detonating properties, viii: 2;
+    _see also_ Ammunition.
+
+    Gunpowder, black, composition and explosive properties, viii: 2;
+      smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4;
+      muzzle flash, viii: 7;
+    _see also_ Ammunition.
+
+    Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.
+
+    Guns, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    _Guns of Verdun_, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.
+
+    Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.
+
+    Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231.
+
+    Gyles, Midshipman Donald,
+      heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.
+
+    Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.
+
+
+    H
+
+    Haase, Herr,
+      leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+      in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.
+
+    Habibullah Khan,
+      Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.
+
+    Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.
+
+    Hague Conference, establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94;
+      convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103;
+      accomplishments, i: 103.
+
+    Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.
+
+    Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.
+
+    Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas,
+      analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136;
+      theories on warfare, ii: 118;
+      on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120;
+      on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120;
+      on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123;
+      on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics,
+        ii: 123, 126;
+      on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133;
+      on British military organization, ii: 134;
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force,
+        Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46;
+      famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120;
+      personal traits, iii: 373;
+      biography, ix: 181-184.
+
+    Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.
+
+    Haldane, Gen., commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371;
+      personal traits, iii: 377.
+
+    Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.
+
+    Halicz, Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380;
+      captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121;
+      recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.
+
+    Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.
+
+    Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Haller, Gen.,
+      leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216.
+
+    Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.
+
+    Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, _see_ Bagdad Railway.
+
+    Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.
+
+    Hamel, captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395;
+      work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281;
+      share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.
+
+    Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.
+
+    Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian,
+      Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32;
+      succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174;
+      despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.
+
+    _Hampshire_, British cruiser,
+      sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.
+
+    Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.
+
+    Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.
+
+    Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.
+
+    Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.
+
+    Hapsburgs, rise and downfall, vi: 305;
+    _see also_
+      Austria-Hungary;
+      Charles Francis;
+      Francis Joseph.
+
+    Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, _see_ Kei Hara.
+
+    Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.
+
+    Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G.,
+      Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403;
+      commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167;
+      commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.
+
+    Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Harden, Maximilian, on sordid nature of World War, i: 123;
+      on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274;
+      on American war prosperity, i: 311;
+      optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254;
+      on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.
+
+    Hardinge, Lord,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.
+
+    Harington, Sir John,
+      "brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375.
+
+    Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.
+
+    Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.
+
+    Hart, Prof. Albert B.,
+      summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings,
+        i: 358-362.
+
+    Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
+
+    Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French, Mar. 25, '15, i: 378;
+    Dec., '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Hartwell, William, first officer of _S. S. Brussels_,
+      report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.
+
+    Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
+
+    Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.
+
+    Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.
+
+    Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Hausen, Gen. von,
+      commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.
+
+    Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.
+
+    Havre, Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376;
+      embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    _Hawke_, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.
+
+    Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.
+
+    Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by,
+      of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137.
+
+    Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.
+
+    Hedjaz, Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199;
+      kingdom established under secret treaties, '16--'17,
+        vi: 334, xii: 279;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Heeringen, Gen. von,
+      commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.
+
+    _Hela_, German cruiser
+      torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.
+
+    Helfferich, Karl, on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119;
+      director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252;
+      German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252;
+      biography, ix: 353.
+
+    _Helgoland_, German battleship,
+      mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
+
+    Heligoland,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on,
+        xii: 205.
+
+    Heligoland Bight, naval battle of,
+      British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243;
+      Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.
+
+    Helmets, steel, devised by French, viii: 64;
+      process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64;
+      rate of production, viii: 65;
+      efficiency as protection, viii: 65;
+      process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68;
+      bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.
+
+    Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.
+
+    _Henri IV_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Henry, Prince, of Prussia, visits U. S., '02, i: 80;
+      escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.
+
+    Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.
+
+    Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Hermannstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386;
+      Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29--30, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor,
+      comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15--18, '18,
+        v: 158;
+      retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.
+
+    Hertzog, Gen.,
+      anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50;
+      heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19,
+        vi: 52.
+
+    Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;
+    _see also_ Bosnia-Herzegovina.
+
+    _Hesperian, S. S._,
+      torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.
+
+    Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.
+
+    Hickory (30th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    High Sea Fleet, _see_ Germany, Navy.
+
+    Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Hill 60, at Ypres,
+      captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42;
+      captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.
+
+    Hill 190, near Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.
+
+    Hill 204, near Château-Thierry,
+      captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56;
+      dominating situation, v: 133;
+      captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.
+
+    Hill 223, near Châtel Chehery,
+      captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
+
+    Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+        Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Hill 242, near Côte de Châtillon,
+      captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.
+
+    Hill 244, near Châtel Chehery,
+      captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
+
+    Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
+
+    Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Hill 269,
+      captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18,
+        v: 240;
+      held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.
+
+    Hill 288, near Côte de Châtillon,
+      captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.
+
+    Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.
+
+    Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.
+
+    Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,
+      put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 24, 353, iii: 112;
+      destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26--31, '14,
+        ii: 24, 353 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 112-116, ix: 242;
+      campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245;
+      Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300;
+      appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16,
+        ii: 326, iii: 61;
+      made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331;
+      proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18,
+       ii: 335;
+      first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;
+      biography, ix: 242-249;
+      nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242;
+      decorated for valor, ix: 246;
+      popularity, ix: 249.
+
+    Hindenburg Line,
+      German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70;
+      Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100;
+      extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301;
+      strategic purpose, iii: 66;
+      devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67;
+      reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70;
+      27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British,
+        break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+        iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393;
+      Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69;
+      Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218;
+      First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.
+
+    Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L., promotion, v: 182;
+      commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;
+      commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219;
+      commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.
+
+    Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan,
+      German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
+
+    Hipper, Rear-Adm. von,
+      commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15,
+        iv: 246;
+      commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16,
+        iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.
+
+    Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.
+
+    Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.
+
+    Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A.,
+      work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.
+
+    _Hogue_, British cruiser, torpedoed by _U-9_,
+      Sept. 22, '14,
+      eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280;
+      as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.
+
+    Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D.,
+      blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.
+
+    "Holding" troops, German, viii: 144.
+
+    Holland, _see_ Netherlands.
+
+    _Holland No. 9_, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.
+
+    Holy Alliance, formation of, i: 33;
+      defects of, i: 35.
+
+    Holy War, declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330;
+      to destroy British control in East, ii: 27;
+      failure of, ii: 31;
+      response to, in India, vi: 74.
+
+    Home Rule, Irish, _see_ Ireland.
+
+    Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.
+
+    Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A.,
+      commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland,
+        iv: 117;
+      lost with sinking of _Invincible_, iv: 120.
+
+    Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine,
+      report on American relief work, vii: 366.
+
+    Hoover, Herbert C.,
+      appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;
+      pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85;
+      organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119;
+      organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium,
+        vii: 119, xii: 136;
+      account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124;
+      biography, ix: 316-323;
+      bibliography, ix: 323;
+      work as U. S. Food Administrator, xii: 35;
+      report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, xii: 42;
+      director-general of American Relief Administration, xii: 141.
+
+    Horn, Lieut. Werner,
+      German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border,
+        i: 316, x: 368.
+
+    Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.
+
+    Horne, Gen.,
+      commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai,
+        Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213;
+      characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.
+
+    Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    Horses, utility in the War, viii: 397;
+      hospitals for, viii: 398;
+      number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 278.
+
+    Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max,
+      exploit in command of submarine _E-9_, iv: 207.
+
+    Horvath, Gen., sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192;
+      resigns from government, vi: 193.
+
+    Hospitals: British, in France, ii: 131.
+      French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365.
+      United States, _see_ U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+
+    Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.
+
+    House, Col. E. M.,
+      U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84;
+      biography, ix: 70-76.
+
+    Howitzers, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia,
+      advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40;
+      for vigorous war policy, vi: 40;
+      delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40;
+      forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription,
+        vi: 42.
+
+    Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.
+
+    _Humber_, British monitor, description, iv: 281.
+
+    Humbert, Charles, French Senator,
+      implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.
+
+    Hungary, war sentiment, '14, vi: 306;
+      parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311;
+      Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311;
+      "Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311;
+      Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312;
+      effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313;
+      "bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18,
+        vi: 322;
+      National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322;
+      Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, xii: 279;
+      Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323;
+      armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323;
+      Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324;
+      Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328;
+      military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325;
+      Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326;
+      the Red Army, vi: 326;
+      area and population, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Austria-Hungary.
+
+    _Hunley_, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.
+
+    Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.
+
+    "Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303.
+
+    Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khédive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.
+
+    Hutier, Gen. von, commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149;
+      new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41,
+        viii: 143-145.
+
+    Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.
+
+    Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.
+
+    Hydroplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    _Hymn of Hate_, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.
+
+    _Hymn of the Lusitania_, German, i: 365.
+
+
+    I
+
+    _I Want to Be an Angel_, aviators' song, xi: 338.
+
+    Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;
+
+    Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Immelmann, Capt., German ace,
+      death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.
+
+    Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.
+
+    _Imperatritsa_, Russian battleship,
+      burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.
+
+    _Implacable_, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    _In Flanders Fields_, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.
+
+    Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.
+
+    _Indefatigable_, British battle cruiser,
+      sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.
+
+    Indemnity, _see_ Reparation.
+
+    Index numbers, for measuring price changes, xii: _Intro. vii._
+
+    India,
+      troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns,
+        ii: _Intro._ _xxiii_;
+      Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27;
+      response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74;
+      casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      agitation for autonomy, vi: 72;
+      response to British war needs, vi: 72;
+      reasons for loyalty, vi: 73;
+      Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74;
+      political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75;
+      caste system, description of, vi: 75;
+      influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76;
+      suffering from famine, '18--'19, vi: 76;
+      Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77;
+      Bolshevism in, vi: 77;
+      "Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78;
+      coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48;
+      War cost, Aug., '14--Mar. '19, xii: 106;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.
+
+    Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.
+
+    Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.
+
+    _Indomitable_,
+      British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Industrial rights,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.
+
+    Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.
+
+    Infection, in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;
+      causes, viii: 369;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289;
+      prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289;
+    _see also_
+        Disease;
+        Medical science;
+        Sanitation.
+
+    "Infiltration," new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19;
+      Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against,
+        v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.
+
+    _Inflexible_, British battle cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35;
+      at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.
+
+    Insterburg,
+      important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.
+
+    Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany,
+      funds to be transferred to Allies, xii: 246.
+
+    Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.
+
+    Inter-Allied Commissions of Control,
+      to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, xii: 215.
+
+    Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16,
+      decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.
+
+    Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.
+
+    Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.
+
+    Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139.
+
+    Inter-Allied War Council, _see_ Supreme War Council.
+
+    International law, formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26;
+      German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139;
+      Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328;
+      comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282;
+      German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
+      controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare,
+        i: 317-326, 329-335, 339, 357-361 (chronological summary);
+      U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15,
+        i: 323;
+      controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare,
+        i: 326;
+      President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution,
+        i: 327;
+      controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
+      on blockades, ii: 21;
+    _see also_
+        Germany, Blockade of;
+        Submarine warfare.
+
+    International rivalries, factors in, 1890--1914, i: 58-63.
+
+    International Sanitary Commission,
+      for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.
+
+    _Intrepid_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;
+      sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
+
+    Inventions,
+      displace importance of strategy in war, viii: _Intro. vii._
+
+    _Invincible_, British battle cruiser, armament, iv: 70;
+      blown up at Jutland, iv: 119;
+      at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.
+
+    _Iphigenia_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;
+      sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
+
+    Ireland, history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53;
+      Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50;
+      situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53;
+      loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55;
+      Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55;
+      spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57;
+      Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57;
+      Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57;
+      Irish Volunteers, vi: 57;
+      sympathy with Germany, vi: 57;
+      German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58;
+      Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53;
+      Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58;
+      proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60;
+      Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53;
+      collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60;
+      leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53;
+      Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61;
+      Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18,
+        vi: 61-63;
+      De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61;
+      De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62;
+      Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62;
+      government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64;
+      struggle over conscription, vi: 64;
+      Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64;
+      Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18,
+        vi: 64;
+      delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64;
+      movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65;
+      Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65;
+      Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66;
+      Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52;
+      De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.
+
+    Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.
+
+    _Iris_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Irish-Americans, support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65;
+      Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65;
+      delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.
+
+    Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Iron, importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267;
+      importance in war, i: 268;
+      French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15;
+      French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.
+
+    _Irresistible_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.
+
+    Isherwood, Lieut.-Com.,
+      co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.
+
+    Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.
+
+    Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Isonzo Front, _see_ Italian Front.
+
+    Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.
+
+    Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply,
+      iii: 83, v: 11, 330.
+
+    Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.
+
+    _Italia Irredenta_, definition, xi: 18.
+
+    Italian Front,
+      Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: _Intro. xx_;
+      most difficult theater of War, ii: 48;
+      general military topography,
+        ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25;
+      general strategy at start of War,
+        ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241;
+      topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239;
+      Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248;
+      topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230;
+      Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239;
+      Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240;
+      results of '15 campaign, ii: 51;
+      Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;
+      Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.--Dec., '17,
+        ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37;
+      Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17,
+        ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248;
+      last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249;
+      victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18,
+        ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249;
+      Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244;
+      Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244;
+      Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244;
+      casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian,
+        during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248;
+      Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247;
+      Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247;
+      Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat,
+        Oct.--Dec., '17, ii: 248;
+      Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249;
+      American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394;
+      bibliography, iii: 249;
+      aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.
+
+    _Italian Front, On the_, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.
+
+    Italy:
+      Army, German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
+        Arditi, description of, ii: 240;
+        Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240;
+        Alpini, description of, ii: 242;
+        Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242;
+        Granatieri, description of, ii: 242;
+        pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226;
+        effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128;
+        for military operations, _see_ Italian Front.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Declarations of war, on Austria, May 23, '15,
+        i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18;
+        on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;
+        on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;
+        on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+        belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310.
+      Foreign policy, international position, '14, i: 61;
+        ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61;
+        member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114;
+        war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114;
+        neglected by Germany, i: 255;
+        Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256;
+        refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6;
+        Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48;
+        parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists,
+          ii: 236, vi: 123-126;
+        Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies,
+          ii: 236, vi: 123;
+        Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;
+        attitude toward U. S., ii: 245;
+        public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116;
+        pro-German sentiment, vi: 118;
+        pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119;
+        territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120;
+        Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120;
+        secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War,
+          vi: 122, 361;
+        occupation of Austrian territories following armistice,
+          vi: 129, 364;
+        unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308;
+        claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+        hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370;
+        Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361;
+        Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370.
+      Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127.
+      Internal politics, unification, i: 39;
+        parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party,
+          ii: 236, vi: 123-126;
+        Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies,
+          ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;
+        Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;
+        D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124;
+        strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128;
+        political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114;
+        popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116;
+        pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119;
+        attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117;
+        pro-German sympathies, vi: 118;
+        King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125;
+        obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126;
+        fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127;
+        coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16,
+          vi: 127;
+        pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128;
+        fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129;
+        Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129;
+        Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369.
+      Navy, strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368;
+        War record, iv: 368;
+        blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369.
+      Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179.
+      Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Royal family, xi: 141-143;
+        _see also_ Victor Emmanuel.
+      War cost, Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130;
+        relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131;
+        financial position at start of War, xii: 1;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+        value of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property destroyed, xii: 26;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, May, '15--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 107, 109;
+        loans, xii: 113;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.
+
+
+    J
+
+    Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386.
+
+    _Jacob Jones_,
+      U. S. destroyer sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393;
+      report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349.
+
+    Jador, battle of,
+      Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.
+
+    Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194.
+
+    Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128.
+
+    Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Japan, abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18;
+      acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20;
+      acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20;
+      rise as world power, '05, i: 20;
+      adopts "open door" policy, 1854, i: 38;
+      Root-Takahira agreement on "open door" in China, '08, i: 57;
+      Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest
+        in China, '17, i: 58;
+      international position in '14, i: 63;
+      Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107;
+      Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357;
+      siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau),
+        Aug. 23--Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;
+      total casualties, iii: 404;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      naval strength, iv: 58;
+      naval service to Allies, iv: 367;
+      motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382;
+      sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193;
+      the "Yellow Peril," origin of phrase, vi: 248;
+      ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau,
+        Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382;
+      declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382;
+      internal politics during War, vi: 384;
+      forces China to accede to "Group Demands," '15, vi: 385;
+      summary of concessions obtained under "Group Demands," vi: 385;
+      ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386;
+      treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386;
+      imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386;
+      Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388;
+      Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388;
+      opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388;
+      separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+      ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264;
+    _see also_
+        Kiau-Chau;
+        Shantung.
+
+    Jaroslav, fortress on San,
+      captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123;
+      retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389.
+
+    Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr.,
+      discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297.
+
+    Jaulgonne, location, v: 133;
+      captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383.
+
+    _Jauréguiberry_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Jaurès, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95.
+
+    Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John,
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14,
+        iv: 88;
+      analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97;
+      biography, ix: 275-282;
+      bibliography, ix: 282.
+
+    Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196.
+
+    Jerusalem,
+      captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326;
+      Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325;
+      work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323.
+
+    _Jeszcze Polska_, Polish national anthem, xi: 331.
+
+    Jews, distress in war areas, vii: 349;
+      number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376;
+      number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376;
+      number in Germany, vii: 349;
+      number in Turkey, vii: 349, 368 (outside Palestine), 376;
+      number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376;
+      number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376;
+      American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368;
+      American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350;
+      organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354;
+      American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354;
+      funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16--'17,
+        vii: 355-356;
+      American relief for destitute in Russian Poland,
+        vii: 356-358, 360-363;
+      refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for,
+        vii: 356, 363-365;
+      conditions in Galicia, vii: 358;
+      number dependent on war relief, by countries,
+        vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376;
+      work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360;
+      American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368;
+      contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368;
+      aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369;
+      relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374;
+      reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376;
+      extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375;
+      number in Lithuania, vii: 376;
+      number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376;
+      number in Russia, vii: 376;
+      number in Serbia, vii: 376;
+      number in Rumania, vii: 376;
+      number in Bulgaria, vii: 376;
+      number in Greece, vii: 376;
+      number in Hungary, vii: 376;
+      number in Persia, vii: 376.
+
+    Jihad, _see_ Holy War.
+
+    Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques César,
+      fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30;
+      controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports,
+       ii: 172;
+    _General Joffre and His Battles_, book by Raymond Recouly,
+        summary of, ii: 182-189;
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46;
+      technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62;
+      biography, ix: 154-161;
+      visit to U.S., ix: 161;
+      bibliography, ix: 161;
+      intimate anecdote of, ix: 269.
+
+    Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H.,
+      in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196;
+      at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.
+
+    Joint Distribution Committee,
+      for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354.
+
+    Jonc de Mer Ridge,
+      Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296.
+
+    Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197.
+
+    Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria,
+      commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119.
+
+    Jugoslavs, in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249;
+      Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306;
+      attack Hungarian Republic, April--May, '19, vi: 326;
+      racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354;
+      Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363;
+      clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359;
+      meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans
+        for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359;
+      conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast,
+        vi: 359-363, 364-370;
+      Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram,
+        Mar., '18, vi: 363;
+      establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364;
+      seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364;
+      armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18,
+        vi: 364;
+      struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia,
+        vi: 365-370;
+      establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia,
+        Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366;
+      recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366;
+      President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume,
+        vi: 369;
+      claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary
+        in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399;
+      area and population of united kingdom, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Serbia.
+
+    Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90.
+
+    Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.
+
+    Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16,
+      description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136;
+      outline in brief, iv: 99-104;
+      opposing commanders, iv: 99;
+      British ships and men lost, iv: 100;
+      German ships and men lost, iv: 100;
+      moral victory for Germans, iv: 100;
+      criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101;
+      greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102;
+      conditions influencing, iv: 102;
+      strength and composition of fleets engaged,
+        iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119;
+      disposition of British forces, iv: 104;
+      first phase, iv: 106-113;
+      Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110;
+      Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108;
+      accuracy of German fire, iv: 108;
+    _Indefatigable_ sunk, iv: 108;
+      fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109;
+    _Queen Mary_ blown up, iv: 110;
+      critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113;
+      second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115;
+      weather conditions, iv: 113;
+      critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115;
+      third phase, iv: 115-130;
+      Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129;
+      Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty,
+        iv: 117;
+      British miscalculate position, iv: 117;
+      Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119;
+      Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129;
+    _Invincible_ blows up, iv: 119;
+      Adm. Hood lost with _Invincible_, iv: 119-120;
+    _Shark_, _Defence_, and _Black Prince_ sunk, iv: 121;
+      low visibility, iv: 121-123;
+      British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125;
+      German destroyers sunk, iv: 126;
+      Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126;
+      Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127;
+      critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129;
+      fourth phase, iv: 131-136;
+      night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131;
+      Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133;
+      critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136;
+      effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135;
+      lessons taught by, iv: 135;
+      account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156;
+      authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146;
+      British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156;
+      German eye-witness account, iv: 256;
+      British eye-witness account, iv: 258.
+
+    Juvigny, captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F.,
+      Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384;
+      32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259.
+
+
+    K
+
+    _K-13_, British submarine,
+      account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315.
+
+    "Kahkos," description, viii: 257.
+
+    Kaiser, _see_ William II.
+
+    Kaiser Wilhelm Land, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29.
+
+    Kaledin, Gen., commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142;
+      leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192.
+
+    _Kambana_, Bulgarian newspaper,
+      statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342.
+
+    Kamerun, _see_ Cameroons.
+
+    Kamio, Gen.,
+      Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257.
+
+    Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206.
+
+    Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380.
+
+    _Karlsruhe_, German sea-raider,
+      battle with British cruiser _Bristol_, Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63;
+      career in Atlantic, iv: 196.
+
+    Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Karolyi, Count Michael,
+      pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307;
+      leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311;
+      forms "Independence and 1848" Party, '16, vi: 311;
+      appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323;
+      resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325;
+      biography, ix: 144-147.
+
+    Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260.
+
+    Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader,
+      opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._
+
+    Kavala, bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+      occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344.
+
+    _Kawachi_, Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from _Emden_,
+      Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190.
+
+    _Keep the Home Fires Burning_, American soldiers' song, xi: 336.
+
+    _Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy_,
+      American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388.
+
+    Keirsbilk, Alois Van,
+      Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360.
+
+    Kellermann, Bernhard,
+      German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286.
+
+    Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191.
+
+    Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Kemmel, Mount,
+      stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360;
+      occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397;
+      key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381;
+      27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286.
+
+    Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
+
+    _Kent_, British cruiser
+      at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70;
+      sinks _Nürnberg_, iv: 74.
+
+    Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch,
+      speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144;
+      leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;
+      pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151;
+      Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155;
+      character sketch, vi: 155;
+      abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;
+      Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;
+      member of "Group of Toil," vi: 160;
+      becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165;
+      struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171;
+      declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171;
+      struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179;
+      overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181;
+      biography, ix: 104-109;
+      bibliography, ix: 109.
+
+    Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220.
+
+    Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255.
+
+    Keystone (28th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191.
+
+    _Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa_,
+      Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior,
+      removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140.
+
+    Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau), seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82;
+      siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24--Nov. 7, '14,
+        iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;
+      German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+      area and population, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Shantung.
+
+    Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, xii: 255.
+
+    Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372.
+
+    Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Kilid-Bahr, fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45;
+      objective of British landing forces, iii: 167;
+      bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359.
+
+    _Kimigayo_, Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.
+
+    _King Edward VII_,
+      British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert,
+      drowned in sinking of cruiser _Hampshire_, June 5, '16,
+        i: 385, ix: 168;
+      attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: _Intro. xv_;
+      dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169;
+      member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;
+      responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202;
+      influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202;
+      biography, ix: 168-176;
+      bibliography, ix: 176;
+      military commandments, xi: 55.
+
+    _K-K-K-Katy_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
+
+    Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,
+      leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10;
+      occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21;
+      defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14,
+        ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34;
+      strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of,
+        by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168;
+      avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28;
+      biography, ix: 266-268.
+
+    Knights of Columbus, war-time activities of, vii: 328-339;
+      organizing for war work, vii: 330;
+      funds raised, vii: 331;
+      war work expenditures, vii: 332;
+      War Activities Committee, vii: 334;
+      employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338.
+
+    Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287.
+
+    Knox peace resolution,
+      declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end,
+        passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles,
+        xii: 273-277;
+      text of original resolution
+        asking the President to make separate peace, xii: 273-274;
+      text of amended resolution, xii: 277;
+      vetoed by President Wilson, xii: 277;
+      President's veto message, xii: 278.
+
+    Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Koenig, Paul, head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317;
+      German spy in U. S., x: 347.
+
+    Koenig, Capt. Paul,
+      commander of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_,
+      personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274.
+
+    Koja Chemen Tepe, at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172;
+      Anzac assault on, iii: 173;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich,
+      Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188;
+      declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194;
+      leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194;
+      biography, ix: 239-241.
+
+    Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.
+
+    _Köln_, German cruiser
+      sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    _Königin Luise_, German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.
+
+    Königsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111.
+
+    _Königsberg_, German sea-raider,
+      sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.
+
+    Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of,
+      by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225.
+
+    Korea, acquired by Japan, i: 20;
+      struggle for independence, vi: 388.
+
+    Kornilov, Gen. Laurus,
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky,
+        vi: 164;
+      rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171;
+      imprisoned, vi: 171;
+      leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192;
+      biography, ix: 235-237.
+
+    Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189.
+
+    Kovel, military importance, ii: 42.
+
+    Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138.
+
+    Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense,
+      extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234;
+      A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+        v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262;
+    _see also_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+
+    Krithia, at Gallipoli, Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    _Kronprinz Wilhelm_,
+      comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378;
+      interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Kronstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218;
+      recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220;
+      military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164.
+
+    Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352.
+
+    Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave,
+      head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265;
+      husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352.
+
+    Kuban Republic, established, Nov., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214.
+
+    Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
+
+    Kultur, German, _see_ Germany, Kultur.
+
+    Kum Kale,
+      French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15,
+        iv: 41;
+      Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42;
+      Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44.
+
+    Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180.
+
+    Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134.
+
+    Kut-el-Amara, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181;
+      siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16,
+        iii: 183, 318-320;
+      number of British surrendered, iii: 318;
+      conditions in, during siege, iii: 364.
+
+
+    L
+
+    La Bassée, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378.
+
+    La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    Labor, anti-war spirit, xii: 65;
+      importance in winning the War, xii: 68;
+      floating, xii: 68;
+      women in war industries, xii: 83-85;
+      Peace Treaty charter for international organization, xii: 255-261;
+    _see also_ under each country.
+
+    Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20.
+
+    "Labyrinth," captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380;
+      designation for German trenches between
+      Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42.
+
+    _Laconia, S. S._, Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 225-229.
+
+    Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68.
+
+    _Lafayette_, poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.
+
+    Lafayette Escadrille, formation, iii: 391;
+      first members, iii: 391;
+      Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391;
+      first casualties, iii: 391;
+      equipment of fliers, iii: 392;
+      propaganda among Germans, iii: 392;
+      total casualties, iii: 392;
+      story of, x: 196-202.
+
+    Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.
+
+    La Fère, British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;
+      captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;
+      recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52;
+      German base in France, ii: 86;
+      French attacks on, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384.
+
+    Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
+
+    Lamont, Thomas W.,
+      financial adviser to U. S. delegation to Peace Conference,
+        xii: 149;
+      account of Peace Conference at work, xii: 149-163;
+      member of Reparations Commission, xii: 158.
+
+    Lamprecht, Prof. Karl,
+      German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155.
+
+    Landres-St. Georges, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263;
+      bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311.
+
+    Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277.
+
+    Landsturm, German, i: 72.
+
+    Landwehr, German, i: 72.
+
+    Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367.
+
+    Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336.
+
+    Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314.
+
+    Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162.
+
+    Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12.
+
+    Lansing-Ishii Note,
+      '17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386.
+
+    Laon, captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;
+      German base in France, ii: 86;
+      captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52.
+
+    La Peyrère, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12.
+
+    La Pultière Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
+
+    _Lars Kruse_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.
+
+    _La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_,
+      formation, ii: 292;
+      terms of concession to, ii: 292.
+
+    _Last Long Mile, The_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389.
+
+    Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24;
+      speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24;
+      against Imperial federation, vi: 26;
+      declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33.
+
+    League of Nations, Charles W. Eliot on, i: _Intro. xiii_;
+      international co-operation during War, i: _Intro. xiii_;
+      summary of provisions, i: _Intro. xiv_;
+      proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369;
+      spirit of, xii: 155;
+      prominent advocates, xii: 155;
+      drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, xii: 155;
+      analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178;
+      text of Covenant in full, xii: 182-185;
+      countries invited to join, xii: 186;
+      original members, xii: 186;
+      Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, xii: 186;
+      U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-270;
+      first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, xii: 270.
+
+    Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, xii: 53.
+
+    Leave areas, "Y" service at, vii: 269;
+    _see also_ Y. M. C. A.
+
+    Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334.
+
+    Le Cateau, battle of, Aug. 26, '14,
+      criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French,
+        ii: 162, 174;
+      account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23.
+
+    Le Charmel, German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185;
+      Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192.
+
+    Le Chêne Tondu,
+       German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+      captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
+
+    Lee service rifle, viii: 95.
+
+    _Leelanaw, S. S._, American steamship
+      sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.
+
+    _Leipzig_, German cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
+      sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;
+      eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80.
+
+    Lejeune, Gen.,
+      commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Leman, Gen., defender of Liége, iii: 11.
+
+    Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    Lemberg,
+      battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1--3, '14,
+        i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16;
+      recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137;
+      military importance, ii: 42;
+      seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217.
+
+    Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169.
+
+    Lenin, Nicolai, urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140;
+      leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163;
+      overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181;
+      becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17,
+        vi: 181;
+      policies of government, vi: 181;
+      biography, ix: 109-115;
+      bibliography, ix: 115.
+
+    Lens, Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42;
+      objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70;
+      held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72.
+
+    _Léon Gambetta_, French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15,
+      iv: 373.
+
+    _Leonardo da Vinci_, Italian dreadnought
+      blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138.
+
+    L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Le Prêtre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.
+
+    Lescarboura, Austin C., on trench warfare, viii: 133;
+      opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251;
+      on use of dogs in War, xi: 340.
+
+    Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295.
+
+    Les Eparges, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;
+      captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212.
+
+    Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223.
+
+    Letts, peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226;
+      early history, vi: 226;
+      rebellion of '05, vi: 227;
+      form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227;
+      join Bolsheviki, vi: 228.
+
+    Letvia, Republic of, established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    _Leviathan_, work as U. S. transport, xii: 275.
+
+    Levicu, Dr.,
+      leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19,
+        vi: 300.
+
+    Lewis machine-gun, description, viii: 81;
+      rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82;
+      use on airplanes, viii: 87;
+      U. S. production figures for aircraft, xii: 284.
+
+    Liberty Loans, U. S., popularity, xii: 10;
+      selection of drive periods, xii: 11;
+      influence on national thrift, xii: 11-16;
+      subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12;
+      New York City subscriptions, by borough, xii: 12;
+      compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, xii: 16;
+      amounts raised, xii: 113;
+      effect on German morale, xii: 126;
+      number of subscribers, xii: 127;
+      methods used in selling campaigns, xii: 127-134;
+      sales psychology, xii: 132;
+      Victory Way, xii: 133;
+      number of persons engaged in drives, xii: 134;
+      statistics, xii: 134;
+    _see also_ U. S., War cost.
+
+    Liberty motor, description, viii: 199;
+      production figures, xii: 285.
+
+    Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.
+
+    Libyan Desert, military operations in '16--'17, iii: 191.
+
+    Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England,
+      negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12--'14,
+        i: 196, 250;
+      account of events leading to World War, i: 246;
+      author of _Memorandum_, account of diplomatic experiences
+        in England, i: 250;
+      biography, ix: 131-133.
+
+    Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338.
+
+    "Liebau Employment Agency,"
+      center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338.
+
+    Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader,
+      sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: _Intro. x_;
+      votes against war credits, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+      protest against War, '14, vi: 249;
+      imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141;
+      freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272;
+      leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142;
+      organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+      killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142;
+      biography, ix: 138-143;
+      elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140;
+      expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141;
+      bibliography, ix: 142.
+
+    Liége, forts constructed, 1890, i: 143;
+      captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375,
+        ii: 348 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 10, xi: 9.
+
+    Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,
+      commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18,
+        v: 56;
+      commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390;
+      in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109;
+      commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390;
+      commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390;
+      biography, ix: 218.
+
+    Lightning (78th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Lille, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406.
+
+    _Lille, Laon and St. Dié_, poem by John Finley, vi: 82.
+
+    Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.
+
+    Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319.
+
+    Linsingen, Gen. von,
+      commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132.
+
+    Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.
+
+    _Lion_, British battle cruiser,
+      Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241;
+      disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Liquid fire, first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381;
+      how used, viii: 120;
+      story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18.
+
+    Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171.
+
+    Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Listening device, for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308;
+    _see also_
+      Hydrophones;
+      Microphone.
+
+    Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of,
+      xii: 244-246.
+
+    Lithuania, struggle for independence, vi: 234-236;
+      opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234;
+      fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236;
+      Cabinet of '18, vi: 236;
+      fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236;
+      Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Little Russia, _see_ Ukraine.
+
+    Livonia, early history, vi: 226;
+      Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Baltic Provinces.
+
+    Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222.
+
+    _Llandovery Castle_, torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Lloyd George, David,
+      advocates aggressive campaign against Austria,
+        ii: _Intro. x, xx_;
+      becomes British Prime Minister,
+        ii: _Intro. xx_, vi: 10, ix: 28;
+      military policy, ii: _Intro, xxi_;
+      becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, xii: 78;
+      appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27;
+      speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10;
+      statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12;
+      indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14;
+      conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20;
+      biography, ix: 21-30;
+      bibliography, ix: 30;
+    _see also_ Peace Conference.
+
+    Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, xii: 111.
+
+    Locomotives, number shipped to France from U. S., xii: 95, 286;
+    _see also_ Railroads.
+
+    Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot,
+      leads opposition to Peace Treaty, xii: 264;
+      original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 265;
+      revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 269.
+
+    Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129.
+
+    Logan, Col. James A.,
+      Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101.
+
+    Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252.
+
+    London,
+      air raids on, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;
+        Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;
+        Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;
+        Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41;
+      welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
+      American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288.
+
+    _London_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107.
+
+    _Long, Long Trail_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
+
+    Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Longwy, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6.
+
+    Loos, British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25;
+      captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46;
+      faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375.
+
+    _Lord Nelson_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Lorraine, value of iron deposits, i: 267;
+      French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151.
+
+    Losses, _see_
+      Casualties;
+      Prisoners of war.
+
+    "Lost Battalion," under Major Whittlesey
+      cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239;
+      attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242;
+      rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;
+      units composing, v: 363.
+
+    Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322.
+
+    Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
+
+    Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    "Lousy Champagne," location, v: 43.
+
+    Louvain, captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;
+      burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;
+      description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277.
+
+    Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration
+      by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225.
+
+    Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116.
+
+    Lowestoft,
+      attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385.
+
+    Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138.
+
+    Lubomirsky, Prince,
+      appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214.
+
+    "Lucky Bag," explanation of term, iv: 171.
+
+    Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Château-Thierry, v: 132.
+
+    Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von, War account, ii: 298-365;
+      estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300;
+      appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16,
+        ii: 326, iii: 61;
+      denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333;
+      resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271;
+      opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337;
+      war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344;
+      brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345;
+      share in capture of Liége, ii: 348;
+      appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 351;
+      account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;
+      appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front,
+        Sept., '14, ii: 357;
+      failure of "Spring Drive" loses War, '18, vi: 270;
+      biography, ix: 250-257.
+
+    Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254.
+
+    Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196.
+
+    Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr., American aviator, story of, x: 211-214;
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191.
+
+    _Lullaby for a Baby Tank_, poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.
+
+    Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309.
+
+    Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.
+
+    Lunéville, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20;
+      retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.
+
+    _Lurcher_, British destroyer
+      at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    _Lusitania, S. S._,
+      German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319;
+      sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15,
+        i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), 380,
+        xi: 20, 237;
+      loss of life, i: 319, 362;
+      U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320;
+      Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320;
+      Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320;
+      U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323;
+      summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking,
+        i: 358;
+      dimensions, i: 362;
+      number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362;
+      number in crew, i: 362;
+      not armed, i: 363;
+      German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365;
+      eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222;
+      Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222;
+      Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223.
+
+    Lutsk, captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381;
+      recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382;
+      recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382;
+      captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142.
+
+    _Lützow_, German battle cruiser
+      sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.
+
+    Luxemburg, Duchess of, _see_ Marie Adelaide.
+
+    Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of,
+      invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10;
+      annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94;
+      Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189.
+
+    Luxemburg, Rosa,
+      German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249;
+      imprisoned, '16, vi: 262;
+      leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;
+      views on social revolution, ix: 147.
+
+    Lvov, Prince George E.,
+      Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17,
+        vi: 155;
+      manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159;
+      forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;
+      biography, ix: 100-102;
+      President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, xii: 82.
+
+    Lynch, George,
+      inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68.
+
+    Lys, battle of, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91;
+      Portuguese troops flee under German attack,
+        ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;
+      Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91;
+      Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91.
+
+    Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116.
+
+    _Lynx_, British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.
+
+
+    M
+
+    Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.
+
+    MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas,
+      leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2--3, '18, v: 61;
+      commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84;
+      biography, ix: 213-217.
+
+    Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386.
+
+    Macdonald, Ramsay, endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;
+      defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.
+
+    Macdowell, Major T. W.,
+      wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
+
+    Macedonia, promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32;
+      occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344;
+      military operations in, _see_ Salonika Campaign.
+
+    Machine-guns, use of, in British Army, ii: 125;
+      British and German equipments, Aug., '14, ii: 275;
+      utility in trench warfare, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;
+      nests, construction of, v: 37;
+      pits, v: 287;
+      number on A. E. F. front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
+      predecessors of modern types, viii: 78;
+      Hiram Maxim's invention, 1883, viii: 78;
+      German pre-War preparedness, viii: 78;
+      effectiveness, viii: 79, 136;
+      usefulness compared with rifle, viii: 79;
+      German Machine-Gun Corps, viii: 79;
+      principal types, viii: 80-87;
+      Maxim gun, viii: 80, 87;
+      Benet-Mercier gun, viii: 80;
+      Lewis gun, viii: 81-82;
+      Browning gun, viii: 84-87;
+      on airplanes, viii: 86-87, 189-192, 196, 208-216;
+      Hotchkiss gun, viii: 87;
+      German and Allied equipments compared, Aug., '14, viii: 134;
+      tank _vs._ machine-gun, viii: 150-151;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284;
+      number captured by Americans, xii: 288.
+
+    Mackensen, Field-Marshal August von,
+      commander of Teuton forces conquering Serbia, ii: 34, iii: 156;
+      leads invasion of Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 222;
+      leader of offensive through Galicia and Poland, ii: 233, iii: 128;
+      commands Bulgarian forces, iii: 218;
+      biography, ix: 257-261.
+
+    Madeline Farm,
+      Germans resist attacks on, by 80th and 3rd Divs., Oct. 6, '18,
+        v: 241;
+      captured by Americans, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245.
+
+    _Madelon, Le_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
+
+    Madras,
+      bombarded by German raider _Emden_, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174.
+
+    _Magdeburg_, German cruiser sunk by Russians, Aug., '14,
+      iv: 365.
+
+    Maghdaba, British defeat Turks at, iii: 192.
+
+    Magnes, Dr. Judah L.,
+      visits Europe for Jewish war relief, vii: 356, 360.
+
+    _Magpies in Picardy_, poem by "Tipcuca," xi: 224.
+
+    Magyars, predominance in Austria-Hungary, vi: 306;
+      loyalty to Empire, vi: 306;
+      rebel against new Czechoslovak government, vi: 399;
+    _see also_
+        Austria-Hungary;
+        Hungary.
+
+    Mahon, Gen., commands British at Salonika, iii: 202.
+
+    Maidos, defenses of Gallipoli at, iv: 24.
+
+    _Mainz_, German cruiser,
+      sunk in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Mainz,
+      occupation by Allies and conditions for withdrawal from, xii: 261.
+
+    Maize, imports of, by Germany, ii: 17.
+
+    _Majestic_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk by submarine at Gallipoli, May 27, '15, iv: 50.
+
+    Malancourt, captured by Germans, Mar., '16, iii: 51;
+      location, v: 217;
+      4th Engrs. build artillery road from, to Esnes, Sept., '18, v: 226.
+
+    Malborghetto, captured by Italians, iii: 244.
+
+    _Mali Journal_, Serbian newspaper,
+      on antagonism to Austria-Hungary, vi: 356.
+
+    Malingering, devices for detection of, viii: 358-361.
+
+    Malinov, succeeds Radoslavov as Bulgarian Premier, vi: 346;
+      statement on circumstances of Bulgarian surrender, vi: 347.
+
+    Malleterre, Gen., discussion of Allied victory, ii: 206;
+      Professor of Military Geography at École de Guerre, ii: 220;
+      eulogy of Foch and Pétain, ii: 220.
+
+    Mallon, Capt. George H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Malmédy, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.
+
+    Malmö, meeting of Scandinavian rulers at,
+      and pledge of mutual neutrality, vi: 393.
+
+    Malvy, French Minister of Interior,
+      tried for criminal neglect, iv: 10;
+      implicated in _Bonnet Rouge_ case, vi: 105;
+      exiled from France, vi: 106.
+
+    Mametz, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Manchuria, Japanese penetration of, i: 20.
+
+    Mangin, Gen.,
+      attacks Germans on Villers-Cotterets and Soissons line, July, '18,
+        ii: 210, v: 159;
+      appointed commander of Verdun sector, iii: 62;
+      successful attack at Verdun, Dec., '16, iii: 62.
+
+    Mann, Maj.-Gen. William A.,
+      relieved of command of 42nd Div., '17, v: 109.
+
+    Mannerheim, Gen., commands Finnish White Guards, vi: 198;
+      dictator of Finnish de facto Republic, '18, vi: 200.
+
+    Manning, Corp. Sidney E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    Manoury, Gen.,
+      commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 182, 184.
+
+    Mantou, Prof., interpreter to Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.
+
+    _Maple Leaf Forever, The_, Canadian national hymn, xi: 330.
+
+    March, Gen. Peyton C.,
+      Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, biography, ix: 210-212.
+
+    Margate, bombed by German airmen, Oct. 22, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Marie, Queen of Rumania, appeal for American aid, vi: 349.
+
+    Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg,
+      resigns in favor of sister, vi: 94;
+      biography, ix: 383-384.
+
+    _Marina, S. S._, British freighter
+      sunk by German submarine, Oct. 28, '16, i: 335, 388.
+
+    Marines, U. S., _see_ U. S., Marines.
+
+    Maritz, Col., rebel Boer leader,
+      joins Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, iii: 254, vi: 50.
+
+    _Markomannia_, auxiliary to German raider _Emden_,
+      iv: 170, 172.
+
+    Marlin aircraft guns, U. S. production figures, xii: 284;
+    _see also_ Machine-guns.
+
+    Marne, Allied retreat to the, Aug.--Sept., '14, iii: 20-30;
+      topography of salient, v: 42, 133.
+
+    Marne, battles of:
+      Sept., '14, report of Field-Marshal French on preliminary action,
+          ii: 9;
+        outline of maneuvers, ii: 9;
+        Foch's generalship at, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 220, iii: 31-34;
+        described by French participant, ii: 182;
+        Gen. Manoury's share in victory, ii: 182;
+        military situation preceding, ii: 183;
+        Allied generals under Joffre at, ii: 184;
+        German commanders at, ii: 184;
+        effect of Russian invasion of East Prussia on, ii: 227;
+        analysis of, by a German military critic, ii: 258;
+        detailed account of, iii: 30-36;
+        casualties at, iii: 35.
+      July, '18, Foch's strategy, ii: 77, ii: 154;
+        Ludendorff's account, ii: 322-324;
+        Ludendorff's comment on casualties, ii: 326;
+        Ludendorff's comment on A. E. F. fighting, ii: 326;
+        general account of battle, iii: 95-97, v: 129;
+        detailed account of A. E. F. participation,
+          v: 47-61, 148-192, 382;
+        reasons for failure of German offensive, v: 54;
+        German artillery captured by Americans, v: 56;
+        stand of 38th Inf. against German attempts to cross Marne,
+          July 15, '18, v: 150-153, x: 381-387;
+        Pershing's message to troops, v: 191;
+        Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192;
+        work of tanks at, viii: 148;
+        _see also_
+          Aisne-Marne Offensive;
+          Champagne.
+
+    Marne District, German destruction in, iii: 297-300.
+
+    Marne (3rd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Mars, A. E. F. base hospital at, v: 400.
+
+    _Marseillaise_, French national anthem,
+      an Alsatian song, i: 211;
+      effect on French audience, i: 211;
+      words, xi: 326.
+
+    Marseilles, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    Marshal, Gen., commander of British capturing Bagdad, xi: 48.
+
+    Marshall, Louis, President American Jewish Relief Committee,
+      vii: 354.
+
+    Martin, Miss Winona C.,
+      American "Y" worker killed in France, vii: 313.
+
+    Martin, Dr. Franklin, member of Advisory Commission,
+      U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    Martinpuich, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Mary, Queen of England, biography, ix: 392-395.
+
+    Masaryk, T. G., leader of movement for Czech independence, vi: 397.
+
+    Masefield, John,
+      description of British embarkation for Gallipoli, iii: 350;
+      account of Gallipoli fighting, iii: 352, 355-358;
+      description of soldier's life at Gallipoli, iii: 353.
+
+    Mata-Hari, woman spy, executed by French, Oct. 15, '17, i: 392;
+      discloses tank secret to Germans, x: 360.
+
+    Matz Valley, German attacks during '18 offensive, ii: 76.
+
+    Maubeuge, Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103.
+
+    Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley,
+      Mesopotamian successes, '16--'17,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_, 90, iii: 185;
+      biography, ix: 194-199.
+
+    Maurepas, captured by French during battle of the Somme, iii: 58.
+
+    Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick,
+      on general strategy of the War, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv._
+
+    Mauser rifle, description, viii: 95.
+
+    Max, Burgomaster of Brussels,
+      demand of concessions from Germans, iii: 14.
+
+    Maxim, Hiram, invents machine-gun, 1883, viii: 78.
+
+    Maxim machine-gun, description, viii: 80;
+      modified type used by Germans and Austrians, viii: 87.
+
+    Maximilian of Baden, Prince,
+      appointed German Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;
+      appeals to Wilson for armistice, vi: 270.
+
+    Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, biography, ix: 296.
+
+    Mazurian Lakes, topography of district, iii: 108;
+      difficulty of military operations in, iii: 113;
+      Russian armies annihilated by Hindenburg, Aug., '14, iii: 113-116;
+      second battle, Feb., '15, iii: 130;
+    _see also_ Tannenberg, battle of.
+
+    McAdoo, William G., biography, ix: 329-331;
+      Director General, U. S. Railroad Administration, xii: 88.
+
+    McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. U. G.,
+      as colonel commands 38th Inf. Regt. in second battle of the Marne,
+        July, '18, v: 152;
+      commands 180th Inf. Brig, at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 209;
+      biography, ix: 216.
+
+    McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W.,
+      succeeds Gen. Harbord as Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Aug., '17,
+        v: 102;
+      Pershing's appreciation, v: 403-404;
+      biography, ix: 216.
+
+    McCaw, Brig.-Gen. Walter D., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    McLemore Resolution, warning to Americans not to
+      travel on belligerent ships, i: 327;
+      President Wilson opposes, i: 327;
+      defeated, i: 328.
+
+    McLeod, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle,
+      German spy, discloses tank secret, x: 360.
+
+    McMahon, Maj.-Gen. James E., in command of 5th Div., May, '18,
+      v: 128;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202;
+      relieved of command of 5th Div., Oct., '18, v: 252.
+
+    McMurtry, Capt. George C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H.,
+      in command of 78th Div., June, '18, v: 144;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Meat packers, profits before and during War, xii: 56.
+
+    Mecca, captured by Arabs, July 15, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Medeah Farm, captured by 67th French Div., Oct. 3, '18, v: 256.
+
+    Medical Corps, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Medical science, use of X-ray, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;
+      development under war needs, viii: 361-365, xi: 286-291;
+      rifle and shell wounds, relative dangers of, viii: 361;
+      French medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365;
+      danger of infection in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;
+      treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;
+      treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of nerve cord lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of fractures, viii: 367;
+      new method of amputation, viii: 367;
+      prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367, xi: 287;
+      prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287-288;
+      treatment of shell shock, viii: 368;
+      causes of infection, viii: 369;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 288-289;
+      mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;
+      artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;
+      artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;
+      reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;
+      use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;
+      artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
+      prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;
+      anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;
+      making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;
+    _see also:_
+        Disease;
+        Infection;
+        Reconstruction of disabled;
+        Sanitation;
+        Surgery.
+
+    Medwa, Turks defeated at, by British, Jan., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Mehun, U. S. Ordnance repair shop at, v: 350.
+
+    Memel, captured by Russians, Mar. 19, '15, i: 378;
+      evacuated by Russians, Mar. 21, '15, i: 378;
+      raided by Russian fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 365;
+      Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 203.
+
+    _Men of Harlech_, Welsh national hymn, xi: 330.
+
+    Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles T., commander 42nd Div., '17, v: 109;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202.
+
+    Mensheviki, Russian political party, doctrines of, vi: 148.
+
+    Menshikov, Russian imperialist,
+      outlines plan of conquest, '14, vi: 134.
+
+    Merchant marine, _see_ Shipping.
+
+    Mercier, Cardinal Désiré,
+      biography and war-time activities, ix: 341-343.
+
+    _Mersey_, British monitor, in Flanders and East Africa, iv: 281.
+
+    Mersey, Lord, official report on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+      i: 362-365.
+
+    Merville salient, evacuation of, by Germans, iii: 98.
+
+    Mesopotamia, German dream of acquisition, ii: 27;
+      British irrigation schemes in, ii: 295;
+      terrain and climate, iii: 178;
+      historic background of modern battlefields, iii: 329-334;
+      disposition under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Mesopotamian Campaign,
+      strategic importance and Allied plan of operations,
+        ii: _Intro. xvi_, 87-91, iii: 178-180;
+      British land troops at Fao to protect oil fields, Nov., '14,
+        ii: _Intro. xvi_, iii: 180;
+      Gen. Nixon pursues Turks and threatens Bagdad, '15,
+        ii: _Intro. xvi_, 91, iii: 180-182;
+      British defeated at Ctesiphon and driven into
+        Kut-el-Amara, Dec., '15, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 91, 182-183;
+      siege of Kut and Gen. Townshend's surrender,
+        Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16,
+        ii: _Intro. xvii_, 91, iii: 183-185, 363, 364;
+      British reorganize campaign after Kut disaster,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_, 92, iii: 185;
+      British capture Bagdad, Mar. 11, '17,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_, 92, iii: 187;
+      British landing force advances to Basra and Kurna, Dec., '14,
+        iii: 180;
+      British capture Kut-el-Amara, Sept., '15, iii: 181;
+      unsuccessful attempts to relieve siege of Kut, iii: 184-185;
+      Gen. Maude placed in command of British, '16, iii: 185;
+      causes of and responsibility for British disaster,
+        report of Royal Commission, iii: 185, 363-370;
+      battle of Sannyat, iii: 185-187;
+      bibliography, iii: 187;
+      personnel of Commission of inquiry, iii: 363;
+      conditions in Kut during siege, iii: 364;
+      casualties in attempts to relieve Kut, iii: 364.
+
+    Messines Ridge,
+      British mine and blow up German positions, June, '17,
+        ii: 56, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;
+      nature of German defenses, iii: 77;
+      casualties, British and German, iii: 77;
+      recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 360.
+
+    _Messudiyeh_, Turkish warship
+      blown up in Dardanelles, Dec. 13, '14, i: 376, x: 317.
+
+    Mestrovitch, Sgt. James I.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    _Meteor_, German raider in Baltic, iv: 197.
+
+    Metternich, Prince, theory of government, i: 33.
+
+    Metz, bombarded by British airmen, Jan. 14, '18, i: 393;
+      entered by French, Nov. 19, '18, i: 400;
+      Allied plan for capture of, Nov., '18, v: 274.
+
+    Meurer, Vice-Adm.,
+      German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
+
+    Meurthe River, line of defense before Nancy, iii: 19.
+
+    Meuse River, French forced to retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20;
+      German attempt to invade France through valley of, '14, v: 199.
+
+    Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      concentration of A. E. F. for, Sept., '18, ii: 84, v: 75, 218, 388;
+      objectives, ii: 84, 214, 387;
+      topography of battleground, ii: 214, v: 73-74, 90, 217-218;
+      strategic importance, ii: 215, v: 214-216, 387;
+      breakdown of A. E. F. supply service, ii: 215;
+      Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 334;
+      detailed account of battle, Sept. 25--Nov. 11. '18,
+        iii: 100, v: 72-95, 213-253, 260-279;
+      extent of A. E. F. front, v: 72-73, 217, 390;
+      Allied plan of campaign, v: 73, 75, 216, 218;
+      A. E. F. divisions participating, with positions in line,
+        v: 74, 219-222, 388;
+      German defenses, position and strength, v: 74, 217-218, 388;
+      A. E. F. advance to Kriemhilde position, v: 78-82;
+      Allies break through Kriemhilde line, v: 83-88;
+      Germans dislodged and thrown across the Meuse, Nov., '18, v: 88-95;
+      number of French troops participating, v: 220, 388;
+      German strength, v: 220, 388;
+      day by day account of operations, Sept. 25--Oct. 3, v: 222-233;
+      number of Allied airplanes, v: 223, 388;
+      day by day account, Oct. 4--31, v: 234-253;
+      day by day account of last phase, Nov. 1--11, v: 260-279;
+      Argonne Forest cleared of Germans, Nov. 3, '18, v: 266;
+      number of Allied tanks used, v: 315, 388;
+      sector assigned to A. E. F., v: 385;
+      Pershing's official report, v: 386-393;
+      Allies' artillery strength, v: 388;
+      strength of First Army, A. E. F., v: 390, xii: 280;
+      desperate nature of fighting, v: 390-391;
+      Germans appeal for Armistice, Nov. 6, '18, v: 391;
+      German guns captured, v: 393;
+      German prisoners captured, v: 393;
+      casualties of First Army, v: 393, xii: 280;
+      magnitude of operations, v: 393.
+
+    Mexico, German plot to involve in war with U. S., i: 347.
+
+    Meyer-Waldeck, Capt., German governor of Tsing-Tau, iii: 257.
+
+    Mézières, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375;
+      Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103;
+      captured by French, Nov. 9,. '18, iii: 103;
+      fortified French frontier town, v: 215.
+
+    Mézières-Sedan railroad,
+      key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387.
+
+    Mezy, Germans force passage of Marne at, July 15, '18, v: 150.
+
+    Mice, uses in war, vii: 229.
+
+    Michael, Grand Duke,
+      designated as successor by Czar on abdication, vi: 156;
+      renounces succession to Russian throne Mar., '17, vi: 156.
+
+    Michaelis, Georg, statement of German war aims, ii: 14;
+      appointment as German Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266.
+
+    Michel position,
+      section of Hindenburg Line on St. Mihiel Front, v: 69.
+
+    Michitch, Gen., Serbian commander,
+      stops advance of Austrian invaders, Dec., '14, iii: 394.
+
+    Michler, Gen., decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
+
+    Microphone, instrument for detection of U-boats, iv: 308, xi: 241;
+    _see also_ Hydrophones.
+
+    Milan, bombarded by Austrian airmen, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Miles, Capt. Wardlaw L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    Militarism, German, _see_ Germany, Militarism.
+
+    Military commandments, by Kitchener and Foch, xi: 55.
+
+    Military training, universal,
+      advocated by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: _Intro. xii_;
+      German system of, i: 71;
+      Bernhardi's defense of, i: 162;
+      Roosevelt's advocacy of, for U. S., i: 326;
+      abolition of, in Germany under Peace Treaty, xii: 211.
+
+    Milk supply, German, ii: 18.
+
+    Miller, Lieut. John Q., observation pilot, story of, x: 232-235.
+
+    Miller, Major Oscar F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Millicent Sutherland Ambulance, vii: 107.
+
+    Milne, Adm.,
+      commander of British fleet in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.
+
+    Milne, Pvt. W. J.,
+      awarded Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
+
+    Milyukov, Paul M., Russian statesman,
+      exposes treachery of Stürmer, Nov., '16, vi: 142;
+      assails Government distribution of food, Feb., '17, vi: 144;
+      Minister of Foreign Affairs in Provisional Government, Mar., '17,
+        vi: 158;
+      statement of loyalty to Allied cause, vi: 158, 159;
+      biography, ix: 102-103.
+
+    Mines, submarine,
+      North Sea mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324, viii: 274;
+      use of trawlers for sweeping, iv: 292;
+      use in fighting U-boats, iv: 312;
+      use of Paravanes as protection against, iv: 313;
+      methods of laying, iv: 326.
+
+    Mining, in land operations, blowing up of Messines Ridge by British,
+      iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;
+      of Austrian positions in Alps by Italians, viii: 311.
+
+    Minkler, C. T., inventor of depth bomb, iv: 330.
+
+    Miraumont, evacuated by Germans, iii: 64.
+
+    Mirbach, Count von, assassinated by Bolsheviki, vi: 187.
+
+    Missionaries, European, as colonial pioneers in East, i: 17.
+
+    Missions, German Christian,
+      continuity guaranteed by Peace Treaty, xii: 263.
+
+    Missy, scene of hard fighting by 1st Div., July, '18, v: 55;
+      1st Div. makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., v: 174.
+
+    Mitau, captured by Germans, Aug. 2, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Mitrovitza, captured by Germans, Nov. 23, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Mixed Arbitral Tribunal,
+      establishment and functions under Peace Treaty, xii: 243.
+
+    Mkwawa, Sultan, skull of,
+      Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany, xii: 225.
+
+    Mobile ordnance repair shops,
+      description and functions, v: 350, viii: 294-298.
+
+    _Moewe_, German raider, activities, iv: 197.
+
+    Moffat, John, systematizes American war relief, vii: 87;
+      decorated for relief work, vii: 87.
+
+    Moffett, Capt. Wm. A.,
+      commander of Great Lakes Naval Training Station, iv: 318.
+
+    _Moltke_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Moltke, Field-Marshal von, views on German strategy, ii: 14.
+
+    Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, biography, ix: 264.
+
+    _Monarch_, Austrian battleship
+     torpedoed by Italians at Trieste, x: 290.
+
+    Monastir, evacuated by Serbs, Dec. 3, '15, i: 382;
+      retaken by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, i: 388, iii: 208.
+
+    Moncy Wood, captured by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Mondement, Germans driven back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 33.
+
+    Mondragon, Gen., of Mexico, designer of self-loading rifle, viii: 90.
+
+    Money,
+      effect of unsecured paper money on prices, xii: _Intro. viii_;
+      inflation chief cause of high prices, xii: _Intro. xii_, 27;
+      war-time inflation in U. S., xii: _Intro. xii_;
+      inflation throughout world, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      functions, xii: _Intro. xv_;
+      standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuating cost of living,
+        xii: _Intro. xv_;
+      inflation defined, xii: 28;
+      effects of inflation, xii: 29;
+      revaluation of gold standard, xii: 31;
+    _see also_ Prices.
+
+    Monfalcone, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.
+
+    _Monge_, French submarine, rammed by Austrian warship, x: 295.
+
+    Monitors, revival of discarded naval type, iv: 280;
+      description of British type, iv: 281;
+      service at Dardanelles, iv: 282;
+      service at Trieste, iv: 283;
+      service in Serbia, iv: 283;
+      construction of, iv: 284.
+
+    _Monmouth_, British cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
+      struck during battle, iv: 66;
+      sunk by _Nürnberg_, iv: 67, ix: 308.
+
+    Monneaux, location, v: 133.
+
+    Monro, Gen., Sir Charles,
+      sent to India to develop military resources,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_;
+      succeeds Gen. Hamilton at Gallipoli, iii: 174;
+      conducts evacuation of Gallipoli, iii: 174.
+
+    Monroe Doctrine, barrier against European expansion in America, i:37;
+      interpretation under Roosevelt, i: 84;
+      upheld by Roosevelt against German coercion of Venezuela, i: 86.
+
+    Mons,
+      captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375;
+      British retreat from, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 162 (Viscount French's account),
+        iii: 277-281 (John Buchan's description);
+      British gallantry at, xi: 10.
+
+    Monsard, taken by Fourth Corps, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206.
+
+    Mont Blanc, captured by 2nd Div., v: 393.
+
+    Mont Mare Wood, passage by 89th Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Mont St. Père-Chartèves, location, v: 133.
+
+    Mont St. Quentin, captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Mont Sec, dominating position on St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 199.
+
+    Mont Wood, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
+
+    Montauban, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Montblainville, captured by 28th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 325.
+
+    Montdidier, captured by French, Aug. 11, '18, i: 397;
+      1st Div. relieves French near, v: 29.
+
+    Montdidier-Noyon defensive, by Allies, June 9--15, '18,
+        iii: 94, v: 129, 139-141;
+      conditions leading to German attack, v: 139;
+      Allied use of artillery during, v: 139.
+
+    Monte Nero, captured by Italians, iii: 244.
+
+    Montecuccoli, Adm.,
+      responsible for development of Austrian navy, iv: 364.
+
+    Montenegro, declares war on Austria, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375;
+      declares war on Germany, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
+      forced to surrender to Austria, Feb., '16, vi: 358-359;
+      joins Jugoslav union, vi: 366;
+      battle deaths, xii: 288.
+
+    Montfaucon, German stronghold in Meuse-Argonne sector, v: 78, 218;
+      captured by 79th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 224-225.
+
+    Montfaucon Wood, captured by 37th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    Montmédy, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Montmirail, German objective in last drive on Paris, v: 36;
+      headquarters of 28th Div., June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    Montrebeau Wood, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 237.
+
+    Montrieul-aux-Lions, headquarters of 2nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    Moore, Rear-Adm. Sir Archibald,
+      second in command of British in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Morale, Allied and German during winter, '17--'18, v: 1;
+      German, weakened by failure of great offensive, July, '18, v: 53;
+      American, under hardships of Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 87, 232;
+      Allied and German, Sept., '18, v: 213.
+
+    Moranville, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 9, '18, v: 277.
+
+    Morava-Maritza Valley,
+      approach to Constantinople through Serbia, iii: 150.
+
+    Moravia, early history, vi: 396;
+      nationalistic aspirations, vi: 396.
+
+    Moresnet, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.
+
+    Moreuil salient, military operations in, Aug.--Sept., '18, iii: 98;
+      Allied attack on Albert-Montdidier line, iii: 98;
+      Albert captured by British, Aug., '18, iii: 98;
+      British attack on the Scarpe, Sept., '18, iii: 98.
+
+    Morgan, Miss Anne, war relief activities, vii: 92.
+
+    Morine Wood, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Morocco,
+      French control of, recognized by Great Britain, '04, i: 99, 202;
+      Kaiser's famous speech at Tangier on German policy, Mar., '05,
+        i: 99, 202;
+      European crisis on dispatch of German gunboat _Panther_
+        to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;
+      storm center of European diplomacy, i: 202;
+      Prince Lichnowsky's views on German policy, i: 204;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+
+    Mort Homme, _see_
+      Dead Man's Hill;
+      Verdun.
+
+    Mortars, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    Morton, Maj.-Gen. Charles G.,
+      commands 29th Div., June, '18, v: 146;
+      takes command of sector on right bank of Meuse, Oct. 10, '18,
+        v: 246.
+
+    Moscow,
+      municipal elections annulled by reactionary Protopopov, '17,
+        vi: 143;
+      Conference called by Kerensky, '17, vi: 167;
+      meeting of Soviet Congress, Mar., '18, vi: 185.
+
+    Moselle River,
+      German attempt to enter France through valley of, '14, v: 199.
+
+    Mosley, Brig.-Gen. G. Van H.,
+      Chief of Co-ordination, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
+
+    Motors, airplane, production in U. S., xii: 285;
+      Liberty, production figures, xii: 285.
+
+    Motor Transport Corps, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Motor trucks, important function in Verdun defense,
+        iii: 50, viii: 289-291;
+      mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions,
+        v: 350, v: 294-298;
+      armored cars, viii: 286;
+      Paris buses as war transports, viii: 286;
+      use as ambulances, viii: 287;
+      number in use by belligerents, Aug., '14, viii: 288;
+      number in use at front, June, '15, viii: 288;
+      number shipped to France from U. S., viii: 288, xii: 95, 286;
+      Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.
+
+    Mott, Dr. John R.,
+      General Secretary, Y. M. C. A. War Work Council, vii: 261.
+
+    _Mount Vernon_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17,
+      iv: 337.
+
+    _Mousquet_, French destroyer
+      sunk by _Emden_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 181.
+
+    Mouzay, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272.
+
+    Mücke, Lieut. Hellmuth von,
+      account of exploits of German raider _Emden_,
+        iv: 167-187, 190-194.
+
+    Mudros, British advance base for Gallipoli campaign,
+      iii: 164, iv: 30.
+
+    Mühlon, Dr. William,
+      disclosures of German complicity in forcing War,
+      i: 133-136, 250-254.
+
+    Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., commands 28th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.
+
+    Mules, number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286.
+
+    Mülhausen, captured by French, Aug. 8, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Müller, Capt. Karl von,
+      commander of German raider _Emden_, iv: 166.
+
+    Munich, murder of Kurt Eisner
+      and Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 298;
+      Spartacides establish Soviet, vi: 300;
+      Soviet overthrown by Noske, May, '19, vi: 301.
+
+    Münsterberg, Prof. Hugo, on "Russian Peril," vi: 250.
+
+    Murfin, Capt. O. G., in charge of U. S. Navy mine bases, iv: 325.
+
+    Murman Region,
+      Military Government of, established, July, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Murmansk, fighting between Allies and Bolsheviki at, vi: 187.
+
+    Murray, Gen., commands British troops defending Suez, iii: 191.
+
+    Mush, captured by Russians, Feb. 18, '16, i: 384, iii: 263;
+      evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Mushi, captured by British, Mar. 13, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Mustard gas, use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 171-172, xi: 321;
+      use of "Sag Paste," as protection against, v: 324;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 186.
+
+
+    N
+
+    Namazieh Battery, at Gallipoli, iv: 45.
+
+    Namur, forts of, constructed, 1890, i: 143;
+      captured by Germans, Aug., '14, i: 375, iii: 14-15.
+
+    Nancy, German advance on, checked, Aug., '14, iii: 19;
+      important frontier fortress, v: 199, 215.
+
+    Nantillois, captured by 315th Inf., Sept. 28, '18, v: 228.
+
+    Napier, Rear-Adm. T. D. W.,
+      commander of British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at Jutland,
+      iv: 120.
+
+    Naples, bombed by German aviators, Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Napoleon, Fort, at Gallipoli,
+      bombarded by French battleship _Gaulois_, Mar. 2, '15, iv: 43.
+
+    Narew, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 111.
+
+    _Narodna Odbrana_, Serbian patriotic society,
+      accused of responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand,
+        i: 112.
+
+    _Narodni Savetz_, Bulgarian patriotic organization, vi: 341.
+
+    Narrows, at Dardanelles,
+      defenses of bombarded by Allies, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45.
+
+    Narva, captured by Germans, Mar. 5, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Nasarie, taken by British, '15, iii: 181.
+
+    Nasmith, Lieut.-Com.,
+      captain of British submarine _E-11_ in Sea of Marmora,
+      iv: 210.
+
+    Nasrullah Khan, instigator of Habibullah Khan's assassination,
+      vi: 80.
+
+    National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87;
+    _see also_ War relief.
+
+    National anthems, words and histories of, xi: 325-332.
+
+    National Council of Austrian Women, peace appeals, '17, vi: 314.
+
+    National Guard, U. S., federalized, Aug. 5, '17, i: 390;
+    _see also_ U. S., Army.
+
+    National Volunteers,
+      Irish organization enlisted to aid British, vi: 57.
+
+    National War Work Council,
+      of American Y. M. C. A., formation, vii: 262;
+      _see also_ Y. M. C. A.
+
+    Nationalism, problems of, i: 23;
+      development in Europe since 1648, i: 26;
+      factor in racial unification, v: _Intro. viii_;
+      growth during 19th century, v: _Intro. ix_;
+    _see also_ under name of country.
+
+    Nations of the world, political positions in 1871, i: 44-60.
+
+    Naumann, Friedrich,
+      author of _Mittel Europa_, statement of German war aims,
+        vi: 258;
+      views on trench frontiers, viii: 126.
+
+    _Nautilus_, submarine invented by Robert Fulton, 1800, iv: 202.
+
+    Naval Batteries, U. S., on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45.
+
+    Naval power, influence on result of War, i: 13;
+      function as protector of supply routes, i: 15;
+      development as adjunct to colonization, i: 28.
+
+    Naval raids, German bombardment of English coast towns, iv: 244-246.
+
+    Naval stations, British, around the world, i: 15.
+
+    Navarino, battle of, 1827, i: 34.
+
+    Navies, _see_ under each country.
+
+    Navigation, freedom of, for Allies,
+      over German waterways, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 247-253;
+      Elbe, Oder, Niemen, and Danube internationalized
+        under Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    "Navy Hut," American "Y" center at Brest, vii: 302.
+
+    Nazareth, captured by British, Sept. 21, '18, iii: 198.
+
+    N-C Flying Boats, development and description, viii: 236-240;
+    _N-C-4_ first airplane to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240.
+
+    Near East, European rivalries in, i: 38;
+      German policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;
+    _see also_
+        Balkans;
+        Germany, Foreign policy.
+
+    "Near victories," of the War, ii: 206.
+
+    _Nebraskan, S. S._, American steamer
+      attacked by German submarine, May 25, '15, i: 320.
+
+    Neibaur, Pvt. Thomas C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    _Nembo_, Italian destroyer,
+      battle with Austrian U-boat, Oct. 16, '16, iv: 369.
+
+    Nesle, occupied by French cavalry Mar., '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Netherlands, international position in '14, i: 61;
+      refuses to cede Dutch Flanders to Belgium, vi: 89;
+      strength of army, '14, vi: 375, 378;
+      maintains armed neutrality, vi: 375-377;
+      neutrality condemned by British press, vi: 376;
+      effect of submarine warfare on, vi: 377-378;
+      merchant marine seized by Allies, Mar., '18, vi: 378;
+      claims Scheldt and Maastricht area, '18, vi: 378;
+      generous host to Belgian refugees, vii: 168-175;
+      war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.
+
+    "Netherlands Overseas Trust," vi: 377.
+
+    Neufchateau, training area for 26th and 42nd Divs., v: 6.
+
+    Neutrals, increase in shipping, xii: 100;
+      trade with Germany, xii: 100.
+
+    Neuve Chapelle, captured by British, Mar. 9--10, '15, i: 378, iii: 41;
+      faulty British generalship at, iii: 375.
+
+    Neuve Eglise, captured by British, Sept. 2, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Newbolt, Sir Henry,
+      account of Smith-Dorrien's battle at Le Cateau, Aug. 26, '14,
+        ii: 176-182.
+
+    New Guinea, German, captured by Australians, '14, vi: 38.
+
+    _New Mexico_, U. S. battleship,
+      propelled by electricity, iv: 322.
+
+    New Zealand, war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      area and population, vi: 37;
+      loyalty to Great Britain, vi: 46;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107, 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.
+
+    _New Zealand_, British cruiser
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv 241;
+      in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Niblack, Rear-Adm. Albert P., biography, ix: 295.
+
+    Nicaragua, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Nicholas, Grand Duke, Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies, iii: 119;
+      removed as Commander-in-Chief and sent to Caucasus, Sept., '15,
+        iii: 140, 262;
+      biography, ix: 229-231.
+
+    Nicholas, King of Montenegro,
+      surrenders to Austrians, Feb., '16, vi: 359;
+      deposed, vi: 366.
+
+    Nicholas II, Czar of Russia,
+      takes personal command of army, Sept., '15, iii: 140, vi: 141;
+      influence of Rasputin over court, vi: 141;
+      issues undated order for dismissal of Duma, '17, vi: 144;
+      abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;
+      biography, ix: 374-376.
+
+    _Nicholson_ U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
+
+    Niemen, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 110.
+
+    Niemen River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    Nietzsche, Friedrich,
+      German apostle of gospel of force, i: 67, ii: 2;
+      striking quotations from, i: 179-180.
+
+    Nieuport, captured by Germans, Oct. 24, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192.
+
+    Nightingale, Florence, pioneer army nurse, vii: 11.
+
+    _1914_, by Viscount French,
+      account of military operations of year, summary with extracts,
+        ii: 159-174.
+
+    Nish, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 5, '15, i: 382, iii: 158;
+      retaken by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, iii: 213.
+
+    Nish-Salonika Railroad, cut by Bulgarians, iii: 158.
+
+    Nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166.
+
+    Nitti, Francesco S.,
+      Italian minister, opposes policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.
+
+    Nivelle, Gen. Robert,
+      succeeds Joffre as French Commander-in-Chief,
+        ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 62;
+      in supreme command of Allied forces on Western Front, '16, ii: 54;
+      plans campaign of '17, ii: 54;
+      defends Verdun, '16, iii: 54, 61, 310;
+      biography, ix: 167-168.
+
+    Nixon, Gen. Sir John,
+      commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 182;
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 367.
+
+    "No Man's Land," definition, v: 17.
+
+    Nolan, Brig.-Gen. D. E.,
+      Chief of Intelligence (G-2), G. H. Q., A. E. F.,
+      Sept., '17, v: 101;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 221.
+
+    Nonsard, captured by 1st Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
+
+    Norman Compensating Foresight, use in range-finding, viii: 211.
+
+    North German Confederation, formation, i: 43, ii: 1.
+
+    North German Lloyd Line, tonnage and capital, i: 264.
+
+    North Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Japan, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    North Sea,
+      Allied mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
+      problem of belligerents in, iv: 86, 91;
+      German naval raids, iv: 136.
+
+    _Northern Pacific, S. S._, speed record as transport, v: 358.
+
+    Norway, pro-Ally sympathies, vi: 394.
+
+    Noske, Gen., suppresses Berlin Spartacides, vi: 289;
+    overthrows Munich Soviet, vi: 300-301.
+
+    _Nottingham_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Nouart, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
+
+    Novo Georgievsk, Russian attack at, Oct., '14, iii: 126;
+      captured by Germans, Aug., '15, iii: 138.
+
+    Noyon, captured by French, Aug. 28, '18, i: 397, ii: 158;
+      occupied by French, March 18, '17, iii: 68;
+    _see also_ Montdidier-Noyon defensive.
+
+    Nugent, Gen., commander of 36th Ulster Div., iii: 377.
+
+    _Nur-el-Bahr_, British cruiser
+      sunk off Sollum, Nov. 6, '15, ii: 190.
+
+    _Nürnberg_, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;
+      sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 74.
+
+    Nurses, U. S. Army Nurse Corps, vii: 203;
+    _see also_
+        Red Cross;
+        War relief.
+
+    O
+
+    _O Patria, O Rei, O Povo_, Portuguese national hymn, xi: 329.
+
+    Obrenovatz, captured by Austrians, Oct. 18, '15, i: 382.
+
+    O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, escape from German prison, x: 257.
+
+    Observation balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    _Ocean_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31, 35, 48.
+
+    Oches, taken by 77th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Oder River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    Odessa, importance as military base, iii: 161.
+
+    Ogons Wood, captured by A. E. F., Oct. 5, '18, v: 230, 237, 239.
+
+    _Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning_,
+      American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    O'Kelly, J. T., Irish representative to Peace Conference, vi: 65.
+
+    Okuma, Count, influence on Japanese foreign policy, vi: 384;
+      biography, ix: 87.
+
+    "Old Dutch Cleansers," nickname for 9.2-in. British howitzers,
+      v: 308.
+
+    Old Hickory (30th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    O'Leary, Jeremiah, pro-German propagandist in U. S., x: 345.
+
+    O'Leary, Sgt. Michael, wins Victoria Cross, x: 71.
+
+    Oman, acquired by Allies, '13, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Omsk, capital of All-Russian Government, vi: 191.
+
+    _Onslow_, British destroyer at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.
+
+    "Open Door" policy in China, i: 57;
+    _see also_ China.
+
+    Opium Convention, Jan. 23, '12,
+      put into force by Peace Treaty, xii: 232.
+
+    Opium War, against China, 1840, i: 38.
+
+    "Oppy Line," captured by British in Arras battle, iii: 72.
+
+    Optical glasses, for A. E. F., viii: 326.
+
+    Orange Free State,
+      becomes part of Union of South Africa, 1899, vi: 47;
+      opposition to Great Britain, vi: 50-52;
+      _see also_ South Africa, Union of.
+
+    Orders in Council,
+      British, establish blockade of Germany, i: 312, 318, ii: 16, 21;
+      _see also_ Germany, Blockade of.
+
+    Orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.
+
+    Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele,
+      Italian statesman, forms coalition cabinet, Oct., '17, vi: 129;
+      foreign policy, vi: 362, 366;
+      demands Fiume for Italy, vi: 368;
+      withdraws from Peace Conference on Fiume crisis, vi: 368;
+      biography, ix: 85-87.
+
+    Orly, U. S., aircraft factory at, v: 313.
+
+    Ornes, captured by Germans, '16, iii: 48.
+
+    Orphans, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Orsova, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 7, '16, i: 386, iii: 218;
+      evacuated by Rumanians, Nov. 24, '16, i: 389, iii: 222.
+
+    Orsova Railway, captured by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221.
+
+    O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., commander, 27th Div., v: 196, 281;
+      account of history of 27th Div., v: 281-300.
+
+    O'Shea, Corp. Thomas E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Ossowetz, besieged by Germans, iii: 118, 130;
+      captured, Aug., '15, iii: 138.
+
+    Ostend, seat of Belgian government moved to, Oct. 5, '14, i: 376;
+      occupied by Germans, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376, iii: 38;
+      raided by British May, '18, iv: 279;
+      evacuated by Germans, xi: 52.
+
+    Ostrovo, Lake,
+      Allied counter-attack against Bulgars at, Sept., '16, iii: 208.
+
+    _Otranto_, British auxiliary cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, iv: 65.
+
+    Ourcq River,
+      crossed by 42nd Div. in pursuit of Germans, July, '18, v: 50, 187;
+      course and topography of region, v: 133;
+      A. E. F. fighting at, commended by Gen. Degoutte, v: 192.
+
+    _Over There_, American soldier song, xi: 336.
+
+    Over-There Theater League,
+      organization and activities, vii: 277, 339-342.
+
+    Ovillers, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Oxygen, for gas victims, iii: 320.
+
+    Oxygen helmets as defense against poison gas, viii: 173.
+
+
+    P
+
+    Paderewski, Ignace Jan, returns to Poland as popular hero, vi: 220;
+      becomes Prime Minister, vi: 223;
+      defeated for presidency, vi: 225;
+      biography, ix: 95-98.
+
+    Paës, Dr. Sidonio,
+      President of Portugal, assassinated, Dec., '18, vi: 374.
+
+    Paget, Sir Ralph, Chairman,
+      International Sanitary Commission for Serbian typhus relief,
+      iii: 398.
+
+    Painlevé, Paul, succeeds Ribot as French premier, '17, vi: 105.
+
+    "Pal" regiments, British recruiting device, vi: 6.
+
+    Palestine, strategic importance, ii: _Intro. xviii, xxi_, 87-90;
+      conquered by Gen. Allenby,
+        ii: _Intro. xx_, 92-94, 218, iii: 192-200, 322-326;
+      capture of Gaza, Mar. 26--27, '17, ii: 92, iii: 192;
+      capture of Jerusalem, Dec. 11, '17,
+        ii: 92, iii: 193-196, 322-326 (description of Allenby's entry);
+      British and Turkish manpower, ii: 93, iii: 200;
+      destruction of Turkish army, Sept., '18, ii: 94, 218, iii: 198;
+      Damascus captured, Oct. 1, '18, iii: 199;
+      Aleppo captured, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200;
+      bibliography, iii: 200;
+      disposition under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 322;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Palmer, Frederick, comment on Marne fighting, July, '18, v: 158;
+      tribute to 1st Div., v: 234.
+
+    Pan-Germanism, _see_ Germany.
+
+    Pan-Slavism, aspirations, i: 244;
+      "Greater Serbia" propaganda, i: 244;
+      fight for control of Ukraine by Russia, vi: 241;
+      Russia aims at annexation of Ruthenia, '14, vi: 241;
+      Bulgaria's attitude toward, vi: 340;
+    _see also_ Slavs.
+
+    Panama, declares war on Germany, Apr, 7. '17, i: 389;
+      Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.
+
+    Panama Canal, U. S. gains control of, i: 84.
+
+    Pannes, captured by 42nd Div., v: 211.
+
+    _Panther_, German gunboat sent to Agadir, July, '11,
+      i: 104, 203.
+
+    Paolucci, Dr.,
+      helps Lieut.-Col. Rossetti to sink Austrian warship
+       _Viribus Unitis_, x: 297-303.
+
+    Papacy, relation to Italian government, i: 61.
+
+    Papeete, bombarded by German fleet, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 62.
+
+    Papen, Capt. Franz von,
+      German Military Attaché in U. S., dismissed for unneutral conduct,
+        i: 276;
+      share in passport frauds, i: 314;
+      activities as arch-spy in U. S., x: 328-329.
+
+    Parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263.
+
+    Parades, first American troops in Paris, July 4, '17, v: 107;
+      Allied troops on Bastille Day in Paris, July 14, '18, v: 147;
+      27th Div. in New York City, Mar. 25, '19, v: 299.
+
+    Parajd, captured by Rumanians, Oct. 5, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Paravane, protective device against submarine mine, iv: 313.
+
+    Paris, air raids on, Jan. 29--30, '16, i: 384;
+      Mar. 11, '18, i: 395;
+      German advance on, '14, ii: 6, iii: 28, vi: 97;
+      bombarded by long-range gun from St. Gobain Forest,
+        ii: 154, iii: 88, viii: 45-47;
+      welcome to Gen. Pershing, June 13, '17, v: 97;
+      German drive on, May 27--Aug. 6, '18, battles in Marne salient,
+        v: 129-139, 141, 147;
+      parade of Allies, July 14, '18, v: 147;
+      panic in, during German drive, '18, v: 378;
+      May Day rioting, May, '19, vi: 111.
+
+    Paris Conference, 1856, guarantees Turkish power in Europe, i: 39.
+
+    "Paris Group," organization of, Medical Department, A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    Pasha Dagh, Australian objective in Gallipoli attack, iii: 170;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Pashitch, Nicholas, Premier of Serbia,
+     negotiations with Italy for settling Adriatic rivalry, vi: 362;
+      biography, ix: 120.
+
+    Passchendaele Ridge, captured by British, Oct.--Nov., '17, ii: 56, 79;
+      recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 377.
+
+    Passenheim, Russians defeated at, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iii: 116.
+
+    Passport frauds, German activities in U. S., i: 314, x: 333.
+
+    Patriotic songs, xi: 332-335.
+
+    Patrol boats, work in combating submarines, iv: 292.
+
+    Patrolling, training A. E. F. in, v: 117.
+
+    Patrols, German system of, in the Vosges, v: 26.
+
+    Patterson, Miss Hannah J.,
+      awarded D. S. M. for work on Woman's Committee,
+      Council of National Defense, xii: 125.
+
+    Pau, Gen. Paul,
+      commands French forces invading Alsace, Aug. 14, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Peace Conference, Paris,
+      U. S. delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;
+      conciliatory attitude of Austrian delegates, vi: 321;
+      negotiation with Hungarian Soviet, Apr., '19, vi: 326;
+      Fiume crisis, vi: 366-370, xii: 159;
+      prestige of Japanese delegation, vi: 388;
+      dispute over Teschen district, vi: 400;
+      inside story of, by Thos. W. Lamont,
+        financial adviser to U. S. delegation, xii: 149-163;
+      complexity of task, xii: 149;
+      rapidity of work, xii: 149;
+      open diplomacy, xii: 149;
+      Supreme Council, members and method of evolving Peace Treaty,
+        xii: 150-153;
+      "Big Four," xii: 150, 152;
+      "Big Three," xii: 150;
+      Conference procedure, xii: 156;
+      commissions, xii: 156;
+      delays, xii: 156;
+      language difficulties, xii: 157;
+      Reparations Commission, organization and work, xii: 158, 219-221;
+      Shantung controversy, xii: 160;
+      Germans excluded from negotiation, xii: 161;
+      Belgian demands, xii: 161;
+      signing of Peace Treaty with Germany, ceremonies, xii: 165-169;
+      list of delegates, xii: 179-182;
+    _see also_ Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.
+
+    Peace moves, President Wilson asks belligerents
+      to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 335;
+      response to Wilson's note, i: 336;
+      Wilson's "Peace without victory" speech, i: 336;
+      Pope Benedict's appeal, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390, ix: 405;
+      Germany accepts Pope's offer, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;
+      text of letter from Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary
+        to Prince Sixtus making secret offer of peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63;
+      German attempts in '16 and '17 fail, ii: 270, 316, vi: 263;
+      German moves condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;
+      Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;
+      Russian Provisional Government urges Allies
+        to revise peace aims, May, '17, vi: 161;
+      German Socialists demand peace without annexations, '15, vi: 258;
+      Bethmann-Hollweg proposes peace of understanding, '16--'17, vi: 262;
+      German popular demand for
+        "peace without annexations or indemnities," vi: 266-268;
+      Emperor Charles forces offer by Teutonic allies, Dec. 12, '16,
+        vi: 313;
+      demonstrations in Sofia, vi: 346;
+    _see also_
+        Armistice;
+        and under each country.
+
+    Peace Treaty with Germany,
+      Versailles, '19, criticism by British liberal press, vi: 22;
+      terms presented to Germans, May 7, '19, vi: 302, xii: 161;
+      condemned by German press, vi: 302-304;
+      Germany consents to sign, June 22, '19, vi: 304, xii: 163;
+      how drafted, described by Thos. W. Lamont,
+        financial adviser to U. S. delegation, xii: 149-161;
+      text, work of technicians, xii: 150;
+      French demands, xii: 153;
+      evolution of Covenant of League of Nations, xii: 155;
+      Belgian demands, xii: 161;
+      ceremonies of signing, xii: 165-169;
+      analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178;
+      signed June 28, '19, xii: 179;
+      text in full, xii: 179-263;
+      preamble, giving list of nations allied against Germany,
+        and their delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179-182;
+      League of Nations, text of Covenant, xii: 182-185;
+      boundaries of Germany, xii: 186;
+      provisions concerning Luxemburg, xii: 189;
+      demolition of German fortifications, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214;
+      Sarre Basin settlement, xii: 189-194;
+      Alsace-Lorraine, provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197;
+      Germany acknowledges independence of Austria, xii: 197;
+      provisions for independence of Czechoslovak State, xii: 197;
+      independence and boundaries of Poland, xii: 198-200;
+      plebiscite for East Prussia, xii: 200;
+      provisions concerning Memel, xii: 203;
+      Danzig made free city, xii: 203;
+      plebiscite provisions for Schleswig, xii: 204;
+      Heligoland, destruction of fortifications on, xii: 205;
+      provisions concerning Russo-German relations, xii: 205;
+      Brest-Litovsk Treaties abrogated, xii: 205;
+      German colonies surrendered to Allies, xii: 206;
+      German rights in China surrendered, xii: 206;
+      German rights in Siam surrendered, xii: 208;
+      German rights in Liberia surrendered, xii: 208;
+      German rights in Morocco surrendered, xii: 208;
+      German rights in Egypt surrendered, xii: 208;
+      Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to Japan, xii: 209;
+      reduction of German army and military equipment,
+        xii: 209, 210, 211, 212;
+      universal military service abolished in Germany, xii: 211;
+      new German army, table of organization for, xii: 212;
+      German navy, surrender and reduction, xii: 212-214;
+      German wireless stations, regulation by Allies, xii: 214;
+      German military air service abolished, xii: 214;
+      existing German air service surrendered to Allies, xii: 215;
+      Interallied Commissions of Control
+        to supervise execution of military terms, xii: 215;
+      repatriation of prisoners of war, xii: 216;
+      war graves, care of, xii: 217;
+      punishment of Germans guilty of war crimes, xii: 217;
+      reparation terms imposed on Germany, xii: 217-225;
+      Reparation Commission, formation and functions, xii: 219-221;
+      shipping, restitution for Allied shipping sunk, xii: 222;
+      reconstruction, German obligations, xii: 223;
+      coal, German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224;
+      dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, xii: 224;
+      submarine cables, German, surrendered to Allies, xii: 225;
+      trophies of war, return of, to France by Germany, xii: 225;
+      Koran of Caliph Othman,
+        return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225;
+      Sultan Mkwawa,
+        skull of, return by Germany to Great Britain, xii: 225;
+      Louvain, University of,
+        restoration by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225;
+      art objects,
+        carried by Germans from Belgium, restoration of, xii: 225;
+      gold, restriction on German export of, xii: 226;
+      Armies of Occupation,
+        Allied, in Germany, expense to be borne by Germany, xii: 226;
+      ceded territories, share in German national debt, xii: 226;
+      Alsace-Lorraine,
+        exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226;
+      Poland, share in German national debt, xii: 227;
+      international concessions,
+        surrender by Germany of rights in, xii: 228;
+      gold, deliveries of, by Germany to Allies, xii: 228;
+      customs duties, regulations imposed on Germany, xii: 229;
+      privileges for Allied shipping to be granted by Germany, xii: 230;
+      trade competition, Germany to suppress unfair methods, xii: 230;
+      Allied nationals, treatment of, by Germany, xii: 230;
+      pre-War treaties between Allies and Germany revived, xii: 231;
+      treaties among Teutonic allies abrogated, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated, xii: 232;
+      Opium Convention, Jan, 23, '12, put into force, xii: 232;
+      debts, between German and Allied nationals,
+        methods of payment, xii: 232-236;
+      property rights of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany,
+        methods of restitution, xii: 236-240;
+      contracts, between German and Allied nationals,
+        status and methods of discharge, xii: 240-243;
+      Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions, xii: 243;
+      literary rights, provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246;
+      artistic rights, provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246;
+      industrial rights, provisions for re-establishment of,
+        xii: 244-246;
+      ceded territories, social insurance funds of,
+        to be transferred to Allies by Germany, xii: 246;
+      aerial navigation, rules for, xii: 246;
+      freedom of transit,
+        for Allied goods and nationals through Germany, xii: 247, 253;
+      ports, Allied, discrimination against,
+        by Germany forbidden, xii: 247;
+      navigation, Allied, over German waterways, xii: 247-253;
+      Elbe, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Oder, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Niemen, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Danube, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Rhine, international control and rules for navigation,
+        xii: 250-253;
+      use of northern German ports by Czechoslovak State, xii: 253;
+      German railways, provisions relating to, xii: 253;
+      Kiel Canal, rules of navigation through, xii: 255;
+      labor, international organization for improving conditions of,
+        xii: 255-261;
+      guarantees for execution, exacted from Germany, xii: 261;
+      Armies of Occupation, conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261;
+      Savoy, neutralized zone of, provisions concerning, xii: 262;
+      German Christian missions, continuity guaranteed, xii: 263;
+      prize courts, provision concerning decisions of, xii: 263;
+      signed, June 28, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by Germany, July 10, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by Great Britain, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by King of Italy, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by France, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by Japan, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264;
+      U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-278;
+      Fall amendments to, defeated in U. S. Senate, Oct. 2, '19,
+        xii: 264;
+      original Lodge reservations defeated in U. S. Senate, Nov. 19, '19,
+        xii: 265-266;
+      original Lodge reservations, text, xii: 265;
+      defeated in U. S. Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20,
+        xii: 266-269;
+      Pres. Wilson's opinion on Lodge reservations, xii: 267;
+      revised Lodge reservations, text, xii: 269;
+      efforts of Congress to declare peace
+        by joint resolution in substitution for, xii: 271-278;
+      Knox Resolution, xii: 273, 277;
+      President Wilson's message vetoing Knox Resolution, xii: 278.
+
+    Pearce, Padraic,
+      Provisional President of Irish Republic, vi: 60, ix: 53.
+
+    Peck, Pvt. Archie A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Penang harbor, attacked by _Emden_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178.
+
+    People's Relief Committee, for Jewish relief, formation, vii: 354.
+
+    Pepper Hill, at Verdun,
+      attacked by Germans, Apr. 18, '16, iii: 52, 304.
+
+    Periscope, description, viii: 165, xi: 245.
+
+    Perkins, Pvt. Michael J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Permanent Blind Relief War Fund,
+      organization and activities, vii: 255-259.
+
+    Péronne, French objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;
+      captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Péronne-Ham sector, Allied drive on, Sept., '18, ii: 158.
+
+    Pershing, Gen. John J.,
+      offers A. E. F. to Foch, Mar. 28, '18, v: 30, 120, 380, ix: 153;
+      sails for Europe, May, '17, v: 97;
+      reception in England, June, '17, v: 97;
+      reception in France, June, '17, v: 97;
+      reasons for selection of American Army zone, '18, v: 110;
+      farewell speech to 1st Div., Chaumont-en-Vixen, Apr., '18, v: 121;
+      urges attack with A. E. F., July, '18, v: 158;
+      extract from report on Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 182;
+      assumes tactical command of American forces in battle area,
+        v: 192, 384, ix: 205;
+      extract from report on St. Mihiel attack, v: 212;
+      starts Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 213;
+      extract from report on preparation for Meuse-Argonne attack,
+        v: 218;
+      divides A. E. F. combat units into two Armies, Oct. 9, '18,
+        v: 246, 390;
+      personal message to each soldier in A. E. F., v: 353;
+      official report on A. E. F., v: 373-404;
+      appeal to War Dept. for troops, Dec., '17, v: 373;
+      insists on independent American Army in France, v: 385;
+      Alsatian ancestry, ix: 166;
+      origin of name, ix: 166;
+      biography, ix: 199-210.
+
+    Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.
+
+    Persia, divided into "spheres of influence"
+      by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104, vi: 335;
+      sympathy with Turkey, vi: 330;
+      pro-German sentiment, vi: 336-337;
+      Great Britain in control, '19, vi: 338.
+
+    _Persia, S. S._, British merchantman
+      sunk in Mediterranean, Dec. 30, '15, i: 384;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 224.
+
+    Peru, dispute with Chile over Tacna-Arica district, vi: 390;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Pétain, Marshal Henri Philippe,
+      defender of Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 50, 54, 304, xi: 22;
+      eulogy of, by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 220;
+      biography, ix: 164-166.
+
+    Peter I, King of Serbia,
+      accompanies his nation in retreat, iii: 281, 284;
+      reënters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;
+      foreign policy, vi: 355;
+      biography, ix. 398-399.
+
+    Petrograd, food shortage in, vi: 141;
+      workmen's delegates on War Industrial Committee arrested, vi: 143;
+      during the Revolution, vi: 144-153.
+
+    Petroseny, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Peuvillers, captured by 128th Inf. Regt., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Peyton, Maj.-Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.
+
+    Pflanzer, Gen. von, Austrian commander in Bukovina, iii: 132.
+
+    Philippines, acquired by U. S., i: 56.
+
+    Phillipeville, bombarded by _Goeben_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.
+
+    Phonotelemeter, description of, viii: 20.
+
+    Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride),
+      use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 168-170;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 184.
+
+    Photography in war, work of U. S. Signal Corps, v: 319;
+      use in artillery range-finding, viii: 14;
+      value of aerial photography, viii: 226, 331;
+      types of aerial cameras, viii: 228, 332-334;
+      De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333;
+      work of U. S. aerial photographers, viii: 228, 235;
+      personnel of Photographic Section, U. S. Air Service, viii: 234;
+      future, viii: 234;
+      making pictorial history of War, viii: 329-331;
+      production of photographic supplies by U. S., viii: 355;
+      mobile developing laboratories, viii: 335;
+    _see also_ Aerial photography.
+
+    Piave River,
+      Italian stand at, after Caporetto rout, ii: 58, 250, iii: 248.
+
+    Picardy Front, German choice for final drive, '18, ii: 69;
+      advantages of, for German offensive, '18, ii: 69.
+
+    Pichon, Stephen, French Foreign Minister,
+      speech before Chamber of Deputies
+      on secret Entente agreements of '16--'17, vi: 334.
+
+    Pigeons, war uses, v: 239, 319, viii: 328.
+
+    Pike, Lieut.-Col. Emory J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor,
+      x: 400.
+
+    Pill-boxes, description, iii: 79, viii: 130;
+      battle tactics in use of, viii: 130-133.
+
+    Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, leads Polish troops against Russia, vi: 202;
+      jailed by Germans, vi: 214;
+      assumes dictatorship of Poland, vi: 219;
+      dictatorship not recognized by Allies, vi: 222;
+      Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paderewski cabinet, vi: 223;
+      becomes president of Polish Republic, vi: 225;
+      biography, ix: 92-95.
+
+    Pirot, occupied by Bulgars, Oct. 28, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Pistols, Schwarzlose automatic pistol, mechanism, viii: 90;
+      use as military weapon, viii: 116-117.
+
+    "Place in the sun," speech by Kaiser, '01, i: 95;
+      definition of phrase, ii: 27;
+      German control of Balkans as means of attaining, ii: 27.
+
+    Plava, captured by Italians June 10, '15, i: 380, iii: 244.
+
+    _Players, The_, poem by Francis Bickley, ix: 290.
+
+    Pleinchamps Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
+
+    Ploechti, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.
+
+    Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert, commander of British Second Army, ii: 214;
+      a great military chief, iii: 375;
+      offensive in Flanders, Sept., '18, v: 213.
+
+    Plunkett, Rear-Adm. Chas. P.,
+      commander of U. S. Naval Railway Batteries on Western Front,
+        v: 306, viii: 45.
+
+    Plunkett, Sir Horace,
+      Irish leader, chairman of Irish Convention, '18, vi: 62.
+
+    Plymouth, England, U. S. subchaser base, iv: 359.
+
+    Poincaré, Raymond, President of French Republic, biography,
+      ix: 14-19;
+      bibliography, ix: 19.
+
+    _Points d'Appui_, definition, v: 13.
+
+    Pola, Italian naval raid on, Nov. 2, '16, iv: 369;
+      Italians sink Austrian dreadnought at, May 14, '18, iv: 372;
+      Austrian dreadnought _Viribus Unitis_ blown up
+      by Italians at, Nov. 1, '18, x: 297-303.
+
+    Poland, topography, iii: 106-108;
+      German invasion of, and unsuccessful attacks on Warsaw,
+      Sept., '14--Feb., '15, iii: 116-118, 124-127, 128-132;
+      Austrian invasion of, iii: 118-120;
+      conquered by Austro-German forces, July--Sept., '15,
+        iii: 137-141, vi: 311;
+      battle of the Salients, July, '15, iii: 138;
+      Warsaw captured by Germans, Aug. 4, '15, iii: 138;
+      civilian deaths due to war-time privation, iii: 406;
+      early history and pre-War condition, vi: 201;
+      Russian promise of autonomy, '14, vi: 201;
+      Austrian Poles support Central Powers, vi: 202;
+      Poles under Pilsudski fight against Russia, vi: 202;
+      war-time destitution in, vi: 204-210;
+      German reforms in, vi: 208;
+      German policy, vi: 210-213;
+      Germany promises reëstablishment of Polish Kingdom, Nov. 5, '16,
+        vi: 210;
+      Germany demands Polish troops, vi: 213;
+      freed by Russian Revolution, vi: 213;
+      Germany sets up Regency, vi: 214;
+      denied representation at Brest-Litovsk by Germany, vi: 214;
+      revolt against Teuton domination, '18, vi: 216;
+      capture of Lemberg from Ruthenians, Nov. 5, '18, vi: 217;
+      proclamation of Republic, vi: 218-219;
+      Pilsudski becomes dictator, Nov., '18, vi: 219;
+      Germans expelled, Dec., '18, vi: 220;
+      political struggle between classes, vi: 220;
+      Conservatives support Paderewski, vi: 220;
+      Warsaw Revolt against Pilsudski fails, vi: 220-222;
+      war against Bolsheviki, vi: 222-224;
+      war with Ukraine over Cholm, vi: 222, 248;
+      dispute with Czechs over Teschen, vi: 222, 400;
+      compromise cabinet of Paderewski and Pilsudski, Feb. 9, '19,
+        vi: 223;
+      Provisional Government recognized by Allies, Feb., '19, vi: 225;
+      Pilsudski elected President, vi: 225;
+      claims for Danzig, vi: 225;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for independence and boundaries of,
+        vi: 226, xii: 18-200;
+      American war relief for Jews in, vii: 356-358, 360-363, 375;
+      value of property loss, xii: 26;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+      share in German national debt, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 227;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Political parties, _see_ under countries.
+
+    _Pommern_, German battleship
+      torpedoed by British submarine _E-9_, July 2, '15, iv: 208.
+
+    Pont-à-Mousson, on Toul-St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 119.
+
+    Pontoons, viii: 299-300.
+
+    _Pontoporros_, auxiliary to German raider _Emden_, iv: 172.
+
+    Pope, _see_ Benedict XV.
+
+    Pope, Corp. Thomas A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397;
+
+    Poperinghe line,
+      British-American line of defense in Flanders, v: 287, 289.
+
+    Population, decrease in births due to War, iii: 406;
+      effects of War on, xii: 25.
+
+    Port Arthur, seized by Russia from China, i: 20;
+      acquired by Japan, i: 20;
+      11-in. siege guns first used by Japanese at, viii: 34.
+
+    Ports, French, selected for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;
+      Allied, Peace Treaty provisions against discrimination by Germany,
+        xii: 247.
+
+    Portugal, international position in '14, i: 62;
+      rout of army before German offensive, Apr., '18,
+        ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;
+      war casualties, iii: 404, v: 364;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      internal strife, vi: 372-375;
+      enters War as British ally, vi: 373;
+      President Paës assassinated, Dec. '18, vi: 374;
+      Royalist uprising suppressed, '19, vi: 375;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.
+
+    Posen, revolt of Polish population against Germany, vi: 225;
+      awarded to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.
+
+    Potash, German boycott of U. S., xii: 98.
+
+    Potatoes, world production by countries, xii: 47;
+      as food, xii: 47;
+      German system of drying and crushing, xii: 47.
+
+    Potsdam Conference of German war leaders, July 5, '14, i: 136;
+      decision for war, i: 249.
+
+    Potts, Pvt. Frederick, wins Victoria Cross at Gallipoli, x: 138.
+
+    Powder, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Power plants, built by A. E. F. Engineer Corps, v: 333.
+
+    Pozières, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Prague,
+      meeting of Czechoslovak representatives at, Apr. 2, '18, vi: 398.
+
+    Prauthory, Haute-Marne, headquarters, 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.
+
+    _President Lincoln_, U. S. transport
+      sunk, May 31, '18, i: 395, iv: 337;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 340.
+
+    Press:
+      Austria-Hungary, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306;
+        Hungarian journals support war, vi: 307;
+        _Pester Lloyd_ for war, '14, vi: 308;
+        _Oesterreichische Rundschau_ attacks Italy, '15, vi: 310;
+        _Vossische Zeitung_ on strikes, Jan., '18, vi: 314;
+        _Arbeiter Zeitung_, radical organ, vi: 315;
+        _Arbeiter Zeitung_ on peace terms, vi: 322;
+        _Has Haroda_ on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396.
+      Bulgaria, statement against Russia by _Kambana_, June, '15,
+        vi: 342.
+      Germany, _Militärische Rundschau_ advocates immediate war, '14,
+         vi: 249;
+        Socialist organ _Vorwärts_ supports Kaiser, vi: 249;
+        _Liller Kriegszeitung_ preaches hate of England, vi: 252;
+        optimistic attitude of _Frankfurter Zeitung_, Nov., '14,
+          vi: 253;
+        Maximilian Harden ridicules in _Zukunft_ talk
+          of German starvation, vi: 254;
+        alarm over prospects of starvation, '15, vi: 255;
+        submarine warfare urged, vi: 256, 265;
+        on German successes, '15, vi: 258;
+        _Vorwärts_ demands statement of peace aims, vi: 258;
+        _Frankfurter Zeitung_ on seriousness
+          of Allied blockade, '15--'16, vi: 261;
+        _Vorwärts_ on food shortage, vi: 261;
+        demand war to finish, '17, vi: 264;
+        gospel of hate against England, vi: 264-265;
+        _Taglische Rundschau_
+          on German demoralization, Dec., '18, vi: 284;
+        _Vorwärts_ on industrial unrest, Dec., '18, vi: 286;
+        comments on Ebert as President, vi: 293;
+        on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
+        Maximilian Harden on peace terms, vi: 303.
+      Great Britain, condemns Dutch neutrality, vi: 376.
+      Italy, _Corriere della Sera_ and _Secolo_
+        advocate conciliation with Jugoslavs, vi: 362.
+      Serbia, expressions of hatred for Austria-Hungary
+        by _Politika_, _Mali Journal_, _Balkan_, _Zastava_, vi: 356;
+        _Samouprava_ denounces Italian treaty, '15, vi: 361.
+      Turkey, _Ikdam_ for war, vi: 330;
+        _Tanine_ on Dardanelles expedition vi: 330;
+        _Hillal_ acclaims victory, '15, vi: 331.
+      United States, attitude on U. S. neutrality, i: 308;
+        on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 319;
+        on _Arabic_ torpedoing, i: 322;
+        on German indemnity, xii: 24.
+
+    Pressel, Dr. Wilhelm von,
+      builds first spur of Bagdad railway, 1871, ii: 291.
+
+    Pressure gauges, on airplanes, viii: 220.
+
+    "Preventive arrests,"
+      for suppressing pacifist agitation in Germany, vi: 262.
+
+    Prices,
+      analysis of, by Prof. Irving Fisher, xii: _Intro. vii-xvii_;
+      high cost of living as result of War, xii: _Intro. vii_, 143;
+      index numbers, xii: _Intro. vii_;
+      rise in U. S., '13--'19, xii: _Intro. vii-viii_;
+      influence of unsecured paper money on, xii: _Intro. viii_;
+      chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780,
+        xii: _Intro. viii_;
+      before and after great wars of history, xii: _Intro. ix_;
+      percent. rise in warring countries, xii: _Intro. x_;
+      present high level not due to scarcity, xii: _Intro. x_;
+      inflation as cause of high prices, xii: _Intro. xii_, 27;
+      countries arranged in order of high prices,
+        xii: _Intro. xii-xiii_;
+      extent of currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      high cost of living as breeder of Bolshevism,
+        xii: _Intro. xiii-xiv_;
+      purchasing power of wages, '13--'18, xii: _Intro. xiv_;
+      remedies for high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiv-xv_;
+      standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuation in,
+        xii: _Intro. xv_;
+      effect of wars on, xii: 27;
+      reduced production as cause of high prices, xii: 27, 38-40;
+      "fair price" lists, xii: 54;
+      rise in U. S., '14--'18, xii: 56-59;
+      present, compared with Civil War days, xii: 57, 75;
+      effects of government control in Great Britain, xii: 59;
+      government control in U. S., xii: 59;
+    _see also_ Cost of living, under name of country.
+
+    Prilep, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 17, '15, i: 382;
+      occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Primers, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.
+
+    _Prince George_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Prince, Norman, member Lafayette Escadrille, death, iii: 391.
+
+    Princes' Island, conference of Russian factions at, fails, vi: 188.
+
+    _Princess Royal_, British cruiser, in Battle of Jutland, iv: 108;
+      in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    _Principles of War_, treatise by Marshal Foch,
+      ii: 80, 104, ix: 152.
+
+    _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, German raider,
+      puts into Hampton Roads for repairs, Mar. 10, '15, i: 378;
+      interned by U. S., Apr. 7, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Priority system, among U. S. industries during War, xii: 73-75.
+
+    Pripet marshes, Russian offensive against Austria, June, '16, ii: 42;
+      description, iii: 108.
+
+    Prisoners of war, classified by countries, iii: 404;
+      work of Swiss Red Cross for, vi: 380;
+      work of American Y. M. C. A. for, vii: 302-310;
+      Crown Princess of Sweden's work for, vii: 308;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for repatriation of, xii: 216.
+      Austria-Hungary, captured by Serbs, description of, iii: 395;
+        humane treatment by Serbs, iii: 400;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      French, diary describing life in German prison, iii: 300;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      German, captured in Somme battle, iii: 60;
+        in battle of Cambrai, iii: 82;
+        in St. Mihiel drive, iii: 99, v: 71, 207;
+        during Allied drive, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103;
+        total in War, iii: 404;
+        at Cantigny, v: 33;
+        taken by A. E. F. in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56;
+        first capture by A. E. F., v: 113;
+        clothed by U. S. Salvage Service, v: 331;
+        captured in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 394;
+        total captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.
+      Russian, sufferings of, in German prison camp, iii: 300;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      Turkish, captured by British in Palestine campaign,
+        ii: 94, iii: 199;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      United States, first captured by Germans, iii: 84;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404;
+        work of American Red Cross for, vii: 37-39, 71.
+        _See also_
+          under battle or campaign;
+          countries.
+
+    Prize courts, Peace Treaty provision for decisions of, xii: 263.
+
+    Profiteering, xii: 55;
+      U. S. meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56.
+
+    Prohibition, U. S. war-time act passed, July 7, '17, i: 390;
+      Russian government forbids sale of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;
+      voluntary abstention urged in England by Lloyd George, '14, vi: 2-3;
+      use of vodka substitutes in Russia, vi: 138;
+      imposed by Bela Kun's government in Hungary, vi: 325.
+
+    Propaganda, _see_
+      Allies;
+      Germany.
+
+    Property rights, of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for restitution of, xii: 236-240.
+
+    Protopopoff, Russian Minister of Interior,
+      in German employ, ii: 59, vi: 143;
+      causes Rumanian entry into War for German interest, ii: 59;
+      gains power at court through Rasputin, vi: 143;
+      reactionary policy, vi: 143;
+      surrenders to Duma during Revolution, March, '17, vi: 153.
+
+    _Provence II_, French cruiser
+      sunk by U-boat, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376.
+
+    Pruitt, Corp. John H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.
+
+    Prussia, war with Denmark, 1864, i: _Intro. vii_, 41;
+      autocratic form of government, i: 29;
+      assumes leadership of German states under Bismarck, i: 40;
+      population in 1860, i: 40;
+      Seven Weeks' War against Austria, 1866, i: 41;
+      representation in Imperial Bundesrat, ii: 71;
+      traditional policy of force, i: 150;
+      controlling share in government of German Empire, i: 156;
+      King of, powers as German Emperor, i: 156;
+      relations with Great Britain, stages in evolution of, i: 168;
+      Prussianization of Germany, i: 258;
+      plan of imperial development, ii: 1;
+    _see also_ Germany.
+
+    Przasnyz, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '15, i: 378, iii: 131;
+      recaptured by Russians, Feb. 27, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Przemysl, invested by Russians, Sept. 16, '14, i: 376, iii: 123-124;
+      Russians forced to raise siege, Oct. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 125;
+      reinvested by Russians, Nov. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 127, xi: 16;
+      captured by Russians, Mar. 22--23, '15,
+        i: 378, iii: 134, 292-293, xi: 16;
+      number of Austrians surrendering, i: 378, iii: 134, 293;
+      recaptured by Austro-German forces, June 1--2, '15,
+        i: 380, ii: 234, iii: 136.
+
+    Pskov, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Psychological tests, for gauging intelligence of army recruits,
+      vii: 216, viii: 349-351.
+
+    Psycho-physiological tests,
+      for determining fitness of recruits for specific duties,
+        viii: 351-356.
+
+    Putnik, Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of Serbian army, iii: 150.
+
+    Pys, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.
+
+
+    Q
+
+    "Q" ships, British decoys for U-boats, iv: 296.
+
+    Quebec, not enthusiastic for War, vi: 26;
+      failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 30;
+      move for secession from Dominion, vi: 33, 36;
+      Draft Boards defeat conscription by blanket exemptions, vi: 36;
+      draft riots, vi: 36;
+    _see also_ Canada.
+
+    _Queen_, British battleship at Dardanelles, iv: 33.
+
+    _Queen Elizabeth_,
+      British dreadnought at Dardanelles, ii: _Intro. xv_, iv: 31.
+
+    _Queen Mary_, British cruiser blown up at Jutland, iv: 110, 258;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Queenstown, Ireland,
+      base for U. S. destroyer and subchaser detachment, iv: 357.
+
+    Quennemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
+
+    Quien, Gaston, betrayer of Edith Cavell, x: 352.
+
+    Quinn, Jim, citation for D. S. C., July 18, '18, v: 171.
+
+
+    R
+
+    _R-34_, British dirigible, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
+      similarity to Zeppelin, viii: 254.
+
+    Races, European rivalries, i: 21.
+
+    Rada, Central Council of Ukraine,
+      formed after Russian revolution, vi: 243.
+
+    Radio, _see_ Wireless.
+
+    Radoslavov, Vassil, Bulgarian Premier,
+      heads patriotic organization, _Narodni Savetz_, vi: 341;
+      statement of Bulgarian war demands, vi: 341;
+      German sympathies, vi: 343;
+      resigns, June 17, '18, vi: 346.
+
+    Raemakers, Louis, Dutch cartoonist of the War, ix: 190.
+
+    Rafa, Turks defeated by British at, Jan., '17, iii: 192.
+
+    Raids, _see_
+      Air raids;
+      Naval raids.
+
+    Raikes, Lieut.-Com. Robert H. T.,
+      commander of British submarine _E-54_,
+        battle with German U-boats, iv: 212.
+
+    Railroads, German ambition for Calais-Persia route, ii: 2;
+      Russian military, iii: 105;
+      Petrograd-Berlin, iii: 111;
+      Transylvanian, cut by Rumanians, iii: 218;
+      Orsova, taken by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221;
+      Cernavoda-Constanza, captured by Teuton allies, Oct., '16, iii, 221;
+      in Trentino, iii: 230;
+      in Isonzo sector, iii: 239;
+      in Uganda, iii: 255;
+      in Transcaucasia, iii: 260;
+      number of troop trains needed to move a U. S. division, v: 20;
+      French, available for A. E. F. use, v: 110;
+      St. Mihiel-Metz, cut, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206;
+      German lines of communication in occupied territory, v: 215;
+      Mézières-Sedan, key to German lines of communication
+        on Western Front, v: 216, 387;
+      built by Engineer Corps, A. E. F., in France,
+        v: 333, 334, 403, xii: 283;
+      equipment sent to France from U. S., v: 403, xii: 95, 286;
+      war functions, viii: 283;
+      collapse of Russian system, under war stress, viii: 283;
+      work of German railroads during War, viii: 283-285;
+      narrow-gauge, at the front, viii: 302;
+    _see also_ Bagdad Railway.
+
+    Railway Artillery Reserve, U. S., formation, v: 305;
+      units composing, v: 305;
+      engagements on Western Front, v: 306-308;
+    _see also_ U. S. Army, Artillery.
+
+    Rainbow (42nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Rambucourt, on Toul sector, v: 116.
+
+    Ramscappelle, German success at, Oct. 30, '14, iii: 40.
+
+    _Ramsey_, British patrol boat,
+      sunk by German auxiliary cruiser _Meteor_, iv, 197.
+
+    Ramsgate, bombarded by German destroyers, Nov. 25, '16, i: 389.
+
+    Range-finder, telescopic, structure and use of, viii: 9.
+
+    Range-finding, _see_
+      Artillery;
+      Hydrophones;
+      Microphone;
+      Phonotelemeter.
+
+    Rapallo Conference, iii: 84.
+
+    Rappes, Bois des, captured by 3rd Div., Oct., '18, v: 85.
+
+    Rasputin, Gregory, influence over Czarina and Russian court, vi: 141;
+      assassinated, '16, vi: 141;
+      influence places Protopopov in power, vi: 143;
+      biography, ix: 345-347.
+
+    Ravaruska, Russian success in battle of, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122;
+      captured by Austro-German forces, June 20, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Rawlinson, Gen., commander of British Fourth Army, ii: 214, iii: 371.
+
+    Raynal, Major, defender of Fort Vaux, iii: 55, 313.
+
+    Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., commander, 30th Div., June, '18, v: 146;
+      commands 2nd Corps, v: 290, 382, 394;
+      biography, ix: 223-224.
+
+    Read, Lieut.-Com.,
+      pilots _N-C-4_, first airplane across Atlantic, viii: 240.
+
+    Rebais, Germans beaten back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 32.
+
+    Reconstruction of devastated war areas,
+      German obligations under Peace Treaty, xii: 223.
+
+    Reconstruction of disabled,
+      American help for vocational training of French disabled,
+        vii: 79, 92-95;
+      program of European belligerents, vii: 175;
+      in U. S. Army, vii: 175-186, 210-216, 222, 233-239;
+      importance of first aid, vii: 178;
+      treatment of shell-shock, vii: 179;
+      percent. of injured returned to service, vii: 180;
+      system of vocational training for U. S. service men,
+        vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;
+      educational personnel for training of U. S. service men,
+        vii: 180, 185;
+      care of blinded U. S. service men, vii: 182, 213;
+      correcting speech defects in U. S. military hospitals,
+        vii: 182, 213;
+      work of U. S. dental officers, vii: 210;
+      in civilian industries, vii: 240-245;
+      mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;
+      artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;
+      artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;
+      remaking shell-torn faces, viii: 390;
+      artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
+    _see also_
+        Medical science;
+        Surgery.
+
+    Recouly, Raymond, account of first Marne battle, ii: 182-186;
+      account of Verdun battle, ii: 186-189.
+
+    Recreation, for service men, _see_
+      Entertainment;
+      Sports.
+
+    Recruiting, _see_ under country.
+
+    Red Army, in Russia, organized by Trotzky, vi: 185;
+      in Munich, raised by Munich Soviet, vi: 300;
+      in Hungary, under Communist Government, vi: 326.
+
+    Red Cross:
+      American, relief work in Italy, ii: 250, vii: 42, 82;
+        Henry P. Davison, Chairman of War Council, vii: 1;
+        war-time activities, summary, vii: 1;
+        amount of contributions to, vii: 1;
+        increase in membership, vii: 1;
+        personnel in France, vii: 1;
+        Clara Barton, mother of, vii: 12;
+        peace time activities, vii: 14;
+        war organization, vii: 15-27;
+        raising war funds, vii: 15-27;
+        total relief expenditures, vii: 27;
+        range of activities, vii: 29;
+        location of base hospitals, vii: 30;
+        location of ambulance companies, vii: 30-31;
+        sanitary service, vii: 31-32;
+        nursing personnel, vii: 33;
+        canteen service, vii: 33, 42, 47-49, 54, 57;
+        auxiliary activities for service men's comfort, vii: 34;
+        recruiting services of nation's womanhood, vii: 34;
+        home service work, vii: 35;
+        services abroad, vii: 35-40;
+        hospital work in France, vii: 37, 45;
+        work for American prisoners in Germany, vii: 37-39, 71;
+        relief activities in England, vii: 40, 45;
+        with the Navy, vii: 41;
+        relief work among belligerents during U. S. neutrality,
+          vii: 43-46;
+        hospital work in Germany, vii: 45;
+        hospital work in Austria-Hungary, vii: 45;
+        relief for Serbia, vii: 45, 84;
+        stories of overseas service with fighting men, vii: 47-72;
+        work for wounded, vii: 49-54, 56, 60-64;
+        ambulance service at the front, vii: 49-51;
+        tales of wounded, vii: 51-54;
+        hotels for service men in Paris, vii: 54;
+        supplying delicacies to wounded, vii: 56;
+        huts, vii: 59;
+        entertainment, vii: 60;
+        as bureau of information, vii: 62-64;
+        helping doughboys shop in France, vii: 64;
+        department store for overseas service men, vii: 66;
+        production of surgical dressings, vii: 67;
+        production of nitrous oxide, vii: 68;
+        baths and laundries behind the lines, vii: 70;
+        Children's Bureau, activities for welfare of child war sufferers,
+          vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;
+        relief among Allied civilians, vii: 73-85;
+        relief among French refugees, vii: 73;
+        fight against tuberculosis in France, vii: 75;
+        education of French disabled, vii: 79;
+        relief for Belgian refugees, vii: 82;
+        relief in Rumania, vii: 84;
+        work in Palestine, vii: 84;
+        Institute for the Blind, vii: 259;
+        letters of appreciation from refugee children, xi: 60;
+        Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90-93;
+        help by Boy Scouts, xi: 108;
+        letter from "Chinese citizen boy," xi: 179.
+      International, in Switzerland, vi: 380;
+        World League of, vii: 3;
+        history of development, vii: 4-14;
+        Florence Nightingale, first field nurse, vii: 11;
+        U. S. becomes member, vii: 14.
+
+    _Red Cross Nurse_, poem by Edith Thomas, vii: 279.
+
+    "Red Monday," during Russian Revolution, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150.
+
+    "Red Week," rioting during, in Italy, June, '14, vi: 114.
+
+    "Reds," _see_ Bolshevism.
+
+    Reeves, Col. Ira L.,
+      military superintendent, A. E. F. University at Beaune, vii: 283.
+
+    Refrigerating plants, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 403.
+
+    Refugees, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Regan, 2nd Lieut. Patrick, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Reichstag, German, limitations as legislative body, i: 71;
+      composition and powers, i: 156.
+
+    Reims (Rheims), abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      re-occupied by French, Sept. 15, '14, i: 376;
+      Cathedral bombarded by Germans, iii: 74, vi: 97;
+      attacked by Crown Prince, June, '18, iii: 95;
+      description of surrounding country, v: 43;
+      gateway between Germany and France, v: 215.
+
+    _Reiter's Morganlied_, German air, xi: 335.
+
+    Relief, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Religion, diversity of, obstacle to world federation, i: 25;
+      work of Y. M. C. A. with troops overseas, vii: 283-285.
+
+    Remington self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89;
+    _see also_ Rifles.
+
+    Remonville, location, v: 217;
+      captured by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
+
+    Remounts, construction of depots for, by A. E. F., v: 333;
+      procuring of, for A. E. F., v: 399.
+
+    Renault tank, description, viii: 156;
+    _see also_ Tanks.
+
+    Rennenkampf, Gen.,
+      commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, '14,
+        ii: 24, 227, iii: 110;
+      driven out of East Prussia by Hindenburg, ii: 25, 229, iii: 116;
+      Ludendorff's account of retreat, ii: 355;
+    _see also_
+        East Prussia;
+        Tannenberg, battle of.
+
+    Renner, Dr., becomes Austrian Chancellor, '19, vi: 319;
+      Bolshevik uprising against, vi: 321;
+      conciliatory attitude at Peace Conference, vi: 321.
+
+    Renwick, George, description of Munich under Red Terror, vi: 301.
+
+    Repair shops, U. S. Ordnance, in France, v: 350.
+
+    Reparation, by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.
+
+    Reparation Commission, formation and functions, xii: 158, 219-221.
+
+    Repatriés, returned French exiles, xi: 75.
+
+    Repington, Colonel,
+      military correspondent of _London Times_,
+      exposes British shell shortage, May, '15, ii: 174.
+
+    Replacement system, plan for A. E. F., '17, v: 102, 399.
+
+    Respirators, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324;
+      utility as defense against poison gas, viii: 174-178;
+    _see also_ Chemical warfare.
+
+    Responsibility for the War, _see_ Germany,
+      Responsibility for War.
+
+    Retreats, famous examples of, in history, iii: 280.
+
+    _Return, The_, poem by John Freeman, ix: 331.
+
+    Reval, seized by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Reventlow, Count Ernst Zu,
+      condemnation of democratic rule in Germany, vi: 284.
+
+    Reville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Revolver, use as military weapon, viii: 117.
+
+    Reynolds, Col. C. R., Chief Surgeon, Second Army, v: 346.
+
+    Rheims, _see_ Reims.
+
+    Rhine River, French strategy in regard to, ii: 8;
+      German fortifications on, Peace Treaty provisions concerning,
+        xii: 189;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for international control and navigation,
+        xii: 250-253.
+
+    Ribot, Alexandre, succeeds Briand as French Premier, '17, vi: 103.
+
+    Rice, Brig.-Gen. John H., Chief Ordnance Officer, A. E. F., v: 350.
+
+    Richthofen, Capt. Baron Manfred Freiherr von,
+      career as aviator, x: 253-255.
+
+    Rickenbacker, Capt. Eddie, career as aviator, x: 259-264.
+
+    Rieka, Slav name of Fiume, vi: 365.
+
+    Rifles,
+      type used by A. E. F., description and reasons for adoption,
+        v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;
+      U. S. production figures, v: 347, xii: 284;
+      types, viii: 84, 88-105;
+      Browning automatic, viii: 84;
+      automatic, difference from machine-gun, viii: 88;
+      importance of rapid fire, viii: 88;
+      self-loading, compared with machine-gun, viii: 88;
+      principal self-loading types, viii: 89-91;
+      Remington, viii: 89;
+      Sjorgen, viii: 89;
+      Winchester, viii: 89;
+      rifle fire and artillery compared, viii: 92;
+      range of military rifle, viii: 92;
+      "danger zone" in rifle fire, viii: 93;
+      advantages of sharp-nosed bullet, viii: 93;
+      comparison to gas engine, viii: 94;
+      British service rifles, description, viii: 95;
+      Lee type, viii: 95;
+      Enfield-M type, viii: 95;
+      French service rifle, description, viii: 95;
+      German Mauser, description, viii: 95;
+      sighting devices, viii: 96-102;
+      definition of "bore," viii: 111;
+      definition and purpose of "rifling," viii: 111.
+
+    Rifle lights, viii: 75.
+
+    "Rifling" of gun, definition and purpose, viii: 111-112.
+
+    Riga, occupied by Germans, Sept. 3, '17, i: 390, iii: 147, iv: 136.
+
+    Riga, Gulf of, description, iv: 136-137;
+      German naval operations in, '15--'17, iv: 137-138;
+      battle of, and capture of dominating islands by Germans,
+        Oct. 12--18, '17, iv: 137-138.
+
+    Rintelen, Capt. Franz von, German agent in U. S., i: 315.
+
+    Ritchings, Lieut.-Col. Arthur,
+      rise from constable to lieutenant-colonel, x: 378.
+
+    _River Clyde_, British transport at Gallipoli, iii: 168, iv: 39.
+
+    Riviera, A. E. F. leave area, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 269.
+
+    Rizzo, Commander Luigi,
+      sinks Austrian battleships in motor-boat attack, iv: 370;
+      sinks Austrian battleships, _Wien_ and _Monarch_,
+        in Trieste harbor, x: 290.
+
+    _Road to France, The_, poem by Daniel M. Henderson, vi: 131.
+
+    Roads, construction by A. E. F. in France, v: 334, 403.
+
+    Robb, 1st Lieut. George S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Robeck, Vice-Adm. de,
+      succeeds Vice-Adm. Carden in command
+      of Allied fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 32.
+
+    Roberts, Lieut. E. M., record as aviator, x: 249-252.
+
+    Roberts, Corp. Harold W.,
+      American tank driver, wins Congressional Medal of Honor,
+        x: 402, xi: 386.
+
+    Robertson, Gen. Sir William,
+      appointed British Chief of General Staff, ii: _Intro. xviii_;
+      biography, ix: 184-186.
+
+    Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., commander U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
+
+    Rockwell, Kiffin,
+      member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed in Vosges, iii: 391.
+
+    Rodman, Admiral, biography, ix: 293-295.
+
+    Rodzianko, Michael V., President of Russian Duma, vi: 150.
+
+    Rogers, Maj.-Gen. H. L., Chief Quartermaster of A. E. F., v: 332.
+
+    Rohrbach, Paul, German publicist, on Anglo-German rivalry, vi: 251.
+
+    Romagne, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 14, '18. v: 250.
+
+    Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, American cemetery at, v: 403.
+
+    Romani, Turks defeated by British at, Aug., '16, iii: 192.
+
+    Romanoffs, _see_
+      Nicholas II;
+      Russia, Royal family.
+
+    Romorantin, U. S., aircraft plant at, v: 313.
+
+    Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 28, '18, v: 188.
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, war record, x: 238.
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, war record, x: 241.
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, record as aviator, x: 241-249;
+      killed in air fight, x: 245-249.
+
+    Roosevelt, Theodore, fight against "big business," i: 293;
+      against U. S. neutrality, i: 299;
+      temperament contrasted with that of Pres. Wilson, i: 299;
+      probable course of action if President during War, i: 302;
+      pro-German sentiments in '14, i: 309;
+      statement on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320;
+      statement on universal military training, Nov., '15, i: 326;
+      attacks Pres. Wilson's note asking
+        belligerents for statement of war aims, i: 337.
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore, Jr.,
+      commands 26th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 126;
+      at Sedan, Nov. 7, '18, v: 269;
+      war record, x: 241.
+
+    Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, Jr., "Y" worker in Bordeaux, vii: 267;
+      in charge of Aix-les-Bains leave area, vii: 269.
+
+    Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57.
+
+    Rosenwald, Julius, member,
+      Advisory Commission of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    Rossetti, Lieut.-Col. R.,
+      sinks Austrian warship _Viribus Unitis_ in Pola harbor,
+        x: 297-303.
+
+    Rosyth, advance base for British battle cruisers, iv: 91, 94;
+      meeting place for arranging surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
+
+    Roulers, German base in France, ii: 86.
+
+    Rowlatt, Justice, author of "Black Cobra Bill" of India, '18, vi: 78.
+
+    Royal Air Force, British, _see_ Great Britain, Air Service.
+
+    _Royal Edward_, British transport sunk, Aug. 13, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Royal families, _see_ country.
+
+    Roye, captured by Allies, Aug. 27, '18, i: 397, ii: 157.
+
+    Rozyshche, captured by Russians, June, '16, iii: 144.
+
+    Rue, training area for 27th Div., '18, v: 286.
+
+    Ruggles orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.
+
+    Ruhleben, German prison camp, American "Y" work at, vii: 303.
+
+    _Rule Britannia_, British patriotic song, xi: 333.
+
+    Rumania, gains independence from Turkey, i: 92;
+      intervention in Second Balkan War, '13, i: 206;
+      declares war on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+      Germany declares war on, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;
+      Turkey declares war on, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
+      Bulgaria declares war on, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386;
+      reasons for entry into War, ii: 59, iii: 214, vi: 348-349;
+      betrayed by Russia, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;
+      natural resources, ii: 59;
+      invades Transylvania, ii: 60, iii: 217, vi: 313, xi: 28;
+      conquered by Teuton forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn,
+        ii: 60, iii: 218-224, vi: 349, xi: 29;
+      topography, iii, 214;
+      failure of Allied support, iii: 214;
+      army, training and equipment, iii: 215;
+      strategy of campaigns, iii: 216;
+      Bucharest captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222;
+      government moved to Jassy, Nov., '16, iii: 223, vi: 349;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      total casualties, iii: 404, vi: 353, xii: 289;
+      civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405;
+      attacks Hungarian republic, '19, vi: 326;
+      race problems, vi: 348;
+      policy of neutrality, vi: 348;
+      secret treaty with Allies as war price, iii: 349;
+      suffering under Teuton invasion, vi: 349, 353;
+      struggle with Russian Bolsheviki in Bessarabia, vi: 350-352;
+      signs peace treaty with Central Powers, May 7, '17, vi: 352;
+      peace terms imposed by Germany, vi: 352;
+      conditions after armistice, Nov., '18, vi: 353;
+      royal family, ix: 399-402;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      value of property loss, xii: 26;
+      war cost, Aug., '16--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debt, xii: 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+      former treaties with Germany abrogated by Treaty of Versailles,
+        xii: 232;
+      area, '19, xii: 279;
+      population, '19, xii: 279.
+
+    _Rumania_, poem by George Edward Woodberry, vi: 347.
+
+    Rumanian National Hymn, xi: 329.
+
+    Rumanian Relief Committee of America, vii: 109.
+
+    Rumeli Medjidieh Battery, Fort at Gallipoli, iv: 45;
+      bombarded by Allied fleet, iv: 45.
+
+    Rupel, Greek fortress, seized by Bulgars, May, '16, iii: 207.
+
+    _Rupert Brooke_, poem by Moray Dalton, vii: 285.
+
+    Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, army commands, iii: 10, 61.
+
+    Ruroede, Carl, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.
+
+    Russell, Bertrand, British philosopher,
+      dismissed from Cambridge University
+      for supporting conscientious objectors, vi: 8;
+      on effects of War, vi: 11.
+
+    _Russell_, British battleship
+      sunk in Mediterranean, Apr. 27, '16, i: 385.
+
+    Russia:
+      Army, mobilization, July 31, '14, i: 375, iii: 264;
+        German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
+        man-power available, ii: 27;
+        lack of resources to equip manpower, ii: 27-28;
+        shortage of ammunition, ii: 231, iii: 264;
+        machine-gun equipment, ii: 232;
+        artillery equipment deficient, ii: 232;
+        collapse of, ii: 340 (Ludendorff on),
+          iii: 146, 267-270 (Gen. Denikin's report), v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
+        organization and strength, iii: 104;
+        weaknesses, iii: 105;
+        Czar takes personal command, Sept. 8, '16, iii: 140;
+        leading commanders pledge support to Republican Government,
+          Mar., '17, iii: 145;
+        vice in, iii: 267;
+        causes of demoralization, iii: 268;
+        balloting substituted for fighting, iii: 268;
+        desertions, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;
+        Bolshevist propaganda in, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;
+        Cossack cavalry, strength, vi: 146;
+        fraternization with enemy, vi: 157, 161;
+        Kerensky abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;
+        Red Army raised by Trotzky, vi: 185;
+        for military operations, _see_
+          Russian Front;
+          battle or campaign.
+      Casualties, total in War, iii: 404;
+        civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 406;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
+      Cost of living, percent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war, pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria,
+        July 27, '14, i: 114;
+        by Germany against, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;
+        by Austria against, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
+        on Bulgaria by, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;
+        on Turkey by, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;
+        reception by populace, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;
+        ultimatum to Bulgaria, Oct. 4, '15, vi: 343.
+      Food, shortage, vi: 141, 144, 145;
+        potato crop, xii: 47.
+      Foreign policy, Asiatic expansion, i: 20;
+        seizure of Port Arthur from China, i: 20;
+        gains freedom of action in Black Sea, 1871, i: 47;
+        world position in '14, i: 62;
+        ambitions in Near East checked by Congress of Berlin, i: 93;
+        German influence, i: 95, 240;
+        Entente Cordiale with France, 1891, i: 98;
+        member of Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106;
+        settlement of Persian question with Great Britain, '07, i: 104;
+        Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
+        Balkan policy, i: 114;
+        pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
+        negotiations in attempt to prevent the War, i: 126-129;
+        hatred of Germany, i: 242;
+        German view of, i: 242;
+        betrayal of Rumania by German agents in Government,
+          ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;
+        imperialistic ambitions, vi: 132;
+        treachery of Government exposed by Milyukov, Nov., '16, vi: 142;
+        secret treaties made public by Trotzky, vi: 183;
+        Soviet Government makes peace with Germany, vi: 183-185;
+        relations of Soviet with Allies, vi: 187-188;
+        hostility to Ukrainian nationalistic aspirations, vi: 241;
+        treaty with Japan, '16, vi: 386;
+        for relations with Finland, _see_ Finland.
+      Industries, inadequate for war needs, ii: 27-28;
+        hampered by lack of port facilities, iii: 161;
+        chaotic condition during War, xii: 82.
+      Internal politics, war enthusiasm, Aug., '14, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;
+        prohibition of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;
+        revolutionary outbreaks before War, vi: 132-134;
+        Socialists oppose War, vi: 134;
+        attack of Duma on War Office for inefficiency, Aug., '15, vi: 136;
+        Minister of War Sukhomlinov arrested and disgraced, vi: 136;
+        request for new ministry refused by Czar, '15, vi: 136;
+        Duma dissolved, Sept., '15, vi: 136;
+        peace sentiment, '15, vi: 138;
+        Lenin advocates defeat of Russia, vi: 140;
+        Stürmer succeeds Goremykin as Prime Minister, vi: 140;
+        Duma reconvenes, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;
+        attack of Socialist Cheidze on Government, vi: 140;
+        influence of Rasputin at Court, vi: 141;
+        Rasputin murdered, vi: 141;
+        Stürmer becomes Foreign Minister, July, '16, vi: 142;
+        Stürmer dismissed under accusations of corruption and treachery,
+          vi: 142;
+        repressive policy of Protopopov, Minister of Interior, '17,
+          vi: 143;
+        Golytsin succeeds to Premiership, '17, vi: 143;
+        threats of revolt in Duma, Feb., '17, vi: 144;
+        Revolution starts in Petrograd, Mar., '17, vi: 145;
+        Duma disobeys Czar's order of dismissal, Mar., '17, vi: 146;
+        leaders and policies at start of Revolution, vi: 148;
+        revolutionary scenes in Petrograd, Mar. 11--15, '17, vi: 148-156;
+        Czar disregards appeals for liberal ministry, vi: 150, 151;
+        Red Monday, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150-153;
+        arrest of ministers of old régime, vi: 153;
+        reform _vs._ revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 153-157;
+        Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates formed, Mar. 12, '17,
+          vi: 155;
+        Provisional Government under Prince Lvov formed by Duma,
+          Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155;
+        Czar abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;
+        struggle between Provisional Government and Soviet on war policy,
+          vi: 158-160;
+        fall of Liberal ministry and formation of coalition cabinet,
+          vi: 160;
+        peasant societies, vi: 160;
+        statement of policy by coalition Government, vi: 161;
+        Bolshevist uprising suppressed, July, '17, vi: 161-165;
+        Kerensky becomes virtual dictator, vi: 165;
+        rivalry between Kerensky and Kornilov for power, vi: 167-171;
+        Moscow Conference, vi: 167;
+        Kornilov rebellion fails, vi: 169;
+        Kerensky declares Russia a Republic, Sept. 15, '17, vi: 171;
+        Bolshevist revolution overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 171-181;
+        Lenin becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries,
+          vi: 181;
+        Trotzky becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs, vi: 181;
+        Bolshevist program, vi: 181;
+        opposition of middle classes to Bolshevik rule, vi: 181;
+        Constituent Assembly dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185;
+        Congress of Soviets substituted for Constituent Assembly, vi: 185;
+        reign of terror under Bolshevist régime, vi: 187.
+      Navy, Black Sea fleet bombards Bosphorus forts, iv: 49;
+        strength of Black Sea fleet, iv: 50;
+        development, iv: 364;
+        strength of Baltic fleet, iv: 364;
+        war record, iv: 364-366;
+        part in Revolution, iv: 366, vi: 164.
+      Peace negotiations,
+        Brest-Litovsk Treaty ends war with Central Powers, Mar., '18,
+          ii: 63, 273, vi: 183;
+        armistice with Germany signed, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;
+        movement for peace by radicals and conservatives, '15, vi: 138;
+        Soviet demands immediate Socialist peace conference, vi: 161;
+        nature of Bolshevik peace propaganda, vi: 171-175;
+        Versailles Treaty, provisions on, Russo-German relations,
+          xii: 205;
+        treaties with Germany abrogated by Versailles Treaty, xii: 232.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, military, iii: 105;
+        Petrograd-Berlin line, iii: 111;
+        importance of Warsaw as junction, iii: 138;
+        Brest-Litovsk line, military importance, iii: 138;
+        collapse under war stress, viii: 283.
+      Royal family, xi: 145-149;
+        _see also_ Nicholas II.
+      War cost, currency inflation by Bolsheviki, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+        financial position at start of War, xii: 1;
+        loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        average daily cost, xii: 106;
+        total cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '17, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 109;
+        loans, xii: 113;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.
+
+    Russian Front,
+      German analysis of strength and strategic importance,
+        Aug., '14, ii: 12-16;
+      strategic plans of Russia and Central Powers,
+        ii: 22, 225 (Gen. Gourko's explanation), iii: 109-110;
+      Russian invasion of Galicia, '14--'15,
+        ii: 22-24, 26, iii: 118-124, 127, 132-134;
+      Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, ii: 23, iii: 121;
+      operations in East Prussia, '14,
+        ii: 24, 227-229 (Gen. Gourko's account),
+        353-357 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 110-116;
+      battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;
+      campaigns in Poland,
+        ii: 25, 26, 229, 361-365 (Ludendorff's account),
+        iii: 116-120, 124-127, 128-132, 137-141;
+      Przemysl, siege and capture by Russians,
+        ii: 26, iii: 123, 125, 127, 134, 292, xi: 16;
+      successful Teuton counter-offensive in Galicia under Mackensen,
+        May, '15, ii: 26, 233, 360 (Ludendorff's account),
+        iii: 135-137, 294-296, vi: 258, 311;
+      Warsaw, German attacks on and capture,
+        ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138;
+      Brusiloff's offensive in Galicia, '16, ii: 42-44, 235, iii: 141-145;
+      Russian collapse, '17,
+        ii: 54, 340 (Ludendorff on),
+        iii: 146, 267-270 (Gen. Denikin's report), v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
+      campaigns in Caucasus and Armenia,
+        ii: 91-92, iii: 260-263, vi: 331, xi: 29;
+      capture of Erzerum, Feb. 16, '16, ii: 91, iii: 262-263;
+      effect of invasion of East Prussia on first Marne battle, ii: 227;
+      reasons for weakness of Russian fortresses, ii: 230;
+      Przemysl recaptured by Teuton forces, June 1--2, '15,
+        ii: 234, iii: 136;
+      Lemberg recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, ii: 234, iii: 137;
+      topography, iii: 106-109;
+      last Russian offensive in Galicia, July, '17, iii: 146;
+      battle experiences on, iii: 316;
+      activities of A. E. F. against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;
+      description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;
+    _see also_
+        East Prussia;
+        Galicia;
+        Mazurian Lakes;
+        Poland.
+
+    Russky, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading Galicia, iii: 119.
+
+    Ruthenians, clash with Poles for control of eastern Galicia,
+      vi: 217, 248;
+      cultural freedom under Austrian rule, vi: 241;
+      attempts at forced Russification during Russian occupation
+        of Galicia, vi: 243.
+
+    Ryan, Michael J., Irish-American delegate to Peace Conference vi: 66.
+
+
+    S
+
+    Saarbrücken, British air raid on, Oct. 25, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Saarburg, occupied by French, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375.
+
+    "Sacred Egoism," Italian foreign policy of, vi: 120.
+
+    "Sacred Way, The," highway to Verdun, iii: 50.
+
+    Sag paste, developed by U. S. Chemical Warfare Service
+      as protection against mustard gas, v: 324.
+
+    Saïd Pasha Zagloul, Egyptian Nationalist leader, vi: 70.
+
+    Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211.
+
+    St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259.
+
+    St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257.
+
+    St. Gobain, German defensive system captured by
+      Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52;
+      Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47.
+
+    _St. Louis_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.
+
+    St. Mihiel,
+      occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199;
+      recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12--15, '18,
+        ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 384-386 (Pershing's report),
+        xi: 46;
+      strategic importance of A. E. F. operations,
+        ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386;
+      strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18,
+        iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386;
+      German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18,
+        iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386;
+      German artillery captured at, Sept., '18,
+        iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386;
+      Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386;
+      topography of salient, v: 65, 199;
+      list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions
+        in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208;
+      strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against,
+        Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386;
+      effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386.
+
+    St. Nazaire,
+      debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396.
+
+    St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
+
+    St. Quentin, German base in France, ii: 86;
+      Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18,
+      ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197,
+      iii: 86-91, 381-390 (Philip Gibbs's account);
+      unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68;
+      captured by British, iii: 101.
+
+    St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301.
+
+    St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive,
+        Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212.
+
+    Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman,
+      causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388;
+      personal sketch, ix: 92.
+
+    Sakharoff, Gen., Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142;
+      sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223.
+
+    Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier,
+      pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany,
+        ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126;
+      Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127.
+
+    Salonika Campaign, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of,
+      ii: _Intro. xix_;
+      Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62;
+      Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202;
+      attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory,
+        iii: 202, 206;
+      strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213;
+      Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202;
+      Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202;
+      Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.--Nov., '15,
+        iii: 204-205;
+      Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204;
+      Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205;
+      Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207;
+      Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207;
+      Allies increase forces, May--Aug., '16, iii: 207;
+      Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210;
+      Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies,
+        iii: 212;
+      Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212;
+      final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender,
+        Sept.--Oct., '18, iii: 212-213.
+
+    Salvage service, British, activities of, ii: 131;
+      A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348;
+      general functions, xi: 308-313.
+
+    Salvation Army, war work, vii: 379-400;
+      tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393;
+      "Ma" Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384;
+      care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391;
+      home service, vii: 393;
+      huts and hostel service, vii: 395;
+      clothing bureau, vii: 397;
+      work with A. E. F., vii: 397;
+      as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399;
+      employment bureaus, vii: 399;
+      finances, vii: 400.
+
+    Samoa, German, captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48.
+
+    _Samouprava_, Serbian journal,
+      denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.
+
+    Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Samsonoff, Gen.,
+      commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia,
+        defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14,
+          ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116;
+      Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228;
+      Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355;
+    _see also_ Tannenberg, battle of.
+
+    San, battle of the, May 15--17, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    _San Diego_, U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.
+
+    _San Francisco_, U. S. cruiser
+      used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.
+
+    San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284.
+
+    Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164.
+
+    Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Sanitation, Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32;
+      Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps,
+        war-time activities, vii: 191, 253;
+      prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;
+      making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;
+      taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89;
+    _see also_
+        Disease;
+        Infection.
+
+    Sanniyat,
+      British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185.
+
+    Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223.
+
+    Sapieha, Prince Eustace,
+      attempted _coup d'état_ against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222.
+
+    Sarajevo, _see_ Serajevo.
+
+    Sarrail, Gen., commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
+      defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303;
+      commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202.
+
+    Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.
+
+    Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189-194.
+
+    Save River,
+      Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151.
+
+    Savoy,
+      neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 262.
+
+    Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299.
+
+    Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15,
+      i: 381.
+
+    Sazonov, Serge,
+      resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16,
+        vi: 142;
+      biography, ix: 98-99.
+
+    Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392.
+
+    Scapa Flow, British naval base, iv: 93;
+      German warships interned at, iv: 143.
+
+    Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
+
+    Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158.
+
+    _Scharnhorst_, German cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
+      sunk in battle of Falkland Islands,
+        iv: 70, 72, 82 (eye-witness account), xi: 308.
+
+    Scheidemann, Philip,
+      leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+      member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
+      elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+      biography, ix: 135-138.
+
+    Scheldt River, Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89;
+      strategic position, vi: 375.
+
+    Schleswig, Danish attitude toward, vi: 393;
+      plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, xii: 204.
+
+    Schlieffen, Gen. Count von,
+      author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345.
+
+    Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.
+
+    Scholz, Walter,
+      accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371.
+
+    School of the soldier, xi: 159;
+      of the squad, xi: 161.
+
+    Schools, general educational program
+      for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities,
+        v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
+      for children in war zones, xi: 65-66;
+      U. S. Army training schools, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334.
+
+    Science, in the War, Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124;
+      displaces importance of military strategy, viii: _Intro. vii._
+
+    _Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled_,
+      Scottish national song, xi: 331.
+
+    Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101.
+
+    "Scrap of paper," Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement
+      on Belgian neutrality, i: 146.
+
+    Seaplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94.
+
+    Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272.
+
+    Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28.
+
+    Secours National, American Committee of the,
+      organization and activities, vii: 105;
+      _see also_ War relief.
+
+    Sector, defined, v: 14.
+
+    Sedan, key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87;
+      A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53;
+    _see also_ Mézières-Sedan railroad.
+
+    Sedd-el-Bahr, fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    _Seeadler_, career as German raider, iv: 198.
+
+    _Seed-Time_, poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.
+
+    Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142.
+
+    Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Seicheprey,
+      German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43.
+
+    Seitz, Karl,
+      Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322.
+
+    Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331.
+
+    "Self-determination," not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16.
+
+    Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, xii: 105-114.
+
+    Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132.
+
+    Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18.
+
+    Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192.
+
+    Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181.
+
+    _Send Out the Army_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116.
+
+    Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337.
+
+    Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
+
+    Septsarges Wood,
+      fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    Serajevo,
+      Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at,
+        i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4;
+      attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153.
+
+    Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190.
+
+    Serbia, Balkan ambitions in conflict with
+      Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363;
+      Austria charges with responsibility for murder
+      of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246;
+      Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375;
+      conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113;
+      Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
+      Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375;
+      Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33;
+      anti-Austrian societies, i: 244;
+      declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375;
+      Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382;
+      conquest of, by Teutonic allies,
+        ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18;
+      Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers,
+        ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400;
+      Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156;
+      unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146;
+      lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393;
+      size, organization, and fighting qualities of army,
+        iii: 148, vii: 144;
+      topography, iii: 150;
+      generalship during War, iii: 150;
+      typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148;
+      retreat into Albania, '15,
+        iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158;
+      army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286;
+      effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160;
+      casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358;
+      American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      total war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 288;
+      early history, vi: 354;
+      Austrophile policy, vi: 355;
+      Russophile policy, vi: 355;
+      anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356;
+      clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast,
+        vi: 360-363, 364-370;
+      statement of war aims, vi: 363;
+      letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      value of property loss, xii: 26;
+      war cost, July, '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debt, xii: 114;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+    _see also_ Jugoslavs.
+
+    _Serbia_, poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.
+
+    Sergy, captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188;
+      Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
+
+    Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Seringes-et-Nesles, captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188;
+      Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
+
+    Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.
+
+    Services of Supply (S. O. S.), _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41.
+
+    _Severn_, British monitor,
+      in attack on German cruiser _Königsberg_, iv: 195, 282;
+      description, iv: 281.
+
+    _Seydlitz_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151.
+
+    Shantung, Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82;
+      Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385;
+      Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, xii: 160;
+      German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+    _see also_ Kiau-Chau.
+
+    Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369.
+
+    Shells, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Shipping, British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
+      controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+      on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+      list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356;
+      list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
+      list of sinkings by German raider _Emden_, iv: 189;
+      tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324;
+      value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
+      statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14--Dec., '17, xii: 91;
+      statistics on losses, Aug., 14--Dec., '17, xii: 92;
+      neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, xii: 98;
+      war-time increase in neutral, xii: 100;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for replacement
+        by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, xii: 222;
+      Peace Treaty provisions on privileges
+        to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, xii: 230;
+    _see also_ Germany, Blockade of;
+        Submarine Warfare.
+
+    "Shock" troops, German, viii: 144.
+
+    Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116.
+
+    Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8;
+      invention, viii: 72;
+      description, viii: 72;
+      manufacture, viii: 72-74;
+    _see also_ Ammunition.
+
+    Siam, delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+
+    Siberia, Russian expansion in, i: 20;
+      early history, vi: 189;
+      relations with Russia, vi: 189;
+      movement for autonomy, vi: 189;
+      Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189;
+      anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk,
+        vi: 191;
+      "Coöperatives," nature of, vi: 191;
+      Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192;
+      Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192;
+      Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192;
+      unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192;
+      intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193;
+      reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193;
+      Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194;
+      anarchy and civil war, vi: 194;
+      Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386;
+      American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293.
+
+    Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L.,
+      commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106.
+
+    Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
+
+    Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373.
+
+    Siegfried Line, _see_ Hindenburg Line.
+
+    Signalling, means of, viii: 322;
+      work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329;
+      use of pigeons in, viii: 328;
+    _see also_ U. S. Army, Signal Corps.
+
+    Silesia, Upper,
+      awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226.
+
+    Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344.
+
+    Silver, rise in value, due to War, xii: 32.
+
+    Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293.
+
+    Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191.
+
+    Sinn Fein, _see_ Ireland.
+
+    _Sirius_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191.
+
+    Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma,
+      letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer
+        to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315.
+
+    Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.
+
+    Skinker, Capt. Alexander R.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet,
+      vi: 160.
+
+    Skoda howitzers, viii: 22;
+    _see also_ Artillery.
+
+    Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247.
+
+    Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362.
+
+    Slavs, distribution and culture, i: 238;
+      in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307;
+      antagonism to Latins, vi: 359;
+      antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360;
+    _see also_ Jugoslavs;
+        Pan-Slavism;
+        Russia;
+        Serbia.
+
+    Slovaks, _see_
+      Bohemia;
+      Czechoslovakia.
+
+    _Smile, Smile, Smile_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
+
+    Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196.
+
+    Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace,
+      commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174;
+      Viscount French's criticism of,
+        for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174;
+      Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182;
+      Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28.
+
+    Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311.
+
+    Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126.
+
+    Smokeless powder, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, xii: 100.
+
+    Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan,
+      sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326;
+      biography, ix: 187-190;
+      advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, xii: 155.
+
+    Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171.
+
+    Snowden, Philip,
+      British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;
+      defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.
+
+    Socialism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi_;
+      Socialists, _see_ under country.
+
+    Soissons, occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
+      Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive,
+        July 18--21, '18, v: 130, 158-183;
+      recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188.
+
+    Soldau, captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111;
+      recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114.
+
+    _Soldier, The_, poem by Rupert Brooke, x: _facing p_. 1.
+
+    Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils, in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283;
+      dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates,
+        Dec., '18, vi: 283.
+
+    Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization,
+        iii: 268.
+
+    Soldiers' Councils, of Austria,
+      vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320;
+      seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321.
+
+    Soldier's creed, xi: 170.
+
+    Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.
+
+    Somme, battles of:
+      July--Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24;
+        Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55;
+        battle line at start, ii: 46;
+        results, ii: 46-47 (Haig's report), iii: 56, 61, 63;
+        loss of German morale, ii: 47;
+        effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;
+        British artillery at, ii: 126;
+        Foch in command of French, ii: 148;
+        Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16,
+          iii: 55;
+        Allied man-power, iii: 55;
+        amount of ammunition used, iii: 56;
+        description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16,
+          iii: 57;
+        Allies' first objectives, iii: 58;
+        Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58;
+        Pozières captured by British, iii: 59;
+        Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59;
+        Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59;
+        works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64;
+        Germans captured, iii: 60;
+        extent of battle area, iii: 61;
+        casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61;
+        a "blood-bath" for Germans, iii: 63;
+        effect on Germany, iii: 63;
+        importance, iii: 63.
+      Mar.--Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197,
+        iii: 86-91,
+        381-390
+        (Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines);
+        German method of attack, iii: 88;
+        Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89;
+        results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch,
+          iii: 89;
+        British casualties, iii: 390.
+
+    Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
+
+    Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111.
+
+    _Song of the Dardanelles_, poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.
+
+    Sonnino, Baron Sidney,
+      advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies,
+        ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;
+      becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120;
+      insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366;
+      policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369;
+      biography, ix: 82-85.
+
+    Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.
+
+    Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Souchon, Adm.,
+      Commander of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_,
+        iv: 14.
+
+    South Africa, Union of,
+      forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14--'15,
+        iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      war casualties, iii: 405;
+      formation after Boer War, vi: 47;
+      British policy in, vi: 47;
+      political parties and policies, vi: 47-49;
+      Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47;
+      Unionists, vi: 47;
+      Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49;
+      Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49;
+      Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14,
+        vi: 49-50;
+      parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment,
+        vi: 50-52;
+      Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52;
+      Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference
+      to plead for independence, vi: 52;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in public debt, xii: 114;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179.
+
+    South Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Southwest Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Soviet, _see_ Bavaria;
+      Bolshevism;
+      Hungary;
+      Russia;
+      Saxony;
+      Spartacides.
+
+    Spad biplane, viii: 194.
+
+    Spahis, description, xi: 189.
+
+    Spain, as a naval power, i: 28;
+      loss of colonial empire, i: 35;
+      international position in '14, i: 62;
+      policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370;
+      growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371;
+      war-time prosperity, vi: 372;
+      German propaganda in, xii: 101.
+
+    Spartacides, German, beginnings, vi: 260;
+      leaders, vi: 278;
+      excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      urge social revolution, vi: 279;
+      allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281;
+      program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18,
+        vi: 283;
+      plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283;
+      insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
+      Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289;
+      defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290;
+      instigate labor strikes, vi: 294;
+      establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301;
+      establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
+      second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19,
+        vi: 299-300;
+    _see also_ Germany, Internal politics.
+
+    Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian,
+      commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations,
+        iv: 59-62;
+      defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69;
+      biography, ix: 306-309.
+
+    Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
+
+    Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18.
+
+    Spies, German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350;
+      in England, x: 348;
+      the "spy mill," x: 355;
+      disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360;
+      dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368;
+      plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377;
+      within French lines, x: 379.
+
+    _Spires of Oxford_, poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.
+
+    Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279.
+
+    Sports, in A. E. F., at Winchester Camp, vii: 288;
+      in Army of Occupation, vii: 293;
+      general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317.
+
+    Springfield rifle, standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347;
+      reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type,
+        v: 347, viii: 96;
+      comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105;
+    _see also_ Rifles.
+
+    Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308.
+
+    _Srpska Narodna Himna_, Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.
+
+    Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349.
+
+    Stanislau, captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132;
+      recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132;
+      recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334.
+
+    _Star-spangled Banner_, American national anthem, xi: 325.
+
+    Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346.
+
+    Stefanik, Gen.,
+      member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.
+
+    Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G.,
+      share in development of tanks, viii: 155.
+
+    Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, xii: 32.
+
+    Stokes, Anson Phelps,
+      Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F.,
+        vii: 281.
+
+    Stokes mortar, use as "artillery of accompaniment," viii: 141.
+
+    Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J.,
+      inventor of "Y" gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.
+
+    Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
+
+    Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334.
+
+    _Storstad, S. S._, Belgian relief ship
+      sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.
+
+    _Strassburg_, German cruiser
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Strategy, of the War,
+      Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_;
+      Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14,
+        ii: _Intro. vii_;
+      British policy of combined land and naval attack,
+       ii: _Intro. viii_;
+      factors in formation of British military policy,
+        ii: _Intro. viii_;
+      importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared,
+        ii: _Intro. x-xxiii_, 11-14, 87-90,
+        171-172 (Field-Marshal French's opinion);
+      Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria,
+        ii: _Intro. x, xx_;
+      comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles
+        and Austrian campaigns, ii: _Intro. xii_;
+      advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War,
+        ii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 87-90;
+      reasons for British campaign in Palestine,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii, xxi_, 87-90;
+      British position in secondary theaters of war, '17,
+        ii: _Intro. xix_;
+      advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: _Intro. xix_;
+      Allies' problem, ii: _Intro. xxi_;
+      Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: _Intro. xxiii_;
+      general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133;
+      French plans, '14, ii: 6-11;
+      German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first,
+        Aug., '14, ii: 11-16;
+      probable results of a vigorous German offensive
+        against Russia in '14, ii: 13;
+      economic strategy,
+        Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22;
+      absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40;
+      German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41;
+      Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41;
+      German plans for '17, ii: 53;
+      Allied plans for '17, ii: 54;
+      reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front,
+        ii: 63-69, 288;
+      object of war, ii: 68;
+      choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69;
+      importance of Amiens, ii: 69;
+      German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97;
+      Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77;
+      theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137;
+      destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80;
+      of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July--Nov., '18,
+        ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213;
+      Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94;
+      causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99;
+      German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115;
+      necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116;
+      Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120;
+      war of position on Western Front, ii: 148;
+      task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151;
+      Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225;
+      Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290;
+      importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290;
+      defined, iv: 1;
+      relation of naval, to land, iv: 2;
+      offensive defined, iv: 4;
+      essentials of naval, iv: 4;
+      criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
+      British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86;
+      Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140;
+      German alternatives, '17--'18, v: 3;
+      old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40;
+    _see also_
+        campaign, engagement, or front;
+        Foch;
+        Germany;
+        Tactics.
+
+    Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph,
+      in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328.
+
+    Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377.
+
+    Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S.,
+      commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
+
+    Strong, Dr. Richard P.,
+      in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148.
+
+    Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144.
+
+    Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick,
+      British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308.
+
+    Stürgkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312.
+
+    Stürmer, Boris, Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59;
+      succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140;
+      becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142;
+      dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142.
+
+    Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382;
+      Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Sub-chaser _No. 28_,
+      experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354.
+
+    Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90.
+
+    Submarines, development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245;
+      voyage of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_
+        across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274;
+      life aboard, iv: 235-239;
+      greatest achievement of War, viii: _Intro. viii_;
+      description, viii: 264-266;
+    _see also_ name of submarine.
+
+    Submarine warfare, Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327;
+      comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282;
+      German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      Germany announces blockade of Great Britain,
+        effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany over,
+        i: 317-326, 328-335, 339,
+        357-361 (chronological summary, with list of ships sunk,
+        Aug., '14--Apr., '16), iv: 223;
+      President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note, i: 317;
+      American ship _William P. Frye_ sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319;
+    _Falaba_ sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
+      American tanker _Gulflight_
+        torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
+      German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships,
+        May 1, '15, i: 319;
+    _Lusitania_ sunk, May 7, '15,
+      i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), iv: 220;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+        i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;
+      American steamer _Nebraskan_ attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320;
+    _Arabic_ sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223;
+      Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361;
+    _Hesperian_ torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325;
+      controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary
+        over sinking of _Ancona_, Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223;
+      Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16,
+        i: 327;
+      British passenger steamer _Sussex_ sunk, Mar. 24, '16,
+        i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20;
+      U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over _Sussex_
+        sinking, i: 329-331, 361;
+      German apology for _Sussex_ sinking, i: 333;
+      activities of _U-53_ off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334;
+      freighter _Marina_ sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334;
+    _Arabia_ sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334;
+      Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17,
+        i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272,
+        306-307 (Ludendorff's account of decision),
+        iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35;
+      Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare,
+        i: 344;
+      U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17,
+        i: 344-345;
+      U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347;
+      American steamer _Algonquin_
+        sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348;
+      influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War,
+        i, 348, 368, ii: 53;
+      President Wilson's speech before Congress,
+        stating case against Germany and asking
+        for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
+      list of American ships attacked, i: 356;
+      list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
+    _Persia_ sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224;
+      effectiveness, ii: _Intro. xvii_, 22, 54, iv: 239;
+      German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140;
+      British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56;
+      Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308;
+      efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318;
+      methods of combating,
+        iv: _Intro. xi_, 284-287, 304-317, 324-334,
+        viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239;
+      North Sea mine barrage, iv, _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
+    _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, and _Hogue_
+      sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280;
+      exploits of British submarine _E-9_, iv: 207;
+      exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212;
+    _Laconia_ sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225;
+      Belgian Relief ship _Storstad_ torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229;
+    _Alnwick Castle_ sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230;
+      hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232;
+    _Belgian Prince_ sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232;
+      use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287;
+      net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274;
+      torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats,
+        iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248;
+      depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon,
+        iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239;
+      nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274;
+      use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats,
+        iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281;
+      zigzagging, iv: 310;
+      smoke screen, iv: 311;
+      camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343;
+      arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278;
+      U. S. transport _Tuscania_ torpedoed, iv: 336;
+      U. S. transport _Covington_ sunk, July, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _Mount Vernon_
+        torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _Antilles_ torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _Finland_ torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _President Lincoln_
+        sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340;
+      U. S. destroyer _Cassin_ torpedoed, iv: 343;
+      U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_ sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346;
+      Italian cruisers _Amalfi_ and _Garibaldi_ sunk, iv: 369;
+      French cruiser _Léon Gambetta_
+        sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373;
+      French cruiser _Provence II_ sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376;
+      French battleship _Danton_ sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376;
+      French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378;
+      first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107;
+      effect on British food supply, vi: 10;
+      effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: _Intro. viii_;
+      fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278;
+      account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297;
+      value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
+    _see also_
+        Germany, Blockade of;
+        Shipping.
+
+    Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Suez Canal, neutralized, 1888, i: 16;
+      construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48;
+      Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48;
+      importance, ii: 27;
+      German designs on, ii: 27;
+      Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192.
+
+    _Suffolk_, Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.
+
+    _Suffren_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      mysterious disappearance, iv: 376.
+
+    Sugar, shortage in England, xii: 34;
+      method of war-time distribution in U. S., xii: 46;
+      war-time shortage, xii: 138.
+
+    Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, xii: 46.
+
+    Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War,
+      arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136.
+
+    Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P.,
+      placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391;
+      as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18,
+        v: 167;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202;
+      tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391.
+
+    Sunshine (40th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69.
+
+    Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
+
+    Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393.
+
+    Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84.
+
+    Surgery, early history, vii: 4-6;
+      in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224;
+      use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;
+      war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365;
+      treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;
+      treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of fractures, viii: 367;
+      new method of amputation, viii: 367;
+      prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367;
+      prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289;
+      artificial arms, viii: 384-388;
+      artificial legs, viii: 388-390;
+      use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;
+      reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;
+      artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
+    _see also_ Infection;
+        Medical Science;
+        Reconstruction of disabled;
+        U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+
+    Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
+
+    _Sussex_, British passenger steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16,
+       i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20;
+      U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations
+        with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361;
+      German apology for sinking, i: 333.
+
+    Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli,
+       Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Suwalki, Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111;
+      captured by Germans, iii: 116;
+      evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118.
+
+    Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90.
+
+    Sweden, international position in, '14, i: 62;
+      policy of neutrality, vi: 394;
+      relations with Finland, vi: 395;
+      Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395.
+
+    Swierzynski, Joseph, forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219;
+      declares Poland republic, vi: 219.
+
+    _Swift_, British destroyer,
+      account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
+
+    Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    _Swiftsure_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D.,
+      on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290;
+      conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14,
+        ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256.
+
+    Switch position, defined, v: 16.
+
+    Switzerland, system of citizen army, i: _Intro. xii_;
+      international position, '14, i: 62;
+      policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379;
+      antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380;
+      implication of Intelligence Dept.
+        of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380;
+      Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office
+        by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380;
+      Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380;
+      Red Cross activities, vi: 380;
+      Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.
+
+    _Sydney_, Australian cruiser,
+      destroys German raider _Emden_, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.
+
+    Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire
+      through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214.
+
+    Syria,
+      placed under French control by secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+
+    T
+
+    Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218.
+
+    Tactics, battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108;
+      new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208;
+      trench warfare and "war of movement,"
+       compared by German military critic, ii: 259;
+      German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19;
+      French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17;
+      parallel of resistance, v: 12;
+      line of resistance, v: 12;
+      line of surveillance, v: 12;
+      line of support, v: 12;
+      center of resistance, v: 14;
+      adaptation of American divisional organization
+      to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21;
+      elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23;
+      American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117;
+      use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28;
+      value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31;
+      method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39;
+      von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145;
+      Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack
+        by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
+      A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114;
+      new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161;
+      use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287;
+    _see also_ Strategy;
+        Trench warfare;
+        battle or campaign.
+
+    Taft, William Howard,
+      statement on U. S. action on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320.
+
+    Tagliamento River,
+      reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17,
+        ii: 58, iii: 248;
+    _see also_ Italian Front.
+
+    Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
+
+    Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior,
+      responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332.
+
+    Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    _Tanine_, Turkish newspaper,
+      comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.
+
+    Tanks, Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124;
+      use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281;
+      development, description, and battle uses,
+        ii: 273-290 (Maj.-Gen. Swinton on),
+        v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264;
+      German opinion of value, ii: 273-274;
+      invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256;
+      purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256;
+      Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256;
+      fore-runners of idea, ii: 276;
+      British experimentation, '15--'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257;
+      origin of word "tank," ii: 277;
+      first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277;
+      first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16,
+        ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253;
+      successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17,
+        ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, 337-340 (Philip Gibbs's description),
+        viii: 142,156;
+      use in Allied retreat, Mar.--June, '18, ii: 280;
+      British "Whippets," ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;
+      use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282;
+      lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281;
+      use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18,
+        ii: 281;
+      first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281;
+      development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257;
+      German type, ii: 282, viii: 159;
+      effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283;
+      saving of war material in use, ii: 284;
+      casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284;
+      in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177;
+      number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388;
+      number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350;
+      value as infantry support, viii: 141-143;
+      tank _vs._ machine gun, viii: 150-151;
+      decisive factor in smashing German trench system,
+        viii: 150-152, xi: 261;
+      uses in peace times, viii: 151;
+      French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153;
+      Boirault machine, viii: 153;
+      French electric tank, viii: 155;
+      French "baby" Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260;
+      British and French types compared, viii: 156;
+      U. S. types, viii: 158;
+      requirements for successful tank, viii: 158;
+      future possibilities, viii: 160;
+      account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62;
+      German method of defense against, xi: 264;
+      account of battle between, xi: 265-266;
+      sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270;
+      for U. S. Tank Corps, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
+
+    Tannenberg, battle of,
+      Hindenburg crushes Russian armies
+      invading East Prussia, Aug., '18,
+      ii: 24-25, 228-229 (Gen. Gourko's account),
+      353-354 (Ludendorff's comments on), iii: 112-116.
+
+    Tardenois salient,
+     strategic aspects, with description of terrain,
+       ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58;
+    _see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.
+
+    Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120.
+
+    Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204.
+
+    Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206.
+
+    Taxation, in paying for cost of War, xii: 108-114;
+    _see also_ under each country.
+
+    Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187.
+
+    Tear gas, _see_ Chemical warfare;
+      Chlorpicrin;
+      Zylyl bromide.
+
+    Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306.
+
+    Telegraphy, development and use of wireless,
+      in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322;
+      U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325.
+
+    Telephones, development and use of wireless,
+      in the War, viii: 316-320;
+      U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326.
+
+    Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister,
+      militarist policy, vi: 386-388;
+      biography, ix: 90.
+
+    Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs
+      in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.
+
+    Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia
+      for possession of, vi: 400.
+
+    Tetanus, causes and treatment of,
+      in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287.
+
+    Teutonic Allies, _see_ Central Powers.
+
+    Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Theatricals, for service men, _see_ Entertainment.
+
+    Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391.
+
+    _There Will Come Soft Rains_, poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.
+
+    _These Be the Days That Call for Men_,
+      poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: _Intro. x._
+
+    _Thetis_, British cruiser
+      blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264.
+
+    "They shall not pass,"
+      French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21.
+
+    Thiaucourt, captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210;
+      American cemetery at, v: 400.
+
+    Thiaumont, captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313;
+      recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
+
+    Thiepval, Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
+      stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59.
+
+    Thomas, Albert,
+      French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382.
+
+    Thomas, J. H., British labor leader,
+      conference with Lloyd George on strike by "Triple Alliance," vi: 22.
+
+    Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of _Falaba_
+      by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319.
+
+    Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95.
+
+    _Thuringen_, German battleship,
+      crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
+
+    _Tiger_, British cruiser, hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108;
+      in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111.
+
+    Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309.
+
+    Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191.
+
+    Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221.
+
+    Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,
+      share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301;
+      biography, ix: 298-306;
+      submarine policy, ix: 302.
+
+    Tisza, Count Stephan, Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306;
+      political opposition to, '16, vi: 311;
+      Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313;
+      biography, ix: 144-147.
+
+    T. N. T., _see_ Trinitrotoluol.
+
+    Togoland, conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    "Tommy Atkins," nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230;
+      description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189.
+
+    Torcy, location, v: 37, 133;
+      Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192;
+      captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383.
+
+    Torpedoes, description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258;
+      device for launching from air, iv: 335.
+
+    Toul, headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193;
+      important fortified city, v: 199.
+
+    Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115.
+
+    Tours, A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313;
+      headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332.
+
+    Towers, Commander,
+      in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240.
+
+    Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles,
+      besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29;
+      forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29;
+      biography, ix: 194.
+
+    Tracer bullets, viii: 211.
+
+    Tractors, artillery, U. S., number in use in France, v: 350;
+      supplant horses, viii: 40.
+
+    Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66.
+
+    Transports,
+      Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships,
+        ii: 317-318;
+      account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops
+       to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162;
+      list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic
+        for first time, June,'17, iv: 160;
+      equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165;
+      transportation of A. E. F. overseas,
+        with statistics on number of troops carried
+        and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used,
+        iv: 162-165, v: 285, 379, xii: 94-95, 283;
+      British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239;
+      U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343.
+
+    Transvaal, _see_ South Africa, Union of.
+
+    Transylvania,
+      invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218;
+      desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War,
+        iii: 214, vi: 349;
+      topography of frontier, iii: 214;
+      Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn,
+        Sept.--Oct.,'16, iii: 220;
+      attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313.
+
+    Trawlers, use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292;
+      battle with submarine, iv: 294.
+
+    Treaties,
+      Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146;
+      treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18,
+        ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268;
+      Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies,
+        price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
+      Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118;
+      secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey,
+        '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      agreement between Rumania and Allies as price
+        for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349;
+      treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers,
+        May,'17, vi: 352;
+      pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies
+        revived by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 231;
+      agreements among Central Powers abrogated
+        by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Rumania
+        abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by
+        Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
+    _see also_ Alliances;
+        Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.
+
+    Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263.
+
+    Treitschke, Heinrich von,
+      German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66;
+      theory of supremacy of State, i: 148;
+      biography, i: 174;
+      philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175;
+      theory of German greatness, i: 175;
+      hatred for England, i: 175;
+      summary of political philosophy, i: 177;
+      American student's recollection of, i: 178.
+
+    _Trench Duty_, poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.
+
+    Trench feet, viii: 396.
+
+    Trench warfare,
+      adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14,
+        ii: _Intro. vii_, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;
+      opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171;
+      compared with "war of movement" by German military critic, ii: 259;
+      description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130;
+      use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152;
+      value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161;
+      use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;
+      life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173;
+      French defensive system, v: 12-17;
+      night fighting, viii: 74;
+      reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123;
+      kinds of trenches, viii: 123;
+      description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;
+      disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129;
+      "pill-boxes," viii: 130-132;
+      use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141;
+    _see also_ Barbed wire;
+        Machine gun;
+        Tanks.
+
+    Trentino, _see_ Italian Front.
+
+    Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143.
+
+    Treves, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382;
+      Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    _Trevier_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    Trieste,
+      unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16--'17,
+        ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26;
+      promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361;
+      American troops landed at,
+        to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366;
+      sinking of Austrian battleships _Wien_ and _Monarch_
+        in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290.
+
+    Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.),
+      composition and explosive properties, viii: 6;
+      American output of, xii: 285.
+
+    Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,
+      formation, 1882, i: 95;
+      terms, i: 95;
+      military strength, i: 95;
+      solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208;
+      Italian position in, i: 255;
+      French estimate of, ii: 4;
+      repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115;
+    _see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.
+
+    Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain,
+      formation, i: 98, 106;
+      not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218;
+      Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107;
+      Anglo-French agreement for united action
+        against "third power," Nov., '12, i: 107, 220;
+      attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129;
+      agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146;
+      German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2;
+    _see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.
+
+    Tripoli, Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109;
+      town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199.
+
+    Tritton, Sir William,
+      share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257.
+
+    _Triumph_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50.
+
+    Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker
+      at, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 285.
+
+    Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of,
+      by Germany, to France, xii: 225.
+
+    Trotzky, Leon,
+      becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia,
+        Nov., '17, vi: 181;
+      publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183;
+      as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185;
+      biography, ix: 116-119;
+      bibliography, ix: 119.
+
+    Troubridge, Adm., takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284;
+      in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14,
+        iv: 13.
+
+    Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186.
+
+    Tsing Tau, _see_ Kiau-Chau.
+
+    Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Turkestan, Republic of, established, Jan., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Turkey:
+      Army, Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207;
+        organization, iii: 164;
+        Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330;
+        for military operations, _see_
+          Caucasus;
+          Gallipoli Campaign;
+          Mesopotamian Campaign;
+          Palestine;
+          Suez Canal.
+      Casualties, total in War, iii: 404;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Declarations of war,
+        renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11;
+        by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;
+        by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378;
+        Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14,
+          i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14;
+        by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;
+        on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
+        diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;
+        strategic victory for Germany, ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28;
+        welcomed by Russia, vi: 134;
+        welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330.
+      Foreign relations,
+        extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18;
+        continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856,
+          i: 39;
+        international position, '14, i: 63;
+        subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18;
+        settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93;
+        pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330;
+        strategic importance as Germanic ally,
+          ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28, 87-90;
+        Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28;
+        escape of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_
+          into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey,
+          iv: 14-17, vi: 330;
+        Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334;
+        Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344;
+        dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345.
+      Internal affairs, form of government, i: 90;
+        constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92;
+        Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109;
+        Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333;
+        war sentiment, vi: 330;
+        Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333.
+      Navy, purchase of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_,
+        iv: 16-17, vi: 330;
+        strength, iv: 50.
+      Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies,
+        Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      War cost, Nov., '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 114.
+
+    Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Turner, 1st Lieut. William S.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed _Lusitania_, i: 362.
+
+    _Turtle_, submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.
+
+    _Tuscania_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18,
+      i: 393, iv: 336.
+
+    Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218.
+
+    Typhoid, U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195;
+      immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393;
+      manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393.
+
+    Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148.
+
+    _Tyulen_, Russian submarine,
+      captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.
+
+
+    U
+
+    _U-9_, German submarine,
+      sinks British cruisers _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, _Hogue_,
+        Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.
+
+    _U-15_, first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.
+
+    _U-29_, German submarine,
+      rammed by British battleship _Dreadnought_, Mar., '15, iv: 305.
+
+    _U-53_, German submarine,
+      activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.
+
+    _U-58_, German submarine,
+      captured by U. S. destroyers _Fanning_ and _Nicholson_,
+        iv: 349.
+
+    _U-117_, German submarine,
+      activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.
+
+    U-boats, _see_ Submarines;
+      Submarine warfare.
+
+    Udine, bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382;
+      captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247.
+
+    Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196.
+
+    Ukraine, early history, vi: 239-241;
+      pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243;
+      Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243;
+      autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243;
+      movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244;
+      struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248;
+      conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk,
+        vi: 246-247;
+      revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248;
+      war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248;
+      population and area, xii: 279.
+
+    Ulianov, Vladimir, _see_ Lenin, Nicolai.
+
+    Ulster, _see_ Ireland.
+
+    Uniforms, military,
+      invisibility of French, ii: 286;
+      invisibility of German,
+        ii: 286, iii: 272 (description by Richard Harding Davis).
+
+    United Kingdom, _see_ Great Britain.
+
+    United States:
+      Army, morale, i: 369, v: _Intro. xii_, 9, 71-72;
+        National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390;
+        strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380;
+        nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98;
+        A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18,
+          ii: 152, v: 120, 380;
+        transportation overseas, with statistics on rate and means of,
+          ii: 317 (Ludendorff's comment on), iv: 10-12,
+          157-165 (Adm. Gleaves' account of first convoy across Atlantic),
+          v: 106, 128, 284, 373-379 (Pershing's report),
+          xii: 94-95, 283, Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities,
+          ii: 326;
+        first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17,
+          iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106;
+        first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;
+        first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17,
+          iii: 84, v: 112;
+        on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394;
+        total strength, iii: 403, xii: 280-281, 282;
+        strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, xii: 280-281, 282, 287;
+        combat value, v: 4;
+        training in France,
+          v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312,
+          314, 325, 327,
+          373-378 (Pershing's report on arrangements
+          with French and British), xi: 171-173,
+        _see also_ under each Division;
+        living conditions in France, v: 8;
+        first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10;
+        supplies for,
+          with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement,
+          v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400,
+          xii: 283-284,
+         _see also_ under U. S. Army, Services of Supply;
+        size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, xii, 282, 287;
+        size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163;
+        adaptation of American divisional organization
+          to French system of trench warfare, v: 21;
+        offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29;
+        patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117;
+        distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area,
+          June, '18, v: 41, 141-147;
+        combat units in France organized into First Army
+          under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384;
+        Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97;
+        General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102;
+        training of officers, with statistics,
+          v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, xii: 280, 282;
+        general educational program for A. E. F.
+          at army centers and European universities,
+          v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
+        organization of corps, v: 109;
+        number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions,
+          Sept., '18, v: 197;
+        number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions,
+          Nov. 1, '18, v: 253;
+        divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393;
+        American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288;
+        air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas,
+          v: 312, xii: 285;
+        tank schools, v: 314;
+        gas warfare training, v: 325, 327;
+        statistics on health and disease in,
+          v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195,
+        _see also_ under U. S. Army, Medical Service;
+        rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type,
+          v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;
+        Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353;
+        list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372;
+        replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399;
+        Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404;
+        on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;
+        return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395;
+        procuring of remounts, v: 399;
+        A. E. F. mail service, v: 402;
+        system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402;
+        military justice in, v: 403;
+        punishments in, v: 403;
+        intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;
+        training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction,
+          xi: 155-165, xii: 282;
+        soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168;
+        pay, xi: 168;
+        cantonment construction, xii: 125, 282;
+        statistics on participation in War, xii: 280-289;
+        total battles fought by A. E. F., xii: 280, 287;
+        total days in battle, xii: 280, 287;
+        number of troops in battle, xii: 280, 287;
+        total of ordnance and prisoners captured, xii: 288;
+        for branches and units, _see_ below;
+        for detail of military operations,
+          _see_ name of battle or campaign.
+
+        Adjutant General's Department, functions, v: 402.
+        Air Service, record in France, v: 309-313, xii: 285-286;
+          losses, v: 309;
+          number of enemy planes and balloons shot down by, v: 309;
+          strength at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 309, xii: 285, 286;
+          strength and activities of balloon companies, v: 311-312;
+          growth, v: 312, xii: 285;
+          total personnel, v: 312, xii: 285;
+          training schools, v: 312, xii: 285;
+          dependence on Allies, v: 401 (Pershing's report);
+          types of aerial navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;
+          work of aerial photographers, viii: 228-235;
+          airplane production, xii: 285;
+          types of aero squadrons, xii: 286;
+          for N-C flying boats and dirigibles, _see_ U. S., Navy.
+        Artillery,
+          first shot of War fired by A. E. F., Oct.27, '17,
+            i: 392, iii: 84, v: 112;
+          dependence of A. E. F. on French and British for,
+            v: 111, 348, 401, xii: 284;
+          heavy artillery (Coast Artillery Corps),
+            battle activities in France, v: 303-308;
+          organization and units of Railway Artillery Reserve, v: 305;
+          Naval Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45;
+          anti-aircraft batteries, v: 308;
+          trench mortar battalions, v: 308;
+          number of cannon and trench mortars at the front,
+            Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
+          description of types of field guns, viii: 22-28;
+          description of types of heavy guns, viii: 36-42;
+          description of prospective 121-mile range gun, viii: 48-51;
+          production figures, xii: 284;
+          captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.
+        Chemical Warfare Service,
+          organization and activities,
+            v: 321-327, 401 (Pershing's report), viii: 179-187;
+          poison gases used, v: 321-322;
+          experimentation and development, v: 323-324;
+          gas masks and other defense equipment issued to A. E. F.,
+            v: 324;
+          gas shell production, v: 325, viii: 186;
+          gas defense training, v: 325;
+          duties of gas officer, v: 325;
+          deloading and examination of unexploded German shells,
+            v: 325-326;
+          use of poison gas by artillery and infantry, v: 326;
+          activities of A. E. F. gas troops, v: 327;
+          invention of Lewisite, deadliest poison gas, viii: 172;
+          poison gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187;
+          daily output compared with German, French, British, viii: 179.
+        Dental Corps, organization and activities, vii: 209-210.
+        Engineer Corps,
+          heroic stand by A. E. F. engineer troops against German break
+            through British lines, Mar., '18, iii: 89, v: 123;
+          organization and activities overseas,
+            v: 332-336, 399-400, xii: 283, 287;
+          construction of barracks, v: 332, 400;
+          construction of hospitals, v: 332, 400;
+          construction of docks, v: 332, 400, xii: 283;
+          railroad construction, v: 333, 334, 400, xii: 283;
+          insuring clean water supply for A. E. F., v: 333;
+          construction of refrigerating plants, v: 333, 400;
+          construction of bakeries, v: 333, 400;
+          activities of Forestry Division, v: 334, 400, xii: 287;
+          work with combat troops, v: 335;
+          Pershing's tribute to, v: 336;
+          road construction in France, v: 400.
+        Graves Registration Service,
+          _see_ U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.
+        Inspector General's Department, functions of, v: 402-403.
+        Judge Advocate General's Department, functions of, v: 403.
+        Medical Service,
+          war-time organization and activities,
+            v: 336-347, 402, vii: 175-239, 245-254;
+          field hospitals and medical work at the front,
+            v: 337-338, vii: 178, 230-233, 249-254;
+          evacuation hospitals, v: 338, vii: 178, 251;
+          hospital trains, v: 339, vii: 199, 251, viii: 380;
+          hospital construction in France, 340-342;
+          A. E. F. base hospitals, v: 340, 400;
+          "Hospital Centers," v: 341, 400;
+          capacity of A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342;
+          statistics on patients treated in A. E. F. hospitals,
+            v: 342, 352, 402;
+          statistics on personnel, v: 343-344, vii: 177, 201-203;
+          statistics on disease and wounded,
+            v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;
+          procurement of supplies for use overseas, v: 344, vii: 222-224;
+          volunteer organizations co-operating with,
+            v: 344, vii: 187-189, 219, _see also_ Red Cross;
+          organization in France, v: 345-346;
+          letter of commendation from Pershing, v: 346;
+          total number of hospital patients treated during War, v: 352;
+          number of hospitals and patients treated in U. S., v: 352,
+            vii: 201;
+          venereal disease, statistics on, and methods of combating,
+            v: 402, vii: 208-209;
+          physical reconstruction of disabled and mutilated,
+            vii: 175-176, 180-186, 210-216, 233-239,
+          _see also_ Reconstruction of disabled;
+          war-time mobilization of medical profession of U. S.,
+            vii: 187-189, 203, 219-222;
+          Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteer Medical Service Corps,
+            vii: 187, 203;
+          work of women physicians, vii: 188;
+          system of war-time organization, vii: 191, 203;
+          activities of Division of Sanitation, vii: 191-196;
+          construction of hospitals in U. S., vii: 196-198;
+          number of patients returned from overseas
+            for treatment in U. S., vii: 200;
+          army nurses, number and organization, vii: 203;
+          work of Division of Laboratories and Infectious Diseases
+            in control of communicable diseases, vii: 203-209;
+          functions of Division of Medicine, vii: 216-219;
+          testing mentality of recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;
+          classification of soldiers by vocations, vii: 216-217;
+          physical examination of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281;
+          treatment of special diseases and injuries, vii: 218, 222;
+          training of personnel, vii: 222, 225.
+        Military Police,
+          _see_ U. S. Army, Provost Marshal General's Department.
+        Motor Transport Corps,
+          organization and functions, v: 328, 351, 401.
+        Nurse Corps, organization and personnel, vii: 203.
+        Ordnance Department,
+          functions and war-time activities,
+            v.: 347-351, 401 xii: 284-285;
+          size of personnel at start of War, v: 347;
+          reasons for adoption of type of rifle used by A. E. F.,
+            v: 347, viii: 96, 102;
+          rifle production figures, v: 347, xii: 284;
+          statistics of ammunition and explosive production,
+            v: 350, xii: 284, 285;
+          artillery production figures,
+            v: 350, xii: 284, _see also_ under U. S. Army, Artillery;
+          machine-gun production, v: 350, xii: 284;
+          number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;
+          mobile repair shops, v: 350, viii: 294-298;
+          supply bases and workshops, v: 350;
+          strength of A. E. F. personnel, v: 350;
+          letter of praise from Pershing, v: 351.
+        Provost Marshal General's Department, functions, v: 403.
+        Quartermaster Corps,
+          organization and functions, v: 328-332, 400, xii: 283;
+          growth of personnel in France, June, '17--Dec., '18, v: 328;
+          scope of duties, v: 328, 400;
+          methods of procuring supplies, v: 328;
+          supply depots in France, v: 329-330;
+          amount of bread consumed by A. E. F., v: 330;
+          statistics on oil and fuel for A. E. F., v: 331;
+          Salvage Service, activities of, v: 331, 400, viii: 345-348;
+          delousing facilities for A. E. F., v: 331;
+          acquisition of burial grounds for A. E. F. dead
+            and care of graves (Graves Registration Service), v: 331, 400;
+          A. E. F. expenditures, v: 332;
+          statistics on issue of blankets and clothing, xii: 283.
+        Salvage Service, _see_ U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.
+        Services of Supply (S. O. S.),
+          establishment and functions,
+            iii: 83, v: 328-352, 396-401 (Pershing's report on);
+          coördination of procurement and distribution
+            of supplies for A. E. F., v: 396-397;
+          purchasing activities overseas, v: 397;
+          reclassification system for A. E. F., v: 399;
+          personnel, Nov. 11, '18 v: 401;
+          _see also_ under U. S. Army,
+            Engineer Corps,
+            Motor Transport Corps,
+            Ordnance Department,
+            Quartermaster Corps,
+            Transportation Corps.
+        Signal Corps,
+          activities in France, v: 317-320, 401,
+            viii: 322-331, xi: 303-308, xii: 283, 286-287;
+          A. E. F. telephone and telegraph system
+            at the front and behind the lines,
+            with statistics on number of exchanges,
+            miles of wire, etc.,
+            v: 317, 318, 320, 401, viii: 322-326, xii: 283, 287;
+          statistics on personnel, v: 317;
+          American women operators with A. E. F., v: 317;
+          organization of field signal battalions, v: 317;
+          devices for communication used at the front, v: 318, viii: 322;
+          "listening-in" and detection of enemy codes, v: 319;
+          work of Photographic Division in making moving-pictures of War,
+            v: 319-320, viii: 329-331;
+          laying of cable across English Channel, v: 320, 401;
+          supplying A. E. F. with field glasses, viii: 326;
+          supplying A. E. F. with wrist-watches, viii: 327;
+          use of pigeons as messengers, viii: 328-329.
+        Tank Corps,
+          man British tanks in action for first time, Sept. 29, '18,
+            ii: 281;
+          organization, v: 314;
+          tank schools overseas, v: 314;
+          American tanks in action, v: 315-316, 401;
+          number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;
+          dependence on French and British, v: 401.
+        Transportation Corps, functions, v: 400.
+        Veterinary Corps, activities, vii: 225-227.
+        First Army, formation, Aug. 10, '18, v: 64, 192-195, 384;
+          reorganized and divided into First and Second Armies,
+            Oct. 9, '18, v: 83, 246, 274;
+          drive against and reduction of St. Mihiel salient, Sept. 12--15,
+          _see_ St. Mihiel;
+          Meuse-Argonne drive, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+        Second Army, formation, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 274;
+          operations in direction of Briey Iron Basin and Metz,
+            v: 274-279, 390, 393;
+          casualties, v: 279.
+        Third Army (Army of Occupation),
+          formation, Nov. 14, '18, v: 280, 395;
+          occupation of Coblenz bridgehead, v: 394-395.
+        First Corps,
+          operations in Allied counter-offensive in Marne salient,
+            July, '18, v: 56, 191-192
+            (commendations from Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          shifted to Toul sector, Aug. 13, '18, v: 62;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 90, 91, 92, 220, 388, 390, 391;
+          reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92;
+          formation, Jan., '18, v: 109.
+        Second Corps,
+          breaks through Hindenburg Line
+          in co-operation with British, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 87, 393;
+          prisoners captured, v: 87, 393;
+          formation, v: 382.
+        Third Corps,
+          operations in valley of the Vesle in Allied counter-offensive,
+          Aug., '18, v: 62, 191-192
+          (commendations from Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          transferred to Verdun region, Sept., '18, v: 62, 384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+          v: 74, 78, 90, 219, 260, 388, 390, 391;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        Fourth Corps,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 206, 386;
+          co-operation in Meuse-Argonne attack, Sept., '18, v: 220;
+          forms part of Second Army, v: 275;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        Fifth Corps,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 69, 202, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 90, 92, 219, 388, 390, 391.
+        Sixth Corps, part of Second Army, v: 275.
+        Seventh Corps, in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        1st Division,
+          training in France, v: 6-12, 106-108, 111-117;
+          transferred from Lorraine to relieve
+          French on Montdidier front, Apr., '18, v: 29, 121, 380;
+          captures Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 31-34, 124-128, 380;
+          in drive on Soissons flank in Allied counter-offensive
+            on Marne salient, July 18--22, '18,
+            v: 53-56, 130, 158-182, 191 (Pershing's commendation), 382;
+          casualties during operations in Marne salient, July, '18,
+            v: 55, 181;
+          captures Berzy-le-Sec, July 21, '18, v: 55, 180, 383;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 211, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 80-81, 83, 88, 91-92, 231, 234, 237,
+            240-246, 248-250, 268-270;
+          relieved in Meuse-Argonne by 42nd Div., Oct. 12, '18,
+            v: 83, 248;
+          record march for relief of 80th Div. and advance on Sedan,
+            Nov. 5--7, '18, v: 91, 92, 269;
+          arrival and organization in France, v: 106-108, 109;
+          enters front-line trenches for first time, Oct., '17, v: 111;
+          artillery unit fires first shot of War for A. E. F.,
+            Oct. 23, '17, v: 112;
+          casualties in Cantigny sector, Apr. 25--July 7, '18,
+            v: 128, 141;
+          in support of French in Montdidier-Noyon defensive,
+            June, '18, v: 129, 139;
+          makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F.,
+            July 18, '18, v: 174;
+          casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 211;
+          tribute to bravery from a German colonel, v: 246;
+          captures Sommerance, Oct. 11, '18, v:248;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 248;
+          citation for record in Meuse-Argonne by Pershing, v: 248;
+          summary of history, v: 355;
+          units composing, v: 355;
+          total casualties, v: 355;
+          prisoners and war material captured, v: 355;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        2nd Division, training in France, v: 6-12, 119;
+          goes into front line position on Marne salient,
+            June 4, '18, v: 37, 132, 136;
+          in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6--26, '18,
+            v: 39, 129, 135-139, 192, 382,
+            x: 1-10 (account of Marines in action);
+          captures Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;
+          in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient,
+            July 18--22, '18, v: 55, 130, 158-182,
+            191 (Pershing's commendation), 382;
+          captures Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 210, 386;
+          operations in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army,
+          Oct. 1--6, '18, v: 79, 241, 254-258, 393;
+          captures Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79, 241, 257, 393;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18,
+            v: 88, 90, 92, 95, 262-270, 274, 391;
+          capture of and drive through Landres-St. George,
+            Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 262-263;
+          arrival and organization in France, v: 108;
+          captures Vaux, July 1, '18, v: 138, 382;
+          casualties in Marne offensive, July, '18, v: 179;
+          prisoners and guns captured in Marne offensive, v: 179;
+          captures Beaumont, v: 266;
+          summary of history, v: 355;
+          units composing, v: 355;
+          total casualties, v: 355;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 355;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        3rd Division,
+          repulses German attempts to cross Marne at Château-Thierry,
+            May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 132-135, 381, xi: 43;
+          in second battle of the Marne, July 15--29, '18,
+            v: 52-53, 56, 143, 148-153, 183-186, 187-188,
+            191-192 (tributes of Pershing and Degoutte), 382, 383,
+            x: 381-387;
+          stand of 38th Inf. Regt. against German attempts to cross Marne,
+            July 15, '18, v: 2, 150-153, x: 381-387;
+          captures Jaulgonne and Chartèves during second Marne battle,
+            July, '18, v: 56, 383;
+          in reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 211;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 80, 81, 83, 85, 231, 233, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245,
+            247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 389;
+          arrival in France, v: 128;
+          occupies Château-Thierry, July 21, '18, v, 184;
+          casualties during battles in Marne salient, June--July, '18,
+            v: 188;
+          summary of history, v: 356;
+          units composing, v: 356;
+          total casualties, v: 356;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        4th Division,
+          in Aisne-Marne Allied counter-offensive, July 18--Aug. 12, '18,
+            v: 60, 61-62, 130, 168, 183, 184, 191, 383;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 69, 202, 212, 386;
+          reaches Vesle River in pursuit of Germans, Aug., '18,
+            v: 62, 191;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 236, 239, 245, 246,
+            248, 250, 252, 388;
+          arrival in France, v: 128;
+          training in France, v: 143;
+          casualties during Aisne-Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18,
+            v: 191;
+          summary of history, v: 356;
+          units composing, v: 356;
+          total casualties, v: 356;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        5th Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 210, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 85, 90, 92, 93-95, 248, 250, 262, 264, 270, 271, 272, 391;
+          captures Cléry-le-Grand, Nov. i, '18, v: 90, 262;
+          captures Cléry-le-Petit and Doulcon, Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264;
+          forces crossing of Meuse in Meuse-Argonne battle,
+            Nov. 3--5, '18, v: 92, 93-94, 264, 270;
+          captures Mouzay, Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272;
+          captures Dun-sur-Meuse, Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 128;
+          enters trenches in the Vosges, June, '18, v: 128, 381;
+          casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 210;
+          captures Cunel and clears Bois de la Pultière, Oct. 14, '18,
+            v: 250;
+          position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 272;
+          summary of history, v: 357;
+          units composing, v: 357;
+          total casualties, v: 357;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 357;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        6th Division, arrival and training overseas, v: 197;
+          summary of history, v: 357;
+          units composing, v: 357;
+          casualties, v: 357.
+        7th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 198;
+          starts first offensive as part of Second Army, Nov. 10, '18,
+            v: 277, 279;
+          summary of history, v: 357;
+          casualties, v: 357;
+          units composing, v: 358.
+        8th Division, summary of history, v: 368;
+          in Siberia, v: 368;
+          in Germany, v: 368;
+          units composing, v: 368.
+        26th Division, arrival and training in France,
+          v: 6-12, 108, 117-118;
+          raided by Germans at Seicheprey, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122;
+          goes into position on Marne sector, July 9, '18, v: 46, 138;
+          in second battle of the Marne, July 15--24, '18,
+            v: 56, 58, 130, 155, 168, 183, 184, 185, 186,
+            191-192 (tributes from Pershing and Degoutte), x: 76-78;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 86-87, 220, 252, 270, 271, 272, x: 78-79;
+          goes into Toul sector, Apr., '18, v: 120;
+          casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 186;
+          summary of history, v: 358;
+          units composing, v: 358;
+          total casualties, v: 358;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
+        27th Division,
+          organization and training in U. S., v: 196, 281-284, 358;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 196, 284-286;
+          war record, v: 281-300 (by Maj.-Gen. O'Ryan), 358, 393;
+          with Gen. Byng's Third British Army, July, '18, v: 286;
+          operations with British in Flanders, July--Aug., '18,
+            v: 286-290;
+          breaks through Hindenburg Line with British Fourth Army,
+            Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 290-297, 393;
+          casualties in assault of Hindenburg Line, v: 295;
+          return to U. S., v: 299;
+          commendation from Field-Marshal Haig, v: 299;
+          total casualties, v: 358;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
+        28th Division,
+          in second battle of the Marne and pursuit of Germans across
+            Vesle River, July--Aug., '18, v: 53, 56, 60, 62, 130, 153-154,
+            183-184, 188, 190, 191-192, (praise by Pershing and Degoutte),
+            383;
+          drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne, Aug.--Sept., '18,
+            v: 62, 260, 383-384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 218, 220-221, 225, 227, 229, 231, 237-239, 241,
+            243, 388;
+          arrival in France, v: 128;
+          training in France, v: 143;
+          sent to Marne sector as reserve to French army
+            defending road to Paris, June, '18, v: 143, 153;
+          casualties in second Marne battle, July 15--21, '18, v: 184;
+          captures Aprémont, Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+          captures Le Chêne Tondu, Oct. 4, '18, v: 239;
+          captures Châtel Chehery, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;
+          operations as part of Second Army in direction of
+            Metz and Briey, Nov., '18, v: 274-279;
+          summary of history, v: 358;
+          units composing, v: 359;
+          total casualties, v: 359;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.
+        29th Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+          Sept.--Oct. '18, v: 74, 86, 244, 246, 252;
+          captures Etraye ridge, Oct. 23, '18, v: 86, 252;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 359;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne battles, v: 253;
+          summary of history, v: 359;
+          units composing, v: 359;
+          total casualties, v: 359;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.
+        30th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 146, 300;
+          with British in Belgium, July--Aug., '18, v: 286, 300;
+          summary of organization, v: 300, 359;
+          breaks through St. Quentin Tunnel sector of Hindenburg Line,
+            Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 301-303, 393;
+          casualties, v: 359;
+          units composing, v: 360;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.
+        31st Division, history, v: 368;
+          units composing, v: 368.
+        32nd Division,
+          drives Germans to Vesle in Allied counter-offensive on
+            Marne salient, July--Aug., '18,
+            v: 60-61, 62, 130, 188-190, 191-192
+            (praise by Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          captures Cierges, July 31, '18, v: 60, 188;
+          captures Fismes, Aug. 6, '18, v: 61, 189;
+          captures Juvigny, Aug. 30, '18, v: 62, 258-259, 384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 80, 83, 84-85, 231, 237, 240, 241, 245, 247,
+            248, 250, 252, 389;
+          captures Gesnes, Oct. 5, '18, v: 81, 240;
+          captures Bantheville, Oct. 18, '18, v: 84-85, 252;
+          arrival in France, v: 119, 360;
+          casualties in Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18, v: 190;
+          captures Romagne, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250;
+          summary of history, v: 360;
+          units composing, casualties, v: 360;
+          in Army of Occupation, 360, 395.
+        33rd Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 83, 219, 224, 225, 228, 230, 234, 236, 244,
+            246, 388;
+          arrival and training in France under British, v: 144, 260;
+          attack on Hamel with Australians, July 4, '18, v: 144, 260;
+          with British in attack near Amiens, Aug., '18, v: 260;
+          summary of history, v: 360;
+          units composing, v: 360;
+          casualties, v: 360;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.
+        34th Division, summary of history, v: 368;
+          units composing, v: 369.
+        35th Division,
+          in First Army reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18,
+            v: 66, 203;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18,
+            v: 74, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 388;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 128, 197;
+          captures Charpentry and Baulny, Sept. 27, '18, v: 227;
+          unsuccessful attack on Exermont, Sept. 29, '18, v: 231;
+          summary of history, v: 361;
+          units composing, v: 361;
+          casualties, v: 361;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.
+        36th Division, arrival in France, v: 196;
+          operations with French Fourth Army in Champagne, Oct., '18,
+            v: 254, 257, 258, 393;
+          casualties in Champagne, v: 258;
+          summary of history, v: 361;
+          units composing, v: 361;
+          total casualties, v: 361;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.
+        37th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18,
+          v: 74, 78-79, 219, 224, 227, 229, 230, 231, 388;
+          operations in Belgium, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 83, 279-280, 393;
+          arrival in France, v: 145;
+          casualties in Belgian campaign, v: 280;
+          summary of history, v: 361;
+          units composing, v: 362;
+          total casualties, v: 362;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 362.
+        38th Division, organization and summary of history, v: 369;
+          units composing, v: 369.
+        39th Division (5th Depot),
+          organization and summary of history, v: 198, 369;
+          units composing, v: 369.
+        40th Division (6th Depot),
+          organization and summary of history, v: 197, 369;
+          units composing, v: 370.
+        41st Division (1st Depot),
+          organization and summary of history, v: 109, 370;
+          units composing, v: 370.
+        42nd Division,
+          arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 21, 109, 118, 142;
+          in the Vosges (Baccarat) sector, v: 21, 28, 118, 142;
+          joins French Fourth Army in Champagne defensive, July, '18,
+            v: 44-51, 129-130, 142-143, 155-158;
+          in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient,
+            July 25--Aug. 2, '18,
+            v: 56, 58-61, 130, 186-187, 188-189,
+            191-192 (praise by Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          takes Forêt de Fère and crosses Ourcq in pursuit of Germans,
+            July 26--28, '18, v: 58-59, 187, 383;
+          captures Sergy, Seringes-et-Nesles, and Hill 212,
+            July 28, '18, v: 59, 188;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 83, 84, 88, 91, 92, 220, 248, 250-252, 262, 269, 390;
+          capture of Côte de Châtillon, Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84, 250-252;
+          reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92, 269;
+          casualties in Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18, v: 189;
+          summary of history, v: 362;
+          units composing, v: 362;
+          total casualties, v: 362;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 362;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        76th Division, summary of history, v: 196, 370;
+          units composing, v: 370.
+        77th Division,
+          drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne after second Marne
+            battle, Aug.--Sept., '18, v: 62, 190, 260, 383-384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 79, 81, 85, 88, 90-91, 92, 95, 220, 225, 227, 229,
+            231-232, 234, 239, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 250, 252, 262,
+            263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 388, 391, xii: 288;
+          outflanks German positions at Champigneulle in
+            Meuse-Argonne drive, Nov. 1--2, '18, v: 88, 263;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 141;
+          isolation and rescue of "Lost Battalion," Oct. 2--7, '18,
+            v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243;
+          capture of St. Juvin, Oct. 12, '18, v: 250;
+          attack on Grand Pré, Oct. 16, '18, v: 252;
+          summary of history, v: 362;
+          units composing, v: 363;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 363;
+          casualties, v: 363.
+        78th Division,
+          as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18,
+            v: 65, 202, 210;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 85, 91, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 391;
+          captures Briquenay, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 144;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;
+          summary of history, v: 363;
+          units composing, v: 363;
+          total casualties, v: 363;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 363.
+        79th Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 78-79, 80, 219, 224, 225, 226, 228, 230, 231, 262,
+            265, 270-272, 388;
+          captures stronghold of Montfaucon, Sept. 27, '18, v: 78-79, 225;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 363;
+          captures Nantillois, Sept. 28, '18, v: 228;
+          summary of history, v: 363, casualties, v: 363;
+          units composing, v: 364;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.
+        80th Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 83, 88, 91, 219, 224, 226, 227, 230, 234, 237,
+            239, 241, 245, 246, 248, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266-268,
+            388, 391;
+          captures Buzancy, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 144;
+          battle for Brieulles-sur-Meuse, Sept. 27--28, '18, v: 226, 227;
+          capture of Bois des Ogons, Oct. 4--5, '18, v: 237, 239;
+          repulsed in attacks on Madeleine Farm, Oct. 6, '18, v: 241;
+          Madeleine Farm captured, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245;
+          unsuccessful attacks on Cunel, Oct. 10--11, '18, v: 246, 248;
+          captures Beaumont with 2nd Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;
+          summary of history, v: 364;
+          units composing, v: 364;
+          total casualties, v: 364;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.
+        81st Division, arrival and training in France, v: 197;
+          operations in direction of Briey and Metz as part of
+            Second Army, v: 274-278;
+          captures Grimancourt, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277;
+          position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 278;
+          summary of history, v: 364;
+          units composing, v: 364;
+          casualties, v: 364;
+          prisoners captured, v: 364.
+        82nd Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 65, 68, 71, 202, 208, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+          v: 74, 83, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 390;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 143;
+          composite character, v: 143;
+          summary of history, v: 143, 365;
+          units composing, v: 365;
+          casualties, v: 365;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 365.
+        83rd Division, summary of history, v: 146, 371, 399;
+          units composing, v: 371.
+        84th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 371, 399;
+          units composing, v: 371.
+        85th Division, summary of history, v: 197, 371;
+          units composing, v: 371.
+        86th Division, summary of history, v: 372;
+          units composing, v: 372.
+        87th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 372;
+          units composing, v: 372.
+        88th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 365;
+          units composing, v: 365;
+          casualties, v: 365.
+        89th Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 70, 202, 210, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 391;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 365;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;
+          summary of history, v: 365;
+          units composing, v: 366;
+          casualties, v: 366;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.
+        90th Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 208-210, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 272, 274, 391;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 196;
+          casualties in St. Mihiel drive, v: 210;
+          captures Stenay, Nov. 10, '18, v: 272;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;
+          summary of history, v: 366;
+          units composing, v: 366;
+          total casualties, v: 366;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.
+        91st Division,
+          as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 232, 246, 388;
+          transferred to Belgium under French Sixth Army, Oct., '18,
+            v: 83, 279, 393;
+          operations in Belgium, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 83, 279, 393;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 366;
+          captures Spitaals-Bosschen, Oct. 31, '18, v: 279;
+          captures Audenarde, Nov. 2, '18, v: 279;
+          summary of history, v: 366;
+          units composing, 367;
+          casualties, v: 367;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 367.
+        92nd Division (colored),
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 233;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 145, 367;
+          summary of history, v: 367;
+          units composing, v: 367;
+          casualties, v: 367.
+        93rd Division (colored), summary of history, v: 367;
+          units composing, v: 367;
+          casualties, v: 368.
+      Casualties, in submarine warfare during neutrality, i: 357;
+        first time in War, Nov., '17, i: 392, v: 113;
+        total in War, iii: 404;
+        total dead, iii: 404, xii: 280;
+        number wounded, iii: 404, v: 344, xii: 280;
+        prisoners or missing, iii: 404;
+        in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 71, 212, 386;
+        in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18, v: 393,
+          xii: 280;
+        on Russian Front, v: 394;
+        total deaths overseas, classified according to cause, v: 402;
+        battle deaths, v: 402, xii: 280, 289;
+        deaths from disease, v: 402, vii: 179, 195, xii: 280;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        _see also_ U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47;
+        war-time shortage, xii: 48;
+        conservation measures under Fuel Administration, xii: 48-50;
+        extent of mining operations, xii: 50;
+        production compared with other staples, xii: 50;
+        waste in use, xii: 51;
+        Fuel Administration priority list, xii: 75;
+        production for '18--'19, xii: 146.
+      Conscription, Franklin Lane on lessons taught by, i: 370;
+        Conscription Act passed, Apr. 28--May 18, '17,
+          i: 390, iii: 83, xii: 280-281;
+        health statistics of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281-282;
+        total number of registrants, xii: 280, 281;
+        number inducted into service, xii: 280, 281.
+      Cost of living,
+        high prices most striking economic effect of War,
+          xii: _Intro. vii_;
+        "index numbers" as measure of price changes,
+          xii: _Intro. vii_;
+        comparison of index numbers, '13--'19, xii: _Intro. vii-viii_;
+        chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780,
+          xii: _Intro. viii-x_;
+        rise in, '14--'18, xii: _Intro. x_, 56-59;
+        existing high prices not due to scarcity, xii: _Intro. x-xi_;
+        currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_, 143;
+        chart showing relation of, to money in circulation, '14--'18,
+          xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+        high prices as breeder of Bolshevism, xii: _Intro. xiii-xiv_;
+        purchasing power of wages, '13--'18, xii: _Intro. xiv_;
+        remedies proposed for reducing high cost of living,
+          xii: _Intro. xiv-xv_, 147;
+        standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuations in,
+          xii: _Intro. xv_;
+        scarcity as cause of high prices, xii: 39, 142;
+        "fair price" lists, xii: 54;
+        profiteering, xii: 55, 143;
+        meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56;
+        present, compared with Civil War prices, xii: 57, 75;
+        rise in clothing prices, xii: 58, 142, 145;
+        government price-fixing, xii: 59;
+        monthly price changes, '12--'18, xii: 60;
+        analysis of, by Council of National Defense, xii: 142-148;
+        relation between wages and prices in estimating, xii: 142;
+        housing problem, xii: 142;
+        curtailed production since Armistice, xii: 142;
+        food consumption statistics, xii: 142;
+        influence of War on prices, xii: 143;
+        food supply statistics, '18--'19, xii: 143-144;
+        reasons for high food prices, xii: 144;
+        reduction in shoe output for '19, xii: 146;
+        coal production, '18--'19, xii: 146;
+        reduction in iron and steel production, '19, xii: 147;
+        reasons for high cost of living,
+        summarized by Council of National Defense, xii: 147;
+        _see also_
+          Prices;
+          U. S., Food.
+      Council of National Defense,
+        activities of General Medical Board of, vii: 187-189;
+        creation by Congress, '16, xii: 115;
+        duties, xii: 116;
+        members, xii: 116;
+        Advisory Commission of, pre-War activities, xii: 117;
+        committees, xii: 122;
+        distinguished membership of committees, xii: 122;
+        non-partisanship of, xii: 124;
+        expenses, xii: 124;
+        work of Field Division, xii: 124;
+        results of activities, xii: 124;
+        War Industries Board established, xii: 125;
+        cantonment construction, xii: 125;
+        share in victory, xii: 126;
+        analysis of causes of and remedies for high cost of living,
+          xii: 142-148.
+      Declarations of war,
+        transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;
+        impelling causes for, i: 301, 341, 348, 368, ii: 53;
+        effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;
+        diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17,
+          i: 344-345, 389;
+        text of President Wilson's speech before Congress asking for
+          declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
+        text of declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 6, '17, i: 355;
+        Franklin Lane on effects of entry into War on American life,
+          i: 366-373;
+        diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary severed, Apr. 8, '17,
+          i: 389;
+        diplomatic relations with Turkey severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;
+        declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393;
+        effect on final result of War,
+          ii: 220, 273 (a German military critic's view), iii: 83;
+        Ludendorff's comments on, ii: 341;
+        effect on French, ii: 387;
+        effect on British, vi: 11;
+        _see also_ under Submarine warfare.
+      Employment Service, war-time activities, xii: 67.
+      Food,
+        Herbert Hoover appointed Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;
+        position of U. S. as producer, '17, xii: 35;
+        wheat production _vs._ consumption, 1890--1914, xii: 35;
+        corn production _vs._ consumption, 1890--1914, xii: 35;
+        voluntary rationing, xii: 35;
+        exports to Europe before and during War, xii: 36, 135;
+        conservation, xii: 37, 40, 141;
+        war-time increase in production, statistics, xii: 37;
+        increased production more important than conservation, xii: 38;
+        crop acreage, '10--'18, xii: 38;
+        crop yields, '10--'18, xii: 39;
+        Hoover's report on European relief, xii: 42;
+        war-time government control, xii: 46, 59, 140;
+        Sugar Equalization Board, functions, xii: 46;
+        war-time sugar distribution, xii: 46;
+        potato crop, xii: 47;
+        "fair price" lists, xii: 54;
+        functions of Food Administration, xii: 59, 140;
+        statistics on quantity and prices, June, '18--June, '19,
+          xii: 61-65;
+        price comparisons, '13--'19, xii: 64;
+        wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141;
+        consumption statistics, xii: 142;
+        production statistics, '18--'19, xii: 143;
+        wheat production, '18--'19, xii: 143;
+        meat production, '18--'19, xii: 144;
+        corn crop, '18, xii: 144;
+        reasons for high prices, xii: 144;
+        _see also_ under U. S., Cost of living.
+      Food Administration, _see_ under U. S., Food.
+      Foreign relations, policy of isolation, i: 50;
+        abandonment of policy of isolation, i: 52-58;
+        early relations with China and Japan, i: 53;
+        African interests, i: 54;
+        Congo policy, i: 54;
+        armed expeditions sent beyond borders, 1836--1861, i: 54;
+        intervention in Cuba, i: 56;
+        "open door" policy in China, i: 57;
+        Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57;
+        Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;
+        policy in Venezuelan controversy with Germany, '02, i: 86;
+        participation in European conferences, i: 86;
+        participation in Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86;
+        German plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;
+        arbitration treaties, i: 103;
+        emergence from War as World Power, i: 371;
+        after-War mission, i: 372.
+      Fuel Administration, _see_ under U. S., Coal.
+      German-owned property, extent, xii: 33-34.
+      Industries during War,
+        regulations for conservation of leather by War Industries Board,
+          xii: 53;
+        duties and powers of War Industries Board, xii: 72;
+        priority system, xii: 73-75;
+        distribution of war contracts, xii: 74;
+        response to war needs, xii: 115;
+        creation of Council of National Defense, xii: 115;
+        duties of Council of National Defense, xii: 116;
+        pre-War movement for industrial preparedness, xii: 117;
+        pre-War activities of Advisory Commission,
+          Council of National Defense, xii: 118;
+        committees of Council of National Defense, xii: 122;
+        organization and personnel of War Industries Board, xii: 125;
+        share in final victory, xii: 126;
+        _see also_ under U. S., Council of National Defense, Labor.
+      Labor, women in war industries, xii: 25;
+        war-time safeguards for workers, xii: 66;
+        organizing for war production, xii: 67;
+        Employment Service of Department of Labor, war-time activities,
+          xii: 67;
+        war-time strikes, xii: 68;
+        importance in winning War, xii: 68-69;
+        size of working population, xii: 71;
+        immigration as source of labor supply, xii: 71;
+        war-time dislocation, xii: 71;
+        Mediation Commission for settling labor unrest, xii: 71;
+        activities of Advisory Labor Council, xii: 71;
+        Gen. Crowder's "Work or fight" order, xii: 72;
+        women as railway workers during War, xii: 84;
+        settlement of war-time disputes in shipyards, xii: 94;
+        attitude to War, xii: 121.
+      Marine Corps, strength, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 403;
+        in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6--26, '18,
+          v: 39, 130, 135-139, 382, x: 1-10;
+        capture of Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;
+        in second battle of the Marne, July 18--19, '18,
+          v: 55, 130, 159, 167-170, 174-175, 178-179;
+        capture of Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174-175;
+        in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct., '18,
+          v: 79, 241, 255-257;
+        capture of Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79-80, 241, 257;
+        in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18,
+          v: 95, 262-263, 266, 270, 274;
+        arrival in France, v: 106, 108;
+        incorporated in 2nd Div., v: 108;
+        not in Château-Thierry battle of May 31--June 3, '18,
+          as popularly supposed, v: 130, 135;
+        casualties at Belleau Wood, June, '18, v: 139;
+        name of Belleau Wood changed by French
+          to _Bois de la Brigade de Marine_, v: 139;
+        casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 179;
+        in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 210;
+        in drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 262-263;
+        force crossing of Meuse, Nov. 10, '18, v: 270, 274;
+        _see also_ under U. S. Army, 2nd Division.
+      Navy,
+        Rear-Adm. Mayo on war-time accomplishments of,
+          iv: _Intro. vii-xiii_;
+        supplying guns and gun crews for merchant ships,
+          iv: _Intro. viii_, 314;
+        laying of North Sea mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330;
+        anti-submarine coast patrol, iv: _Intro. xii_;
+        Naval gunners on Western Front,
+         iv: _Intro. xii_, 323, v: 306, viii: 42-45;
+        transportation of A. E. F. to France,
+          iv: _Intro. xii_, 157-165 (account of first
+          expedition across Atlantic, June, '17, by Adm. Gleaves),
+          xii: 94-95, 283;
+        lessons of the War, iv: _Intro. xiii_;
+        destroyer flotilla on anti-submarine patrol duty in war zone,
+          iv: 157, 315-317, 343;
+        development of depth bomb by, iv: 307, 330;
+        strength of personnel before War and at armistice, iv: 317;
+        training of new personnel, iv: 317;
+        war-time expansion in ships and equipment, iv: 318-319;
+        repair of damaged interned German liners, iv: 319-321;
+        laying of oil pipe line across Scotland, iv: 322;
+        invention of "Y" gun for discharge of depth bombs, iv: 331;
+        development of aerial bombs for use by seaplanes against U-boats,
+          iv: 332;
+        development of star shells for illuminating enemy positions
+          in dark, iv: 334;
+        invention of torpedo plane, iv: 335;
+        adventures of transports in war zone, iv: 335-343;
+        capture of German submarine _U-58_, Nov. 18, '17, iv: 349;
+        Secretary Daniels' report on activities in European waters,
+          iv: 356-359;
+        co-operation with British,
+          iv: 356 (Secretary Daniels on),
+          359-361 (tributes by Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Beatty);
+        development and description of N-C flying boats, viii: 236-240;
+        _N-C-4_ first airplane to cross Atlantic, viii: 240;
+        types of dirigibles used by, viii: 245, 255-257.
+      Neutrality,
+        Dr. Eliot's summary of reasons for pro- and anti-German feeling,
+          i: 270-273;
+        von Jagow's defense against anti-German criticisms, i: 273;
+        Maximilian Harden's views on, i: 274;
+        German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen,
+          i: 282;
+        position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
+        French opinion of, i: 287;
+        unpopular with all belligerents, i: 288;
+        British opinion of, i: 289;
+        Gabriel Hanotaux's views on, i: 290;
+        conflict of sympathies, i: 297;
+        psychology of, i: 297;
+        increasing pro-Ally sentiment, i: 299;
+        attitudes of Wilson and Roosevelt compared, i: 299, 302;
+        German violations against, i: 300;
+        transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;
+        effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;
+        attitude of press, i: 309;
+        Austro-Hungarian protest of unfairness of, i: 309;
+        Maximilian Harden's views on American war prosperity, i: 310;
+        Bryan's statement on, Jan. 20, '15, i: 311;
+        controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of
+          neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+        controversy with Germany on submarine warfare,
+          i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, 357-361
+          (chronological summary with list of ships sunk);
+        President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note to Germany,
+          i: 317;
+        President Wilson's "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372;
+        controversy with Germany on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+          i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;
+        statements of Taft and Roosevelt on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+          i: 320;
+        note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 322;
+        attitude of press on torpedoing of _Arabic_, i: 323;
+        controversy with Austria-Hungary on torpedoing of _Ancona_,
+          i: 326, 361;
+        McLemore Resolution warning Americans not to travel on
+          belligerent ships, i: 327;
+        McLemore Resolution defeated, i: 328;
+        note threatening severance of diplomatic relations
+          with Germany over sinking of _Sussex_, Apr. 18, '16,
+          i: 329-331;
+        issues of '16 Presidential campaign, i: 334;
+        controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of
+          neutral mail, i: 335;
+        President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims,
+          Dec. 18, '16, i: 336;
+        Lansing's statement of problems of, i: 339;
+        diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17,
+          i: 344-345, 389;
+        President Wilson orders U. S. merchantmen armed, i: 347;
+        American casualties from submarine warfare during, i: 357;
+        President Wilson issues proclamation of, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;
+        _see also_ Germany, Blockade of;
+          Submarine warfare.
+      Peace Conference, delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;
+        list of delegates, xii: 179;
+        for work of delegates at, _see_ Peace Conference;
+        _also_ under name of delegate.
+      Peace Treaty, fight against, in Senate, xii: 264-278;
+        Fall amendments to, defeated, Oct. 2, '19, xii: 264;
+        ratification with original Lodge reservations defeated,
+          Nov. 19, '19, xii: 265-266;
+        text of original Lodge reservations, xii: 265;
+        defeated in Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, xii: 266-269;
+        President Wilson's opinion of Lodge reservations, xii: 267;
+        text of revised Lodge reservations, xii: 269;
+        efforts to declare peace by Congressional resolution,
+          xii: 271-278;
+        text of peace resolution introduced in House of Representatives,
+          Apr. 1, '20, xii: 271;
+        Knox resolution declaring peace with Germany passed by Congress,
+          May 15--21, '20, xii: 273-277;
+        text of original Knox resolution proposing separate peace
+          with Germany and successors of Austria-Hungary, xii: 273;
+        text of amended Knox resolution, xii: 277;
+        President Wilson vetoes Knox resolution, xii: 277;
+        text of President Wilson's veto message, xii: 278.
+      Population, European immigration, i: 37;
+        German immigration in 1882 and 1910, i: 75;
+        size, characteristics, and distribution of German element in,
+          i: 79, 277-279;
+        ratio of increase in urban and rural, 1890--1910, xii: 35.
+      Press, attitude on neutrality, i: 309;
+        attitude on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320;
+        attitude on torpedoing of _Arabic_, i: 323;
+        views on German indemnity, xii: 24.
+      Prisoners of war, first captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17,
+        iii: 84, v: 112;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, war-time operation under government control, xii: 87-90;
+        reasons for government control, xii: 88;
+        defects in management, xii: 89;
+        equipment sent to France, xii: 95;
+        pledge of maximum war-time service by, xii: 121.
+      Shipping, war-time building program, with statistics, xii: 92-94;
+        war losses, xii: 94;
+        neutral tonnage chartered for war service, xii: 98;
+        war-time cargo fleet, statistics on tonnage and shipments,
+          xii: 283, 286.
+      Trade, with Germany through neutrals, ii: 21;
+        increase in exports, '12--'17, xii: 1;
+        luxury imports, xii: 8-9;
+        decrease in luxury imports, '14--'18, xii: 58;
+        hostility to trade with Germany, xii: 99;
+        War Trade Board export license system, xii: 99.
+      War cost, currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_, 28-31, 143;
+        loans floated in U. S. by foreign countries, Aug., '14--Jan., '17,
+          xii: 2;
+        sources and amounts of war-time taxation, xii: 2-9, 109-111;
+        income taxes, with comparison of rates in England and France,
+          xii: 2-6;
+        criticisms of war tax law, xii: 5-6;
+        President Wilson's tax program, xii: 6-7;
+        luxury taxes, xii: 7-9;
+        war-time prosperity, xii: 9-10;
+        loans in early U. S. history, xii: 10;
+        Liberty Loans, floating of, with statistics on amounts raised
+          and number of subscribers, xii: 10-16, 113, 126-135;
+        repayment of loans made to Allies, xii: 11;
+        Liberty Loan subscriptions by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12;
+        Liberty Loan subscriptions in New York City, xii: 12;
+        comparison of war debt with pre-War national debt,
+          xii: 16, 113, 114;
+        hourly war expenditures, xii: 16;
+        comparison of war cost with previous expenditures, xii: 16;
+        distribution of war expenditures, xii: 16;
+        amount of loans to Allies, xii: 16, 18, 31;
+        short-term certificates of indebtedness, xii: 16;
+        War Savings Stamps, amount raised by, xii: 18,134;
+        problem of liquidating national debt, xii: 18;
+        accumulation of Europe's gold supply in U. S., xii: 29;
+        credit expansion, xii: 30;
+        pre-War cash reserves, xii: 30;
+        transition from debtor to creditor nation, with statistics,
+          xii: 31;
+        daily, monthly, and total war cost, Apr., 17--June, '19,
+          xii: 106-108.
+      War Industries Board, _see_ under U. S., Industries during War.
+
+    Uruguay, failure of soviet plot in, vi: 392;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Uskub, captured by Bulgarians, Oct., '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204;
+      recaptured by Allies, Sept., '18, iii: 213.
+
+
+    V
+
+    _V-187_,
+      German destroyer sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Vaccine, manufacture of anti-typhoid, viii: 393;
+    _see also_ Disease.
+
+    Vacuum tubes, in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320.
+
+    Valenciennes, Germans use as gateway into France, v: 215.
+
+    Valley, Count Arco, assassin of Kurt Eisner, vi: 298.
+
+    Van, occupied by Russians, May 23, '15, iii: 262.
+
+    Van Iersal, Sgt. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Vanquois, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Varennes, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Vaux, town in Marne salient, location, v: 133;
+      captured by 2nd Div., July 1, '18, v: 138, 382.
+
+    Vaux, Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, June 7, '16,
+        i: 385, iii: 54, 313;
+      evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, i: 388, iii: 62;
+      German efforts at capture repulsed, Mar., '16,
+        ii: 189, iii: 52, 306,
+        327-329 (description by French officer participating in defense);
+      Major Raynal, defender of, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313;
+    _see also_ Verdun.
+
+    Veles, captured by Bulgarians, Oct. 28--29, '15, i: 382,
+      iii: 158, 204;
+      recaptured by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Velocity of projectiles, viii: 111.
+
+    Vencheres Wood, captured by 179th Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.
+
+    Vendieres, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Venereal diseases,
+      statistics on, and methods of combating in U. S. Army,
+      v: 402, vii: 208-209.
+
+    Venezuela, pro-German attitude during War, vi: 392.
+
+    _Vengeance_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Venizelos, Eleutherios, pro-Ally policy during Greek neutrality,
+     iii: 202;
+      establishes revolutionary government in Crete, Sept., '16, iii: 210;
+      biography, ix: 76-82;
+      bibliography, ix: 81.
+
+    Verdun,
+      strategic value and reasons for German campaigns against,
+        i: 268, ii: 6, 13, 36-39, 188, 189, iii: 46, 302,
+        v: 199, 215, xi: 21;
+      effect of battle of the Somme on German offensive against,
+        ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;
+      eliminated by Germans as scene of '18 offensive, ii: 67;
+      battles of, Feb., '16--Sept., '17,
+        ii: 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61-62, 79, 302-315, 327-329,
+        viii: 289-291, xi: 21-22;
+      comparison of German attack, Feb., '16,
+        with tactics at first battle of the Marne, ii: 186;
+      "They shall not pass," French watchword of defense at,
+        ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21;
+      Pétain commands defenders, Feb.--May, '16, ii: 189, iii: 50, 304;
+      Germans capture Fort Douaumont, Feb. 25, '16,
+        ii: 189, iii: 48, 304-305;
+      German attacks on Fort Vaux repulsed, Mar., '16,
+        ii: 189, iii: 52, 306, 327-329
+        (described by French officer taking part in defense);
+      German Crown Prince in command of attacking forces,
+        iii: 47, 48, 303;
+      use of motor transports in defense of, iii: 50, viii: 289-291;
+      battles for Dead Man's Hill (Le Mort Homme), Mar.--May, '16,
+        iii: 51, 53-54, 306-307, 308, 310-313;
+      Cumières captured and lost by Germans, May, '16, iii: 54, 312;
+      Gen. Nivelle appointed to command of French defenders, May, '16,
+        iii: 54, 310;
+      Fort Vaux captured by Germans, June 7, '16, iii: 54, 313;
+      German efforts to capture Fort Souville defeated, iii: 55;
+      Thiaumont captured by Germans, June 23--24, '16,
+        and recaptured by French, iii: 55, 313;
+      Nivelle's surprise attack, Oct., '16, iii: 61;
+      Fort Douaumont recaptured by French, Oct., '16, iii: 61;
+      Fort Vaux evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, iii: 62;
+      Gen. Mangin succeeds Nivelle as French commander at,
+        Dec., '16, iii: 62;
+      Mangin launches successful offensive, Dec., '16, iii: 62;
+      final French victories regain all important positions,
+        Aug.--Sept., '17, iii: 79;
+      Ludendorff's comment on German blunder at, iii: 302;
+      description of intensity of fighting at, by French participant,
+        iii: 308;
+      Major Raynal, defender of Fort Vaux, awarded Legion of Honor,
+        iii: 313;
+      freed from threat of further German attacks by suppression of
+        St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 208.
+
+    Verrieres, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Versailles Treaty, _see_ Peace Treaty with Germany.
+
+    Very, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Very pistol, use in signalling, v: 319.
+
+    Vesle River,
+      Germans driven across, in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient,
+      July--Aug., '18, v: 60-62, 188-191, 383;
+      Germans driven from, to the Aisne, Aug.--Sept., '18,
+        v: 62, 260, 383-384.
+
+    Vesnitch, Dr. M. R., Serbian diplomat,
+      statement of Jugoslav attitude toward Italian aggrandizement,
+        vi: 366.
+
+    Veterinary,
+      treatment of sick and injured animals in War,
+        vii: 225-227, viii: 397-399.
+
+    Vickers machine-gun, use on airplanes, viii: 87;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
+
+    Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, biography, ix: 395-398.
+
+    Victory Way, in New York City, xii: 133.
+
+    Vienna, war-time privation in, vi: 312;
+      riots, '18, vi: 316;
+      after-War distress, vi: 318;
+      Bolshevik uprising suppressed, Apr., '19, vi: 320-321.
+
+    Vierstaat Ridge,
+      captured by British and 27th Div., A. E. F., Sept. 1--2, '18,
+        v: 290.
+
+    Vierzy, captured by 2nd Div., July 18, '18, v: 55, 174.
+
+    Vigneulles,
+      junction of 1st and 26th Divs. at, closes St. Mihiel salient,
+      Sept., '18, v: 69, 211, 212.
+
+    Ville-devant-Chaumont, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Villepigue, Corp. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Villers Wood, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 15, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Villers-Cotterets, concentration of Allied forces near,
+      for Marne counter-offensive, July, '18, ii: 154, v: 161.
+
+    Villers-devant-Dun, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.
+
+    Villers-sous-Preney, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Vilna, captured by Germans, Sept., '15, iii: 141.
+
+    Vilosnes-sur-Meuse captured by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271.
+
+    Vimy Ridge, captured by Canadians, Apr. 9, '17, iii: 70, 343-349;
+      strategic importance, iii: 343;
+      London _Times'_ account of battle, iii: 346-348;
+      decorations for gallantry at, iii: 349.
+
+    _Vindictive_, British cruiser at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262;
+      sunk in Ostend Channel, iv: 279;
+    _see also_ Zeebrugge Raid.
+
+    _Viribus Unitis_, Austrian battleship
+      sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, May 15, '18, i: 395, x: 297-303.
+
+    _Vive La France!_ poem by Charlotte H. Crawford, vi: 94.
+
+    Viviani, René, French statesman, biography, ix: 19-21.
+
+    Vladivostok, seized by Czechoslovak troops, June, '18, vi: 192;
+      Allies send troops to, vi: 193;
+    _see also_ Siberia.
+
+    Vocational training,
+      for war cripples, American help for French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95;
+      for American disabled, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;
+      modern attitude on, viii: 387;
+    _see also_ Reconstruction of disabled.
+
+    Vodka, war-time prohibition of, in Russia, iii: 265, vi: 135;
+      use of harmful substitutes for, vi: 138.
+
+    Voisin bombing planes, viii: 223.
+
+    Voldemaras, Prof.,
+      forms first independent Lithuanian cabinet, vi: 236.
+
+    Vologodsky, Peter,
+      head of liberal Siberian government at Omsk, vi: 191.
+
+    Voormezeele, captured by 30th Div., Aug. 31--Sept. 1, '18, v: 300.
+
+    Vosges Mountains, military importance, ii: 6;
+      place in scheme of general French strategy, ii: 9;
+      French occupy passes of, Aug., '14, iii: 16;
+      French offensive in, Dec., '15, iii: 46;
+      as training area for A. E. F.,
+        v: 118, 197, _see also_ under each Division.
+
+
+    W
+
+    Waalker, Sgt. Reider, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    _Wacht am Rhine, Die_, German national song, xi: 332.
+
+    Wales, Prince of, personal sketch, ix: 395, xi: 150-152.
+
+    Walker, Col. William H.,
+      head of U. S. poison-gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 181.
+
+    Wallace, Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.
+
+    Wallachia, German offensive in, iii: 221.
+
+    Walsh, Frank P.,
+      member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66;
+      biography, ix: 337-339.
+
+    War, as a simple art, iii: 137;
+      definition of, iv: 1;
+      desirability, v: _Intro. x_;
+      extent of modern, v: _Intro. x_;
+      German policy of, _see_ Germany, Kultur, Militarism.
+
+    War Babies' Cradle,
+      organization and relief activities of, vii: 107, xi: 56.
+
+    War Committee (or Council) of British Cabinet,
+      members, Nov., '14, ii: 198;
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 200;
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
+
+    War Industries Board, U. S., _see_ U. S., Industries during War.
+
+    War relief:
+      American, plan of _Stars and Stripes_ for adoption of
+        French orphans, vii: 72, xi: 80;
+        Children's Bureau of American Red Cross, relief activities for
+          Allied children, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;
+        vocational training for French war cripples, vii: 79, 92-95;
+        beginnings of American relief work, vii: 85;
+        Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 85, 119, xii: 136, 141;
+        Lafayette Fund, vii: 85;
+        Committee of Mercy, vii: 87;
+        American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 87, 91;
+        National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87-90;
+        John Moffat's activities in early development of, vii: 87;
+        American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany,
+          vii: 88, 96;
+        Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 88, 108;
+        French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116;
+        benefit bazaars, vii: 90;
+        "Hero Land" bazaar, vii: 90;
+        American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 91, xi: 85;
+        American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92;
+        American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92;
+        War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies, vii: 95;
+        Le Bien-Être du Blessé, vii: 96;
+        French Tuberculosis War Victims' Fund, vii: 97;
+        American Committee of the Charities of the Queen of the Belgians,
+          vii: 98;
+        for war blind, vii: 99, 255-260 (Permanent Blind Relief War Fund);
+        Franco-American Committee for the Protection of
+          Children of the Frontier, vii: 101, xi: 85;
+        American Committee of the Secours National, vii: 105;
+        Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;
+        aid for French victims of shell-shock and nervous derangements,
+          vii: 106;
+        War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56;
+        relief work of American alumni of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108;
+        relief for Serbia, vii: 109, 144-168;
+        relief for Rumania, vii: 109;
+        Commission for Relief in Belgium, organization and activities,
+          vii: 116-144;
+        Millard Shaler, early organizer of Belgian relief, vii: 119;
+        Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343-349;
+        for Jewish war sufferers, vii: 349-376;
+        Free Milk for France fund, vii: 376-379;
+        American Relief Administration for feeding newly liberated
+        peoples, xii: 141.
+      Belgian, Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98.
+      British, in Serbia, iii: 398;
+        Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, vii: 95;
+        British and Canadian Patriotic Fund, vii: 99;
+        British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99;
+        Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101;
+        Chelsea War Refugees Fund for Belgian refugees in England,
+          vii: 106;
+        London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107;
+        St. Dunstan's Home for blind, vii: 259.
+      Dutch, for Belgian refugees and interned soldiers, vii: 168-175.
+      French, vocational training for disabled, vii: 92-95;
+        Le Bien-être du Blessé, vii: 96;
+        Secours National, vii: 105;
+        Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;
+        relief for victims of shell-shock and nervous derangement,
+          vii: 106;
+        War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56.
+    _See also_ Knights of Columbus;
+        Red Cross;
+        Salvation Army;
+        Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+    War Risk Insurance, Bureau of, for U. S. fighting men, vii: 176.
+
+    War Savings Stamps, U. S., amount sold, xii: 18, 134.
+
+    War terms and soldier slang, definitions of, xi: 359-362.
+
+    War Trade Board, U. S., _see_ U. S., Trade.
+
+    War Zone, _see_
+      Germany, Blockade of;
+      Submarine warfare.
+
+    Warburg, Felix M., treasurer American Jewish Relief Committee,
+      vii: 354.
+
+    Ward, Pvt. Calvin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Warehouses, location of great A. E. F. supply depots in France,
+      v: 330;
+      construction of, by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.
+
+    Warfare, _see_ Strategy;
+      Tactics;
+      Trench warfare.
+
+    Warneford, Flight Sub-Lieut. R. A. J., brings down first Zeppelin,
+      ii: 269, x: 223.
+
+    _Warrior_, British cruiser sunk at Jutland, iv: 260.
+
+    Warsaw, German attacks on and capture of, Aug. 5, '15,
+      i: 381, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138.
+
+    _Warspite_, British warship at battle of Jutland, iv: 260.
+
+    Washington Inn, for American officers in London, vii: 288.
+
+    _Wasted_, poem, xi: 100.
+
+    Watches, for A. E. F., viii: 327.
+
+    Water supply, for A. E. F., construction of facilities for, v: 333;
+      modern methods for making safe for use of armies, viii: 394-396.
+
+    _We Are Fred Karno's Army_, British soldiers' song, xi: 338.
+
+    _Wearing of the Green_, Irish patriotic air, xi: 334.
+
+    Weather forecasting, importance of, in war, xi: 296-303.
+
+    Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, commander of _U-9_,
+      sinks British cruisers _Aboukir, Cressy_, and _Hogue_,
+      iv: 205, x: 274-280.
+
+    Wedell, Hans von, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.
+
+    Weimar, meeting place of German National Assembly, Feb., '19, vi: 291.
+
+    Wekerle, Dr., succeeds Count Tisza as Premier of Hungary, vi: 314;
+      suppresses Jugoslav congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
+
+    Welland Canal, German plot for destruction of, i: 318.
+
+    Wellborn, Col., director of U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
+
+    Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn,
+      succeeds Jellicoe as British First Sea Lord, Dec. 26, '17, i: 393.
+
+    West, Sgt. Chester H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    West Prussia, award to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.
+
+    Western Front,
+      establishment by Germans of trench lines from
+        North Sea to Swiss border following first Marne battle,
+        Sept., '14, ii: _Intro. vii_, 11, iii: 37,
+        viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;
+      relative importance compared with Eastern theatre of war,
+        ii: _Intro. x-xxiv_ (Gen. Maurice on), 11-14, 87-89,
+        171 (opinion of Field-Marshal French);
+      the _vital_ front, ii: _Intro. xxiii_;
+      Allied retreat to the Marne, Aug.--Sept., '18,
+        ii: 9, 166, 183, iii: 20-30;
+      German "strategic" retreat to Hindenburg Line, '17,
+        ii: 53, iii: 66-70;
+      reasons for German offensive of Mar.--July, '18, ii: 65-67;
+      German strength, Mar., '18, ii: 65, 75, iii: 383, v: 120;
+      Allied strength Mar., '18, ii: 66;
+      choice of sector by Germans for great offensive of Mar., '18,
+        ii: 67-69, 311, iii: 86;
+      great German offensive begun, Mar. 21, '18,
+        ii: 70, 150, 308-316 (Ludendorff's account),
+        iii: 86, 359, v: 23, 120, 130, 380, vi: 270;
+      break through Allied line and rout of British Fifth Army near
+        St. Quentin in great German drive, Mar., '18,
+        ii: 70-74, 150-152, 190-197, iii: 86-91,
+        381-390 (account by Philip Gibbs), v: 373;
+      German drive against Channel ports, Apr., '18,
+        ii: 75, 153, iii: 91, 359-363;
+      German casualties in offensive of Mar.--Apr., '18, ii, 75;
+      German drive to the Marne, May--July, '18,
+        ii: 76-79, 154, 320, iii: 92-96, v: 35, 41-53, 129, 130;
+      Allied counter-offensive and retreat of Germans out of
+        France and Belgium, July 18--Nov. 11, '18,
+        ii: 80-87, 154, 156-159, 209-216
+        (résume by Gen. Malleterre), 324-326 (Ludendorff's account),
+        331-340 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 96-104, v: 72, 192, 213;
+      battle line, July 18, '18, ii: 82;
+      German bases in France captured in Allied counter-offensive,
+      July--Nov., '18, ii: 86;
+      campaigns on, first phase, maneuvering for position, ii: 112;
+      second phase, war of attrition, ii: 112;
+      third phase, final stroke, ii: 113;
+      necessity for frontal attack on, ii: 116;
+      Foch's analysis of weakness of German position, July, '18, ii: 154;
+      Allied and German man-power, Oct., '18, ii: 159;
+      British man-power, Aug., '18, ii: 214;
+      British shell supply, Aug., '18, ii: 214;
+      military situation, Nov., '18, ii: 215;
+      general topography, iii: 2;
+      battle line, Jan., '15, iii: 41;
+      German prisoners and guns captured by Allies,
+        July--Nov., '18, iii: 104;
+      A. E. F. deciding factor in last campaigns on, v: 23-25;
+      first American sector established, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192-193, 384;
+      American front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 95;
+      five major German offensives on, v: 96;
+      effect of Russian withdrawal from War on, v: 113;
+      German lines of defense and communications, v: 214-216;
+      for details of engagements or sectors, _see_ name of battle,
+      campaign, or sector.
+
+    Wet, Gen. Christian de,
+      leader of Boer rebellion against British, '14, vi: 50.
+
+    Wettig, Carl, discloses German plot to blow up ships, x: 374.
+
+    Wexford, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
+
+    Wheat, production and imports by Germany, ii: 17;
+      government price-fixing in U. S., xii: 59;
+      U. S. exports to Allies, July, '17--July,'18, xii: 141;
+      statistics on production in U. S., '18--'19, xii: 143;
+    _see also_ Food.
+
+    _Where Do We Go From Here, Boys?_,
+      American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Whiddy Island, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
+
+    Whippets, British baby tanks, ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;
+    _see also_ Tanks.
+
+    Whitby, bombarded by German fleet, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
+
+    White Russia, Republic of, established, May, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Whittlesey, Major Charles W.,
+      commander of "Lost Battalion," isolation and rescue in
+      Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 2--7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243;
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    _Why Did We Join the Army?_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Wickersham, Geo. W.,
+      analysis of Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 170-178.
+
+    Wickersham, 2nd Lieut. J. Hunter,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    _Wien_, Austrian battleship torpedoed by
+      Italians in Trieste harbor, i: 393, x: 290.
+
+    Wieringen,
+      German Crown Prince's home at, after flight from Germany, vi: 278.
+
+    Wilhelm, Kaiser, _see_ William II.
+
+    Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, biography, ix: 401-405.
+
+    Wilhelmshaven, revolt of German navy at, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
+
+    Willard, Daniel, chairman of Advisory Commission,
+      U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    William I, becomes first German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871, i: 44.
+
+    William II, of Germany,
+      abdicates throne, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399, ii: 340, vi: 273;
+      conception of powers as Emperor, i: 73;
+      becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97, 185, ix: 358;
+      arrogance, i: 97;
+      visits Turkey, i: 98, 207;
+      famous speech at Tangier, Mar., '05, i: 99;
+      complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, July, '14,
+        i: 133-136, 252;
+      interview in London _Daily Telegraph_ declaring friendship for
+        England, Oct. 28, '18, i: 186;
+      advice to troops to be "terrible as Huns," i: 186;
+      reprimanded by Reichstag and Bundesrat for _Daily Telegraph_
+        interview, i: 189;
+      Lloyd George's opinion of, i: 189;
+      Kruger telegram supporting cause of Boers against Great Britain,
+        Jan. 3, 1898, i: 192;
+      statement about "sharpness of German sword," ii: 161;
+      Ludendorff's estimate of weakness, ii: 317;
+      Supreme War Lord, ii: 331;
+      author of phrase "Yellow peril," vi: 248;
+      retirement to Amerongen after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
+      biography and sketch of personality, ix: 355-367, xi: 139-141;
+      bibliography, ix: 367;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for trial for war guilt, xii: 217.
+
+    William of Wied, becomes ruler of Albania, i: 206.
+
+    _William P. Frye_,
+      American ship sunk by Germans, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319, 378.
+
+    Wilson, Adm. Henry B., biography, ix: 295-296.
+
+    Wilson, Gen.,
+      British representative on Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84.
+
+    Wilson, Major,
+      develops idea of tank as fighting machine, viii: 155.
+
+    Wilson, William B.,
+      U. S. Secretary of Labor, on anti-war spirit of laboring classes,
+        xii: 65.
+
+    Wilson, Woodrow,
+      assumes leadership of liberal Democrats, i: 295;
+      temperament contrasted with Roosevelt's, i: 299;
+      "Strict accountability" note to Germany on U-boat warfare, i: 317;
+      "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372, ix: 62;
+      opposition to McLemore Resolution, i: 327;
+      note to belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18,. '16, i: 336;
+      "Peace without victory" speech, Jan., '17, i: 337, ix: 64;
+      speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany,
+        Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
+      effects of diplomacy, ii: 390;
+      position in Fiume dispute, vi: 369;
+      biography and personal sketch, ix: 55-69, xi: 131-135;
+      "Fourteen Points," ix: 67, xii: 163-165;
+      bibliography, ix: 69;
+      stricken ill during tour for ratification of Peace Treaty,
+        Sept., '19, xii: 264;
+      opinion of Lodge reservations, xii: 267;
+      message vetoing Knox Resolution, xii: 278;
+      for relations with belligerents during neutrality,
+      _see_ Germany, Blockade of;
+        Submarine warfare;
+      for work at Peace Conference, _see_ Peace Conference.
+
+    Winchester self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.
+
+    Windhoek, captured by British, May 12, '15, i: 380, iii: 255.
+
+    Wire entanglements, _see_ Barbed wire.
+
+    Wireless, use by A. E. F. Signal Corps, v: 317, 318-319;
+      development under war needs, viii: 315;
+      apparatus for generation and transmission of radio waves,
+        viii: 315-318;
+      Goldschmidt alternator, viii: 316;
+      Alexanderson alternator, viii: 316-318;
+      use of vacuum tubes in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320;
+      types of aerials, viii: 320;
+      U. S. Navy wireless stations, location and method of operation,
+        viii: 320-322.
+
+    Wisloka River,
+      battle between Germans and Russians on banks of, May, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Woevre River,
+      Germans driven into plains of, by A. E. F. advance in
+      Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 94.
+
+    Wold, Pvt. Nels, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    _Wolf_, seaplane-carrier German raider, activities, iv: 198.
+
+    Women in War, French munition workers, ii: 376;
+      Pershing's tribute, v: 404;
+      as Y. M. C. A. workers in Europe, vii: 267-271;
+      Russian Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205-210;
+      British, in war industries, xii: 25;
+      American, in war industries, xii: 26, 84-85;
+      British, as farm laborers, xii: 40;
+      effects of entry into industries on social organization, xii: 83-84;
+    _see also_ Nurses;
+        Red Cross;
+        Salvation Army;
+        War relief;
+        Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+    Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard,
+      on lessons of the War, iii: _Intro. vii-x_;
+      in command of 89th Div., during training period, v: 146, 365.
+
+    Woodfill, 1st Lieut. Samuel,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    World empires, development toward, before War, i: 23;
+      rivalry of ambitions for, i: 25.
+
+    World federation, ideal of, i: 25;
+      religious diversity an obstacle to, i: 25.
+
+    World League of Red Cross Societies, organization and objects, vii: 3.
+
+    World War, results,
+      i: _Intro. ix-xiv_ (summary by Dr. Eliot),
+      vii: _Intro. ix_ (Dr. Manning on spiritual);
+      areas involved, i: 9;
+      effect on population, xii: 25;
+    _see also_ Causes of War;
+        Cost of War;
+        Germany, Responsibility for War.
+
+    Wounded, _see_
+      Ambulance;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment;
+      Hospitals;
+      Infection;
+      Medical Science;
+      Reconstruction of disabled;
+      Surgery;
+      U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+
+    Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., commander of 35th Div., v: 128, 361;
+      commander of 89th Div., v: 146, 365;
+      commander of Seventh Corps, v: 395;
+      biography, ix: 221-223.
+
+    Württemberg, Duke of, in command of German Northern Armies, iii: 61.
+
+    Wynne, Mrs. Hilda,
+      experiences as ambulance driver, vii: 105, x: 186-188.
+
+
+    X
+
+    Xivray, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    X-ray, use in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376.
+
+    Xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.
+
+
+    Y
+
+    "Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 331.
+
+    Yachts, converted, work in anti-submarine patrol, iv: 292.
+
+    Yakutsk Republic, established, May, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Yankee (26th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Yarmouth, bombarded by German raiders, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 244.
+
+    Yemen, Imamate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    York, Sgt. Alvin C., account of exploits as fighter, x: 13-18;
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Young, Lt.-Com. E. Hilton, account of Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 269-279.
+
+    Young, Lieut. I. E. R.,
+      account of air battle against German raiders over London, x: 215.
+
+    Young Men's Christian Association:
+      American, organization for war work and program of activities,
+        vii: 261-266;
+        recognition by War Department as welfare agency, vii: 262;
+        personnel, number and character, vii: 266;
+        casualties in overseas service, vii: 267;
+        women's work with, overseas, vii: 267-271;
+        Work in A. E. F. leave areas, vii: 269;
+        at the front with combat troops, vii: 271-277;
+        award of Distinguished Service Crosses to workers, vii: 272;
+        with the "Lost Battalion," vii: 273;
+        huts used as targets by Germans, vii: 274;
+        awards of _Croix de Guerre_ to workers, vii: 275, 313;
+        hotels for service men, vii: 277;
+        entertainment for service men, vii: 277-279;
+        educational work for A. E. F., vii: 280-283, 290;
+        religious activities among troops, vii: 283-285;
+        activities for A. E. F. in United Kingdom, vii: 286-290;
+        Eagle Hut in London, vii: 288, 300;
+          in Italy, vii: 290;
+        with Army of Occupation, vii: 291-293;
+        with A. E. F. in Russia and Siberia, vii: 293-298;
+        Navy service, vii: 298-302;
+        Navy Hut at Brest, vii: 302;
+        work among prisoners of war, Allied and Teuton, vii: 302-310;
+        care of American war prisoners in Germany, vii: 309;
+        _Foyers du Soldats_ for French soldiers, vii: 310-313;
+        _Foyers du Marin_ for French sailors, vii: 313;
+        athletics for A. E. F., vii: 313-317;
+        work for Russian army and civilians, vii: 318-319.
+      British, in Egypt, vii: 321, 322;
+        at Gallipoli, vii: 321;
+        in Sudan, vii: 322;
+        in Palestine and Jerusalem, vii: 322-323;
+        in Mesopotamia, vii: 324.
+      Indian, welfare work in India, vii: 327.
+      International, in Egypt, vii: 322;
+        in Mesopotamia, vii: 324-327.
+
+    Young Turks, force constitutional government in Turkey, '08, i: 109.
+
+    Ypres, battles of:
+      Oct.--Nov., '14, ii: 144, 170-171 (Field-Marshal French's account),
+      iii: 41.
+      Apr., '15, first use of gas in warfare by Germans,
+        ii: 222, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316.
+      July--Oct., '17, ii: 128 (Haig's account of use of artillery in),
+        iii: 78-79.
+      Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 360-363 (description by Philip Gibbs).
+
+    Yser, battles of, Oct., '14, ii: 220, iii: 40;
+      July, '17, iii: 77-78.
+
+    Yudenitch, Gen., Russian commander,
+     campaign against and capture of Erzerum, iii: 262-263.
+
+
+    Z
+
+    Zabern incident, i: 72.
+
+    Zeebrugge Raid, British exploit in blocking German submarine
+      base on Belgian coast, Apr., '18, iv: 261-279;
+      ships participating, iv: 262;
+      official Admiralty report, iv: 262-265;
+      Capt. Carpenter's account, iv: 266-268;
+      British casualties, iv: 268;
+      account of Lieut.-Com. Young of _Vindictive_, iv: 269-279.
+
+    Zemstvos, Russian, congress of, prohibited by Protopopov, vi: 143;
+      succeeded by local "soviets," vi: 164;
+      war-time activities, xii: 82.
+
+    _Zemtchug_, Russian cruiser sunk by German raider _Emden_,
+      Oct. 28, '14, iv: 179.
+
+    Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von,
+      inventor of Zeppelin dirigible airships, biography, ix: 250-252.
+
+    Zeppelins, description of structural features,
+      with discussion of utility during war and peace,
+        ii: 262-269, viii: 241-254;
+      raids on England, ii: 266, iii: 41,
+        viii: 246, _see also_ Air raids;
+      exploit of Sub-Lieut. Warneford in bringing down first
+        Zeppelin of War, ii: 269, x: 223-225;
+      development in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241;
+      compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;
+      flight of _L-59_ to Egypt, viii: 243.
+
+    Zigzagging, as defense against U-boat attack, iv: 310.
+
+    Zimmermann, Dr. Alfred F. M., German Foreign Secretary,
+      attempt to force from Ambassador Gerard
+      guarantees for German-owned property in U. S., i: 345;
+      text of note attempting to involve Mexico and Japan
+        in war against U. S., i: 347.
+
+    Zouaves, description, xi: 189.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+I.--PORTRAITS
+
+
+    A.
+
+    Adams, Sgt, Harry J., x: 42.
+
+    Ador, Gustave, President of Switzerland,
+      with President Poincaré of France, xii: 154.
+
+    Ahmed, Sultan, Shah of Persia, i: 104.
+
+    Albert, King of the Belgians, at the front, ii: 5;
+      with Queen Elizabeth, ii: 157, vii: 140;
+      inspecting British tank, ii: 278;
+      equestrian statue, iii: 379;
+      portrait studies, vii: 121, ix: 386;
+      symbolic painting of, ix;
+    _facing p._ 386 (in color);
+      entry into Bruges, ix: 390;
+      inspecting U. S. sailors, xi: 129.
+
+    Albert, Prince, of England, xi: 150, 151 (as aviator).
+
+    Alexander, King of Greece, iii: 206.
+
+    Alexander I, Czar of Russia, i: 35.
+
+    Alexander, Prince Regent of Serbia, vi: 357, vii: 147.
+
+    Alexander, Maj.-Gen. Robert, v: 221.
+
+    Alexandra, former Czarina of Russia, ix: 377;
+      with royal family, xi: 146.
+
+    Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England, ix: 394.
+
+    Alexandrina Irene, Princess, daughter of German Crown Prince, xi: 149.
+
+    Alexis, Czarevitch, of Russia,
+      ii: 227, xi: 145, 146, 148 (last photograph).
+
+    Alfonso, King of Spain, with son, vi: 371.
+
+    Allen, B. S., vii: 115.
+
+    Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., v: 201.
+
+    Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,
+      ii: 89, 177, iii: 323 (entering Jerusalem), ix: 197.
+
+    Allied Food Council, members of, ix: 322.
+
+    Ames, Winthrop, vii: 340.
+
+    Anastasia, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., v: 93.
+
+    Aonzo, Lieut., iv: 365.
+
+    Aosta, Duke of, iii: 240.
+
+    Armenian Patriarch, of Jerusalem, vi.: 332.
+
+    Arnim, Count von, ii: 222.
+
+    Arnim, Gen. Sixt von, iii: 88.
+
+    Arthur, Julia, vii: 344.
+
+    Asquith, Herbert H., ix: 31.
+
+    Astor, Mrs. Vincent, as Y. M. C. A. canteen worker, vii: 270.
+
+    Atkinson, Sgt. Ralph M., x: 61.
+
+    Averescu, Gen., iii: 216.
+
+
+    B
+
+    Bailey, Maj.-Gen. C. J., v: 275.
+
+    Bain, H. F., vii: 115.
+
+    Baker, Newton D.,
+      v: 39 (with Gen. Pershing), 375, ix: 324,
+      xii: 117 (with members of Council of National Defense),
+      xii: 289 (drawing first draft number).
+
+    Baldwin, Dr. E. R., vii: 69.
+
+    Balfour, Arthur James, ix: 41;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Barker, Col. William, vii: 391.
+
+    Barton, Clara, vii: 12.
+
+    Baruch, Bernard M.,
+      xii: 117 (with members of U.S. Council of National Defense), 119.
+
+    Bates, Blanche, vii: 344.
+
+    Bauer, Gustav, vi: 304.
+
+    Beatty, Adm. Sir David,
+      iv: 11 (coming on board U. S. battleship _New York_),
+      102, 149 (with King George), ix: 284.
+
+    Belgian royal children, xi: 130.
+
+    Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., v: 219.
+
+    Belrose, L., vii: 115.
+
+    Benedict XV, Pope, i: 164.
+
+    Benson, Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_;
+      with Secretary Daniels and Sir Eric Geddes, iv: 357.
+
+    Benson, 1st Lieut. Philip, x: 210.
+
+    Berchtold, Count, i: 137, ix: 143.
+
+    Bergmann, Gen., ix: 267.
+
+    Bernhardi, Gen, Frederick von, i: 169.
+
+    Bernstorff, Count Johann von, ix: 134, x: 327.
+
+    Bertle, Sir Francis L., ii: 131.
+
+    Bethel, Brig.-Gen. Walter A., v: 38.
+
+    Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals),
+      iii: 2, vi: 265, ix: 123.
+
+    Bigelow, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.
+
+    Biggs, Dr. H. M., vii: 69.
+
+    Binkley, Sgt. David U., x: 97.
+
+    Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, iii: 375.
+
+    Bishop, Col. William A., x: 216, 219.
+
+    Bismarck, Prince Otto von, i: 43;
+      with Napoleon III, i: 44;
+      at Congress of Berlin, i: 49;
+      at proclamation of German Empire, i: 55;
+      dictating surrender of French in Franco-Prussian War, i: 163;
+      dictating terms of peace to French after Franco-Prussian War,
+        i: 212.
+
+    Bissing, Gen. von, ii: 99.
+
+    Bliss, Gen, Tasker H., v: 110;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Bohlen, Krupp von, i: 135.
+
+    Bonstelle, Jessie, vii: 344.
+
+    Booth, Miss Evangeline, vii: 392.
+
+    Boothby, George, vii: 335.
+
+    Borden, Sir Robert, vi: 25.
+
+    Botchkareva, Marie, x: 184.
+
+    Botha, Gen. Louis, vi: 49, ix: 192.
+
+    Brent, Bishop, xi: 250.
+
+    Breshkovsky, Catherine, vi: 150, ix: 348.
+
+    Briand, Aristide,
+      i: 398 (presiding at first Allied Conference, Mar., '16), ii: 386.
+
+    Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count, ix: 137, xii: 169.
+
+    Brown, Brig.-Gen. Preston, v: 86.
+
+    Brunswick, Duke and Duchess of, i: 168.
+
+    Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei, iii: 143, ix: 233.
+
+    Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,
+      v: _facing p._ 396 (in color), ix: 220, x: 17 (with staff).
+
+    Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, ix: 129.
+
+    Bunch, Maj. Henry E., x: 83.
+
+    Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, v: 249, ix: 226.
+
+    Bunsen, Sir Maurice de, i: 126.
+
+    Burdick, "Mother," vii: 385.
+
+    Burr, Sgt. George E., x: _facing p._ 102 (in color).
+
+    Butterfield, Sgt. William M., x: 343.
+
+    Byng, Sir Julian, iii: 338.
+
+
+    C
+
+    Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, iii: 229, 231, 233, ix: 228.
+
+    Caillaux, M., vi: 104.
+
+    Cambon, Jules, i: 128.
+
+    Cambon, Paul, ii: 384.
+
+    Cameron, Pvt. Charles, x: 144.
+
+    Campbell, Capt. Douglass, x: _facing p._ 152 (in color).
+
+    Canterbury, Archbishop of, vii: 299.
+
+    Carden, Vice-Adm., iii: 174.
+
+    Carney, Pvt. Fred, x: 53.
+
+    Carpenter, Capt., iv: 266, 267.
+
+    Carpentier, Georges, as airman, x: 207.
+
+    Carranza, Gen. Venustiano, i: 320.
+
+    Carrel, Dr. Alexis, ix: 311, xi: 289.
+
+    Carson, Sir Edward, vi: 66, ix: 51.
+
+    Carty, Col., x: 48.
+
+    Casement, Sir Roger, vi: 56, 57 (on trial for treason), ix: 54.
+
+    Castelnau, Gen. de, with Gen. d'Esperey, ii: 141.
+
+    Castlereagh, Lord, i: 29.
+
+    Cavour, Count Camillo, i: 43.
+
+    Cecil, Lord Robert, xii: 207.
+
+    Chamberlain, Austen, ii: 90.
+
+    Chapman, Victor, x: 170.
+
+    Charles I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+      ii: 65, iii: 140 (in Warsaw), ix: 373.
+
+    Charles Theodore, Prince, son of King Albert of Belgium, xi: 130.
+
+    Churchill, Winston Spencer, vi: 10, ix: 45 (with wife).
+
+    Churchill, Mrs. Winston Spencer, ix: 45.
+
+    Clarkson, Grosvenor B.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Clausewitz, Carl von, i: 166.
+
+    Clayburgh, Mme., vii: 344.
+
+    Clemenceau, Georges, near the front, iii: 35;
+      decorating a priest, iii: 85;
+      portrait study, ix: 3;
+      leaving Peace Conference, ix: 6;
+      in his study, ix: 11;
+      in uniform of a poilu, ix: 12;
+      visiting a liberated French village, xi: 126;
+      at Somme battle front, xi: 127;
+      presiding at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Clementel, French Minister of Commerce, xii: 106.
+
+    Clifford, Rev. J. H., x: 33.
+
+    Coffin, Howard E.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Colmar, Mayor of, i: 328.
+
+    Commission for Relief in Belgium, members of, vii: 115.
+
+    Connaught, Duke of, with King George, i: 124;
+      inspecting troops, vi: 33;
+      with Archbishop of Canterbury at a Y. M. C. A. hut, vii: 299.
+
+    Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, v: 104.
+
+    Constantine, former King of Greece, iii: 203, ix: 381 (with family).
+
+    Council of National Defense,
+      U. S., with Advisory Commission, members of, xii: 117.
+
+    Cozens, W. J., vii: 115.
+
+    Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, iv: 63.
+
+    Craig, Capt., vi: 66.
+
+    Craig, Brig.-Gen. Malin, v: 80.
+
+    Crile, Dr. George W., vii: 68.
+
+    Cronkhite, Maj.-Gen. Adelbert, v: _facing p._ 146 (in color).
+
+    Currie, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Arthur, iii: 346 (with Pershing), 377, vi: 28.
+
+    Czar of Russia, _see_ Nicholas II.
+
+
+    D
+
+
+    D'Amade, Gen., ii: 163.
+
+    Daniels, Josephus, with Franklin Roosevelt, i: 359;
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_;
+      with Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Benson, iv: 357;
+      portrait study, x: 327;
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Danilo Alexander, Prince, of Montenegro, iii: 153.
+
+    D'Annunzio, Gabriele, vi: 121.
+
+    Dasch, Pvt. Carl W., x: 50.
+
+    Davis, Brig.-Gen. Robt. C., v: 291.
+
+    Davison, Henry P., vii: 3, 17.
+
+    Dawson, Sgt. Clarence W., x: 310.
+
+    De La Ray, Gen., vi: 49.
+
+    Derby, Dr. Richard, x: 242.
+
+    Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, vi: 297.
+
+    D'Esperey, Gen., with Gen. Castelnau, ii: 141.
+
+    Devereaux, Pvt. Harold J., x: 134.
+
+    De Wet, Gen. Christian, vi: 49.
+
+    Diaz, Gen., ii: 367.
+
+    Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., v: 52.
+
+    Disraeli, Benjamin, i: 50.
+
+    Djavid Bey, ii: 28.
+
+    Djevad Bey, Col., iii: 356.
+
+    Dmitrieff, Gen. Radko, iii: 136.
+
+    Dougherty, Color Sgt. Hardy C, x: 110.
+
+    Doumergue, French Minister of Colonies, vi: 104, xii: 106.
+
+    Drummond, Sir Eric, xii: 202.
+
+    Dubail, Gen. and Madame, xi: 47.
+
+    Duffy, Father, vii: 335.
+
+    Dugan, Maj.-Gen. Thomas B., v: 226.
+
+    Dumba, Dr. Constantin, x: 328.
+
+    Dunant, Henri, vii: 10.
+
+    Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., v: 10.
+
+
+    E
+
+    Earle, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Ebert, Friedrich,
+      vi: 293 (delivering speech of acceptance to election as
+      German President), ix: 136.
+
+    Edward VII, of England,
+      with Kaiser, i: 188;
+      with son (present King George V) and
+      grandson (present Prince of Wales), ii: 3.
+
+    Edwards, Maj.-Gen. Clarence R.,
+      v: 66 (with Gen. Liggett), 253.
+
+    Eggeman, Judge, vii: 335.
+
+    Eggers, Sgt., x: 105.
+
+    Einem, Gen. von,
+      with Kaiser and other leading German generals, i: 130.
+
+    Eisner, Kurt, vi: 289.
+
+    Eitel, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168.
+
+    Eitel Friedrich, Princess, of Prussia, i: 168.
+
+    Elena, Queen of Italy, xi: 142.
+
+    Elizabeth, Queen of Belgium,
+      ii: 157, vii: 140, ix: 389, xi: 130 (with her children).
+
+    Ellis, Pvt. M. B., x: 119.
+
+    Eltinge, Brig.-Gen. Leroy, x: 283.
+
+    Ely, Maj.-Gen. Hanson E., v: 123.
+
+    Enver Pasha, iii: 262, ix: 271.
+
+    Erzberger, Mathias, meeting with Foch to arrange armistice, v: 392.
+
+    Eugene, Archduke, of Austria, with staff, i: 139.
+
+
+    F
+
+    Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich von,
+      i: 130 (with other leading German generals), iii: 223, ix: 262.
+
+    Fallow, Capt. Thomas H., x: 161.
+
+    Feng Kuo-Chang, Gen., i: 58.
+
+    Ferdinand, former Czar of Bulgaria, iii: 156, 211, ix: 379.
+
+    Ferdinand, King of Rumania,
+      iii: 219 (decorating troops), 221, ix: 400.
+
+    Ferguson, Sgt. Dugald E., x: 77.
+
+    Ferguson, Elsie, vii: 341.
+
+    Fernandez, Bijou, vii: 344.
+
+    Fisher, Adm. Lord John, ix: 289.
+
+    Fiske, Brig.-Gen. Harold B., v: 103.
+
+    Fitzgerald, John, vii: 335.
+
+    Flagler, Maj.-Gen. Clement A. F., v: 209.
+
+    Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
+      ii: 86 (inspecting Rhine fortifications with Gen. Mangin),
+      139, 142 (reviewing guards at St. Germain-en-Laye),
+      v: 392 (meeting German armistice delegates),
+      ix: 148, 151 (an early portrait), xi: 47, 136.
+
+    Forstner, Lieut. von, i: 73.
+
+    Foulois, Brig.-Gen Benjamin D., v: 310.
+
+    Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, of Austria,
+      i: 3 (with family), 111, 113 (shortly before assassination),
+      vi: 360 (with Kaiser).
+
+    Francis Joseph I, late Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ix: 371.
+
+    Frederick, Archduke, of Austria, ii: 24.
+
+    Frederick, King of Denmark, vi: 393.
+
+    Frederick the Great, i: 22.
+
+    Frederick III, German Emperor, i: 183.
+
+    Frederick William, former Crown Prince of Prussia and of Germany,
+      with Crown Princess, i: 117;
+      with leading German generals, i: 130;
+      with members of royal family, i: 168;
+      bestowing decorations, ii: 38;
+      portrait studies, ii: 311, 339, ix: 368 (with one of his children);
+      on Verdun front, iii: 48, 307;
+      with staff, iii: 304;
+      with father and son, vi: 263.
+
+    Frederick William III, King of Prussia, i: 34.
+
+    French, Field-Marshal Viscount John, iii: 24, ix: 178, xi: 360.
+
+    French cabinet, members of, '13, vi: 304.
+
+    Freytag-Loringhoven, Baron von, ii: 255.
+
+    Fritz, Pvt. Albert, x: 80.
+
+
+    G
+
+    Galliéni, Gen. Joseph Simon, ix: 162.
+
+    Galopin, Gen., xi: 47.
+
+    Garfield, Harry A., xii: 49.
+
+    Garibaldi, Capt., x: 64.
+
+    Garibaldi, Gen., x: 64.
+
+    Gasette, Miss Grace, vii: 190.
+
+    Gaultney, Corp. Walter E., x: _facing p._ 200 (in color).
+
+    Gay, G. I., vii: 115.
+
+    Geddes, Sir Eric,
+      iv: 357 (with Josephus Daniels and Adm. Benson), ix: 314.
+
+    George, Prince, of England, xi: 151.
+
+    George V, King of England,
+      with Duke of Connaught, i: 124;
+      with father (Edward VII) and Prince of Wales, ii: 3;
+      aboard U. S. battleship _New York_, iv: 11, 85;
+      with Adm. Beatty, iv: 149;
+      inspecting gun on a U. S. battleship, iv: 346;
+      decorating a U. S. soldier, v: 383;
+      bust presented to American Y. M. C. A. in London, vii: 286;
+      with Lloyd George, ix: 29;
+      portrait study, ix: 393;
+      at baseball game between U. S. service teams in London, xi: 153;
+      on tour of inspection, xi: 314.
+
+    Gerard, James W., i: 303 (with embassy staff in Berlin), 322.
+
+    German Crown Princess, with Crown Prince, i: 117;
+      with members of royal family, i: 168;
+      with daughter and German Empress, xi: 149.
+
+    Gibbons, Cardinal James, vii: _Intro. vi._
+
+    Gibson, Harvey D., vii: 103.
+
+    Gibson, Hugh, vi: 88, vii: 115.
+
+    Gifford, Walter S.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Giovanna, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.
+
+    Gleaves, Vice-Adm. Albert, iv: 159.
+
+    Glossop, Capt. John C. T., iv: 186.
+
+    Godfrey, Dr. Hollis,
+     with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, ix: 269.
+
+    Gompers, Samuel P., xii: 87.
+
+    Gordon, Maj.-Gen. Walter H., v: 223.
+
+    Gorgas, Surgeon-General William C., vii: 192.
+
+    Gori, Lieut., with Commander Rizzo and Lieut. Aonzo, iv: 365.
+
+    Gortchakoff, Prince, i: 181.
+
+    Goschen, Sir Edward, i: 125.
+
+    Gough, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Hubert de la Poer, iii: 376.
+
+    Gouraud, Gen. Henri, ii: 122, 210, iii: 229, v: 44.
+
+    Gourko, Gen. Basil, ii: 226.
+
+    Graham, Sgt. Clyde, x: 166.
+
+    Grayson, Rear-Adm., xii: _Intro. xvii._
+
+    Greek delegates to Paris Peace Conference, ix: 80.
+
+    Greek royal family, ix: 381.
+
+    Grey, Sir Edward, ix: 36.
+
+    Griffin, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Grismer, Mrs. Joseph, vii: 344.
+
+    Grouitch, Madame Slavko, vii: 145.
+
+    Guendele, Gen. von,
+     with German armistice delegates, meeting Foch, v: 392.
+
+    Gustav, King of Sweden, vi: 395.
+
+    Guynemer, Capt. Georges, x: 203.
+
+
+    H
+
+    Haakon VII, King of Norway, i: 133.
+
+    Haan, Maj.-Gen. William G., v: 24.
+
+    Haeseler, Gen. von, with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.
+
+    Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, ii: 113, 114, iii: 374, ix: 182.
+
+    Haldane, Lord, i: 108.
+
+    Hall, Capt. James Norman, x: 201.
+
+    Hamill, Dr. Samuel M., vii: 69.
+
+    Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, ii: 30, iii: 162.
+
+    Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G., v: _facing p._ 36 (in color).
+
+    Harden, Maximilian, vi: 303.
+
+    Hartman, Sgt. William A., x: 167.
+
+    Hartz, Gen. William W., v: 255.
+
+    Hay, Maj.-Gen. William H., v: 279.
+
+    Helfferich, Dr. Karl, iii: 2, ix: 354.
+
+    Helmick, Maj.-Gen. Eli, v: 268.
+
+    Heming, Violet, vii: 344.
+
+    Henderson, Arthur, ix: 48.
+
+    Herren, Sgt. William, x: 323.
+
+    Hertling, Count von,
+      i: 273, vi: 259 (addressing Prussian Chamber of Deputies).
+
+    Hill, R. F., vii: 115.
+
+    Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and other leading German generals),
+      ii: 207, 299 (with Ludendorff), 325 (with Ludendorff), 361,
+      iii: 113, vi: 291, ix: 243, 248 (wooden statue of),
+      364 (with Kaiser and Ludendorff).
+
+    Hinds, Maj.-Gen. Ernest, v: 320.
+
+    Hines, Maj.-Gen. John L., v: 182.
+
+    Hines, Walker D., xii: 90.
+
+    Hinkle, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.
+
+    Hohenberg, Duchess of,
+      i: 3 (with husband, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
+      of Austria, and family), 111, 113
+      (with husband, shortly before assassination).
+
+    Holt, Dr. L. Emmett, vii: 69.
+
+    Honnold, W. L., vii: 115.
+
+    Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace, iv: 120.
+
+    Hoover, Sgt. Charles S., x: 126.
+
+    Hoover, Herbert C., vii: 115, 122, ix: 317.
+
+    Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max K., iv: 207.
+
+    House, Col. Edward M.,
+      ix: 71 (with Mrs. House), 74, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference).
+
+    Houston, David F.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Howe, Capt. Maurice W., x: 312.
+
+    Howze, Maj.-Gen. Robert L., v: 185.
+
+    Hsaün Tung, ex-Emperor of China, i: 17.
+
+    Hughes, Sir Sam, vi: 35.
+
+    Hughes, William Morris, vi: 39.
+
+    Hurley, Edward N., with Charles M. Schwab, ix: 336.
+
+
+    I
+
+    Ingenohl, Vice-Adm., iv: 68.
+
+    Ireland, Maj.-Gen. Merritt A., vii: 194.
+
+    Ishii, Viscount, ix: 89.
+
+    Italian royal children, xi: 142.
+
+    Italian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 118.
+
+    Ivanoff, Gen., iii: 127.
+
+
+    J
+
+    Jagow, Gottliev von, iii: 2, ix: 127.
+
+    Janeway, Dr. Theodore C., vii: 250.
+
+    Janis, Elsie, vii: 294.
+
+    Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John, v: 100, ix: 276.
+
+    Joan of Arc, i: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Joffre, Marshal Joseph Jacques César, with Gen. Nivelle, ii: 12;
+      in trenches with Kitchener, ii: 164;
+      examining German prisoners, ii: 173;
+      at Verdun, iii: 50;
+      with Gen. Pershing, v: 57;
+      painting in color, ix: _facing p._ 154;
+      decorating French officer, ix: 158;
+      at West Point, ix: 160;
+      at Lafayette statue in Brooklyn, xi: 7;
+      portrait studies, xi: 11, 268;
+      with other leading French generals and Pershing, xi: 47.
+
+    Jones, R. H., vii: 115.
+
+    Jutta, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.
+
+
+    K
+
+    Kaiser, _see_ William II.
+
+    Karolyi, Count, ix: 146.
+
+    Kei Hara, vi: 387.
+
+    Kenney, Maj., with Maj. Whittlesey, v: 238.
+
+    Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch, vi: 145, ix: 105.
+
+    Key, Francis Scott, xi: 325.
+
+    Kitchener, Field-Marshal Earl Horatio Herbert,
+      ii: 164 (in trenches with Joffre), 165, 203, ix: 169, 171.
+
+    Klotz, Louis, at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and group of German generals), 377,
+      ii: 9, ix: 267 (with staff).
+
+    Koenig, Capt. Paul, iv: 214.
+
+    Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich, ix: 240.
+
+    Korniloff, Gen., ii: 235, vi: 168.
+
+    Korth, Sgt. Herman, x: _facing p._ 254 (in color).
+
+    Krauss, Gen. F. M. C., with Archduke Eugene of Austria, i: 139.
+
+    Kreger, Brig.-Gen. Edward A., v: 230.
+
+    Krobatin, Austrian Minister of War, with Archduke Eugene, i: 139.
+
+    Kropotkin, Prince Peter, vi: 136.
+
+    Kruger, Oom Paul, i: 192.
+
+    Krupp, Alfred, i: 160.
+
+    Krupp, Bertha, ix: 353.
+
+    Krupp von Bohlen, i: 135.
+
+    Kuhl, Gen. von, ix: 267.
+
+    Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., v: 224.
+
+    Kuropatkin, Gen., iii: 269.
+
+
+    L
+
+    Lafayette, Marquis de, xi: 6.
+
+    Lafayette Escadrille, members, x: 197, 200.
+
+    Lane, Franklin K.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. W. C., v: 343.
+
+    Langham, Pvt. George W., x: 99.
+
+    Lansing, Robert, at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Lassiter, Maj.-Gen. William, v: 145.
+
+    Latham, Sgt., x: 105.
+
+    Lathrop, Mrs. Benjamin G., vii: 94.
+
+    Laurier, Sir Wilfred, vi: 26.
+
+    Law, Andrew Bonar, conferring with French cabinet members, xii: 106;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Le Jeune, Maj.-Gen. John A., v: 256.
+
+    Leman, Gen., i: 144.
+
+    Lenihan, Brig.-Gen. Michael J., vii: 335.
+
+    Lenin, Nicolai, ix: 111.
+
+    Leonard, Benny, viii: 108.
+
+    Leopold, Crown Prince of Belgium, xi: 130, 145.
+
+    Leopold, Prince, of Bavaria,
+      i: 130 (with group of German generals), iii: 140 (in Warsaw).
+
+    Lepley, Sgt. James B., x: 251.
+
+    Lewis, Sgt. Stacy A., x: 302.
+
+    Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, i: 196, ix: 132.
+
+    Liebknecht, Karl, ix: 139.
+
+    Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,
+      v: _facing p._ 108 (in color), 66 (with Maj.-Gen. Edwards),
+      ix: 219.
+
+    Lincoln, Tribitsch, x: 345.
+
+    Lipton, Sir Thomas,
+      with Duchess of Westminster and her Red Cross nurses on board the
+      yacht _Erin_, vii: 136.
+
+    Li Yuan-Hung, Gen., i: 57.
+
+    Lloyd George, David, addressing a crowd, vi: 5;
+      return to London from Peace Conference, vi: 21;
+      portrait studies, ix: 22, xii: 151;
+      with King George, ix: 29;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Lloyd George, Mrs. David, ix: 24.
+
+    Lloyd George, Miss, xi: 121.
+
+    Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, xii: 239.
+
+    Lohvitsky, Gen., vi: 144.
+
+    Londonderry, Lord, vi: 66.
+
+    Lovett, Judge Robert S., vii: 90.
+
+    Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von,
+      with Kaiser and group of German generals, i: 130;
+      with Hindenburg, ii: 299, 325;
+      portrait study, ix: 251;
+      with wife, ix: 253;
+      with Kaiser and Hindenburg, ix: 364.
+
+    Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, x: 192, 197, xi: 228, 229.
+
+    Luke, Lieut. Frank, x: 212.
+
+    Luxemburg, Rosa, vi: 281.
+
+    Lvoff (Lvov), Prince George E., vi: 159, ix: 101.
+
+
+    M
+
+    MacArthur, Maj.-Gen. Douglas, v: _Intro. viii_, ix: 213.
+
+    MacDonald, Ramsay, vi: 3.
+
+    Mackensen, Field-Marshal August Anton Ludwig von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and group of leading German generals),
+      iii: 137, 222, ix: 258.
+
+    Mafalda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.
+
+    Maja Vajiravudth, King of Siam, vi: 80.
+
+    Malvy, M., vi: 104.
+
+    Mangin, Gen., inspecting Rhine fortifications with Foch, ii: 86.
+
+    Manning, Corp. Sidney E., x: 122.
+
+    Manning, Rev. Dr. William T., vii: _Intro. viii._
+
+    Mapes, L. D., vii: 115.
+
+    March, Gen. Peyton C., ix: 211.
+
+    Maria, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.
+
+    Marie, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    Marie, Queen of Rumania, vii: 111, ix: 402.
+
+    Marie Adelaide, Grand-Duchess of Luxemburg, i: 78, ix: 383.
+
+    Marie José, Princess, of Belgium, xi: 130, 144.
+
+    Marlborough, Duchess of, vii: 131.
+
+    Marshall, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William R., iii: 333.
+
+    Martin, Dr. Franklin,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Mary, Princess, of England, xi: 150.
+
+    Mary, Queen of England, ix: 394.
+
+    Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley, iii: 184, ix: 195.
+
+    Maudhuy, Gen. de, ii: 144.
+
+    Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick B., ii: _Intro. ix._
+
+    Max, Burgomaster, of Brussels, iii: 272.
+
+    Max, Prince, of Baden, vi: 302.
+
+    Mayhew, 2nd Lieut. Carl C., x: 136.
+
+    Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, iv: _Intro. ix_, ix: 297.
+
+    McAdoo, Eleanor, xi: 133.
+
+    McAdoo, William G., ix: 330, xii: _Intro. xi._
+
+    McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. Ulysses G., v: 389, ix: 217.
+
+    McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W., v: 101, ix: 215.
+
+    McGlachlin, Maj.-Gen. Edward F., v: 228.
+
+    McGowan, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    McIntrye, Miss Gladys and Irene,
+      being decorated for distinguished service at the front, vii: 395;
+      collecting funds for Salvation Army, vii: 398.
+
+    McKaig, Corp. F. H., x: 300.
+
+    McKeogh, Lieut. Arthur, x: 140.
+
+    McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H., v: 251.
+
+    Meissner, Maj. James A., x: 231.
+
+    Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., v: 190.
+
+    Mercier, Cardinal Désiré,
+      i: 235, ix: _facing p._ 340 (in color), 342.
+
+    Metternich, Count von, i: 34.
+
+    Michaelis, Georg, ii: 302.
+
+    Millerand, Alexandre, i: 333, ii: 388.
+
+    Milyukov, Paul, v: 158.
+
+    Minkiewicz, Secretary of Provisions for Poland, vii: 355.
+
+    Mishich, Gen. Voivode, with staff, ii: 35.
+
+    Mitchel, Col., vii: 335.
+
+    Moffat, John, vii: 86.
+
+    Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey, iii: 357.
+
+    Moltke, Field-Marshal von, i: 48, 55.
+
+    Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), ix: 265.
+
+    Montenegro, royal family, iii: 153.
+
+    Moore, Mast.-Sig.-Elect. E. J., x: _facing p._ 304 (in color).
+
+    Morgan, Miss Anne, vii: 93.
+
+    Morgan, John Pierpont, xii: _Intro. xiv._
+
+    Mosley, Brig.-Gen. George V. H., v: 341.
+
+    Mueller, Commander Karl von, iv: 168, 173.
+
+    Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., v: 205.
+
+    Münsterberg, Prof. Hugo, vi: 268.
+
+
+    N
+
+    Napoleon I, Emperor of France,
+      i: 7 (retreating after Waterloo), ii: 88.
+
+    Napoleon III, Emperor of France, i: 36, 44.
+
+    Nash, J. A., vii: 115.
+
+    Nellmond, Earl Edler von,
+      with Archduke Eugene of Austria and staff, i: 139.
+
+    Netherlands, royal family, vii: 172.
+
+    Neville, Gen., decorating colors of 6th Marine Regt., x: 199.
+
+    Nicholas, Grand-Duke, Nicolaevitch,
+      of Russia, with Czar, iii: 112, vi: 154;
+      portrait studies, iii: 115, ix: 230.
+
+    Nicholas, former King of Montenegro, i: 114, iii: 153 (with family).
+
+    Nicholas II, former Czar of Russia,
+      with Grand-Duke Nicholas, iii: 112, vi: 154;
+      inspecting Red Cross workers, vii: 359;
+      portrait study, ix: 375;
+      with royal family, xi: 146, 148 (last photograph).
+
+    Nightingale, Florence, vii: 11.
+
+    Nivelle, Gen., with Marshal Joffre, ii: 12.
+
+    Nolan, Brig.-Gen. Dennis E., v: 105.
+
+    Northcliffe, Lord, vi: 12.
+
+    Nourey Bey, Capt., iii: 356.
+
+    Nugent, Sgt. John F., x: 23.
+
+
+    O
+
+    Oberndorff, Count von,
+      German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.
+
+    O'Brien, Corp. John J., x: _facing p._ 354 (in color).
+
+    O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, x: 256.
+
+    Okuma, Count, i: 19, vi: 385, ix: 88 (with wife).
+
+    Olga, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    O'Neil, Peggy, vii: 342.
+
+    Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, ix: 86.
+
+    O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., v: 282.
+
+    Oscar, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168, vi: 221.
+
+    Oshima, Gen., vi: 385.
+
+    Owen, H., vii: 115.
+
+
+    P
+
+    Paderewski, Ignace, vi: 206 (with Polish Mission in New York), ix: 97.
+
+    Painlevé, Paul, iii: 83.
+
+    Palmer, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Papen, Capt. Franz von, x: 328.
+
+    Parrish, Sgt. Grady, x: 25.
+
+    Pashitch, N., iii: 151.
+
+    Passard, Jean, xi: 74.
+
+    Patriquin, Jean, vii: 344.
+
+    Pelltier, Gen., xi: 47.
+
+    Pendleton, Lieut. George H., x: 154.
+
+    Pershing, Gen. John J., with Gen. Currie, iii: 346;
+      painting in color, v: _frontispiece_;
+      with Secretary of War Baker, v: 39;
+      with Joffre, v: 57, ix: 208;
+      with Marshal Pétain, v: 98;
+      at tomb of Lafayette, v: 99;
+      with U. S. nurses in France, vii: 78;
+      portrait study, ix: 200;
+      on Mexican border, ix: 206;
+      with group of French generals, xi: 47;
+      as a boy, xi: 123;
+      in the field, xi: 124.
+
+    Pétain, Marshal Henri Philipp,
+      ii: 149, 186 (on Verdun front), iii: 52,
+      v: 99 (with Pershing), ix: 165.
+
+    Peter, King of Serbia, iii: 149.
+
+    Pichon, Stephen, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference), 233.
+
+    Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, ix: 93, 95.
+
+    Pius X, Pope, i: 27.
+
+    Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert. C. O., ii: 162.
+
+    Poincaré, Raymond, visiting the front, ii: 218;
+      portrait study, ix: 15;
+      with President Ador of Switzerland, xii: 154.
+
+    Poincaré, Mme. Raymond, ix: 16.
+
+    Poland, W. B., vii: 15.
+
+    Polish Military Mission to U. S., vi: 206.
+
+    Politis, Nicholas, ix: 80.
+
+    Popes, _see_
+      Benedict XV;
+      Pius X.
+
+    Porro, Gen., iii: 229.
+
+    Prince, Norman, x: 170.
+
+    Princip, slayer of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand,
+     arrest following crime, i: 5.
+
+    Pringle, Capt., with Vice-Adm. Wemyss, iv: 323.
+
+    Prussian royal family, i: 168.
+
+    Puryear, 1st Lieut. George W., x: 179.
+
+
+    R
+
+    Rasputin, vi: 142 (surrounded by female admirers), ix: 346.
+
+    Rathenau, Dr. Walter, vi: 275.
+
+    Rawlinson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 171, iii: 88.
+
+    Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., ix: 224.
+
+    Reading, Lord Rufus, xii: 110.
+
+    Rennenkampf, Gen., ii: 25, iii: 110.
+
+    Rickard, E., vii: 115.
+
+    Rickenbacker, Capt. "Eddie," with mother and sister, x: 260.
+
+    Rizzo, Com., with Lieuts. Aonzo and Gori, iv: 365.
+
+    Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, iv: 35.
+
+    Roberts, Field-Marshal Earl, i: 315, iii: 371, vi: 2.
+
+    Robertson, Gen. Sir William R., iii: 373, ix: 185.
+
+    Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 315.
+
+    Rodman, Rear-Adm. Hugh,
+      welcoming King George on U. S. battleship _New York_, iv: 11;
+      with Adm. Sims on _New York_, iv: 95;
+      portrait study, ix: 294.
+
+    Romanos, Athos, ix: 80.
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, x: 245.
+
+    Roosevelt, Franklin D., with Josephus Daniels, i: 359;
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, x: 243.
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, x: 244.
+
+    Roosevelt, Theodore,
+      i: 161 (with Kaiser at military maneuvers),
+      x: 239, 240 (with family),
+      xi: 114 (reviewing Boy Scouts at Sagamore Hill),
+      400 (with grandchild).
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore Jr., x: 241, 247.
+
+    Root, Elihu, in Moscow, vi: 166.
+
+    Rosenfelt, Henry H., vii: 350.
+
+    Rosenwald, Julius,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Rubinstein, Madam Ida, vii: 374.
+
+    Ruprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), ii: 217, iii: 382.
+
+    Russell, Brig.-Gen. Edgar, v: 318.
+
+    Russell, Col. F. F., vii: 69.
+
+    Russian Princesses, as war nurses, xi: 147.
+
+    Russian royal family, xi: 146, 148 (last photograph.).
+
+    Russian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 174.
+
+    Russky, Gen., iii: 105.
+
+    Ryan, John D., xii: 125.
+
+
+    S
+
+    Salisbury, Lord, i: 56.
+
+    Samsonoff, Gen., ii: 223, iii: 111.
+
+    Sanders, Gen. Liman von, vi: 286.
+
+    Sarrail, Gen., iii: 207.
+
+    Sazonov, Serge, i: 119, vi: 141.
+
+    Scheidemann, Philipp, ix: 136, 137 (with members of cabinet).
+
+    Schurz, Carl, i: 53.
+
+    Schwab, Charles M., ix: 333, 336 (with Edward N. Hurley).
+
+    Seeger, Alan, x: 142.
+
+    Sengier, E., vii: 115.
+
+    Shaler, M. K., vii: 115.
+
+    Sherman, Corp. Whitney D., x: 66.
+
+    Shimamura, Adm., vi: 385.
+
+    Sims, Adm. William S.,
+      i: 391, iv: _frontispiece_ (in color),
+      95 (on board battleship _New York_ with Adm. Rodman),
+      ix: 292 (with family).
+
+    Skinner, Mrs. Otis, vii: 344.
+
+    Smith, Brig.-Gen. Harry A., v: 45.
+
+    Smith, Margaret, vii: 344.
+
+    Smith, Capt. Richard T., x: 69.
+
+    Smith, Maj.-Gen. William R., v: 207.
+
+    Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace, ii: 175.
+
+    Smuts, Gen. Jan Christiaan, iii: 256, ix: 188.
+
+    Snow, Maj. William A., x: 320.
+
+    Sonnino, Baron Sidney, ix: 83.
+
+    Sothern, E. H., vii: 340.
+
+    Soukhomlinoff, Gen., iii: 122.
+
+    Sparks, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Sparrows, Com.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Spee, Adm. Count von, iv: 60, ix: 307.
+
+    Stage Women's War Relief Committee, members of, vii: 344.
+
+    Stebbins, Miss Katherine, vii: 276.
+
+    Steidl, Sgt. August, x: 93.
+
+    Stein, Corp. Fred C., x: 182.
+
+    Stewart, Lieut.-Col. John W., x: 163.
+
+    Stowers, Sgt. Joseph H., x: 90.
+
+    Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick C. D., iv: 79.
+
+    Sturgis, Maj.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 194.
+
+    Sultans, of Turkey, iii: 357, vi: 331.
+
+    Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P., v: 85.
+
+    Sutherland, Duchess of, at her hospital in France, vii: 109.
+
+    Swinton, Maj.-Gen., ii: 274.
+
+    Symington, 1st Lieut. James M., x: 88.
+
+
+    T
+
+    Taft, William Howard, xii: 175.
+
+    Talbot, Dr. F. B., vii: 69.
+
+    Talleyrand, i: 32.
+
+    Tardieu, André, i: 286, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference).
+
+    Tatiana, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    Taylor, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Terauchi, Count, ix: 91.
+
+    Thaw, Maj. William, x: 197.
+
+    Thenault, Capt., x: 197.
+
+    Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals),
+      ii: 261, iv: 2, 221, ix: 299.
+
+    Townshend, Gen., iii: 365.
+
+    Treitschke, Prof. Heinrich von, i: 174.
+
+    Trotzky, Leon, ii: 232, ix: 111.
+
+    Turkish Crown Prince, iii: 356.
+
+    Turkish Sultans, iii: 357, vi: 331.
+
+    Turner, Lieut. Benjamin E., x: 159.
+
+    Turner, Pvt. Robert I., x: 159.
+
+    Tyrwhitt, Commodore, iv: 251 (with officers of _Arethusa_), 259.
+
+
+    U
+
+    Uehara, Gen., vi: 385.
+
+    Umberto, Crown Prince, of Italy, xi: 143.
+
+    Usher, Rear-Adm. Nathaniel R., iv: 320.
+
+
+    V
+
+    Venizelos, Eleutherios, iii: 202, ix: 77, 80.
+
+    Victor Emanuel, King of Italy,
+      iii: 229, vi: 122, ix: 396, xi: 152 (with Prince of Wales).
+
+    Victoria, former Empress of Germany, i: 187, ix: 366, xi: 149.
+
+    Vincent, Mrs. Walter, vii: 344.
+
+    Viviani, René, ii: 161, vi: 104, ix: 20.
+
+
+    W
+
+    Wadehouse, British Commissioner, at Cyprus, i: 176.
+
+    Wales, Prince of,
+     ii: 3 (with father and grandfather),
+     xi: 149, 150 (at age of sixteen), 152 (with King of Italy).
+
+    Walker, Brig.-Gen. Meriweather I., v: 353.
+
+    Wallace, Maj.-Gen., iii: 372.
+
+    Walsh, Frank P., ix: 338.
+
+    Walsh, Sgt. Patrick, x: 101.
+
+    Watson, Lieut.-Col. George L., x: 151.
+
+    Watts, Capt., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, iv: 305.
+
+    Weigel, Maj.-Gen. William, v: _facing p._ 308 (in color).
+
+    Welch, Dr. W. H., vii: 69.
+
+    Wemyss, Adm. Sir Rosslyn, on board a U. S. battleship, iv: 323;
+      meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.
+
+    Westminster, Duchess of, with her nurses, vii: 136.
+
+    Weygand, Gen., meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.
+
+    Wharton, Mrs. Edith, vii: 100.
+
+    Wheeler, Margaret, vii: 344.
+
+    White, Henry, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference), 167.
+
+    White, J. B., vii: 115.
+
+    Whitlock, Brand, vi: 83, vii: 117 (with wife), x: 175.
+
+    Whittlesey, Maj. Charles, with Maj. Kenney, v: 238.
+
+    Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands,
+     vii: 172 (with heir and Prince Consort), ix: 404.
+
+    Willard, Daniel,
+      xii: 117 (with members of U. S. Council of National Defense), 122.
+
+    William I,
+      Emperor of Germany, portrait study, i: 45;
+      entry into Versailles, 1871, i: 46;
+      being proclaimed German Emperor, 1871, i: 55;
+      triumphal return to Berlin after Franco-Prussian War, i: 150.
+
+    William II, former Emperor of Germany, at age of nineteen, i: 70;
+      entering Jerusalem, 1898, i: 97;
+      with leading German generals, i: 130;
+      with Theodore Roosevelt, watching military maneuvers, i: 161;
+      in coronation robes, i: 185;
+      with Edward VII of England, i: 188;
+      statue as monk in Metz Cathedral, i: 211;
+      watching troop movements in France, i: 217;
+      parading with sons in Berlin, ii: 258;
+      on way to memorial service with family, ii: 261;
+      portrait studies, ii: 306, ix: 359;
+      on visit to the front, ii: 330;
+      with Gen. von Einem, iii: 117;
+      on Eastern Front, vi: 221, ix: 356;
+      with Crown Prince and grandson, vi: 263;
+      with six sons, vi: 298;
+      with Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, vi: 360;
+      with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, ix: 364;
+      in conversation with a German officer, ix: 365;
+      with the Empress, ix: 366;
+      at age of six, xi: 140;
+      at age of sixteen, xi: 141.
+
+    Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 71.
+
+    Wilson, William B.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Wilson, Woodrow,
+      addressing Congress, i: 329;
+      portrait studies, ix;
+    _frontispiece_ (in color), 57, 59, xi: 132, xii: 181;
+      delivering speech of acceptance of renomination for Presidency,
+        '16, ix: 61;
+      delivering second inaugural address, ix: 65;
+      marching with service men, xi: 134;
+      with Adm. Grayson in Brussels, xii: _Intro. xvii_;
+      on board _George Washington_ on way to Peace Conference,
+        xii: 187.
+
+    Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow,
+      ix: 63,
+      xii: 187 (on board _George Washington_ on way to France).
+
+    Wines, Sgt. Pearl J., x: 236.
+
+    Winn, Maj.-Gen. Frank L., v: 187.
+
+    Winterfeld, Gen. von,
+      German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.
+
+    Witenmeyer, Maj.-Gen. Edmund, v: 215.
+
+    Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard,
+      iii: _Intro. ix_, ix: 160 (at West Point with Joffre).
+
+    Woyrsch, Gen. von, iii: 140.
+
+    Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., v: 127, ix: 222.
+
+
+    X
+
+    Xenia, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.
+
+
+    Y
+
+    Yankoff, Gen., vi: 341.
+
+    Yanushkevitch, Gen., ii: 231.
+
+    Yolanda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 143.
+
+    York, Sgt. Alvin C., x: 14, 15.
+
+    Yuan Shih-k'ai, i: 57.
+
+
+    Z
+
+    Zeppelin, Count von, ii: 263.
+
+
+
+
+II.--GENERAL
+
+
+    _Aboukir_, British cruiser, iv: 206.
+
+    Aden, harbor of, vi: 330.
+
+    Aerial photographs,
+      being assembled to form map of enemy country, viii: 235.
+
+    Aeronautics:
+      Airplanes, Wright-Martin reconnaissance plane, ii: 124;
+      directing artillery fire, ii: 129;
+        in Palestine, ii: _facing p._ 220 (in color);
+        target as seen from height, ii: 354;
+        Italian fighting plane, iii: 243;
+        British airplanes in mass formation, iii: 383;
+        attacking submarine, iv: 83, 198, 285;
+        mechanism for launching from deck of battleship, iv: 141;
+        construction of, iv: _facing p._ 286 (in color), viii: 218;
+        torpedo-plane, iv: 306;
+        aviator "true-ing" plane, v: 311;
+        assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313;
+        British flyer dropping wreath on comrade's grave inside
+          German lines, vii: 188;
+        aviator dropping bombs, viii: _frontispiece_ (in color), 219;
+        plane starting flight, viii: _facing p._ 188 (in color);
+        Spad plane, viii: 190;
+        Richthofen's "Traveling Circus," viii: 191;
+        De Haviland-4, viii: 192, xi: 217;
+        machine-gun mountings on, viii: 193, 209, 211;
+        German armored plane, showing detail of construction, viii: 195;
+        German night bomber, viii: 202;
+        German hydroplane, viii: 203;
+        Handley-Page bomber, viii: 204, 220;
+        manufacture of propellers, viii: 205, 239;
+        Leoning monoplane, viii: 207;
+        Curtis triplane, viii: 210;
+        British seaplanes, viii: 213, 237;
+        camouflaged carrier-ship for, viii: 215;
+        bomb-carrying devices on, viii: 219, 224, 227;
+        German Albatross, viii: 222;
+        Caproni triplane, viii: 223;
+        Martin bomber, viii: 234;
+        a U. S. two-seater, viii: _facing p._ 348 (in color);
+        airplane ambulance, viii: 368;
+        A. E. F. hangar in France, x: 124;
+        an air duel, x: 204;
+        in battle formation, x: 217, 228;
+        Burgess tractor, x: 392;
+        patrolling over A. E. F. sector, xi: 138;
+        Curtiss biplane, xi: 215;
+        Wright warplane, xi: 218;
+        inspection before flight, xi: 220;
+        testing engine before installation, xi: 221;
+        circling above U. S. battleship _Connecticut_, xi: 223;
+        U. S. pursuit plane, xi: 225;
+        skeleton of airplane body, xi: 227;
+        planes used for carrying Pershing's mail, xi: 348.
+      Balloons, French sausage type, iii: 305, viii: 260;
+        operating with naval convoy, iv: 289;
+        uses of hydrogen vs. helium for inflation of, viii: 244;
+        U. S. sausage type, viii: 258;
+        French spherical type, viii: 261;
+        cable reel of kite balloon, viii: 262.
+      Dirigibles, Zeppelin being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265;
+        interior of a Zeppelin, ii: 269;
+        British dirigible convoying U. S. troopship, iv: 291;
+        French type, viii: 242;
+        repairing a French type, viii: 245;
+        early type of Zeppelin, viii: 247;
+        Zeppelin _L-49_ shot down by French, viii: 249;
+        interior of British _R-34_, viii: 251;
+        fuel tanks on Zeppelin _L-49_, viii: 253;
+        _R-34_ being filled with gas at Mineola, viii: 255;
+        U. S. type, viii: 256;
+        pilot's gondola on a Zeppelin, x: 226;
+        Zeppelin _L-15_ sinking, x: 361.
+
+    Aeroplanes, _see_ Aeronautics, Airplanes.
+
+    Africa, battle scene in, iii: 251;
+      scene in German East Africa, iii: 255;
+      natives, vi: 48.
+
+    Agadir, i: 106.
+
+    Airplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Air raids, funeral of English victims, ii: 300;
+      London school children seeking shelter under desks, vii: 361;
+      protection of French works of art against, x: 364.
+
+    Airships, _see_ Aeronautics, Balloons, Dirigibles.
+
+    Aisne River, A. E. F. advance trenches near, v: 259;
+      airplane view of French hospital on, vii: 63.
+
+    Albatross airplane, viii: 222.
+
+    Albert, ruins of, i: _facing p._ 300 (in color);
+      ruins of Church of Notre Dame, xi: 23.
+
+    Algeciras Conference, i: 99.
+
+    _Alnwick Castle_, British liner, iv: 231.
+
+    Alpini, iii: 228.
+
+    Alps, scene on Austro-Italian border, ii: 237;
+      Austrian stronghold on, ii: 241.
+
+    Alsace, a valley in, iii: 21;
+      forest behind trenches, iii: 47;
+      American troops entering, May 27, '18, v: 267.
+
+    Alsace-Lorraine, German lookout tower, i: 221;
+      reunion with France symbolized, ii: 391.
+
+    Ambulances, group of American drivers and cars, vii: 31, 213;
+      French, mounted on auto trucks, vii: 202;
+      American, at Verdun, vii: 207, 251;
+      improvised British, in Mesopotamia, vii: 260;
+      gathering wounded after battle, vii: 400, xi: 209;
+      dog-drawn, viii: 378;
+      woman driver, x: 186;
+    _see also_ under country, Army;
+        Hospitals;
+        Wounded.
+
+    "America," painting by René Mal, v: 50.
+
+    American Fund for French Wounded, a Paris fête for, vii: 59;
+      distributing clothing to refugees, vii: 102;
+      surgical dressing department, vii: 221;
+      packing kits for soldiers, vii: 246.
+
+    American Jewish War Relief, bureau of information, vii: 351.
+
+    Amerongen, former German Kaiser's residence at,
+      after abdication, ix: 358.
+
+    _Amethyst_, British cruiser, iv: 255.
+
+    Amherst College, Army Training Corps at drill, xi: 170.
+
+    Amiens, protecting art treasures from German bombardment, ii: 68.
+
+    Amsterdam, a food riot, vi: 377.
+
+    _Anglia_, British hospital ship, vii: 253.
+
+    Annapolis, U. S. Naval Academy students, xi: 165.
+
+    Anti-aircraft guns, v: 11, viii: 10, 13, 16, xi: 188.
+
+    Antwerp, town hall, ii: 169;
+      barbed-wire entanglements in streets, ii: 345;
+      Red Cross trains at, vii: 118.
+
+    _Arabic_, sinking of, iv: 224.
+
+    Arabs, iii: 332;
+      gun dance, iii: 368.
+
+    _Arethusa_, British destroyer, officers of, iv: 251.
+
+    Argonne Forest,
+      territory lying before A. E. F. to advance through, v: 75;
+      U. S. infantrymen advancing through, v: 82, 247;
+      inside German trenches, v: 214;
+      A. E. F. officers' headquarters, v: 217;
+      captured German dugout, v: 235;
+      men of 77th Div. in, v: 244;
+      concealed German artillery, xi: 53.
+
+    _Arkansas_, U. S. battleship,
+      close-up, showing gun fire, iv: 361;
+      cleared for action, iv: 392.
+
+    Armenians, murdered by Turks, vii: 96.
+
+    Armentières, British clearing ruins of, i: 240.
+
+    Armies, _see_ name of country;
+    _also_ Battle scenes.
+
+    Armistice,
+      German delegates passing through French lines on way to meet Foch,
+        ii: 390, xii: 251;
+      first meeting of Allied and German delegates, v: 392;
+      Paris celebration, vi: 107.
+
+    Armor,
+      breast-plate for soldier as protection against bullet, viii: 68.
+
+    Armor plate, forging of, viii: 62, xii: 70.
+
+    Arras, town hall, ii: 85;
+      ruins of Cathedral, ii: 351, iii: 67;
+      ruins of, iii: 279.
+
+    Artificial hands and arms for war cripples,
+      eating with mechanical hands, vii: 234;
+      doing farm work, vii: 235;
+      doing carpenter work, viii: 383;
+      manufacture of artificial arms and legs, viii: 385;
+      doing mechanical work, xi: 290.
+
+    Artillery, manufacturing 16-in. guns at Watervliet Arsenal, i: 304;
+      line of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159;
+      heavy guns on way to front, ii: 147;
+      ricochet and non-ricochet shells, i: 333;
+      disappearing gun, v: 307;
+      mortar battery, viii: 3;
+      railway-mount guns, viii: 29, xi: 278;
+      big gun in position for action, viii: 31;
+      8-in. howitzer with caterpillar mount, viii: 40;
+      tractor for hauling, viii: 42;
+      breech-block and bore of big gun, viii: 44;
+      construction of long-range gun, viii: 47, 55;
+      field guns, old and new types, viii: 56;
+      manufacture of shells, viii: 73;
+      path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74;
+      huge naval gun, xi: 273;
+      shrapnel exploding, xi: 275;
+      heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279;
+      camouflaged gun and gunners, xi: 292, 293;
+      construction of howitzers, xii: 73;
+      of different belligerents, _see_ name of country;
+      in action, _see_ Battle scenes;
+    _also_ Shells.
+
+    Assouan, vi: 78.
+
+    Astronomical instruments, Chinese,
+      carried by Germans from Peking, vi: 255.
+
+    _Asturias_, hospital ship, i: 293.
+
+    Athens, war-time crowds, iii: 155.
+
+    Australia, army, embarking for overseas, ii: 201, vi: 38, 40;
+      landing at Gallipoli, iii: 167, iv: 40;
+      charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353.
+
+    Austria-Hungary, army,
+      reservists in New York reporting for service, i: 281;
+      Alpine defenses, ii: 241;
+      artillery captured by Italians, ii: 287;
+      cavalry entering Polish village, iii: 123;
+      in Carpathian trenches, iii: 142;
+      on Isonzo front overlooking Italian positions, iii: 236;
+      resting, vi: 211;
+      at field mass, vi: 308;
+      in Tyrol stronghold, vi: 309;
+      siege gun, viii: 26.
+
+    Auteuil, tent hospital at, vii: 205, 206;
+      hospital workers serving coffee to convalescents, vii: 243.
+
+    _Ayesha_, schooner
+      used by crew of _Emden_ to escape in, iv: 191.
+
+
+    B
+
+    _B-2_, British submarine, iv: 58.
+
+    Badges and medals of American Red Cross,
+      vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color).
+
+    Badonville, raid on German trenches near, v: 232.
+
+    Bagdad, iii: 186;
+      Arabs in, iii: 332.
+
+    Bairnsfather, Capt. Bruce, cartoons by, ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26.
+
+    Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    _Baltic_, life-boats, iv: 234.
+
+    _Baltimore_, U. S. cruiser, iv: 329.
+
+    Barbed-wire, as trench protection, ii: 284;
+      entanglements of, in Antwerp streets, ii: 345;
+      in Tsing-Tau defenses, iv: 61;
+      cutting device, viii: 154;
+      cutting entanglements by hand, xi: 254.
+
+    Barcy, battlefield of, iii: 25.
+
+    Baseball, U. S. army men playing, vii: 315;
+      King George at game between U. S. Army and Navy teams in London,
+        xi: 153.
+
+    Battalion of Death, Russian women's, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208;
+      Polish women's, vi: 218.
+
+    Battle scenes,
+      charge by Prussian cuirassiers in Franco-Prussian War, i: 214;
+      French soldiers in the Vosges charging on skis, i: 216;
+      Belgians behind street barricades repulsing Germans, i: 312;
+      French machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43;
+      night bombardment by artillery, ii: 102;
+      airplane view during action on Western Front, ii: 105;
+      the dead after battle in Flanders, ii: 117;
+      British charge at Montaubon, ii: 121;
+      holes shot by shell fire, ii: 133, v: 236;
+      fight for Kemmel Hill, ii: 152;
+      poilus charging, ii: 185;
+      Allied dead on battlefield, ii: 194;
+      Highlanders attacking near Ypres, ii: 213;
+      Belgians on skirmish duty, ii: 347;
+      killed and debris on Marne battlefield, iii: 27, 94;
+      Germans crossing Marne River, iii: 32;
+      flash-light photograph at night, iii: 44;
+      British charging during battle of the Somme, iii: 57;
+      German charge at Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;
+      British bombardment of Passchendaele Ridge, iii: 78;
+      in Meuse-Argonne, iii: 101;
+      on Russo-German front, iii: 119;
+      in African jungle, iii: 251;
+      fight for Erzerum, iii: 263;
+      heap of Serbian dead, iii: 283;
+      cavalry charge, iii: 289;
+      killed German outposts, iii: 291;
+      directing battle by telephone, iii: 314;
+      Australians charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353;
+      at Messines Ridge, iii: 360;
+      battle wreckage, iii: 361, vi: 367, xi: 302, 309;
+      British blowing up ammunition dumps, iii: 384;
+      wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385;
+      Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389;
+      naval action, iv: 17;
+      warship struck by torpedo, iv: 55;
+      British landing party at Zeebrugge, iv: 265;
+      U. S. Marines at Belleau Wood, v: 137;
+      Russian retreat from Galicia, vi: 180;
+      Russians charging through barbed wire, vi: 186;
+      Italian killed, vi: 310;
+      vision of Christ on battlefield, vii: 5;
+      ambulance men gathering wounded, vii: 400, xi: 209;
+      effect of howitzer fire on fort, viii: 135;
+      British Rifle Brigade at Neuve Chapelle, x: 11;
+      liquid fire attack, x: 19;
+      attack with grenades, x: 21;
+      night naval attack at Dardanelles, x: 36;
+      British meeting Turk attack at Gallipoli, x: 39;
+      charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45;
+      tanks advancing, x: 59;
+      Italians hard pressed by enemy, x: 63;
+      winning a Victoria Cross, x: 72;
+      British artillery in action, x: 107, 129;
+      Highlanders fighting through Loos, x: 157;
+      long-range bombardment of Austrian positions by Italians, x: 359;
+      hand-to-hand fight on destroyer _Broke_, x: 370;
+      Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192;
+      tanks in action, xi: 252, 256, 263;
+      shrapnel explosion, xi: 275;
+      gas attack, xi: 319;
+    _see also_ Dead;
+        Wounded.
+
+    Battleship in process of construction,
+      iv: _facing p._ 126 (in color).
+
+    _Bayern_, German battleship, iv: 389.
+
+    Beersheba, iii: 199.
+
+    Belgium,
+      triumphant, symbolic painting, iii: _facing p._ 380 (in color).
+      Army, cavalry troops after defense of Liége, i: 208;
+        at mess with French soldiers, i: 241;
+        behind street barricade fighting Germans, i: 312;
+        cavalryman, ii: 160;
+        scouting, ii: 286;
+        on skirmish duty, ii: 347;
+        a "fighting priest" in trenches, iii: 15;
+        cavalry in trenches, iii: 19;
+        a sentry, iii: 285;
+        snipers, iii: 287;
+        anti-aircraft gun, viii: 13;
+        field gun, viii: 24.
+      Neutrality, facsimile of signatures to Treaty of 1839 guaranteeing,
+        i: 147.
+      Relief, supply ship on way from U. S., vii: 120;
+        relief packages, vii: 126;
+        making cradles for babies, vii: 141;
+        warehouse full of supplies, vii: 143;
+        relief workers in New York packing clothing for, vii: 165;
+        home return of refugees, ix: _facing p._ 368 (in color);
+        Queen Elizabeth medal for workers, ix: 391.
+
+    Benet-Mercier machine gun, viii: 82.
+
+    Berlin, victorious entry of William I, 1871, i: 150;
+      royal palace, i: 158;
+      soldiers leaving for the front, i: 191;
+      wreckage after food riots, vi: 256;
+      a public square, Nov., '18, vi: 257;
+      Brandenburger Gate, vi: 272;
+      Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3;
+      proclamation of German Republic, Nov. 8, '18, vi: 277;
+      barricaded streets during revolution, vi: 279;
+      transporting food by tram, vi: 282;
+      Spartacan demonstration, Feb., '19, vi: 290;
+      fighting between government troops and radicals, vi: 299;
+      demonstrations against Peace Treaty, vi: 301, xii: 214.
+
+    Berlin, Congress of, 1878, i: 49;
+      British caricature of, i: 51.
+
+    Bethlehem, Pa., a steel plant at, xii: 67.
+
+    Bethune, airplane view of, ii: 127.
+
+    Bibles, for U. S. service men, vii: 284.
+
+    "Big Bertha," German long-range gun,
+      fragment of shell used in bombarding Paris,
+        viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;
+      diagram of shell, viii: 53;
+      prepared base for, viii: 61.
+
+    Black Watch Regiment, British, x: 56.
+
+    Blind, learning modelling in clay, vii: 256;
+      benefit entertainment in New York for aid of, vii: 258;
+      learning basketry, vii: 259.
+
+    _Blücher_, German cruiser, iv: 247;
+      sinking of, in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 249.
+
+    Blue Cross, care of horses wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.
+
+    "Blue Devils," French, iii: 49, v: 151.
+
+    Bolsheviki, agitator addressing troops, vi: 165;
+      Madrid demonstration, vi: 372.
+
+    Bombs, bomb-room in a British fuse factory, ii: 119;
+      illuminating bombs exploding, v: 133;
+      aviator dropping, viii: _frontispiece_ (in color),
+        219 (apparatus for, on German plane);
+      devices for carrying, on airplanes, viii: 224, 227;
+      French women manufacturing, xi: 283;
+    _see also_ Depth charge.
+
+    Bosphorus, i: 12, iii: 369.
+
+    Bouillonville, street scene, v: 160.
+
+    _Bouvet_, French battleship, iv: 48.
+
+    Boy Scouts,
+      Red Cross men of future, xi: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+      daily good turn, xi: _facing p._ 96 (in color);
+      pledging allegiance to flag, xi: 97;
+      at salute, xi: 98;
+      wounded scout, xi: 99;
+      as war gardeners, xi: 101, 115, 116;
+      on visit to White House, xi: 102;
+      bridging stream, xi: 103;
+      learning coöperation, xi: 104;
+      camping, xi: 105;
+      as town cleaners, xi: 106;
+      as wireless operators, xi: 107;
+      in hiking outfit, xi: 108;
+      Third Liberty Loan poster, xi: 109;
+      field map making, xi: 110;
+      signalling, xi: 111, _facing p._ 224 (in color);
+      encampment, xi: 112;
+      emergency coast guards, xi: 113;
+      on review before Theodore Roosevelt, xi: 114;
+      as wood cutters, xi: 117;
+      listening to scoutmaster around the camp-fire,
+        xi: _facing p._ 118 (in color).
+
+    Brandenburger Gate, Berlin, vi: 272.
+
+    Bread tickets, German, vi: 261.
+
+    Brest, debarkation of A. E. F., v: 3.
+
+    Breton peasant, v: 160.
+
+    Breton-Pretot machine, for cutting barbed wire, viii: 153.
+
+    Brialmont type of fort, ii: 350.
+
+    _Britannia_, British tank in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142.
+
+    Brown University, Army Training Corps, xi: 163.
+
+    Browning machine-gun, light type, viii: 85;
+      heavy type, viii: 85.
+
+    Bruges, airplane view, viii: 232;
+      entry of King Albert into, ix: 390.
+
+    Brussels, town hall, i: 140;
+      bird's-eye view, i: 201;
+      during German occupation, i: 253;
+      Senate chamber used as church by Germans, i: 311;
+      German soldiers visiting Art Museum, ii: 344;
+      Palace of Justice, iii: 271;
+      King Albert's palace, ix: 387.
+
+    Bucharest, royal palace, ii: 62;
+      bird's-eye view, vi: 352.
+
+    Buckingham Palace, London, i: 127;
+      on night of declaration of war, i: 138.
+
+    Budapest, the quay, vi: 325.
+
+    Bulgaria, mountain village, vi: 339;
+      peasant women, vi: 340;
+      army, supply train behind the lines, vi: 343.
+
+    Bullets, diagram showing path of, viii: 93;
+      types of, used by airmen, viii: 212.
+
+    Burgess tractor, in flight, x: 392.
+
+    Burmese troops, vi: 6.
+
+
+    C
+
+    Cambrai, Canadians in, iii: 80.
+
+    Camels, as cavalry mounts, iii: 192;
+      caravan resting, iii: 367;
+      use by British in Egyptian campaign, vi: 68;
+      for carrying wounded, vi: 71;
+      as transport train in Asia Minor, vi: 333.
+
+    Cameroons, battle scene, iii: 251;
+      native market, vi: 52.
+
+    Camouflage, concealed British guns, ii: 123, 128;
+      wooden cannon, vi: 238;
+      screened railroad tracks, vi: 247, viii: 337;
+      over roadway, vi: 368;
+      example of need for, viii: 338;
+      soldier disguised by, viii: 339, 342;
+      for railway-mount guns, viii: 343, 347;
+    _Mauretania_ in "dazzle" paint, viii: 344;
+      protected gun and gunners, xi: 292;
+      camouflaged mortar, xi: 293.
+
+    Canada, army recruiting by phonograph, i: 314;
+      veterans of second battle of Ypres, i: 379;
+      being reviewed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 114;
+      forestry unit, ii: 130;
+      presentation of colors, ii: 342;
+      going over top at Vimy Ridge, iii: 69;
+      in Cambrai, iii: 80;
+      in Flanders, iii: 345;
+      on hike, iii: 346;
+      artillery at the front, iii: 348;
+      90th Winnipeg Rifles, vi: 24;
+      1st Battalion, vi: 29;
+      guarding International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34;
+      encamped at Toronto, viii: 305;
+      digging trenches, viii: 140.
+
+    Canteens,
+      for service men, scenes in, vii: 7,
+        56, _facing p._ 96 (in color), 268, 270, 394;
+      Red Cross automobile canteen, vii: 248;
+      group of Y. M. C. A. women workers, vii: 269.
+
+    Cantigny, men of 1st Div., A. E. F., advancing at, ii: 271;
+      French flame throwers after the attack, v: 32;
+      French sappers at ruins of, v: 33;
+      French and American veterans of, v: 125.
+
+    Cape Town, parade to aid recruiting, i: 383;
+      bird's-eye view, vi: 50.
+
+    Caproni triplane, viii: 223.
+
+    Carbon monoxide producer, viii: 187.
+
+    Carrel-Dakin treatment ward in a war hospital, xi: 288.
+
+    Cartoons:
+      American, civilization obscured by war, i: 87;
+        burning of American manufacturing plants, i: 275;
+        response to Europe's appeal for aid, i: 276;
+        on preparedness, i: 280, 297, 335, iv: 315;
+        German submarine warfare, i: 300, iv: 227;
+        responsibility of rulers for war, i: 314;
+        futility of diplomacy, i: 325, 326;
+        German hatred of U. S., i: 330;
+        barbarian's contempt for warring Europe, i: 335;
+        war debt for future generations, ii: 297;
+        German intrigue with Mexico, ii: 341;
+        disregard of international law by belligerents, iv: 230;
+        Iron Cross, v: 23;
+        Red Cross, vii: 28;
+        effect of U. S. loans to Allies, xii: 10;
+        Europe's dependence on American food supply, xii: 144.
+      Austrian, conception of hatred, i: 149;
+        Zeppelin attacks on England, i: 302.
+      Belgian, on German brutality, vii: 129.
+      British, Kaiser's project of Mittel-Europa, i: 10;
+        Bismarck's resignation from Chancellorship, from _Punch_,
+          i: 74;
+        German hypocrisy, _Punch_, Sept. 9, '14, i: 90;
+        U. S. indifference to German outrages, _Punch_,
+          Sept. 23, '14, i: 91;
+        Kaiser as protector of Islam, _Punch_, Apr. 5, '15, i: 100;
+        Germany's naval aspirations, _Punch_, July 12, '05, i: 105;
+        German advances to Holland, _Punch_, Jan. 11, '11, i: 118;
+        French desire to revenge 1870, i: 121;
+        French alarm over Austrian defeat, 1866, from _Punch_,
+          i: 123;
+        frightfulness of war, i: 195;
+        Kaiser's Eastern policy, _Punch_, May 10, 1890, i: 203;
+        German use of frightfulness, _Punch_, Feb. 17, '15, i: 284;
+        Kaiser world's enemy, _Punch_, Aug. 19, '14, i: 294;
+        U. S. protests at British maritime acts, _Punch_,
+          Jan. 6, '15, i: 298;
+        Kaiser's attitude on peace, _Punch_, Sept. 23, '18, i: 316;
+        U. S. relations with Germany, _Punch_, Apr. 21, '15, i: 324;
+        German atrocities, i: 351;
+        Capt. Bruce Bairnsfather's caricatures of life at the front,
+          ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26;
+        Belgium's defiance of Germany, _Punch_, Oct. 21, '14,
+          iii: 9, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 275;
+        German military failures, _Punch_, Nov. 4, '14, iii: 29;
+        Kaiser outcast from civilization, Feb. 19, '15, iii: 299;
+        Kaiser's plan for invasion of England, _Punch_,
+          Oct. 28, '14, iv: 3;
+        German alliance with Austria and Bulgaria, iv: 6;
+        Germany's attempted blockade of England, _Punch_,
+          Feb. 17, '15, iv: 9;
+        loyalty of India, _Punch_, Sept. 9 '14, x: 341.
+      Dutch, Raemaekers' conception of Kultur, i: 222;
+        Reims Cathedral as temple of war, i: 231;
+        Germany's decline in strength, '17, i: 307;
+        Raemaekers on German deportation of Belgian workmen, i: 363;
+        Flemish "prosperity," Raemaekers' view of, vi: 85;
+        Raemaekers' conception of Kaiser haunted by sins, vi: 285.
+      French, "They shall not pass," i: 230.
+      German, British policy with regard to Asiatics, i: 54;
+        Hague Temple of Peace, i: 94;
+        British difficulties with India, i: 101;
+        caricature of Sir Edward Grey, i: 198;
+        influences forcing U. S. into war, i: 289;
+        injustice of U. S. war against Germany, i: 290;
+        Japanese menace against U. S., i: 290;
+        on Allied Somme offensive, '16, i: 301;
+        U. S. munition trade, i: 307;
+        British advances to Bulgaria, i: 310;
+        Dr. Karl Helfferich, i: 318;
+        U. S. difficulties with Mexico, i: 323;
+        mailed fist, ii: _Intro. xix_;
+        on British censorship, ii: 101;
+        on British slackers, ii: 180;
+        on spy scare in England, ii: 260;
+        on U. S. neutrality, ii: 304;
+        British failure to accomplish war aims, iv: 192;
+        on submarine success, iv: 217;
+        British indifference to American submarine losses, iv: 229;
+        frightfulness of war, iv: 232;
+       use of works of art as defense, v: 13.
+      Italian, extent of British Empire, i: 122;
+         on U. S. entry into war, i: 299;
+         on Italian neutrality, ii: 359;
+        Germany's invasion of Belgium, iii: 274.
+      Japanese, German reverses, iv: 175.
+      Norwegian, German conception of freedom of the sea, i: 357.
+      Unidentified, intervention of Powers to save Turkey, 1878, i: 41.
+
+    Cartridges, kinds, viii: 60.
+
+    Casement, Sir Roger, German passport of, ix: 52.
+
+    Castle, Vernon, flying, xi: 214.
+
+    Catapult, used for launching airplanes, iv: 141;
+      use in hauling grenades, viii: 119.
+
+    Cavell, Edith, funeral procession entering Westminster Abbey, x: 177;
+      Norwich memorial to, x: 180.
+
+    Chamber of Deputies, French, xi: 2.
+
+    Chasseur Alpin, ii: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Château-Thierry, river front, ii: 82;
+      bird's-eye view, ii: 156, v: 34: x. 4;
+      ruins of, ii: 272;
+      street barricade, v: 61;
+      company of 26th Div. going out of action at, v: 153.
+
+    Chaumont, Pershing's headquarters at, vii: 317.
+
+    Chavaniac, Château of, Lafayette's birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 6;
+      interior view, vii: 113.
+
+    Chemical warfare, gas mask adjusted for use, v: 140;
+      filling tanks with phosgene, v: 322;
+      filling shells with mustard gas, v: 323, viii: 165;
+      testing an American gas mask, v: 325;
+      American "Model 1919" gas mask, v: 326;
+      gas training for American troops, viii: 121;
+      poison gas in iron drums, viii: 163;
+      effect of gas on leather gloves, viii: 167;
+      filling shells with phosgene, viii: 169;
+      frozen cube of mustard gas, viii: 172;
+      early types of gas masks, viii: 174, 175;
+      French "Model M-2" gas mask, viii: 175;
+      American "Model K. T." gas mask, viii: 176;
+      types of gas masks used by different belligerents, viii: 177;
+      diagram of gas mask, viii: 178;
+      views of U. S. poison gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal,
+        viii: 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187;
+      gas masks for horses, xi: 315;
+      Germans under gas attack, xi: 317;
+      a gas attack before invention of masks, xi: 319.
+
+    Chemin des Dames, soldiers exploring captured territory, ii: 78.
+
+    Children in war:
+      American, cultivating war garden, ii: 17;
+        new commander-in-chief, xi: _facing p._ 368 (in color).
+      Armenian, refugees from Turkey at Salonika, vii: 369.
+      Belgian, greeting British relief worker, vii: 134;
+        wounded, vii: 242;
+        under care of Red Cross, xi: 85;
+        refugees in France, xi: 86.
+      British, London school-children in air raid drill, vii: 361;
+        as war gardeners, xi: 364, 367.
+      French, making friends with American soldiers, v: 164, xi: 81;
+        outfitted with clothing by American Fund for French Wounded,
+          vii: 102;
+        cared for by Red Cross, vii: 200, 201, 368;
+        war nurseries, vii: 211, 217;
+        going to school with gas masks, vii: 352;
+        being photographed with mothers by Germans for identification,
+          xi: 59;
+        school in war zone, xi: 66;
+        little soldier asleep, xi: 70;
+        repatriated war refugees, xi: 75;
+        seeking safety in cellars, xi: 76;
+        offering prayers of thanksgiving, xi: 78;
+        treasuring presents of toys, xi: 79;
+        American Red Cross worker with little refugee, xi: 87;
+        Red Cross sketches used in educational campaign
+          for proper care of, xi: 87-90;
+        refugees at La Jonchère Sanatorium, xi: 91;
+        playing at war, xi: 120, 374, 376, 379, 381, 383, 385;
+        posing for doughboy, xi: _facing p._ 270 (in color);
+        tribute to marching U.S. soldiers,
+          xi: _facing p._ 324 (in color);
+        school-girls waiting to welcome Gen. Pétain, xii: 114.
+      German, day home for soldiers' children in Berlin, xi: 64.
+      Italian, group of war refugees, xi: 67;
+        young hero, xi: 68;
+        in underground Venetian school, xi: 69;
+        refugees in London, xi: 92.
+      Russian, Archangel school-children, xi: 379.
+      Serbian, war orphans, vii: 148;
+        the little sergeant, xi: 71;
+        war sufferers, xi: 73.
+        _See also_
+          Boy Scouts;
+          Refugees.
+
+    Christmas card for Kaiser from Uncle Sam,
+      xi: _facing p._ 248 (in color).
+
+    _City of Portland_, U. S. motor ship, launching of, xii: 96.
+
+    Clemenceau, Georges, boyhood home, ix: 4;
+      scene of attempted assassination, ix: 9;
+      pen with which signed Peace Treaty, ix: 13.
+
+    Cleveland, view of docks and shipping, xii: 148.
+
+    Colmar, iii: 66.
+
+    Cologne, bridge across Rhine at, i: 157.
+
+    Colt machine-gun, viii: 80;
+      mounted on motor cycle, viii: 81;
+      use against air craft, viii: 83.
+
+    Committee of Mercy, caring for Belgian children, vii: 134;
+      helping refugees from Louvain, vii: 137.
+
+    Congress, U. S., President Wilson addressing, i: 329.
+
+    _Connecticut_, U. S. battleship, xi: 222.
+
+    Constantinople, general view, i: 60, iii: 369, vi: 345;
+      Galata Bridge, iii: 165;
+      Golden Horn, iv: 29, vi: 337;
+      Mosque of St. Sophia, vi: 232;
+      Imperial Treasury, vi: 233.
+
+    Constanza, harbor of, i: 199.
+
+    Convoy system, Allied, iv: 7.
+
+    Copenhagen, bird's-eye view, i: 132.
+
+    Cornell University, machine-gun squad, xi: 157.
+
+    _Cornwallis_, British,
+      battleship in action at Dardanelles, iv: 42.
+
+    Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195.
+
+    Cracow, Florian Gate, vi: 203;
+      Cathedral, vi: 204.
+
+    Craonne, ruins of French church after bombardment, i: 396.
+
+    Crillon, Hotel,
+      headquarters of American peace delegation at Paris, xii: 245.
+
+    Culebra Cut, Panama Canal, i: 85.
+
+    Curtis triplane, viii: 210.
+
+    Curtiss biplane, xi: 215.
+
+    Cyprus, scene during ceremonies of British annexation of, i: 176.
+
+    Czechoslovak girls in native dress, vi: 398.
+
+
+    D
+
+    _Daffodil_, British ferry boat, after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.
+
+    _Danton_, French battleship, iv: 377.
+
+    Danube River, iii: 217.
+
+    Danzig, vi: 296.
+
+    Dardanelles, iv: 21, vi: 329;
+      night bombardment at, by British warships, x: 36.
+
+    Dartmouth College, student regiment at drill, xi: 157.
+
+    De Haviland-4 airplane, viii: 192, xi: 217.
+
+    De Wet, Gen., surrender to Gen. Botha, iii: 254.
+
+    Dead, after a battle in Flanders, ii: 117;
+      field strewn with Allied dead, ii: 194;
+      poilu saluting grave of comrade,
+      iii: _facing p._ 100 (in color);
+      Serbians killed in defending Belgrade, iii: 283;
+      German outposts killed on Galician front, iii: 291;
+      loading trawlers with the killed in
+        Gallipoli fighting for burial at sea, iv: 52;
+      Italians killed in front of Austrian positions, vi: 310;
+      Armenians murdered by Turks, vii: 96;
+      gravestones for A. E. F. buried in France, x: 115;
+      cartload of, from battlefield, x: 349.
+
+    Decorations, German Crown Prince bestowing Iron Cross, ii: 39;
+      first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;
+      Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85;
+      Rumanian King decorating troops, iii: 219;
+      Gen. Helmick awarding D. S. C. to colored troops, v: 268;
+      King George of England decorating U. S. soldier, v: 383;
+      badges and medals of American Red Cross,
+        vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color);
+      Salvation Army girls being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395;
+      Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158;
+      honoring French war heroes, x: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+      Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th U. S. Marine Regt., x: 199.
+
+    Delhi, vi: 74.
+
+    Depth charge exploding, iv: 198, x: 307.
+
+    Detroit, automobiles ready for shipment, xii: 17.
+
+    _Deutschland_, German merchant submarine, iv: 215, xi: 236;
+      at Baltimore, x: 270;
+      returning to Bremen, x: 273.
+
+    Dinant, fortress and town of, i: 143, ii: 349;
+      a château near, iii: 13.
+
+    Dixmude, destruction of, i: _facing p._ 198 (in color).
+
+    Dogs in war, drawing Belgian artillery, ii: 196;
+      searching for Germans, iii: 18;
+      as Red Cross workers, vii: 156, 222;
+      pulling ambulance, viii: 378;
+      French war dogs, xi: 341;
+      Dutch war dogs pulling machine gun, xi: 343;
+      training French war dogs, xi: 345;
+      Italian despatch dogs, xi: 347;
+      Italian war dogs carrying supplies to Front, xi: 363.
+
+    Douaumont, Fort, view from air, viii: 228.
+
+    Dublin, ruins of Sinn Fein Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61;
+      street fighting, '16, vi: 58.
+
+    Duma, Russian, meeting-place, vi: 173.
+
+    Dynamos, carried away by Germans from French and Belgian factories,
+      vi: 250.
+
+
+    E
+
+    Eagle Hut, American Y. M. C. A. honor for service men in London,
+      vii: 264, 288, 320.
+
+    Eagle Hut, Y. M. C. A. house for service men in
+      Bryant Park, New York City, vii: 265.
+
+    East Africa, German, Hindu shop, vi: 51;
+      native troops, vi: 253;
+      rural scene, vi: 254.
+
+    Echternach, vi: 92.
+
+    Egypt, supply depot, vi: 67;
+      native troops, vi: 69;
+      laborers in France, vi: 70;
+      northern, vi: 81.
+
+    Ehrenbreitstein, German fortress at, i: 156.
+
+    Eiffel Tower, equipped with searchlight, ii: 267.
+
+    _Emden_, German cruiser, iv: 171;
+      before the war, iv: 173;
+      ashore on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 182.
+
+    Enfield rifle, viii: 98, 100, 103, 104.
+
+    Erzerum, fight for, iii: 263;
+      general view of, iii: 268.
+
+    Essey, ruins of, v: 156.
+
+
+    F
+
+    _Falaba_, sinking of, by U-boat, x: 287.
+
+    "Fantom of Death," xi: 395.
+
+    Fère-en-Tardenois, ruins of, ii: 323.
+
+    _Feuta_, Austrian cruiser, iv: 283.
+
+    Fismes, Hôtel de Ville, ruins of, v: 191.
+
+    Fiume, vi: 315.
+
+    Flanders, German trenches, ii: 109;
+      the killed after a battle, ii: 117;
+      French and Belgian ammunition trains on way to front, ii: 193;
+      German artillery in, iii: 36.
+
+    Flirey, ruins of, v: 151.
+
+    _Florida_, U. S. battleship, guns of, iv: 350.
+
+    Food conservation, drying fruits and vegetables, xii: 52;
+      municipal canning station, xii: 61;
+      a community conference on, xii: 140.
+
+    Ford baby tank, xi: 262.
+
+    Foreign Legion, vi: 229, x: 28, xi: 194.
+
+    France:
+      Army, advancing in the Vosges on skis, i: 216;
+        at mess with Belgian troops, i: 241;
+        on guard on Swiss border, i: 259;
+        Chasseur Alpin ("Blue Devils"),
+          ii: _frontispiece_ (in color), iii: 49, v: 151;
+        machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43;
+        scouts on the Meuse, ii: 45;
+        sappers at work, ii: 73;
+        poilu on guard in Alsace, ii: _facing p._ 136 (in color);
+        receiving instructions before going into trenches, ii: 153;
+        poilus charging, ii: 185;
+        grenadiers at Chemin des Dames, ii: 215;
+        on march with American soldiers, ii: 219;
+        soldiers' wives waiting in line to get government allowance,
+          ii: 378;
+        poilu, iii: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+        first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;
+        Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85;
+        field kitchen, iii: 311;
+        flame throwers at Cantigny, v: 32;
+        sappers at Cantigny, v: 33;
+        wounded poilu being supported by doughboy, v: 50;
+        sketches of poilu types, v: 156;
+        supply train on way to front, v: 302;
+        wounded soldier being brought in by American comrade, v: 386;
+        North African trooper, vi: _facing p._ 378 (in color);
+        wounded soldiers in Switzerland, vi: 381;
+        types of infantry equipment, viii: 71;
+        soldiers watching bombardment in the Vosges,
+          viii: _facing p._ 122 (in color);
+        testing fitness of soldiers, viii: 352, 353;
+        Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158;
+        decorating war heroes, x: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+        brave wounded, x: 112;
+        spahis, x: 117;
+        group of airmen, x: 207;
+        soldiers resting, x: 367, xi: 190;
+        cavalry on march, xi: 49;
+        sappers with tools, xi: 312;
+        war-dogs, xi: 341, 345;
+        _see also_ Battle scenes.
+      Artillery, on Champagne front, ii: 66;
+        heavy guns on way to front, ii: iii, v: 349;
+        bringing shells to advanced positions, iii: 59;
+        big railway-mount guns, iii: 65, v: 166, viii: 35;
+        famous "75's," iii: 93;
+        supply of shells, iii: 312;
+        155-mm. guns, v: 172;
+        biggest gun used in war, viii: 52;
+        a big shell, viii: 57.
+      Industry, ruined machinery of a manufacturing plant, ii: 77;
+        dynamos carried away by Germans, vi: 250.
+      Navy, warship taking on provisions, iv: 177;
+        device for detection of U-boats, iv: 308;
+        battleships in battle order, iv: 374;
+        naval guns on Western Front, viii: 341, 343;
+        _see also_ name of war vessel.
+      Parliament, Chamber of Deputies, xi: 2.
+
+    "France Aroused," sculpture, i: 142.
+
+    Free Milk for France, poster, vii: 377;
+      American girls raising funds for, vii: 378.
+
+    Freiburg, vi: 288.
+
+    Fryatt, Capt. Charles, body being escorted through Dover streets,
+      x: 267;
+      funeral cortege entering St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 268;
+      grave, x: 269.
+
+    _Furious_, British floating aerodrome, iv: 287.
+
+
+    G
+
+    Galicia, oil wells, iii: 144;
+      ruined oil fields, iii: 265;
+      German soldiers marching through, xi: 17.
+
+    Gallipoli, British troops landing, iii: 167, iv: 37, 40;
+      wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172;
+      Anzac trenches, iii: 170, 171, 342;
+      Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, iii: 341;
+      Anzac camp, iii: 351;
+      Australians charging, iii: 353;
+      loading trawlers with Allied dead for burial at sea, iii: 354;
+      bombardment of fortifications by Allied warships, iv: 38;
+      signaling by heliograph at, vi: 228;
+      British meeting Turkish attack, x: 39;
+      scene behind Anzac lines, xi: 15.
+
+    Gas masks, types of, v: 326, viii: 174, 175, 176, 177, 178.
+
+    Geneva, interior of Victoria Hall, xii: 172.
+
+    _George Washington_, U. S. transport used by President Wilson
+      for trip to France for Peace Conference, xii: 162;
+      starting on first trip across with the President, xii: 187.
+
+    Germany:
+      Army, Southwest African cavalry, i: 11;
+        Southwest African camel corps, i: 96;
+        machine-gun abandoned in Belgium, i: 237;
+        reservists reporting to colors, i: 248;
+        soldiers bivouacked in ballroom, i: 252;
+        infantry marching to Ostend, i: 349;
+        firing from behind defensive shelter, ii: 29;
+        signal corps at work, ii: 100;
+        in trenches in Flanders, ii: 109;
+        in underground quarters, ii: 256;
+        soldier surrendering, ii: 295, v: 48;
+        group of airmen, ii: 336;
+        at mess on Eastern Front, ii: 362;
+        in Poland, iii: 108, vi: 207;
+        entrenched machine-gun battery, iii: 131;
+        staff officers observing bombardment, iii: 134;
+        field telephone station, iii. 295;
+        struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399;
+        in trenches in Argonne, v: 214;
+        in a Russian forest, vi: 212;
+        building trenches, vi: 245;
+        war booty, vi: 250;
+        soldier harvesting, vi: 251;
+        East African troops, vi: 253;
+        pay-day, vi: 267;
+        wounded being gathered by ambulance men, vii: 208;
+        plan of underground village for troops, viii: 126;
+        first line trench shelters at Pleimont, viii: 131;
+        "pill-boxes," viii: 132;
+        officer's underground bed-room, viii: 133;
+        a trench, viii: 134;
+        infantry resting, xi: 10, 199;
+        in Galicia, xi: 17;
+        bridging a river, xi: 27;
+        entering bombarded Russian town, xi: 34;
+        Uhlans, xi: 196;
+        troops returning to rear, xi: 197;
+        troops on church parade, xi: 201;
+        entering Lemberg, xi: 203;
+        _see also_ Battle scenes.
+      Artillery, anti-aircraft gun, ii: 364;
+        in Flanders, iii: 36;
+        howitzers, iii: 128, viii: 32;
+        observation tower, viii: 15;
+        fragment of long-range shell used in bombarding Paris,
+          viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;
+        diagram of long-range shell, viii: 53;
+        prepared position for "Big Bertha," viii: 61.
+      National Assembly, in session, vi: 274.
+      Navy, naval base at Kiel, ii: 56;
+        battle cruisers, iv: 146;
+        submarine dry-dock in Kiel Canal, iv: 202;
+        coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212;
+        interior of a U-boat, iv: 237;
+        officers and men of captured U-boat, iv: 238;
+        captured U-boats in Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297;
+        surrender of fleet to Allies at Scapa Flow,
+          iv: 381, 382, 383, 386, 390;
+        naval gun captured on Western Front, viii: 30;
+        details of U-boats, viii: 265, 267;
+        aboard a torpedo boat, x: 278;
+        _see also_ Submarines;
+        _also_ name of vessel.
+      Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3.
+      Ship-building yard, ii: 19.
+
+    Gibraltar, Rock of, ii: _Intro. xiv._
+
+    _Gloucester Castle_, British hospital ship, iv: 233.
+
+    _Goeben_, German cruiser, v: 15.
+
+    Gold $5,000,000 in kegs on way from U. S. to Europe, i: 269.
+
+    Golden Horn, Constantinople, iv: 29, vi: 337.
+
+    Grand Pré, ruins of, v: 263.
+
+    "Gratitude March,"
+      Polish school-boy's tribute to American children, xi: 390, 392.
+
+    Great Britain:
+      Army, in German East Africa, i: 14, iii: 252;
+        New Guinea colonials, i: 81;
+        railroad construction in France, ii: 44, v: 296;
+        machine-gun unit on Western Front, ii: 125;
+        regiment of Highlanders, ii: 172;
+        motor lorries on way to front, ii: 192, iii: 5;
+        street barricade against Germans in a French town, ii: 289;
+        assisting in recruiting, ii: 310;
+        descending Mount of Olives in Palestine,
+          ii: _facing p._ 332 (in color);
+        cavalry in trenches, ii: 19;
+        on Italian Front, iii: 241;
+        in Cameroons, iii: 251;
+        supply train, iii: 317;
+        advance medical station in Palestine, iii: 326;
+        cavalry resting, iii: 362;
+        wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385, vii: 196, 238;
+        bringing up pontoons for use at front, iii: 387;
+        "Die Hards," iii: 388;
+        Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389;
+        on Salonika Front, iii: 397;
+        going over the top, flash-light photo, v: 293;
+        recruiting posters, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334;
+        in trenches, vi: 62;
+        on march, vi: _facing p._ 130 (in color);
+        supplies at Salonika, vi: 225;
+        bandaging wounded on Western Front, vii: 97;
+        "Tommy" making friends with Belgian children, vii: 134;
+        Sudanese troops in Egypt, vii: 323;
+        entering Bagdad, vii: 326;
+        troop train in France, vii: 388;
+        field oven viii: 291;
+        Rifle Brigade fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11;
+        charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45;
+        Black Watch Regiment, x: 56;
+        Scots fighting through Loos, x: 157;
+        soldiers with captured souvenirs, xi: 182;
+        cavalry camp, xi: 184;
+        smiling Tommies going to battle, xi: 185;
+        wounded soldiers at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187;
+        awaiting inspection, xi: 297;
+        Highlander with doughboy, xi: 361;
+        _see also_ Australia;
+          Battle scenes;
+          Canada;
+          India;
+          New Zealand;
+          South Africa.
+      Artillery, in action, ii: 128, 132, x: 107, 129;
+        returning from front, ii: 158;
+        big guns on way to front, vi: 65;
+        hauling big gun into position, vi: 90;
+        howitzer, viii: 33.
+      Navy, on board a battleship, iv: 25;
+        on board a monitor, iv: 26;
+        gun and gun crew of monitor, iv: 34, 281;
+        mine-sweepers, iv: 51;
+        patrol boat on duty, iv: 73;
+        veterans of battle of Jutland, iv: 122, 155;
+        recruiting poster, iv: 139;
+        battle cruisers, iv: 151;
+        heroes of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 155;
+        submarine officer watching for target, iv: 236;
+        monitor in action, iv: 282;
+        destroyer on patrol duty, iv: 295;
+        treating wounded in Mesopotamia, vii: 327;
+        shell of super gun, viii: 4;
+        Grand Fleet, xi: 32;
+        _see also_ name of war vessel.
+      Parliament, Houses of, xi: 2.
+
+    Greek reservists in U. S. reporting for duty, i: 261.
+
+    Grenades, filling, viii: 171;
+      throwing, x: 21.
+
+    _Grosser Kurfürst_, German battleship
+      surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Gurkhas, at English entertainment, vi: 17;
+      at battle front, x: 87;
+      capturing German trench, xi: 192;
+      pipers, xi: 333.
+
+
+    H
+
+    Hague, Peace Palace at, i: 102.
+
+    Hamburg, river front, vi: 269.
+
+    _Hamidieh_, Turkish cruiser, officers and crew, iv: 46.
+
+    Handley-Page bombing plane, viii: 204, 220.
+
+    Heligoland, harbor of, iv: 241;
+      street scene, iv: 242.
+
+    Heliograph, signalling by, vi: 228.
+
+    Helmets, manufacture of, viii: 65;
+      use by war photographers, viii: 67;
+
+    Helsingfors, market scene, vi: 197;
+      general view, vi: 199.
+
+    Hermannstadt, iii: 220.
+
+    Herzegovina, town scene, vi: 361.
+
+    _Hindenburg_, German battleship, iv: 385, 389.
+
+    Hindenburg Line, tunnel entrance, v: 294.
+
+    Hindu Maharajah, vi: 79.
+
+    Hindu shop in East Africa, vi: 51.
+
+    Hochoffen Company's smelters, Lübeck, Germany, i: 364.
+
+    Hohenzollern, Castle, i: 33;
+      coat of arms, i: 153.
+
+    "Home from France," iii: _facing p._ 348 (in color).
+
+    Horses, treatment of, wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.
+
+    Hospitals:
+      American reading to sick and wounded, v: 339;
+        an evacuation hospital, v: 345;
+        at Neuilly, vii: 38, 77, 199;
+        on board battleship, vii: 41;
+        hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380;
+        Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, vii: 64;
+        tent hospital at Auteuil, vii: 205, 206, 243;
+        Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347;
+        gassed soldier at a field hospital, vii: 354;
+        hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 370, 371, 374.
+      British, American women's, in London, vii: 30;
+        bombarded by Germans, vii: 82;
+        home of Duke of Westminster as, vii: 89;
+        on Astor estate at Cliveden, vii: 106, 281;
+        Prince of Wales Hospital at Tottenham, vii: 108;
+        Duchess of Sutherland's, in France, vii: 109;
+        University College, Oxford, turned into, vii: 198;
+        hospital trains, vii: 241, viii: 379;
+        hospital ships, vii: 253, 396.
+      Dutch, German wounded being cared for at Maastricht, vii: 174.
+      French, barges converted as, vii: 49, 236, 244;
+        near Soissons, airplane view, vii: 63;
+        box-car converted into, vii: 239.
+      German, hospital train, vii: 220.
+      Rumanian, anti-typus bath and disinfectant train, vii: 212.
+      Russian, scenes in, vii: 363, xi: 147.
+      Salonikan, bombarded by Germans, vii: 159.
+      Swiss, for treatment of tubercular patients, at Leysin, vii: 247.
+
+    Howitzers,
+      path of trajectory and effect of fire, ii: 129, iii: 159, viii: 135;
+      German, iii: 128, viii: 32;
+      British, viii: 33;
+      8-in., with caterpillar mount, viii: 40;
+      construction of, xii: 73.
+
+    Hungary, celebrating establishment of Republic, vi: 323.
+
+    Hydrophones, for detection of U-boats, viii: 17, 19.
+
+
+    I
+
+    _Indefatigable_, British battle cruiser, iv: 148.
+
+    India, army, behind the lines in France, i: 219;
+      sepoys, iii: 182;
+      at a listening post in the desert, iii: 190;
+      Gurkhas at English entertainment, vi: 17;
+      detachment standing at attention, vi: 73;
+      in desert trenches, vi: 75;
+      Hindu servants of British officers, vi: 77;
+      Gurkhas at battle front, x: 86;
+      Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192;
+      Gurkha pipers, xi: 333.
+
+    Indians, American, in U. S. Army, xi: 176, 177.
+
+    _Inflexible_, British battleship, iv: 44.
+
+    International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34.
+
+    _Invincible_, British battle cruiser, iv: 72, 145.
+
+    Ireland, recruiting scene, vi: 54;
+      ruins of Dublin Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61;
+      street fighting in Dublin, '16, vi: 58.
+
+    _Iris_, British ferry boat,
+      returning after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.
+
+    Isonzo valley, iii: 238.
+
+    Italy:
+      Army, group of Italian and U. S. airmen, i: 257;
+        at Mass before battle, ii: 50;
+        machine gunners at front, ii: 95, 238;
+        in trenches, prepared to repulse attack, ii: 150;
+        mountain sentinel, ii: 237, vi: 318;
+        in first line trenches overlooking Austrian position, ii: 243;
+        Arditi shock troops in action, ii: 247;
+        climbing to mountain positions, ii: 251, iii: 242;
+        first line troops under bombardment, ii: 253;
+        digging trenches in the Alps, iii: 225;
+        Alpini, iii: 228;
+        an outpost visited by Cadorna, iii: 233;
+        sharpshooters on Mount Nero, iii: 237;
+        entrenched, vi: 115;
+        mobilization, vi: 125;
+        recruits, vi: 126;
+        directing artillery fire from a mountain crag, vi: 307;
+        in mountain dugout, vi: 314;
+        hard pressed in battle, x: 63;
+        fording mountain torrent, xi: 28.
+      Artillery, big guns, ii: 249, iii: 245;
+        hoisting guns up mountain, viii: 5;
+        anti-aircraft, viii: 10, 16;
+        a gun used against Austrian offensive, viii: 38;
+        long-range bombardment, x: 359;
+        artillery crossing mountains, xi: 40.
+      Declaration of war, symbolized,
+        iii: _facing p._ 230 (in color);
+        crowds celebrating, vi: 116;
+        anti-German demonstration in Rome, vi: 117.
+      Navy, motor boat sinking Austrian battleship, iv: 370;
+        sea tank breaking through enemy harbor defense, iv: 371;
+        mine layer, iv: 372.
+
+
+    J
+
+    Japan, artillery advancing on Tsing Tao, ii: 358;
+      torpedo boats off Yokohama harbor, iv: 169;
+      state procession, vi: 383.
+
+    _Jason_, in Plymouth harbor, vii: 135.
+
+    Jerusalem, Kaiser's entry, 1898, i: 97;
+      British tank in streets of, ii: _facing p._ 280 (in color);
+      walls, ii: _facing p._ 370 (in color);
+      surrender of, iii: 195;
+      Gen. Allenby's entry, iii: 323.
+
+    Jutland, battle of, British veterans of, iv: 122, 155;
+      British warships shelling German cruiser, iv: 130;
+      night action, iv: 132.
+
+    Juvigny, German machine gun nests at, v: 261.
+
+
+    K
+
+    Kemmel Hill, fight for, ii: 152;
+      French post on, v: 289.
+
+    Kiel, harbor of, ii: 56;
+      U-boat dry dock in Canal, iv: 202.
+
+    Kiev, street scene, vi: 240;
+      history museum, vi: 244.
+
+    Knights of Columbus,
+      serving members of "Lost Battalion" after rescue, vii: 329;
+      group of secretaries at Lafayette Monument, Paris, vii: 330;
+      providing music for troops on leave, vii: 332;
+      hut on Broadway, New York City, vii: 333;
+      group of workers in battle area, vii: 335;
+      helping wounded, vii: 336;
+      in Verdun, vii: 337;
+      in the Argonne, vii: 338.
+
+    Knitting, in Central Park, New York, vii: 123;
+      New York firemen doing their bit, vii: 125.
+
+    Königgrätz, defeat of Austrians by Prussians in battle of, i: 42;
+      occupation by Prussians, 1866, i: 47.
+
+    Königsberg, iii: 290.
+
+    Kremlin, the, Moscow, ii: 234.
+
+    _Kronprinz Wilhelm_, German sea raider, iv: 196.
+
+    Krupp works, Essen, ii: 106.
+
+    Kut-el-Amara, native bazaar, iii: 181;
+      banks of Tigris at, iii: 183;
+      group of venerable inhabitants, iii: 318.
+
+
+    L
+
+    _L-15_, German Zeppelin, sinking, x: 361.
+
+    _L-49_, Zeppelin, captured by French, viii: 249;
+      fuel tanks on, viii: 253.
+
+    Lafayette, Marquis de, tomb, Pershing's visit to, v: 99;
+      birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 7;
+      Paris Monument, vii: 330;
+      Brooklyn Monument, xi: 7.
+
+    Lafayette Fund, soldier's kit, vii: 88.
+
+    Laundry, on wheels for army, viii: 288.
+
+    Le Mans, Y. W. C. A. hostess house at, vii: 272.
+
+    _Leipzig_, German cruiser, iv: 75.
+
+    Lemberg, iii: 121, vi: 160;
+      German troops entering, xi: 203.
+
+    Leoning monoplane, viii: 207.
+
+    _Leviathan_, U.S. transport, bringing home 27th Div., v: 298;
+      entering N.Y. harbor, vii: 382.
+
+    Lewis machine-gun, v: 240, viii: 86.
+
+    Liberty Bell, vi: 227.
+
+    Liberty Loan, posters, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, xii: 7, 14, 128, 131.
+
+    Liberty Motor, viii: 194, 197, 198, 199.
+
+    Liége, bird's-eye view, i: 336;
+      Meuse bridge, iii: 6.
+
+    Ligny, battle of, in Franco-Prussian War, i: 65.
+
+    Lille, German troops in, i: 172;
+      airplane view of, viii: 231.
+
+    _Lion_, flagship of Adm. Beatty, at battle of Jutland, iv: 147;
+      after battle off Dogger Bank, iv: 252.
+
+    Liquid fire, x: 19.
+
+    Lisbon, celebrating declaration of war, vi: 374.
+
+    Locomotives, U. S., ready for shipment overseas, v: 195;
+      building of, viii: _facing p._ 282 (in color);
+      being assembled in France x: 391.
+
+    Locust Point,
+      ruins of fire suspected of German incendiary origin, i: 279.
+
+    London,
+      Buckingham Palace and Queen Victoria's monument, i: 127;
+      scene in front of Buckingham Palace on night of declaration of war,
+        i: 138;
+      crowd in front of Royal Exchange listening to
+        King's reading of war proclamation, i: 145;
+      night illumination for search of German air raiders, i: 151;
+      mass meeting to urge internment of Germans, ii: 259;
+      view from Westminster Abbey, vi: 4;
+      anti-conscription demonstration, vi: 7;
+      recruiting scene, vi: 8;
+      Lord Mayor's Show, vi: 9;
+      Tower of, vi: 11;
+      anti-German riot, x: 334.
+
+    London Scottish, charging at Messines, x: 45.
+
+    "Lost Battalion," members of,
+      being fed at Knights of Columbus field kitchen, vii: 329.
+
+    Louvain, ruins of Library, i: 239;
+      refugees from, vii: _Intro. xii._
+
+    Lucy-le-Bocage, ruins of, v: 134.
+
+    Luresnes, American Cemetery at, vii: 224.
+
+    _Lusitania_, sinking of, i: 291;
+      float representing sinking, i: 296;
+      facsimile of German warning against sailing on, i: 319;
+      attempt to save passengers while sinking, iv: 219;
+      popular German postcard depicting torpedoing, iv: 221;
+      German medal celebrating destruction, iv: 222;
+      appeal to revenge sinking of, iv: _facing p._ 222 (in color);
+      funeral procession of victims, iv: 225;
+      on last voyage, iv: 226, xi: 20.
+
+    Luxemburg, City of, vi: 93.
+
+
+    M
+
+    Machine-guns, Lewis, v: 240, viii: 86;
+      Colt, viii: 80, 81, 83;
+      Benet-Mercier, viii: 82;
+      German, viii: 85;
+      Browning, viii: 85;
+      on airplanes, viii: 193, 209, 211.
+
+    Madrid, Bolshevik demonstration, vi: 372.
+
+    Mainz, vi: 295.
+
+    _Mainz_, German cruiser, sinking off Heligoland, iv: 243.
+
+    _Majestic_, British battleship, ii: 204.
+
+    Matines, Cathedral, vi: 102.
+
+    Malingering, tests for detection of, viii: 359, 363.
+
+    Malmaison, Fort, German defenses at, ii: 41.
+
+    Mancourt, French machine gunners repulsing German attacks, ii: 43.
+
+    Marines, U. S., _see_ U. S., Marines.
+
+    _Markgraf_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Marne, battles of, dead and debris on battlefield, iii: 25, 94;
+      Germans forcing crossing of river, iii: 32;
+      French celebrating anniversary of, iii: 34.
+
+    Marne River, at Château-Thierry, ii: 82, x: 4;
+      Allied airplanes flying over, ii: 83;
+      Germans crossing, iii: 32;
+      U. S. troops resting near, v: 42.
+
+    _Marseillaise_, singing of, xi: 327.
+
+    Marseilles, arrival of Russian troops at, i: 251.
+
+    Martin bombing plane, viii: 234.
+
+    Mascots, lion mascots of Maj. Lufberry, xi: 229;
+      baboon mascot of Royal Engineers, xi: 230.
+
+    Masks, for shell-torn faces, viii: 389, 391.
+
+    Maubeuge, ruin of fort at, ii: 11.
+
+    Maude, Gen., grave of, iii: 187.
+
+    McPherson, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, v: 301.
+
+    Melbourne, Australian army embarking for Gallipoli, ii: 201;
+      Alexandra Gardens, vi: 43.
+
+    _Mercy_, U. S. hospital ship, view of a ward, viii: 370;
+      operating room, viii: 371;
+      X-ray apparatus, viii: 374.
+
+    Mesopotamia, New Zealanders digging trenches, ii: 91;
+      bridge across Tigris, iii: 319;
+      native silver-smiths, iii: 330;
+      camel caravan, iii: 367;
+      bridge across Narin River destroyed by Turks, vi: 222.
+
+    Messines, battle of, iii: 360.
+
+    Metz, i: 332.
+
+    Meuse River, ruins of bridge destroyed by Germans, i: 313;
+      at Verdun, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303;
+      French scouts reconnoitering on, ii: 45;
+      at Liége, iii: 6;
+      near Dinant, iii: 13;
+      passing through country north of Verdun, iii: 309;
+      wreckage on banks, iii: 328.
+
+    Milan, pro-war demonstration, vi: 119, 124.
+
+    Mine-field, viii: 273, 275.
+
+    Mine-layers,
+      iv: 200, 329, 372, viii: 267 (plan of German mine-laying submarine).
+
+    Mine-laying, iv: 324, 326, 331.
+
+    Mines, iv: 325, 327;
+      floating, xi: 247.
+
+    Mine-sweepers, iv: 51, 260.
+
+    Mobile repair shop, viii: 295.
+
+    _Moltke_, German battle cruiser, with crew, iv: 257.
+
+    Monastir, vi: 355.
+
+    Monitors, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.
+
+    Mortars, viii: 3, xi: 293.
+
+    Moscow, the kremlin, ii: 234;
+      Red Square, vi: 167.
+
+    Moselle River, v: 81.
+
+    "Mothers of France," vi: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Motor truck, equipped with apparatus for crossing trenches, viii: 292.
+
+    Motor boats, construction of, in New Jersey shipyard, xii: 102.
+
+    Mouilly, battlefield near, in St. Mihiel salient, v: 204.
+
+    Mülhausen, street scene, ii: 183.
+
+    Murat, Prince, palace of, President Wilson's Paris residence
+      during Peace Conference, ix: 67, 68.
+
+    Mustard gas, filling shells with, v: 323, viii: 165;
+      frozen cube of, viii: 172.
+
+
+    N
+
+    Nancy, bird's-eye view, ii: 140.
+
+    Napoleon, tomb of, x: 233.
+
+    _Nautilus_, Fulton's submarine, iv: 203.
+
+    Naval scenes, general, firing a salvo, iv: 77;
+      lookout in crow's nest, iv: 163;
+      destroyer on patrol, iv: 193;
+      torpedo boat on patrol, x: 284;
+      target practice, xi: 281;
+      winter patrol, xi: 298;
+      battleship in rough sea, xi: 300;
+    _see also_ under name of country, Navy;
+    _also_ particular references such as Submarines;
+      etc.
+
+    _N-C-I_, U. S. seaplane, viii: 238.
+
+    _Nebraska_, U. S. battleship,
+      crew preparing to sow mine field, iv: 326.
+
+    Netherlands, mobilized soldiers reading war news, i: 263;
+      military maneuvers, ii: 181;
+      troops at machine-gun practice, vi: 376;
+      war refugees in, vii: 169;
+      Red Cross volunteers, vi: 170.
+
+    Neufmaisons, street scene, v: 54.
+
+    Neuilly, American hospital at, vii: 38, 77, 199.
+
+    New Guinea, native troops in British service, i: 81;
+      native women as plantation workers, i: 82.
+
+    New York, parade of German-Americans, '14, i: 272;
+      Austrian reservists reporting at consulate at outbreak of war,
+        i: 281;
+      display of flags on Armistice Day, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 401;
+      Victory Parade, iv: 138;
+      Red Cross Parade, vii: 2;
+      women of Motor Corps of America parading, vii: 57;
+      Victory Way, xii: 133.
+
+    _New York_, U. S. battleship,
+      visited by King George and Adm. Beatty, iv: 11, 85, 345;
+      airplane view, iv: 358;
+      in a storm, iv: 395.
+
+    New Zealand, army, digging trenches in Mesopotamia, ii: 91;
+      in Egypt, vi: 46.
+
+    _North Carolina_,
+      U. S. battleship, crew visiting Pyramids, iv: 353.
+
+    _North Dakota_, U. S. battleship, iv: 344.
+
+    North Sea Allied patrol, x: 285, 294.
+
+    Notre Dame, Church of, at Albert, after German bombardment, xi: 23.
+
+    Noyon, French entering, '18, iii: 102.
+
+    Nurses, French, vii: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+      reading to convalescent, vii: 21;
+      Japanese, vii: 44;
+      British, vii: 52;
+      Red Cross, treating Allied wounded, vii: 65;
+      reading last rites over the dead, vii: 76;
+      Polish, recruited in America, vii: 353;
+      Russian, vii: 362;
+      French Sister of Mercy, x: _facing p._ 48 (in color);
+      writing letters for wounded, x: 380;
+    _see also_ Red Cross.
+
+
+    O
+
+    Observation tower, German collapsible type, viii: 15.
+
+    Oglethorpe, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, ii: 319.
+
+    Olives, Mount of, ii. _facing p._ 332 (in color).
+
+    Oppressed nations, representatives of,
+       at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, vi: 227.
+
+    Ostend, esplanade, ii: 224;
+      bird's-eye view of harbor, iv: 275;
+      British cruiser _Vindictive_ being sunk at, iv: 276.
+
+
+    P
+
+    Palestine, British troops with captured Turkish plane, ii: 93;
+      Mount of Olives, ii: _facing p._ 332 (in color);
+      native market, iii: 194;
+      dressing-station for British wounded, iii: 326;
+    _see also_ name of towns in, as Jerusalem, etc.
+
+    Parachute, French type, viii: 263.
+
+    Parades, German-Americans in New York, '14, i: 272;
+      in Cape Town, to help recruiting, i: 383;
+      in London, recruits passing Whitehall, i: 387;
+      A. E. F. in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: _Intro. xxiv_;
+      in Petrograd celebrating capture of Lemberg, ii: 230;
+      in Berlin, on birthday of Kaiser, ii: 258;
+      in New York, Victory parade, iv: 138;
+      recruits at Chicago, v: 377;
+      Lord Mayor's Show, London, vi: 9;
+      women's, in London, '15, vi: 18;
+      Dominion Day in Winnipeg, vi: 27;
+      Anzac Day in Sydney, '18, vi: 44;
+      Allies in Vladivostok, vi: 193;
+      Red Cross in New York, vii: 2;
+      women of American Motor Corps, in New York, vii: 57;
+      Russian troops in Paris on Bastille Day, x: 376;
+      U. S. troops in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389.
+
+    Paris, group of Americans stranded in, by outbreak of war, i: 277;
+      congestion at railroad station on declaration of war, i: 278;
+      interior of American embassy, i: 288;
+      Allied conference at French Foreign Ministry, March, '16, i: 398;
+      Eiffel Tower, ii: 267;
+      crowd outside Bank of France on outbreak of War, ii: 382;
+      bird's-eye view, v: 379, xii: 258;
+      on watch for enemy with searchlights, vi: 97;
+      Bois de Boulogne, vi: 100;
+      Armistice celebration, vi: 107;
+      Joan of Arc anniversary celebration, vi: 108;
+      Bourse, vi: 109;
+      May Day riots, May 1, '19, vi: 111;
+      poor getting coal allotment, vi: 112;
+      theatre turned into relief warehouse, vii: 114;
+      crowd in Place de la Concorde to greet President Wilson, xii: 164;
+      crowd at Place de l'Etoile welcoming Wilson, xii: 193.
+
+    Parliament, British, Houses of, xi: 2.
+
+    Passchendaele Ridge, British bombardment of, iii: 78.
+
+    Peace Treaty, Clemenceau's pen in signing, ix: 13;
+      table and chair used in signing, xii: 157.
+
+    _Pegasus_, British airplane carrier, iv: 81.
+
+    _Pennsylvania_, U. S. battleship, airplane view of, iv: 360.
+
+    Periscope, land use, ii: 179.
+
+    Permanent Blind Relief War Fund,
+      Italian fiesta for, at New York Public Library, vii: 258.
+
+    Persia, Christian inhabitants, vi: 336.
+
+    Petrograd, celebrating capture of Lembery, ii: 230;
+      war-time crowds, vi: 137;
+      burning, vi: 146;
+      celebrating Kerensky revolution, vi: 152;
+      along the Canal, vi: 155;
+      view from St. Isaac's Cathedral, vi: 163;
+      street orators, vi: 165, 172;
+      Tauris Palace, vi: 173;
+      crowds awaiting food rations, vii: 372, 373.
+
+    Phosgene, filling shells with, viii: 169.
+
+    Pigeons, as military messengers, viii: 327, 328.
+
+    Pill-boxes, viii: 132, xi: 253.
+
+    Place de la Concorde, Paris, welcoming President Wilson, xii: 164.
+
+    Place de l'Etoile, Paris crowds welcoming President Wilson, xii: 193.
+
+    Plymouth, England, harbor, vii: 135.
+
+    "Poilu," iii: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Pola, harbor, iv: 369, vi: 312.
+
+    Poland, German trenches in, iii: 108;
+      troops in Warsaw, vi: 205;
+      Women's Battalion of Death, vi: 218;
+      unloading food supplies from U. S. in Warsaw, vii: 355;
+      shipping kosher meat for Jewish war sufferers in, vii: 357.
+
+    Pontoons, iii: 387.
+
+    Pope's palace, interior of, ix: 406.
+
+    Port Said, i: 16, iii: 200.
+
+    Posters:
+      American, for Navy recruiting, iv: 316;
+        for Marine recruiting, v: 131, x: 316;
+        for Red Cross, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285;
+        for Free Milk for France fund, vii: 377;
+        for Liberty Loans, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, xii: 7, 14, 128, 131;
+        War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346.
+      British, recruiting, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334;
+        for Women's Land Army, vi: 13;
+        for Belgian relief, vii: 128.
+      French, War Loan, vi: 96, 98;
+        for soldiers' relief, vi: 99, 103;
+        war exposition, vi: 113.
+      Italian, War Loan, vi: 327.
+
+    Potsdam, throne room of royal palace at, i: 159.
+
+    Prague, vi: 397.
+
+    _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, German sea raider, iv: 196.
+
+    Prisoners of war:
+      Austrian, in Italy ii: 97;
+        in Serbia, iii: 154;
+        captured by Russians, iii: 293, vi: 182.
+      Belgian, snipers on way to execution by Germans, i: 236.
+      British, at Göttingen, iii: 301;
+        condition on being released from German prison camp, vii: 39.
+      German, captured in first Marne battle, ii: 143, 173;
+        on way to prison camp, ii: 328;
+        serving as stretcher bearers, ii: 334;
+        captured at Verdun, iii: 315;
+        U-boat crew captured by Americans, iv: 238;
+        captured by Russians, vi: 177;
+        being searched for concealed weapons, vi: 284;
+        group under British guard, vii: 104;
+        in prison camp, vii: 303;
+        at Fort McPherson, x: 373.
+      Russian, having mess, vi: 139;
+        as street laborers, vi: 184, 217.
+      Serbian, on way to Austria, vii: 154.
+      Turkish, on march, vi: 232.
+
+    Propaganda, dropped by British in German lines, ii: 320;
+      device for releasing from aircraft, ii: 321.
+
+    Prussian Chamber of Deputies in session, vi: 259.
+
+    Przemysl, vi: 135.
+
+
+    Q
+
+    _Queen Elizabeth_, British super-dreadnought, iii: 175, iv: 31.
+
+    Queen Elizabeth Medal, Belgian, ix: 391.
+
+    Quirinal Palace, Rome, vi: 128.
+
+    _Quistconck_, launching of, at Hog Island, xii: 26.
+
+
+    R
+
+    _R-34_, British dirigible, viii: 251, 255.
+
+    Raemaekers, Louis, cartoons by, i: 222, 363, vi: 85, 285.
+
+    Raines Foundation Schools,
+      London, converting crates into baby cradles, vii: 141.
+
+    Ramsgate, after an air raid, ii: 268.
+
+    Red Cross:
+      American, New York parade, vii: 2;
+        a large flag, vii: 13;
+        national headquarters, Washington, vii: 18;
+        posters, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285;
+        reading to convalescents, vii: 21, 204;
+        Kaiser's trophy donated to, vii: 25;
+        rolling kitchens, vii: 33;
+        knitting for soldiers, vii: 34;
+        Paris headquarters, vii: 36;
+        sightseeing with convalescent U. S. soldiers in London, vii: 40;
+        hospital ship _Red Cross_, vii: 45;
+        medal and badges of, vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color);
+        preparing Christmas packages for A. E. F., vii: 55, 279;
+        hospital train, vii: 58;
+        advance station in France, vii: 61;
+        sightseeing with U. S. sailors on leave in London, vii: 62;
+        distributing cigarettes to Russian wounded, vii: 79;
+        field canteen in France, vii: _facing p._ 96 (in color);
+        looking after Belgian refugees in Paris, vii: 112;
+        worker among refugees, vii: _facing p._ 158 (in color);
+        supplies at Brest, vii: 171;
+        making bandages, vii: _facing p._ 198 (in color);
+        caring for French children, vii: 200, 201;
+        distributing gifts to French children, vii: 229;
+        caring for wounded Belgian boy, vii: 242;
+        coffee and cakes for convalescent A. E. F. at Auteuil Hospital,
+          vii: 243;
+        loading supplies for overseas,
+          vii: _facing p._ 250, 350 (in color);
+        mailing letters for departing soldiers, vii: 297;
+        in Italy, vii: _facing p._ 300, 374 (in colors);
+        canteen at Trieste, vii: 301;
+        Red Cross men in the making, xi: _frontispiece_ (in colors);
+        nurse visiting poor of Marseilles, xi: 83;
+        nurse bathing Belgian baby, xi: 85;
+        educational cartoons for child welfare in France, xi: 87-90.
+      Belgian, hospital trains, vii: 118.
+      British, serving food to Germans, vii: 7;
+        wounded soldiers at Gift House, vii: 70;
+        in Mesopotamia, vii: 260.
+      Dutch, volunteers, vii: 170.
+      French, canteen, vii: 48;
+        barge hospitals on the Seine, vii: 49, 236;
+        giving refreshments to soldiers on troop train, vii: 226;
+        hospital train, vii: 239;
+        motor canteen, vii: 248;
+        caring for wounded children, vii: 368.
+      Japanese, nurses assisting at operation, vii: 44.
+      Russian, group of nurses, vii: 362.
+
+    _Red Cross_, hospital ship, vii: 45.
+
+    Refugees of war:
+      American, tourists fleeing from war zone, i: 271.
+      Belgian, wives seeking news of deported husbands, i: 177;
+        fleeing before German invasion, i: 355, 356;
+        gathered in front of town hall, Antwerp, ii: 169;
+        fleeing from Antwerp, iii: 17, xi: 60;
+        Germans deporting women, vi: 86;
+        fleeing from Louvain, vii: _facing p._ 1;
+        assisted at Paris railroad station by Red Cross, vii: 112;
+        relief bundles for, vii: 126;
+        two aged refugees from Louvain, vii: 137;
+        finding food and shelter in Holland, vii: 169;
+        returning home, ix: _facing p._ 368 (in color);
+        children in France, xi: 86.
+      French, under escort of German guards, i: 205, x: 351;
+        going into Holland, i: 224;
+        fleeing out of war zone, i: 270, xi: 57, 58;
+        on road to Amiens, ii: 151;
+        in Marne district, iii: 298;
+        among ruins of Termonde, vii: 74;
+        getting clothing in Paris from American Fund for French Wounded,
+          vii: 102;
+        old peasant woman among ruins of home, vii: 150;
+        Red Cross relief worker among,
+          vii: _facing p._ 158 (in color);
+        from Château-Thierry, vii: 312;
+        children found at Château-Thierry by Allied soldiers, xi: 61;
+        child seeking safety in barn, xi: 65;
+        repatriated French children, xi: 75;
+        children at La Jonchère Sanatorium, xi: 91;
+        arriving in Paris with the family goat, xi: 178.
+      German, from East Prussia, arriving in Berlin, Aug., '14, ii: 23.
+      Italian, children, xi: 67, 69.
+      Rumanian, vi: 350.
+      Salonikan, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371.
+      Serbian, tramping along railway tracks, vii: 158;
+        finding shelter in caves, vii: 160;
+        destitute children, xi: 73.
+
+    Reichstag Building, Berlin, vi: 277, xi: 3.
+
+    Reims (Rheims), Cathedral, i: 76;
+      Cathedral being bombarded by Germans, i: 225, 245;
+      bird's-eye view, ii: 155;
+      ruins of, ii: 211.
+
+    Renault tank, viii: 159, xi: 260.
+
+    "Reunited," home return of soldier,
+      xi: _facing p._ 188 (in color).
+
+    Rifle Brigade, British, fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11.
+
+    Rifles, diagram showing path of bullet, viii: 93;
+      U. S. types, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 104;
+      German anti-tank, viii: 139.
+
+    Riga castle, iii: 146.
+
+    Rio de Janeiro, vi: 391.
+
+    Riva, Porta San Marco, ii: 49.
+
+    Road construction behind the lines in France, v: 398.
+
+    Romagne, A. E. F. cemetery at, v: 233.
+
+    Rome, anti-German demonstration, vi: 117;
+      crowds celebrating King's birthday, vi: 127;
+      Quirinal Palace, vi: 128.
+
+    Roosevelt, Quentin, entrance card into École de Tir Aerien, x: 242;
+      record card at École de Tir Aerien, x: 245.
+
+    Roosevelt, Theodore, Sagamore Hill home, x: 248.
+
+    Rotterdam, harbor, vii: 139.
+
+    Ruggles orientator,
+      machine for testing aviation applicants, viii: 357.
+
+    Rumania, artillery detachment passing in review before King Ferdinand,
+      vi: 351.
+
+    Russia:
+      Army, marching through Marseilles, i: 251;
+        entering burning town in Eastern Galicia, ii: 26;
+        Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195;
+        field guns, ii: 352, vi: 170;
+        outposts encountering Germans, ii: 356;
+        women's Battalion of Death, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208;
+        reserves on march, iii: 266;
+        at field Mass, iii: 270, vi: 144;
+        military funeral, vi: 133;
+        troops in panic, vi: 143;
+        reservists mobilizing, vi: 149;
+        greeting news of Czar's overthrow, vi: 157;
+        on way to front without rifles, vi: 176;
+        artillery retreating, vi: 209;
+        attacking with hand grenades, vi: 213;
+        riflemen, vi: 215;
+        an impromptu orchestra, vii: 152;
+        trenches on Eastern Front, viii: 127;
+        on parade in Paris, x: 376.
+      General scenes, rural district, vi: 138;
+        children's procession demanding education, vi: 147;
+        group of radicals, vi: 178;
+        winter scene, vi: 191;
+        peasant gathering herbs, vii: 367.
+
+
+    S
+
+    _S-126_, German destroyer,
+      torpedoing of, by British submarine, iv: 208.
+
+    Sagamore Hill, Roosevelt home at, x: 248.
+
+    St. Mark's, Venice, vi: 320.
+
+    St. Mihiel sector, "dead acres," iii: 98;
+      trenches, iii: 99;
+      tank in action at Mont Sec, v: 202;
+      battleground near Mouilly, v: 204.
+
+    St. Nazaire, first A. E. F. camp at, v: 107.
+
+    St. Paul's Cathedral, London, U. S. flag in, x: 30.
+
+    St. Quentin, Germans in, xi: 51.
+
+    St. Sophia, Mosque of, vi: 232.
+
+    Salonika, withdrawal of Greek troops, iii: 205;
+      Greek troops camping in Turkish cemetery, iii: 209;
+      Alexander's Arch, iii: 394;
+      British supplies, vi: 225;
+      war refugees, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371;
+      rag-picker, xi: 62;
+      water-boy, xi: 63.
+
+    Salonika Front, sandbag bridge, iii: 210;
+      British labor battalion at work, iii: 397.
+
+    Salvation Army, the "doughnut girl," vii: 380;
+      at the front with British, vii: 381;
+      soft drink bar for service men, vii: 384;
+      women workers cooking doughnuts near front lines, vii: 386, x: 189;
+      women workers being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395;
+      collecting funds in New York, vii: 398;
+      hut in Union Square, New York City, vii: 399.
+
+    Scarborough, England, after a German naval raid, iv: 244.
+
+    Scheldt River, pontoon bridge across, ii: 167.
+
+    Sea Scouts, British, boy signalmen, xi: 96.
+
+    Searchlight, mounted on motor truck, viii: 76.
+
+    Sedan, view of, v: 94.
+
+    Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, after Allied bombardment, iii: 341, iv: 49.
+
+    Senegalese soldier, vi: _facing p._ 270 (in color).
+
+    Senlis, Cathedral, iii: 335.
+
+    Sepoys, iii: 182.
+
+    Serajevo, view of, i: 4.
+
+    Serbia:
+      Army, group of officers, i: 244, vi: 357;
+        type of soldier, ii: 33;
+        outposts on guard, iii: 282;
+        abandoned artillery, iii: 395;
+        artillery on way to front, iii: 396;
+        troops on march, vi: 246;
+        in camp, vi: 356;
+        artillery in action, vi: 358;
+        campaigning in winter, vii: 157;
+        lack of equipment, vii: 161.
+      General, Germans struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399;
+        relief boxes for, vii: 114;
+        war medal, vii: 146;
+        packing clothing for war sufferers of, at Bush Terminal, Brooklyn,
+          vii: 165;
+        monument to mark where Serbs reëntered their country after exile,
+          vii: 167;
+        group of peasants, vii: 370;
+        selling wood in market place, xi: 72.
+
+    _Seydlitz_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Shells, path of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159;
+      French, iii: 312, viii: 57;
+      ricochet and non-ricochet, iv: 333;
+      fragments of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris,
+        viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;
+      line of flight of German, used in bombardment of Paris, viii: 49;
+      path of trajectory of 120-mile range U. S. gun, viii: 50;
+      construction of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris,
+        viii: 53;
+      manufacture of, viii: 73;
+      path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74;
+      shrapnel exploding, xi: 275;
+      heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279.
+
+    Sherman, Fort, U. S. soldiers on parade, xi: 36.
+
+    Shrapnel, line of flight, viii: 74;
+      exploding, xi: 275.
+
+    Siberia, station on trans-Siberian railroad, vi: 190.
+
+    Sirens, for warning of German air raids, viii: 216.
+
+    Sister of Mercy, x: _facing p._ 48 (in color).
+
+    Smoke screens, ii: 198, iv: 57, viii: 269, 325, xi: 402.
+
+    Soissons, ruins of Cathedral, iii: 92.
+
+    Somme, battlefield of, ii: 146, iii: 56;
+      British charging during battle of, iii: 57;
+      front visited by Clemenceau, xi: 127.
+
+    Sound horns, for detection of airplanes, viii: 18.
+
+    Sound-mirror, for detection of airplanes, viii: 21.
+
+    South Africa, Union of, troops embarking for Gallipoli, iii: 176.
+
+    Southwest Africa, German, native village, vi: 260.
+
+    Spad airplane, viii: 190.
+
+    Spahis, x: 117.
+
+    Spies, German, English mob attacking shop of suspect, i: 227;
+      under French guard, x: 332.
+
+    Springfield rifle, viii: 98, 99, 103, 105.
+
+    Stage Women's War Relief,
+      supplying service men with newspapers, vii: 345;
+      Service House in New York, vii: 346;
+      theatricals at New York Debarkation Hospital, vii: 347.
+
+    _Stamboul_, Turkish transport struck by torpedo, iv: 209.
+
+    Stanford University, cadets at trench drill, xi: 167.
+
+    _Star-spangled Banner_,
+      singing of, by U. S. service men, xi: 331.
+
+    Stelvio Pass, in the Alps, xi: 42.
+
+    Stockholm, bird's-eye view, i: 134.
+
+    Strassburg, i: 306.
+
+    Strassburg statue, Paris, vi: 105.
+
+    Stretchers, types, v: 338, viii: 377;
+      struck by shell, vii: 51.
+
+    Submarines, rising to surface, iv: 56;
+      anti-submarine patrol, iv: 193, 379, xi: 30;
+      German dry-dock for, in Kiel Canal, iv: 202;
+      development of Holland submarines, 1895--1915, iv: 204;
+      British submarine sinking German destroyer, iv: 208;
+      interior, showing torpedo tubes and mechanisms, iv: 210, 237;
+      coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212;
+      U-boat being sunk by destroyer, iv: 213;
+      salvaging torpedoed merchantmen, iv: 218;
+      use of decoys to lure freighters, iv: 254, 276;
+      captured U-boats at Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297;
+      U. S. types, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240;
+      details of German U-boats, viii: 265, 267;
+      use of nets for trapping, viii: 268, 270, 272, xi: 238;
+      use of hinged plates on sides of ships for protection against,
+        viii: 271;
+      mine fields for destruction of, viii: 273, 275;
+      detail of periscope, viii: 277, 282;
+      crew's quarters on board U-boat, x: 275;
+      British type, x: 296;
+      torpedoed ship settling into water, xi: 19;
+      U-boat submerged, xi: 234;
+      U-boat on surface, xi: 235;
+      close-up view of conning-tower, xi: 242;
+      submerged, with conning-tower and periscope projecting, xi: 244;
+      placing torpedo in tube, xi: 246.
+
+    Sudanese troops, in Egypt, vii: 323.
+
+    Suez Canal, British supply depot on, vi: 223;
+      launching of first British seaplane on, vi: 224.
+
+    _Suffolk Coast_, disguised British warship, iv: 301, 303.
+
+    _Suffren_, French battleship, iv: 22.
+
+    Surgical dressing, making of, by volunteer women workers,
+      vii: _facing p._ 198 (in color);
+      warehouse of, vii: 219.
+
+    _Sussex_, Channel ferryboat, torpedoed by U-boat, x: 281.
+
+    Sweden, food riots, xii: 46.
+
+    Switzerland, medal cast in honor of President Wilson, ix: 69.
+
+    Sydney, Australia, town hall, vi: 37;
+      recruiting scene, vi: 41.
+
+
+    T
+
+    Tanks, early type, ii: 276;
+      camouflaged, ii: 276;
+      in action, ii: 279, v: 157, xi: 252, 256, 263;
+      sketch drawing, iii: 339;
+      dragging camouflaged gun, v: 316;
+      German anti-tank rifle, viii: 139;
+      framework of first tank, viii: 156;
+      "baby" tank, xi: 270.
+      British, being inspected by King Albert, ii: 278;
+        in Jerusalem, ii: _facing p._ 280 (in color);
+        approaching Gaza, ii: 282;
+        replica of first tank used, vii: 300;
+        _Britannia_ in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142;
+        a whippet, viii: 140;
+        in action, viii: 149, x: 59;
+        tank gun, viii: 150.
+      French, St. Chamond type, ii: 275;
+        "baby" tanks, ii: 281,
+        viii: 158, 159 (interior view of Renault tank),
+        xi: 260 (exterior view of Renault tank);
+        supporting advancing U. S. troops, v: 193;
+        tractors for transporting Renaults, viii: 141;
+        interior views, viii: 144, 145, 147, 159 (Renault);
+        predecessor of tank, viii: 155;
+        in action, viii: 157;
+        Renault type, viii: 159 (interior view), xi: 260.
+      German, overturned, viii: 160;
+        miniature one-man tank, viii: 161.
+      U. S., supporting infantry attack, v: 181;
+        going over the top at St. Mihiel, v: 202;
+        tank troops training, v: 287;
+        largest in world, viii: 146;
+        first, xi: 258;
+        Ford "baby" tank, xi: 262.
+
+    Targets, range-finding on U. S. battleship, viii: 11;
+      for long-range, viii: 94;
+      for rapid fire, viii: 95;
+      for 200 and 300 yards, viii: 97;
+      for mid-range, viii: 101;
+      spotting disk, viii: 101.
+
+    Tauris Palace, Petrograd, vi: 173.
+
+    Teleferica, cableways used by Italians to cross chasms, viii: 304.
+
+    Telegraph, field headquarters station, i: 353;
+      linesman repairing wires under fire, x: 148.
+
+    Telephone in war, first unit of U. S. women operators, ii: 309;
+      German field telephone, iii: 295;
+      central at French army headquarters, viii: 323;
+      "listening in," x: 394.
+
+    Termonde, ruins of, i: 340, 341.
+
+    Thiaucourt, street scene, v: 162.
+
+    _Thomas_, U. S. transport, at Vladivostok, vi: 188.
+
+    Tigris, iii: 319.
+
+    _Tipperary_, vi: _facing p._ 130 (in color).
+
+    Tokyo, celebrating capture of Kiau Chau, vi: 384.
+
+    Torpedo, at moment of discharge, iv: 16, 400, x: 330;
+      torpedo tubes being turned on target, iv: 153;
+      destroyer dodging, iv: 188;
+      torpedo tubes on submarine, iv: 210;
+      being placed in position on submarine, xi: 246.
+
+    Torpedoplane, iv: 306.
+
+    Toul, Cathedral corner, v: 160.
+
+    Tower of London, vi: 11.
+
+    Tractors, for hauling artillery, viii: 42;
+      for transporting tanks, viii: 141;
+      tractor motor truck, viii: 290;
+      use in plowing, xii: 76.
+
+    Treaty of 1839, facsimile of signatures to, guaranteeing
+      Belgian neutrality, i: 147.
+
+    Trench stoves, captured from Germans, vi: 87.
+
+    Trenches, construction of, i: 360;
+      barbed-wire entrance to, ii: 284;
+      soldiers in entrance to dugout, v: 76;
+      diagram of, showing method of attack in reducing forts, viii: 125;
+      hallway of underground dwelling, viii: 129;
+      machinery used in digging, viii: 130;
+      communicating, viii: 330;
+    _see also_ under name of country, Army.
+
+    Trent, river front, vi: 130.
+
+    Trieste, water front, ii: 52;
+      market scene, ii: 245.
+
+    Troopship, religious service on board, iv: 228.
+
+    Trudeau Sanitarium, French children under Red Cross care at, vii: 200.
+
+    Tsing Tau, wireless station wrecked by Japanese fire, iii: 259;
+      barbed-wire entanglements outside walls of, iv: 61.
+
+    Turkey, army, leaving for the front, ii: 31;
+      infantry at attention, iii: 166;
+      artillery on way to Suez Canal, iii: 189;
+      putting up hospital tents, vii: 365.
+
+    Tyrol, Italians advancing, iii: 242;
+      Austrian stronghold, vi: 309.
+
+    U
+
+    _U-58_, German submarine captured by U. S. destroyer, iv: 349.
+
+    _U-65_, German submarine, ii: 20.
+
+    _U-105_, German submarine, interior of, iv: 237.
+
+    Uhlans, German, in Belgium, xi: 196.
+
+    Ukrainian peasants, vi: 242.
+
+    United States:
+      Agriculture, in war time, xii: 84, 137, 147.
+      Army, setting-up exercises, i: 308, 365;
+        training for trench warfare, i: 338;
+        equipment, i: 352, xi: 169 (with cost of each item);
+        field headquarters telegraph station, i: 353;
+        student officers in training, i: 367, v: 285;
+        on Mexican border, i: 368;
+        Signal Corps men at work, i: 372, v: 319;
+        marching in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: _Intro. xxiv_;
+        on march over French roads, ii: 219;
+        advancing at Cantigny, ii: 271, x: 75;
+        on regimental parade, ii: 305;
+        first unit of women telephone operators, ii: 309;
+        recruits drilling, ii: 313;
+        military lecture, ii: 315;
+        first troops reaching France, ii: 316, iii: 81, iv: 158, 162;
+        student officers at Fort Oglethorpe, ii: 319;
+        return from France, iii: _facing p._ 348 (in color);
+        debarking at Brest, v: 3;
+        machine gunners at rest, v: 20;
+        resting after march, v: 26;
+        an infantry-man, v: 30;
+        resting near Marne front, v: 42;
+        supporting wounded poilu, v: 50;
+        on way to front, v: 60, 63, 381;
+        marching through ruined town, v: 68;
+        territory to advance through in Meuse-Argonne region, v: 75;
+        advancing through Argonne forest, v: 82, 247;
+        officer's dugout, v: 89;
+        first camp in France, v: 107;
+        graves of first killed in France, v: 111;
+        hand grenade practice, v: 112;
+        boxing match for recreation, v: 114, vii: 314;
+        veterans of Cantigny, v: 125;
+        motorized machine-gun unit, v: 142;
+        infantry in firing trenches, v: 144;
+        washing day, v: 149;
+        sketches of A. E. F. types, v: 151;
+        troops coming out of action at Château-Thierry, v: 153;
+        passing through Thiaucourt, v: 162;
+        making friends with French children, v: 164;
+        advancing over open field, v: 169;
+        infantry advancing with tank protection, v: 181, 193;
+        billeted in French farmhouse, v: 189;
+        M. P. quarters, v: 200;
+        officers' quarters in the Argonne, v: 217;
+        advancing near Badonville, v: 232;
+        A. E. F. cemetery at Romagne, Argonne, v: 233;
+        men of 77th Div. in the Argonne, v: 244;
+        A. E. F. positions on the Aisne, v: 259;
+        marching into Alsace, v: 267, xii: 288;
+        negro troops being decorated, v: 268;
+        N. Y. National Guardsmen in training at Camp Wadsworth, v: 283;
+        a tank unit in training, v: 287;
+        27th Div. returning home on _Leviathan_, v: 298;
+        student officers at Fort McPherson, v: 301;
+        aviator "true-ing" plane, v: 311;
+        assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313;
+        supplies for A. E. F. on Brest docks, v: 329;
+        field of auto trucks, v: 333;
+        salvage unit at work, v: 334, viii: 346;
+        assembling locomotives in France, v: 335;
+        reveille, v: _facing p._ 354 (in color);
+        parade and inspection, v: _facing p._ 358 (in color);
+        visitors' day at camp, v: _facing p._ 362 (in color);
+        taps, v: _facing p._ 366 (in color);
+        soldier saluting grave of poilu, v: 374;
+        off duty, v: 376;
+        Chicago recruits on way to training camp, v: 377;
+        bringing in wounded French soldier, v: 386;
+        in a bombarded village, v: 387;
+        in Genoa, v: 394;
+        group of ambulances and drivers, vii: 31;
+        convalescent soldiers sightseeing in London, vii: 40;
+        medical officers treating wounded on field, vii: 46;
+        hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380;
+        type of Scotch member, vii: 176;
+        type of Scandinavian member, vii: 177;
+        type of negro member, vii: 178;
+        type of English member, vii: 179;
+        type of Armenian member, vii: 180;
+        type of Greek member, vii: 181;
+        type of Irish member, vii: 183;
+        type of Italian member, vii: 184;
+        type of Jewish member, vii: 185;
+        in line for inoculation at training camp, vii: 195;
+        dental officers at work, vii: 210, 223;
+        convalescing wounded soldiers in workshop, vii: 214;
+        A. E. F. cemetery at Luresnes, vii: 224;
+        entertainment for wounded, vii: 231, 347;
+        wounded soldier under operation, vii: 257;
+        class of illiterate recruits being taught, vii: 280;
+        42nd Div. on march, vii: 292;
+        playing ball, vii: 315;
+        soldier-students at Eagle Hut, London, vii: 320;
+        type of Polish member, vii: 356;
+        wounded arriving in New York, vii: 390;
+        types of rifles, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 105;
+        bayonet practice, viii: 106, 107, 108, 109, xi: 162, 166;
+        gas training, viii: 121;
+        motorized kitchen, viii: 287;
+        in Vaux, x: 7;
+        machine gunners in action, x: 103;
+        gravestones of A. E. F. dead, x: 115;
+        bugler, x: 386;
+        parading in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389;
+        charging drill, x: 398;
+        National Army men in camp in winter, xi: 5;
+        on march at Fort Sherman, xi: 36;
+        training to go "Over the top," xi: 38;
+        French soldiers instructing Americans, xi: 44;
+        National Army draftees arriving at camp, xi: 156;
+        recruits learning manual of arms, xi: 160;
+        army mule getting hair-cut, xi: 164;
+        cavalry stunts, xi: 171;
+        type of American Indian in, xi: 177;
+        firing practice, xi: 304;
+        repairing telephone lines in France, xi: 305;
+        field telephoning, xi: 307;
+        operating sawmill behind the lines in France, xi: 311;
+        group singing, xi: 336, 338;
+        drilling awkward squad, xii: 104;
+        Secretary Baker drawing draft numbers, xii: 289.
+      Artillery, coast defense guns, i: 346, v: 307, viii: 27, 41;
+        mountain-guns, i: 371, viii: 25;
+        guns which took part in second Marne battle, iii: 95;
+        A. E. F. battery on way to front, v: 64;
+        heavy French gun manned by U. S. Coast Artillery
+          gunners in action in France, v: 166;
+        Marine gunners with field piece, v: 171;
+        French guns for A. E. F. use, v: 172;
+        storing shells, v: 173;
+        gun which fired last shot of war, v: 276;
+        at practice, v: 304, xi: 162;
+        naval gun on caterpillar mount for use on Western Front, v: 306;
+        training artillery officers, viii: 9;
+        telescopic sight on field guns, viii: 12;
+        3-in. gun, viii: 23;
+        6-in. railway-mount gun, viii: 37;
+        16-in. railway-mount howitzer, viii: 39;
+        path of shell flight of proposed 121-mile range gun, viii: 50;
+        sketch of 121-mile range gun, viii: 51;
+        range-finding, x: 132;
+        type of heavy railway-mount gun, xi: 276.
+      Congress, President Wilson addressing, on relations with Germany,
+        i: 329.
+      Declaration of war on Germany, facsimile copy, ii: 55.
+      Flag, presented to President Wilson by Frenchwomen, i: 394;
+        used by American ambulance workers in Franco-Prussian War,
+          vii: 319;
+        in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 30;
+        original Star-spangled Banner, xi: 330.
+      Marines, embarking for overseas, ii: 223;
+        operating anti-aircraft gun on warship, iv: 338;
+        operating anti-aircraft machine gun on land, v: 11;
+        recruiting poster, v: 131, x: 316;
+        in Belleau Woods, v: 137;
+        with 3-in. field artillery, v: 171;
+        storing ammunition in dugout, v: 173;
+        advancing with hand grenades, v: 176;
+        in artillery contest, v: 304;
+        in bayonet drill, viii: 108;
+        scene of first stand against Germans, x: 3;
+        Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th Regt., x: 199;
+        advancing to Belleau Woods, xi: 45.
+      Navy, members of War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_;
+        sailors in Victory Parade, New York City, iv: 138;
+        battleships of Atlantic fleet, iv: 161, 336;
+        submarine chaser, iv: 293;
+        types of submarines, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240;
+        recruiting poster, iv: 316;
+        recruits learning to make knots, iv: 318;
+        returning from torpedo practice, iv: 321;
+        mine-laying, iv: 324, 325, 326, 327, 331, 332;
+        taps, iv: 334;
+        sailors dancing on board ship,
+          iv: _facing p._ 334 (in color);
+        anti-aircraft guns on board ship manned by marines, iv: 338;
+        sailors washing clothes, iv: 339;
+        sailors in "crow's nest," iv: 342;
+        supply ship taking on cargo for A. E. F., iv: 347;
+        naval militiamen off for service, iv: 351;
+        sailor's Christmas box from home,
+          iv: _facing p._ 366 (in color);
+        patrol boat in French waters, iv: 378;
+        signalling practice, iv: 402;
+        battleship taking on provisions, v: 330;
+        students at naval radio school at Harvard University, viii: 318;
+        fleet on high seas, xi: 30;
+        strong man of Norfolk Training Station, xi: 158;
+        dreadnaughts saluting President Wilson, xii: 227;
+        _see also_ name of vessels.
+      Ship-building, at Camden, N. J., xii: 30;
+        at Seattle, Wash., xii: 93;
+        at Bayonne, N. J., xii: 102.
+
+    _Utah_, U. S. battleship, iv: 341.
+
+
+    V
+
+    Vaux, Fort, at Verdun, ruins of, ii: 187.
+
+    Vaux, village in Marne sector, airplane view, v: 36;
+      ruins of, x: 6;
+      American troops in, x: 7.
+
+    Venice, guarding art treasures against air attack, vi: 316;
+      Campanile of St. Mark's, vi: 319, 320.
+
+    Verdun, views on banks of Meuse, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303;
+      German Crown Prince decorating troops at, ii: 38;
+      battlefield, ii: 39;
+      behind German lines at, ii: 46;
+      ruins of Fort Vaux, ii: 187;
+      trenches on Hill 304, ii: 188;
+      Cathedral, iii: 53;
+      main gateway, iii: 54;
+      captured German positions, iii: 315;
+      aviation camp near, viii: 233.
+
+    Versailles,
+      entry of King William of Prussia into, 1871, i: 46;
+      proclamation of German Empire at, 1871, i: 55;
+      Palace of, vi: 101, xii: 157 (Hall of Mirrors),
+        160 (signature of Peace Treaty);
+      German press representatives at, xii: 220.
+
+    Victory Way, New York City, xii: 133.
+
+    Vienna, Congress of, i: 31.
+
+    _Ville de Paris_, French dirigible, viii: 242.
+
+    Vilna, vi: 235.
+
+    Vimy Ridge, Canadians going over top, iii: 69.
+
+    _Vindictive_, British cruiser,
+      after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278;
+      officers of, iv: 267;
+      crew of, iv: 271;
+      being sunk in Ostend harbor, iv: 276.
+
+    _Viribus Unitis_, Austrian dreadnought, x: 298.
+
+    Vladivostok, A. E. F. base at, vi: 188;
+      U. S. consulate at, vi: 192;
+      Allied troops on parade, vi: 193.
+
+    Volunteer Motor Service, members of, vii: 32.
+
+    _Von Der Tann_, German battleship
+      surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Vosges Mountains,
+      French "Blue Devils" watching long-range bombardment,
+        viii: _facing p._ 122 (in color).
+
+    War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346.
+
+    Warneford, Lieut, R. A. J., death of, x: 224.
+
+    Warsaw, iii: 126;
+      unloading American relief supplies, vii: 355.
+
+    Water, canvas pipe-line for supplying troops in the field, viii: 395.
+
+    Water-boy at Salonika, xi: 63.
+
+    Waterloo, Napoleon's retreat from, i: 7.
+
+    Watervliet Arsenal, U. S. gun shop, i: 304.
+
+    Westminster, home of Duke of, transformed into war hospital, vii: 89.
+
+    William II, former Emperor of Germany,
+      residence at Amerongen, Holland, ix: 358.
+
+    Wilson, Woodrow, Princeton home, ix: 60;
+      Paris residence, ix: 67, 68;
+      Swiss medal cast in honor of, ix: 69.
+
+    Wireless, talking from airplane to ground by means of, viii: 316;
+      U. S. Naval Radio School at Harvard, viii: 318;
+      German station at Metz, viii: 319;
+      arc transmitter at Metz wireless station, viii: 321.
+
+    Wisconsin, University of, Army Training Corps on hike, xi: 172.
+
+    Woevre, plain of the, iii: 309.
+
+    Women in war industries:
+      American, munition workers, xii: 3;
+        raising hogs, xii: 54;
+        farm workers, xii: 84, 147 (plowing with tractor).
+      British, Women's Land Army recruiting poster, vi: 13;
+        in iron foundry, vi: 15, 22;
+        as munition workers, vi: 16, 59, xii: 23;
+        as war gardeners, vi: 19, xii: 41;
+        building roads, xii: 20.
+      Canadian, making shell fuses, vi: 32.
+      French, as farm laborers, ii: 375, iii: 276;
+        as munition workers, xi: 283.
+      Unidentified, girl munition worker, ii: 327;
+        as railroad workers, vii: 296.
+      For women in war activities,
+      _see_ American Fund for French wounded;
+        Canteens;
+        Nurses;
+        Red Cross;
+        Salvation Army;
+        Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+    "Workshop for Working Girls," established by Edith Wharton in France,
+      vii: 101.
+
+    Wounded:
+      American,
+        loading on ambulance train for transportation to
+          debarkation point, vii: 58;
+        visited by Red Cross worker on train, vii: 107;
+        wounded Scotch member, vii: 176;
+        wounded Scandinavian member, vii: 177;
+        wounded negro member, vii: 178;
+        wounded English member, vii: 179;
+        wounded Armenian member, vii: 180;
+        wounded Greek member, vii: 181;
+        wounded Irish member, vii: 183;
+        wounded Italian members, vii: 184;
+        wounded Jewish members, vii: 185;
+        being carried to first aid station, vii: 218;
+        at entertainment for, vii: 231;
+        in hospital car, vii: 252;
+        being helped by Knights of Columbus, vii: 336, 338;
+        at Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347;
+        wounded Polish member, vii: 356;
+        arriving at New York, vii: 390;
+        being carried on airplane ambulance, viii: 368;
+        on board hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 370.
+      British,
+        being served food in France, ii: _facing p._ 190 (in color);
+        wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172;
+        at advance dressing-station in Palestine, iii: 326;
+        after a battle in Flanders, iii: 385;
+        being carried to dressing-station on Western Front, vii: 50;
+        being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65, 97;
+        making souvenirs at Red Cross Gift House, London, vii: 70;
+        at home of Duke of Westminster, vii: 89;
+        at Prince of Wales Hospital, Tottenham, vii: 108;
+        awaiting first aid, vii: 196;
+        being carried by French soldiers to dressing-station, vii: 232;
+        awaiting transportation, vii: 238;
+        method of transporting in Mesopotamia, vii: 260;
+        Canadians at home of Lady Astor, vii: 281;
+        at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187.
+      French, first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;
+        being supported by American soldier, v: 50;
+        being brought in by American soldiers, v: 386;
+        being greeted in Switzerland, vi: 381;
+        being removed from field, vii: 8;
+        receiving first aid on field, vii: 53;
+        at a fête for, vii: 59;
+        being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65;
+        at Verdun, vii: 66;
+        promenading with their nurses, vii: 98;
+        in a hospital train, vii: 239;
+        resting, x: 112.
+      German, being treated by A. E. F. medical officers, vii: 46;
+        too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80;
+        being brought in on improvised stretcher, vii: 88;
+        being nursed by Dutch nuns at Red Cross Hospital, Maastricht,
+          vii: 174;
+        getting a smoke from British Tommy, vii: 186;
+        being removed from field, vii: 208;
+        awaiting transportation, vii: 238.
+      Italian, being cared for by American Red Cross workers,
+        vii: _facing p._ 300 (in color),
+        _facing p._ 374 (in color).
+      Russian, in Siberian hospital, vii: 79;
+        too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80;
+        Cossack officer, vii: 363.
+      Unclassified, being helped by comrades, vi: 237;
+        being attended by medical unit men on field, vii: 182;
+        blind learning modelling, vii: 256;
+        blind learning basket-making, vii: 259;
+        being visited in hospitals by Y. M. C. A. workers, vii: 289, 311;
+        being brought to surface from dugout by windlass, vii: 304;
+        moved by means of trench trolley, vii: 306;
+        awaiting the stretcher bearers, vii: 309;
+        on board hospital ship, vii: 396;
+        being picked up by ambulance men, vii: 400.
+    _See also_ Ambulances;
+        Battle scenes;
+        Dead;
+        Hospitals;
+        _also_ Army under country.
+
+    Wright warplane, xi: 218.
+
+    Wright-Martin reconnaissance airplane, ii: 124.
+
+    _Wyoming_, U. S. battleship, iv: 397, x: 336.
+
+
+    X
+
+    X-ray, apparatus on U. S. hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 374;
+      use by custom inspectors to detect smuggling, xii: 99.
+
+
+    Y
+
+    "Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.
+
+    Yarmouth, England, after German air raid, ii: 257.
+
+    Young Men's Christian Association:
+      American, motor kitchen, vii: 216;
+        Chicago gymnasium turned into sleeping quarters for service men,
+          vii: 262;
+        Brooklyn hospital unit in training, vii: 263, 278;
+        Eagle Hut, London, vii: 264, 288, 320;
+        Eagle Hut, New York City, vii: 265;
+        women canteen workers, vii: 269, 270;
+        ruins of hut blown by German mine, vii: 273;
+        in zone of German bombardment, vii: 274;
+        visiting wounded in hospitals, vii: 289, 311;
+        in Italy, vii: 291;
+        baths and beds for service men, vii: 295;
+        in dugouts, vii: 307;
+        sports for service men, vii: 315.
+      British, leading party of service men sightseeing in London,
+        vii: 285;
+        providing service men in London with over-night accommodation,
+          vii: 287;
+        in Egypt, vii: 325.
+      Canadian, at a Toronto camp, vii: 305.
+
+    Young Women's Christian Association, American,
+      Hostess House at Le Mans, France, vii: 272;
+      social center for negro troops, vii: 275;
+      Inter-Allied Club for Women at Le Havre, France, vii: 276;
+      vacation house for American women at Chaumont, France, vii: 317.
+
+    Ypres, ruins of, i: _facing p._ 98 (in color), ii: 145, x: 356;
+      veterans of second battle of, i: 379;
+      Highlanders attacking at, ii: 213.
+
+    Yser River, a Belgian bridge across, iii: 77.
+
+
+    Z
+
+    Zeebrugge raid,
+      British cruiser _Vindictive_ at, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278;
+      British landing party battling, iv: 265;
+      officers and men of _Vindictive_, iv: 266, 267, 273;
+      British ships sunk in canal to block channel, iv: 269;
+      British ferry-boats _Iris_ and _Daffodil_
+        after taking part in, iv: 270.
+
+    Zeppelins, being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265;
+      interior, ii: 269;
+      early type, viii: 247;
+    _L-49_ brought down by French, viii: 249;
+      fuel tanks on _L-49_, viii: 253;
+      pilot's gondola, x: 226;
+    _L-15_ sinking, x: 361.
+
+    _Zrinyi_, Austrian battleship, iv: 363.
+
+
+
+
+MAPS
+
+
+    Africa, European colonies in, iii: 253.
+
+    Albania, ii: 34, 61, 239, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color).
+
+    Amiens, German drive on, Mar., '18, ii: 191;
+      battle lines, '14--'18, ii: 312.
+
+    Armistice, Nov. 11, '18,
+      battle lines on all fronts in Europe,
+        ii: _facing p. xxiv_ (in color);
+      battle line on Western Front,
+        ii: _facing p._ 86 (in color),
+        v: _facing p._ 372 (in color);
+      battle line on A. E. F. sector,
+        v: _facing p._ 72 (in color), 273.
+
+    Arras, area of British offensive, Apr., '17, iii: 71.
+
+    Arras-Neuve Chapelle sector, iii: 45.
+
+    Atlantic Ocean,
+      area of German submarine blockade,
+        i: _facing p._356 (in color), ii: 21.
+
+    Austro-Italian Front,
+      Alpine frontier, showing fortresses and mountain passes, iii: 227;
+      the Trentino, iii: 232;
+      Isonzo district, iii: 235;
+      battle lines, showing furthest Italian and Austrian advances,
+        with topography and rail communications,
+        iii: _facing p._ 246 (in color);
+      north of Venice, xi: 25;
+      Italian advance on Trieste, xi: 26.
+
+    Austro-Russian Front, iii: 120, 133;
+      battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.
+
+    Austro-Serbian frontier, iii: 152.
+
+
+    Bagdad Railway, route of, ii: 293.
+
+    Balkans, national boundaries in '14, ii: 34;
+      territorial adjustments resulting from Balkan Wars, ii: 61;
+      southeastern, and Dardanelles, topography of, ii: 199;
+      western, and Italy, ii: 239;
+      topography, boundaries, and railroads, '14,
+        iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color).
+
+    Belgian Front, June, '17, iii: 40;
+      for particular sector or locality, _see_ under name.
+
+    Belgium,
+      German and French frontiers, ii: 7;
+      concentration of German armies along border before invasion,
+        Aug., '14, iii: 7;
+      and northern France, iii: 11.
+
+    Boy Scouts, distribution of, in U. S., xi: 95.
+
+    Bulgaria, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+
+    Cambrai, battle of, iii: 82.
+
+    Cantigny, battle line near, v: 124.
+
+    Carpathian passes, iii: 120, 133.
+
+    Caucasus Front, iii: 261.
+
+    Château-Thierry sector, v: 136.
+
+    Coronel, battle of,
+      with chart of position and movements of opposing warships, iv: 65.
+
+
+    Dardanelles, with topography of shores, ii: 199;
+      showing mine fields, location of Allied ships sunk,
+        and fortifications and roads on Gallipoli Peninsula, ii: 291;
+      with detail of southern Gallipoli, iii: 163;
+      with Sea of Marmora and Bosphorus, iv: 19;
+      with topography of shores, showing Turkish positions,
+        iv: _facing p._ 38 (in color).
+
+    Dixmude-Ypres line, June, '17, iii: 40.
+
+
+    East Prussia, iii: 107, 109.
+
+    Europe, and Near East,
+      showing projected German expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf,
+        i: 6;
+      areas of German occupation, '16, i: 10;
+      in '14, ii: _Intro. xi_;
+      armistice lines, Nov. 11, '18,
+        ii: _Intro. facing p. xxiv_ (in color);
+      southeastern topography, boundaries, and railroads of,
+        iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      important battles and events of war, '14--'17, xi: 13;
+      food conditions after Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, xii: 43.
+
+    Falkland Islands, battle of,
+      with chart of position and movements of opposing fleets, iv: 71.
+
+    France, German and Belgian frontiers, ii: 7;
+      Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10;
+      northern, and Belgium, iii: 11;
+      A. E. F. supply depots and lines of communications, v: 5;
+      principal ports, v: 5;
+      for battle lines, _see_ name of sector or locality;
+    _also_ Western Front.
+
+
+    Gallipoli, topography, ii: 199;
+      with detail of elevations, roads, Turkish fortifications,
+        and areas of Allied occupation, ii: 291, iii: 163;
+      and northwestern Turkey, iv: 19;
+      topography with Turkish lines and forts,
+        iv: _facing p._ 38 (in color).
+
+    Germany, projected expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6;
+      Empire before war, i: 39;
+      Empire after war, i: 40;
+      Belgian and French frontiers, ii: 7;
+      Russian frontier, iii: 107, 109.
+
+    Great Britain,
+      showing areas of German submarine blockade around,
+        i: _facing p._ 356 (in color), ii: 21;
+      German sea raid on coast, Dec., '14, iv: 245.
+
+    Greece, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+
+    Iceland, Allied patrol areas off coast of, iv: 90.
+
+    Indian Ocean, showing trade routes and British possessions, iv: 179.
+
+    Isonzo, region of, iii: 227, 235, _facing p._ 246 (in color).
+
+    Italian Front, _see_ Austro-Italian Front.
+
+    Italy, and territories claimed under Treaty of London, ii: 239;
+      distribution of American Red Cross relief work in, vii: 83.
+
+
+    Jutland, battle of,
+      showing position of opposing fleets before start of engagement,
+        iv: 103;
+      charts of movements of opposing fleets during course of battle,
+        iv: 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118,
+        120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134.
+
+
+    Keeling Island, iv: 185.
+
+    Kiau-Chau, iii: 258.
+
+
+    Luxemburg, ii: 7.
+
+    Lys salient, iii: 90.
+
+
+    Marne, first battle of,
+      showing position of opposing armies, iii: 30, 31.
+
+    Marne salient, battle lines, Jan.--June, '18, ii: 72;
+      battle lines, May 26--June 12, '18, ii: 79;
+      position of German armies, July, '18, ii: 322;
+      extent of German advance, July, '18, v: 43;
+      German retreat to the Vesle, July 18--Aug. 5, '18, v: 59;
+      battle lines, June 1--Aug. 4, '18, with position of French and
+        A. E. F. divisions, v: _facing p._ 184 (in color);
+    _see also_ Western Front.
+
+    Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10.
+
+    Mediterranean Sea,
+       area of German submarine blockade,
+         i: _facing p._ 356 (in color).
+
+    Mesopotamia, iii: 179, _facing p._ 190 (in color), xi: 50.
+
+    Messines Ridge, iii: 76.
+
+    Meuse-Argonne,
+      A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18,
+        with positions of divisions participating, v: 72;
+      towns and roads of district, v: 77;
+      A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Oct. 4, '18,
+        with positions of divisions participating,
+        v: _facing p._ 222 (in color);
+      A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Nov. 1, '18,
+        with positions of divisions participating,
+        v: _facing p._ 260 (in color);
+      battle line, Nov. 11, '18, with positions of A. E. F., French,
+        and German divisions, v: 273.
+
+    Montenegro, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212;
+      before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+
+    Naval operations, of war, locations of,
+      iv: _facing p._ 166 (in color).
+
+    Neuve Chapelle-Arras sector, iii: 45.
+
+    North Sea,
+      area of German submarine blockade,
+        i: _facing p._ 356 (in color), ii: 21;
+      Allied mine barrage, German naval bases,
+       and scenes of naval battles in, iv: _facing p._ 86 (in color);
+      British cruising areas, iv: 89, 91.
+
+
+    Palestine,
+      iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color), 193, 197, 198, 325, xi: 50.
+
+
+    Red Cross, American, sectional divisions of U. S., vii: 16;
+      distribution of relief work in Italy, vii: 83.
+
+    Reims (Rheims)-Soissons sector, iii: 75.
+
+    Riga, Gulf of, iv: 137.
+
+    Rumania, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color), 215;
+      before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+    Russia,
+      showing territories under German and Allied control, '18, ii: 67;
+      German frontier, iii: 107, 109;
+      Austrian frontier, iii: 120, 133;
+      Russo-Teuton battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.
+
+
+    St. Mihiel salient,
+      showing battle lines and course of A. E. F. advance against,
+        Sept., '18, ii: 338, v: 70, _facing p._ 210
+        (in color, and giving positions of French and A.E.F. divisions),
+        385;
+      detail of terrain, v: 69.
+
+    Salonika Front, iii: 204.
+
+    Scapa Flow, iv: 93.
+
+    Scotland, British cruising areas off coasts of, iv: 89, 90, 91.
+
+    Serbia, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61;
+      Austrian frontier, iii: 152;
+      encirclement by Teuton armies, iii: 157.
+
+    Sinai Peninsula, iii: 193.
+
+    Soissons, and region to the south, v: 178.
+
+    Soissons-Reims (Rheims) sector, iii: 75.
+
+    Somme, first battle, '16, area of, iii: 60;
+      second battle, '18, area of, iii: 87.
+
+    Somme-Oise sector,
+      battle lines during Allied offensive, Aug. 8--18, '18, ii: 332.
+
+    Suez Canal, iii: 193, xi: 50.
+
+    Syria, iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color), 198, xi: 50.
+
+
+    Tonnenberg, battle of, showing maneuvers of opposing armies, iii: 114;
+    _see also_ East Prussia.
+
+    Transylvania, iii: 215.
+
+    Trentino, iii: 227, 232, _facing p._ 246 (in color).
+
+    Trieste, Italian advance on, xi: 26.
+
+    Tsing Tau, iii: 258.
+
+    Turkey,
+      as part of German plan of Empire from North Sea to
+        Persian Gulf, i: 6;
+      with reference to Balkans,
+        ii: 34, 61 (territory in Europe before and after Balkan Wars),
+        iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      Dardanelles region, ii: 199, iv: 19;
+      route of Bagdad Railway, ii: 293;
+      route of British campaigns in, iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color);
+      in Asia, xi: 50.
+
+
+    United States, Red Cross sectional divisions, vii: 16;
+      distribution of Boy Scouts, xi: 95.
+
+
+    Verdun,
+      perspective of battlefield with battle lines,
+        Feb. 20--June 14, '16, iii: _facing p._ 50 (in color);
+      battle lines and positions of opposing armies, iii: 306.
+
+    Vimy Ridge, iii: 344.
+
+
+    Western Front,
+      battle line from North Sea to Reims, Apr., '17, ii: 54;
+      battle line, Mar., '18,
+        compared with line of furthest German advance, Sept., '14, ii: 64;
+      battle lines, Sept., '14--June, '18, ii: 72;
+      battle lines, Sept. 19--Oct. 2, '18, ii: 81;
+      battle line at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18,
+        compared with line of furthest German advance,
+        ii: _facing p._ 86 (in color);
+      plan of German concentration, Aug., '14, iii: 7;
+      battle line, Nov. 11, '14, iii: 39;
+      battle lines, Sept., '14--Sept., '18, iii: 97;
+      German advance, Aug.--Sept., '14,
+      with positions of German armies, iii: 278;
+      battle line, July, '18, v: 5;
+      position of A. E. F. divisions at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 273;
+      battle lines, July 18, '18, and Nov. 11, '18,
+      with dates and localities of principal operations
+      and A. E. F. divisions participating,
+        v: _facing p._ 372 (in color);
+      for particular sectors or localities, _see_ name.
+
+    World, areas inhabited by peoples not self-governing, i: 24;
+      sources of coal and oil supply in '14, ii: 15;
+      centers of live-stock production, xii: 36.
+
+
+    Ypres, and neighborhood, iii: 11.
+
+    Ypres-Dixmude line, June, '17, iii: 40.
+
+    Yser, battle of, iii: 43.
+
+
+    Zeebrugge, German submarine base, iv: 262.
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+Italics are rendered with underlines at the beginning and end e.g.
+_italics_.
+
+Bold font is rendered with equal signs at the beginning and end e.g.
+=bold=.
+
+Small caps have been replaced with all caps e.g. SMALL CAPS.
+
+The following are believed to be typos and have been corrected.
+
+ +----+--------------+--------------+
+ |Page| Changed from | Changed to   |
+ +----+--------------+--------------+
+ |  11| out          | our          |
+ |  15| finanical    | financial    |
+ |  17| the          | be           |
+ |  17| be           | the          |
+ |  22| Reichbank    | Reichsbank   |
+ |  24| statiticians | statisticians|
+ |  24| ought to to  | ought to     |
+ |  25| soliders     | soldiers     |
+ |  27| Jourial      | Journal      |
+ |  28| bonsuses     | bonuses      |
+ |  31| 311,070,250  | 60,000,000   |
+ |  31| 50,000,000   | 60,000,000   |
+ |  31| Canadaian    | Canadian     |
+ |  41| prorable     | probable     |
+ |  53| Men't        | Men's        |
+ |  54| offorded     | afforded     |
+ |  56| there        | their        |
+ |  56| pears'       | years'       |
+ |  57| everage      | average      |
+ |  59| sacrifce     | sacrifice    |
+ |  59| drastice     | drastic      |
+ |  75| exclusivevly | exclusively  |
+ |  77| accesible    | accessible   |
+ |  77| comsumpton   | consumption  |
+ |  80| somethink    | something    |
+ |  81| rsesources   | resources    |
+ |  82| beween       | between      |
+ |  98| known        | know         |
+ | 101| urpassed     | surpassed    |
+ | 102| negotiatd    | negotiated   |
+ | 114| 743,556      | 74,556       |
+ | 126| oversea      | overseas     |
+ | 130| ito          | into         |
+ | 132| ecstacy      | ecstasy      |
+ | 166| show         | shoe         |
+ | 184| mmber        | member       |
+ | 199| Asociated    | Associated   |
+ | 204| givn         | given        |
+ | 205| Asociated    | Associated   |
+ | 215| space        | spare        |
+ | 216| nutral       | neutral      |
+ | 221| patricular   | particular   |
+ | 235| of           | if           |
+ | 252| that         | the          |
+ | 254| line         | lines        |
+ | 260| case         | cast         |
+ | 263| occured      | occurred     |
+ | 332| Maestricht   | Maastricht   |
+ | 353| Jaulognne    | Jaulgonne    |
+ +----+--------------+--------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Pictorial Library of the
+World War, Volume XII, by Various
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Pictorial Library of the World
+War, Volume XII, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume XII
+       The Great Results of the War
+
+Author: Various
+
+Contributor: Irving Fisher
+
+Editor: W. L. Bevan
+        Hugo C. M. Wendel
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2013 [EBook #44213]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY, VOL XII ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Martin Mayer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="transcriber">
+   <p><strong>Transcriber's Note:</strong></p>
+   <p>Words marked <ins title="Transcriber's note">with a dotted
+      underline</ins> are changes made by the transcriber.
+      <span class="noebook">To view the published words, mouse-over
+      the underlined words.</span> There is a table of all words
+      changed by the transcriber at the end of the book.
+      <span class="covernote">The cover image was created by the transcriber
+      and is placed in the public domain.</span></p>
+</div>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></p>
+<h1>HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY OF THE WORLD WAR</h1>
+<div class="center">
+   <p>
+      <em>In Twelve Volumes</em><br />
+      <em>Profusely Illustrated</em>
+   </p>
+   <p class="big">VOLUME XII</p>
+   <p class="big"><strong>THE GREAT RESULTS OF THE WAR</strong></p>
+   <p class="big">
+      Economics and Finance, The Peace Treaty, The League of Nations.
+      Index
+   </p>
+</div>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></p>
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-front.jpg">
+     <img src="images/ill-frontthumb.jpg" width="400" height="548"
+            alt="Painting by Frank Stick A Soldier of the Soil"
+          title="A Soldier of the Soil" />
+     </a>
+   <p class="credit">Painting by Frank Stick</p>
+   <p class="caption">A Soldier of the Soil</p>
+   <p class="click">
+      <a href="images/ill-front.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a>
+   </p>
+</div>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></p>
+<h1>HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY OF THE WORLD WAR</h1>
+<div class="center">
+   <p class="big">
+      <em>In Twelve Volumes<br />
+      Profusely Illustrated</em>
+   </p>
+   <p class="big">
+      <strong>FOREWORD BY CHARLES W. ELIOT, PhD.</strong><br />
+      <cite>President Emeritus, Harvard University</cite>
+   </p>
+   <p class="big">VOLUME XII</p>
+   <p class="double">The Great Results of the War</p>
+   <p class="big"><em>Economics and Finance, The Treaty of Versailles
+      and League of Nations&mdash;&mdash;Index</em></p>
+   <p><strong>WITH INTRODUCTION BY PROFESSOR IRVING FISHER, YALE UNIVERSITY</strong></p>
+   <p><em>Edited by</em></p>
+   <p><strong>DR. W. L. BEVAN, KENYON COLLEGE</strong></p>
+   <p><em>and</em></p>
+   <p><strong>DR. HUGO C. M. WENDEL, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY</strong></p>
+   <p class="big"><strong>GENERAL EDITORIAL BOARD</strong></p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart</span>,<br />
+      Harvard University</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Gen. Douglas MacArthur, U.S.A.</span>,<br />
+      Chief of Staff, 42nd Division</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Admiral Albert Gleaves</span>,<br />
+      U.S. Navy</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Prof. W. O. Stevens</span>,<br />
+      U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Gen. Ulysses G. McAlexander</span>,<br />
+      U.S. Army</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">John Grier Hibben</span>,<br />
+      President of Princeton University</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">J. B. W. Gardiner</span>,<br />
+      Military Expert, <cite>New York Times</cite></p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Commander C. C. Gill, U.S.N.</span>,<br />
+      Lecturer at Annapolis and aide to Admiral Gleaves</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Henry Noble MacCracken</span>,<br />
+      President of Vassar College</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Prof. E. R. A. Seligman</span>,<br />
+      Columbia University</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Dr. Theodore F. Jones</span>,<br />
+      Professor of History, New York University</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Carl Snyder</span></p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Prof. John Spencer Bassett</span>,<br />
+      Professor of History, Smith College</p>
+   <p><span class="smcap">Major C. A. King, Jr.</span>,<br />
+      History Department, West Point</p>
+   <p class="double"><span class="smcap"><strong>Harper &amp; Brothers
+      Publishers</strong></span></p>
+   <p class="big"><strong>NEW YORK AND LONDON</strong></p>
+   <p class="big">Established 1817</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></p>
+
+<p class="copyright">
+<span class="smcap">Vol. 12&mdash;Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War</span></p>
+
+<hr class="minor" />
+
+<p class="copyright">Copyright, 1920, by Harper &amp; Brothers<br />
+Printed in the United States of America<br />
+M-U</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></p>
+
+<table class="toc" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr><th class="centerdouble" colspan="2">CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII</th></tr>
+  <tr><th></th><th class="numeric">PAGE</th></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_vii"><em>Introduction</em> Professor Irving Fisher</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td colspan="2">PART I</td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_1">I. Economic Results of the War</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_34">II. Wartime Food and Price Problems</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_65">III. Industry and Labor in Wartime</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_87">IV. Government Control</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_105">V. The Money Cost of the War, Edwin R. A. Seligman</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_115">VI. American Business in the War, Grosvenor B. Clarkson</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_126">VII. The Liberty Loan Army, Guy Emerson</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_135">VIII. Food and the War, Vernon Kellogg</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_142">IX. The High Cost of Living, Director of the Council of National Defense</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td colspan="2">PART II</td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_149">I. The Peace Conference at Work, Thomas W. Lamont</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_163">II. Wilson's Fourteen Points</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_165">III. How the Peace Treaty Was Signed</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_170">IV. The Peace Treaty&mdash;Its Meaning to America, George W. Wickersham</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><th colspan="2"><p class="centerbig">THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS</p></th></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_179">Preamble</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_182">Part I. The Covenant of the League of Nations</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_186">Part II. Boundaries of Germany</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_188">Part III. Political Clauses for Europe</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_206">Part IV. German Rights and Interests Outside Germany</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_209">Part V. Military, Naval, and Aerial Clauses</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_216">Part VI. Prisoners of War and Graves</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_217">Part VII. Penalties</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_217">Part VIII. Reparation</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_226">Part IX. Financial Clauses</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_229">Part X. Economic Clauses</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_246">Part XI. Aerial Navigation</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_247">Part XII. Ports, Waterways, and Railways</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_255">Part XIII. Labor</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_261">Part XIV. Guarantees</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_262">Part XV. Miscellaneous Provisions</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_264">Rejection of the Peace Treaty</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_269">The Reservations Which Failed</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_271">Peace by Congressional Enactment Fails</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_279">The Map of Europe Remade</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_280">Our Part in Winning the War</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td colspan="2">Index</td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_291">Text</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_363">Illustrations</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_363">363</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_363">I. Portraits</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_363">363</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_368">II. General</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_368">368</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_383">Maps</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_383">383</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><th colspan="2"><p class="centerbig">ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS VOLUME</p></th></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_ii">A Soldier of the Soil</a></td><td><cite><a href="#Page_ii">Frontispiece</a></cite></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_viii">Price Movements of the United States and England from the Earliest Index Numbers Through the First Years of the World War</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_viii">viii</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_ix">Trend of Prices Before and After the Great Wars of History</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_xi">William McAdoo</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_xii">Money and the Price Level</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_xiv">John Pierpont Morgan</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_xvii">President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson Passing the Palace of the King in Brussels</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_3">Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_7">Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_10">Dropping the First Bomb</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_14">A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_17">Detroit&mdash;City of Automobiles</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_20">A Woman Doing Road Construction Work</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_23">A Woman Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English Shell Factory</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_26">Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_30">Ship-building at Camden, N. J.</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_33">Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of Stocks</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_36">Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_41">Members of &quot;The Women's Land Army&quot; in England</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_43">A Map Issued by the Food Administration to Show Food Conditions in Europe After the Signing of the Armistice</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_46">A Food Riot in Sweden</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_49">Harry A. Garfield</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_52">Drying Fruit and Vegetables to Save Tin and Glass</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_54">&quot;Back on the Farm&quot;</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_59">The Nations and Their Wheat Supply</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_61">A Municipal Canning Station</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_67">In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_70">Forging Armor Plate</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_73">Building Howitzers</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_74">Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_76">Plowing by Night</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_81">A War Time Warning</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_84">Women Workers in America</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_87">Samuel P. Gompers</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_90">Walker D. Hines</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_93">Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_94">Hog Island Ship-building Yards</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_96">Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River, near Portland, Oregon</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_99">Examining Cargoes for Contraband</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_102">An Antidote for the Submarine Pest</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_104">The Awkward Squad</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_106">The Economic Conference in Paris</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_110">Lord Reading</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_112">While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_114">French School Children Waiting to Welcome General P&eacute;tain</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_117">United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory Commission</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_119">Bernard M. Baruch</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_122">Daniel Willard</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_125">John D. Ryan</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_128">A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_131">A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_133">Victory Way at Night</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_137">The Battle Scene at Home</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_140">A Community Conference on Food-Saving</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_144">Will There Be Enough to Go Around?</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_147">Women Doing Night Farming</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_148">The Ore Market&mdash;Cleveland</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_151">David Lloyd George</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_154">President Poincar&eacute; With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador, Driving to the Peace Conference in Paris</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_157">Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_160">Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates.</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_162">The George Washington</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_164">Paris Crowds Greeting President Wilson</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_167">Henry White</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_169">Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_172">Victoria Hall at Geneva</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_176">William Howard Taft</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_181">Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_187">President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_193">President Wilson's Welcome in Paris</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_202">Sir Eric Drummond</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_207">Lord Robert Cecil</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_214">Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_220">German Press Representatives in Versailles</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_227">Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_233">M. Stephen Pichon</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_239">Henry Cabot Lodge</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_245">America's Peace Capitol in Paris</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_251">The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German Cause and Marked the Beginning of the End of the War</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_258">Paris in War Time</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_274">Senator Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_281">Male Population Registered and Not Registered</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_282">Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_286">Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_287">Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_288">Our Flag in Alsace</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a href="#Page_289">Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers</a></td><td class="numeric"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION<br />
+By PROFESSOR IRVING FISHER</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Department of Political Economy, Yale University</p>
+
+<p>In various ways, as this volume shows, the war has profoundly affected
+our economic and political life. War has ever been a disturber and
+innovator, always leaving after it a different world from that which
+existed previous to it. On account of our tremendously complex economic
+organization&mdash;the specialization of industry among nations, and the
+network of commerce&mdash;war today causes more profound changes than
+ever before. There can not be a human being in the world today whose
+life is not altered by the war through which we have just passed.</p>
+
+<p>In trying, now that the war is over, to <em>stop drifting</em>, and to think
+our way out of the bent (or broken) remains of the <span lang="la">ante bellum</span> life,
+the world is confronted by a maze of problems and a still greater maze
+of proffered solutions.</p>
+
+<p>Many of these proposals are, unfortunately, of the nature of treatment
+directed not at fundamental conditions, but merely at <em>symptoms</em>. We
+should be past the stage, in our social science, as we are in medicine,
+where we treat symptoms without a thorough diagnosis of the fundamental
+causes.</p>
+
+<p>And yet it is just this thorough diagnosis that we lack.</p>
+
+<p>What, then, are the changes brought about by the war which most deeply
+affect &quot;the body politic,&quot; and by meeting which the most far reaching
+improvements can be made?</p>
+
+<h3>HIGH COST OF LIVING A VITAL QUESTION</h3>
+
+<p>I can not take up, or even touch on, all of them; but to one of them I
+wish to call especial attention&mdash;the High Cost of Living or, more
+generally, the high level of prices, which is the most striking economic
+effect of the war throughout the world. It is, as I see it, hard to
+over-emphasize the need for attacking this problem of the price level as
+a preliminary to attacking the other economic problems which the war has
+left us.</p>
+
+<p>We need only glance at a newspaper today, or step into a corner grocery,
+or fall into conversation with our neighbor in the train to have this
+topic come out as foremost in interest. It is, I believe, responsible
+for much more of our present uncertainty and confusion than is usually
+realized. In its ramifications it is chiefly this phase of the war's
+effects which, as I suggested above, touches every one of us at every
+point of our lives. A member of the Federal Reserve Board has called the
+price level problem <em>the</em> central economic problem of reconstruction.</p>
+
+<p>Professor William Graham Sumner, who has inspired so many to the
+scientific study of social conditions, used to say: &quot;In taking up the
+study of any social situation, divide your study into four
+questions&mdash;(1) What is it? (2) Why is it? (3) What of it? (4) What
+are you going to do about it?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Let us follow this outline, and look first at the facts of the case;
+secondly at their causes; thirdly at the evils involved; and lastly at
+the remedies.</p>
+
+<h3>MEASURING CHANGES IN PRICES</h3>
+
+<p>We now possess a device for measuring the average change in prices. This
+is what is known as an &quot;index number.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Thus, if one commodity has risen 4 per cent. since last month and
+another, 10 per cent., the average rise of the two is midway between the
+sum of 4 per cent., and 10 per cent., or 7 per cent. It is</p>
+
+<p class="center">4&nbsp;+&nbsp;10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;&nbsp;7<br />
+2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /></p>
+
+<p>If we call the price level of the two articles last month 100 per cent.,
+then 107 per cent. is the &quot;index number&quot; for the prices of the two
+articles this month. The same principle, of course, applies to any
+number of commodities.</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></p>
+
+<p>The index number of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
+best index number we have, shows an average price level
+in 1918 of 196 for wholesale prices and 168 for retail prices of food on
+the basis of 100 per cent. for 1913, the year before the war; showing
+that wholesale prices, on the average, almost exactly doubled. The
+latest index number for wholesale prices (May, 1919) is 206, and for
+retail (July, 1919), 190.</p>
+
+<p>A look at the history of prices shows the interesting fact that, while
+prices have sometimes fallen, they have generally risen. The high cost
+of living has been for centuries a source of complaint. In the 16th
+century, people objected to the price of wheat, which was three to ten
+times what it cost during the preceding 300 years.</p>
+
+<h3>WORTHLESS PAPER MONEY</h3>
+
+<p>Where, through ignorance of monetary science, irredeemable paper money
+was used, prices have sometimes gone up quite &quot;out of sight.&quot; This was
+the case with the famous assignats of the French Revolution, and the
+&quot;Continental&quot; paper money of our own Revolution. After the Revolution a
+barber in Philadelphia is said to have covered the walls of his shop
+with continental paper money, calling it the cheapest wallpaper he could
+get! Jokes were also heard of a housewife taking a market-basket full of
+this &quot;money&quot; to the butcher's shop and bringing home the meat in her
+purse! This money became a hissing and a byword; and, even to this day,
+one of the favorite expressions for worthlessness is &quot;not worth a
+Continental.&quot; We see the same situation repeated again today with
+Russian paper money.</p>
+
+<p>But our first scientific measurement of price movements began with 1782,
+the beginning of Jevons' index number of wholesale prices in England.</p>
+
+<h3>COMMENTS ON FIGURE 1</h3>
+
+<p>Figure 1 shows the course of prices in England from that date, and also,
+for comparison, that in the U.S.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+  <img src="images/ill-viii.png" width="800" height="318"
+       alt="Figure 1 - Price Movements of the United States and England"
+     title="Figure 1 - Price Movements of the United States and England" />
+  <p class="caption">Figure 1 - Price Movements of the United States
+    and England from the Earliest Index Numbers Through the First
+    Years of the World War</p>
+  <p class="description">Showing, in general, a close similarity.
+    England was on a paper basis, 1801&mdash;1820; and the United States,
+    1862&mdash;78. The dotted lines for these periods show the prices as
+    translated back into gold.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The conspicuous feature of these curves is their great irregularity.
+Practically never are they for any length of time at all horizontal.
+Sometimes, even in time of peace, a variation of over 10 per cent. is
+shown in one year. The curve for the U. S. shows, at the time of the
+Civil War, a very considerable rise (especially as measured in terms of
+paper), followed by a decline beginning in 1873 and continuing to 1896.
+The fall in the first part of this period was accentuated by the return
+from a paper to a gold standard. From an index number of 100 in 1873,
+the index number dropped to 51 in 1896. This decline resulted
+politically in the famous Bryan &quot;Free Silver&quot; campaign.</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/ill-ix.png" width="600" height="768"
+alt="Figure 2 - Trend of Prices Before and After the Great Wars of History" title="Figure 2 " />
+<p class="caption">Figure 2 - Trend of Prices Before and After the Great Wars of History</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></p>
+
+<p>Since that time, however, the course of prices has been steadily upward.
+Between 1896 and the outbreak of the war, the index number of the U. S.
+rose about 50 per cent. Substantially the same increase took place in
+Canada, while in the United Kingdom there was a rise of 35 per cent.
+This rise before the war amounted, in the United States, to about
+one-fifth of one per cent. per month. During the war, however, the rise
+amounted in this country to 1&frac12; per cent. per month, and abroad to
+much more&mdash;in Germany and Austria to 3 per cent. per month, and in
+Russia, apparently, to 4 or 5 per cent. per month. In the light of the
+excitement caused up to 1914 by the comparatively moderate increase in
+this country, we can better understand the Russian economic unrest when
+a far steeper ascent of prices got under way.</p>
+
+<p>The total effect can be summed up as follows: between 1914, before the
+war, and November, 1918, the price level in this country (as indicated
+by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food index
+number) rose 79 per cent.; that in England (according to the <cite>Statist</cite>
+index number), 133 per cent.; that in France, approximately 140 per
+cent.; that in western Europe probably at least three-fold; and in
+Russia perhaps ten or twenty-fold.</p>
+
+<p>The price level of the United States today is over three-fold that of
+1896. Expressing the same fact in terms of the purchasing power of
+money, our dollar of today is worth only 30 cents of the money in 1896,
+so that as contrasted with the dollar of 1896 our dollar literally
+&quot;looks like thirty cents.&quot;</p>
+
+<h3>COMMENTS ON FIGURE 2</h3>
+
+<p>Now it is a common belief, and one which seems to be borne out by the
+present situation, that war raises prices whereas peace lowers them. The
+matter is, however, not so simple. Each case must be considered on its
+own merits. Figure 2 shows price curves for the various wars.</p>
+
+<p>In general prices have risen during wars. But there has not been any
+such uniformity of movement after wars. Moreover in most cases the price
+disturbances both during and after the wars had scarcely anything to do
+with the coming and going of the war. In only four of the cases on the
+chart is the rise of prices during the war really and clearly due to the
+war. In the Napoleonic Wars, the war of 1812, the Civil War, and the
+World War the rise of prices during the war was largely due to war
+inflation.</p>
+
+<p>As to the after effects on prices there are likewise only four clear
+cases. The fall of paper prices relatively to gold after the Napoleonic
+Wars, and the Civil War was, in each case, clearly due to resumption of
+specie payments. The fall of prices in the United States after the War
+of 1812 was doubtless due in large measure to the resumption of foreign
+trade. In one case there was a rise of prices as an aftermath; the war
+of 1871, which gave Germany a billion dollars of indemnity, created
+inflation in Germany and prices rose there between 1871 and 1873 faster
+than in any other country. This doubtless accentuated the crash in the
+crisis of 1873.</p>
+
+<p>In the other cases in the diagram the many instances of rise of prices
+after the wars were due primarily at least, to other causes, although
+the cessation of war and the undue optimism and spirit of speculation
+which often follow may, in several instances, have contributed to the
+boom period and the crisis which so often came a few years later, viz.,
+that of 1857 after the Crimean War, that of 1866 after the Civil War, as
+well as that of 1873 just mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The only safe generalizations seem to be the following two: The first is
+that in so far as a war has been costly, <span lang="la">i. e.</span>, has strained the
+economic resources of the belligerents, there has been recourse to
+inflation in some form and prices have risen. Besides the examples in
+the chart are those of the French Revolution, the American Colonial
+wars, the American Revolution and many others. The second generalization
+is that after a costly war the price level is affected up or down by the
+fiscal policy of the governments concerned.</p>
+
+<h3>HIGH PRICES NOT DUE TO SCARCITY</h3>
+
+<p>Most cherish the belief that high war prices today represent war
+scarcity. In the case of some countries like Belgium and some
+commodities like paper this is true and in such cases scarcity serves as
+a partial explanation of high prices. But in the case of most
+countries and most commodities there has been no general
+scarcity. The almost universal rise of prices cannot be ascribed to
+scarcity. Prices have risen of many goods not affected by the war or in
+countries remotest from the war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/ill-xi.jpg" width="400" height="575"
+alt="William McAdoo Secretary of the Treasury during the World War and
+Director-General of the Railroads." title="William McAdoo" />
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">William McAdoo</p>
+<p class="description">Secretary of the Treasury during the World War and
+Director-General of the Railroads.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As Mr. O. P. Austin, statistician of the National City Bank, has said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&quot;Raw silk, for example, for which the war made no special
+demand and which was produced on the side of the globe opposite
+that in which the hostilities were occurring, advanced from
+$3.00 per pound in the country of production in 1913 to $4.50
+per pound in 1917, and over $6.00 per pound in the closing
+months of the war. Manila hemp, also produced on the opposite
+side of the globe and not a war requirement, advanced in the
+country of production from $180 per ton in 1915 to $437 per ton
+in 1918. Goat skins, from China, India, Mexico and South
+America, advanced from 25 cents per pound in 1914 to over 50
+cents per pound in 1918; and yet goat skins were in no sense a
+special requirement of the war. Sisal grass produced in Yucatan
+advanced from $100 per ton in 1914 at the place of production
+to nearly $400 per ton in 1918; and Egyptian cotton, a
+high-priced product and thus not used for war purposes, jumped
+from 14 cents per pound in Egypt in 1914 to 35 cents per pound
+in 1918. Even the product of the diamond mines of South Africa
+advanced from 60 to 100 per cent. in price per karat when
+compared with prices existing in the opening months of the war.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&quot;The prices are in all cases those <em>in the markets of the
+country in which the articles were produced</em> and in most cases
+at points on the globe far distant from that in which the war
+was being waged. They are the product of countries having
+plentiful supply of cheap labor and upon which there has been no
+demand for men for service in the war. The advance in the prices
+quoted is in no sense due to the high cost of ocean
+transportation since they are those demanded and obtained in the
+markets of the country of production.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&quot;Why is it that the product of the labor of women and children
+who care for silk worms in China and Japan, of the Filipino
+laborer who produces the Manila hemp, the Egyptian fellah who
+grows the high grade cotton, the native workman in the diamond
+mines of South Africa, the Mexican peon in the sisal field of
+Yucatan, the Chinese coolie in the tin mines of Malay, or the
+goatherd on the plains of China, India, Mexico or South America
+has doubled in price during the war period?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Austin goes on to show that the scarcity or &quot;increased demand&quot; for
+war goods has been greatly exaggerated. It is true that some 40 million
+men were at one time fighting in the war. But this is less than
+2&frac12; per cent. of the world's population and it must not be
+forgotten that these 40 million were also consumers before the war.
+Their withdrawal from industry did not really create a vacuum of even 1
+per cent. of the world's productive power; as women, boys and old men
+took their places and others worked harder than in peace time.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the 40 million soldiers, some 150 million people have
+been required to work on &quot;war work&quot; at home but they have simply been
+&quot;switched&quot; from other forms of production which have been
+correspondingly reduced. War supplies were demanded but these also
+largely &quot;switched&quot; the demand from former and industrial uses. Lord
+D'Abernon found that in England those objects of luxury &quot;which would
+seem to be influenced not at all or only very remotely and to a very
+small degree by increased cost of labor and materials,&quot; such as old
+books, prints and coins, had, nevertheless, advanced, roughly speaking
+50 per cent., during the war. Thus &quot;scarcity&quot; and especial "war demands"
+do not go far toward explaining the high price level even in Europe and
+not at all, I believe, in this country.</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the United States while certain things have become scarce, including
+certain foods, the general mass of goods has been actually increased as
+a consequence of war.</p>
+
+<p>The raw materials used in the United States in 1918 were 16 per cent.
+more than in 1913 and 2 per cent. more than in 1917. The physical volume
+of trade is estimated variously to be in 1918 from 22 per cent. to 41
+per cent. above that in 1913 and 8 per cent. above that in 1917.</p>
+
+<p>President Wilson, in his address to Congress, August 8, 1919, on the
+high cost of living, gave other impressive examples as to foods,
+especially eggs, frozen fowls, creamery butter, salt beef, and canned
+corn, showing that scarcity is not the cause of high prices.</p>
+
+<h3>HIGH PRICES DUE TO MONETARY CAUSES</h3>
+
+<p>The truth is that the chief causes of the rise of prices in war time are
+monetary causes.</p>
+
+<p>It is almost invariably true that the great price movements of history
+are chiefly monetary. This is shown, in the first place by the fact that
+countries of like monetary standards have like price movements.
+Thus&mdash;to consider gold-standard countries&mdash;there has usually
+been a remarkable family resemblance between the curves representing the
+rise and fall of the index numbers of the United States, Canada,
+England, France, Belgium, Holland, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and
+Italy. Again, the price movements in silver countries show a strong
+likeness, as in India and China between 1873 and 1893.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, we find a great contrast between gold and silver
+countries or between any countries which have different monetary
+standards. In the World War the data are still too meager to enable us
+to express all the relations in exact figures, but we may arrange the
+different countries in the approximate order in which their prices have
+risen. The order of the nations corresponds, in general, with the order
+in which the currency in those nations has been inflated by paper as
+well as with the order in which their monetary units have depreciated
+in the foreign exchange markets.</p>
+
+<p>This order&mdash;of ascending prices and of inflated currency&mdash;is
+as follows, beginning with the least rise and inflation: India,
+Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Japan, Sweden,
+Switzerland, Denmark, Italy, Holland, England, Norway, France, Germany,
+Austria and Russia.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+   <img src="images/ill-xii.png" width="400" height="600"
+        alt="Figure 3. - Money and the Price Level"
+      title="Figure 3. - Money and the Price Level" />
+   <p class="caption">Figure 3. - Money and the Price Level</p>
+   <p class="description">Showing a correspondence between the quantity
+      of money and the level of prices. Since the middle of 1915,
+      when the quantity of money in the United States began to be
+      greatly affected by the war, the correspondence has been close,
+      changes in the price level seeming usually to follow changes
+      in the quantity of money one to three months later.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The ups and downs of prices correspond with the ups and downs of the
+money supply. Throughout all history this has been so. For this general
+statement there is sufficient evidence even where we lack the index
+numbers
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+
+by which to make accurate measurements. Whenever there have been new
+discoveries of gold and rapid outpourings from mines, prices have gone
+up with corresponding rapidity. This was observed in the 16th century,
+after great quantities of the precious metals had been brought to Europe
+from the Americas; and again in the 19th century, after the Californian
+and Australian gold finds of the fifties; and still again, in the same
+century after the South African, Alaskan and Cripple Creek mining of the
+nineties.</p>
+
+<p>Likewise when other causes than mining, such as paper money issues,
+produce violent changes in the quantity or quality of money, violent
+changes in the price level usually follow.</p>
+
+<h3>COMMENTS ON FIGURE 3</h3>
+
+<p>The World War furnishes important examples of this. In the United States
+the curve for the quantity of money in circulation and the curve for the
+index number of prices run continuously parallel, the price curve
+following the money curve after a lag of one to three months. It was in
+August, 1915, that the quantity of money in the United States began its
+rapid increase. One month later prices began to shoot upward, keeping
+almost exact pace with the quantity of money. In February, 1916, money
+suddenly stopped increasing, and two or three months later prices
+stopped likewise. As figure 3 shows, similar striking correspondences
+have continued to occur with an average lag between the money cause and
+the price effect of apparently about one and three-quarters months.</p>
+
+<p>On the whole, the money in circulation in the United States rose from
+three and one-third billions in 1913 to five and a half billions in
+1918, and bank deposits from thirteen to twenty-five billions, both
+approximately corresponding to the rise in prices.</p>
+
+<p>Taking a world-wide view, the money in circulation in the world outside
+of Russia has increased during the war from fifteen billions to
+forty-five billions and the bank deposits in fifteen principal countries
+from twenty-seven billions to seventy-five billions. That is both money
+and deposits have trebled; and prices, on the average have perhaps
+trebled also.</p>
+
+<p>The Bolsheviki are a law unto themselves. They have issued eighty
+billion dollars of paper money, or more than in all the rest of the
+world put together. Consequently prices in Russia have doubtless reached
+the sky, though no exact measure of them, since the Bolshevist
+r&eacute;gime, is at hand.</p>
+
+<p>The increase of over thirty billions in the money of the world (outside
+of Russia) is as Austin says &quot;more, <em>in its face value</em>, than all the
+gold and all the silver turned out by all the mines of all the world in
+427 years since the discovery of America.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The conclusion toward which the foregoing and other arguments lead is
+that, in this war as in general in the past, the great outstanding
+disturber of the price level has always been money. If this is the case,
+how fruitless, except as treatments of symptoms, are price-fixing, or
+campaigns aimed at profiteers! The cry of profiteering may hinder a real
+solution of the difficulty by diverting attention from the real issue
+and fanning and giving up an object to the spirit of revolt. Money is so
+much an accepted convenience in practice that it has become a great
+stumbling block in theory. Since we talk always in terms of money and
+live in a money atmosphere, as it were, we become as unconscious of it
+as we do of the air we breathe.</p>
+
+<h3>ASSOCIATE EVILS OF HIGH PRICES</h3>
+
+<p>We have now considered the cost of living situation under the two
+questions &quot;What is it?&quot; and &quot;Why is it?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The third question, &quot;What of it?&quot;&mdash;<span lang="la">i. e.</span>, what are the evils
+connected with it&mdash;is more easily answered today, when it comes
+home to all of us, that it might have been 10 years ago.</p>
+
+<p>If, for each one of us, the rise of income were to keep up exactly with
+the rise in cost of living, then the high cost of living would have no
+terrors; it would be merely on paper. But no such perfect adjustment
+ever occurs or can occur. Outstanding contracts and understandings in
+terms of money make this out of the question. The salaried men and the
+wage earners suffer&mdash;that is, the cost is borne by those with
+relatively &quot;fixed&quot; incomes.</p>
+
+<p>The truth is, the war was largely paid for, not by taxes or loans but by
+the High Cost of Living. The result is that the effort to avoid
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+
+discontent of tax payers has created or rather aggravated the discontent
+over high prices. Every rise in the cost of living brings new recruits
+to the labor malcontents who feel victimized by society and have come to
+hate society. They cite, in their indictment, the high price of
+necessities and the high profits of certain great corporations both of
+which they attribute, not to the aberrations of our monetary yardstick
+but to deliberate plundering by &quot;profiteers&quot; or a social system of
+&quot;exploitation.&quot; They grow continually more suspicious and nurse an
+imaginary grudge against the world. We are being threatened by more
+quack remedies&mdash;revolutionary socialism, syndicalism, and
+Bolshevism. Radicalism rides on the wave of high prices.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, the real wages in 1918, that is, their purchasing
+power, were only 80 per cent. of the real wages of 1913. That is, while
+the retail prices of food advanced 68 per cent., wages in money advanced
+only 30 per cent. The real wages of 1913 were in turn less than in
+earlier years.</p>
+
+<p>Lord D'Abernon, in a recent speech in the House of Lords said: &quot;I am
+convinced and cannot state too strongly my belief that 80 per cent. of
+our present industrial troubles and our Bolshevism which is so great a
+menace to Europe are due to this enormous displacement in the value of
+money.&quot; In fact, before the war, rising costs of living were
+manufacturing socialists all over the world, including Germany, and the
+German Government may have weighed, as one of the expected dynastic
+advantages of war, the suppression of the growing internal class
+struggle which this high cost of living was bringing on apace.</p>
+
+<h3>MANY SUGGESTED REMEDIES INADEQUATE</h3>
+
+<p>We are now ready for the question, &quot;What can be done about it?&quot; So far
+as the past is concerned, comparatively little. Bygones must largely be
+bygones. So far as wages and salaries are concerned, the remedy must be
+to raise them rather than to lower the high cost of living. While some
+kinds of work have had excessive wages during the war, this has not been
+true in general, public opinion to the contrary notwithstanding. I quite
+agree with Mr. Gompers that the wage level should not be lowered even
+if it could be. On the contrary it should be raised to catch up with
+prices, just as was done after the Civil War. But in regard to contracts
+little relief for past injuries can be expected. We would best use the
+past as a lesson for the future. That is what I understand by
+&quot;reconstruction.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/ill-xiv.jpg" width="400" height="682"
+alt="John Pierpont Morgan"
+title="John Pierpont Morgan" />
+<p class="caption">John Pierpont Morgan</p>
+<p class="description">The banking house of Morgan was closely identified
+with international finance throughout the World War.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many impracticable plans have been proposed. Secretary Redfield
+undertook to stabilize prices by arbitrarily fixing them. He failed,
+necessarily. We might as well try to fix the sea level by pressing on
+the ocean. The same, as I stated above, is true of a campaign against
+profiteers though proposed by so high an authority as President Wilson.</p>
+
+<h3>PROPOSED REMEDY</h3>
+
+<p>The plan I shall here outline has received the approval of a large
+number of leading economists, business men, and organizations,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>
+
+including President Hadley of Yale; a committee of economists appointed
+to consider the purchasing power of money in relation to the war; Frank
+A. Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of New York; George
+Foster Peabody, Federal Reserve banker of New York; John Perrin, Federal
+Reserve Agent of San Francisco; Henry L. Higginson, the veteran banker
+of Boston; Roger W. Babson, statistician; John Hays Hammond, mining
+engineer; John V. Farwell, of Chicago; Leo S. Rowe, Assistant Secretary
+of the Treasury: United States Senator, Robert L. Owen, one of the
+authors of the Federal Reserve Act; Ex-Senator Shafroth; the late
+Senator Newlands; Sir David Barbour, one of the originators of the
+Indian gold exchange standard; the Society of Polish Engineers; the New
+England Purchasing Agents' Association; and a few Chambers of Commerce.</p>
+
+<h3>WANTED&mdash;A STANDARDIZED DOLLAR</h3>
+
+<p>Our dollar is now simply a fixed weight of gold&mdash;a unit of weight,
+masquerading as a unit of value. It is almost as absurd to define a unit
+of value, or general purchasing power, in terms of weight as to define a
+unit of length in terms of weight. What good does it do us to be assured
+that our dollar weighs just as much as ever? We want a dollar which will
+always buy the same aggregate quantity of bread, butter, beef, bacon,
+beans, sugar, clothing, fuel, and the other essential things that we
+spend it for. What is needed is to stabilize or standardize the dollar
+just as we have already standardized the yardstick, the pound weight,
+the bushel basket, the pint cup, the horsepower, the volt, and, indeed,
+all the units of commerce except the dollar.</p>
+
+<p>Money today has two great functions. It is a medium of exchange and it
+is a standard of value. Gold was chosen because it was a good medium,
+not because it was a good standard. And so, because our ancestors found
+a good medium of exchange, we now find ourselves saddled with a bad
+standard of value!</p>
+
+<p>The problem before us is to retain gold as a good medium and yet to make
+it into a good standard; not to abandon the gold standard but to rectify
+it; not to rid ourselves of the gold dollar but to make it conform in
+purchasing power to the composite or goods-dollar. The method of
+rectifying the gold standard consists in suitably varying the weight of
+the gold dollar. The gold dollar is now fixed in weight and therefore
+variable in purchasing power. What we need is a gold dollar fixed in
+purchasing power and therefore variable in weight. I do not think that
+any sane man, whether or not he accepts the theory of money which I
+accept, will deny that the weight of gold in a dollar has a great deal
+to do with its purchasing power. More gold will buy more goods.
+Therefore more gold than 25.8 grains will, barring counteracting causes,
+buy more goods than 25.8 grains itself will buy. If today the dollar,
+instead of being 25.8 grains or about one-twentieth of an ounce of gold,
+were an ounce or a pound or a ton of gold it would surely buy more than
+it does now, which is the same thing as saying that the price level
+would be lower than it is now.</p>
+
+<p>A Mexican gold dollar weighs about half as much as ours and has less
+purchasing power. If Mexico should adopt the same dollar that we have
+and that Canada has, no one could doubt that its purchasing power would
+rise&mdash;that is, the price level in Mexico would fall. Since, then,
+the heavier or the lighter the gold dollar is the more or the less is
+its purchasing power, it follows that, if we add new grains of gold to
+the dollar just fast enough to compensate for the loss in the purchasing
+power of each grain, or vice versa take away gold to compensate for a
+gain, we shall have a fully &quot;compensated dollar,&quot; a stationary instead
+of fluctuating dollar, when judged by its purchasing power.</p>
+
+<p>But how, it will be asked, is it possible, in practice, to change the
+weight of the gold dollar? The feat is certainly not impossible, for it
+has often been accomplished. We ourselves have changed the weight of our
+gold dollar twice&mdash;once in 1834, when the gold in the dollar was
+reduced 7 per cent., and again in 1837, when it was increased one-tenth
+of 1 per cent. If we can change it once or twice a century, we can
+change it once or twice a month!</p>
+
+<h3>HOW GOLD CIRCULATES</h3>
+
+<p>In actual fact, gold now circulates almost entirely through
+&quot;yellowbacks,&quot; or gold certificates. The gold itself, often not
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span>
+
+in the form of coins at all but of &quot;bar gold,&quot; lies in the government
+vaults. The abolition of gold coin would make no material change in the
+present situation.</p>
+
+<p>If gold thus circulated only in the form of paper representatives it
+would evidently be possible to vary at will the weight of the gold
+dollar without any such annoyance or complication as would arise from
+the existence of coins. The government would simply vary the quantity of
+gold bullion which it would exchange for a paper dollar&mdash;the
+quantity it would give or take at a given time. As readily as a grocer
+can vary the amount of sugar he will give for a dollar, the government
+could vary the amount of gold it would give for a dollar.</p>
+
+<h3>CRITERION OF STANDARDIZATION</h3>
+
+<p>But, it will now be asked, what criterion is to guide the government in
+making these changes in the dollar's weight? Am I proposing that some
+government official should be authorized to mark the dollar up or down
+according to his own caprice? Most certainly not. A definite and simple
+criterion for the required adjustments is at hand&mdash;the now familiar
+&quot;index number&quot; of prices.</p>
+
+<p>If, for instance, the index number is found to be 1 per cent. above the
+ideal par, this fact will indicate that the purchasing power of the
+dollar has gone down; and this fact will be the signal and authorization
+for an increase of 1 per cent. in the weight of the gold dollar. What is
+thereby added to the purchasing power of the gold dollar will be
+automatically registered in the purchasing power of its circulating
+certificate. If the correction is not enough, or if it is too much, the
+index number next month will tell the story.</p>
+
+<p>Absolutely perfect correction is impossible, but any imperfection will
+continue to reappear and so cannot escape ultimate correction. Suppose,
+for instance, that next month the index number is found to remain
+unchanged at 101. Then the dollar is at once loaded an additional 1 per
+cent. And if, next month, the index number is, let us say, 100&frac12;
+(that is, one half of 1 per cent above par) this one-half of 1 per cent.
+will call for a third addition to the dollar's weight, this time of
+one-half of one per cent. And so, as long as the index number persists
+in staying even a little above par, the dollar will continue to be
+loaded each month, until, if necessary, it weighs an ounce&mdash;or a
+ton, for that matter. But, of course, long before it can become so
+heavy, the additional weight will become sufficient; so that the index
+number will be pushed back to par&mdash;that is, the circulating
+certificate will have its purchasing power restored. Or suppose the
+index number falls below par, say 1 per cent. below. This fact will
+indicate that the purchasing power of the dollar has gone up.
+Accordingly, the gold dollar will be reduced in weight 1 per cent., and
+each month that the index number remains below par the now too heavy
+dollar will be unloaded and the purchasing power of the certificate
+brought down to par.</p>
+
+<p>Thus by ballast thrown overboard or taken on, our dollar is kept from
+drifting far from the proper level. The result is that the price level
+would oscillate only slightly. Instead of there being any great price
+convulsions, such as we find throughout history, the index number would
+run, say 101, 100&frac12;, 101, 100, 102, 101&frac12;, 100, 98, 99, 99,
+99&frac12;, 100, etc., seldom getting off the line more than 1 or 2 per
+cent.</p>
+
+<h3>A PROBLEM CALLING FOR URGENT ACTION</h3>
+
+<p>With the question now before us, it is evident that the problem of our
+monetary standards has much more than theoretical significance. It is a
+practical problem, and, I submit, the most pressing which the war has
+left us. I do not offer the solution described above as the only answer
+to the problem. It is, however, a working basis, a starting point, from
+which we may be able to work out a better plan. <em>Some</em> scientifically
+sound plan is essential, or we shall be the victims of quack remedies.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, <em>now</em> is the time to take up the matter. Public interest is now
+focused on the cost of living and is very largely educated to the fact
+that the high prices have a monetary basis. Furthermore, the world is
+looking to us, as never before, for leadership. It is our golden
+opportunity to set <em>world</em> standards. If we adopt a stable standard of
+value, it seems certain that other nations, as fast as they
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span>
+
+can straighten out their affairs, resume specie payments, and secure
+again stable pars of exchange, will follow our example.</p>
+
+<p>Let us, then, who realize the situation, act upon our knowledge; and
+secure a boon for all future generations, a true standard for contracts,
+a stabilized dollar.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-xvii.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-xviithumb.jpg" width="400" height="561"
+           alt="President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson"
+         title="President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+   <p class="caption">President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson Passing
+      the Palace of the King in Brussels</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-xvii.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></p>
+
+<h2>The Great Results of the War</h2>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>The Great Results of the War<br />
+<em>PART I</em><br />
+I&mdash;ECONOMIC RESULTS OF THE WAR</h2>
+
+<h3>Striking Changes Made by the European Conflict Upon the Economic Life of
+the Great Nations</h3>
+
+<p>The paramount position of War Finance was brought vividly and
+continuously before the whole people of the United States by the Liberty
+Loan campaigns. This lesson was an old one though it was enforced by all
+the improved methods of modern publicity. To Napoleon Bonaparte is
+attributed the statement that three things are necessary to wage a
+successful war: money, more money, and still more money.</p>
+
+<h3>FINDING THE MONEY FOR WAR</h3>
+
+<p>It has been well said that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Perhaps the greatest surprise of the war to most people, even to those
+who had studied political economy, has been the enormous expenditure of
+money which a nation can incur, and the length of time which it can go
+on fighting without complete exhaustion. This should not have been in
+reality a surprise to anyone who had studied past history, for all
+experience shows that lack of money itself has never prevented a nation
+from continuing to fight, if it were determined to fight. The financial
+condition of Revolutionary France at the commencement of Napoleon's
+career was wretched in the extreme, yet France went on fighting for
+nearly twenty years after that. The Balkan States can hardly be said
+ever to have had great financial resources, and yet they fought, one
+after the other, two severe wars, and are now fighting a third still
+more severe and prolonged. The Boers in South Africa found no difficulty
+in fighting the British Empire for three years with practically no
+financial resources. The Mexicans recently managed to fight one another
+for a good many years in the same way. Lastly, the Southern states in
+our own Civil War fought for years a desperate and losing fight and were
+ultimately beaten to the ground, not so much by a lack of money, as by
+an actual lack of things to live on and fight with. In fact, all history
+proves, and this war proves over again, that if what the Germans call
+'the will to fight' exists lack of money will never stop a nation's
+fighting, provided it possesses or can obtain its absolutely minimum
+requirements of food, clothing, and munitions of war. It was Bismarck
+who said: 'If you will give me a printing press, I will find you the
+money.' In finding the money required for an exhausting war a nation is
+driven to all sorts of desperate financial expedients which may very
+seriously affect its economic life, but if a nation wants to continue
+fighting and can produce, or be induced to produce, the things that are
+absolutely necessary for life and warfare, the government will get hold
+of those things somehow. If it cannot get them in any other way,
+ultimately it will take them."</p>
+
+<h3>STRONG POSITION OF UNITED STATES</h3>
+
+<p>When the war opened England was in the strongest position of any of the
+Allies. She was the greatest creditor nation in the world. That is, she
+was able to purchase goods from foreign countries on easier terms than
+her associates. Russia and Italy were debtor nations and had to borrow
+even before the war in order to balance their foreign accounts. So these
+members of the Entente had to be assisted in making purchases abroad.
+England was able for a long time to keep up her exchange rate in New
+York. This was done by the shipment of gold and by inducing the holders
+of American securities in England to sell or lend such securities to
+their government.</p>
+
+<p>England was forced to act as the agent of other Powers who were fighting
+with her. Until the United States came in, it was the greatest
+industrial arsenal among the Allies. Large imports were naturally a
+feature of this policy. The United States soon began to feel the result
+of the changes in international credit. Exports almost doubled between
+1912 and 1917, the figures being in millions, $2,399,000,000 and
+$6,231,000,000, respectively.</p>
+
+<p>Another side of the United States trade account to the world is
+indicated by the following classified list of loans to January,
+1917:
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"Between August 1, 1914, and December 31, 1916, the loans raised in the
+United States by foreign countries were estimated to reach
+$2,325,900,000, of which $175,000,000 had been repaid. The net
+indebtedness on January 1, 1917, was therefore $2,150,900,000. The loans
+may be classified geographically as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="left"><br />
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="foreign loans">
+<tr><td>Europe</td><td class="numeric">$1,893,400,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada</td><td class="numeric">270,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Latin America</td><td class="numeric">157,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>China</td><td class="numeric">5,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total foreign loans</td><td class="numeric">$2,325,900,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Less amount paid,</td><td class="numeric">175,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Net foreign indebtedness</td><td class="numeric">$2,150,900,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The loans of the belligerent countries which
+were floated in the United States up to the close
+of 1916 are divided as follows:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="loans of belligerents">
+<tr><td>Great Britain</td><td class="numeric">$908,400,000</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>France</td><td class="numeric">695,000,000</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Russia</td><td class="numeric">160,000,000</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Germany</td><td class="numeric">45,000,000</td>
+<td><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada</td><td class="numeric">270,500,000</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td><td class="numeric">$2,078,900,000</td>
+<td><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>Estimated.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+Nearly $1,900,000,000 of this constituted war loans.</p></div>
+
+<h3>NEW PACE IN WAR FINANCE</h3>
+
+<p>A new pace in war finance was set by the United States when it became a
+belligerent. It had to provide for an increase of taxation ascending
+from the point of $3,000,000,000 in 1917 to over $8,000,000,000 in 1918.
+The largest source of estimated revenue was from taxes on excess
+profits, including war profits of $3,100,000,000, and the next was from
+taxes on incomes, $1,482,186,000 from individuals, and $828,000,000 from
+corporations. The New York <cite>Journal of Commerce</cite> shows by the following
+table the difference between the old and the new system of taxation.
+Exemptions under the new law were the same as under the old: $1,000 for
+single persons and $2,000 for married, $200 additional allowed for each
+dependent child under eighteen years of age:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+  <table class="nobrdr" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Income tax comparison">
+    <tr><th class="numeric">Incomes</th><th colspan="2">Tax Under</th></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><th>Law</th><th>Law</th></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">$2,500</td><td class="numeric">$10</td><td class="numeric">$30</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">3,000</td><td class="numeric">20</td><td class="numeric">60</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">3,500</td><td class="numeric">30</td><td class="numeric">90</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">4,000</td><td class="numeric">40</td><td class="numeric">120</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">4,500</td><td class="numeric">60</td><td class="numeric">150</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">5,000</td><td class="numeric">80</td><td class="numeric">180</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">5,500</td><td class="numeric">105</td><td class="numeric">220</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">6,000</td><td class="numeric">130</td><td class="numeric">260</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">6,500</td><td class="numeric">155</td><td class="numeric">330</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">7,000</td><td class="numeric">180</td><td class="numeric">400</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">7,500</td><td class="numeric">205</td><td class="numeric">470</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">8,000</td><td class="numeric">235</td><td class="numeric">545</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">8,500</td><td class="numeric">265</td><td class="numeric">620</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">9,000</td><td class="numeric">295</td><td class="numeric">695</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">9,500</td><td class="numeric">325</td><td class="numeric">770</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">10,000</td><td class="numeric">355</td><td class="numeric">845</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">12,500</td><td class="numeric">530</td><td class="numeric">1,320</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">15,000</td><td class="numeric">730</td><td class="numeric">1,795</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">20,000</td><td class="numeric">1,180</td><td class="numeric">2,895</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">25,000</td><td class="numeric">1,780</td><td class="numeric">4,240</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">30,000</td><td class="numeric">2,380</td><td class="numeric">5,595</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">35,000</td><td class="numeric">2,980</td><td class="numeric">7,195</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">40,000</td><td class="numeric">3,580</td><td class="numeric">8,795</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">45,000</td><td class="numeric">4,380</td><td class="numeric">10,645</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">50,000</td><td class="numeric">5,180</td><td class="numeric">12,495</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">55,000</td><td class="numeric">5,980</td><td class="numeric">14,695</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">60,000</td><td class="numeric">6,780</td><td class="numeric">16,895</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">70,000</td><td class="numeric">8,880</td><td class="numeric">21,895</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">80,000</td><td class="numeric">10,980</td><td class="numeric">27,295</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">100,000</td><td class="numeric">16,180</td><td class="numeric">39,095</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">150,000</td><td class="numeric">31,680</td><td class="numeric">70,095</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">200,000</td><td class="numeric">49,180</td><td class="numeric">101,095</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">300,000</td><td class="numeric">92,680</td><td class="numeric">165,095</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">500,000</td><td class="numeric">192,680</td><td class="numeric">207,095</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">1,000,000</td><td class="numeric">475,180</td><td class="numeric">647,095</td></tr>
+    <tr><td class="numeric">5,000,000</td><td class="numeric">3,140,180</td><td class="numeric">3,527,095</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following estimated yield from other sources is given by the same
+authority:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Transportation&mdash;Freight, $75,000,000; express, $20,000,000;
+passenger fares, $60,000,000; seats and berths, $5,000,000; oil by pipe
+lines, $4,550,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Beverages (liquors and soft drinks), $1,137,600,000; stamp taxes,
+$32,000,000; tobacco cigars, $61,364,000; cigarettes, $165,240,000;
+tobacco, 104,000,000; snuff, $9,100,000; papers and tubes, $1,500,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Special Taxes.&mdash;Capital stock, $70,000,000; brokers, $1,765,000;
+theaters, etc., $2,143,000; mail order sales, $5,000,000; bowling
+alleys, billiard and pool tables, $2,200,000; shooting galleries,
+$400,000; riding academies, $50,000; business license tax, $10,000,000;
+manufacturers of tobacco, $69,000; manufacturers of cigars, $850,000;
+manufacturers of cigarettes, $240,000; use of automobiles and motor
+cycles, $72,920,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Telegraph and telephone messages, $15,000,000; insurance, $12,000,000;
+admissions (theaters, circuses, etc.), $100,000,000; club dues,
+$9,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Excise Taxes.&mdash;Automobiles, etc., $123,750,000; jewelry, sporting
+goods, etc., $80,000,000; other taxes on luxuries at 10 percent.,
+$88,760,000; other taxes on luxuries (apparel, etc., above certain
+prescribed prices), at 20 percent., $181,095,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Gasoline, $40,000,000; yachts and pleasure boats, $1,000,000."</p>
+
+<p>"The income tax law levies on all citizens or residents of the United
+States a normal tax of 12 percent. upon the amount of income in excess
+of exemptions, except that on the first $4,000 of the taxable amount the
+rate shall be 6 percent. The law also increases the surtaxes all along
+the line. The advances by grades compared with the percentage under the
+old law are: $5,000 to $7,500 incomes, increased from 1 to 2 percent.;
+$7,500 to $10,000, from 2 to 3 percent.; $10,000 to $12,500, from 3 to 7
+percent.; $12,500 to $15,000, from 4 to 7 percent.; $15,000 to $20,000,
+from 5 to 10 percent.; $20,000 to $30,000, from 8 to 15 percent.;
+$30,000 to $40,000, from 8 to 20 percent.; $40,000 to $50,000, from 12
+to 25 percent.; $50,000 to $60,000, from 12 to 32 percent.; $60,000 to
+$70,000, from 17 to 38 percent.; $70,000 to $80,000, from 17 to 42
+percent.; $80,000 to $90,000, from 22 to 46 percent.; $90,000 to
+$100,000, from 22 to 46 percent.; $100,000 to $150,000, from 27
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+
+to 50 percent.; $150,000 to $200,000, from 31 to 50 percent.; $200,000
+to $250,000, from 37 to 52 percent.; $250,000 to $300,000, from 42 to 55
+percent. The rate continues to increase, but on incomes of over
+$5,000,000 the increase is only from 63 percent., under former law to 65
+percent."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-003.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-003thumb.jpg" width="399" height="339"
+           alt="Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works."
+           title="Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Copyright by International Film Service</p>
+   <p class="caption">Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works</p>
+   <p class="description">Before entering the war, the United States was the great
+      arsenal of the Allies. After our entry, production of munitions increased, while
+      the man power in the industry diminished through enlistments and the draft.
+      Women took up the work and showed surprising ability.</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-003.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>MEANING OF NEW TAXATION</h3>
+
+<p>According to a calculation published in the New York <cite>World</cite> the war
+revenue bill imposed a war tax of $80 on every man, woman and child in
+the United States, or approximately $400 for each family. The amount
+expected to be derived from each item is given in the following table:</p>
+
+<div class="left">
+  <table class="nobrdr" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="New Taxation">
+    <tr><td>Individual income tax</td><td class="numeric">$1,482,186,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Corporation income tax</td><td class="numeric">894,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Excess and war profits</td><td class="numeric">3,200,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Estate tax</td><td class="numeric">110,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Transportation</td><td class="numeric">164,550,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Telegraph and telephone</td><td class="numeric">16,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Insurance</td><td class="numeric">12,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Admissions</td><td class="numeric">100,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Club dues</td><td class="numeric">9,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Excise, luxury, and semi-luxury</td><td class="numeric">518,305,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Beverages</td><td class="numeric">1,137,600,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Stamp taxes&mdash;chiefly documentary</td><td class="numeric">32,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Tobacco and products</td><td class="numeric">341,204,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Special business and automobile-user's Taxes</td>
+        <td class="numeric">165,607,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Total</td><td class="numeric">$8,182,452,000</td></tr>
+  </table>
+  </div>
+
+<p>With the operation of this tax the people of the United States found it
+no longer possible to speak in terms of opprobrium of the tax-ridden
+people of Europe. The American income tax has a higher rate on large
+incomes than that provided for under the English system. A man in the
+United States with an income of $5,000,000 is taxed nearly 50
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+
+percent., more than in England. The New York <cite>Tribune</cite> published tables
+printed below comparing the income tax rates of the United States with
+those existing in France and in Great Britain.</p>
+
+<h3>INCOME TAX COMPARISON</h3>
+
+<p>A compilation made for the <cite>Wall Street Journal</cite> shows that the United
+States income tax even with the increases made in 1918 was still far
+lower than the English income tax:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The great bulk, numerically, of incomes taxed in 1917 was in the field
+reached by the lowering of the exemption in the 1917 law.... It is a
+fact, however, that no one of these new taxpayers was called on to
+contribute more than $40 to the government, as the rate was only 2
+percent., while all other incomes paid a basic normal tax of 4 percent.
+The lowest rate for normal tax in Great Britain is 2 shillings and 3
+pence on the pound, or 11&frac14; percent., and the exemption is only
+$600. The basic normal tax under the new English law is 6 shillings on
+the pound, or 30 percent., on all incomes over $25,000.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+  <table id="taxcomp" summary="Income Tax">
+    <caption>"Actual rate, allowing for deductions, normal tax, and
+      surtaxes, based on taxes on incomes of heads of families.
+      Persons with no dependents pay more; those with more than one
+      pay less. $2,000 is exempted for heads of families, $1,000 for
+      bachelors. Below $4,000, 6 per cent. is the normal tax; above,
+      12 per cent. Surtaxes begin at $5,000."</caption>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td><th colspan="4">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; United
+        States&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</th>
+      <th colspan="2">United Kingdom</th><th>France</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td><th colspan="2">Old Law</th><th colspan="2">New Law</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Rate (per cent.)</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <th>Income</th><th>Amount</th><th>Rate (per cent.)</th><th>Amount</th><th>Rate
+        (per cent.)</th><th>Unearned</th><th>Earned</th><th>Rate (per cent.)</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>$2,500</td><td>$10</td><td>.40</td><td>$30</td><td>1.20</td>
+      <td>11.25</td><td>8.44</td><td>1.25</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>3,000</td><td>20</td><td>.67</td><td>60</td><td>2.00</td>
+      <td>14.84</td><td>11.87</td><td>1.67</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>3,500</td><td>30</td><td>.86</td><td>90</td><td>2.57</td>
+      <td>16.24</td><td>12.96</td><td>2.07</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>4,000</td><td>46</td><td>1.00</td><td>120</td><td>3.00</td>
+      <td>18.16</td><td>14.53</td><td>2.44</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>4,500</td><td>60</td><td>1.33</td><td>150</td><td>3.33</td>
+      <td>18.75</td><td>15.00</td><td>2.86</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>5,000</td><td>80</td><td>1.60</td><td>180</td><td>3.60</td>
+      <td>18.75</td><td>15.00</td><td>3.20</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>5,500</td><td>105</td><td>1.91</td><td>220</td><td>4.00</td>
+      <td>22.50</td><td>18.75</td><td>3.48</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>6,000</td><td>130</td><td>2.16</td><td>260</td><td>4.33</td>
+      <td>22.50</td><td>18.75</td><td>3.71</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>6,500</td><td>155</td><td>2.38</td><td>330</td>
+      <td>5.08</td><td>22.50</td><td>18.75</td><td>3.90</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>7,000</td><td>180</td><td>2.57</td><td>400</td>
+      <td>5.71</td><td>22.50</td><td>18.75</td><td>4.07</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>7,500</td><td>205</td><td>2.73</td><td>470</td>
+      <td>6.27</td><td>22.50</td><td>18.75</td><td>4.21</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>8,000</td><td>235</td><td>2.93</td><td>545</td>
+      <td>6.81</td><td>26.25</td><td>22.50</td><td>4.34</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>8,500</td><td>265</td><td>3.12</td><td>620</td>
+      <td>7.29</td><td>26.25</td><td>22.50</td><td>4.53</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>9,000</td><td>295</td><td>3.28</td><td>695</td>
+      <td>7.72</td><td>26.25</td><td>22.50</td><td>4.69</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>9,500</td><td>325</td><td>3.42</td><td>770</td><td>8.11</td>
+      <td>26.25</td><td>22.50</td><td>4.84</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>10,000</td><td>355</td><td>3.55</td><td>845</td>
+      <td>8.45</td><td>26.25</td><td>22.50</td><td>4.98</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>12,500</td><td>530</td><td>4.24</td><td>1,320</td>
+      <td>10.56</td><td>30.00</td><td>26.25</td><td>5.53</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>15,000</td><td>730</td><td>4.87</td><td>1,795</td>
+      <td>11.97</td><td>32.08</td><td>32.08</td><td>6.07</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>20,000</td><td>1,180</td><td>5.90</td><td>2,895</td>
+      <td>14.48</td><td>34.06</td><td>34.06</td><td>6.99</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>25,000</td><td>1,780</td><td>7.12</td><td>4,245</td>
+      <td>16.98</td><td>35.75</td><td>35.75</td><td>7.84</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>30,000</td><td>2,380</td><td>7.93</td><td>5,595</td>
+      <td>18.65</td><td>37.29</td><td>37.29</td><td>8.41</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>35,000</td><td>2,980</td><td>8.51</td><td>7,195</td>
+      <td>20.56</td><td>38.75</td><td>38.75</td><td>8.99</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>40,000</td><td>3,580</td><td>8.95</td><td>8,795</td>
+      <td>21.99</td><td>39.84</td><td>39.84</td><td>9.43</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>45,000</td><td>4,380</td><td>9.73</td><td>10,645</td>
+      <td>23.66</td><td>40.97</td><td>40.97</td><td>9.77</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>50,000</td><td>5,180</td><td>10.36</td><td>12,495</td>
+      <td>24.99</td><td>41.88</td><td>41.88</td><td>10.05</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>55,000</td><td>5,980</td><td>10.87</td><td>14,695</td>
+      <td>26.72</td><td>42.84</td><td>42.84</td><td>10.27</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>60,000</td><td>6,780</td><td>11.30</td><td>16,895</td>
+      <td>28.16</td><td>43.65</td><td>43.65</td><td>10.45</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>70,000</td><td>8,880</td><td>12.69</td><td>21,895</td>
+      <td>31.26</td><td>44.91</td><td>44.91</td><td>10.75</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>80,000</td><td>10,980</td><td>13.72</td><td>27,295</td>
+      <td>34.12</td><td>45.86</td><td>45.86</td><td>10.96</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>100,000</td><td>16,180</td><td>16.18</td><td>39,095</td>
+      <td>39.10</td><td>47.19</td><td>47.19</td><td>11.27</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>150,000</td><td>31,680</td><td>21.12</td><td>70,095</td>
+      <td>46.73</td><td>48.96</td><td>48.96</td><td>11.68</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>200,000</td><td>49,180</td><td>24.59</td><td>101,095</td>
+      <td>50.55</td><td>49.84</td><td>49.84</td><td>11.89</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>300,000</td><td>92,680</td><td>30.89</td><td>165,095</td>
+      <td>55.03</td><td>50.73</td><td>50.73</td><td>12.09</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>500,000</td><td>192,680</td><td>38.54</td><td>297,095</td>
+      <td>59.42</td><td>51.44</td><td>51.44</td><td>12.25</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>1,000,000</td><td>475,180</td><td>47.52</td><td>647,095</td>
+      <td>64.71</td><td>51.97</td><td>51.97</td><td>12.38</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="numeric">5,000,000</td><td>3,140,000</td><td>62.80</td>
+      <td>3,527,095</td><td>70.54</td><td>52.39</td><td>52.39</td><td>12.48</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+  <p>"If the new normal tax in the United States were made uniformly 12
+  percent.&mdash;wiping out the 2 percent. discrimination of the 1917
+  law&mdash;a single man in this country with a salary of $1,500 a
+  year would be called on to pay $60 in income tax, as against an
+  English tax of $101.25. Assuming that the normal tax were raised to
+  12 percent. and the surtax and excess tax were left as at present,
+  an unmarried American with a salary of $10,000 would pay $1,430.20,
+  while the unmarried Englishman would pay $2,250. If the Englishman
+  derived his $10,000 income from rentals, his tax would be increased
+  to $2,625, while the American tax would be reduced to
+  $1,165&mdash;an Irish dividend on effort.</p>
+
+  <p>"According to a level where the British surtax becomes effective,
+  take a salary of $20,000. The English normal tax on this would be
+  $6,000 and the surtax $812.50 (figuring $5 to the pound), a total of
+  $6,812.50. At the suggested rate of 12 percent., the American's
+  normal tax would be $2,145.60 (rate applying to $20,000, less $1,000
+  exemption and $1,120 excess tax); the surtax would be $444 and the
+  excess tax $1,120; a total of $3,709.60. If the American cut
+  non-tax-free coupons for his income instead of working for it, his
+  tax would be reduced to $2,780, making it more than $600, less than
+  one-half the English tax. This, be it remembered, is figuring the
+  American normal tax at the supposititious rate of 12 percent.</p>
+
+  <p>"Going abruptly to an income of $1,000,000, the American normal tax
+  at 12 percent., would be $119,880, against an English normal tax of
+  $300,000. The increase in the American normal tax would be $79,960
+  over present rates. The American surtax at present rates would be
+  $435,300, as against a British surtax of $217,915; total American,
+  $555,180, English, $519,687.50. No account is taken in this
+  computation of any excess tax on the American income. With an income
+  of $3,000,000. the American normal tax at 12 percent. would be
+  $359,880, an increase of $239,960 over present rates. The surtax at
+  present rates would be $1,680,300, a total of $2,040,180, or nearly
+  70 percent., the rate on the last $1,000,000 being at 75 percent.
+  The corresponding British tax is, normal, $900,000, and surtax
+  $669,685; total, $1,569,685, or nearly 52 percent., the actual
+  maximum rate being 52&frac12; percent. on all excess over $50,000.</p>
+
+  <p>"Expressed in tabular form, comparative results from a normal tax of
+  12 percent., combined with present surtax rates and assuming all
+  income up to $50,000 to be earned income for a single man, would be
+  as follows:</p>
+<br />
+</div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Income tax rates">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">Income</td><td class="numeric">U.S. Tax</td>
+    <td class="numeric">Per Cent.</td><td class="numeric">British Tax</td>
+    <td class="numeric">Per Cent.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">$1,500</td><td class="numeric">$60.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">4.00</td><td class="numeric">$101.25</td>
+    <td class="numeric">6.75</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">3,000</td><td class="numeric">240.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">8.00</td><td class="numeric">375.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">12.50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">5,000</td><td class="numeric">480.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">9.60</td><td class="numeric">750.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">15.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">7,500</td><td class="numeric">789.40</td>
+    <td class="numeric">10.52</td><td class="numeric">1,406.25</td>
+    <td class="numeric">18.75</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">10,000</td><td class="numeric">1,430.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">14.30</td><td class="numeric">2,250.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">22.50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">15,000</td><td class="numeric">2,534.80</td>
+    <td class="numeric">16.90</td><td class="numeric">4,812.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">32.08</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">20,000</td><td class="numeric">3,709.60</td>
+    <td class="numeric">18.55</td><td class="numeric">6,812.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">34.06</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">30,000</td><td class="numeric">6,336.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">21.12</td><td class="numeric">11,187.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">37.29</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">40,000</td><td class="numeric">8,956.00</td>
+    <td class="numeric">22.39</td><td class="numeric">15,937.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">39.84</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">50,000</td><td class="numeric">11,855.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">23.71</td><td class="numeric">20,937.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">40.18</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">75,000</td><td class="numeric">18,605.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">24.81</td><td class="numeric">34,062.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">45.42</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">100,000</td><td class="numeric">26,855.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">26.80</td><td class="numeric">47,187.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">47.19</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">150,000</td><td class="numeric">46,355.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">30.90</td><td class="numeric">73,437.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">48.96</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">250,000</td><td class="numeric">92,355.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">36.94</td><td class="numeric">125,937.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">50.37</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">500,000</td><td class="numeric">235,355.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">47.07</td><td class="numeric">257,187.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">51.44</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">700,000</td><td class="numeric">359,355.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">51.33</td><td class="numeric">362,187.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">51.74</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">750,000</td><td class="numeric">390,355.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">52.05</td><td class="numeric">388,437.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">51.79</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">1,000,000</td><td class="numeric">557,855.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">55.78</td><td class="numeric">519,687.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">51.97</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">3,000,000</td><td class="numeric">2,042,855.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">68.09</td><td class="numeric">1,569,687.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">52.32</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="numeric">10,000,000</td><td class="numeric">7,292,855.20</td>
+    <td class="numeric">72.93</td><td class="numeric">5,244,687.50</td>
+    <td class="numeric">52.45</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"With additional exemption of $1,000 for heads of families and $200 each
+for dependent children, the United States figures in the table would be
+reduced by $120 for the $1,000 exemption and $24 for each child. There
+are similar deductions to be made in the English figures. Furthermore,
+for incomes above $50,000, deduction for the excess tax has not been
+figured exactly in order to avoid long computations. This would slightly
+reduce the figure on the large incomes. But for demonstrative purposes,
+the table gives a fairly accurate general comparison of the range of
+taxes under the proposed English law and a tentative 12 percent. normal
+rate under our law.</p>
+
+<p>"It will be noticed that the rates would come together just below
+$750,000. It is in the range between $5,000 and $500,000 incomes that
+greatest divergence in rates occurs. The British tax takes its largest
+jump between $10,000 and $15,000, where the surtax begins to operate.
+The United States gradations are erratic and irregular, showing the
+haphazard manner in which the steps of the surtax were applied."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ATTITUDE TOWARD WAR TAX BILL</h3>
+
+<p>The passing of the war tax bill was not altogether easy sailing; there
+was plenty of criticism from the press throughout the country.
+Republican editors and congressmen wondered why the bill did not contain
+a tax on cotton, and one Pennsylvania congressman thought that the tax
+levy should be at the rate of three dollars a bale. Senator Smoot of
+Utah attacked the bill as a bunglesome measure.</p>
+
+<p>The New York <cite><del>Jourial</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Jourial">Journal</ins> of Commerce</cite> called attention to the
+discrimination between those whose income is in the form of services or
+property and those who get it in cash:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Take the case, for instance, of the salaried employee of a bank or
+factory who receives $5,000 a year, out of which he pays his house rent
+and his usual costs of living; contrast him with the case of a farmer
+who owns his land and obtains the bulk of what he needs, both in
+food, fuel, and other essentials, for himself and family in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+
+produce or in goods obtained by trade at the neighboring village; the
+situation becomes clear and shows why it is that the farming class pays
+only a microscopic proportion of the income tax at the present time."</p></div>
+
+<p>And the Democratic New York <cite>World</cite> agreed that the farmer "is not
+carrying his share of the load of war taxation," and observes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"An analysis of income tax returns for the fiscal year 1916, recently
+published, shows that, although farmers are the most numerous class of
+Americans engaged in gainful occupations, they were at the foot of the
+list proportionately among income tax payers. Outside of the notorious
+war profiteers, no element of our population has advantaged so greatly
+by war as agriculturists; yet in the year of which we speak only one
+farmer in four hundred paid a farthing's tax upon income. In this
+respect preachers and teachers showed a higher percentage."</p></div>
+
+<p>There was some demand for extending the income tax downwards to cover
+smaller incomes, for example, we find the Council Bluffs' <em>Nonpareil</em>
+contending:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The men of more moderate income should be required to pay at least a
+nominal income tax. This is a common country. It belongs to common
+people. And common people will esteem it a privilege to contribute their
+mites. One dollar per hundred on a thousand-dollar income would be both
+reasonable and just."</p></div>
+
+<h3>CRITICISM OF THE TAX</h3>
+
+<p>The attitude of the New York press is indicated by the <cite>Evening Sun</cite> and
+the <cite>Times</cite>. The New York <cite>Evening Sun</cite> (Rep.) said the committee "left
+so many rough edges upon their work." In the opinion of this newspaper,
+Mr. Kitchin "has given us a measure of class-taxation highly
+accentuated, and yet has failed to suit the McAdoo group, the most
+clear-minded adherents of the conscription-of-wealth idea. He has
+produced a confused series of taxes beyond the practical power of the
+ordinary busy citizen to master or comprehend, but has not combined
+these into a harmonious system." The morning <cite>Sun</cite> even went so far as
+to remark that "nothing that the Senate could do could make the Kitchin
+measure worse than it is." Yet it by no means criticized all the
+features of the bill. It objected to the proposed taxes on oil producers
+as discouraging the production of oil, and styled the plan to tax
+distributed corporation earnings at twelve percent. and undistributed
+earnings at eighteen percent. "simply a fool tax," which "will help to
+lock the wheels of every great industry in this country."</p>
+
+<p>The foundation mistake of the bill, in the opinion of the New York
+<cite>Times</cite> (Ind. Dem.) was the "attempt to assess taxes upon the smallest
+possible number of persons and businesses, leaving a great majority of
+the people free from a levy direct or indirect." The <cite>Times</cite> thought
+that this policy was dictated by the desire "to leave the mass of voters
+free from grounds of complaint against the party in power." It insisted
+that there should be a consumption tax levying "upon the breakfast table
+and upon the purchases of a great mass of people." Such necessities as
+tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, should bear a tax, in the opinion of this and
+other newspapers. The number of those taxed was also kept comparatively
+small by the retention of the old income exemption limits, namely,
+$1,000 for bachelors and $2,000 for married men, with the normal tax
+rate placed at only six percent. on incomes up to $5,000.</p>
+
+<h3>WILSON'S TAX PROGRAM</h3>
+
+<p>An outline of what was expected from the people of the country as a
+financial contribution was given by Mr. Wilson in his May (1918) address
+to Congress, when he decided to ask its members to remain in Washington
+and prepare a new revenue bill. Mr. Wilson's call for immediate action
+in behalf of both the public and the Treasury Department was a summons
+to a universal duty in language which, it is remarked, "was never before
+used in a tax speech." He said in part:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We can not in fairness wait until the end of the fiscal year is at hand
+to apprize our people of the taxes they must pay on their earnings of
+the present calendar year, whose accountings and expenditures will then
+be closed.</p>
+
+<p>"We can not get increased taxes unless the country knows what they are
+to be and practices the necessary economy to make them available.
+Definiteness, early definiteness, as to what its tasks are to be is
+absolutely necessary for the successful administration of the
+treasury....</p>
+
+<p>"The present tax laws are marred, moreover, by inequities which ought to
+be remedied....</p>
+
+<p>"Only fair, equitably distributed taxation of the widest incidence,
+drawing chiefly from the sources which would be likely to demoralize
+credit by their very abundance, can prevent inflation and keep
+our industrial system free of speculation and waste.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/ill-007.png" width="400" height="675"
+alt="Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan"
+title="Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan" />
+<p class="caption">Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We shall naturally turn, therefore, I suppose, to war profits and
+incomes and luxuries for the additional taxes. But the war profits and
+incomes upon which the increased taxes will be levied will be the
+profits and incomes of the calendar year 1918. It would be manifestly
+unfair to wait until the early months of 1919 to say what they are to
+be....</p>
+
+<p>"Moreover, taxes of that sort will not be paid until the June of next
+year, and the treasury must anticipate them....</p>
+
+<p>"In the autumn a much larger sale of long-time bonds must be effected
+than has yet been attempted....</p>
+
+<p>"And how are investors to approach the purchase of bonds with any sort
+of confidence or knowledge of their own affairs if they do not know what
+taxes they are to pay and what economies and adjustments of their
+business they must effect? I can not assure the country of a successful
+administration of the treasury in 1918 if the question of further
+taxation is to be left undecided until 1919."</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Wilson's appeal for the practice of personal economy met with
+widespread approval in England, as it did in the United States. The
+<cite>Economist</cite> considered that his manifesto to the American people on this
+subject was among the greatest documents that the war has produced.
+National self-sacrifice had gone far, but not far enough. To attain Mr.
+Wilson's standard of individual patriotism much was still needed, the
+<cite>Economist</cite> says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We still have a very long way to go before we can attain to President
+Wilson's standard of individual patriotism. From the outbreak of war to
+the end of last year the small investor in this country has lent
+&pound;118,179,000 to the government. Moreover, in the first two months
+of 1917 as much as &pound;40,000,000 was contributed to war loans in one
+form or another in the shape of small savings. That result represents a
+great deal of patriotic saving, and reflects the highest credit on the
+committee, as well as upon the Montagu committee, which devised so
+suitable a form of investment as the 15s 6d certificate. But far more is
+required. During the war loan campaign, war savings certificates brought
+in &pound;3,000,000 in a single week. That effort was, perhaps, too
+great to be kept up; but it is hardly satisfactory that, in spite of the
+hard work of the committee, and an enormous growth in the number of
+active war savings associations all over the country, the weekly
+receipts from the 15s 6d certificates have fallen back to the
+&pound;800,000 to &pound;900,000 level which was reached last December.
+This relapse may be partially accounted for by the late increase in the
+cost of living, but there can be no doubt that much more might yet be
+done by the masses of people of moderate means to whom the small
+certificates appeal. Nor is there any evidence that the wealthier
+classes, generally speaking, have done nearly as much, in the matter of
+war self denial, as they might have done."</p></div>
+
+<h3>LUXURY TAXES</h3>
+
+<p>When it came to a question of taxing luxuries, the difficulty was to
+decide what was a luxury. The situation perplexed Congress, for we find
+one congressman in Pennsylvania who held that collar buttons and cuff
+buttons were a necessity, while a representative from Texas asserted
+that Texas could get along without either collar buttons and cuff
+buttons and still be patriotic. A congressman from Oklahoma thought that
+all kinds of buttons could be done away with, adding, "Before I came to
+Congress I could use nails for my suspenders." Congressman from
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+
+agricultural states considered that automobiles and gasoline were not
+luxuries but were really necessities, especially for farmers.</p>
+
+<p>Many newspapers opposed anything like a luxury tax. We find the New York
+<cite>Times</cite> advising the imposition of taxes on tea, sugar, coffee and
+cocoa. These are good revenue producers but few politicians care to
+interfere with the free breakfast table. The <cite>Wall Street Journal</cite>
+approved of luxury taxes because they would be a means of enforcing
+thrift. The Treasury's plan for imposing these taxes may be gathered
+from the following condensed summary:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Fifty percent. on the retail price of jewelry, including watches and
+clocks, except those sold to army officers.</p>
+
+<p>"Twenty percent. on automobiles, trailers and truck units, motor cycles,
+bicycles automobile, motor cycle, and bicycle tires, and musical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>"A tax on all men's suits selling for more than $30, hats over $4,
+shirts over $2, pajamas over $2, hosiery over 35 cents, shoes over $5,
+gloves over $2, underwear over $3, and all neckwear and canes.</p>
+
+<p>"On women's suits over $40, coats over $30, ready-made dresses over $35,
+skirts over $15, hats over $10, shoes over $6, lingerie over $5, corsets
+over $5. Dress goods&mdash;silk over $1.50 a square yard; cotton over 50
+cents a square yard, and wool over $2 per square yard. All furs, boas
+and fans.</p>
+
+<p>"On children's clothing&mdash;on children's suits over $15, cotton
+dresses over $3, linen dresses over $5, silk and wool dresses over $8,
+hats $5, shoes $4, and gloves $2.</p>
+
+<p>"On house furnishings, all ornamental lamps and fixtures, all table
+linen, cutlery and silverware, china and cut glass; all furniture in
+sets for which $5 or more is paid for each piece; on curtains over $2
+per yard, and on tapestries, rugs, and carpets over $5 per square yard.</p>
+
+<p>"On all purses, pocketbooks, handbags, brushes, combs and toilet
+articles, and all mirrors over $2.</p>
+
+<p>"Ten percent. on the collections from the sales of vending machines.</p>
+
+<p>"Ten percent. on all hotel bills amounting to more than $2.50 per person
+per day. Also the present 10 percent. tax on cabaret bills is made to
+apply to the entire restaurant or caf&eacute; bill.</p></div>
+
+<h3>TAXES OF MANUFACTURER OR PRODUCER</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Ten cents a gallon on all gasoline to be paid by the wholesale dealers.</p>
+
+<p>"Ten percent. tax on wire leases.</p>
+
+<p>"Graduated taxes on soft drinks. Mineral now taxed 1 cent a gallon to
+pay 16 cents. Chewing gum now taxed 2 percent. of the selling price, to
+pay 1 cent on each 5-cent package.</p>
+
+<p>"Motion-picture shows and films: abolish the foot tax of &frac14; and
+&frac12;-cent a foot and substitute a tax of 5 percent. on the rentals
+received by the producer, and double the tax rate on admissions.</p>
+
+<p>"Double the present taxes on alcoholic beverages, tobacco and
+cigarettes.</p>
+
+<p>"Automobiles&mdash;a license tax on passenger automobiles graduated
+according to horsepower.</p>
+
+<p>"Double club membership dues.</p>
+
+<p>"Household servants, made 25 percent. of the wages of one servant up to
+100 percent. of the combined wages of four or more. Female servants,
+each family exempted from tax on one servant. All additional servants
+(female) from 10 to 100 percent. on all over four."</p></div>
+
+<h3>LUXURIES IMPORTED</h3>
+
+<p>Heavy taxes on luxuries were anticipated but until these taxes were
+considered it was hardly realized how much of the consumption in America
+was concerned with articles that could be considered luxuries; for
+example, the country imported $6,000,000 worth of foreign cigarette
+papers. Pictures, statuary and other works of art were brought into the
+country to the extent of $17,000,000. Over $2,000,000 worth of ivory was
+imported every year; over $2,000,000 worth of mother-of-pearl and more
+than $2,500,000 worth of bulbs and roots. Higher taxes were urged by the
+financial experts, so we see a writer in <cite>Financial America</cite> emphasizing
+the connection between the importation of luxuries and the need of
+shipping:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"America can not spare ships to bring costly garments and furnishings
+thousands of miles across the sea. For the war period these articles can
+be replaced at home with materials that cost less labor and less money.
+The money spent for domestic goods remains in America and maintains our
+working population and our business and banking resources.</p>
+
+<p>"We lack a sufficient market for our cotton crop, owing to the lack of
+ships. Americans should wear more cotton. The money spent upon it
+maintains the Southern planter and his family. Modern processes give it
+the appearance of silk. It serves very well as carpets, curtains,
+hangings, and furniture coverings. It should answer present needs for
+such fabrics. A heavier tax on imports of these goods is indicated as a
+means of revenue and war economy.</p>
+
+<p>"Imported wearing apparel of silk pays 60 percent. duty and of wool 44
+cents a pound and 60 percent. <span lang="la">ad valorem</span>. There is a graduated rate on
+dress goods of these materials. Despite the tax, America spent
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+
+more on imported manufactures of silk in 1917 than ever, the total being
+nearly $40,000,000. The same was true of woolen goods, amounting to
+$23,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Our imports of woolen carpets and rugs, most of them brought half way
+round the world from oriental lands, were also larger. They cost us
+$3,740,000, though America is a large producer of carpets and rugs, fine
+as well as coarse. These imports paid ten cents a square foot and 40
+percent. <span lang="la">ad valorem.</span> Evidently, it was not enough.</p>
+
+<p>"We also spent $53,000,000 for imported cotton manufactures, including
+cloth, laces, curtains, handkerchiefs, veils, and wearing apparel,
+though America is the world's chief producer of cotton. A higher tariff
+is indicated as a tax on those who insist on the foreign product.</p>
+
+<h3>TAXES ON TOBACCO</h3>
+
+<p>"America has a large tobacco industry at home. We import tobacco in vast
+quantities from every producing land to satisfy the whimsical and
+varying tastes of connoisseurs. Our own tobacco is discouraged by those
+who smoke it under the name of Turkish, Egyptian, Cuban, Dutch, Spanish,
+and other foreign products, and pay a heavy price for the critical taste
+which their vanity causes them to imagine they possess. Last year these
+imports of leaf tobacco alone were valued at $26,000,000, or $10,000,000
+more than in 1915. The war tax is five cents a pound added to eight
+cents paid under the internal revenue act, or thirteen cents altogether.
+There is also a duty of $1.85 to $2.50 a pound. To increase the tax
+would encourage the industry in Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania,
+Connecticut, and other states, while saving our resources in ships and
+keeping our money at home.</p>
+
+<p>"In addition, America spent $7,000,000 for foreign-made cigars and
+cigarettes last year. These purchases support foreign factories,
+although our own factories use the same raw material which they import.
+They have jumped nearly $3,000,000 in two years. Until the war is ended,
+Americans should be satisfied with cigars 'made in America.' The present
+war tax ranges from one tenth of a cent to one cent on each cigar,
+according to value, in addition to a duty of $4.50 a pound and 25
+percent. <span lang="la">ad valorem</span>. A higher tax would deprive the smoker of nothing
+but a craving for the foreign label on his cigar box, unless he chose to
+pay well for it. He can even get a Spanish name on his American-made
+cigar.</p>
+
+<h3>DIAMONDS, LEATHER AND MILLINERY</h3>
+
+<p>"America spent $41,000,000 in 1917 to import diamonds, pearls, and other
+precious stones and imitations, not set. They paid a war tax of only 3
+percent. when made into jewelry. America could be content with beauty
+less adorned to keep this $40,000,000 at home, or those who insist on
+sending their money to African mine owners and Dutch cutters should pay
+a larger tax.</p>
+
+<p>"America last year had a tremendous bill for hides and skins of
+$209,000,000, nearly two and a half times that of 1915. Much of it was
+for the great necessities of the army. A good proportion of the rest was
+unnecessary. These imports of raw material are free of duty and there is
+no war tax on leather goods. Substitutes have been devised for many of
+them. These should be encouraged by a tax on the unnecessary use of
+leather in furnishings, decorations, toilet articles, hand bags, trunks,
+high shoes, belts, hatbands, and many small articles. Substitutes for
+these will be provided quickly enough if leather is lacking. A heavy tax
+would help the movement. The tremendous military and other legitimate
+demands for leather goods will keep the industry in thriving condition
+without so much waste.</p>
+
+<p>"For imported millinery materials America spent nearly $13,000,000 last
+year, and we also spent $3,000,000 for mere feathers, tributes to
+feminine vanity that filled up many ships needed for war use. The
+greater part of this stuff came 10,000 miles from China and Japan. There
+are plenty of substitutes that a high war tax would encourage, including
+those provided by the American hen.</p>
+
+<p>"Our imported glassware, on which there is no war tax, cost nearly
+$2,000,000. It occupies large space aboard ship, owing to voluminous
+packing that is necessary. Imported china, porcelain, earthenware, and
+crockery cost America nearly $6,500,000."</p></div>
+
+<h3>BEARING THE BURDEN</h3>
+
+<p>In spite of the enormous cost of war operations, roseate views were
+taken of the ability of the country to surmount the unusual
+difficulties. Unprecedented taxes were being paid, heavy subscriptions
+to the Liberty Loans were being collected and yet the business of the
+country seemed to show a high degree of prosperity. This optimistic
+outlook marks the following comment found in a circular published by the
+First National Bank in Boston, after it had called attention to the
+small number of failures reported throughout the country for August,
+1918. No such low record had been reached since July, 1901:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The steps that have been taken to curtail credits have resulted in
+greater conservatism, and have had a beneficent effect, which is likely
+to continue for some time after the present necessity disappears. The
+business foundation is extremely sound. Figures of resources of savings
+banks show that the subscriptions to the Liberty Loans have
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+
+brought only a trifling decrease in savings deposits. Evidently
+subscribers are buying bonds with their current income rather than with
+their savings. In other words, the Liberty Loans represent additions to
+the savings of the country, and not merely transfers of investments."</p></div>
+
+<p>It was prophesied that in spite of the enormous financial obligations
+assumed by the United States normal conditions would soon be restored.
+History shows, the circular goes on to say, that financial recovery from
+devastation has been prompt and complete. Even the railway conditions at
+this time were viewed optimistically. Such a competent authority as the
+<cite>Wall Street Journal</cite> did not anticipate the financial troubles that
+soon overtook railway administration under government control. It
+thought that, by the end of the year, the existing debits on current
+operations would probably be wiped out:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Aggregate railroad earnings and expenses for July of all the important
+roads in the country are in line with the individual statements of the
+different roads already published in showing large increases in both
+gross and net revenues. They also indicate, so far as one month's
+operating results may be used to generalize from, that the railroads are
+now on a self-supporting basis, if they are not actually returning a
+profit to the government on current operation.</p>
+
+<p>"Net operating income of these roads for the month of July (1918) was
+$137,845,425 as compared with $92,599,620 in the same month of 1917. In
+a recent statement from the Director-General's office the compensation
+payable to the railroad companies for the use of their property by the
+government was estimated at $650,000,000 for the first eight months of
+the year, or at the rate of $81,250,000 a month. The net operating
+income of the Class 1 roads as mentioned above exceeds this monthly
+rental figure by $56,595,000."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE FIRST GOVERNMENT LOAN, 1789</h3>
+
+<p>Although called by other names, the United States has had issues of
+Liberty Bonds on several occasions during a period of one hundred and
+twenty-nine years, notably in the first years of the Republic and in the
+Civil War. The first was floated in 1789, the year when the Federal
+Government was established. Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of the
+Treasury and on him devolved the duty of raising funds for the
+government.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Conditions being pressing, Hamilton, in
+raising the necessary money, at first did not wait even for the
+approval of Congress, but went to the Bank of New York, which he had
+helped to found in 1784&mdash;the second bank in the United States
+and the first in New York City&mdash;to raise the first necessary
+money. At a meeting of the board of directors the new secretary of the
+treasury asked for a loan of $200,000. It was promptly and unanimously
+granted, the money to be advanced in five installments of $20,000 each
+and ten of $10,000 each, at 6 percent. On the following day Hamilton
+sent to the bank the first bond ever issued by the United States
+Treasury&mdash;a bond of $20,000&mdash;on receipt of which the money
+was paid over, so that the United States Treasury could show $20,000
+cash on hand. In <cite>The Investor's Magazine</cite>, where these
+facts were recently brought to light, we are further told that the bond
+then issued is still carefully preserved by the bank which bought it.
+Quite unlike the now familiar Liberty Bonds of 1917 and 1918, it was
+executed with an ordinary quill pen, such as was in use in those times,
+and signed in ink by the secretary. With its seal somewhat yellow with
+age, the bond is still in an excellent state of preservation."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/ill-010.png" width="400" height="598"
+alt="Dropping the First Bomb"
+title="Dropping the First Bomb" />
+<p class="credit">Richards in the Phila. North American</p>
+<p class="caption">Dropping the First Bomb</p></div>
+
+<h3>POPULARITY OF THE LIBERTY LOANS</h3>
+
+<p>America's financial reputation stood at a fairly high level after the
+close of the Civil War. An era of unexampled production ensued
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+
+for more than five decades, yet there were many timorous souls who were
+frightened at the thought of the United States being called upon to bear
+the burden of the colossal loans. The surprising feature of the Liberty
+Loans was the elasticity of the subscriptions. The subscribers for the
+first three loans numbered respectively 4,500,000, 10,020,000,
+17,000,000; in every case the records show over subscription. A graphic
+statement of the nation's riches was presented by S. L. Frazier in the
+<cite>Northwestern Banker</cite>, Des Moines, October, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Our resources are well up toward
+$300,000,000,000, or about equal to the combined resources of
+France, England, and Germany. Our annual production is close to
+$50,000,000,00, amounts that stagger the imagination. Why it would take
+ten thousand years to count the dollars representing <del>out</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads out">our</ins> country's
+resources counting one each second, and working day and night and
+Sundays."</p></div>
+
+<p>The New York <cite>Tribune</cite> remarked, "If any learned professor of economics
+had predicted that on top of ten billions of government loans in one
+year a fourth Liberty Loan would reach nearly seven billions we know
+what we all would have thought."</p>
+
+<h3>HOW EUROPE WILL PAY US BACK</h3>
+
+<p>An official in the National City Bank of New York, Mr. G. E. Roberts, is
+quoted by the New York <cite>Times</cite> as saying that the wealth-producing
+equipment of the country had become greater than ever during the war. He
+did not believe either that there would be any difficulty of the United
+States being paid back for the money it had loaned foreign governments.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We are going to be peculiarly situated in our foreign relations after
+the war. We have paid off the greater part of what we owe abroad, and we
+have lent to foreign governments some $7,000,000,000 or $8,000,000,000.
+Including all loans by the time the war is over, probably there will be
+annual interest payments coming to us amounting to $400,000,000 or
+$500,000,000. How are we going to receive our pay? I am not questioning
+the ability of our debtors to raise this amount from their people. I
+have no doubt they can do it, but in what manner are they going to make
+payment to us? They can't pay it in gold; they haven't the gold to do
+it, and the total production of gold in the world outside of the United
+States wouldn't be enough to do it. We won't want them to pay it in
+goods, for that would interfere seriously with our home industries....</p>
+
+<p>"There is only one way out, and that is by extending more credit to
+them. We will have to capitalize the interest payments and reinvest them
+abroad. And if we want to sell goods to them we will have to take their
+bonds and stocks. In short, we will have to play the part that England
+has played in the past, of steadily increasing our foreign investments."</p></div>
+
+<p>While the great sums subscribed for the Fourth Loan by banks,
+corporations, and individuals had a spectacular interest, observed the
+New York <cite>World</cite>, it was the plain people who made the loan a
+conspicuous success, and the twenty-one million subscribers mean in
+effect the purchase of a new Liberty Bond by "every American family."</p>
+
+<h3>THE LOAN PERIODS</h3>
+
+<p>There were very good reasons on the part of the government for selecting
+the definite periods at which the Liberty Loans were to be issued. There
+were also very good reasons derived from experience by which the
+government was guided in preparing for the loans. Prior to the fourth
+loan Secretary McAdoo believed that it could be made to reach fully
+one-fourth of the population of the country. Preparation for it was made
+through publicity on a scale hitherto unprecedented. The Washington
+correspondent of the New York <cite>Journal of Commerce</cite>, writing on July 31,
+1918, said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The country will be appealed to, with new and striking film arguments,
+with a great variety of poster slogans, and with a use of the press and
+the platform such as has never been witnessed before in this country.</p>
+
+<p>"There are to be nineteen days of actual campaign work. The great task
+of organization and preparation is now going on. Artists have been
+making posters, writers have been preparing arguments, and printing
+presses in all parts of the country have been turning out many millions
+of mottoes, cartoons, and slogans."</p></div>
+
+<p>He added interesting data as to outstanding treasury certificates and
+war expenses. The time chosen for the loan was probably as good, it
+thought, as could have been selected, inasmuch as it would fall just
+after the bulk of the crops had been harvested and when much of them had
+been sold at good figures.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"War expenses for July were somewhat less than for June and May,
+amounting to about $1,482,000,000 as compared with
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+
+$1,512,000,000, the record for June, and $1,508,000,000 for May, the
+Treasury Department announced. The outlay for July, however, was
+approximately the amount estimated in advance by the treasury, and
+expenses for August probably will be higher, it was said.</p>
+
+<p>"During July the government's daily outlay was about $48,000,000, an
+average of $38,000,000 daily was for ordinary expenses of the army,
+navy, shipping board, and other agencies, and $10,000,000 daily in loans
+to the Allies. Total ordinary expenditures for the month were about
+$1,157,000,000 and loans to the Allies $325,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Receipts from sale of War Savings Stamps July 3rd passed the
+half-billion dollar mark, of which $200,000,000 came in this month as a
+result of the campaign on Thrift Day, June 28th.</p>
+
+<p>"The government now is financing itself mainly through the sale of
+certificates of indebtedness, in anticipation of the Fourth Liberty
+Loan. More than $1,600,000,000 came in from this source in July. In
+addition, the government received $491,000,000 from belated income and
+excess profits taxes, and $97,000,000 from miscellaneous internal
+revenue. Customs duties yielded only $14,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>"Payments on the Third Liberty Loan now amount to $3,652,000,000,
+leaving $524,000,000 to come in from the next installment payment."</p></div>
+
+<table class="boxed" summary="Liberty Loans">
+<caption>Included in the Third Loan subscription total is $17,917,750 subscribed
+by the United States Treasury. War Savings Stamps subscriptions totalled
+$879,330,000 up to November 20, 1918.</caption>
+<tr><th colspan="5"><br />THE LIBERTY LOANS&mdash;BY FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICTS<br />&nbsp;</th></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td></td><th>FIRST LOAN<br />(June, 1917&mdash;<br />3&frac12; Per Cent.)</th>
+<th>SECOND LOAN<br />(Oct., 1917&mdash;<br />4 Per Cent.)</th><th>THIRD LOAN<br />(1918&mdash;<br />4&frac14; Per Cent.)</th>
+<th>FOURTH LOAN<br />(1918&mdash;<br />4&frac14; Per Cent.)</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Boston</td><td class="numeric">$332,447,600</td><td class="numeric">$476,950,050</td><td class="numeric">$354,537,250</td><td class="numeric">$632,221,850</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">New York</td><td class="numeric">1,186,788,400</td><td class="numeric">1,550,453,450</td><td class="numeric">1,115,243,650</td><td class="numeric">2,044,778,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Philadelphia</td><td class="numeric">232,309,250</td><td class="numeric">380,350,250</td><td class="numeric">361,963,500</td><td class="numeric">598,763,650</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Cleveland</td><td class="numeric">286,148,700</td><td class="numeric">486,106,800</td><td class="numeric">405,051,150</td><td class="numeric">702,059,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Richmond</td><td class="numeric">109,737,100</td><td class="numeric">201,212,500</td><td class="numeric">186,259,050</td><td class="numeric">352,688,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Atlanta</td><td class="numeric">57,878,550</td><td class="numeric">90,695,750</td><td class="numeric">137,649,450</td><td class="numeric">213,885,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Chicago</td><td class="numeric">357,195,950</td><td class="numeric">585,853,350</td><td class="numeric">608,878,600</td><td class="numeric">969,209,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">St. Louis</td><td class="numeric">86,134,700</td><td class="numeric">184,280,750</td><td class="numeric">199,835,900</td><td class="numeric">296,388,550</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Minneapolis</td><td class="numeric">70,255,500</td><td class="numeric">140,932,650</td><td class="numeric">180,892,100</td><td class="numeric">241,028,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Kansas City</td><td class="numeric">91,758,850</td><td class="numeric">150,125,750</td><td class="numeric">204,092,800</td><td class="numeric">294,646,450</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Dallas</td><td class="numeric">48,948,350</td><td class="numeric">77,899,850</td><td class="numeric">116,220,650</td><td class="numeric">145,944,450</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">San Francisco</td><td class="numeric">175,623,900</td><td class="numeric">292,671,150</td><td class="numeric">287,975,000</td><td class="numeric">459,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td class="left">&emsp;Total subscriptions</td><td class="numeric">$3,035,226,850</td><td class="numeric">$4,617,532,300</td><td class="numeric">$4,176,516,850</td><td class="numeric">$6,989,047,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Total quotas</td><td class="numeric">$2,000,000,000</td><td class="numeric">$3,000,000,000</td><td class="numeric">$3,000,000,000</td><td class="numeric">$6,000,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Total allotments</td><td class="numeric">2,000,000,000</td><td class="numeric">3,808,766,150</td><td class="numeric">4,176,516,850</td><td class="numeric">6,989,047,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Total number of subscribers</td><td class="numeric">4,500,000</td><td class="numeric">10,020,000</td><td class="numeric">17,000,000</td><td class="numeric">21,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><th colspan="5"><br />NEW YORK CITY SUBSCRIPTIONS<br />&nbsp;</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Manhattan</td><td class="numeric">$960,417,050</td><td class="numeric">$1,095,189,000</td><td class="numeric">$702,577,750</td><td class="numeric">$1,353,449,550</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Bronx</td><td class="numeric">404,700</td><td class="numeric">1,015,500</td><td class="numeric">5,112,350</td><td class="numeric">5,751,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Brooklyn</td><td class="numeric">30,312,000</td><td class="numeric">44,424,200</td><td class="numeric">52,427,600</td><td class="numeric">100,469,650</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Queens</td><td class="numeric">2,202,600</td><td class="numeric">4,136,150</td><td class="numeric">10,137,350</td><td class="numeric">17,331,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Richmond</td><td class="numeric">679,600</td><td class="numeric">1,373,700</td><td class="numeric">3,386,800</td><td class="numeric">5,075,750</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td class="left">&emsp;Total city subscriptions</td><td class="numeric">$994,015,950</td><td class="numeric">$1,146,139,150</td><td class="numeric">$773,641,859</td><td class="numeric">$1,482,078,650</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></p>
+
+<h3>THE INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR</h3>
+
+<p>Some curious facts were brought out in the effort of the Liberty
+Campaign propaganda to reach the individual investor. In the large
+cities the organization was remarkably successful. In the smaller
+communities it was a greater difficulty. In a suburb or a small town
+everybody knows everybody else and the Liberty Loan Committee had hard
+work in getting subscribers. Mr. A. W. Atwood of Princeton thinks that
+the occupational and vocational classification of possible investors was
+not tried. Widows and maiden ladies who had inherited $50,000 or $75,000
+were not reached. Some of them who were patriotic came forward of their
+own accord. The little town of Kircunkson in New York State exceeded its
+quota many times and there was an item in the papers about it. The
+success of the Liberty Loan in that town was due to the fact that it
+contained a large sanitarium patronized by millionaires. Yet there were
+no banks in the town and if their banking resources were used as a basis
+their quota would have been very small indeed.</p>
+
+<p>As to the assignment of quotas Mr. Atwood makes the point that it was
+sometimes based on population, sometimes based on the amount of bank
+resources. He thought that in small places it would be better to post up
+a list of those who had subscribed and he even thought that if the
+country made the effort it could ultimately raise a loan of
+$100,000,000,000, his reason being the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This country is approaching, as England has long ago, the position of
+being a possessor of great accumulated wealth. One broker after another
+is really nothing but a family investment agent. That is what it amounts
+to. There are railroad magnates, bankers, steel kings, copper kings and
+so on indefinitely. Hundreds of firms in the New York Stock Exchange are
+nothing but channels for the investment of accumulated wealth and I do
+not think we realize how much there is of that in this country."</p></div>
+
+<h3>LIBERTY LOANS AND THRIFT</h3>
+
+<p>One of the best methods of testing the influence of Liberty Loan
+activities on the thrift of the country is used by <cite>Bradstreet's</cite> in its
+examination of the annual report of the United States League of Building
+and Loan Associations. These Associations, be it remembered, are not
+patronized by capitalists but almost wholly by wage earners. During the
+past fifteen years the membership of building and loan associations has
+increased 150 percent. and since the war broke in 1914, the number of
+members has extended 52 percent. The latest report shows a gain in
+assets of 30 percent. over the amount indicated in 1914. The following
+tables taken from <cite>Bradstreet's</cite> give detailed items of the financial
+situation of these important organizations:</p>
+
+<p>The following table gives membership and total assets of building and
+loan associations for a fifteen-year period:</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="building and loan associations">
+<tr><td></td><th>Membership</th><th>Assets</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1902&mdash;03</td><td class="numeric">1,530,707</td><td class="numeric">$577,228,014</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1903&mdash;04</td><td class="numeric">1,566,700</td><td class="numeric">579,556,112</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1904&mdash;05</td><td class="numeric">1,631,046</td><td class="numeric">600,342,586</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1905&mdash;06</td><td class="numeric">1,642,127</td><td class="numeric">629,344,257</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1906&mdash;07</td><td class="numeric">1,699,714</td><td class="numeric">673,129,198</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1907&mdash;08</td><td class="numeric">1,839,119</td><td class="numeric">731,508,446</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1908&mdash;09</td><td class="numeric">1,920,257</td><td class="numeric">784,175,753</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1909&mdash;10</td><td class="numeric">2,016,651</td><td class="numeric">856,332,719</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1910&mdash;11</td><td class="numeric">2,169,893</td><td class="numeric">931,867,175</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1911&mdash;12</td><td class="numeric">2,332,829</td><td class="numeric">1,030,687,031</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1912&mdash;13</td><td class="numeric">2,518,442</td><td class="numeric">1,136,949,465</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1914&mdash;15</td><td class="numeric">3,103,935</td><td class="numeric">1,357,707,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1915&mdash;16</td><td class="numeric">3,334,899</td><td class="numeric">1,484,205,875</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1916&mdash;17</td><td class="numeric">3,568,342</td><td class="numeric">1,696,707,041</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">1917&mdash;18</td><td class="numeric">3,838,612</td><td class="numeric">1,769,142,175</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The following table shows total membership
+and total assets for States in which accurate
+statistics are compiled by state supervisors.
+The data for other States are consolidated
+under the heading, "Other States,"
+and the figures given are estimated:</p>
+
+<div class="left">
+<table class="nobrdr" cellspacing="0" summary="Savings and Loans">
+<tr><td></td><th colspan="3">1917&mdash;18</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><th>Members</th><th>Assets</th><th>Increase</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Pennsylvania</td><td class="numeric">677,911</td><td class="numeric">$324,265,393</td><td class="numeric">$25,438,326</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ohio</td><td class="numeric">767,100</td><td class="numeric">321,741,529</td><td class="numeric">51,188,940</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Jersey</td><td class="numeric">329,063</td><td class="numeric">168,215,913</td><td class="numeric">13,088,951</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Massachusetts</td><td class="numeric">247,725</td><td class="numeric">126,695,037</td><td class="numeric">13,389,130</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Illinois</td><td class="numeric">246,800</td><td class="numeric">113,528,525</td><td class="numeric">8,050,122</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New York</td><td class="numeric">199,571</td><td class="numeric">86,072,829</td><td class="numeric">6,442,948</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Indiana</td><td class="numeric">202,409</td><td class="numeric">78,112,917</td><td class="numeric">5,818,661</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nebraska</td><td class="numeric">101,929</td><td class="numeric">54,545,630</td><td class="numeric">6,627,783</td></tr>
+<tr><td>California</td><td class="numeric">42,227</td><td class="numeric">35,928,447</td><td class="numeric">3,134,429</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Michigan</td><td class="numeric">69,041</td><td class="numeric">35,659,360</td><td class="numeric">4,279,888</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kentucky</td><td class="numeric">62,846</td><td class="numeric">27,085,282</td><td class="numeric">1,272,372</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Missouri</td><td class="numeric">56,116</td><td class="numeric">26,770,144</td><td class="numeric">3,226,311</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kansas</td><td class="numeric">66,442</td><td class="numeric">26,000,167</td><td class="numeric">2,446,058</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisiana</td><td class="numeric">47,793</td><td class="numeric">25,911,928</td><td class="numeric">1,362,683</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dist. Columbia</td><td class="numeric">37,075</td><td class="numeric">22,399,995</td><td class="numeric">255,115</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wisconsin</td><td class="numeric">50,612</td><td class="numeric">19,887,368</td><td class="numeric">3,013,526</td></tr>
+<tr><td>North Carolina</td><td class="numeric">37,400</td><td class="numeric">17,608,000</td><td class="numeric">1,703,230</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washington</td><td class="numeric">46,318</td><td class="numeric">14,444,177</td><td class="numeric">2,366,450</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Arkansas</td><td class="numeric">21,053</td><td class="numeric">10,583,447</td><td class="numeric">409,439</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Iowa<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td><td class="numeric">33,035</td><td class="numeric">9,638,852</td><td class="numeric">........</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Minnesota</td><td class="numeric">22,020</td><td class="numeric">8,979,642</td><td class="numeric">626,537</td></tr>
+<tr><td>West Virginia</td><td class="numeric">21,500</td><td class="numeric">8,119,131</td><td class="numeric">369,564</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Colorado<a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td><td class="numeric">10,200</td><td class="numeric">6,688,983</td><td class="numeric">........</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Maine</td><td class="numeric">14,959</td><td class="numeric">6,671,239</td><td class="numeric">233,961</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oklahoma</td><td class="numeric">18,142</td><td class="numeric">6,554,175</td><td class="numeric">2,354,175</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rhode Island</td><td class="numeric">11,499</td><td class="numeric">5,938,436</td><td class="numeric">577,906</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Connecticut</td><td class="numeric">14,900</td><td class="numeric">4,869,748</td><td class="numeric">610,423</td></tr>
+<tr><td>South Dakota</td><td class="numeric">5,857</td><td class="numeric">3,603,836</td><td class="numeric">89,286</td></tr>
+<tr><td>N. Hampshire</td><td class="numeric">8,554</td><td class="numeric">3,336,072</td><td class="numeric">322,812</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tennessee</td><td class="numeric">5,166</td><td class="numeric">3,207,754</td><td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>112,865</td></tr>
+<tr><td>North Dakota</td><td class="numeric">5,785</td><td class="numeric">2,837,118</td><td class="numeric">90,308</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Texas</td><td class="numeric">7,156</td><td class="numeric">2,314,927</td><td class="numeric">372,489</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Montana</td><td class="numeric">4,239</td><td class="numeric">1,849,935</td><td class="numeric">209,906</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Mexico</td><td class="numeric">3,545</td><td class="numeric">1,469,276</td><td class="numeric">72,660</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vermont</td><td class="numeric">749</td><td class="numeric">287,791</td><td class="numeric">52,079</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Other States</td><td class="numeric">341,875</td><td class="numeric">157,319,172</td><td class="numeric">10,975,756</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total</td><td class="numeric">3,838,612</td><td class="numeric">$1,769,142,175</td><td class="numeric">$170,514,039</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>Reports issued biennially; figures of 1916 used.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>Decrease.</p></div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-014.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-014thumb.jpg" width="400" height="562"
+alt="A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign"
+title="A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-014.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></p>
+
+<h3>THE THRIFT HABIT</h3>
+
+<p>Such was the success of the Liberty Loan campaign in appealing to all
+classes of private investors, that it became an interesting speculation
+whether the popular thrift habit would survive war conditions. It was
+the general belief in <del>finanical</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads finanical">financial</ins>
+centers that the habit of saving had been promoted. Perhaps no better
+illustration of the thrift habit could be presented than returns made by
+the savings banks of Boston in October, 1918. At that date these banks
+had $321,000,000 against $319,000,000 at the same date in 1917, the
+previous banner total for the end of a banking year. It was estimated by
+Mr. Ingalls Kimball, the New York <cite>Times</cite> annalist, that twenty million
+separate individuals were saving by the method of subscribing to the
+Liberty Loans, and, as more than $800,000,000 worth of War Saving stamps
+had been sold, it was probable that nearly half the population of the
+country was saving money in one of these new ways. As to the method of
+continuing to encourage thrift, Mr. Kimball pointed out the value of the
+experience derived from the Liberty Bond Campaign:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The thrift machine set up by the Treasury was as follows: 1. small unit
+government bonds; 2. non-interest-bearing Thrift Stamps; 3. War Savings
+Stamps&mdash;a short-term obligation paying interest at maturity.</p>
+
+<p>"This was the mechanism. What was the power that actuated the machine to
+such wonderful effect? 1. salesmanship, including every modern device of
+advertising; 2. distribution: (a) through retail stores; (b) through
+employers, by partial payments (usually pay-roll deduction).</p>
+
+<p>"From these simple elements was built up a campaign that induced the
+people to save in a new and unaccustomed way at least twenty times as
+much as they had ever before saved in the same time. None of the
+elements was unimportant, but salesmanship, probably, contributed most.
+The selling campaigns of the Liberty Loans and War Savings Stamps were
+carried on by the largest and most effective selling organization ever
+put together, under the direction of the ablest men in the United
+States, and with an energy and devotion that were unimaginable. This
+selling force was irresistible. Everybody bought because everybody was
+asked, or begged, or told, to buy. Under the same stimulus almost
+anything would have sold.</p>
+
+<h3>"SAVING AT THE SOURCE"</h3>
+
+<p>"Next in importance to the direct selling effort came distribution. For
+the first time in the history of finance it has been made easy to save;
+for the first time the great retail channels of distribution have been
+thrown open to saving; for the first time millions of wage-earners have
+learned the value and ease of 'Saving at the Source' by pay-envelope
+deduction of a dollar or so a week toward a Liberty Bond."</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Kimball questioned whether or not we are to lose the benefit of the
+great lesson of thrift and whether some plan could be devised to make us
+keep on saving. No problem of reconstruction seemed to him more
+important than this, "yet in no one of the announced conferences on
+reconstruction do I find mention of it." He then goes on to say:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The greatest thrift lesson in the world is thrift, no matter what its
+motive. A great many hundred thousand persons in this country have found
+themselves this year possessed of $100 or more in one piece for the
+first time in their lives; often without realization of how they got it.
+Will that lesson last? Will the wage-earner, now that loan drives are
+over, keep on saving, going weekly to the bank to put in his dollar. The
+answer to these questions is, unfortunately, 'no.'</p>
+
+<p>"It would be perfectly possible to continue the issue of War Savings
+Stamps, and there are many advocates of this plan, but it is doubtful if
+distribution could be permanently maintained on anything like its
+present scale. Merchants and banks, with rare exceptions, would scarcely
+continue to handle them, for the cost is not inconsiderable, and there
+is no compensating commercial gain. In the postoffices alone their
+continued sale would set up competition with the present postal savings
+system, which would serve no good purpose and would be highly confusing.</p>
+
+<p>"Can the savings banks successfully undertake this great task? I believe
+they could. I believe a national savings bank, operating through
+commercial banks, stores, and employers all over the United States,
+making its investments through a small compact, very highly paid and
+very efficient and very stringently supervised board of executives in
+one city, supporting a vigorous, numerous, and far-flung selling
+organization, similar in many respects to the industrial life
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+
+insurance organizations, could undertake this work and, were it possible
+to act quickly enough, could keep the thrift movement going without
+losing the amazing momentum which it has now acquired."</p></div>
+
+<h3>SPENDING THE MONEY</h3>
+
+<p>For a period of twenty-five months, from April, 1917, through April,
+1919, the United States spent for war purposes more than $1,000,000 an
+hour. All sorts of comparisons are used to make this figure seizable by
+the imagination. For example, the whole sum, nearly $22,000,000,000, was
+twenty times the whole of the pre-war debt. Indeed, it was nearly large
+enough to pay the entire cost of our Government from 1791 up to the
+outbreak of the European War. In addition to the actual war cost of our
+own Government Congress paid to various associated governments the sum
+of $8,850,000,000. As to how this enormous sum of money was spent,
+two-thirds of the amount practically was spent upon the Army, and the
+rate of expenditure for the Army was constantly advancing period by
+period. Even after the termination of hostilities there was a very high
+daily average owing to the building of ships for the Emergency Fleet
+Corporation, the construction and operation of naval vessels, food,
+clothing, pay and transportation of the Army. The Quartermaster's
+Department had the largest proportion of expenditure.</p>
+
+<p>The amount spent about equals the value of all the gold produced in the
+whole world from the discovery of America up to the outbreak of the
+European War. The pay for the Army during the period of warfare was
+larger than the combined salaries of all of the public school principals
+and teachers in the United States for five years, from 1912 to 1916.
+Some of the money spent represents permanent assets. At the end of the
+war there were large stocks of clothing on hand and large supplies of
+standardized trucks. There were thousands of Liberty motors and service
+planes that were available for other uses. Engineer, signal and medical
+equipment still continued to have a value, but if the race for
+militarism is maintained it is hard to see how the quantities of war
+munitions can fail to escape the scrap heap in a few years' time.</p>
+
+<p>Comparing the individual estimates of war expenditure, it is noteworthy
+that the Austro-Hungarian Empire spent almost as much as the United
+States. Of all the powers Germany spent the largest sum,
+$39,000,000,000&mdash;one billion more than England.</p>
+
+<h3>MONEY LOANED TO ASSOCIATE NATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>The following is quoted from the <cite>Annalist</cite> for December, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Money owed to a government by the nations of the world, with whom it is
+in active commercial competition, is another line of fortifications in
+defense of the frontier. Let us, then consider our debts and our
+debtors, and how we both propose to pay. Our long-time loans may be
+scheduled as follows:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Loans to Associate Nations">
+<tr><td>First Loan</td><td class="numeric">$2,000,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Second Loan</td><td class="numeric">3,808,766,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Third Loan</td><td class="numeric">4,170,019,650</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fourth Loan</td><td class="numeric">6,989,047,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">$16,967,832,650</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The totals of each of the above loans have changed substantially since
+allotment, through conversions with a correspondingly increasing charge
+on the service. However, the gross amount is substantially unchanged. Of
+the old loans the Treasury statement of March 31 showed the following
+totals:</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Old Loans">
+<tr><td>Consol. 2's of 1930</td><td class="numeric">$599,724,050</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4's of 1925</td><td class="numeric">118,489,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Panama Canal 2's, 1906</td><td class="numeric">48,954,180</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Panama Canal 2's, 1908</td><td class="numeric">5,947,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Panama Canal 3's, 1911</td><td class="numeric">50,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Conversion 3's, 1946&mdash;7</td><td class="numeric">28,894,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Postal Savings 2&frac12;'s, 1931&mdash;7</td><td class="numeric">10,758,560</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Postal Savings 2&frac12;'s, 1938</td><td class="numeric">302,140,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">$1,184,908,590</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="blockquot">"The short-term loans in the shape of certificates of indebtedness and
+War Savings Stamps at the present writing are as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="short Term loans">
+<tr><td>4&frac12;% certificates, Series E</td><td class="numeric">$639,493,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4&frac12;% certificates, Series 4F</td><td class="numeric">625,216,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4&frac12;% certificates, Series 4G</td><td class="numeric">614,069,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">$1,878,778,500</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In addition to the above a series of certificates of indebtedness,
+designated as TA, bearing interest at four per cent. and maturing July
+15, 1919, was issued to a small amount in anticipation of next year's
+income taxes. The sale proved to be slow, and further issuance was
+discontinued and a new issue for the same purpose and of a similar
+maturity bearing interest at 4&frac12;% per cent. was substituted. The
+sale of these securities through the agency of the Federal Reserve Banks
+is in the nature of a continuous operation, and no totals so far have
+been announced.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-017.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-017thumb.jpg" width="400" height="592"
+alt="Detroit&mdash;City of Automobiles"
+title="Detroit&mdash;City of Automobiles" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">Detroit&mdash;City of Automobiles</p>
+<p class="description">Many thousands of standardized trucks were made
+in Detroit during the war rush, the automobile having proved to <del>the</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads the">be</ins> indispensable
+to <del>be</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads be">the</ins> fighting forces overseas.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-017.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The sale of War Savings Stamps and
+certificates has increased the national debt by $1,257,000,000, or
+within 400 million of the maximum under the first authorization. A
+second series, however, amounting to two billion dollars, has been
+authorized, so that the operation will probably continue into the coming
+year. The Treasury for the fiscal year 1917&mdash;18 estimated receipts of
+$663,200,000 from this source and about a billion for 1918&mdash;19. The first
+estimate was out of line, owing to the difficulty in getting the plan
+into smooth operation. Subsequent results have, however, justified the
+average of expectations.</p>
+
+<p>"The pre-war debt, in the light of recent figures, is almost negligible,
+and the outstanding certificates in anticipation of taxes and the Fourth
+Liberty Loan will be redeemed in due course by the flow of funds owing
+to the Government in taxes and subscription payments. The problem of how
+to deal with the eighteen-billion-dollar war debt is the vital question.
+How much of this sum represents a charge on the coming generation and
+how much an invaluable national asset?</p></div>
+
+<h3>WHAT IS OWED THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We have loaned abroad the following items:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="foreign loans">
+<tr><td>Great Britain</td><td class="numeric">$3,745,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>France</td><td class="numeric">2,445,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Italy</td><td class="numeric">1,160,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Russia</td><td class="numeric">325,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belgium</td><td class="numeric">183,520,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Greece</td><td class="numeric">15,790,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cuba</td><td class="numeric">15,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Serbia</td><td class="numeric">12,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rumania</td><td class="numeric">6,666,666</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Liberia</td><td class="numeric">5,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Czechoslovak Republic</td><td class="numeric">7,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>$7,919,976,666</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>Increased to
+$9,646,419,494 by October, 1919.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Here, then, are figures totaling nearly half of our war debts that are
+not only self-supporting but also a double-edged weapon in the
+international market. In the first place, they represent money spent at
+home on American goods, from which the American manufacturer has taken
+his toll of profit; and in the second place, they have put the world in
+our debt to an extent that will be difficult to pay in the exchange of
+goods.</p>
+
+<p>"Imports of foreign commodities or even gold will take a decade to halve
+the debt, for the gold can not be spared, nor do we wish it, and our
+creditors will find it difficult to increase their exports to a point
+capable of bringing about a balance in their favor. The imports from
+Europe are bound to be offset by our own exports, some able economists
+predicting a balance of a billion dollars in our favor for the next five
+years. Regardless of the demands to be made upon us from this source, it
+is probable that the peak-load of expenditure has been reached and the
+period of readjustment and redemption set in.</p>
+
+<p>"Charging off, then, our loans to the Allies as an asset, let us then
+consider how we may best meet the bill due the American people. Vague
+discussions of the creation of a huge sinking fund have been heard,
+although for some reason or other, in history these operations have not
+been entirely successful. Fortunately the bulk of our debt has an early
+callable date, and the Treasury has recently come in for much applause
+by advocating no more loans unless they be in the nature of a one-to
+five-year currency. Experience teaches that the full benefit and effect
+of war taxes are rarely felt until after the war. England, after the
+Napoleonic wars, came back with a rapidity that astonished the Exchequer
+itself. Taxes rolled up in such a volume and expenses dropped with
+demobilization to such an extent that the Government found itself
+anticipating the callable date in national debts by market purchases,
+and even then it was found convenient gradually to reduce the scale of
+taxation.</p>
+
+<p>"Our experience after the Civil War was very similar to England's, and
+the Treasury's surplus annually accumulated to a point that forced the
+Government to buy back at high premiums the bonds it was not privileged
+to call. This was true, though to a lesser degree, with the Spanish war
+loan.</p>
+
+<p>"It seems as though the two operations of liquidating our own debts and
+the debt of Europe to the United States dovetailed perfectly into one
+gradual and stupendous task. While Europe is paying her indebtedness to
+us without interfering with the development of international trade by
+the sale of foreign securities in our home market our buyers here must
+receive the tools to operate with through the redemption and repurchase
+of their Liberty Bonds. In this half of the deal safety, as usual, lies
+in the middle course. It is hoped that taxes will be maintained at a
+level that will infallibly provide funds for fixed redemptions with a
+sufficient surplus to get a flying start by purchase around the present
+low levels."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FINANCIAL STATUS OF ENGLAND IN 1914</h3>
+
+<p>One year before the war England's position in regard to the balance of
+trade was most favorable. Her imports were valued at $3,210,000,000 and
+her exports at $2,560,000,000. But it was usually estimated that foreign
+countries owed England about $1,610,000,000 annually for interest on
+capital lent for shipping freights and for banking insurance and other
+commissions. The total amount owed her, therefore was $4,170,000,000 as
+against $3,210,000,000 which she owed for her imports. She had therefore
+a favorable balance of about $960,000,000 which was lent abroad.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+
+The war brought an enormous decrease in tonnage, and the excess of
+imports over exports attained the figure of $1,950,000,000 a year.</p>
+
+<p>Exceptional measures had to be taken to maintain the exchange rates with
+the United States from whom the chief purchases were made. Large amounts
+of gold were exported, but by June, 1915, there was a collapse in
+American exchange. Drastic measures were used to induce the holders of
+American securities in England to sell or lend those securities to the
+Government. In this way exchange was kept up practically to the gold
+point. This question of exchange and the position of England as the
+director of the financial campaign of the Allies is illustrated from an
+address given by Mr. R. H. Brand to the American Bankers Association, in
+September, 1917:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Of course no nation could permanently tolerate such unfavorable trade
+balances as those from which the Allies in Europe are now suffering.
+They can only do so now and keep their exchanges with the United States
+steady by borrowing immense sums here. But the war itself is not
+permanent, and the question is merely whether the present state of
+affairs can be continued long enough to enable all the enemies of the
+Central Powers to exert their full strength and win a final victory.</p>
+
+<p>"You will no doubt all have noticed that the credits granted Great
+Britain have been greater than those granted to any other Ally. The
+reasons are simple, though they are not, I think, generally understood.
+We have, in the first place, the largest war and munition program of any
+Ally; in the second place, as I have shown above, we are, with the
+exception of the United States, the greatest industrial arsenal among
+the Allies; that necessarily involves large imports. We send a great
+deal of steel from England to our Allies; we have to replace it by steel
+from here. We make rifles for Russia; we have to import the steel to
+make them. We send boots to Russia; we have to import the leather
+needed. These examples might be multiplied many times. Thirdly, we
+extend large credits in England to our Allies, some part of which they
+may use anywhere in the world, and this part may ultimately come back on
+the sterling exchange in New York. Lastly, it is well known that
+neutrals who are owed money by England unfortunately find it convenient
+to utilize the sterling exchange in New York in order to recoup
+themselves in dollars. But so also do neutrals who are owed money by the
+other Allies. So long as we maintain the sterling exchange this appears
+to be inevitable, and the burden of financing both our own and our
+Allies' trade tends to fall on that exchange. It is by our maintenance
+of this sterling exchange that the continuance of our Allies' trade is
+rendered possible. The maintenance of the sterling exchange means the
+maintenance of the allied exchanges. All these factors together exert an
+immense influence. If England had had only herself to finance since the
+beginning of the war, and indeed even if she had only herself to finance
+now, it is quite possible she would not have needed to borrow at all
+abroad."</p></div>
+
+<h3>LOSS IN PRODUCTIVE POWER</h3>
+
+<p>The extent of the withdrawal of productive power can only be judged by
+figures. Of the 7,500,000 men serving in the British Army, 4,530,000
+were contributed by Great Britain, 900,000 by the British dominions and
+colonies; and the remaining 1,000,000 by India and the various British
+African dependencies. Production went on to a remarkable degree, but
+this production was largely for war purposes. It was secured by
+recruiting female labor to an unheard of extent in the munition
+factories. According to the London <cite>Economist</cite>, the financial side of
+the British administration was anything but satisfactory. It speaks of
+waste and faulty methods:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the financial side our record is by no means so satisfactory. We
+have, it is true, poured out money like water, but much of it has been
+raised by faulty methods, and the amount of it that has been wasted is
+appalling to consider. In the matter of borrowing, our methods have
+lately been greatly improved; and the recommendation of the Committee on
+National Expenditure, that the system of raising money by bank credits
+should be checked as far as possible, is being brought within the bounds
+of practical politics by the great success of the War Savings
+Committee's energetic and ingenious campaign for prompting the sale of
+National War Bonds. Perhaps also we may claim some small share in that
+success through the adoption of the principle so long advocated in these
+columns of a lower rate for money at home combined with special terms
+for money left here by foreigners. But successful borrowing, direct from
+the investor, instead of in the shape of money manufactured by banks, is
+a welcome, but not sufficient, improvement. We have to raise much more
+money by taxation. We have also to do much more than has yet been done
+to reduce the wicked waste of public money and support the efforts of
+the Committee on National Expenditure to husband the resources of the
+nation. A correspondent in a provincial town in which a Tank has
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+
+lately been busy asks: 'Is it not pathetic to see widows and children
+scraping together their shillings and pennies to help the Government,
+while we have tens of thousands of pounds being squandered by a
+profligate Ministry of Munitions!'"</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-020.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-020thumb.jpg" width="400" height="282"
+           alt="A Woman Doing Road Construction Work"
+         title="A Woman Doing Road Construction Work" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+   <p class="caption">A Woman Doing Road Construction Work</p>
+   <p class="description">Of the 7,500,000 men serving in the British Army, 4,530,000 were
+   contributed by Great Britain. Yet production was speeded up by
+   recruiting and training the labor of women.</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-020.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>EQUALIZING LOANS AND TAXATION</h3>
+
+<p>A thorny problem of all war finance is how to equalize as far as
+possible the amount of money furnished by taxation with the amounts
+borrowed. The proportion indicated in the last English war budget of
+1918 was that between &pound;842,000,000 raised by taxes and
+2,000,000,000 sterling by fresh borrowing. Besides, war experience shows
+that the parliamentary estimates in each year were always far below the
+amount spent. In 1917 in Great Britain the shortage was upwards of
+&pound;400,000,000. According to the London <cite>Economist</cite>, no effective
+steps were taken to stop the profligate extravagance by which public
+money was poured out through the sieves of the war spending departments
+into the pockets of innumerable manufacturers, middlemen and traders,
+not to mention the ever growing sums allocated to the privy purses of
+countless new bodies of officials. Each year, it says, there is a new
+debt charge of some &pound;120,000,000 and each year there is a constant
+rise of prices in wages that enhances the cost of governmental goods and
+services.</p>
+
+<p>The amount raised by taxation, &pound;842,000,000, seems enormously
+large, but as the London <cite>Nation</cite> states:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The enormous rise of prices only makes it represent half that amount in
+actual purchasing power. Before the war our expenditure was 200
+millions. If money had kept the same value, the taxation and other
+public income for this year would only have been 420 millions, a little
+more than twice the pre-war level. Would that have seemed so heroic an
+effort for a patriotic nation? No. It can never be repeated too often
+that a really rigorous taxation, begun in 1914 and carried on till now,
+would have left us in a far sounder condition both for conducting the
+war and for facing the peace finance. The money and the goods are there.
+We get them. But we get them by crooked and expensive methods of
+borrowing which inflate prices, oppress the poorer purchasers, put huge
+war loot into the pockets of contractors and financiers, and fail to
+restrain expenditure in luxuries."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>GERMANY'S ECONOMIC PREPARATION FOR WAR</h3>
+
+<p>There is much evidence to show that long before the war began financial
+preparations were made in Germany for the great struggle. For a
+considerable period prior to 1914, Germany and Russia had been engaged
+in a contest to accumulate a gold supply. Russia, it is known, had begun
+to withdraw the large balances which she kept in German, French and
+English banks. In Germany the story was circulated that in 1913 the
+Kaiser inquired of the governor of the Imperial Bank if the German banks
+were equipped for war. Being told that they were not ready he is said to
+have replied: "When I ask that question again I want a different
+answer." The Imperial Bank of Germany became an active bidder at the
+London gold auctions for the gold which arrived weekly from South
+Africa, and its activity along these lines was shown by the increasing
+of the German gold reserve in the bank vaults from $184,000,000 on
+December 31, 1912, to $336,000,000, the amount it stood at a month
+before the war began. In addition, the Imperial Bank collected for the
+Government a sum of about thirty million dollars to be added to the same
+amount said to be stored in the vaults of the Julius Thurm at Spandau,
+and to be used as a war chest. Other European countries were increasing
+their gold supplies, so it was not surprising that the New York markets
+were called upon to export eighty-four million dollars of gold for six
+months before the outbreak of the war. The entire gold production of the
+world during the eighteen months ending on June 30, 1914, was
+approximately $705,000,000. Of this amount, about two million dollars
+was required for the arts, and one hundred and fifty million dollars
+went to British India. This left about $350,000,000 to be applied to
+monetary uses and the whole of this amount was absorbed by the four
+great central banks of Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>In order to resist raids on the German gold reserve a policy of note
+issuing was adopted. The situation, as forecast by Mr. C. A. Conant in
+September, 1914, in the New York <cite>Times</cite>, can be gathered from the
+following extract:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"With the general suspension of gold payments at the central banks of
+Europe, except at the Bank of England, the banks are in a position to
+resist raids upon their gold and to lend their resources, as far as
+sound banking policy permits, to the struggle of their Governments to
+maintain national independence. In England, while the bank is still
+paying gold for notes, the policy of keeping gold in circulation has
+been abandoned, and the old limit of note issue, which was &pound;5
+($24.40), has been lowered to 10 shillings ($2.44) and &pound;1 ($4.88).</p>
+
+<p>"It is not the purpose of any of the European Powers, however, to carry
+on the war by issues of paper money. The suspension of gold payments at
+the banks and the issue of notes for small denominations, which are
+legal tender in domestic transactions, is for the purpose of husbanding
+the gold stock against needless runs and keeping it as a guaranty fund
+of national solvency. It is the course which was adopted by France at
+the time of the Franco-German War in 1870, but so prudently were the
+affairs of the Bank of France conducted that the paper never fell more
+than 2&frac12; per cent. below its value in gold.</p>
+
+<p>"A similar policy of reserve will probably be pursued by the banks of
+France, Germany, and Russia in the present contest. The Government of
+France has raised the maximum limit of the note circulation of the bank
+by nearly $1,000,000,000, but the increase will not be used except as
+additional currency may be required, owing to the restriction in other
+forms of credit and the special demand for notes in the districts where
+the armies are gathered.</p>
+
+<p>"The suspension of specie payments does not convey to the banking
+community quite the same doleful warning of the unlimited issue of paper
+and its steady depreciation in gold which were conveyed by specie
+suspension in the United States in 1861 or by Austria-Hungary and Russia
+in the desperate contest of the Napoleonic wars. Monetary science is
+better understood at the present time than in those days."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GERMAN WAR FINANCE</h3>
+
+<p>Among all the belligerent powers Germany occupied the unique position of
+using the war as an excuse for not publishing national accounts. The
+sole guide to her expenditure must be looked for in the credit votes
+passed by the Reichstag. Using this method, it is estimated that Germany
+spent about $30,000,000 a day. To cover this expenditure there was a
+regular plan of national loan&mdash;in March and September. This was the
+method followed in all the four years of the war. During the intervening
+six months there was an issue of Treasury bills. The German people
+were, apparently, schooled to these
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+
+regular demands with commendable promptness, but the Imperial Government
+adopted a policy of inflation in the hope that a speedy victory would
+bring fruits in the shape of an indemnity, and so the German people
+would avoid being called upon to bear war burdens. Taxation was
+introduced only reluctantly and at a later period, and merely for the
+purpose of meeting so-called normal civil expenditure and interest on
+war debt. The plan followed was to spare the middle classes as far as
+possible from additional taxation charges.</p>
+
+<h3>THE LOAN BUREAU SCHEME</h3>
+
+<p>The war loans have been, on paper, most successful. For example, the
+seventh loan of September, 1917, yielded $3,000,000,000; the eighth loan
+nearly $4,000,000,000. There was a large amount of ready money in the
+country and besides this all stocks of raw material have been realized.
+Large as the loans have been they have not been able to keep pace with
+the increase of expenditure. Out of the total amount of $30,000,000,000
+about $20,000,000,000 have been covered by long-term loans. Of course,
+owing to the peculiar situation of Germany in relation to her allies,
+which were dependent upon her financial support, these loans have been
+raised by the German people themselves. The German Loan Bureaus were
+criticized at the beginning of the war, and German figures show that
+only about ten percent. of the national loans were involved in the Loan
+Bureau scheme. These Loan Bureaus, it was announced, would continue
+after the declaration of peace. According to the London <cite>Economist</cite>,
+Germany followed an easy and sure policy of war finance, although the
+same authority does not hesitate to use the terms "complete financial
+ruin" in connection with German post-war finance.</p>
+
+<p>The whole subject of German inflation is difficult to analyze. The
+<cite>Economist</cite> works out a post-war expenditure of $5,000,000,000 a year
+against a revenue of a billion and a half. Its estimate of German
+inflation is contained in the following passage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To take note circulation alone is obviously misleading, particularly in
+view of the violent efforts that have been made, especially during the
+last year, to extend the use of the check, and in other ways to limit
+as far as possible the use of notes. For what these figures are worth,
+it may be said that the total note circulation of the country at the end
+of June (1918), including Reichsbank notes, State Bank notes, Treasury
+notes, and loan notes, stood at &pound;1,030,000,000, as compared with
+&pound;109,300,000 on July 23, 1914. <del>Reichbank</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Reichbank">Reichsbank</ins> deposits, again, stood
+on June 30, at &pound;459,100,000, as compared with &pound;47,600,000 on
+July 23, 1914, while the deposits of the eight 'great' banks, even at
+the end of 1917, stood at &pound;800,000,000, as compared with
+&pound;250,000,000 at the end of 1914, &pound;362,000,000 at the end of
+1915, and &pound;500,000,000 at the end of 1916."</p></div>
+
+<p>In this connection it is interesting to give a summary of Germany's war
+expenses as reported in the London <cite>Economist</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In his comparison of German war finance with ours, the Chancellor, in
+his Budget speech, made the following points: First, that German war
+expenditure is now &pound;6,250,000&mdash;almost the same as
+ours&mdash;though our expenditure includes items (such as separation
+allowances) which are not included in the German figures. Second, that
+the whole amount of the German Votes of Credit (&pound;6,200 millions)
+has been added to their war debt, 'because their taxation has not
+covered their peace expenditure in addition to their debt charge.'
+Third, the total amount of new taxation levied by them since the
+beginning of the war comes to &pound;365 millions, against our
+&pound;1,044 millions. Fourth, in a year's time they will have a
+deficit, comparing the revenue with the expenditure, of &pound;385
+millions at least. 'If that were our position,' the Chancellor added, 'I
+should certainly think that bankruptcy was not far from the British
+Government.' Fifth, with the exception of the war increment tax,
+'scarcely any of the additional revenue has been obtained from the
+wealthier classes in Germany'."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GERMAN WAR PROFITS</h3>
+
+<p>An extraordinary list of the gigantic war profits collected by Germany
+was drawn up by A. Cheraband, the well known French critic. He estimated
+that in three years Germany had spent $322.50 per head, France $444.00,
+Great Britain $559.75. He presents a list of war profits made by
+Germany. The "booty" he divided into movable and immovable property. In
+the former category he includes the 212,000 square miles of territory
+that had fallen into German clutches, and this he values at
+$32,000,000,000, which, he says, is a conservative estimate. Turning to
+the movable booty, he classifies it as follows:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li>"<em>Capture of 'Human Material.'</em>&mdash;This consists of the
+46,000,000 Allied subjects from whom the Germans obtain free labor.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>"<em>Capture of War Material.</em>&mdash;Guns, rifles, munitions,
+vehicles, locomotives, railway trucks, and thousands of miles of
+railway. The Belgian railway system alone is worth nearly $600,000,000.</li>
+
+<li>"<em>Capture of Foodstuffs.</em>&mdash;Everywhere the Germans have stolen
+horses, cattle, corn, potatoes, sugar, alcohol, foodstuffs of every
+kind, and crops grown by the forced labor drawn from the 46,000,000
+Allied subjects whom they have enslaved.</li>
+
+<li>"<em>Theft of Raw Materials.</em>&mdash;Throughout the occupied territories
+the Germans have appropriated coal, petroleum, iron, copper, bronze,
+zinc, lead, etc., either in the mines or from private individuals;
+textile materials, such as woolen and cotton. In the towns of northern
+France alone the Germans stole $110,000,000 worth of wool.</li>
+
+<li>"<em>Theft of Industrial Plant.</em>&mdash;On a methodical plan throughout
+the occupied territories, the motors, engines, machine-tools, steam and
+electric hammers, steel-rolling mills, looms, models, and industrial
+plant of all kinds have been carried off to Germany.</li>
+
+<li>"<em>Thefts of Furniture.</em>&mdash;The way in which furniture and
+household goods were stolen and carried off is confessed by implication
+in the following advertisement published in the <cite>K&ouml;lnische Zeitung</cite>
+at the beginning of April, 1917:<br />
+
+"'Furniture moved from the zones of military operations in all directions
+by Rettenmayer at Wiesbaden.'<br />
+
+"It is impossible to estimate the money value of the goods thus removed.<br />
+
+"<em>Seizure of Works of Art.</em>&mdash;The works of art collected for
+centuries in museums, churches, and by private individuals in Poland,
+Italy, Belgium, and France have been carried off by the Germans.</li>
+
+<li>"<em>War Levies.</em>&mdash;Scores of millions in money have been secured
+by the Germans in the form of requisitions, fines, war levies, war
+taxes, and forced loans.</li>
+
+<li>"<em>Thefts of Coin, Jewels, and Securities.</em>&mdash;In the occupied
+regions, and especially wherever they have been obliged to evacuate
+those regions, as, for instance, at Noyon, the Germans have emptied, by
+order, the safes and strong boxes of private persons and of banks and
+have carried off securities, jewels, and silver. In September and
+October, 1917, they seized at one stroke the deposits of Allied subjects
+in the Belgian banks amounting to $120,000,000.<br />
+
+"In view of the high prices of foodstuffs, coal, metals, petroleum, war
+materials and machines, it is clear that the booty thus secured by the
+Germans during the last three years in the occupied territories is
+certainly worth several billion dollars."</li>
+</ol>
+
+<div class="figright">
+  <img src="images/ill-023.jpg" width="400" height="770" alt="A Woman
+    Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English Shell Factory."
+    title="Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English Shell Factory" />
+  <p class="credit">Photo by James M. Beck</p>
+  <p class="caption">A Woman Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English Shell
+    Factory</p>
+  <p class="description">&quot;Since the war broke out,&quot; said M. Barriol, a
+    French celebrated actuary, &quot;no less than 1,500,000 women have
+    been added to the ranks of wage earners in England, an increase of
+    fully 25 per cent.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>GERMAN MONEY INDEMNITY</h3>
+
+<p>It became commonplace after Germany's defeat was evident that her war
+cost must include the cost of the destruction she had caused her
+enemies. To estimate this was no easy matter. The attitude of the
+Germans on the subject was indicated by their constantly expressed hope
+that trade would recommence as usual and that they would be able to
+start economic relations in a favorable position. So we find the Cologne
+Chamber of Commerce beginning to prepare for peace by adopting a
+resolution expressing the hope that the destruction of French and
+Belgian industries would allow the rapid recovery of German power.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Wall Street Journal</cite> used this statement as a guide to the
+Allied Powers for measuring the kind of indemnity that would be imposed
+upon Germany.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"One of the departments of the Government at Washington has in its files
+a report of a German commission on industry after the war. Reading this,
+one can understand the motive for what at one time looked like pure
+vandalism. Vandalism it was, by descendants of the Vandals, but it was a
+deliberate destruction of international competitors, killing the
+workmen&mdash;and workwomen&mdash;and destroying plants and machinery
+for the one purpose of removing competition. A physical injury to a
+child helped to weaken future competition in the world's trade; and it
+was upon the power gained thereby that Germany hoped to launch another
+war for world domination....</p>
+
+<p>"A peace that gives the cold-blooded perpetrators of these crimes an
+advantage over their victims would not be equitable. If any must suffer,
+let it be those who are guilty, but don't give them a start ahead of
+their victims.</p>
+
+<p>"In substance, that point should declare that Germany shall not profit
+through the wrecking of any Allied industry. Except to admit necessary
+foodstuffs, the blockade should not be lifted until every Allied country
+from England to Serbia has been industrially rebuilt. One object of the
+wholesale murder of civilians was to weaken industrially the enemy
+countries. The greater proportionate loss of man-power in the Allied
+countries should be met by restrictions on the entry of raw materials
+into Germany. Every piece of stolen machinery should be returned before
+her own industries are allowed to resume."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The soft plan of dealing with Germany's war cost was championed by
+Secretary Daniels. The Springfield <cite>Republican</cite> and the <cite>New Republic</cite>
+seemed to agree with the Manchester <cite>Guardian</cite> that Germany ought <del>to to </del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads: to to">to</ins>
+be helped rather than punished, that the main thing was to set her on
+her feet again.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+  <p>"Representative papers like the New York <cite>Times</cite>, Syracuse <cite>Post-Standard</cite>,
+    Buffalo <cite>Express</cite>, and Sacramento <cite>Bee</cite> all insist that while we
+    might or perhaps should claim no war-expenses from Germany, 'we must
+    exact payment,' in the words of the Syracuse daily, 'to the last
+    penny for losses suffered through illegal warfare.' Germany's
+    submarine campaign cost us, according to this paper's figures,
+    375,000 tons of shipping and 775 civilian lives. If we take the
+    burden of payment for this property and these lives from the guilty
+    shoulders of Germany it would only be to 'pass it on to the innocent
+    shoulders of the American taxpayer,' which, the New York <cite>Times</cite>
+    declares, would be 'rank injustice'."</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>FORECASTING THE TOTAL COST OF WAR</h3>
+
+<p>It is interesting also to note an attempt made by one of the expert
+<del>statiticians</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads statiticians">statisticians</ins>
+attached to the Guaranty Trust Company of New
+York to estimate the total cost of the war at the close of the four-year
+period. The five main Allies possessed, before the war, $406,000,000,000
+for national work, a sum nearly four times as great as the national
+wealth of the two Central Powers. In four years the seven leading
+belligerents had spent $134,000,000,000. The only way to grasp the
+meaning of this enormous sum is to contrast the cost of the World War
+with all former wars. The total cost of wars that had taken place since
+the American Revolution was $23,000,000,000; the World War costs
+therefore, are six times greater. In these figures, staggering as they
+are, it was comparatively easy to figure out the costs, debts and
+interests of actual war expenditures. Much more complicated is the
+problem of estimating the property value destroyed through military
+operations on land and sea:</p>
+
+<h3>LOSS FROM DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The total area of the war zone is 174,000 square miles, of which the
+Western theater of the war, in France and Belgium, stretches over an
+area of 19,500 square miles, and it contains over 3,000 cities,
+villages, and hamlets, great manufacturing and agricultural districts,
+of which some have been totally annihilated and some heavily affected.
+The estimate by the National Foreign Trade Council of the war losses,
+which unfortunately does not go beyond 1916, is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"'Destruction of buildings and industrial machinery in Belgium,
+$1,000,000,000, and in France $700,000,000. The destruction of
+agricultural buildings and implements, of raw materials, of crops and
+live stock, has been estimated at a sum of $780,000,000 in Belgium and
+$680,000,000 in France. Roads were destroyed frequently by the
+retreating troops and have been seriously damaged by heavy gun fire and
+excessive use. The losses from destruction of railway bridges, etc.,
+have been estimated in Belgium at $275,000,000 and in France at
+$300,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>"'In the Eastern theater of the War Germany has been invaded only in
+eastern Prussia, where the agricultural population has been seriously
+impaired. Heavy damage was inflicted upon bridges, roads, and
+governmental property, including railroads. The direct cost to Germany
+through the loss of agricultural products, of manufacturing
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+
+products, as well as in interest on investments abroad, of earnings from
+shipping and banking houses, and profits of insurance and mercantile
+houses engaged in business abroad has been enormous'."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ECONOMIC LOSS OF MAN-POWER</h3>
+
+<p>The same expert goes on to figure out the economic value of the loss of
+human life:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mr. M. Barriol, the celebrated actuary, gives the following figures as
+the capital value of man: in the United States, $4,100; in Great
+Britain, $4,140; in Germany, $3,380; in France, $2,900; in Russia,
+$2,020; in Austria-Hungary, $2,020 or an average capital value for the
+five foreign nations of $2,892.</p>
+
+<p>"The number of men already lost is 8,509,000 killed and 7,175,000
+permanently wounded, or a total of 15,684,000. Thus society has been
+impoverished through the death and permanent disability of a part of its
+productive man-power to the extent of $45,000,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>"The loss of men, measured in terms of the capital value of the workers
+withdrawn from industry, is offset in some degree by the enhancement of
+the capital value of the remaining producers.... This loss of man-power
+is also partly offset by the large contingents of women drawn into
+industries. In England, out of a female population of 23,000,000, about
+6,000,000 were engaged before the outbreak of the war in gainful
+occupations. Since the war broke out no less than 1,500,000 women have
+been added to the ranks of wage-earners, an increase of fully 25 per
+cent. Moreover, about 400,000 women have shifted from non-essential
+occupations to men's work. In the United States, approximately 1,266,000
+women are now engaged in industrial work, either directly or indirectly
+necessary to carry on the war.</p></div>
+
+<h3>EFFECTS ON POPULATION</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The physical and moral effects of the war, the moral strain to which
+the nations have been subjected, the 'shell-shock' which has reacted
+upon the population at home as well as upon the <del>soliders</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads soliders">soldiers</ins> on the
+battlefield, the undernourishment and starvation of children as well as
+adults, all have resulted in a lowered vitality, the ill effects of
+which, especially in the countries of the Central Powers, are already
+seen in an increase of the death rate, in a spread of epidemics and
+diseases that have taxed the medical resources of all countries.</p>
+
+<p>The lowered vitality of the race, which is still further aggravated by
+the millions of incapacitated soldiers and the premature and excessive
+employment of children and women in the industries, will eventually make
+for a lower standard of efficiency in all human activities, or a
+retardation of human progress. Authoritative statements are to the
+effect that in Belgium in the earlier period of the war, the deaths of
+women and children far outnumbered those of men. Annual deaths among the
+German civilian population have increased by a million above the normal.</p>
+
+<p>"Besides the loss in actual population there is a loss of potential
+population. Carefully compiled figures show that by 1919 the population
+of Germany will be 7,500,000 less than it would have been under ordinary
+circumstances. The people in Austria in 1919 will be 8 per cent. less in
+numbers than in the year before the war. Hungary will be still worse
+off; it will have a population of 9 per cent. lower than in pre-war
+days."</p></div>
+
+<h3>CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT'S ESTIMATES</h3>
+
+<p>The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace made public in November,
+1919, an elaborate report on the cost of the World War in human life and
+in property and the consequent economic losses. The chief conclusions
+derived from this intensive study of all the conditions may be
+summarized as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>All the wars of the nineteenth century from the Napoleonic down to the
+Balkan wars of 1912&mdash;1913, show a loss of life of 4,449,300, according to
+the report, while the known and presumed dead of the World War reached
+9,998,771. (See Vol. III, pp. 403-5.) The monetary value of the
+individuals lost to each country is estimated, the highest value on
+human life being given to the United States, where each individual's
+economic worth is placed at $4,720, with England next at $4,140; Germany
+third, at $3,380; France and Belgium, each $2,900; Austria-Hungary at
+$2,720, and Russia, Italy, Serbia, Greece, and the other countries at
+$2,020.</p>
+
+<p>With a loss of more than 4,000,000 the estimate puts Russia in the lead
+in human economic loss, the total being more than $8,000,000,000;
+Germany is next with $6,750,000,000; France, $4,800,000,000; England,
+$3,500,000,000; Austria-Hungary, $3,000,000,000; Italy, $2,384,000,000;
+Serbia, $1,500,000,000; Turkey, almost $1,000,000,000; Rumania,
+$800,000,000; Belgium, almost $800,000,000; the United States slightly
+more than $500,000,000; Bulgaria, a little more than $200,000,000;
+Greece, $75,000,000; Portugal, $8,300,000, and Japan, $600,000. On this
+basis the total in human life lost cost the world $33,551,276,280, and
+the loss to the world in civilian population is placed at an equal
+figure.</p>
+
+<p>The attempt to determine property losses is the least satisfactory, as
+it is the most difficult. The destruction and devastation in the invaded
+areas of Belgium, France, Russian Poland, Serbia, Italy and parts of
+Austria are probably incapable of exact determination, and it may well
+be doubted if the exact losses will ever be known.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The total property loss on land is put at $29,960,000,000, one-third of
+which was suffered by France alone, its loss being given as
+$10,000,000,000, with Belgium next at $7,000,000,000, and the other
+countries following as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Italy, $2,710,000,000; Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro, $2,000,000,000;
+The British Empire and Germany, each, $1,750,000,000; Poland,
+$1,500,000,000; Russia, $1,250,000,000; Rumania, $1,000,000,000, and
+East Prussia, Austria, and Ukraine together, the same amount.</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-026.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-026thumb.jpg" width="400" height="342"
+alt="Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island"
+title="Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Central News Service</p>
+<p class="caption">Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island</p>
+<p class="description">According to the report of the Carnegie Endowment the cargo loss at sea
+was $3,800,000,000, the total tonnage and cargo loss being
+$6,800,000,000. To offset the Allied loss in shipping, ship-building in
+the United States was rushed at topmost speed.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-026.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the property losses on sea, that is, to shipping and cargo, the
+report estimates that "the construction cost of the tonnage loss can
+scarcely be estimated at less than $200 a ton, and the monetary loss
+involved in the sinking of this 15,398,392 gross tons may, therefore, be
+placed at about $3,000,000,000." To this is added loss of cargo, which
+is estimated at $250 a ton, giving a cargo loss of $3,800,000,000, and a
+total tonnage and cargo loss of $6,800,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Among the indirect costs of the war, loss of production is placed at
+$45,000,000,000. In arriving at this figure an average of 20,000,000 men
+are counted as having been withdrawn from production during the whole
+period of the war, and their average yearly productive capacity is
+placed at $500. War relief is another indirect cost which totalled up to
+$1,000,000,000; and the loss to the neutral nations is given as
+$1,750,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>With the total direct costs of the war amounting to $186,336,637,097 and
+the indirect costs to $151,612,542,560, the stupendous total of
+$337,946,179,657 is reached. Finally, the report says:</p>
+
+<p>"The figures presented in this summary are both incomprehensible and
+appalling, yet even these do not take into account the effect of
+the war on life, human vitality, economic well-being, ethics,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+
+morality, or other phases of human relationships and activities which
+have been disorganized and injured. It is evident from the present
+disturbances in Europe that the real costs of the war cannot be measured
+by the direct money outlays of the belligerents during the five years of
+its duration, but that the very breakdown of modern economic society
+might be the price exacted."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE WAR AS A PRODUCT OF HIGH PRICES</h3>
+
+<p>All of the great wars in European history have been followed by periods
+of increased production and economic expansion. Experts are convinced
+that the World War will prove no exception to the world's previous
+experience. Wars have been the principal influence that have determined
+the course of commodities and prices. In the Napoleonic Wars the index
+number rose seventy-two points in twenty years, but during the four
+years between 1914 and 1918 there was a rise of one hundred and eight
+points in four and a half years, a movement which Edgar Crammond, widely
+known British expert in economic and financial affairs, declared to be a
+movement to which there was no precedent in point of rapidity or
+magnitude. In an address outlined in the New York <cite>Journal of Commerce</cite>
+this authority estimated the direct cost of the war to the Allies as
+being roughly $145,000,000,000. The Central Powers had spent about
+$60,000,000,000. The total cost in dollars he estimated at
+$260,000,000,000. The upheaval caused by the war was manifested,
+according to the same authority, in the rise of the cost of living and
+in the universal increase of wages. Other economic consequences will be
+more gradually unfolded. Prospects of fall in the price of commodities
+and wages as the result of peace, he thinks, will be arrested for two
+reasons: First, the vast increase in the amount of paper money; second,
+the huge amount of public debts to the belligerents. He saw an
+additional psychological cause in the attitude of the laboring classes
+to maintain wages at a higher level than before the war and to improve
+the standard of living.</p>
+
+<p>Reduced production is sufficient to account for all the economic
+disturbances that were produced during the war, according to the London
+<cite>Statist</cite>, which says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is enough to say that production is reduced almost to a minimum,
+while consumption is going on at a most extravagant rate. Those who wish
+to pose as economists without competent knowledge are telling the public
+that all the evil is due to this, that, and the other thing&mdash;such,
+for example, as inflation, the rise in prices, the enormous loans
+raised, and several other fads. It is pure moonshine. The world is
+impoverished, firstly, because so much of the world's manhood is
+withdrawn from production to consumption; and, secondly, because
+reduction in production is so serious that very little has been saved
+either by the belligerents or the neutral countries of Europe, at all
+events. International trade is really carried on by barter. It is true
+that money is frequently paid. At the present time money has in some
+markets to be paid because credit has been injured, and those who
+possess wealth are not as willing as they used to be to trust to mere
+credit."</p></div>
+
+<h3>QUESTIONS OF INFLATION</h3>
+
+<p>The enormous advance of prices in England was synchronous with the issue
+of currency notes to an excess of &pound;700,000,000 beyond the gold
+reserve. High officials in British administration ascribed this rise to
+the increased consuming capacity. According to the British Board of
+Trade a sovereign could purchase no more during the war time than eleven
+shillings would just before the war started. A writer in the
+<cite>Fortnightly Review</cite>, Mr. W. F. Ford, quotes Jevons' remark in his
+classical book on money in explanation of the phenomenon. "A number of
+bankers all trying to issue additional notes resemble a number of
+merchants offering to sell corn for future delivery, and the value of
+gold will be affected as the price of corn certainly is. We are too much
+inclined to look upon the value of gold as a fixed datum line in
+commerce, but in reality it is a very variable thing." Substitute today
+the word Government for bankers and one can see the reason for the
+upward rise in prices. This rise would take place apart from any
+questions of war waste, profiteering, difficulties of transport by sea
+or land or shortage of labor. All the countries involved have followed
+the same policy of inflation. The operation is depicted in the following
+passage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The inevitable result of extensive note issues by a number of
+Governments was that prices were irresistibly impelled upwards
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+
+in all belligerent countries&mdash;apart from any questions of war
+waste, profiteering, difficulties of transport by sea or land, or
+shortage of labor. Belligerent countries became extraordinarily good
+markets in which to sell goods; and a golden harvest was temptingly
+displayed to neutral nations, in whose favor enormous trade balances
+rapidly grew up. In large part these balances were met by payment in
+gold.... But just as gold substitutes in the shape of paper money
+swelled the currencies and increased prices in the belligerent
+countries, so also the large quantities of gold coin sent to neutral
+States in payment for goods supplied to the warring nations swelled the
+currencies and increased prices in the neutral states themselves. The
+withdrawal of gold set up a natural tendency for prices to fall in the
+countries from which it had been exported; but not only was this
+tendency overcome, but the upward movement of prices was continued by
+the action of the several Governments in placing still further issues of
+inconvertible paper money on their respective markets. The net results
+have been that currencies have been inflated and prices forced up all
+over the world, that inconvertible paper money is tending more and more
+to drive out gold from the currencies of the states that issue it, and
+that the gold so driven out is being absorbed into the currencies of the
+neutral nations. Between August, 1914, and the date of her own
+declaration of war, America increased the amount of her gold currency by
+approximately &pound;200,000,000 sterling. No real benefit has accrued.</p>
+
+<p>"The currencies of the whole world have been artificially inflated to
+the extent that, under the most favorable circumstances existing in any
+part of the world, &pound;5 are now needed to do the work in circulation
+that before the war was accomplished by &pound;3. The loss to people
+with fixed incomes, the disturbance of trade, the potential labor
+difficulties are stupendous. And as a result of purchasing war material
+at excessively high prices, the dead weight of debt incurred by all the
+countries at war is very much greater than it need have been had
+currencies been kept within reasonable bounds."</p></div>
+
+<h3>CURRENCY EXPANSION IN GREAT BRITAIN</h3>
+
+<p>In Great Britain &pound;200,000,000 worth of new paper currency was
+placed in circulation and there was a considerable expansion in the use
+of banknotes, silver and copper coinage. Proposals were made that the
+famous English Bank Act should be repealed and that excess issues of
+banknotes should be made legal on the payment of a tax. But apart from
+these theories of involving the banking system there was a good deal of
+adverse criticism.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mr. Herbert Samuel made a masterly attack upon the vicious system of
+War Finance, by which no less a sum than &pound;196,170,000 is added to
+the expenditure by bonuses and increases of wages, which, in their turn,
+only force prices still higher and raise the cost of living. Lives have
+been conscripted; incomes have been conscripted; the only thing which
+has not been conscripted is labor. If the Government had at an early
+stage of the war had the courage to fix wages, instead of prices, the
+cost of living would then have been regulated by supply and demand. By
+fixing prices of commodities, after they had risen to almost famine
+figures, we have the maximum of loss and inconvenience, high wages, dear
+food, and a war bill that increases day by day. Despite Mr. Bonar Law's
+assurance that the bill of the year would not be so high as he expected,
+we have the fact that we are spending over seven millions a day. The
+satire of 'the cheap loaf' consists in its cost to the nation at large
+of &pound;45,000,000 a year. Bonuses to munition workers amount to
+&pound;40,000,000, bonuses to miners come to &pound;20,000,000, to
+railway workers &pound;10,000,000, to potato growers &pound;5,000,000.
+Is this anything else but a system of gigantic corruption? In order that
+artisans and agriculturists may be kept in good humor with the war, they
+are bribed with <del>bonsuses</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads bonsuses">bonuses</ins> and allowed to buy food at prices which are
+partially paid by the rest of the community. If ever there was a case of
+robbing Peter to pay Paul it is here."</p></div>
+
+<h3>AMERICA'S EXPERIENCE WITH INFLATION</h3>
+
+<p>Protests against war inflation were not confined to British specialists
+in finance. What is inflation? As used by the more careful writers on
+the subject today, it is taken to signify the increase of bank credits
+not represented by any immediate addition to current wealth. For
+example, if the Government borrows by an issue of bonds, such bonds
+taken by the banks, and payment for them made in the form of bank credit
+which is at once transferred to individuals who have furnished labor or
+supplies, it is evident that there has been a net addition to the
+purchasing power of the community not represented by any corresponding
+addition to wealth whether of a saleable or available form. Mr. Delano,
+a member of the Federal Reserve Board, said that the war had produced a
+world inflation the like of which had never occurred before&mdash;"The
+usual symptoms of such methods of inflation are the disappearance of
+metallic money and the general advance in the prices of commodities." He
+gives the following illustration of what has taken place in this
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+
+process of inflation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Prior to our entry into the war, when the European nations were buying
+heavily in the United States, they paid largely in gold for what they
+bought, and as a result about a billion dollars in gold coin came to
+this country in the period of two and one-half years. The reason the
+European nations were able to send us their gold was that they printed
+paper money for their own use, releasing gold for us. But that gold
+inflation in this country is one explanation of the general advance in
+prices of all commodities, although undoubtedly it is not the only
+explanation; for it must be freely admitted that prices have been
+affected, first, by scarcity, occasioned by increased demand from Europe
+for many articles produced by us; second, by reason of the fact that
+increases in taxes and wages of labor have entered into the cost of
+production and sale of all articles and account for a share of the
+increased prices of commodities."</p></div>
+
+<h3>CIVIL WAR INFLATION.</h3>
+
+<p>The United States had large experience with inflation during the Civil
+War. Some $500,000,000 were in this way added to the cost of the war
+which might have been avoided. A plain statement of the real incidents
+of inflation is given by Mr. A. C. Miller of the Federal Reserve Board
+in his <cite>Financial Mobilization for War</cite>, in the following passage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"For let it not for a moment be overlooked that inflation, in its
+effects, amounts to conscriptive taxation of the masses. It is, indeed,
+one of the worst and the most unequal forms of taxation, because it
+taxes men, not upon what they have or earn, but upon what they need or
+consume. The only difference for the masses between this kind of
+disguised and concealed taxation and taxes which are levied and
+collected openly is that in the case of the latter the government gets
+the revenue, while in the former case it borrows it, and those to whom
+it is eventually repaid are not those, for the most part, who have been
+mulcted for it. Inflation therefore produces a situation akin to double
+taxation in that the great mass of the consuming public is hard hit by
+the rise of prices induced by the degenerated borrowing policy and later
+has to be taxed in order to produce the revenue requisite to sustain the
+interest charge on the debt contracted and to repay the principal. The
+active business and speculative classes can usually take care of
+themselves in the midst of the confusion produced by inflation and
+recoup themselves for their increasing outlays. Indeed inflation
+frequently makes for an artificial condition of business prosperity.
+That is why war times are frequently spoken of in terms of enthusiasm
+by the class of business adventurers. But it is a prosperity that is
+dear-bought and at the expense of the great body of plain living people.
+It would be a monstrous wrong if in financing our present war we should
+pursue methods that would land us in a sea of inflation in which the
+great body of the American people, who are called upon to contribute the
+blood of their sons to the war, were made the victims of a careless or
+iniquitous financial policy."</p></div>
+
+<h3>INFLATION ILLUSTRATED.</h3>
+
+<p>One of the ways in which inflation was caused in the United States
+during the war period was the plan adopted by the banks of financing the
+loan directly by means of bank credits to the buyers. According to Mr.
+Carl Snyder the banking officials roughly agree that on the first
+Liberty Loan for $2,000,000,000 the banks may have loaned somewhere near
+half the total and on the second loan even more. Of course, this means a
+heavy expansion of bank credit. Economists are generally agreed that the
+flooding of the country with paper money brings about an enormous rise
+in prices. They differ chiefly in regard to the degree of inflation. The
+most accepted statement of inflation is that prices vary directly as the
+volume of the actual currency employed and its rate of turn over or
+velocity, and inversely with the volume of trade. The effect of bank
+credits is exactly that of an excessive issue of notes; that is, if they
+are expanded more rapidly than the actual volume of business there is a
+rise in prices, that is to say there is inflation.</p>
+
+<p>The situation of the country during the war in regard to business was
+put plainly by Mr. Snyder in the following words: "Railroads cannot haul
+any more goods. The government is already stepping in to shut down on
+shipments on certain lines of industry. We can not get any more coal
+unless labor is drafted from other industries, and as a whole we cannot
+get any more labor as is evident from the fantastic wages that are now
+being paid. In a word, production and therefore the actual volume of
+exchange is practically at the limit and has been for a year or more. No
+expansion of bank credits can put this production any higher. It
+follows, therefore, as a practical fact that <em>any expansion of bank
+loans now means inflation</em>&mdash;to all practical intents dollar
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+
+for dollar." Because of the introduction of a billion dollars worth of
+gold into the country, prices have risen nearly one hundred percent. The
+expansion of bank credits increases the cost of living and the cost of
+the war will be doubled.</p>
+
+<p>Some bankers estimated that if the war lasted the expansion of bank
+loans might reach $50,000,000,000. The progress of these loans was
+encouraged by the cutting of the required metallic reserve under the new
+Federal Reserve system and the system of book credits with the Federal
+Reserve banks allowed to the banks that are members of the system. The
+following is Mr. Snyder's description of the way the inflation was
+encouraged.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Every dollar of gold may become three dollars of Federal Bank credits
+and each dollar of this may in turn become the basis of eight dollars of
+credits for the Central Reserve cities, ten dollars for the smaller
+cities and fifteen dollars for the country banks, which works out to a
+practical average of ten dollars for all the banks in the Federal
+Reserve system."</p></div>
+
+<p>He then went on to speak of the possibilities of this inflation and
+uttered a warning of the danger, because the only obstacle in the way
+was the good sense and conservatism of the American banks. Some
+authorities hold that a war cannot be fought without inflation. Mr.
+Snyder thought that the United States with large ante-war income could
+and should have tried the experiment. People want easy money and flush
+times. If credit were contracted there would be tight money and a high
+interest rate. Mr. McAdoo and the Administration at Washington feel
+highly elated when they roll up five billion of statistics, half of
+which are merely bank rolls. It seems not to matter that all this may
+add two or three billion to the already swollen credit currency and that
+the millions of poor people, small investors and life insurance holders
+who cannot expand their income in any adequate way must pay the piper.
+These are the millions who rarely have any voice in national affairs,
+and all the more so because they are for the most part ignorant. It
+seems an idle consequence that we may spend perhaps ten long weary years
+of hard times, of falling prices, declining business and sharp distress,
+paying for the orgy of inflated prices, waste and extravagance in which
+we are now indulging.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+   <img src="images/ill-030.jpg" width="400" height="843"
+        alt="Ship-building at Camden, N. J."
+      title="Ship-building at Camden, N.J." />
+   <p class="credit">Photo by Paul Thompson</p>
+   <p class="caption">Ship-building at Camden, N.J.</p>
+   <p class="description">One of the financial effects of the war
+      was the transformation of the United States from a debtor to
+      a creditor nation. Immense private fortunes were made. In no
+      industry was there a greater boom than in ship-building.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>CREDIT EXPANSION</h3>
+
+<p>The wide expansion of credit can be studied by making a comparison of
+the gold holdings of the leading nations. For example, in 1914 just
+before the outbreak of the war, the amount of cash held by all the banks
+of the United States was estimated at about $1,639,000,000. Of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+
+this amount about $913,000,000 was in the form of gold or gold
+certificates. Upon this basis there rested a structure of credit
+amounting to $21,351,000,000. In other words the gold basis of the
+country's deposit credits amounted to 4.27 percent.</p>
+
+<p>In 1916 the cash held was $1,911,000,000; about $1,140,000,000 was in
+gold; and on this basis there rested a credit structure of
+$28,250,000,000.</p>
+
+<h3>UNITED STATES A CREDITOR NATION</h3>
+
+<p>One of the financial effects of the war was the transformation of the
+United States from a debtor to a creditor nation. The reconstruction
+period in finance is certain to bring about a situation described by a
+writer in the <cite>Wall Street Journal</cite> as one of the most interesting
+developments known in financial history. Financial waste in emergency
+measures was a superficial side of America's part in the World War. But
+this writer considers that what happened during the war was not
+altogether financial waste:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A great upheaval took place in the world of finance. Credit resources
+were brought to the fore and nations established on a financial basis of
+far-reaching importance, but of a kind that had only a secondary place
+before.</p>
+
+<p>"The war has turned the United States from a debtor to a creditor
+nation. Formerly we owed abroad something like $4,000,000,000, about
+three-quarters of which sum we have bought back. Moreover, Europe now
+owes us about $9,000,000,000&mdash;on private account; about
+$2,000,000,000 in securities; in United States Government obligations
+over $7,000,000,000. The world is under obligations to us in interest
+alone of between $400,000,000 and $500,000,000 a year."</p></div>
+
+<p>After the United States took an active part in the war large credits and
+loans were made in behalf of other countries as the following excerpt
+shows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A total appropriation of $7,000,000,000 has been made, $3,000,000,000
+by the Act of April 24, 1917, and $4,000,000,000 by the Act of September
+24, 1917. Under these authorizations credits have been established in
+favor of the governments of Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia,
+Belgium, and Serbia. These loans, up to January 17, 1918, are given in
+the following table:<br /></p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Loans and Credit">
+<tr><th rowspan="2">Country</th><th>Loans and Credits</th><th>Loans</th><th>Balances Under</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Agreed Upon</th><th>Made</th><th>Established Credits</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Great Britain</td><td class="numeric">$2,045,000,000</td><td class="numeric">$1,985,000,000</td><td class="numeric">$<del>311,070,250</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 311,070,250">60,000,000</ins></td></tr>
+<tr><td>France</td><td class="numeric">1,285,000,000</td><td class="numeric">1,225,000,000</td><td class="numeric"><del>50,000,000</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 50,000,000">60,000,000</ins></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Italy</td><td class="numeric">500,000,000</td><td class="numeric">450,000,000</td><td class="numeric">50,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Russia</td><td class="numeric">325,000,000</td><td class="numeric">187,729,750</td><td class="numeric">137,270,250</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belgium</td><td class="numeric">77,400,000</td><td class="numeric">75,400,000</td><td class="numeric">2,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Serbia</td><td class="numeric">6,000,000</td><td class="numeric">4,200,000</td><td class="numeric">1,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totals</td><td class="numeric">$4,238,400,000</td><td class="numeric">$3,927,329,750</td><td class="numeric">$311,070,250</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the basis of the requests being made on the Treasury, it is
+estimated that credits aggregating approximately $500,000,000 per month
+will be required to meet the urgent war needs of the foreign governments
+receiving advances from the United States. At this rate approximately
+the entire appropriation authorized by Congress will be accredited to
+our Allies by the close of the present fiscal year (June 30, 1918).</p>
+
+<p>"A significant feature of the loans floated in this country in the last
+three and a half years has been the fact that many states and
+municipalities which formerly went to London to sell their securities
+have recently been financed through the United States. About
+$150,000,000 of the <del>Canadain</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Canadain">Canadian</ins> loans went to provinces and municipalities,
+and many of the South American obligations were contracted for municipal
+improvements. The neutral nations of Europe have also sought
+accommodation in the American money market. Loans have been made to the
+city of Dublin, Ireland, the London Water Board, and the French cities
+of Paris, Bordeaux, Lyons, and Marseilles."</p></div>
+
+<h3>DISAPPEARANCE OF GOLD CURRENCY</h3>
+
+<p>During the war gold almost ceased to be currency in all the Allied
+countries. The Central Powers at the end of the struggle had
+comparatively little. Of the total gold production the United States
+produced about twenty-five percent., while the British Empire produced
+nearly sixty-four. A writer in the <cite>Edinburgh Review</cite> proposed to take
+the opportunity of creating a standard price for gold. For example, if
+the standard price of gold were reduced to half, the prices of all
+commodities would come down in sympathy. We must take advantage of the
+fact that we are working with a paper currency, and all authorities
+agree that financial stability is only secured by the backing of as much
+gold as possible against paper securities and emergencies.</p>
+
+<p>The plan involved an increase of the standard price. The success of the
+scheme depends upon the concordant will of the United States and Great
+Britain to adopt it as the following article suggests:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Obviously if Great Britain or any other country <em>alone</em> attempted to
+alter the standard price of gold, and therefore the value of the present
+sovereign (or its equivalent), the currency would be debased,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+
+instead of being enhanced. It would also in effect amount to a partial
+repudiation of national debt. A standard ceases to be a standard if
+<em>one</em> nation can arbitrarily alter it, but surely there can be no
+argument against the creation of a new standard sanctioned by the whole
+civilized world for their mutual advantage. If Great Britain and the
+United States were to proclaim their desire to adopt my scheme it is
+hardly likely that any country other than the Central Powers would fail
+to welcome it. Spain, for instance, has increased her gold reserve to
+about &pound;80,000,000 and greatly enhanced the value of her currency
+thereby. Would she fail to grasp the happy chance of making this
+&pound;120,000,000, and would any country continue to part with its gold
+at &pound;4 per ounce when it could get &pound;6 or &pound;8?"</p></div>
+
+<h3>WAR'S EFFECT ON SILVER</h3>
+
+<p>Along with all other commodities, that cinderella of
+finance&mdash;silver&mdash;had a share in the general rise in prices.
+One of the reasons is the enormous falling off of silver production in
+Mexico, where one-third of the total world supply is produced; another
+is the great demand for silver. Prior to the war, the use of silver
+plate by the wealthy classes had largely fallen off; but the war,
+because of the rise in wages, brought about a largely increased demand
+for silver to be used in ornaments:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The war has brought into the market a vast number of new buyers for
+ornaments, whose demand in the aggregate is estimated to more than
+compensate for the falling off in the purchases by the wealthy classes
+of silver plate. Wages everywhere, not merely in England, but
+practically all over the world, have advanced, and particularly in
+Western Europe; moreover, immense numbers of women, and even children,
+are being employed who were not employed before, and those who were
+employed before have a larger income, particularly amongst the wage
+earning classes, than has been the case in this country for many years
+past."</p></div>
+
+<p>The use of silver in coinage, too, was notably increased. Gold
+disappeared in countries where gold coins were used; paper money and
+silver token money took its place. Another reason for the advance in
+silver is connected with the demand for the metal in eastern countries.
+According to the <cite>London Statist</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>" ... About half the annual production of silver throughout the world is
+absorbed by the East, meaning principally India and China. It has to be
+borne in mind that prices in the East have advanced as well as in Europe
+and the two Americas, and, consequently, more token money is required
+there as well as here. Silver is the standard of value, and not token
+money at all, in China; and in India, while gold is nominally the
+standard of value, the rupee is the actual coin in which the Indian
+natives, as distinct from mere government officials, reckon their
+wealth. Now, as one result of the war, nearly all the governments forbid
+the export of gold; consequently, India requires a steadily increasing
+supply of silver, not merely to do the work that silver did before the
+war, but, in addition, to supply the void created by the prohibition of
+the export of gold."</p></div>
+
+<h3>STOCK EXCHANGE WAR</h3>
+
+<p>The accompanying diagram showing how military operations in Europe
+affected the average prices of fifty stocks, half industrial and half
+railway, was published in the <cite>New York Times Annalist</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The wider black area shows the high and low average prices of the
+twenty-five industrials included in the fifty, and the white area the
+corresponding figures for the twenty-five rails. The lines begin at a
+time when Germany was suffering severely from her failure at Verdun and
+from losses in men and territory from the great Allied Somme offensive.
+The subsequent rapid decline (November to February) embraces the period
+of Bethmann-Hollweg's sensational peace offensive, followed a few weeks
+later by Germany's intensified submarine warfare. The lowest point of
+all (December, 1917) was reached after Germany's successful
+counter-thrust for Cambrai, her "peace offensive" with the Bolsheviki at
+Brest-Litovsk, and the taking over of our railroads by the
+government.&mdash;<cite>Literary Digest</cite>, October 19, 1918.</p></div>
+
+<p>A further indication of how military operations reacted on Stock
+Exchange quotations was shown in the decided improvement that took place
+since the end of July, 1918, after the Germans were pushed back in their
+drive towards Paris. The most direct way of measuring this influence is
+to take the quotations for the bonds and notes of the Allied Governments
+dealt in at the New York Stock Exchange since 1915:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The lowest quotations for these bond and note issues were reached in
+1917, when the cause of the Allies assumed a gloomy appearance. The
+depression was aggravated by the general decline of the entire
+securities market in the later part of that year. Some recovery occurred
+by the end of last year, but the beginning of 1918 saw them still
+depressed. Last March, April, May and June, when the great
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+
+German drives were in progress, they showed little disposition to break,
+but after the active participation of the American Army in the fighting
+began and news came that the counter-offensive had assumed a decided and
+successful phase, an assertion of strength took place in foreign
+government bonds, carrying quotations 'not only to the highest of the
+year, but in some instances to the best figures attained since they
+first made their appearance in the American market.' The following
+tabulation is presented by <cite>Bradstreet's</cite> as giving the range of prices
+for the most prominent bonds and short-term notes of foreign countries
+during 1917 and 1918, with the quotations for them on August 22nd:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Foreign Goverment Bonds">
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">/&mdash;&mdash;1917&mdash;&mdash;\</td><td colspan="2">/&mdash;&mdash;1918&mdash;&mdash;\</td><td>Aug.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>High</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td><td>22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Am. For. Sec. 5s.</td><td>1919</td><td>97<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>90</td><td>98</td><td>94&frac12;</td><td>97&frac12;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Anglo-French 5s.</td><td>1920</td><td>95</td><td>81<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>95</td><td>88&frac14;</td><td>94&frac34;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada 5s.</td><td>1926</td><td>100</td><td>89</td><td>95</td><td>90<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>92</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada 5s.</td><td>1931</td><td>100&frac14;</td><td>87&frac12;</td><td>94</td><td>88<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>92<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fr. Republic 5&frac12;s.</td><td>1919</td><td>101</td><td>91&frac12;</td><td>99</td><td>94</td><td>98<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td>U. Kingdom 5s.</td><td>1918</td><td>98<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>95&frac12;</td><td>100</td><td>97</td><td>99<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td>U. Kingdom 5&frac12;s.</td><td>1919</td><td>98<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>93&frac14;</td><td>99&frac14;</td><td>95&frac14;</td><td>98&frac34;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>U. King. 5&frac12;s, new</td><td>1919</td><td>101<sup>9</sup>/<sub>16</sub></td><td>95&frac14;</td><td>100</td><td>9&frac34;</td><td>99<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td>U. Kingdom 5&frac12;s.</td><td>1921</td><td>98&frac12;</td><td>84&frac12;</td><td>95&frac34;</td><td>91<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>95<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&emsp;<em>French Cities</em></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paris 6s.</td><td>1921</td><td>96<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>73&frac12;</td><td>92<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>81<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>91<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bordeaux 6s.</td><td>1919</td><td>96<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>74</td><td>95&frac12;</td><td>84</td><td>94<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lyons 6s.</td><td>1919</td><td>96<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>74</td><td>95&frac12;</td><td>84</td><td>94&frac34;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Marseilles 6s.</td><td>1919</td><td>96<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>74</td><td>95&frac12;</td><td>84</td><td>94&frac34;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&emsp;<em>Russian Govern.</em><a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>External 6&frac12;%</td><td></td><td>98&frac34;</td><td>45</td><td>64&frac12;</td><td>33</td><td>61</td></tr>
+<tr><td>External 5&frac12;%</td><td>1921</td><td>98<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td>36</td><td>60&frac12;</td><td>34&frac12;</td><td>57</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>Curb market quotations.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/ill-033.png" width="800" height="530"
+alt="Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of Stocks"
+title="Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of Stocks" />
+<p class="caption">Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of Stocks</p>
+<p class="description"><a href="#Page_32">(See explanation on page 32)</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"British issues, as shown above, declined least of all, 'and
+consequently had less ground to regain in the rise,' <cite>Bradstreet's</cite>
+adds:</p>
+
+<p>"The feeling of confidence in England's credit has all along been a
+factor in connection with its American obligations. This will doubtless
+be strengthened by the announcement made this week that the United
+Kingdom secured 5 per cent. notes, due September 1, 1918, will be paid
+at their maturity on that date. There were originally $250,000,000 of
+these notes, which were sold in our market in 1916; but the outstanding
+issue has been reduced to about $180,000,000 by purchases in the market
+for redemption. French obligations have been one of the chief features
+of the advance. As will be seen from the above table, the French
+Republic 5&frac12; per cents., due 1919, have risen 6 points from the
+low figures of the year. The 6 per cent. notes of the French cities,
+Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux, and Marseilles, with rises of about 10 points
+each, are conspicuous examples of the good effects following the
+checking of the German advance and the counter-offensive launched by the
+Allies and the American Army. No division of this part of the bond
+market has, however, shown such a marked improvement as the Russian
+external or dollar bonds, which though not listed at the Stock Exchange,
+are dealt in extensively on the New York Curb market'."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GERMAN PROPERTY IN AMERICA</h3>
+
+<p>Until the United States entered the war with Germany it had never been
+realized that an enormous share of the economic wealth of the country was under German
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+
+control. Attorney-General Palmer, in an address at Detroit, estimated
+this share to be about two billion dollars in money value, with an
+economic and political value far greater:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Furthermore, this structure was 'designed so to hold American industry
+as to frustrate the organization of our resources in case of war.' With
+two hundred American corporations controlled by the financial and
+military power in Germany, we had a situation that 'might easily have
+been fatal in America had it not been discovered in time.' When the war
+began in 1914 the structure 'had become so large and powerful and was so
+firmly entrenched in the industrial life of our country that its real
+commanders in Germany cherished the hope that it would prove the
+make-weight which would keep America out of the war, or, failing in
+that, constitute a powerful ally of the German cause in our very
+midst.'" Mr. Palmer added:</p>
+
+<p>"'During the last twenty-five or thirty years Germany had built up upon
+American soil a structure reaching into every part of the country and
+stretching its arms across the seas to fasten upon Porto Rico, the
+Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Congress has declared that
+all these enemy properties shall be managed and administered by the
+Alien Property Custodian with all the powers of a common law trustee,
+the proceeds to be distributed after the war in such manner as the
+Congress may determine. This means that the final disposition of the
+properties or the funds realized from their sale will be a topic for
+discussion and a subject for settlement at the council table of the
+nations at which permanent peace shall be restored to the world.</p>
+
+<p>"'This being so, it seems to me to be an important part of our work to
+capture the army which Germany skilfully and craftily planted midst the
+busy wheels of American industry, and to break, never to be again
+repaired, the industrial and commercial chain which Germany has
+stretched across the American continent and our insular possessions. I
+would let Germany understand now that her plan has dismally failed. I
+would let her understand now that no matter how long she fights, or what
+sacrifice she makes, or what price she pays, however much territory she
+may occupy, or whatever worlds she may conquer, there is one place which
+she will never soil again with the tramp of the marching legions of her
+industrial army. That is the United States of America. I would divorce
+utterly and forever all German capital from American industry'."</p></div>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>II&mdash;WARTIME FOOD AND PRICE PROBLEMS<br />
+Intricacies of a Perplexing and Critical Situation Which Taxed the
+Ingenuity of Statesmen of All the Belligerents</h2>
+
+<p>Europe was financially plunged into anarchy in August, 1914. All the
+exchanges were demoralized, checks were not cashed, the five-pound note
+became a worthless scrap of paper. The only thing that counted was gold
+and goods. Prices advanced to prohibited levels. England, in danger of a
+food famine, set up a Food Control Committee. Then the discovery was
+made that the country was short of sugar. This shortage was due to the
+fact that the war broke out when supplies from Cuba and elsewhere were
+stopping and when the German imports had not begun. Sugar was bought to
+the value of $86,000,000 from every country which had it to sell. When
+the sugar merchants began to put the price up, purchasing was stopped
+for the time. Later the Government managed to secure the quantity
+required, because it became the only sugar importer. It also supplied
+the French Government with sugar at cost price. Any further difficulties
+with the sugar supply were due to freight shortage. By this system sugar
+was cheaper in England than in any other belligerent country and the
+Exchequer took in $34,000,000 in the way of taxes, after raising the
+rate from 45&cent; per hundred weight to $3.36 per hundred weight.</p>
+
+<p>In its control of the meat situation, the Government put itself in a
+dominating position by seizing all steamers that had refrigerating
+space. Enormous quantities of canned meats were imported from the United
+States from the American packing firms, but the Government practically
+created a state monopoly in frozen meat. This product was distributed by
+it to all the other belligerents, except Russia. The purchase of wheat
+was entrusted to a large importing house, which acted as an agent of the
+Government. For supplying the fish market, a service of fishing boats
+was maintained and a deal with Norway was made by which the
+whole Norwegian fish supply was secured:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The British Government went into the beef business in order to supply
+the troops at home and overseas with chilled meat. It did so at an
+average cost of 12 cents per pound. It also supplied all meat of this
+kind required by the French Army, the Italian Army, the Belgians, and
+the Serbians. The amount of meat required for the British and French
+armies was over 50,000 tons per month; for the Italian Army about 10,000
+tons per month. These quantities increased proportionately with the
+additions to the forces. Having created a state monopoly in the
+importation and control of chilled meat, the Government had to make
+provisions for domestic supplies outside the Army. The Board of Trade
+arranged to sell to British firms the surplus meat at market prices.
+They obtained a small commission, lower than it hitherto received from
+traders. Sales to speculators were prohibited.</p>
+
+<p>"Wheat was quite as important as sugar and beef, although there was less
+risk of a world-corner. Wheat was purchased for Government account on
+somewhat similar lines as beef. One of the largest importing houses was
+commissioned to do all the purchasing, while the other houses held off,
+and it was four months before the corn trade, on the selling side,
+discovered that purchases were made for the state. Naturally the
+commission which the state paid on such transactions was nominal. The
+British Government organization bought and shipped wheat, oats, fodder,
+etc., for Italy. The French Government bought their civil
+<span lang="fr">ravitaillement</span> wheat through the Hudson Bay Company. Large purchases
+were made in Canada on behalf of the Italian Government."</p>
+
+<h3>UNITED STATES AS FOOD PRODUCER</h3>
+
+<p>"It is hard to realize that the United States was in 1917 much less
+favorably situated for producing a huge food surplus than it was thirty
+years before. In the interim industrialism had made huge strides in the
+land, and a great urban population has risen to eat up a large part of
+the surplus of food produced by the farms. This change is indicated by a
+growth of the urban population in the twenty years from 1890 to 1910
+from 22,720,223 to 42,625,383, or more than 80 per cent., while rural
+population during the same period increased from 40,227,491 to
+49,348,883, or less than 25 per cent. If the same ratios have been
+maintained since 1910 urban population has now become one-half of the
+whole. In terms of food production decidedly more than one-half of our
+population now produces a very insignificant part of the food which it
+consumes, for the rural population includes all who live in towns of
+less than 2,500. The significance of the change is indicated by the
+following figures of the production, export, and consumption of typical
+food products. The comparison is between the average of the five-year
+period ending in 1895 and that ending in 1914. The average production of
+wheat per year for the former period was 476,678,000 bushels; for the
+latter 697,459,000 bushels, an increase of 46 per cent. Between these
+periods domestic consumption increased from 310,107,000 to 588,592,000
+bushels, or about 90 per cent., while exports decreased from 166,571,000
+to 104,945,000 bushels, or 37 per cent. The average production of corn
+for the former period was 1,602,171,000 bushels; for the latter
+2,752,372,000 bushels, or an increase of 72 per cent. Consumption
+increased from 1,552,003,000 to 2,790,962,000 bushels, or 79 per cent.,
+while exports decreased from 50,168,000 to 41,509,000 bushels, or 17 per
+cent. The figures upon sugar, beef, pork, and other staples lead to
+similar conclusions. The growth of industrial centers has given us an
+increasingly urban population which has been consuming a larger and
+larger part of the food surplus."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE FOOD CONTROLLER</h3>
+
+<p>No policy of <span lang="fr">laissez-faire</span> for handling the food situation was
+possible. The need of direction was paramount and required
+administrative talent of a high order. Fortunately the United States met
+this demand.</p>
+
+<p>The work of Herbert M. Hoover was one of the main factors in securing
+the Allied victory. This was recognized by as conservative an organ of
+public opinion as the London <cite>Economist</cite>, which speaks of him as an
+unimpeachable authority and as the organizer of the Allied victory. His
+experience is a tribute to the wonderful readiness and self-sacrifice
+shown by the Americans in the matter of food consumption and to the
+untiring and increasing success of our fleet in combating the submarine.</p>
+
+<p>How much success in the war depended upon food supplies may be gauged
+from the panicky feeling prevailing in Government quarters in England
+when it was reported in the winter of 1917&mdash;18, that the American wheat
+surplus had been used up. Lord Rhonda, the British Food Controller,
+cabled to Mr. Hoover&mdash;"We are beaten, the war is over." Then began
+the era in the United States of wheatless days and war bread. The result
+of this period of national abstinence enabled the exportation to Europe
+of about 150,000,000 bushels of wheat. A British member of the Allied
+Food Commission said it was very remarkable to see a whole
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+
+nation denying itself of all wheat products, "not because it was short
+but because it wanted to assist." This rationing was accomplished with
+very little exercise of authority, and the peril of the defeat of the
+Allies by famine was averted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/ill-036.png" width="800" height="459"
+alt="Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World"
+title="Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World" />
+<p class="caption">Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World</p></div>
+
+<h3>AMERICA'S CONTRIBUTION IN FOOD TO THE ALLIES</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Hoover in a letter to President Wilson stated that the total value
+of American food shipments to Allied countries for their armies, for the
+civilian population, Belgium relief and Red Cross, amounted to about
+$1,400,000,000 for the fiscal year, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Shipments of meats, fats, and dairy products were as follows,</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Belgium relief shipments">
+<tr><td></td><th>Pounds.</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Fiscal year, 1916&mdash;17</td><td class="numeric">2,166,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fiscal year, 1917&mdash;18</td><td class="numeric">3,011,100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Increase</td><td class="numeric">844,600,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Our slaughterable animals at the beginning of the last fiscal year
+were not appreciably larger in number than the year before, and
+particularly
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+
+in hogs; they were probably less'; so, as Mr. Hoover points out, 'the
+increase in shipments is due to conservation and the extra weight of
+animals added by our farmers.' Our shipments of cereal and cereal
+products have been,</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Cereal shipments">
+<tr><td></td><th>Bushels.</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Fiscal year, 1916&mdash;17</td><td class="numeric">259,900,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fiscal year, 1917&mdash;18</td><td class="numeric">340,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Increase</td><td class="numeric">80,900,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The total shipment of wheat from our last harvest was about 141,000,000
+bushels, with 13,900,000 of rye, a total of 154,900,000 bushels, of
+prime breadstuffs. Mr. Hoover notes a remarkable achievement in
+connection with the wheat shipments:</p>
+
+<p>"'Since the urgent request of the Allied Food Controllers early in the
+year for a further shipment of 75,000,000 bushels from our 1917 wheat
+than originally planned, we shall have shipped to Europe, or have <i>en
+route</i>, nearly 85,000,000 bushels. At the time of this request our
+surplus was already more than exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>"'This accomplishment of our people in this matter stands out even more
+clearly if we bear in mind that we had available in the fiscal year
+1916&mdash;17 from net carry over and a surplus over our normal consumption
+about 200,000,000 bushels of wheat, which we were able to export that
+year without trenching on our home loaf. This last year, however, owing
+to the large failure of the 1917 wheat crop we had available from net
+carry over and production and imports only just about our normal
+consumption. Therefore, our wheat shipments to Allied destinations
+represent approximately savings from our own wheat bread.'</p>
+
+<p>"The effort and sacrifice made by our people to do this are more fully
+appreciated when we consider that last year's wheat crop was a small one
+and that the corn failed to mature properly. Mr. Hoover concludes his
+letter with these words of warm appreciation of the people who have made
+up the army of which he has been the commanding general:</p>
+
+<p>"'I am sure that all the millions of our people, agricultural as well as
+urban, who have contributed to these results should feel a very definite
+satisfaction that, in a year of universal food shortages in the northern
+hemisphere, all of these people, joined together against Germany, have
+come through into sight of the coming harvest, not only with health and
+strength fully maintained, but with only temporary periods of hardship.
+The European Allies have been compelled to sacrifice more than our own
+people, but we have not failed to load every steamer since the delays of
+the storm months of last winter.</p>
+
+<p>"'Our contributions to this end could not have been accomplished without
+effort and sacrifice, and it is a matter for further satisfaction that
+it has been accomplished voluntarily and individually. It is difficult
+to distinguish between various sections of our people&mdash;the homes,
+public eating places, food trades, urban or agricultural
+populations&mdash;in assessing credit for these results, but no one will
+deny the dominant part of the American women'."</p></div>
+
+<h3>AGRICULTURE AND THE WAR</h3>
+
+<p>The significance of the strides made in agricultural productivity by
+which Mr. Hoover's food campaign was made possible and successful is
+brought out in the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The efforts put forth by the farmers and the agricultural organizations
+to secure increased production can perhaps best be concretely indicated
+in terms of planting operations. The size of the harvest may not be the
+measure of the labors of the farmers. Adverse weather conditions and
+unusual ravages of insects or plant diseases may partly overcome and
+neutralize the most exceptional exertions."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ACREAGE UNDER CULTIVATION</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The first year of our participation in the war, 1917, witnessed the
+Nation's record for acreage planted&mdash;283,000,000 of the leading
+cereals, potatoes, tobacco, and cotton, as against 261,000,000 for the
+preceding year, 251,000,000 for the year prior to the outbreak of the
+European war, and 248,000,000 for the five-year average, 1910&mdash;14. This
+is a gain of 22,000,000 over the year preceding our entry into the war
+and of 35,000,000 over the five-year average indicated. Even this record
+was exceeded the second year of the war. There was planted in 1918 for
+the same crops 289,000,000 acres, an increase over the preceding record
+year of 5,600,000. It is especially noteworthy that, while the acreage
+planted in wheat in 1917 was slightly less than that for the record year
+of 1915, it exceeded the five-year average (1910&mdash;14) by 7,000,000; that
+the acreage planted in 1918 exceeded the previous record by 3,500,000;
+and that the indications are that the acreage planted during the current
+fall season will considerably exceed that of any preceding fall
+planting."</p></div>
+
+<h3>YIELDS OF PRINCIPLE CEREALS</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In each of the last two years climatic conditions over considerable
+sections of the Union were adverse&mdash;in 1917 especially for wheat
+and in 1918 for corn. Notwithstanding this fact, the aggregate yield of
+the leading cereals in each of these years exceeded that of any
+preceding year in the Nation's history except 1915. The estimated total
+for 1917 was 5,796,000,000 bushels and for 1918, 5,638,000,000 bushels,
+a decrease of approximately 160,000,000 bushels. But the conclusion
+would be unwarranted that the available supplies for human food or the
+aggregate nutritive value will be less in 1918 than in 1917. Fortunately, the wheat production
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+
+for the current year&mdash;918,920,000 bushels&mdash;is greatly in
+excess of that for each of the preceding two years, 650,828,000 in 1917
+and 636,318,000 in 1916, and is next to the record wheat crop of the
+Nation. The estimated corn crop, 2,749,000,000 bushels, exceeds the
+five-year pre-war average by 17,000,000 bushels, is 3.4 per cent. above
+the average in quality, and greatly superior to that of 1917. It has
+been estimated that of the large crop of last year, approximately
+900,000,000 bushels were soft. This, of course, was valuable as feed for
+animals, but less so than corn of normal quality. It should be
+remembered, in thinking in terms of food nutritional value, that, on the
+average, only about 12 per cent. of the corn crop is annually consumed
+by human beings and that not more than 26 per cent. ever leaves the
+farm. It should be borne in mind also that the stocks of corn on the
+farms November 1, 1918, were 118,400,000 bushels, as against less than
+35,000,000 bushels last year, and 93,340,000 bushels, the average for
+the preceding five years. It is noteworthy that the quality of each of
+the four great cereals&mdash;barley, wheat, corn, and oats&mdash;ranges
+from 3 to 5.4 per cent., above the average.</p>
+
+<p>"The tables printed below may facilitate the examination of these
+essential facts:</p></div>
+
+<table class="boxed" summary="Crop Acreage">
+<caption>&nbsp;</caption>
+<tr><th colspan="6"><p class="big">ACREAGE OF CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES.</p></th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="6">[Figures refer to planted acreage.]</th></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><th>Crop</th><th>1918,<br />subject to revision</th>
+   <th>1917,<br />subject to revision</th><th>1916</th><th>1914</th>
+   <th>Annual average 1910&mdash;1914.</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="6">CEREALS</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Corn</td><td class="numeric">113,835,000</td><td class="numeric">119,755,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">105,296,000</td><td class="numeric">103,435,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">105,240,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wheat</td><td class="numeric">64,659,000</td><td class="numeric">59,045,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">56,810,000</td><td class="numeric">54,661,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">52,452,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oats</td><td class="numeric">44,475,000</td><td class="numeric">43,572,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">41,527,000</td><td class="numeric">38,442,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">38,014,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barley</td><td class="numeric">9,108,000</td><td class="numeric">8,835,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">7,757,000</td><td class="numeric">7,565,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">7,593,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rye</td><td class="numeric">6,119,000</td><td class="numeric">4,480,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">3,474,000</td><td class="numeric">2,733,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">2,562,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Buckwheat</td><td class="numeric">1,045,000</td><td class="numeric">1,006,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">828,000</td><td class="numeric">792,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">826,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rice</td><td class="numeric">1,120,400</td><td class="numeric">964,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">869,000</td><td class="numeric">694,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">733,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kafirs</td><td class="numeric">5,114,000</td><td class="numeric">5,153,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">3,944,000</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>&emsp;Total</td><td class="numeric">245,475,400</td>
+   <td class="numeric">242,810,000</td><td class="numeric">220,505,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a>
+   <a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>208,322,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>207,420,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><th colspan="6">VEGETABLES</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Potatoes</td><td class="numeric">4,113,000</td><td class="numeric">4,390,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">3,565,000</td><td class="numeric">3,711,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">3,686,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sweet Potatoes</td><td class="numeric">959,000</td><td class="numeric">953,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">774,000</td><td class="numeric">603,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">611,000</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>&emsp;Total</td><td class="numeric">5,072,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">5,343,000</td><td class="numeric">4,339,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">4,314,000</td><td class="numeric">4,297,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco</td><td class="numeric">1,452,900</td><td class="numeric">1,447,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">1,413,000</td><td class="numeric">1,224,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">1,209,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cotton</td><td class="numeric">37,073,000</td><td class="numeric">33,841,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">34,985,000</td><td class="numeric">36,832,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric">35,330,000</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>&emsp;Grand Total.</td><td class="numeric">289,073,300</td>
+   <td class="numeric">283,441,000</td><td class="numeric">261,242,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>250,692,000</td>
+   <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>248,256,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="6"><div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a>
+   <a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>Excluding kafirs.</p></div>
+   </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>NEED OF FOOD CONSERVATION</h3>
+
+<p>Statistics have not yet been published as to the comparative food
+production before the war and during the war years. Statistics of this
+kind would go a long way towards settling the question whether high
+prices were due to currency inflation or due to a scarcity of food. It
+must be remembered that the arguments on both sides are expressed very
+dogmatically. Take, for example, the following passage from an address
+by Mr. Moulton: "The food problem," he says, "goes much deeper than
+conserving the use of an existing stock of foodstuffs. The real food
+problem is how to secure a supply of food large enough to meet the
+continuous requirements of this nation and our Allies. This is more a
+question of production than of consumption. That is to say, conservation
+in consumption is less important than large production. There is no
+possible escape from a substantial shortage of the necessities of life."
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></p>
+
+<table class="boxed" summary="Food production in USA">
+  <caption>&nbsp;</caption>
+  <tr><th colspan="7"><p class="big">PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES</p></th></tr>
+  <tr><th colspan="7">[Figures are in round thousands; i. e., 000 omitted.]</th></tr>
+  <tr class="btopbot"><th colspan="2">Crops</th>
+    <th class="numeric">1918<br />(unrevised estimate November 1918).</th>
+    <th class="numeric">1917,<br />Subject to revision.</th><th class="numeric">1916</th>
+    <th class="numeric">1914</th><th class="numeric">Annual average 1910&mdash;1914</th></tr>
+  <tr><th colspan="7">CEREALS</th></tr>
+  <tr><td>Corn</td><td>bush</td><td class="numeric">2,749,198</td>
+    <td class="numeric">3,159,494</td><td class="numeric">2,566,927</td>
+    <td class="numeric">2,672,804</td><td class="numeric">2,732,457</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Wheat</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">918,920</td>
+    <td class="numeric">650,828</td><td class="numeric">636,318</td>
+    <td class="numeric">891,017</td><td class="numeric">728,225</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Oats</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">1,535,297</td>
+    <td class="numeric">1,587,286</td><td class="numeric">1,251,837</td>
+    <td class="numeric">1,141,060</td><td class="numeric">1,157,961</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Barley</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">236,505</td><td class="numeric">208,975</td>
+    <td class="numeric">182,309</td><td class="numeric">194,953</td>
+    <td class="numeric">186,208</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Rye</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">76,687</td><td class="numeric">60,145</td>
+    <td class="numeric">8,862</td><td class="numeric">42,779</td><td class="numeric">37,568</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Buckwheat</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">18,370</td><td class="numeric">17,460</td>
+    <td class="numeric">11,662</td><td class="numeric">16,881</td><td class="numeric">17,022</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Rice</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">41,918</td><td class="numeric">36,278</td>
+    <td class="numeric">40,861</td><td class="numeric">23,649</td><td class="numeric">24,378</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Kafirs</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">61,182</td><td class="numeric">75,866</td>
+    <td class="numeric">53,858</td></tr>
+  <tr class="btopbot"><td>Total</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">5,638,077</td>
+    <td class="numeric">5,796,332</td><td class="numeric">4,792,634</td>
+    <td class="numeric">4,983,143</td><td class="numeric">4,883,819</td></tr>
+  <tr><th colspan="7">VEGETABLES</th></tr>
+  <tr><td>Potatoes</td><td>bush</td><td class="numeric">390,101</td>
+    <td class="numeric">442,536</td><td class="numeric">286,953</td>
+    <td class="numeric">409,921</td><td class="numeric">360,772</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Sweet potatoes</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">88,114</td>
+    <td class="numeric">87,141</td><td class="numeric">70,955</td>
+    <td class="numeric">56,574</td><td class="numeric">57,117</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Beans(commercial)</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">17,802</td>
+    <td class="numeric">14,967</td><td class="numeric">10,715</td>
+    <td class="numeric">11,585</td><td></td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Onions, fall commercial crop</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">13,438</td>
+    <td class="numeric">12,309</td><td class="numeric">7,833</td>
+    <td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td><td></td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Cabbage (commercial)</td><td>tons</td><td class="numeric">565</td>
+    <td class="numeric">475</td><td class="numeric">252</td><td class="numeric">
+    <a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td><td></td></tr>
+  <tr><th colspan="7">FRUITS</th></tr>
+  <tr><td>Peaches</td><td>bush</td><td class="numeric">40,185</td><td class="numeric">45,066</td>
+    <td class="numeric">37,505</td><td class="numeric">54,109</td><td class="numeric">43,752</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Pears</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">10,342</td><td class="numeric">13,281</td>
+    <td class="numeric">11,874</td><td class="numeric">12,086</td><td class="numeric">11,184</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Apples</td><td>do</td><td class="numeric">197,360</td><td class="numeric">174,608</td>
+    <td class="numeric">204,582</td><td class="numeric">253,200</td>
+    <td class="numeric">197,898</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Cranberries, 3 States</td><td>bbls</td><td class="numeric">374</td>
+    <td class="numeric">255</td><td class="numeric">471</td><td class="numeric">644</td>
+    <td></td></tr>
+  <tr><th colspan="7">MISCELLANEOUS</th></tr>
+  <tr><td>Flaxseed</td><td>bush</td><td class="numeric">14,646</td><td class="numeric">8,473</td>
+    <td class="numeric">14,296</td><td class="numeric">13,749</td><td class="numeric">18,353</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Sugar beets</td><td>tons</td><td class="numeric">6,549</td><td class="numeric">5,980</td>
+    <td class="numeric">6,228</td><td class="numeric">5,585</td><td class="numeric">5,391</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Tobacco</td><td>lbs</td><td class="numeric">1,266,686</td>
+    <td class="numeric">1,196,451</td><td class="numeric">1,153,278</td>
+    <td class="numeric">1,034,679</td><td class="numeric">991,958</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>All hay</td><td>tons</td><td class="numeric">86,254</td><td class="numeric">94,930</td>
+    <td class="numeric">110,992</td><td class="numeric">88,686</td><td class="numeric">81,640</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Cotton</td><td>bales</td><td class="numeric">11,818</td><td class="numeric">11,302</td>
+    <td class="numeric">11,450</td><td class="numeric">16,135</td><td class="numeric">14,259</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr><td>Sorghum sirup</td><td>galls.</td><td class="numeric">29,757</td>
+    <td class="numeric">34,175</td><td class="numeric">13,668</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Peanuts</td><td>bush</td><td class="numeric">52,617</td><td class="numeric">56,104</td>
+    <td class="numeric">35,324</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Broom corn, 5 States</td><td>tons</td><td class="numeric">52</td>
+    <td class="numeric">52</td><td class="numeric">39</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Clover seed</td><td>bush</td><td class="numeric">1,248</td><td class="numeric">1,439</td>
+    <td class="numeric">1,706</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+  <tr><td colspan="7"><div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a>
+    <a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>no estimate</div></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The same point of view is expressed in the following extract:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is not usually understood that the chief cause of the enormously
+high prices of the necessities of life at the present time is their
+relative scarcity. The supply of necessities in this country has not
+materially increased, but the demand for them, owing to the requirements
+of our Allies, has enormously increased. We can prevent a still further
+soaring of prices only by increased production of
+necessities&mdash;increased production to be accomplished, let it be
+repeated through a diversion of productive power from the non-essential
+lines.</p>
+
+<p>"The wealthy have often been urged since the war started to spend
+lavishly on luxuries and to economize on necessities in order that the
+necessities will remain for consumption by the poor. This is sheer
+shortsightedness; for the energy devoted to the production of luxuries
+for consumption by the wealthy would, if diverted to the production of
+essentials, give us a
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+
+sufficient supply of the necessities of life that all might have them in
+relative abundance. The result of a policy of spending lavishly on
+luxuries is an inadequate production of necessities and hence prices so
+high as to cause real privation among the masses. Those engaged in
+producing luxuries obviously cannot at the same time be engaged in
+producing necessities."</p></div>
+
+<p>In a war of attrition, physical deterioration of the masses of society
+in consequence of inadequate nourishment was certain to result in a
+serious decline in national morale, and this was a decided factor in the
+final outcome of the struggle. Food and other physical necessities would
+win the war. Mr. F. A. Vanderlip used the same argument for economies:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Thus the diversion of productive resources to public ends requires of
+each of us a voluntary or compulsory rearrangement of individual and
+household budgets and radical changes in the habits of our lives. We
+must encourage direct diversion by reducing to a minimum our consumption
+of articles which can be used by our soldiers. But it is even more
+important that we give up the consumption of non-essential things in
+order that the productive energy which they embody be devoted to the
+accomplishment of the purpose in hand. The amount which we are forced to
+give up or voluntarily surrender constitutes a surplus over private
+consumption that measures the extent of our ability to wage war. We are
+fighting a nation which continues to be willing to reduce private
+consumption to the barest subsistence minimum. Unless a large surplus is
+produced we can gain no active participation in war and cannot hope for
+a victorious peace. The larger the surplus the shorter the war will be,
+and the nearer we are to victory."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GREAT BRITAIN'S FOOD DANGER</h3>
+
+<p>Under the long r&eacute;gime of free trade Great Britain depended upon
+other countries for its food supply. To offset the submarine campaign
+earnest appeals were made to make England self-supporting in this
+respect. The appeals were answered and were given enthusiastic popular
+support. What strides were made in England's agriculture since the war
+began can be seen from a paragraph in the London <cite>New Statesman</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In 1918, as against 1916, the acreage (England and Wales) under oats is
+up by 35 per cent.; that under wheat by 38 per cent.; that under barley
+by 11 per cent.; that under other grain by 69 per cent.; that under
+potatoes by 50 per cent. The number of allotments (1,300,000) has
+increased by 140 per cent. The Report of the Food-Production Department
+... is as satisfactory as we could wish; the number of acres under
+cultivation in the United Kingdom has gone up by over four millions in
+two years, all records being broken.</p>
+
+<p>"This figure ignores the great increase in gardens and allotments, and
+it is estimated that, on the present scale of consumption, this year's
+home harvest will be sufficient to feed the population for forty weeks.
+The supply before the war was only enough to meet a ten weeks'
+consumption. Breadstuffs are not everything; and even of them one-fifth
+still has to be provided. But granted that we can keep this rate of
+production up, and&mdash;in spite of the drains of the Army upon our
+labor&mdash;can, with the help of women and prisoners, save what we
+produce, the wolf has now been driven a considerable distance from the
+door. With sinkings diminishing and ship-building on the increase, we
+can, we think, congratulate ourselves on the final failure of the German
+attempt to starve us out."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ACREAGE INCREASE DUE TO WOMEN'S LABOR</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Much of the increased cultivation has been done by women, we are told,
+and Mr. Prothero, the British Minister of Agriculture, had a cheerful
+picture to paint when appealing for recruits for 'the Women's Land
+Army.' As reported by the London <cite>Morning Post</cite> his speech ran:</p>
+
+<p>"'Today (1918) the acreage under wheat, barley, and oats is the highest
+ever recorded in the history of our agriculture. That is one of the
+finest achievements of the war. In the same period the number of
+allotments has been increased by 800,000, which means something like
+800,000 tons of produce raised additionally, a big saving in transport,
+and an improvement socially and morally. This advance has been effected
+in spite of the fact that there are 500,000 fewer laborers on the land.
+It is because of that decrease of labor that the appeal is being made
+for more women. I do not believe that any assembly of British farmers
+will hold back men who can possibly be spared when the alternative is
+our troops being driven back by overwhelming numbers and butchered on
+the beach by German guns. The promise of the harvest is not yet
+fulfilled, and there is much to be done. Women's work on the land is a
+vital necessity. I know the work they are asked to do is hard, bringing
+with it discomforts, and, comparatively speaking, is poorly paid. Life
+on the land is not luxurious, but it brings health with it, and the
+women have the conviction that they are doing something in one of the
+most important fields to make victory sure.'"</p></div>
+
+<h3>EVIDENCES OF FOOD SHORTAGE</h3>
+
+<p>One of the by-products of the food situation in England was the
+suffering occasioned by the scanty food supply on the canine
+population of the island. The London <cite>Times</cite> of June, 1918,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+
+contained the following pathetic paragraph:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Considerable alarm has been caused among dog owners by the intimation
+that stocks of biscuits are practically exhausted. Not only is this the
+case, but the prospects of more flour being released for their
+manufacture are also remote unless some action is taken by the
+government to insure further importations of low-grade flours suitable
+for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>"The state of things is undoubtedly acute. Until the food economy
+campaign set in early last year most households provided enough waste to
+feed a dog, and where more than one was kept butchers' offals could be
+had for a few pence. These sources of supply having now vanished, much
+ingenuity will have to be exercised in order to preserve the family
+friend and guard from extinction. Blood, steamed until it is of a solid
+consistency, fish heads, and the heads of poultry offer some
+alternatives. Rice, oatmeal, and other cereal products may not be used.</p>
+
+<p>"The whole question of dogs is engaging the closest attention of the
+authorities. Admittedly the problem of reducing the numbers is beset
+with difficulties, and, whatever is done, it is extremely unlikely the
+one-dog owner will be disturbed, the government recognizing the
+sentimental forces involved, to say nothing of the utility value of many
+breeds."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-041.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-041thumb.jpg" width="400" height="277"
+alt="Members of &quot;The Women's Land Army&quot; in England"
+title="Members of &quot;The Women's Land Army&quot; in England" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Members of "The Women's Land Army" in England</p>
+<p class="description">Girls weeding frames in which cauliflower plants were set out to be
+ready for market in the early spring.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-041.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But while English dogs were threatened with starvation, dogs of Germany
+were having a still worse time. Numerous cable paragraphs were published
+giving the price of dog flesh in various German cities.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, from all over Germany, at the closing period of the war, the
+hope of drawing upon Russian food supplies was seen to be illusory.
+There was much talk of getting food from the Ukraine, but this was
+probably used to keep up popular morale. The situation in the Ukraine
+did not encourage German hopes. This was frankly admitted by the
+<cite>Frankfort Zeitung</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The stores and warehouses in the Ukraine are almost emptied. The
+peasants' stocks are depleted, while the best seed corn has been used to
+feed cattle or to supply a secret still, which nearly every household
+possesses.</p>
+
+<p>"The outlook for next harvest is most unpromising. The peasants have
+plundered the estates, destroyed farm buildings and machinery, and have
+stolen or slaughtered most of the cattle. No labor is available for
+cultivation, and there are no facilities for harvesting the next
+crop, while the sugar industry is confronted with ruin, owing to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+
+the decrease of beet cultivation."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FOOD CONTROL FOR NEUTRALS</h3>
+
+<p>It is interesting to study the effect of the war on the food situation
+of the neutral powers. In Scandinavia, there was at first a panicky
+feeling of a world-wide catastrophe; then there came the realization of
+an unparalleled chance for making profit. The international shortage of
+tonnage made freight rates soar. Shipping shares became attractive. Then
+came the submarine sinkings, and the refusal of the Allies to allow
+goods to be imported into Scandinavia for the sole purpose of selling
+them to the Central Powers. Imports fell off rapidly. Everything which
+could be sold had been sold in the beginning of the war. The next step
+was the placing of an embargo on exports by the Scandinavian
+governments:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The index of the Swedish official list of laws, dated October 31, 1916,
+forbidding exports, mentioned more than 1,100 articles, and even that
+was expressly called only a help to find the commodity looked for and
+did not pretend to be a complete index. The result was, of course, that
+trade, compared to former volumes, decreased very considerably, and the
+energy as well as the wealth actually earned was turned towards
+speculation on the local exchange.</p>
+
+<p>"To supply all the people of Scandinavia with the necessities of life
+was a problem. Law upon law, one governmental decree after the other,
+tried to regulate the distribution of commodities as well as their
+prices. The majority of the people were in actual need. Prices soared,
+and it really did not matter to the ordinary man whether the cause of
+this rise in the cost of living was a too big circulation of paper
+currency or a limited supply of goods. What confronted him was the fact
+itself, not theories, and he realized all too well that he could not
+make 'both ends meet.' There was, generally speaking, no doubt that
+under normal circumstances the laws of supply and demand will work
+satisfactorily to the community and that artificial interference was
+only harmful. The supply being short, consequently the demand and the
+consumption must be controlled to secure a fair distribution. Sugar
+cards, which had been used in Sweden for months, and which were decreed
+in Denmark to go into force January 1, 1917, were an example of the
+means employed to control the distribution and to prevent waste to
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>"While on the one hand one saw new millionaires permit themselves to
+indulge in the most senseless luxuries, which incidentally added
+considerably to the high cost of living under circumstances like these,
+the less well-to-do actually were without many things formerly
+considered necessities. Collections of money and foodstuffs were made
+all over Scandinavia to help the less fortunate through the winter. The
+poorer population of the cities was especially considered. It was even
+difficult to get a roof over one's head. Proposals and counter proposals
+to remedy the evil were forthcoming, but no real remedy seemed to be in
+sight."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FEEDING EUROPE'S STARVING MILLIONS</h3>
+
+<p>A preliminary accounting was rendered on December 1, 1919, by Herbert C.
+Hoover, covering the $100,000,000 fund appropriated by Congress for the
+relief of starving Europeans. From Mr. Hoover's report it appears that
+in payment for relief supplied to eight European countries Mr. Hoover
+decided to accept their notes bearing 5% interest. Mr. Hoover's report
+stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"About 88 per cent. of the relief supplies furnished were sold under
+contract to the various Governments in the relief areas. For all such
+sales these Governments gave their special treasury notes in a form
+approved by the United States Treasury, bearing 5 per cent. interest,
+due June 30, 1921, to June 30, 1924. It was impossible to obtain
+reimbursement in cash because the currency in the countries to which
+these supplies were sent was impossible to convert into foreign
+exchange, except in comparatively insignificant amounts.</p></div>
+
+<h3>POLAND THE BIGGEST DEBTOR</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I give herewith approximate list of the notes of each Government, which
+we expect to turn over to the United States Treasury.</p></div>
+
+<div class="left">
+  <table class="nobrdr" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="foreign debt">
+    <tr><td>Poland</td><td class="numeric">$57,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Czechoslovakia</td><td class="numeric">6,750,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Armenia</td><td class="numeric">10,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Russia.</td><td class="numeric">5,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Esthonia</td><td class="numeric">2,300,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Latvia</td><td class="numeric">3,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Lithuania</td><td class="numeric">700,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Finland</td><td class="numeric">4,000,000</td></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+    <tr><td>Total</td><td class="numeric">$88,750,000</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The remaining 12 per cent. of the supplies was donated in assistance to
+private organizations set up in each country under direction of the
+American Relief Administration for the purpose of furnishing food on a
+charitable basis to undernourished children. For such supplies it was,
+of course, impossible to obtain reimbursement. This service has
+contributed greatly to stabilizing the situation in those countries,
+aside from the physical benefits to more than 3,000,000 undernourished
+children, to whom the war threatened serious and permanent injury.
+Certainly this service is one for which the name of America will always
+be held in deepest gratitude."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>FOOD CONDITIONS AFTER THE ARMISTICE</h3>
+
+<p>It is impossible in words to show what the food conditions were in
+Europe after the armistice was signed. The United States Food
+Administration issued a statement that there were 420,000,000 people in
+Europe with food supplies sufficient to last only until next harvest for
+a small proportion of them. Some countries had to be supplied at once;
+others, it was believed, could help themselves temporarily, provided
+they could be given guarantees of food for the future. Many countries
+were devastated, undernourished and stripped bare of food and
+agricultural equipment because of enemy occupation. A graphic picture of
+the situation was presented by the Food Administration in the Hunger Map
+of Europe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/ill-043.png" width="800" height="693"
+alt="A Map Issued by the Food Administration to Show Food
+Conditions in Europe After the Signing of the Armistice."
+title="Food Conditions in Europe" />
+<p class="caption">A Map Issued by the Food Administration to Show Food
+Conditions in Europe After the Signing of the Armistice.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>NEW FACTORS AFTER NOVEMBER, 1918</h3>
+
+<p>An official survey of how cessation of active fighting introduced new
+factors in the food situation is presented in a publication of the
+Agricultural Department, July, 1919.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"With the signing of the armistice and the cessation of active fighting,
+new factors were introduced which affect the food situation. One of
+these was the step taken to release shipping as rapidly as possible,
+with the <del>prorable</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads prorable">probable</ins> result that the agricultural products of the more
+distant producing countries will again largely appear on the markets of
+Europe. The channels of trade are being re&euml;stablished and food
+supplies will be sought wherever they can be secured most cheaply.</p>
+
+<p>"A provision of the armistice required the immediate evacuation by the
+Germans of a large area in Belgium, France, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg,
+and other territory. As a result many millions of people have been added
+to those that must be aided and fed by the Allies, and a
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+
+material increase in the amount of foodstuffs to be imported has been
+made necessary. It may be found, too, that Turkey, Austria, and even
+Germany will have to draw on outside supplies to meet their needs.</p>
+
+<p>"The demobilization of the European armies will permit men to return to
+the farms, and it may be expected that under the stimulus of an urgent
+demand for food an attempt will be made this year to increase food
+production in all the affected European countries. The devastated
+regions will be slow in recovering. Much time and labor will be required
+to construct necessary homes and farm buildings, level the ground,
+remove obstructions, and in other ways prepare for a resumption of
+regular agricultural activities. But it must be remembered that as
+compared with the whole of the countries concerned these areas are small
+and should not affect the results in any large way.</p>
+
+<p>"In many sections of Europe there is a shortage of horses and other work
+stock, farm machinery, seeds, and fertilizers. In these localities a
+normal production should not be expected, but it is evident that under
+favorable conditions a material increase over the past year will be
+secured.</p>
+
+<h3>CEREAL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1919</h3>
+
+<p>"The following table presents estimates of the cereal requirements for
+1919 and shows the world balance as deficit or surplus. Figures for the
+cereals, except rice, represent millions of bushels.</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Cereal Requirements">
+<caption><span class="smcap">Note</span>.&mdash;Estimates of European
+crop and live-stock production, consumption, and stocks on hand, surplus
+or deficiency, are based on incomplete data, which are subject to change
+as more complete data become available.</caption>
+<tr class="btopbot"><th>Import Requirements</th><th>Wheat</th><th>Rye</th><th>Barley</th><th>Oats</th><th>Corn</th><th>Rice, Hulled</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="6" class="left">EUROPE</th><th class="numeric"><em>Million pounds</em></th></tr>
+<tr><td>Allies</td><td class="numeric">525</td><td class="numeric">25</td><td class="numeric">50</td><td class="numeric">150</td><td class="numeric">220</td><td class="numeric">1,945</td></tr>
+<tr class="bbot"><td>Neutrals</td><td class="numeric">124</td><td class="numeric">40</td><td class="numeric">30</td><td class="numeric">38</td><td class="numeric">78</td><td class="numeric">302</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">649</td><td class="numeric">65</td><td class="numeric">80</td><td class="numeric">188</td><td class="numeric">298</td><td class="numeric">2,247</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Germany</td><td class="numeric">68</td><td></td><td class="numeric">149</td><td class="numeric">3</td><td class="numeric">32</td><td class="numeric">438</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Austria-Hungary</td><td class="numeric">11</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">2</td><td class="numeric">15</td><td class="numeric">183</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>Total Europe</td><td class="numeric">728</td><td class="numeric">65</td><td class="numeric">22</td><td class="numeric">193</td><td class="numeric">345</td><td class="numeric">2,868</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>Other countries</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">7,411</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>Grand total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">10,279</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="7" class="left">Surplus (estimated):</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada</td><td class="numeric">100</td><td></td><td class="numeric">50</td><td class="numeric">75</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Argentina</td><td class="numeric">185</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">90</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Australia</td><td class="numeric">210</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>India</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">18,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Other countries (pre-war)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">7,400</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>Total, except United States</td><td class="numeric">495</td><td></td><td class="numeric">50</td><td class="numeric">75</td><td class="numeric">90</td><td class="numeric">25,400</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>Net deficit</td><td class="numeric">233</td><td class="numeric">65</td><td class="numeric">179</td><td class="numeric">118</td><td class="numeric">255</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="7" class="left">UNITED STATES, 1918</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Production</td><td class="numeric">917</td><td class="numeric">89</td><td class="numeric">250</td><td class="numeric">1,538</td><td class="numeric">2,583</td><td class="numeric">1,123</td></tr>
+<tr class="bbot"><td>Consumption</td><td class="numeric">640</td><td class="numeric">32</td><td class="numeric">130</td><td class="numeric">1,254</td><td class="numeric">2,730</td><td class="numeric">816</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Surplus</td><td class="numeric">277</td><td class="numeric">57</td><td class="numeric">120</td><td class="numeric">284</td><td></td><td class="numeric">307</td></tr>
+<tr class="bbot"><td>Deficit</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">147</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="7" class="left">WORLD</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Surplus</td><td class="numeric">44</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">166</td><td></td><td class="numeric">14,428</td></tr>
+<tr class="bbot"><td>Deficit</td><td></td><td class="numeric">8</td><td class="numeric">59</td><td></td><td class="numeric">402</td><td></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The figures on import requirements of the
+Allies and neutrals are those estimated for 1917&mdash;18,
+while the estimated requirements of Germany
+and Austria are pre-war net imports.</p>
+
+<p>"The rice surplus might be required in the
+Orient for countries whose crops may have failed.</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" width="50%" summary="Miscellaneous crop requirements">
+<caption><span class="smcap">Note</span>.&mdash;The figures are based
+on pre-war averages, 1909&mdash;1913, which may be considerably changed by post-war
+conditions.</caption>
+<tr><th colspan="4">MISCELLANEOUS CROP REQUIREMENTS,<br />1919.</th></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><th>Import requirements of&mdash;</th><th>Cotton<br />(50 pounds bales).</th>
+<th>Tobacco<br />(million pounds).</th><th>Flaxseed<br />(million bushels).</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="4" class="left">EUROPE</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Allies, including Japan</td><td class="numeric">8,058,000</td><td class="numeric">340</td><td class="numeric">21.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Neutrals</td><td class="numeric">720,000</td><td class="numeric">150</td><td class="numeric">7.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Germany and Austria-Hungary (pre-war boundaries)</td><td class="numeric">2,932,000</td><td class="numeric">355</td><td class="numeric">15.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Other countries</td><td class="numeric">1,200,00</td><td class="numeric">17</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>Total requirements</td><td class="numeric">13,010,000</td><td class="numeric">1,022</td><td class="numeric">45.2</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="4" class="left">SURPLUS (ESTIMATED)</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Countries, except United States, recently reported (1918)</td><td class="numeric">2,680,000</td><td></td><td class="numeric">40</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Average, 1900&mdash;1913, for other surplus countries</td><td class="numeric">500,00</td><td class="numeric">650</td><td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>5.7</td></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td>Total, except United States</td><td class="numeric">3,180,000</td><td class="numeric">650</td><td class="numeric">40</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="4" class="left">UNITED STATES</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Production, 1918</td><td class="numeric">11,700,00</td><td class="numeric">1,340</td><td class="numeric">14.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Consumption</td><td class="numeric">6,600,000</td><td class="numeric">720</td><td class="numeric">26.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Surplus</td><td class="numeric">5,100,000</td><td class="numeric">620</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Deficit</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">12</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="4" class="left">WORLD</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Surplus</td><td></td><td class="numeric">148</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Deficit</td><td class="numeric">4,730,000</td><td></td><td class="numeric">17.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"><div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>Russia</div></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The cotton table is based upon normal industrial conditions in all the
+consuming countries and upon the restoration of the spinning industry in
+the devastated regions. If conditions do not reach normal, and if the
+industry is not restored, the consumption of cotton will be
+substantially less. With practically complete restoration, cotton
+consumption may well be expected to equal the normal or pre-war times on
+account of the present shortage of cotton goods in various countries.
+The economies which the peoples of Europe must practice for some years
+to come must be considered."</p></div>
+
+<h3>CENTRAL EUROPE IN DIRE WANT</h3>
+
+<p>News from Europe showed everywhere acute suffering from lack of food;
+even in France the country districts were badly off. A member of the
+Federal Food Administration reported that bread was practically the only
+food that anyone could afford. President Wilson referred to this subject
+in the address with which he accompanied his announcement of the terms
+signed by Germany. He definitely took a stand in favor of provisioning
+the country, explaining that by use of the idle tonnage of the Central
+Empires it ought presently to be possible to lift the fear of utter
+misery,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'from their oppressed populations and set their minds and energies free
+for the great and hazardous tasks of political reconstruction which now
+face them on every hand. Hunger does not breed reform; it breeds madness
+and all the ugly distempers that make an ordered life impossible.</p>
+
+<p>"'For with the fall of the ancient governments which rested like an
+incubus on the peoples of the Central Empires has come political change
+not merely, but revolution.'</p>
+
+<p>"Putting this danger into a nutshell, the <cite>Wall Street Journal</cite> asks
+whether Central Europe shall have 'bread or Bolshevism?' This strong
+exponent of a firm social order is of the opinion that 'we must
+recognize the fact that hunger breeds anarchy, and that the most
+effective weapon against Bolshevism is a loaf of bread.' Victory has
+made the Allied peoples, 'through their governments, responsible for
+world conditions,' in the opinion of this paper as well as of the
+Montreal <cite>Star</cite> quoted above, and Food Administrator Hoover declares
+that 'the specter of famine abroad now haunts the abundance of our
+tables at home.'"</p></div>
+
+<h3>TO PREVENT FAMINE IN GERMANY</h3>
+
+<p>Both in England and in France there was official recognition of the need
+of preventing famine conditions in Germany. It was believed that large
+imports of wheat could be brought from Australia and India. The <cite>Times</cite>
+(London) said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mr. Hoover expects that enough wheat will be brought from those
+countries to permit reduction of the percentage of substitutes now
+required in bread, and thus release fodder grain for dairy use. The
+change, it is said, may take place within three months. But it will not
+reduce the total of foodstuffs which we must supply. He predicts that
+'our load will be increased,' and that there will be a greater demand
+for economy.</p>
+
+<p>"The available quantities of grain are sufficient. From our great crop
+of wheat we can spare more than 300,000,000 bushels. Canada, with a
+yield almost equal to last year's, has a surplus. While our crop of corn
+shows a decline of 441,000,000 bushels from that of a year ago, it is
+very near to recent averages and of very good quality. The output of
+home gardens, increased by one half, is not included in official
+reports, although its value exceeds $500,000,000. Australia has on hand
+the surplus of three wheat crops, India is said to have 120,000,000
+bushels for shipment, and much can be taken from Argentina. As a
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+
+rule, our war partners in Europe increased their crops this year.
+England gains 30,000,000 bushels of wheat, Italy 24,000,000, and France
+35,000,000. But other crops in France are short, and the nutritive value
+of the entire yield is less than that of last year's harvest. It is well
+known that the Central Powers have very little food; and no help can
+come to them from the East. Before the war Russia exported a large
+surplus of wheat. Many of her people are now starving. So far as can be
+learned, she has no grain to sell. Bulgaria and Rumania have the
+smallest crops in fifty years. Germany and Austria can get no grain from
+the northern neutrals; we are sending wheat to them. There is food
+enough to supply the wants of our European friends and foes until the
+next harvest if it can be carefully distributed. But if the plans for
+helping those who have fought against us, as well as our partners in the
+war, are carried out, the American people must practice economy and
+submit to restrictions for some time to come."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-046.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-046thumb.jpg" width="400" height="238"
+         alt="A Food Riot in Sweden" title="A Food Riot in Sweden" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">A Food Riot in Sweden</p>
+  <p class="description">News from Europe immediately following the
+    armistice showed everywhere acute suffering from lack of food.
+    A member of the Federal Food Administration reported that bread
+    was practically the only food that anyone could afford.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-046.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>SUGAR DISTRIBUTION</h3>
+
+<p>Among the multiform activities of the American Food Administration, the
+distribution of sugar was most difficult. America had to supply sugar to
+the Allies and retain enough for the use of its own people. The matter
+of the feeling of personal self-sacrifice was difficult enough but there
+was the further question of how to organize and allocate distribution.
+The government had to decide the amount to be distributed to sugar-using
+industries. These industries had to be classified. For the manufacture
+of soft drinks it was decided to allow only one-half of the sugar used
+in normal times. Bakers were given a 70 percent. allotment and hotels
+were permitted three pounds of sugar to every ninety meals served,
+including cooking.</p>
+
+<p>The sugar resources of the country, both cane and beet-root, were
+regulated by the so-called Sugar Equalization Board. The operation of
+this body was explained officially in the <cite>Literary Digest</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This board is a part of the Food Administration and approved by the
+President. Its purpose
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+
+is to equalize the cost of various sugars and to secure better
+distribution. It can also co&ouml;perate with the Allies in the
+procurement of sugar for them and in the adjustment of overseas freight
+rates. Through capital supplied by the President through his special
+funds, it is enabled, when desirable, to buy up all available sugars at
+different prices and resell them at one fixed and even rate.</p>
+
+<p>"In other words, it provides a sort of vast storehouse of sugar, which
+may be doled out where it is most needed, at a price secure from the
+fluctuations otherwise inevitable in war time."</p></div>
+
+<h3>KEEPING DOWN THE PRICE</h3>
+
+<p>What might happen without this Sugar Equalization Board is illustrated
+by the Civil War, when sugar, because of speculation, went as high as
+thirty-five cents a pound. And at <em>that</em> time there was no world
+shortage of sugar. If there were no sort of sugar control today, it may
+readily be believed that the consumer might have to pay sugar prices
+soaring far above those Civil War levels.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It costs more to produce and market some sugars (such as domestic beet
+sugar and Louisiana cane) than it does others, such as Cuban cane sugar.
+But that is no reason why the sugar manufacturer, whose production costs
+are high, should suffer, even to the extent of being forced out of the
+market. Nor can the country afford to have this happen under present war
+time shortage of nearby supplies. Consequently, when it becomes
+necessary, the Sugar Equalization Board through its purchasing powers
+can insure fair profits to the manufacturers. Then the Board may resell
+this sugar, so that it reaches the public at a price lower than what the
+maximum would otherwise be."</p></div>
+
+<h3>POTATO ECONOMY</h3>
+
+<p>In order to remedy the generally inadequate food supply, it became
+necessary to treat such a standard food as the potato according to newly
+devised methods by which it could be stored for permanent use and widely
+distributed. In a lecture in Economics given to a class of the National
+City Bank, it was stated that, since the war began, it was found
+practicable so to preserve the potato by grinding and drying as to
+transform it from a local and perishable commodity to one which could be
+produced in almost unlimited quantities and distributed to any part of
+the world:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The potato can be grown in almost any temperate zone area, but
+theretofore nine-tenths of the world's crop of 6,000,000,000 bushels is
+grown in a half-dozen countries, and almost exclusively in Europe and
+North America. Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain,
+and the United States have produced in favorable years about
+5,000,000,000 bushels, while the remainder of the world produced only
+1,000,000,000. These six countries that produced five-tenths of the
+world's potato crop have only 450,000,000 peoples, while the potatoless
+world has a population of over 1,200,000,000, from which it appears that
+'fully two-thirds of the population of the world live outside of the
+area.'</p>
+
+<p>"Germany is by far the largest potato grower of the world, producing
+about 2,000,000,000 out of a world crop of 6,000,000,000 bushels, using
+them as a food for man and animals and the production of alcohol for use
+in her industries, and for the production of heat and power when
+necessary. Next in line is European Russia, with an annual crop of about
+1,000,000,000 bushels; Austria-Hungary, 600,000,000; France,
+500,000,000; United States, 450,000,000, and Great Britain, 300,000,000
+bushels.</p>
+
+<p>"This new system of turning the potato into a condition in which it can
+be readily distributed has, quite naturally, developed in the country
+which has the largest potato production of the world, Germany. Factories
+for the crushing and drying of the potato and turning the product into
+flour for man, flakes and cubes for animals, or alcohol for the chemical
+industry and also as a substitute for petrol, have grown from about a
+dozen a few years ago to over 400 in 1914 and 840 in 1916, with a
+capacity to turn into this condensed form more than 1,000,000,000
+bushels of potatoes a year. The reduction in weight is about 60 per
+cent., while the product can be preserved almost indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>"The value of our own potato crop in the United States last year was
+approximately $540,000,000 at the place of production, and yet the
+amount entering international trade was only $4,000,000. Our potato crop
+averages about 90 bushels per acre, that of European Russia 100 bushels;
+France 135 bushels; Austria 150 bushels; United Kingdom 124 bushels, and
+Germany 200 bushels and upward per acre, her large flavorless potato,
+grown chiefly for alcohol, having reached and sometimes exceeded 500
+bushels per acre."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FUEL CONTROL</h3>
+
+<p>The coal industry was the one basic war industry. Food and munitions
+were dependent upon the coal supply. It is not necessary to elaborate
+this argument; it is patent to every one. The following table gives a
+view of the coal production of the most important countries:
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="coal production">
+<tr><th colspan="6">COAL PRODUCTION IN THE LEADING COAL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD</th></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><th>Country</th><th>1913</th><th>1914</th><th>1915</th><th>1916</th><th>1917</th></tr>
+<tr><td>United States</td><td class="numeric">570,048,125</td><td class="numeric">513,525,477</td><td class="numeric">531,619,487</td><td class="numeric">585,372,568</td><td class="numeric">621,409,629</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Great Britain</td><td class="numeric">287,698,617</td><td class="numeric">265,664,393</td><td class="numeric">253,206,081</td><td class="numeric">256,348,351</td><td class="numeric">248,473,119</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Germany</td><td class="numeric">278,627,497</td><td class="numeric">245,482,135</td><td class="numeric">235,082,000</td><td class="numeric"></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Austria-Hungary</td><td class="numeric">59,647,957</td><td class="numeric"></td><td class="numeric">30,896,388</td><td class="numeric">28,558,719</td></tr>
+<tr><td>France</td><td class="numeric">40,843,618</td><td class="numeric">29,786,505</td><td class="numeric">19,908,000</td><td class="numeric">21,477,000</td><td class="numeric">28,960,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Russia</td><td class="numeric">35,500,674</td><td class="numeric"></td><td class="numeric">27,820,632</td><td class="numeric">13,622,400</td><td class="numeric">13,266,760</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belgium</td><td class="numeric">22,847,000</td><td class="numeric"></td><td class="numeric">15,930,000</td><td class="numeric"></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Japan</td><td class="numeric">21,315,962</td><td class="numeric">21,293,419</td><td class="numeric">20,490,747</td><td class="numeric">22,901,580</td></tr>
+<tr><td>India</td><td class="numeric">18,163,856</td><td class="numeric"></td><td class="numeric">17,103,932</td><td class="numeric">17,254,309</td></tr>
+<tr><td>China</td><td class="numeric">15,432,200</td><td class="numeric"></td><td class="numeric">18,000,000</td><td class="numeric"></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada</td><td class="numeric">15,012,178</td><td class="numeric">13,637,529</td><td class="numeric">13,267,023</td><td class="numeric">14,483,395</td><td class="numeric">14,015,588</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Spain</td><td class="numeric">4,731,647</td><td class="numeric">4,424,439</td><td class="numeric">4,686,753</td><td class="numeric">5,588,594</td></tr>
+<tr class="bbot"><td>Holland</td><td class="numeric">2,064,608</td><td class="numeric"></td><td class="numeric">2,333,000</td><td class="numeric">2,656,000</td><td></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>THE COAL SHORTAGE</h3>
+
+<p>A rapid advance in coal prices was inevitable under war conditions of
+unceasing demand and diminishing supply. Says Mr. William Notz in an
+article in the <cite>Journal of Political Economy</cite>, June, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The question of war-time coal prices offers many angles of interest.
+Everywhere prices have increased far above pre-war levels. Voluntary
+agreements on the part of producers and dealers to limit prices and
+profits have failed without exception. In all the leading coal-consuming
+countries of the world maximum prices had to be fixed sooner or later by
+government action. In every case the maximum mine prices are
+considerably above the average scale of prices obtaining in the years
+immediately prior to the war. In every country where maximum sales
+prices at the mines were fixed, liberal allowances were made for wage
+increases to mine workers. In Great Britain present maximum mine prices
+approximate 6s. 6d. above the average mine price which obtained during
+the year ending June 30, 1914. In the United States special mine prices
+have been fixed for each state, and in many cases also for certain coal
+fields within a state. The f.o.b. price for bituminous coal in
+Pennsylvania was in 1913 $1.11 and in 1918, $2.60. Anthracite increased
+to $4.00 ($4.55 for white ash broken).</p>
+
+<p>"In Germany the total increase in mine prices of the Rhenish-Westphalian
+Coal Syndicate from the beginning of the war to January, 1917,
+approximated $1.25 per ton.</p>
+
+<p>"While a certain degree of uniformity is noticeable in the rise in price
+levels for coal at the mines in the countries where maximum prices have
+been fixed, an entirely different picture presents itself if we compare
+the maximum retail coal prices obtaining under government regulations in
+different sections of the same country. In most countries the national
+coal controller has established a uniform maximum margin of profit for
+all retail coal dealers, while local authorities have fixed maximum
+retail coal prices for their communities. By reason of the fact that in
+establishing maximum retail consumers' prices allowances had to be made
+for increased handling expenses, freight rates, middlemen's profits, war
+taxes, etc., retail coal prices at the present time universally show a
+very heavy increase over pre-war prices."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FUEL CONSERVATION MEASURES</h3>
+
+<p>American Fuel Control had to grapple drastically with a situation of
+shortage so dangerous that a catastrophe might have been precipitated at
+any moment. Fuel Administrator Garfield issued orders for coal
+conservation of a most startling and unusual character. Factories east
+of the Mississippi were ordered shut down for five days beginning
+January 18, 1918. Monday, furthermore,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"was decreed a holiday for ten weeks on which offices, factories, and
+stores, except drug and food stores, must use only such fuel as is
+necessary to prevent damage. The order under which these restrictions
+were made, according to the Fuel Administration's statement to the
+press, was 'designed to distribute with absolute impartiality the
+burden,' and it added that the Fuel Administration 'counts upon the
+complete patriotic co&ouml;peration of every individual, firm, and
+corporation affected by the order in its enforcement.' We read further
+that the government aims to carry out its plan without 'undue
+interference with the ordinary course of business' and earnestly desires
+to 'prevent entirely any dislocation of industry or labor.'</p></div>
+
+<h3>SHUT-DOWN OF INDUSTRY TO SAVE COAL</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Fuel Administrator Garfield hoped to save 30,000,000 tons of coal and
+to give the railroads a chance to straighten out the transportation
+tangle in the eastern states, according to a Washington correspondent of the New York
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+
+<cite>Tribune</cite>, who notes that the measures were taken by the President and
+the government heads 'as a desperate remedy.' The closing down of the
+greater part of the nation's industries, trades, and business, says the
+New York <cite>Sun</cite>, is the 'fruit of the insane, criminal starvation of the
+railroads by the government for a generation'; yet regardless of what it
+may cost any individual or group of individuals, the order is to be
+'greeted without protest.' A surgeon was more welcome than an
+undertaker, in the view of this daily, and a disaster of the second
+degree and a temporary one is better than a disaster of the first degree
+and a permanent one. If the five-day term clears the railroads and the
+Monday holidays set the trains running with their former clocklike
+regularity, the <cite>Sun</cite> added, we can resume being the 'busiest nation on
+earth, instead of being an industrial paralytic.' While recognizing that
+the order struck Utica and all cities in the designated territory 'a
+staggering blow,' the <cite>Utica Press</cite> holds that there is really nothing a
+patriotic city could do about it save to accept the situation with as
+good grace as possible, and if the result hasten the end all will agree
+that it was a good investment. The Chicago <cite>Herald</cite> considered the order
+'a tremendous decision' carrying with it a 'tremendous responsibility,'
+and while the chief industries of the principal part of a nation can not
+be stopped even for a day without disorganization and loss, still the
+country is willing to pay the price 'if it is the necessary cost of
+preventing the suffering of hundreds and thousands, perhaps millions, of
+individuals and of keeping certain indispensable war and public
+functions going at their accustomed speed.'"</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-049.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-049thumb.jpg" alt="Harry A. Garfield"
+       title="Harry A. Garfield" height="292" width="400" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">Harry A. Garfield</p>
+  <p class="description">As Fuel Administrator during the war he
+    issued orders for coal conservation of a most startling
+    character. Factories east of the Mississippi were ordered
+    shut down for five days beginning January 18, 1918. Monday
+    was decreed a holiday for ten weeks &quot;on which offices,
+    factories and stores must use only such fuel as is necessary to
+    prevent damage.&quot;</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-049.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE GOVERNMENT'S EXPLANATION</h3>
+
+<p>From Fuel Administrator Garfield's explanation of the necessity of the
+order the following passage is taken:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The most urgent thing to be done is to send to the American forces
+abroad and to the Allies the food and war supplies which they
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+
+vitally need. War munitions, food, manufactured articles of every
+description, lie at our Atlantic ports in tens of thousands of tons,
+while literally hundreds of ships, waiting, loaded with war goods for
+our men and the Allies, can not take the seas because their bunkers are
+empty of coal. The coal to send them on their way is waiting behind the
+congested freight that has jammed all the terminals.</p>
+
+<p>"It is worse than useless to bend our energies to more manufacturing
+when what we have already manufactured lies at tidewater, congesting
+terminal facilities, jamming the railroad yards and side tracks for a
+long distance back into the country. No power on earth can move this
+freight into the war zone, where it is needed, until we supply the ships
+with fuel.</p>
+
+<p>"Once the docks are cleared of the valuable freight for which our men
+and associates in the war now wait in vain, then again our energies and
+power may be turned to manufacturing, more efficient than ever; so that
+a steady and uninterrupted stream of vital supplies may be this nation's
+answer to the Allies' cry for help....</p>
+
+<p>"This is war. Whatever the cost, we must pay it, so that in the face of
+the enemy there can never be the reproach that we held back from doing
+our full share. Those ships, laden with our supplies of food for men and
+food for guns, must have coal and put to sea."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GARFIELD'S PLAN FOR FUEL ECONOMY, 1918&mdash;19</h3>
+
+<p>After the trying experiences of the winter of 1918, the Fuel
+Administration began to prepare in the following summer for another
+prospective shortage in coal supply. Fortunately the following winter
+was remarkably mild throughout the country. But the plans outlined by
+the Fuel Administration are more than useful as a matter of record. They
+may be used as a model under other conditions of fuel shortage. The
+following passage from the Fuel Administration <cite>Bulletin</cite> illustrates
+the plan of campaign:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+  <p>"Fuel economy is being given intensive study in connection with steam
+  plants and industrial uses. An organization is already in existence,
+  provided with engineers and inspectors who will visit every one of the
+  two hundred and fifty thousand steam-producing plants in the country
+  with a view to the improvement both of equipment and firing practice.
+  This is expected to save twenty million tons of coal.</p>
+
+  <p>"The economical use of power in factories will be in the hands of
+  organized shop committees. The power loads of the public utilities
+  throughout the country are being studied with a view to readjustments
+  which will result in large saving.</p>
+
+  <p>"In many cities the isolated power plants which use an extravagant
+  amount of coal in proportion to the power produced will be urged to
+  obtain more economical power from large producing stations.</p>
+
+  <p>"The introduction of 'skip-stop' schedules on all the street railways is
+  expected to save a million tons of coal. The consolidation of ice plants
+  will yield a still larger tonnage. Unnecessary outdoor lighting,
+  including advertising signs and display illumination, will be reduced.
+  Hotels, office buildings, apartment houses, and public buildings are
+  being asked to join in rigid economy of light and heat.</p>
+
+  <p>"Every American citizen will be asked to clean his furnace, keep it in
+  repair, and study economical firing. Instructions prepared by the
+  highest authority will be furnished by the Fuel Administration.</p>
+
+  <p>"If every one joins in this movement, from the owner of an industrial
+  plant to the householder with his furnace and cook stove, if indoor and
+  outdoor lighting is reduced to the amount absolutely needed, if houses
+  are not overheated, the furnace dampers properly adjusted, and the ashes
+  sifted, it will be possible to save from fifty to seventy-five million
+  tons of coal without serious inconvenience to the American people."</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>DIFFICULTIES OF FUEL CONTROL</h3>
+
+<p>Some conception of the difficulties involved in the work of fuel control
+was set forth officially in a paper published by the Fuel Administration
+called <cite>Fuel Problems in War Time</cite>. The production of coal, it pointed
+out, stands on a different basis from that of any other major industry
+of the country. The differences are illustrated in the following
+paragraphs:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"As an illustration, consider the cotton crop with its millions of
+bales. Every bale of cotton raised in the country last year amounted to
+no more than the coal moved in one and one-third days. Or take the wheat
+crop for comparison. We hear of the immense preparations made during the
+fall months for moving the wheat crop; yet the weight of America's
+enormous wheat crop of 1917 is equaled by the coal mined and transported
+every eight days.</p>
+
+<p>"Every year the miners go into the ground and dig out coal and the
+railroads ship it for hundreds of miles, dragging back the empty cars,
+until the amount mined equals two and one-fourth times the earth and
+rock removed in digging the Panama Canal. <em>It took sixteen years to dig
+the Panama Canal. Our miners will dig two and one-half Panama Canals
+this year.</em></p>
+
+<p>"In the mining of coal we are dealing with a task so gigantic that the
+wonder is not why we have not increased production to meet the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+
+demand, whatever that might be, but
+how, with the men and equipment overtaxed by the multiplicity of the
+demands of the war, we were able to increase the output fifty million
+tons in 1917, and will be able to add a probable fifty million tons to
+that high record the present year.</p>
+
+<p>"The wonder is increased when we note that every other coal-producing
+country now in the war found it impossible to maintain the pre-war
+production of coal. In every case the output is less now than before the
+war. In England seven and one-half per cent. less coal was produced the
+first year of the war than in the previous year and five per cent. less
+than this reduced output in the following year. America alone has been
+able to increase its production of coal in addition to meeting the
+thousands of other increases demanded by war preparation.</p></div>
+
+<h3>COAL AND THE STEEL SUPPLY</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"As every one knows, coal mining is very largely a matter of coal
+transportation. The most difficult task involved in an increase must
+fall upon the railroads. The wonderful work these railroads are doing is
+brought into bold relief when we remember that in 1914, when the great
+war started, the output of bituminous coal in the United States was
+423,000,000 tons, and that in 1918 it promises to be nearly 200,000,000
+tons greater.</p>
+
+<p>"Apparently, this country today can furnish the steel required if only
+it can get the necessary coal. The work of the Fuel Administration
+during many months has been directed toward increasing coal production.
+These efforts have borne much fruit, miners are approaching one hundred
+per cent. service, while the railroads are outdoing themselves
+expediting the movement of coal cars from the mine to the consumer and
+back again.</p>
+
+<p>"But war's demands mount so rapidly that even with full speed ahead
+production can not make the pace. <em>A fuel deficit can be averted only by
+the most intensive conservation.</em> Conservation, economy, savings,
+sacrifice must fill the gap between the possible increase of production
+and the greater increase of demand. If every user of coal will join the
+army of fuel conservationists, realizing that the need for steel to
+carry on this war is practically unlimited and that every ton saved
+means an additional five hundred pounds of steel, there is
+prospect&mdash;the figures show it&mdash;that the work of the miners
+will not be in vain. Our increased production, plus conservation, the
+Fuel Administration believes, can furnish the coal, and hence the steel
+needed for the war, and still leave none of our people cold."</p></div>
+
+<h3>SIDE ISSUES OF FUEL CONTROL</h3>
+
+<p>Economizing coal involved all kinds of unexpected side issues. As an
+illustration of the far extended reach of the Fuel Administration there
+was the example of the skip-stop plan in street railway traffic enforced
+by the Federal administration. A writer in the Chicago <cite>Engineering and
+Contracting Journal</cite> suggested, September 4, 1918, that the Government
+should adopt and extend the policy of compelling individuals and
+corporations to use economic methods and machines:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Conceive, if you can, what could be accomplished in America in the way
+of increased productivity and economy if our Federal Government had the
+authority to make every individual and every company adopt any method or
+device that had been proved to be economic. No engineer acquainted with
+the application of the principles of the science of management can doubt
+that if the universal adoption of those principles could be forced upon
+producers in general, this nation could increase its productivity fully
+25 per cent. That would alone add more than twelve million dollars
+annually to the national income. But that is not all. The application of
+the principles of the science of management is only a fraction of the
+total enginery at our disposal. We have literally countless labor and
+material-saving machines and appliances that are scarcely used, although
+many of them are generations old. Does this sound incredible? Certainly
+not to any engineer who has a wide acquaintance with the literature of
+engineering.</p>
+
+<p>"Take so simple a thing as the heat insulator for steam pipes and
+boilers. It has been known to engineers for nearly a century that by
+encasing boilers and pipes with magnesia or other suitable insulators,
+practically all heat radiation and conduction losses could be stopped.
+Furthermore, it has been known to engineers that the saving in fuel thus
+effected would pay an annual interest of 20 per cent. on the cost of the
+heat insulator. But go into the basements of steam-heated residences if
+you want to get a conception of how rarely this knowledge is applied.
+The landlord may know that heat insulators would earn a big return on
+their cost, but since they would earn it for the tenant and not for
+himself, he does not cover the boiler and pipes adequately, if at all.
+The tenant, even if he knows the economics of heat insulating, will not
+spend the money for insulators whose use he may not enjoy for more than
+a year or two before he moves out. For similar reasons very few houses
+have double windows, although double windows will save fully 15 per
+cent. of the fuel required to heat the average house. On these matters
+the Fuel Administration has power to act, and it should act."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FUEL CONTROL IN GREAT BRITAIN</h3>
+
+<p>Coal mining was always one of the most significant elements in British
+trade. Before the war 270,000,000 tons of coal were produced in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+
+the mines of Great Britain. Parliamentary legislation of a most radical
+character dealing with the ownership and operation of coal mines was
+passed. The main provision of this legislation was described in the
+following passage from the London <cite>Morning Post</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Briefly, the main provisions of the bill are the following: Under the
+present Finance Act the state takes 80 per cent. of the profits in
+excess of those made in the two best of the last three pre-war years, or
+above 9 per cent. of the capital employed. The new scheme deprives
+owners of these statutory rights. It does away altogether with the
+percentage standard. Output is made the chief determining factor in the
+regulation of the profits to be retained by the coal owner. The
+production of a colliery working under normal conditions during the two
+pre-war years, which has already been adopted under the Finance Act for
+the purposes of the Excess Profits Duty, is adopted as the standard
+output. If that output is maintained in any accounting period under the
+new bill, the colliery owner will be guaranteed a profit equal to the
+average profit made in the standard period, whether he makes it or not.
+If his trading profits in the accounting period are greater than those
+in the standard period, the treasury will take its 80 per cent. of the
+difference under the authority of the Finance Act, the Controller will
+retain 15 per cent. of it in order to create a fund for the compensation
+of the less fortunate collieries and the administration of his
+department, and the coal owner will be allowed to retain 5 per cent. of
+the excess. Thus a colliery company with a profits standard of
+&pound;50,000 will, if it maintain its standard output, continue to
+receive &pound;50,000; if such company make, say, &pound;70,000, it will
+be permitted, generally speaking, to retain only 5 per cent. of the
+extra &pound;20,000, that is to say, &pound;1,000, plus the statutory
+&pound;200, or &pound;51,200 in all; but in no case shall the retainable
+profits exceed five-sixths of the profits standard. In that illustration
+the scheme is to be seen at its best, and, under the conditions, it is
+not unreasonable."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-052.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-052thumb.jpg" alt="Drying Fruit and Vegetables"
+       title="Drying Fruit and Vegetables to Save Tin and Glass"
+       width="400" height="276" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Photo by P. Thompso</p>
+  <p class="caption">Drying Fruit and Vegetables to Save Tin and Glass</p>
+  <p class="description">Conservation became a great watchword
+    during the World War. Mr. F. P. Lund of the U. S. Department
+    of Agriculture showed women how tin and glass could be saved
+    by drying fruit instead of canning it.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-052.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>OTHER FORMS OF CONSERVATION</h3>
+
+<p>The War Industries Board worked out a program for clothing conservation
+that showed a positive genius for detail. The most technical directions
+were issued regarding clothing. Double breasted coats, for example, were
+eliminated and the Board urged the wearing of sack suits only. Even the
+complicated subject of handling women's attire had no terrors for the
+experts employed by the Board. The characteristic features of its order
+can be judged by the following extract from the directions published on
+this subject:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"All shoes, both leather and fabric, shall be restricted to black,
+white, and two colors of tan (the two colors of tan to be dark brown or
+tan and a medium brown or tan).</p>
+
+<p>"Patent leather shall be black only. These color regulations do not
+apply to baby shoes made of fabrics.</p>
+
+<p>"Shoe-manufacturers shall not, for the next six months, introduce,
+purchase, or use any new style lasts. They may replenish to cover
+wastage or to meet requirements on present lasts now in use in the
+manufacture of shoes. This is to be effective at once. By new style
+lasts is meant any lasts which have not actually been used for the
+manufacture of shoes in the past season.</p>
+
+<p>"The use of leather as a quarter lining in oxfords and low shoes is
+permitted only when used in skeleton form with fabric. Leather linings
+will be permitted in evening slippers where uppers are made of fabrics.
+We advocate the use of full fabric linings for low shoes wherever
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of women's shoes, both leather and fabric, shall not
+exceed eight inches (measured from breast of heel at side to center of
+top at side of finished shoes), size 4B to be the base measure.</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of misses' shoes, size 1&frac12;, shall not exceed
+6&frac12; inches (measured as above).</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of children's shoes, sizes 8&frac12;-11, shall not
+exceed six inches.</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of boys' and youths' shoes shall not exceed
+5&frac12; inches.</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of infants' shoes, sizes 4-8, shall not exceed
+5&frac12; inches.</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of button shoes for women shall not exceed 6&frac12;
+inches.</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of all women's overgaiters shall not exceed eight
+inches, measured from breast of heel at side to center of top at side.</p>
+
+<p>"The maximum height of misses' overgaiters shall not exceed 6&frac12;
+inches (measured as above)."</p></div>
+
+<h3>LEATHER CONSERVATION</h3>
+
+<p>Germany was not the only country prepared to employ substitutes. When
+the National Army in the United States was organized the <cite>Wall Street
+Journal</cite> predicted that on account of the large consumption of leather
+for military purposes, the civilian population would be obliged to have
+thinner soles and probably to use leather substitutes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Price fixing on leather is still 'in the air.' It is not an easy
+proposition, in view of the complexity of grades and the variations in
+quality. The most practicable arrangement would be a series of general
+price standards, with allowance for deviations. Unlike other
+commodities, leather trading is a very flexible affair. The trade is
+confident of fair price maxima in relation to recently fixed hide
+quotations; possibly, in view of higher labor and other costs, of
+somewhat more liberal rates than hide prices, which have just been
+modified upward somewhat.</p>
+
+<p>"Leather prices have been tending upward all round. Heavy sole leather,
+which did not recede nearly as much as lighter grades in the slump of
+last winter, are now nearly back to the high point of early last fall.
+Union sole has advanced four cents since May 1, and for some varieties
+of leather above No. 9 iron the market is around eighty cents, against
+sixty-five cents earlier this spring.</p>
+
+<p>"In leather it is a case of all-round conservation, plus intensive
+effort for maximum output with government aid. Export
+license-restrictions have just been tightened, and most of what is
+shipped now goes to England. Neutrals must wait. In nine months to April
+1st we exported but 20,342,101 pounds of sole leather, against
+84,267,573 a year before. In March we shipped only 490,000 pounds to
+other countries than England, against 1,945,000 a year earlier. Hardly
+any is now moving save on British government order.</p>
+
+<p>"<del>Men't</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Men't">Men's</ins> shoes of higher quality and price will be affected chiefly by the
+requirement to carry soles as light as women's wear. This will involve
+either more frequent buying or more resort to tapping. Cheapest grades
+of shoes will be least affected, being almost wholly outside the
+military scope. In fact, some manufacturers of low-priced shoes have
+lately been enabled to use better material than usual, thanks to army
+'leavings.' It is the urgent advice of the Government and tanners that
+shoe manufacturers promptly conform to the new program and that
+consumers cheerfully accept it. Meanwhile, experiments are continuing
+under government direction as to further extension of the use of
+composition or even of wooden soles to help meet the increased demand
+and short supply equation in leather."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>FAIR PRICE LISTS</h3>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-054.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-054thumb.jpg" alt="&quot;Back on the Farm&quot;"
+       title="&quot;Back on the Farm&quot;" width="400" height="272" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Photo by P. Thompson</p>
+  <p class="caption">&quot;Back on the Farm&quot;</p>
+  <p class="description">The number of slaughterable animals
+    decreased in the United States and in Europe during the war.
+    The shortage of fats was helped by the production of more
+    animals, increasing the weight of those slaughtered, and by
+    changed methods of cooking, including the substitution of
+    vegetable oils for butter.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-054.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the plans to prevent the discontent arising from food speculation
+promoted by retailers and profiteers, was the preparation of fair price
+lists to protect the consumer. Every week new price lists were prepared
+so as to cover new fluctuation of cost to the retailer. These lists were
+given to the newspapers so that the consumer might be steadily informed
+and advised as to what he ought to pay the retailers in his city or
+town. It was shown how the patriotic retailer gained by the protection
+that this list <del>offorded</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads offorded">afforded</ins> him against the danger of unpatriotic
+profiteering. The United States Food Administration explained in a
+public statement the significance of the fair price lists. "They were
+nothing more," it said, "than bulletins to inform the public of the
+prices the retailer has to pay for certain foods, and the price he has
+to sell them to the consumer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Such a bulletin at one stroke does away with all the obscurity which
+too often veils the price increase which takes place at the hands of the
+retailer.</p>
+
+<p>"To give an example, it shows at just what price a retailer is able to
+buy oatmeal and at just what price he is entitled to sell it. If any
+retailer decides to set upon the food he has for sale a higher price
+than that which brings him a fair profit, he is labeling himself
+'Profiteer.' And thereafter it depends upon the public's own choice
+whether they shall trade with him or not.</p>
+
+<p>"In accordance with the plans of the Food Administration such a system
+of fair price lists is now in operation throughout the country. Every
+week new price lists are prepared so as to cover new fluctuations of
+cost to the retailer. And these up-to-the-minute fair price lists are
+given to the newspapers to print so that the consumer may be steadily
+informed and advised as to what he ought to pay the retailers in his
+city or town."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>HOW FAIR PRICE LISTS ARE MADE UP</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In theory the plan is the simplest imaginable. But it is complicated by
+the size of this country and by the variety of local food conditions
+which are bound to affect the price at which the retailer can buy and
+sell his foodstuffs. It would be utterly impossible to set forth one
+fair price list which would <em>be</em> fair for every spot in this country at
+any one time. A grocer in Calais, Maine, may be able to buy potatoes at
+a lower rate than a grocer in Snohomish, Washington. And the grocers of
+Red Oak, Iowa, may have to pay a different price from either. Obviously,
+each locality must determine its own fair price list.</p>
+
+<p>"This is done by establishing in every community or county where fair
+price lists are to be put out a Price Interpreting Board, consisting of
+representatives of wholesale grocers, retailers, and consumers. The
+County Food Administration or his representative should act as chairman
+of this board. Such boards include representatives of both 'Cash and
+Carry' stores and 'Credit and Delivery' stores. These boards secure from
+wholesale representatives the prices charged to the retailer for various
+staple foods. With this as a basis, plus their knowledge of local
+conditions, and guided by a schedule of maximum margins submitted to
+them by the Food Administration at Washington, they determine what is a
+reasonable profit at which the retailer may sell to the consumer. Thus
+the retailer does not have a scale of selling prices arbitrarily thrust
+upon him; he helps determine them himself."</p></div>
+
+<h3>PROFITEERING</h3>
+
+<p>The natural and inevitable results of war on living conditions with food
+shortage and high prices were an unfamiliar factor in American
+experience for two generations. The artificial product of war time
+industry, "profiteering," was hard to be evoluted and caused resentment
+against those responsible for the practice. To deal with profiteers was
+no easy matter. How can profiteering be discriminated from legitimate
+profit-taking? How, too, can its existence be proved, for high fixed
+prices are not always an evidence of profiteering methods. The
+complexities of the various trade practices lumped together under the
+term profiteering are illustrated in the pamphlet on <em>Profiteering</em>,
+issued by W. B. Colver, Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, in the
+form of a letter submitted on request to the U.S. Senate:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Survey of the petroleum field shows that the market, when under the
+control of dominating factors, such as Standard Oil, can be one of huge
+profits without the device of the high fixed price. No price for the
+public has been fixed upon petroleum and its products by the government.
+Unlike the situation in steel, flour, and coal, there has been as yet no
+government interference with the law of supply and demand except in the
+instances of government purchases. Under that law large profits may
+eventuate through the bidding up of prices by anxious buyers. And,
+moreover, even in the absence of this element, prices may be forced up
+by spreading false and misleading information concerning the condition
+of supply and demand. Reports, for instance, have been circulated that
+the supply of gasoline was endangered for the purpose of maintaining the
+high price of that product and the heavy profits from it. At different
+stages of the oil industry different products of petroleum have yielded
+the heavy profits. Kerosene was once the chief profit producer. Gasoline
+followed and superseded it as the chief producer of profits. Enormous
+profits are now being made in fuel oil, with the advantage to the
+refiner that the high price of that product meets no popular challenge.
+Gasoline is maintained at its present high price and produces heavy
+profits for the low cost refiners."</p></div>
+
+<h3>PROFITEERING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Similarly, the power of dominant factors in a given industry in
+maintaining high prices and harvesting unprecedented profits is shown in
+a survey of the meat packing situation. Five meat packers, Armour,
+Swift, Morris, Wilson, and Cudahy, and their subsidiary and affiliated
+companies, have monopolistic control of the meat industry and are
+reaching for like domination in other products. Their manipulations of
+the market embrace every device that is useful to them, without regard
+to law. Their reward, expressed in terms of profit, reveals that four of
+these concerns have pocketed in 1915, 1916, and 1917, $140,000,000.
+Comparisons between their present profits and those of the pre-war
+period are given below. However delicate a definition is framed for
+'profiteering,' these packers have preyed upon the people
+unconscionably. They are soon to come under further governmental
+regulation approved by Executive order."</p></div>
+
+<h3>PROFITEERING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY</h3>
+
+<p>Some further details on the methods of securing huge profits in the meat
+packing industry are given in the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"An exposition of the excess profits of four of the big meat packers
+(Armour, Swift, Morris, Cudahy, omitting Wilson as not comparable) is
+given in the fact that their aggregate average pre-war profit (1912,
+1913, and 1914) was $19,000,000; that in 1915 they earned $17,000,000
+excess profits over the pre-war period; in 1916, $36,000,000 more profit
+than in the pre-war period; and in 1917, $68,000,000 more profit
+than in the pre-war period. In the three war years from 1915 to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+
+1917 <del>there</del> <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads there">their</ins>
+total profits have reached the astounding figure of $140,000,000, of
+which $121,000,000 represents excess over their pre-war profits.</p>
+
+<p>"These great increases in profits are not due solely to increased volume
+of business. The sales of these companies in this period increased 150
+per cent., much of this increase being due to higher prices rather than
+to increased volume by weight, but the return of profit increased 400
+per cent., or two and one-half times as much as the sales.</p>
+
+<p>"The profit taken by Morris &amp; Co. for the fiscal year ended November
+1, 1917, is equal to a rate of 18.6 per cent. on the net worth of the
+company (capital and surplus) and 263.7 per cent. on the three millions
+of capital stock outstanding. In the case of the other four companies
+the earned rate on common capital stock is much lower&mdash;from 27 per
+cent. to 47 per cent.&mdash;but the reason for this is that these
+companies have from time to time declared stock dividends and in other
+ways capitalized their growing surpluses. Thus Armour in 1916 raised its
+capital stock from twenty millions to one hundred millions without
+receiving a dollar more of cash. If Swift, Wilson, Cudahy, and Armour
+had followed the practice of Morris in not capitalizing their surpluses
+(accumulated from excessive profits), they too would now show an
+enormous rate of profit on their original capital."</p></div>
+
+<h3>JUGGLING OF ACCOUNTS&mdash;HUGE SALARIES</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Colver gives information supported by trustworthy data on other
+devious and subtle types of profiteering practices:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In cases where the government fixes a definite margin on profit above
+costs, as in the case of flour, there is a considerable incentive to a
+fictitious enhancement of costs through account juggling. This has added
+to the volume of unusual profits. Increase of cost showing on the
+producers' books can be accomplished in various ways. The item of
+depreciation can be padded. Officers' salaries can be increased.
+Interest on investment can be included in cost. New construction can be
+recorded as repairs. Fictitious valuations on raw material can be added,
+and inventories can be manipulated.</p>
+
+<p>"The Federal Trade Commission has been vigilant and untiring in its
+exclusion of these practices. An instance of this practice was afforded
+by the Ismert-Hincke Milling Co., of Kansas City, Mo. This company
+padded its costs by heavily increasing all its officers' salaries and by
+manipulating the inventory value of flour bags on hand. As evidence of
+the length to which padding can be carried, it may be added that this
+company even included in its costs the gift of an automobile which it
+charged to advertising expenses. This case was heard of by the
+commission for the Food Administration. The commission recommended
+revocation of license and the recommendation was followed.</p>
+
+<p>"Payment of extraordinary salaries and in some instances bonuses to
+executives of corporations have been found by the commission during its
+investigations."</p></div>
+
+<h3>WAR COST OF LIVING</h3>
+
+<p>A complete synopsis of the cost of living situation in the United
+States, during the four <del>pears'</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads pears'">years'</ins>
+period July, 1914, to June, 1918, was issued by the National Industrial
+Conference Board after a country-wide survey. The basis taken was that
+of family budgets divided under five heads: food, shelter, clothing,
+fuel and light, and sundries. The average increase for the period was
+shown to be between 50 and 55 per cent. The most marked advance was in
+clothing, 77 per cent. But the food advance of 62 per cent. was really
+more important because food represented 43 per cent. of the average
+expenditure, while clothing represented only 13 per cent. Wholesale
+prices, the report pointed out, are not to be relied upon in estimating
+the cost of living, because many articles enter only indirectly into the
+family budget. Often, too, wholesale prices are not reflected in retail
+prices until months later. The estimates given by the Board were based
+upon the expenditures of eleven thousand families:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In reaching 52.3 per cent. as the amount of increase in the cost of
+living for the four years' period, the expenditures of 11,000 families
+were considered. Following is a table in which besides the 52.3 per
+cent. for all items entering into the family budget, the percentage for
+rent, clothing, fuel, and light, and sundries are given:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="cost of living increase">
+<tr><th>Budget Item</th><th>Per Cent. Distribution of Family Expenditure</th><th>Per Cent. Inc. in Cost Dur'g War Period to June, 1918</th><th>Per Cent. Increase as Related to Total Budget</th></tr>
+<tr><td>All items.</td><td class="numeric">100.0</td><td class="numeric">..</td><td class="numeric">52.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Food</td><td class="numeric">43.1</td><td class="numeric">62</td><td class="numeric">26.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rent</td><td class="numeric">17.7</td><td class="numeric">15</td><td class="numeric">2.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clothing</td><td class="numeric">13.2</td><td class="numeric">77</td><td class="numeric">10.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fuel and light</td><td class="numeric">5.6</td><td class="numeric">45</td><td class="numeric">2.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundries</td><td class="numeric">20.4</td><td class="numeric">50</td><td class="numeric">10.2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The figures examined prove that there was a fair similarity of increase
+in the different sections of the country. The advance in rent in the
+dwelling places of the average wage earner was put down at 15 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>"A general summary is given of changes in the cost of living among
+industrial workers as presented by the Railroad Wage Commission
+for the period between December, 1915, and the end of April,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+
+1918, as follows:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="cost of living by income">
+<tr><td></td><th class="numeric">Per Cent.</th></tr>
+<tr><td>For families with incomes up to $600</td><td class="numeric">43</td></tr>
+<tr><td>For families with incomes from $600 to $1,000</td><td class="numeric">41</td></tr>
+<tr><td>For families with incomes from $1,000 to $2,000</td><td class="numeric">40</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"By the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen the advance in
+living costs between 1914 and 1917 was placed at 43 per cent. Conditions
+among ship-building workers on the Pacific coast, as arrived at by the
+United States Shipping Board, indicated that between June, 1916, and
+February, 1918, living costs had gone up 46 per cent. A table is given
+which shows relative increase in the cost of food as measured by
+wholesale and retail prices for the past six years."</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="Relative wholesale prices">
+<col width="40%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<tr><th rowspan="2">Year and Month</th><th colspan="2">Relative Wholesale Price of</th><th rowspan="2">Relative Retail Price of Food</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Farm Products</th><th>Food, Etc.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">1913</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Average for year</td><td class="numeric">100</td><td class="numeric">100</td><td class="numeric">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January</td><td class="numeric">97</td><td class="numeric">99</td><td class="numeric">98</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April</td><td class="numeric">97</td><td class="numeric">96</td><td class="numeric">98</td></tr>
+<tr><td>July</td><td class="numeric">101</td><td class="numeric">101</td><td class="numeric">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October</td><td class="numeric">103</td><td class="numeric">102</td><td class="numeric">104</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">1914</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Average for year</td><td class="numeric">103</td><td class="numeric">103</td><td class="numeric">102</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January</td><td class="numeric">101</td><td class="numeric">102</td><td class="numeric">104</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April</td><td class="numeric">103</td><td class="numeric">95</td><td class="numeric">97</td></tr>
+<tr><td>July</td><td class="numeric">104</td><td class="numeric">103</td><td class="numeric">102</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October</td><td class="numeric">103</td><td class="numeric">107</td><td class="numeric">105</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">1915</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Average for year</td><td class="numeric">105</td><td class="numeric">104</td><td class="numeric">101</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January</td><td class="numeric">102</td><td class="numeric">106</td><td class="numeric">103</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April</td><td class="numeric">107</td><td class="numeric">105</td><td class="numeric">99</td></tr>
+<tr><td>July</td><td class="numeric">108</td><td class="numeric">104</td><td class="numeric">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October</td><td class="numeric">105</td><td class="numeric">104</td><td class="numeric">103</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">1916</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Average for year</td><td class="numeric">122</td><td class="numeric">126</td><td class="numeric">114</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January</td><td class="numeric">108</td><td class="numeric">114</td><td class="numeric">107</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April</td><td class="numeric">114</td><td class="numeric">117</td><td class="numeric">109</td></tr>
+<tr><td>July</td><td class="numeric">118</td><td class="numeric">121</td><td class="numeric">111</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October</td><td class="numeric">136</td><td class="numeric">140</td><td class="numeric">121</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">1917</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Average for year</td><td class="numeric">188</td><td class="numeric">177</td><td class="numeric">146</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January</td><td class="numeric">147</td><td class="numeric">150</td><td class="numeric">128</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April</td><td class="numeric">180</td><td class="numeric">182</td><td class="numeric">145</td></tr>
+<tr><td>July</td><td class="numeric">198</td><td class="numeric">180</td><td class="numeric">146</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October</td><td class="numeric">207</td><td class="numeric">183</td><td class="numeric">157</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">1918</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January</td><td class="numeric">208</td><td class="numeric">188</td><td class="numeric">160</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April</td><td class="numeric">217</td><td class="numeric">179</td><td class="numeric">154</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>CIVIL WAR COST OF LIVING</h3>
+
+<p>The Civil War years of the United States were always remembered as the
+era of high prices. Yet it is interesting to know that the increase in
+living cost after the United States had been in war one year was greater
+than the increases in the fourth year of the Civil War. During the Civil
+War prices rose from 100 to 117 per cent., but necessities were
+relatively cheaper than at present because the currency was depreciated.
+In January, 1864, gold was at a premium of 52 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson David Fite, assistant professor of history in Yale University,
+describes "Social and Industrial Conditions During the Civil War" as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The situation in New York City at the end of the year 1863 is typical
+of the period. Eggs had then reached 25 cents per dozen, from 15 cents
+in 1861; cheese, 18 cents from 8 cents; potatoes, $2.25 from $1.50 per
+bushel, and for all the necessities of life there was an advance ranging
+from 60 to 75 and in some cases even 100 per cent. Wages, on the other
+hand, lagged behind; the blacksmith's increase was only from $1.75 to $2
+per day, that of common laborers from $1 to $1.25, that of bricklayers
+from $1.25 to $2, and the average increase in all the trades was about
+25 per cent., or less than one-half the increase of prices. The winter
+of 1863&mdash;64 and the ensuing months were accordingly a time of unusual
+industrial unrest, which increased in severity as the discrepancy
+between wages and prices continued. The dollar was slowly but surely
+diminishing in value, and labor engaged in a determined struggle to
+force wages up, capital to keep them down. The advantage lay with the
+employing classes, but labor in 1864 recovered much of the ground that
+had been lost in the two previous years, and the war closed with wages
+much nearer prices than a year earlier. It was generally agreed at the
+time that prices during the entire war period advanced approximately 100
+per cent. and wages from 50 to 60 per cent."</p></div>
+
+<h3>WHERE THE COST OF LIVES WEIGHED THE MOST</h3>
+
+<p>The rapid rise in the cost of living was much more severely felt by the
+classes of the population dependent upon small or less rigid incomes. In
+many industries wages increased faster than <del>everage</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads everage">average</ins> living expenses.
+Figures published by the New York Labor Bureau show that the sum
+distributed in wages to industrial workers was substantially doubled in
+the four years of warfare. Investigation conducted by the National
+Industrial Board of Boston showed that there had been an increase of 50
+to 55 per cent. in the budget of the average wage earner from July,
+1914, to June, 1918.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The increases for the different items are given
+as follows:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="Increased cost for different items">
+<col width="70%" />
+<col width="30%" />
+<tr><td>Food</td><td class="numeric">62%</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rent</td><td class="numeric">15%</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clothing</td><td class="numeric">77%</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fuel and light</td><td class="numeric">45%</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundries</td><td class="numeric">50%</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Average increase (depending on apportionment of these respective
+items in the family budget)</td><td class="numeric">50% to 55%</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In explanation of these figures the report goes on to say:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'In combining the percentages of increase for the respective items, in
+order to determine the average increase for the budget as a
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+
+whole, food was taken as constituting 43 per cent. of the total family
+expenditure, rent 18 per cent., clothing 13 per cent., fuel and light 6
+per cent., and sundries 20 per cent. Applying the Board's percentages of
+increase for the respective items to this distribution of the budget,
+the average increase is 52 per cent. The distribution of budget items
+just given is an average based on cost of living studies made by several
+United States Government bureaus and other agencies, covering in all
+12,000 families.</p>
+
+<p>"The proportions of these major items of expenditure can be varied
+within narrow limits, but no reasonable arrangement would cause a wide
+change in the increase in the total cost of living as given above. For
+instance, if, instead of this average distribution of the budget, food
+be allocated as much as 45 per cent., rent and clothing 15 per cent.
+each, fuel and light 5 per cent., and sundries 20 per cent., the
+indicated increase in the total cost of living, using the Board's
+percentages of increase for the respective items, would be 54 per cent."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>All articles of food, we are told, show a considerable increase in price
+since 1914, exceptional advances being recorded in the case of flour,
+lard, and cornmeal. The item of rent, says the report, "showed such wide
+variation that no general average applicable to all sections of the
+country could be reached," but the 15 per cent. estimate "is apparently
+ample to cover the increase in wage-earners' rents in New York, Chicago,
+Philadelphia, Boston, and St. Louis, which alone include several
+millions of the country's industrial population." Of the increase in
+clothing prices we read:</p>
+
+<h3>INCREASED COST FOR WEARING APPAREL</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Information secured from retail stores in cities well distributed
+throughout the country indicates increases in prices of the most common
+articles of wearing apparel, ranging from 50.5 per cent. for women's
+dollar blouses up to 161 per cent. for men's overalls. Striking
+increases occurred in the prices of certain yard goods, where advances
+in cost over 1914 prices amounted, in a number of cases, to more than
+100 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>"Men's hosiery, selling for 15 cents in 1914, cost in June, 1918,
+usually not less than 25 cents, and women's hosiery, selling for 25
+cents four years ago, brought 45 cents in June of this year. Knit
+underwear, the report finds, had increased nearly 100 per cent. Women's
+shoes of a standard grade increased 88.5 per cent.; men's 69 per cent.
+Women's kid gloves which in 1914 cost $1 averaged more than $2 in June,
+1918.</p>
+
+<p>"The report places the average rise in the total clothing budget since
+1914 at 77 per cent. This increase compares with an increase of 51.33
+per cent. between 1914 and 1917 for families in the ship building
+districts of Philadelphia and an increase of 54.21 per cent. among
+similar families in the ship building district of New York, as reported
+by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The difference between
+these increases and the Board's figure of 77 per cent. is largely
+explained by the difference in the period of time covered; clothing
+prices have continued to advance since 1917. Further increases in the
+fall of 1918 were, moreover, clearly indicated by the statements of
+retail dealers."</p></div>
+
+<h3>WAR PRICES AND LUXURY IMPORTS</h3>
+
+<p>In spite of the contention that war-time conditions led to an increased
+standard of luxurious living, statistics of imports indicated a rapid
+fall in articles of luxury brought into the country. In the fiscal year,
+1918, there was a material decline compared with the preceding year and
+a marked decline when compared with the year before the war:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A recent compilation by the National City Bank shows this in
+practically all imports usually classed as luxuries. That the imports
+should be less than before the war was quite natural by reason of the
+fact that many articles of this character originated in European
+countries, some in countries with which we are now at war, and some with
+our Allies who are otherwise too busily employed.</p>
+
+<p>"In art works, for example, the value of the imports of 1918 was only
+about $11,000,000 against $23,000,000 in 1917, and $35,000,000 in the
+fiscal year 1914. In automobiles the value in 1918 was about $50,000
+against nearly $2,000,000 in 1913, and more than $2,000,000 in 1912,
+while the average value per machine imported in 1918 was less than
+one-half what it was before the war. Decorated china imported in 1918
+was about $3,500,000 in value against practically $8,000,000 in 1914. Of
+cotton laces imported in 1918 the value was about $10,000,000 against
+$16,500,000 in 1917, and nearly $34,000,000 in 1914. Of silk laces the
+1918 imports were valued at little more than one-half those of 1914. Of
+cotton plushes and velvets the quantity in 1918 was less than 1,000,000
+yards against more than 3,000,000 in 1917, and practically 5,000,000 in
+1914. Of ostrich feathers, in 1918 the imports were valued at nearly
+$1,000,000 against nearly $4,000,000 in 1914 and over $6,000,000 in
+1913. In precious stones the total for 1918 was only about $32,000,000
+against $47,000,000 in 1917 and $50,000,000 in 1913; while of pearls
+alone the value in 1918 was less than $2,000,000 against over $8,000,000
+in 1917, and more than $10,000,000 in 1916.</p>
+
+<p>"In articles of food usually classed as luxuries there was also a marked
+fall. Cheese imported in 1918 amounted to about 9,000,000 pounds against
+15,000,000 in 1917, and 64,000,000 in 1914. Of currants the imports of
+1918 were over 5,000,000 pounds against 25,000,000 in 1916 and
+32,000,000 in 1914, and of dates only 6,000,000 pounds in 1918
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+
+against 34,000,000 in 1914; while olives and olive oil showed totals in
+1918 of about one-half those of the year before the war."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+  <img src="images/ill-059.png" width="900" height="338"
+       alt="The Nations and Their Wheat Supply"
+     title="The Nations and Their Wheat Supply" />
+  <p class="caption">The Nations and Their Wheat Supply</p>
+  <p class="description">Under the Lever Bill, which became the Food
+    Control Law after the United States declared war, the President
+    was authorized to fix a reasonable guaranteed price for wheat.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>GOOD EFFECTS OF PRICE CONTROL</h3>
+
+<p>It became accepted on all sides that price control was the one method to
+correct the inequalities of war conditions. It was necessary to prevent
+the poorer classes in the population from having an inadequate
+consumption of wealth. There was the political side, too. Price control
+had an effect on the morale of large strata of the population. It acted
+as a bulwark against the rising tide of discontent and internal
+dissension incident to warfare on a democratic scale. Mr. Sydney Webb, a
+well known English student of labor problems, conceded that the British
+government had by its system of price control been fairly successful in
+staving off any general fall in the standard of life in its people. How
+the system worked is summarized by him in the following passage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"What has been successful in Great Britain in economizing supplies has
+been a widespread appeal to the whole nation to limit its consumption of
+wheaten bread (4 pounds per week), meat (2&frac12; pounds per week), and
+sugar (&frac34; of a pound per week) to a prescribed maximum per person
+in the household; and to make up the necessary subsistence by the use of
+substitutes, such as fish, other cereals than wheat, and other
+vegetables than potatoes, of which the crop throughout all Europe has
+largely failed. More efficacious still has been the absolute government
+monopoly of sugar, secured at the very beginning of the war, and the
+drastic restriction of the total quantity allowed to be issued from
+store, the aggregate reduction being thus infallibly secured, and the
+retailers being left to share what sugar they obtained among their
+customers. It has been found useful, too, to make the wheaten flour go
+farther by compelling all the millers to include both an increased
+proportion of bran and a certain proportion of other cereals. More
+drastic measures are near at hand."</p></div>
+
+<h3>STAY-AT-HOMES WHO MADE MONEY</h3>
+
+<p>The important effort, as seen by the <cite>Economist</cite>, was to back up the
+armies at the front by a policy of self-<del>sacrifce</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads sacrifce">sacrifice</ins> at home, and it spoke
+in <del>drastice</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads drastice">drastic</ins> terms of the constant evidence of profiteering among certain
+classes in England. The contrast in the attitudes of those at the front
+and those active in business life is set forth in the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"One of the most curious and interesting psychological facts of the war
+is the manner in which one man goes to the front and becomes a hero and
+a <span lang="fr">preux chevalier</span>, while another, just like him in training and blood
+and outlook, stays at home and works for spoils, whether in wages or
+profits, resenting taxation, grumbling about his food, and seeming to
+think that this war for justice was invented to increase his wealth and
+comfort."</p></div>
+
+<h3>PRICE CONTROL IN UNITED STATES</h3>
+
+<p>Although price control is a measure disapproved of by economists,
+experience has shown that for certain products, such as wheat
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+
+and flour, it produced good results. In the case of bituminous coal,
+Professor Anderson of Harvard said that it had probably done much harm
+and little good, because the cut in price was too drastic. One good
+feature of the price control system was the ability to apply it to draft
+labor from non-essential industries to the production of munitions and
+necessities of life. It was possible to do this by refusing coal,
+copper, steel and freight cars to the non-essential industries. How the
+Food Administration came to be a general price fixing body is explained
+in the following article by a member of the Food Administration:</p>
+
+<h3>WHEAT AT $2.20 A BUSHEL</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There are many evidences that price fixing has come to lodge itself as
+an unwelcome factor in the program of the Food Administration. Price
+fixing came to be a fact even while avoided as a theory, and eventually
+it has become necessary to face it, if not to accept it, even as a
+theory. What are the evidences that price fixing is essentially involved
+in the program of the Food Administration? One piece of evidence lies in
+the fact that when once you have fixed the price of one commodity the
+condition is bound to be reflected in other commodities. In fixing the
+price of wheat Congress fixed as well, though not so explicitly, the
+price of corn, and hogs, and sugar beets. The determining and
+administering of these prices it left to the Food Administration.</p>
+
+<p>"A further evidence that the Food Administration could not avoid the
+onus of price fixing lies in the reasons for which the Administration
+was brought into existence and the services it was created to perform.
+The Food Administration is a war agency. Its chief purpose is the
+feeding of warring nations, our own nation and the Allies. All its other
+activities, its conservation, its stabilization of trade processes, its
+encouragement of production, are tributary to the one purpose of
+segregating stocks of food for the effective prosecution of the war.
+This latter purpose, in fact, takes the Food Administration directly or
+indirectly into the market.... By Section 14 of the Lever Bill, which
+became the Food Control Law, the President is authorized from time to
+time to determine and fix a reasonable guaranteed price for wheat and
+this section itself fixed the price for the crop of 1918 at not less
+than $2 per bushel at the principal interior primary markets. Pursuant
+to this section the President has, by two separate decrees, set the
+price of 1917 wheat and of the 1918 crop at $2.20 per bushel. Section 11
+of the law authorizes the President to purchase and store and sell
+wheat and flour, meal, beans, and potatoes. Manifestly any purchase so
+made by the government would in effect fix the price. Aside from these
+delegations of power no authority is given by the Food Control Law to
+fix prices. And yet a study of the operations of these provisions as
+well as a regard for the implications of other functions of the Food
+Administration carry the conviction that price fixing is a necessary and
+inescapable corollary of the effective prosecution of the Food
+Administration program."</p></div>
+
+<h3>PRICE LEVEL, NOVEMBER, 1918</h3>
+
+<p>With the close of military operations there was noted a slight decline
+in commodity prices; how far the downward tendency would reach was
+considered a moot point. The apparent zenith point in prices was
+attained in July, 1918, but <cite>Bradstreet's</cite> prudently thought it unwise
+to indulge in any prophecies regarding low prices. The increased demand
+for food products among the stricken peoples of Europe would, it was
+believed, prevent any considerable fall in prices. There was not much to
+encourage consumers in the study of the index numbers of food
+commodities. The writer in <cite>Bradstreet's</cite> shows a wide range of price
+movements in the following table, in which are given the index numbers
+based on the prices per pound of ninety-six articles:</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="price movement">
+<col class="left" /><col class="numeric" /><col class="numeric" /><col class="numeric" />
+<col class="numeric" /><col class="numeric" /><col class="numeric" /><col class="numeric" />
+<tr><td></td><th>1912</th><th>1913</th><th>1914</th><th>1915</th><th>1916</th><th>1917</th><th>1918</th></tr>
+<tr><td>January</td><td>8.9493</td><td>9.4935</td><td>8.8857</td><td>9.1431</td><td>10.9163</td><td>13.7277</td><td>17.9636</td></tr>
+<tr><td>February</td><td>8.9578</td><td>9.4592</td><td>8.8619</td><td>9.6621</td><td>11.1415</td><td>13.9427</td><td>18.0776</td></tr>
+<tr><td>March</td><td>8.9019</td><td>9.4052</td><td>8.8320</td><td>9.6197</td><td>11.3760</td><td>14.1360</td><td>18.0732</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April</td><td>9.0978</td><td>9.2976</td><td>8.7562</td><td>9.7753</td><td>11.7598</td><td>14.5769</td><td>18.4656</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May</td><td>9.2696</td><td>9.1394</td><td>8.6224</td><td>9.7978</td><td>11.7485</td><td>15.1208</td><td>18.9133</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June</td><td>9.1017</td><td>9.0721</td><td>8.6220</td><td>9.7428</td><td>11.6887</td><td>15.4680</td><td>19.0091</td></tr>
+<tr><td>July</td><td>9.1119</td><td>8.9522</td><td>8.6566</td><td>9.8698</td><td>11.5294</td><td>16.0680</td><td>19.1849</td></tr>
+<tr><td>August</td><td>9.1595</td><td>9.0115</td><td>8.7087</td><td>9.8213</td><td>11.4414</td><td>16.3985</td><td>19.1162</td></tr>
+<tr><td>August 15</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.8495</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>September</td><td>9.2157</td><td>9.1006</td><td>9.7572</td><td>9.8034</td><td>11.7803</td><td>16.6441</td><td>19.0485</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October</td><td>9.4515</td><td>9.1526</td><td>9.2416</td><td>9.9774</td><td>12.0699</td><td>16.9135</td><td>19.0167</td></tr>
+<tr><td>November</td><td>9.4781</td><td>9.2252</td><td>8.8620</td><td>10.3768</td><td>12.7992</td><td>17.0701</td><td>18.9110</td></tr>
+<tr><td>December</td><td>9.5462</td><td>9.2290</td><td>9.0354</td><td>10.6473</td><td>13.6628</td><td>17.5966</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The groups that make up the index number
+are as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="groups that make up the index">
+<tr><td></td><th>Nov. 1, 1917</th><th>Sept. 1, 1918</th><th>Oct. 1, 1918</th><th>Nov. 1, 1918</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Breadstuffs</td><td class="numeric">$0.2105</td><td class="numeric">$0.2077</td><td class="numeric">$0.2026</td><td class="numeric">$0.1999</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Live stock</td><td class="numeric">.6785</td><td class="numeric">.7400</td><td class="numeric">.7100</td><td class="numeric">.6960</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Provisions</td><td class="numeric">4.0285</td><td class="numeric">4.3264</td><td class="numeric">4.5359</td><td class="numeric">4.5889</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fruits</td><td class="numeric">.4288</td><td class="numeric">.3725</td><td class="numeric">.3725</td><td class="numeric">.3725</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hides and leather</td><td class="numeric">2.3900</td><td class="numeric">2.2150</td><td class="numeric">2.2150</td><td class="numeric">2.2050</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Textiles</td><td class="numeric">5.1179</td><td class="numeric">5.8742</td><td class="numeric">5.7554</td><td class="numeric">5.7029</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Metals</td><td class="numeric">1.1477</td><td class="numeric">1.4233</td><td class="numeric">1.3662</td><td class="numeric">1.3062</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coal and coke</td><td class="numeric">.0101</td><td class="numeric">.0119</td><td class="numeric">.0120</td><td class="numeric">.0120</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oils</td><td class="numeric">.9084</td><td class="numeric">1.3185</td><td class="numeric">1.3121</td><td class="numeric">1.2734</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Naval stores</td><td class="numeric">.0956</td><td class="numeric">.1295</td><td class="numeric">.1255</td><td class="numeric">.1348</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Building materials</td><td class="numeric">.1448</td><td class="numeric">.2047</td><td class="numeric">.2047</td><td class="numeric">.2046</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chemicals and drugs</td><td class="numeric">1.4261</td><td class="numeric">1.5153</td><td class="numeric">1.5253</td><td class="numeric">1.5278</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Miscellaneous</td><td class="numeric">.4832</td><td class="numeric">.7095</td><td class="numeric">.6795</td><td class="numeric">.6870</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total</td><td class="numeric">$17.0701</td><td class="numeric">$19.0485</td><td class="numeric">$19.0167</td><td class="numeric">$18.9110</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-061.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-061thumb.jpg" alt="A Municipal Canning Station"
+       title="A Municipal Canning Station" width="400" height="272" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Photo by P. Thompson</p>
+  <p class="caption">A Municipal Canning Station</p>
+  <p class="description">In city establishments like the one shown
+    above, food that would otherwise go to waste in the markets was
+    saved, and women were instructed in the best methods of putting
+    up fruits and vegetables for winter use.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-061.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>FOOD CONDITIONS AND PRICE LEVEL, 1919</h3>
+
+<p>A clear summary of the food situation and price conditions in the
+half-year succeeding the armistice is to be found in the Federal
+Commission's Memorandum on food stocks and wholesale prices, June, 1919:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The comparative amounts of food stocks on hand June 1, 1919, as against
+June 1, 1918, in the case of many important foods, show that the stocks
+are considerably larger.</p>
+
+<p>"On June 1, 1918, the United States stocks were in demand for feeding
+the armies of the Allies as well as the civilian population. The fact
+that stocks of many important foods were much larger on June 1, 1919,
+while prices were as high or higher, apparently, means that they are
+being withheld speculatively for a world demand which is not now here
+but which is expected when hunger-impelled strikes secure higher wages
+with which higher food prices can be paid.</p>
+
+<p>"The statistics of stocks are from the latest and last issue of the
+Bureau of Markets 'Food Surveys,' June 27, 1919. We use the quantities
+reported by identical firms for 1918 and 1919. (Stocks held June 1,
+1919, by other firms not reporting for June 1, 1918, increase the actual
+stocks from 5 or 10 per cent. up to 20 or 25 per cent. over the
+comparable stocks). The stocks are those in warehouses and cold storage
+houses and in hands of wholesale dealers. Retail stocks are not
+reported. The prices are wholesale prices, furnished by the Bureau of
+Labor Statistics, for the first Tuesday in June.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<table class="standard" summary="Commodities increasing in stocks and in price">
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<tr><th colspan="8">COMMODITIES INCREASING IN STOCKS AND IN PRICE<br />(Wholesale Prices)</th></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Commodity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of quantity</td>
+  <td colspan="3">Quantity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of Price</td><td colspan="2">Price</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>June, 1919</td><td>June, 1918</td><td>Per cent increase 1919 over 1918</td>
+  <td>June 1919</td><td>June 1918</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Wheat</td><td class="center">Bushel</td><td class="numeric">41,955,167</td>
+  <td class="numeric">15,286,331</td><td class="numeric">174.5</td>
+  <td class="center" rowspan="2">Dollars per bu.</td><td class="numeric">2.51</td>
+  <td class="numeric">2.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">2.46</td><td class="numeric">2.17</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Wheat flour</td><td class="center">Barrel</td>
+  <td class="numeric">3,942,205</td><td class="numeric">3,236,671</td>
+  <td class="numeric">21.8</td><td rowspan="2" class="center">Dollars per bbl.</td>
+  <td class="numeric">12 - 12.20</td><td class="numeric">9.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">11.50 - 11.80</td><td class="numeric">9.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canned salmon</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">99,203,544</td>
+  <td class="numeric">82,616,582</td><td class="numeric">20.1</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per doz. No. 2 cans</td><td class="numeric">2.70 - 2.75</td>
+  <td class="numeric">2.70</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Canned corn</td><td class="center">Pound</td>
+  <td class="numeric">81,233,023</td><td class="numeric">42,352,994</td>
+  <td class="numeric">91.8</td><td rowspan="2" class="center">Dollars per doz. No. 2 cans</td>
+  <td></td><td class="numeric">1.70</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td>1.75-(Mch)</td><td class="numeric">1.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Fresh eggs</td><td class="center">Case</td>
+  <td class="numeric">5,975,817</td><td class="numeric">5,441,560</td>
+  <td class="numeric">9.8</td><td rowspan="2" class="center">Cents per doz.</td>
+  <td class="numeric">40 - 40&frac12;</td><td class="numeric">29</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td></td><td class="numeric">30&frac34;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Butter (creamery)</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">29,190,222</td>
+  <td class="numeric">12,749,055</td><td class="numeric">129.0</td>
+  <td class="center">Cents per lb.</td><td class="numeric">53</td>
+  <td class="numeric">41</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Salt Beef</td><td class="center">Pound</td>
+  <td class="numeric">25,701,138</td><td class="numeric">24,962,881</td>
+  <td class="numeric">3.0</td><td rowspan="2" class="center">Dollars per bbl.</td>
+  <td class="numeric">35.00</td><td class="numeric">32.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">36.00</td><td class="numeric">34.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Frozen fowls</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">10,962,670</td>
+  <td class="numeric">2,749,077</td><td class="numeric">298.8</td>
+  <td class="center">Cents per lb.</td><td class="numeric">37&frac12;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">34&frac12;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="standard" summary="Commodities increasing in stocks and decreasing in price">
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<tr><th colspan="8">COMMODITIES INCREASING IN STOCKS AND DECREASING IN PRICE.<br />(Wholesale Prices.)</th></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Commodity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of quantity</td>
+  <td colspan="3">Quantity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of Price</td><td colspan="2">Price</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June, 1919</td><td>June, 1918</td><td>Percent increase</td><td>June 1919</td>
+  <td>June 1918</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barley</td><td class="center">Bushel</td><td class="numeric">16,399,396</td>
+  <td class="numeric">7,916,073</td><td class="numeric">107.2</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per bu.</td><td class="numeric">1.19 - 1.27</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1.21 - 1.26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rye</td><td class="center">Bushel</td><td class="numeric">11,613,127</td>
+  <td class="numeric">3,355,349</td><td class="numeric">246.1</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per bu.</td><td class="numeric">1.53&frac12;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1.73</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Buckwheat Flour</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">18,053,230</td>
+  <td class="numeric">5,523,850</td><td class="numeric">226.8</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per cwt</td><td class="numeric">5.00(Apr)</td>
+  <td class="numeric">5.75 6.25(Apr)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canned Tomatoes</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">179,101,286</td>
+  <td class="numeric">88,531,024</td><td class="numeric">102.3</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per doz. No. 3 cans</td><td class="numeric">2.05 (Dec'18)</td>
+  <td class="numeric">2.30</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<table class="standard" summary="Commodities decreasing in stocks and in price">
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<tr><th colspan="8">COMMODITIES DECREASING IN STOCKS AND IN PRICE.<br />(Wholesale Prices)</th></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Commodity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of quantity</td>
+  <td colspan="3">Quantity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of Price</td><td colspan="2">Price</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June, 1919</td><td>June, 1918</td><td class="numeric">Percent increase</td>
+  <td class="numeric">June 1919</td><td class="numeric">June 1918</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oats</td><td class="center">Bushel</td><td class="numeric">37,827,343</td>
+  <td class="numeric">41,763,555</td><td class="numeric">9.4</td>
+  <td class="center">Cents per bu.</td><td class="numeric">69</td>
+  <td class="numeric">73&frac12;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corn Meal</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">34,231,066</td>
+  <td class="numeric">117,674,918</td><td class="numeric">70.9</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per cwt</td><td class="numeric">3.90</td>
+  <td class="numeric">4.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beans</td><td class="center">Bushel</td><td class="numeric">4,252,451</td>
+  <td class="numeric">4,408,686</td><td class="numeric">3.5</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per cwt</td><td class="numeric">7.75 - 8.00</td>
+  <td class="numeric">12.25 - 12.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Rice (Blue Rose) (Honduras)</td><td class="center">Pound</td>
+  <td class="numeric">75,134,920</td><td class="numeric">80,727,516</td>
+  <td class="numeric">6.9</td><td rowspan="2" class="center">Cents per lb.</td>
+  <td class="numeric">6 - 7<sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td><td class="numeric">8.5 - 8.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">9<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub><a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a>
+  <a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a><a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11">
+  </a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></td>
+  <td class="numeric">8&frac12; - 9<sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>First week JUNE.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>Increase in price.</p></div>
+
+<table class="standard" summary="Commodities decreasing in stocks and increasing in price">
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<tr><th colspan="8">COMMODITIES DECREASING IN STOCKS AND INCREASING IN PRICE.<br />(Wholesale Prices)</th></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Commodity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of quantity</td>
+  <td colspan="3">Quantity</td><td rowspan="2">Unit of Price</td><td colspan="2">Price</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June, 1919</td><td>June, 1918</td><td class="numeric">Percent increase</td>
+  <td class="numeric">June 1919</td><td class="numeric">June 1918</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corn</td><td class="center">Bushel</td><td class="numeric">13,260,910</td>
+  <td class="numeric">27,883,361</td><td class="numeric">52.4</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per bu.</td><td class="numeric">1.76 - 1.77</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1.50 - 1.55</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sugar</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">207,622,237</td>
+  <td class="numeric">217,632,365</td><td class="numeric">4.6</td>
+  <td class="center">Cents per lb.</td><td class="numeric">8.82</td>
+  <td class="numeric">7.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cheese (American)</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">10,174,502</td>
+  <td class="numeric">15,875,236</td><td class="numeric">35.9</td>
+  <td class="center">Cents per lb.</td><td class="numeric">31</td>
+  <td class="numeric">21&frac12;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dry Salt Pork</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">395,940,437</td>
+  <td class="numeric">488,344,838</td><td class="numeric">18.9</td>
+  <td class="center">Dollars per bbl.</td><td class="numeric">58.00 - 58.50</td>
+  <td class="numeric">48-50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lard</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">81,275,392</td>
+  <td class="numeric">106,649,588</td><td class="numeric">23.8</td>
+  <td class="center">Cents per lb.</td><td class="numeric">33.80 - 34.30</td>
+  <td class="numeric">24.15 - 24.25</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following data, taken from the <cite>Monthly Labor Review</cite> of July 1919,
+give a survey of the retail prices of food in the United States:</p>
+
+<table class="standard" summary="Retail food prices">
+<tr><th colspan="15">AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES AND PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE UNITED STATES<br /> MAY 15 OF EACH SPECIFIED YEAR COMPARED WITH MAY 15, 1913</th></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2">Article</td><td rowspan="2">Unit</td>
+  <td colspan="7">Average retail prices, May 15&mdash;</td>
+  <td colspan="6">Per cent of increase (+) or decrease (-) May 15 of each specified year compared with May 15, 1913.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1913</td><td>1914</td><td>1915</td><td>1916</td><td>1917</td>
+  <td>1918</td><td>1919</td><td>1914</td><td>1915</td><td>1916</td><td>1917</td>
+  <td>1918</td><td>1919</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="numeric"><em>Cts.</em></td><td class="numeric"><em>Cts.</em></td>
+  <td class="numeric"><em>Cts.</em></td><td class="numeric"><em>Cts.</em></td>
+  <td class="numeric"><em>Cts.</em></td><td class="numeric"><em>Cts.</em></td>
+  <td class="numeric"><em>Cts.</em></td><td colspan="7"></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sirloin steak</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">25.7</td>
+  <td class="numeric">25.9</td><td class="numeric">25.7</td><td class="numeric">27.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">32.2</td><td class="numeric">40.0</td><td class="numeric">44.4</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+1</td><td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a>
+  <a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td><td class="numeric">+8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+25</td><td class="numeric">+56</td><td class="numeric">+73</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Round steak</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">22.3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">23.3</td><td class="numeric">23.0</td><td class="numeric">25.0</td>
+  <td class="numeric">29.6</td><td class="numeric">38.0</td><td class="numeric">41.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+4</td><td class="numeric">+3</td><td class="numeric">+12</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+33</td><td class="numeric">+70</td><td class="numeric">+87</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rib roast</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">19.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">20.1</td><td class="numeric">19.9</td><td class="numeric">21.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">25.7</td><td class="numeric">31.8</td><td class="numeric">35.2</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+1</td><td class="numeric">
+  <a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td><td class="numeric">+9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+29</td><td class="numeric">+60</td><td class="numeric">+77</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chuck roast</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">16.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">17.0</td><td class="numeric">16.3</td><td class="numeric">17.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">21.8</td><td class="numeric">27.8</td><td class="numeric">29.7</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+6</td><td class="numeric">+1</td><td class="numeric">+9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+35</td><td class="numeric">+73</td><td class="numeric">+84</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plate beef</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">12.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">12.5</td><td class="numeric">12.3</td><td class="numeric">13.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">16.6</td><td class="numeric">21.9</td><td class="numeric">22.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+3</td><td class="numeric">+2</td><td class="numeric">+8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+37</td><td class="numeric">+81</td><td class="numeric">+86</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pork chops</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">20.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">22.2</td><td class="numeric">20.9</td><td class="numeric">22.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">30.6</td><td class="numeric">36.7</td><td class="numeric">43.0</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+6</td><td class="numeric">
+  <a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td><td class="numeric">+10</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+46</td><td class="numeric">+76</td><td class="numeric">+106</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bacon</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">27.0</td>
+  <td class="numeric">26.7</td><td class="numeric">26.4</td><td class="numeric">28.4</td>
+  <td class="numeric">41.6</td><td class="numeric">50.5</td><td class="numeric">56.7</td>
+  <td class="numeric">-1</td><td class="numeric">-2</td><td class="numeric">+5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+54</td><td class="numeric">+ 87</td><td class="numeric">+110</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ham</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">26.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">26.8</td><td class="numeric">25.6</td><td class="numeric">31.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">38.8</td><td class="numeric">45.6</td><td class="numeric">54.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td>
+  <td class="numeric">-5</td><td class="numeric">+19</td><td class="numeric">+45</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+ 70</td><td class="numeric">+104</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamb</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">19.4</td>
+  <td class="numeric">19.8</td><td class="numeric">21.7</td><td class="numeric">23.2</td>
+  <td class="numeric">29.7</td><td class="numeric">36.8</td><td class="numeric">39.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+2</td><td class="numeric">+12</td><td class="numeric">+20</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+53</td><td class="numeric">+ 90</td><td class="numeric">+104</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hens</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">22.2</td>
+  <td class="numeric">22.7</td><td class="numeric">21.5</td><td class="numeric">24.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">29.3</td><td class="numeric">37.9</td><td class="numeric">43.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+2</td><td class="numeric">-3</td><td class="numeric">+9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+32</td><td class="numeric">+71</td><td class="numeric">+96</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salmon, canned</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td class="numeric">19.8</td><td class="numeric">20.0</td><td class="numeric">25.7</td>
+  <td class="numeric">29.6</td><td class="numeric">31.9</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Milk, fresh</td><td class="center">quart</td><td class="numeric">8.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">8.9</td><td class="numeric">8.7</td><td class="numeric">8.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">10.5</td><td class="numeric">13.2</td><td class="numeric">14.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+1</td><td class="numeric">-1</td>
+  <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td>
+  <td class="numeric">+19</td><td class="numeric">50</td><td class="numeric">+69</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Milk, evaporated (unsweetened)</td>
+  <td class="center"><a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a>
+  <a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">15.1</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Butter</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">35.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">32.7</td><td class="numeric">34.7</td><td class="numeric">37.0</td>
+  <td class="numeric">46.5</td><td class="numeric">51.0</td><td class="numeric">67.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">9</td><td class="numeric">3</td><td class="numeric">+3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+30</td><td class="numeric">+42</td><td class="numeric">+89</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oleomargarine</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">40.4</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nut margarine</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">35.3</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cheese</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">23.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">24.8</td><td class="numeric">33.8</td><td class="numeric">33.4</td>
+  <td class="numeric">42.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lard</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">15.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">15.6</td><td class="numeric">15.1</td><td class="numeric">20.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">27.8</td><td class="numeric">32.9</td><td class="numeric">38.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">-1</td><td class="numeric">4</td><td class="numeric">+27</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+76</td><td class="numeric">+108</td><td class="numeric">+146</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Crisco</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">33.9</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Eggs, strictly fresh</td><td class="center">Dozen</td><td class="numeric">26.3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">26.6</td><td class="numeric">26.3</td><td class="numeric">28.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">39.8</td><td class="numeric">42.4</td><td class="numeric">53.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+1</td>
+  <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td>
+  <td class="numeric">+7</td><td class="numeric">+51</td><td class="numeric">+61</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+102</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bread</td><td class="center">Pound<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a>
+  <a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></td><td class="numeric">5.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">6.2</td><td class="numeric">7.2</td><td class="numeric">7.0</td>
+  <td class="numeric">9.6</td><td class="numeric">9.8</td><td class="numeric">9.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+11</td><td class="numeric">+29</td><td class="numeric">+25</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+71</td><td class="numeric">+75</td><td class="numeric">+75</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flour</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">3.3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">3.3</td><td class="numeric">4.5</td><td class="numeric">3.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">8.7</td><td class="numeric">6.6</td><td class="numeric">7.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td>
+  <td class="numeric">+36</td><td class="numeric">+18</td><td class="numeric">+164</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+100</td><td class="numeric">+127</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corn meal</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">3.0</td>
+  <td class="numeric">3.1</td><td class="numeric">3.3</td><td class="numeric">3.3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">5.4</td><td class="numeric">7.0</td><td class="numeric">6.2</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+3</td><td class="numeric">+10</td><td class="numeric">+10</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+ 80</td><td class="numeric">+133</td><td class="numeric">+107</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rolled oats</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">8.4</td><td>
+  </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corn flakes</td><td class="center"><a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a>
+  <a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></td><td>-</td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">14.1</td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cream of wheat</td><td class="center"><a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a>
+  <a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">25.1</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rice</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">9.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">9.1</td><td class="numeric">10.5</td><td class="numeric">12.3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">13.4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Macaroni</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">19.0</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beans, navy</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td class="numeric">7.6</td><td class="numeric">9.4</td><td class="numeric">19.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">17.8</td><td class="numeric">12.0</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Potatoes</td><td class="center">do</td><td class="numeric">1.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1.9</td><td class="numeric">1.6</td><td class="numeric">2.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">6.1</td><td class="numeric">2.2</td><td class="numeric">3.3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+19</td>
+  <td class="numeric"><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td>
+  <td class="numeric">+56</td><td class="numeric">+281</td><td class="numeric">+38</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+106</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Onions</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">4.3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">5.1</td><td class="numeric">8.6</td><td class="numeric">5.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">10.7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cabbage</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">9.6</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beans, baked</td><td class="center">No. 2 can.</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">17.5</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corn, canned</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">19.1</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Peas, canned</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">19.0</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tomatoes, canned</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">15.8</td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sugar, granulated</td><td class="center">Pound</td><td class="numeric">5.4</td>
+  <td class="numeric">5.0</td><td class="numeric">6.8</td><td class="numeric">8.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">10.0</td><td class="numeric">9.1</td><td class="numeric">10.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">-7</td><td class="numeric">+26</td><td class="numeric">+57</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+85</td><td class="numeric">+69</td><td class="numeric">+96</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tea</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">54.6</td>
+  <td class="numeric">54.6</td><td class="numeric">55.7</td><td class="numeric">63.8</td>
+  <td class="numeric">69.8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coffee</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">27.9</td>
+  <td class="numeric">29.9</td><td class="numeric">30.2</td><td class="numeric">30.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">40.5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Prunes</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">13.7</td>
+  <td class="numeric">13.3</td><td class="numeric">15.3</td><td class="numeric">16.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">23.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Raisins</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">12.5</td>
+  <td class="numeric">12.6</td><td class="numeric">14.4</td><td class="numeric">15.1</td>
+  <td class="numeric">16.3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bananas</td><td class="center">Dozen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">38.8</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oranges</td><td class="center">do</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">54.1</td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>All articles combined</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
+  <td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="numeric">+1</td><td class="numeric">+3</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+13</td><td class="numeric">+56</td><td class="numeric">+64</td>
+  <td class="numeric">+91</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>15-16 ounce can.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>Baked weight.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>8-ounce package.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>28-ounce package.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>No change in price.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The total of dry storage stocks, including those that increased and
+those that decreased is as follows, all items being reduced to pounds:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="dry stocks">
+<tr><td>June 1, 1919</td><td class="numeric">7,875,280,040</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 1, 1918</td><td class="numeric">6,336,763,505</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That is the total dry storage stocks reported on June 1, 1919, were 124
+per cent. of those on June 1, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>"The total of cold storage items reported in pounds in June, 1919, and
+June, 1918 (omitting apples in barrels but covering eggs; frozen eggs;
+butter; cheese, frozen and cured beef; frozen lamb and mutton;
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+
+frozen, dry salt and pickled pork; lard; and frozen poultry), was as
+follows:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="cold stocks">
+<tr><td>June 1, 1919</td><td class="numeric">1,671,777,990</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 1, 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,669,826,166</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That is, cold storage stocks this June are 100.1 per cent. of those
+last June.</p>
+
+<p>"None of the above figures include army stores nor the army excess
+supply which is to be distributed by the War Department under resolution
+of the House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>"The sum of dry storage and cold storage (except apples) for the two
+periods (combining the figures already given) was as follows:</p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="total food stores">
+<tr><td>June 1, 1919</td><td class="numeric">9,547,058,030 pounds</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 1, 1918</td><td class="numeric">8,006,589,671 pounds</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That is the total stocks reported on June 1, 1919, were 119 per cent.
+of those on June 1, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>"This as noted does not include Army supplies.</p>
+
+<p>"Grouping the commodities in four classes:</p>
+
+<p>"(1) Those increasing in stocks and increasing in price.</p>
+
+<p>"(2) Those increasing in stocks and decreasing in price.</p>
+
+<p>"(3) Those decreasing in stocks and increasing in price.</p>
+
+<p>"(4) Those decreasing in stocks and decreasing in price; we have the
+accompanying significant tables, which indicate that the 'law of supply
+and demand' is not working.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>III&mdash;INDUSTRY AND LABOR IN WARTIME<br />
+Unprecedented Conditions and Developments Due to the World War and How
+They Were Met</h2>
+
+<p>The issue of the great world conflict between autocracy and democracy
+rested largely in the hands of the laboring classes behind the lines.
+Mr. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, placed vividly before the
+public in one of his official statements the views of American labor at
+the outbreak of the war:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"During the past decade the sentiment of American labor has crystallized
+against resort to arms as a means of settlement of disputes between
+nations. War had come to be considered wasteful economically, socially,
+and morally. Labor felt that no national advantage gained through force
+of arms could offset the human life sacrificed, the burden of taxation
+levied upon successive generations to pay the cost of war, the standards
+of life set back or destroyed, which had to be rebuilt slowly and with
+infinite sacrifice. In short, war had come to be looked upon as morally
+wrong, entirely unnecessary, a calamity that could be avoided and must
+be avoided if the race was to progress. This feeling was shared to a
+greater or lesser extent by the workers of all civilized nations, and
+there was a universal feeling in world labor ranks prior to the outbreak
+of the European war that this sentiment, shared by many thoughtful
+people outside the ranks of the wage workers in all civilized nations,
+was strong enough to prevent any armed conflict which would involve any
+number of peoples. This sentiment was undoubtedly responsible for the
+lack of military preparedness, in the sense that Germany prepared, among
+the other major powers now engaged in the world conflict.</p>
+
+<p>"When the war clouds broke in Europe, American labor was stunned. All
+its preconceived notions as to the inability of any great nation to wage
+war upon another nation because the working people would refuse either
+to fight or produce munitions and supplies of war were shattered when
+nation after nation quickly mobilized its armies and the organized labor
+movements of each country, without exception, quickly pledged their men
+and their resources to the support of their respective governments. But
+the fact that America itself might be drawn into the world conflict was
+still foreign to the mind of the American workman. While American labor
+grieved over the fate which had befallen its kind in Europe no sense of
+danger to this country was apparent. From the beginning of this Republic
+it had been our national policy to hold aloof from the quarrels of the
+Old World. The splendid isolation of thousands of miles of ocean
+protected us. We had no quarrel with Europe and we asked but to be let
+alone. We stood upon our rights to protect the people of continental
+America from invasion or aggression as enunciated by the Monroe
+Doctrine, and further than that we could not see that the European
+conflict embroiled us as a nation. Let Europe settle her own family
+quarrel. We were to remain the one great neutral nation of the earth.
+When the time came America, untrammeled by participation in the
+conflict, with no desire for American aggrandizement or
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+
+territorial expansion, would be the natural messenger of peace to
+war-worried Europe."</p></div>
+
+<h3>SAFEGUARDS FOR WORKINGMEN</h3>
+
+<p>From the moment of the declaration of war the general loyalty of the
+laboring classes throughout the United States was apparent. This
+attitude of loyalty found a ready response in the immediately declared
+intention of the Government to safeguard the interests of the
+workingmen. Congress announced its attitude toward standards of legal
+protection for workers. It was printed verbatim in <cite>Labor Laws in War
+Time</cite>, 201, p. 1, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The entrance of the United States into the World War appears
+imminent; and</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, Other countries upon engaging in the conflict permitted a
+serious breakdown of protective labor regulations with the result, as
+shown by recent official investigations, of early and unmistakable loss
+of health, output, and national effectiveness; and</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, Our own experience has already demonstrated that accidents
+increase with speeding up and the employment of new workers unaccustomed
+to their tasks, that over fatigue defeats the object aimed at in
+lengthening working hours, and that new occupational poisoning has
+accompanied the recent development of munition manufacture; and</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The full strength of our nation is needed as never before and
+we cannot afford to suffer loss of labor power through accidents,
+disease, industrial poisoning, and overfatigue; now, therefore, be it.</p>
+
+<p>"<em>Resolved</em>, That the American Association for Labor Legislation, at
+this critical time, in order to promote the success of our country in
+war as well as in peace, would sound a warning against the
+shortsightedness and laxness at first exemplified abroad in these
+matters, and would urge all public-spirited citizens to co&ouml;perate
+in maintaining, for the protection of those who serve in this time of
+stress the industries of the nation (who as experience abroad has shown
+are quite as important to military success as the fighting forces), the
+following essential minimum requirements:</p>
+
+<h3>I. SAFETY</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Maintenance of all existing standards of safeguarding machinery and
+industrial processes for the prevention of accidents.</p>
+
+<h3>II. SANITATION</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Maintenance of all existing measures for the prevention of
+occupational diseases.</p>
+
+<p>"2. Immediate agreement upon practicable methods for the prevention of
+special occupational poisonings incident to making and handling
+explosives.</p>
+
+<h3>III. HOURS</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Three-shift system in continuous industries.</p>
+
+<p>"2. In non-continuous industries, maintenance of existing standard
+working day as basic.</p>
+
+<p>"3. One day's rest in seven for all workers.</p>
+
+<h3>IV. WAGES</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Equal pay for equal work, without discrimination as to sex.</p>
+
+<p>"2. Maintenance of existing wage rates for basic working day.</p>
+
+<p>"3. Time and one-half for all hours beyond basic working day.</p>
+
+<p>"4. Wage rates to be periodically revised to correspond with variations
+in the cost of living.</p>
+
+<h3>V. CHILD LABOR</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Maintenance of all existing special regulations regarding child
+labor, including minimum wages, maximum hours, prohibition of night
+work, prohibited employment, and employment certificates.</p>
+
+<p>"2. Determination of specially hazardous employments to be forbidden to
+children under sixteen.</p>
+
+<h3>VI. WOMAN'S WORK</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Maintenance of existing special regulations regarding woman's work,
+including maximum hours, prohibition of night work, prohibited hazardous
+employments, and prohibited employment immediately before and after
+childbirth.</p>
+
+<h3>VII. SOCIAL INSURANCE</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Maintenance of existing standards of workmen's compensation for
+industrial accidents and diseases.</p>
+
+<p>"2. Extension of workmen's compensation laws to embrace occupational
+diseases, especially those particularly incident to the manufacture and
+handling of explosives.</p>
+
+<p>"3. Immediate investigation of the sickness problem among the workers to
+ascertain the advisability of establishing universal workmen's health
+insurance.</p>
+
+<h3>VIII. LABOR MARKET</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Extension of existing systems of public employment bureaus to aid in
+the intelligent distribution of labor throughout the country.</p>
+
+<h3>IX. ADMINISTRATION OF LABOR LAWS</h3>
+
+<p>"1. Increased appropriations for enlarged staffs of inspectors to
+enforce labor legislation.</p>
+
+<p>"2. Representation of employees, employers, and the public on joint
+councils for co&ouml;perating elsewhere with the labor departments in
+drafting and enforcing necessary regulations to put the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+
+foregoing principles into full effect."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ORGANIZING LABOR FOR WAR WORK</h3>
+
+<p>Supplying the man power for industrial action during the war was a
+really more complicated task than drafting men for military service. In
+the earlier period of American participation labor was distributed more
+or less according to the law of supply and demand. The unequal
+distribution of workers became a grave problem. To meet this the United
+States Employment Service of the Department of Labor took over the
+supply of war industries with common labor, and all independent
+recruiting of labor by manufacturers having a pay roll of more than a
+hundred men was discontinued.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-067.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-067thumb.jpg" alt="In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant"
+       title="In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant"
+       width="400" height="450" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant</p>
+  <p class="description">H. E. Coffin, Chairman on Industrial
+    Preparedness of the Council of National Defence, described the
+    conflict as a war of munitions, of factories, of producing
+    powers, of sweating men and women workers. In the plant sketched
+    above, 26,000 men toiled and sweated during the war to make
+    munitions for our troops overseas.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-067.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On this Board were representatives of the War, Navy, and Agriculture
+Departments, the Shipping Board and the Emergency Fleet Corporation, the
+War Industries Board, and the Food, Fuel, and Railroad Administrations.
+Assistant Director Nathan A. Smyth, of the United States Employment
+Service, was quoted in the New York <cite>Globe</cite> as saying in part:</p>
+
+<p>"'Today the war industries of the country are short about 500,000
+unskilled workers, and the coming requirements of war production
+necessitate finding between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 more.</p>
+
+<p>"'Similarly the demand for skilled workers in war industries is greater
+than the immediately available supply. Before long we will have to take
+every tool maker and die-sinker in non-war work and put him in war
+production.'</p>
+
+<p>"The country was divided into thirteen Federal districts, by the
+regulation of labor for war industries, and each was in charge of a
+superintendent of the United States Employment Service, while the States
+within the several districts were in charge of a State director. The
+labor problem this measure was designed to remedy and control was
+pictured by Secretary of Labor Wilson, who was quoted in the New York
+<cite>Sun</cite> as saying in part:</p>
+
+<p>"'The Government found itself in need of men, and on going out to get
+them found itself in competition with private industry, which was
+equally hard pressed. Men who had never drawn more than a common
+laborer's wages found themselves at a premium in the market, and began
+to ask and receive extortionate prices, and to rove from place to place
+seeking still higher prices.</p>
+
+<p>"'Everywhere industry was hampered by what is known as the turnover, or
+the constant shifting of itinerant labor, in some cases the loss in
+efficiency running as high as 100 per cent. This is what is perhaps best
+described as the evil of the individualistic strike&mdash;the strike by
+the man, thousands of him, in different yards and factories all over the
+country, who is forever throwing down his tools and wandering away on
+the slightest rumor of higher wages elsewhere, who by his habit of
+roving never masters the details of any trade, and who in the mass
+accounts for a greater loss than all the organized strikes and walkouts
+in the land.'"</p></div>
+
+<h3>INFLUENCE OF WAR CONDITIONS</h3>
+
+<p>In the United States under war conditions labor unrest did not reach the
+intense form manifested in England. Nevertheless a great many strikes
+were reported. Surprise was expressed that the labor adjustment
+machinery of the War Department and of the Navy Department was not
+appealed to. Besides there was the National War Labor Board to take up
+mediation. Investigations in Bridgeport, Connecticut, showed an increase
+of earnings of 81 per cent. against an increase of living prices of 61
+per cent. Yet at one time the Press reported strikes in over 350 machine
+shops in New Jersey&mdash;nearly all engaged in necessary war
+work&mdash;as well as trouble in many shipyards. Of course there was the
+explanation of foreign propaganda or a tendency toward industrial
+Bolshevism. Such explanations failed to account for the fact that
+American workmen as a whole were patriotic.</p>
+
+<p>Attention was called, on the other hand, to the warm tribute given by
+the Federal Fuel Administrator to the bituminous coal miners who had
+brought production past the 13 million ton mark in the second week in
+July, 1917, and the exceptional efforts of diligent and patriotic
+workers in the shipyard. A portion of the press emphasized the
+unreasonableness of striking while the laboring people enjoyed, during
+war time, immunity from service and immunity from the pressure of
+competition for wages. The Springfield <cite>Republican</cite> protested against
+applying to the workingmen exaggerated standards of economic rectitude.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is easy to be harsh in one's judgment even in the case of the
+strikes that occur. Why do they strike at all while the war continues?
+Have they no capacity for self-sacrifice for the country? These
+questions will be asked by many people whenever war work anywhere is
+checked in the least degree by workmen dropping their tools.</p>
+
+<p>"On the other hand, let us not be unjust to labor, for in the American
+Army in France labor is represented by multitudes of youth upon whose
+gallantry and steadiness all our hopes of victory depend. No class here
+at home gives 100 per cent. efficiency or commits itself to 100 per
+cent. of sacrifice in the winning of the war. Why demand it of the wage
+earners or the labor unions?</p>
+
+<p>"Simply because of its organization and its machinery of leadership,
+however, labor enjoys an exceptional opportunity to contribute to the
+winning of the war. This is the first great war in history in which
+labor has been organized into an economic unit, and that is the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+
+reason for some special war problems today which were never encountered
+by governments in previous wars. But there can be gains even more than
+losses to the national strength by reason of this organization, if the
+opportunity be accepted to promote labor's contribution. This is a task
+especially for the leadership of organized labor. It is certainly no
+exaggeration to say that in no way can labor be advantaged after the war
+so much as by the wholehearted acceptance of its opportunity for loyal
+service to the nation during the war. Let labor splendidly do its part
+in bringing victory and its future influence will expand beyond the
+dreams of its prophets....</p>
+
+<p>"Labor and victory are inseparable; nay more, the one may command the
+other, and thus it may control the fate of the world."</p></div>
+
+<h3>INDUSTRIAL MEANING OF WAR</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. H. E. Coffin, Chairman of the Committee on Industrial Preparedness,
+described the European War in its last analysis as a war of munitions, a
+war of factories, of producing powers, of sweating men and women
+workers. When the United States entered the war there were four main
+things required of its government and its people, viz., ships, munitions
+and materials of war, food and soldiers. It can be seen that three out
+of these four factors are matters that belong to the economic history of
+the war. Fortunately for our Government, it had the experience of
+foreign countries to learn from, and learning was an essential part of
+war preparation in spite of the resources in hand in the United States;
+as Mr. Coffin said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A close observation of the experience in foreign countries has shown us
+the vital necessity for a peace time prearrangement for conversion in
+all industries. Wars, as now waged, involve every human and material
+resource of a belligerent nation. Every factory and every man, woman,
+and child are affected. Every sinew of industry, of transportation, and
+of finance must be harnessed in the country's service. In England two
+years and a half ago there were three government arsenals. Today
+thousands of England's industrial plants are being operated as
+government factories for the production of war materials, and many other
+thousands of plants, still under private control, are centering their
+energies in this same direction.</p>
+
+<p>"We have here in the United States vast resources in manufacturing and
+producing equipment, but they are unorganized and uneducated for the
+national service. Our observations of the European War have taught us
+that it is upon organized industry that we must base every plan of
+military defense. In the event of trouble with any one of the several
+first-class powers, between 80 and 90 per cent. of our industrial
+activity would of necessity be centered upon the making of supplies for
+the government. We have learned also that from one to two years of time
+and of conscientious effort are needed to permit any large manufacturing
+establishment to change over from its usual peace-time commercial line
+to the quantity production of war materials for which it has had no
+previous training."</p></div>
+
+<p>In certain respects the position of the United States was unique, not
+only because of its resources but because it was to a certain extent
+self-dependent as a belligerent. England was able for some time to
+import large quantities of munitions and supplies from other countries.
+In the case of the United States when it entered the war, munition and
+food supplies had to come from its own resources. Practically all of the
+war materials had to be ultimately produced in the United States. Many
+observers were optimistic because they had a sanguine opinion of the
+efficiency presented by American industrial democracy. But efficiency
+alone could not win the war. There were certain limitations to the
+sphere of efficiency. This was pointed out by Mr. H. G. Moulton in an
+address on "Industrial Conscription," delivered before the Western
+Economic Society, at Chicago, in 1917:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"At this point it should be emphasized that the position of the United
+States is unique, so far as the allied nations are concerned. England,
+for instance, at the outbreak of the conflict could import vast
+quantities of munitions and supplies from other countries. England,
+therefore, had a fourth alternative, one denied to us because the
+struggle is now world-wide. All of the materials of war that we furnish
+must come from the current energy of our own people. We must ourselves
+produce these ships, munitions, food supplies, and stocks in the coming
+months. There is no one else to do it for us. In this connection I
+should like to emphasize with all the power at my command the argument
+that we cannot by bond issues shift the burdens of this war to future
+generations. The mere fact that all of us&mdash;as represented by the
+government&mdash;borrow from some of us&mdash;as represented by bond
+purchasers&mdash;does not change the other essential fact that we, the
+people within this country, must actually produce practically
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+
+practically all the war materials we are to have for use in the war.</p>
+
+<p>"There is also much current discussion of the wonderful gains that may
+be made through increasing efficiency. It is argued that we should make
+our patriotic impulses the occasion for the universal introduction of
+scientific management. It of course goes without saying that we should
+do all that we possibly can to further the improvement of industrial
+methods; and doubtless something may be accomplished."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-070.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-070thumb.jpg" alt="Forging Armor Plate"
+       title="Forging Armor Plate" width="400" height="526" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">Forging Armor Plate</p>
+  <p class="description">&quot;Every man, in the draft
+    age at least, must work or fight,&quot; said General Crowder.
+    And the workers were just as important a factor in winning the
+    war as the fighters. In the gigantic machine sketched above,
+    ingots of sixty and seventy tons were pressed into plates of
+    any size and thickness for use on our super dreadnoughts.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-070.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>LABOR DISLOCATION</h3>
+
+<p>It is estimated that about 35,000,000 men, women and children in the
+United States do the country's work: dig its coal, raise its crops, run
+its trains, build its roads, make its powder, turn out its munitions.
+There was an increase each year of a million man-power through
+immigration. The result of the war was that this source of supply was
+cut off. What was the economic significance of this cutting off of
+immigration? The immigrant was almost the only source of what we call
+day labor&mdash;the men who do the building and repairing of railroads,
+the mending of streets and roads, mining, and the rough work of steel
+mills and other factories. Along with the cessation of immigration came
+the withdrawal from labor power of two million men who were drawn into
+the Army. These men, incidentally, became large consumers of goods
+rather than normal producers of wealth. Some estimates were made that
+the United States Government was using for war purposes about one-half
+of the entire productive capacity of the country. These figures enable
+one to gauge the industrial dislocation caused by the war. In matters
+affecting the members of what might be called the labor army, which
+still kept up the work of production, the Government laid great emphasis
+on the need of securing industrial peace.</p>
+
+<p>A Mediation Commission was appointed by the President to deal with
+conditions of labor unrest. This Commission made a report early in 1918,
+in which it spoke of the lack of knowledge on the part of Capital as to
+Labor's feelings and needs and on the part of Labor as to problems of
+management. The program outlined by the Commission was as follows:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>"Modern large scale industry has effectually destroyed the personal
+relation between employer and employee&mdash;the knowledge and
+co&ouml;peration that come from personal contact. It is therefore no
+longer possible to conduct industry by dealing with employees as
+individuals. Some form of collective relationship between management and
+men is indispensable. The recognition of this principle by the
+government should form an accepted part of the labor policy of the
+nation.</li>
+
+<li>"Law, in business as elsewhere, depends for its vitality upon steady
+employment. Instead of waiting for adjustment after grievances come to
+the surface there is needed the establishment of continuous
+administrative machinery for the orderly disposition of industrial
+issues and the avoidance of an atmosphere of contention and the waste of
+disturbances.</li>
+
+<li>"The eight-hour day is an established policy of the country;
+experience has proved justification of the principle also in war times.
+Provision must of course be made for longer hours in case of
+emergencies. Labor will readily meet this requirement if its misuse is
+guarded against by appropriate overtime payments.</li>
+
+<li>"Unified direction of the labor administration of the United States
+for the period of the war should be established. At present there is an
+unrelated number of separate committees, boards, agencies, and
+departments having fragmentary and conflicting jurisdiction over the
+labor problems raised by the war. A single-headed administration is
+needed, with full power to determine and establish the necessary
+administrative structure.</li>
+
+<li>"When assured of sound labor conditions and effective means for the
+just redress of grievances that may arise, Labor in its turn should
+surrender all practices which tend to restrict maximum efficiency.</li>
+
+<li>"Uncorrected evils are the great provocative to extremist propaganda,
+and their correction would be in itself the best counter-propaganda. But
+there is need for more affirmative education. There has been too little
+publicity of an educative sort in regard to Labor's relation to the war.
+The purposes of the government and the methods by which it is pursuing
+them should be brought home to the fuller understanding of Labor. Labor
+has most at stake in this war, and it will eagerly devote its all if
+only it be treated with confidence and understanding, subject neither to
+indulgence nor neglect, but dealt with as a part of the citizenship of
+the state."</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ADVISORY LABOR COUNCIL</h3>
+
+<p>In order to prevent lack of co&ouml;rdination in the government's
+handling of the labor situation an advisory council was created to help
+the Secretary of Labor to organize the new war work. The field of this
+advisory council is indicated in a series of memoranda presented to him
+in January, 1917.</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>"An Adjustment Service which will have to do with the adjustment of
+industrial disputes according to policies and principles arrived at
+through the deliberations of the War Labor Conference Board.</li>
+
+<li>"A Condition of Labor Service which will have charge of the
+administration of conditions of labor within business plants.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>"An Information and Education Service which will devote itself to the
+establishment of sound sentiment among both employers and employees and
+to the establishment in individual plants of the local machinery (<span lang="la">e.g.</span>,
+employment management) and policies necessary for the successful
+operation of a National Labor Program.</li>
+
+<li>"A Woman in Industry Service which will meet the problems connected
+with the more rapid introduction of women into industry as a result of
+war conditions.</li>
+
+<li>"A Training and Dilution Service which will administer such training
+and dilution policies as may be agreed upon.</li>
+
+<li>"A Housing and Transportation of Workers Service whose duty it will
+be to provide the housing facilities to meet the nation's needs.</li>
+
+<li>"A Personnel Service whose duties it shall be to assemble and
+classify information concerning appropriate candidates for positions in
+the war-labor administration and make recommendations for appointment.</li>
+
+<li>"A Division for the Investigation of Special Problems which would be
+a part of the Secretary's office force and would conduct investigations
+in the placing of contracts, in priority of labor demand, in powers of
+the Department, in problems of reconstruction, and would assist in
+formulating the national labor policy.</li>
+
+<li>"An Investigation and Inspection Service to provide the field force
+of examiners and inspectors required by the other services."</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>After various stages of experience the War Industries Board secured
+something more than an advisory position. This was done only after a
+year of warfare. The final situation was explained by Mr. C. M.
+Hitchcock in the <cite>Journal of Political Economy</cite>, June, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When on March 4th of the present year the President appointed Bernard
+M. Baruch Chairman of the War Industries Board and defined his duties he
+did not, as certain press reports have implied, create an industrial
+dictator. His action did clear the way for Mr. Baruch's assumption of
+the duties of a director of industrial war strategy, of an industrial
+Chief of Staff&mdash;for the present position of the War Industries
+Board in the American Government is comparable in its relation to
+national industrial policy to nothing so much as the functions of the
+General Staff of the Army in its jurisdiction over military strategy.
+After a year of war the direction of industrial policy is placed in
+single hands, and a central planning board is established for dealing
+not only with the problems of production and purchase but with the whole
+attitude of the government toward the mobilization of business resources
+for the prosecution of the war. Leadership has been focused and an
+administrative channel opened for the inauguration of a studied and
+inferentially constructive industrial policy.</p>
+
+<p>"From the present trend of events the War Industries Board promises to
+become the sole directing agency between the government and industry.
+Backed by the power of the President to commandeer, to withhold fuel,
+and in other ways to force the halting into line, it can mold the
+country's industrial system almost as it will&mdash;whether in
+organizing the nation for war or in directing the lines along which it
+shall return to normal conditions when peace comes. In a system of
+government such as ours, where the responsibility for directing the war
+rests almost exclusively in the hands of the President, and where his
+power ultimately becomes almost absolute, the Board has been shaped into
+a very potent instrument.</p>
+
+<p>"Yet powerful as it may become, subject only to the jurisdiction of the
+President, it is well to remember that in a comprehensive national war
+plan it cannot stand alone. Its policies must be subject to the
+administration's general strategy in the war&mdash;for instance, to the
+amount of munitions in comparison with the number of men or the amount
+of food that it wishes to send abroad at any given time. The munitions
+program and the conversion of industry to war purposes must be governed
+by the ultimate end in view. In addition, one of the great factors in
+production&mdash;the labor factor&mdash;is being administered by another
+government agency, and it is obvious that priority in the labor supply
+must go hand in hand with priority in materials."</p></div>
+
+<h3>WORK OR FIGHT</h3>
+
+<p>Military men were as keen as business men in realizing the industrial
+factor as a powerful contributory cause in winning the war. General
+Crowder's famous "work or fight" alternative was a sufficient witness of
+this fact. He said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Every man, in the draft age at least, must work or fight.</p>
+
+<p>"This is not alone a war of military maneuvers. It is a deadly contest
+of industries and mechanics. Germany must not be thought of as merely
+possessing an army; we must think of her as <em>being</em> an army&mdash;an
+army in which every factory and loom in the Empire is a recognized part
+in a complete machine running night and day at terrific speed. We must
+make ourselves the same sort of effective machine.</p>
+
+<p>"We must make vast withdrawals for the Army and immediately close up the
+ranks of industry behind the gap with an accelerating production of
+every useful thing in necessary measure. How is this to be done? The
+answer is plain. The first step toward the solution of the difficulty is
+to prohibit engagement by able-bodied men in the field of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+
+hurtful employment, idleness, or ineffectual employment, and thus induce
+and persuade the vast wasted excess into useful fields.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the unanswerable criticisms of the draft has been that it takes
+men from the farms and from all useful employments and marches them past
+crowds of idlers and loafers away to the Army. The remedy is
+simple&mdash;to couple the industrial basis with other grounds for
+exemption and to require that any man pleading exemption on any ground
+shall show that he is contributing effectively to the industrial welfare
+of the nation."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-073.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-073thumb.jpg" alt="Building Howitzers"
+       title="Building Howitzers" width="400" height="511" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">Building Howitzers</p>
+  <p class="description">A nine-mile howitzer nearly ready for
+    transportation. Beyond are seen heavy armorplate turrets in
+    the making. The small and large manufacturers were given equal
+    opportunity to obtain war business.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-073.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Industrial preparation for war was guided by the principle of priority.
+This is an old principle, but it began to be applied in unheard-of ways.
+When an army is to be moved all means of transport in sight are
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+
+commandeered. When an army is to be fed, civilians protest in vain
+against the seizure of stores. These practices were always features in
+the history of warfare.</p>
+
+<p>A novel factor in priority as applied during the present war was the
+breadth of its scope.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When the whole industry of a nation is mobilized behind the fighting
+line, it is not merely finished munitions that must be given priority in
+transportation, but also the materials and fuel for further munitions
+production. The food supply of the industrial population, as well as
+that of the army, has a claim to priority. So also have clothing
+supplies, lumber for housing, and whatever else is essential to working
+efficiency. In production it would be impossible to fix definite limits
+upon the application of the priority principle. We can not much longer
+permit the free flotation of the securities of foreign enterprises, nor
+even of the less essential domestic enterprises, so long as national
+loans or issues designed to finance railways or industrial enterprises
+of prime necessity are to be floated. Modern warfare, in involving the
+whole national life, has made inevitable a control of business
+practically coextensive with the economic system.</p>
+
+<p>"The application of the priority principle to transportation and
+production is quite in accord with plain common sense. It is none the
+less revolutionary in its social economic implications. What it means is
+that necessities shall have right of way. If we have excess productive
+capacity, the unessentials and luxuries may be provided, but not
+otherwise. And necessities are definable in terms that take account only
+of physical requirements. There is no room in the definition for class
+distinction. A new country house may seem a matter of necessity to the
+man of fortune, but he will persuade no priority board to permit
+shipment of building materials while cars are needed for coal or wheat.
+Nor will he persuade them to let him have lumber that could be used for
+ships or workingmen's camps, or labor that could be employed to
+advantage in production for more clearly national and democratic needs."</p></div>
+
+<h3>WAR SUPPLIES</h3>
+
+<p>The United States, following the experience of other belligerents,
+adopted the policy of decentralization in the production of war
+supplies. A plan was worked out under which the small and large
+manufacturer were given equal opportunity to obtain war business:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Under the plan that has been worked out for bringing the manufacturing
+resources of the country into more effective co&ouml;peration with the
+government, the country is to be divided into twenty industrial regions,
+with the following cities as centers: Boston, Bridgeport, New York,
+Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Rochester, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago,
+Cincinnati, Baltimore, Atlanta, Birmingham, Kansas City, St. Louis,
+Dallas, Milwaukee, St. Paul, Seattle, San Francisco. The following plan
+for effecting the organization is suggested by the officials in charge:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>"Organize through Chambers of Commerce and other business
+associations Industrial Committees with the principal industrial center
+as headquarters and such subdivisions as are recommended by the business
+association of each district.</li>
+
+<li>"Develop such organization in various classes of industry as well as
+in area for greatest convenience, to get information of all classes of
+products in and between regions.</li>
+
+<li>"Having established such region and sub-region, through the
+co&ouml;peration of the best business men in each district have a survey
+of the industries recorded in the hands of the section in Washington of
+the War Industries Board for information to the various procurement
+sections of the government.</li>
+
+<li>"Each region may have in Washington a representative who through the
+Resources and Conversion Section of the War Industries Board may keep in
+direct contact with his region and be available to the governmental
+procurement divisions or the War Industries Board for prompt action in
+giving data from his region.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>"The detailed form of organization suggested for each region (subject,
+of course, to modifications as desired to meet the needs of any region)
+is known as the Cleveland Plan, which has been for some time in
+operation. Under this plan each region is divided into eight
+sub-regions, an important industrial city in each sub-region being
+designated as a center. Each sub-region has a local War Industries
+Commission which co&ouml;rdinates all industry within its territory.
+Within each sub-region manufacturing is divided into the following
+classes: castings, forgings and stampings; machinery and machine
+products; rubber products; clay products, chemicals, oils, and paints;
+textiles and clothing, wood and leather; engineering; automotive. Other
+classifications may of course be added in important lines of industry."</p></div>
+
+<p>Such regional divisions were but one factor in industrial
+administration. Government needs and labor shortage made imperative the
+regulation of manufactures by the priority system.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-074.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-074thumb.jpg" width="400" height="226"
+         alt="Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies"
+       title="Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies</p>
+  <p class="description">Interior of one of the Bethlehem Steel
+    Company&#39;s mills&mdash;among the largest plants in the world
+    for the production of munitions during the War.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-074.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE PRIORITY SYSTEM</h3>
+
+<p>The actual working of the priority system is shown in the following
+general classification of industry for the purpose of priority treatment:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>Ships&mdash;Including destroyers and submarine chasers.</li>
+<li>Aircraft.</li>
+<li>Munitions, Military and Naval Supplies and Operations&mdash;Including
+building construction for government needs and equipment for same.</li>
+<li>Fuel&mdash;For domestic consumption, and for manufacturing necessities
+named herein.</li>
+<li>Food and Collateral Industries&mdash;
+  <ol class="alpha">
+  <li>Foodstuffs for human consumption, and plants handling same.</li>
+  <li>Feeding stuffs for domestic fowls and animals, and plants handling same.</li>
+  <li>All tools, utensils, implements, machinery, and equipment required
+  for production, harvesting and distribution, milling, preparing, canning
+  and refining foods and feeds such as seeds of foods, and feeds, binder
+  twine, etc.</li>
+  <li>Products of collateral industries, such as fertilizer, fertilizer
+  ingredients, insecticides and fungicides, containers for foods and
+  feeds, collateral products.</li>
+  <li>Materials and equipment for preservation of foods, and feeds, such
+  as ammonia and other refrigeration supplies, including ice.</li>
+  </ol>
+</li>
+<li>Clothing&mdash;For civilian population.</li>
+<li>Railroad&mdash;Or other necessary transportation equipment, including
+water transportation.</li>
+<li>Public Utilities&mdash;Serving war industries, Army, Navy, and civilian
+population."</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>But the perplexity of applying this system to such a question as fuel
+administration is shown in the following list taken from one of the
+trade publications of the Administration for April, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Fuel Administration has therefore arranged the following
+list of preferred industries:</p></div>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>Aircraft&mdash;Plants engaged <del>exclusivevly</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads exclusivevly">exclusively</ins> in manufacturing aircraft or
+supplies and equipment therefor.</li>
+
+<li>Ammunition&mdash;Plants engaged in the manufacture of ammunition for
+the United States Government and the Allies.</li>
+
+<li>Arms (small)&mdash;Plants engaged in manufacturing small arms for the
+United States Government and the Allies.</li>
+
+<li>Army and Navy cantonments and camps.</li>
+
+<li>Chemicals&mdash;Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing chemicals.</li>
+
+<li>Coke plants.</li>
+
+<li>Domestic consumers.</li>
+
+<li>Electrical equipment&mdash;Plants manufacturing same.</li>
+
+<li>Electrodes&mdash;Plants producing electrodes.</li>
+
+<li>Explosives&mdash;Plants manufacturing explosives.</li>
+
+<li>Farm implements&mdash;Manufacturers exclusively of agricultural
+implements and farm-operating Equipment.</li>
+
+<li>Feed&mdash;Plants producing feed.</li>
+
+<li>Ferro-alloys&mdash;Plants producing same.</li>
+
+<li>Fertilizers&mdash;Manufacturers of fertilizers.</li>
+
+<li>Fire brick&mdash;Plants producing same exclusively.</li>
+
+<li>Food&mdash;Plants manufacturing, milling, preparing, refining,
+preserving, and wholesaling food for human consumption.</li>
+
+<li>Food containers&mdash;Manufacturers of tin and glass containers and
+manufacturers exclusively of other food containers.</li>
+
+<li>Gas&mdash;Gas-producing plants.</li>
+
+<li>Guns (large)&mdash;Plants manufacturing same.</li>
+
+<li>Hemp, jute, and cotton bags&mdash;Plants manufacturing exclusively
+hemp, jute, and cotton bags.</li>
+
+<li>Insecticides&mdash;Manufacturers exclusively of insecticides and
+fungicides.</li>
+
+<li>Iron and steel&mdash;Blast furnaces and foundries.</li>
+
+<li>Laundries.</li>
+
+<li>Machine tools&mdash;Plants manufacturing machine tools.</li>
+
+<li>Mines.</li>
+
+<li>Mines&mdash;Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing mining tools
+and equipment.</li>
+
+<li>Newspapers and periodicals&mdash;Plants printing and publishing
+exclusively newspapers and periodicals.</li>
+
+<li>Oil&mdash;Refineries of both mineral and vegetable oils.</li>
+
+<li>Oil production&mdash;Plants manufacturing exclusively oil-well
+equipment.</li>
+
+<li>Public institutions and buildings.</li>
+
+<li>Public utilities.</li>
+
+<li>Railways&mdash;Plants manufacturing locomotives, freight cars and
+rails, and other plants engaged exclusively in manufacture of railway
+supplies.</li>
+
+<li>Refrigeration&mdash;Refrigeration for food and exclusive ice-producing
+plants.</li>
+
+<li>Seeds&mdash;Producers or wholesalers of seeds (except flower seeds).</li>
+
+<li>Ships (bunker coal)&mdash;Not including pleasure craft.</li>
+
+<li>Ships&mdash;Plants engaged exclusively in building ships (not including
+pleasure craft) or in manufacturing exclusively supplies and equipment
+therefor.</li>
+
+<li>Soap&mdash;Manufacturers of soap.</li>
+
+<li>Steel&mdash;Steel plants and rolling mills.</li>
+
+<li>Tanners&mdash;Tanning plants, save for patent leather.</li>
+
+<li>Tanning extracts&mdash;Plants manufacturing tanning extracts.</li>
+
+<li>Tin plate&mdash;Manufacturers of tin plate.</li>
+
+<li>Twine (binder) and rope&mdash;Plants producing exclusively binder twine
+and rope.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>CIVIL WAR CONDITIONS</h3>
+
+<p>During the war period labor was much better off than during the Civil
+War epoch. The New York <cite>World</cite> presented the following
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+
+table from the <cite>Merchants' Magazine</cite> of December, 1864, showing the rise
+of prices during the Civil War era:</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Civil War price rise">
+<tr><td></td><th><em>1862</em></th><th><em>1864</em></th></tr>
+<tr><td>Copper, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">$22.00 @ $25.00</td><td class="center">$41.00 @ $42.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coal, ton</td><td class="center">4.50 @ 5.00</td><td class="center">9.00 @ 10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Iron, pig</td><td class="center">21.00 @ 25.00</td><td class="center">48.00 @ 49.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lead, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">6.50 @ 6.75</td><td class="center">11.75 @ 12.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nails, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">3.25 @ 3.75</td><td class="center">6.00 @ 6.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ashes, pot bbl</td><td class="center">5.50 @ 5.75</td><td class="center">8.75 @ 8.87</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dry cod, cwt</td><td class="center">3.37 @ 4.25</td><td class="center">6.50 @ 7.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flour, bbl</td><td class="center">4.50 @ 5.60</td><td class="center">7.30 @ 7.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corn, 100 bush</td><td class="center">58.50 @ 60.00</td><td class="center">131.00 @ 134.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hay, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">.80 @ .85</td><td class="center">1.35 @ 1.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wheat, bush</td><td class="center">1.30 @ 1.45</td><td class="center">1.63 @ 1.65</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hemp, cwt</td><td class="center">10.00 @ 11.25</td><td class="center">14.00 @ 16.12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barley, bush</td><td class="center">.85 @ 1.00</td><td class="center">1.35 @ 1.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oats, bush</td><td class="center">.37 @ .39</td><td class="center">.90 @ .91</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hops, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">14.00 @ 20.00</td><td class="center">26.00 @ 33.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clover seed, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">7.50 @ 7.75</td><td class="center">12.50 @ 13.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lime, bbl</td><td class="center">.60 @ .65</td><td class="center">1.25 @ 1.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil, whale, gal</td><td class="center">.25 @ .35</td><td class="center">.58 @ .60</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil, coal, gal</td><td class="center">.48 @ .57</td><td class="center">1.10 @ 1.12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pork, bbl</td><td class="center">13.25 @ 13.75</td><td class="center">21.75 @ 23.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beef, bbl</td><td class="center">5.50 @ 8.00</td><td class="center">10.00 @ 15.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lard, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">7.50 @ 8.25</td><td class="center">13.59 @ 14.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Whisky, 100 gals</td><td class="center">25.00 @ 25.50</td><td class="center">89.00 @ 91.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tallow, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">8.75 @ 9.00</td><td class="center">12.62 @ 12.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Whalebone, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">68.00 @ 70.00</td><td class="center">150.00 @ 155.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wool, fleece, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">52.00 @ 53.00</td><td class="center">78.00 @ 82.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wool, pl'd, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">44.00 @ 45.00</td><td class="center">70.00 @ 75.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Butter, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">16.00 @ 21.00</td><td class="center">36.00 @ 37.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cheese, 100 lbs</td><td class="center">5.00 @ 7.00</td><td class="center">15.00 @ 18.00</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Wheat flour, one of the prime necessities, 'was at no time during the
+Civil War above $7.35 per barrel, which is somewhat less than four cents
+per pound,' while at the present time it is seven cents per pound, 'or
+close to 100 per cent. higher than the top notch of the '60s.' Lard has
+already advanced about 100 per cent., while its greatest advance during
+the Civil War was 75 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>"'The present-day advance in the price of clothing in general has not
+been proportionate with the advance of foodstuffs, though it has been
+considerable, especially as to the cheaper grades. Cotton shirts that
+sold for 48 cents in 1913 are now bringing 90 cents to $1. Cheap hosiery
+has also about doubled in value. Suits that formerly sold for $15 are
+now bringing $17, which is about 10 per cent. advance. Cotton goods
+during the Civil War were exceptionally high, owing to the difficulty of
+procuring the staple. After the stocks on hand at the beginning of the
+war were exhausted, New England mills shut down because of inability to
+get supplies. In 1864 raw cotton ruled at 72 cents per pound, while at
+one time it touched $1.90. Cotton goods of all kinds were therefore
+extraordinarily high.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-076.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-076thumb.jpg" width="400" height="258"
+           alt="Plowing by Night"
+         title="Plowing by Night" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+   <p class="caption">Plowing by Night</p>
+   <p class="description">The number of men drawn from Great Britain
+      into the army and navy during the war was about 5,000,000. This
+      meant extraordinary efforts of production were necessary on the
+      part of those who were left behind. By means of a motor tractor
+      and an acetylene gas generator, the owner of the farm shown above
+      was able to run day and night shifts.</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-076.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The public spirit
+manifested at present is much more admirable than that displayed in the
+'60s, as shown by the following first-hand description of life in those
+days, as compared with what we see on every hand today. Said the New
+York <cite>Independent</cite> of June 25, 1864:</p>
+
+<p>"'Who at the North would ever think of war if he had not a friend in the
+army or did not read the newspapers? Go into Broadway and we will show
+you what is meant by the word "extravagance." Ask Stewart about the
+demand for camel's-hair shawls and he will say "monstrous." Ask Tiffany
+what kind of diamonds and pearls are called for. He will answer "the
+prodigious, as near hen's-egg size as possible, price no object." What
+kind of carpetings are now wanted? None but "extra." Brussels and
+velvets are now used from basement to garret. Ingrains and three-plys
+won't do at all.</p>
+
+<p>"'Call a moment at a carriage repository. In reply to your first
+question you will be told, "Never such a demand before, sir." And as for
+horses, the medium-priced $500 kind are all out of the market. A good
+pair of fast ones, "all right," will go for $1,000 sooner than a basket
+of strawberries will sell for four cents. Those a "little extra" will
+bring $1,500 to $2,000, while the "superb" 2.40 sort will bring any
+price among the high numbers.'"</p></div>
+
+<h3>GREAT BRITAIN'S PRODUCTIVE POWER</h3>
+
+<p>To appreciate what industrial mobilization meant in England the best
+method is to start with the figures on national production taken from
+the British census of 1907, the last <del>accesible</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads accesible">accessible</ins> for the peace period:</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="British consumption" >
+<tr><td>In 1907 the British people are estimated to have produced goods to the total amount of, roughly</td><td class="numeric">$10,000,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>The nation consumed during that year in personal consumption</td><td class="numeric">7,050,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>It spent on capital purposes at home:</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>(<em>a</em>) On betterment of its national plant</td><td class="numeric">950,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>(<em>b</em>) On maintenance of its national plant</td><td class="numeric">900,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>It used up goods to the value of (in keeping up and probably increasing its stocks of material on hand)</td><td class="numeric">325,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>It exported goods in the form of loans to foreign countries of about</td><td class="numeric">500,000,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>By 1914 the British Empire had probably advanced its income to at least
+$12,500,000,000; and the surplus of goods which it had to export as
+loans to foreign countries seems to have increased from about
+$500,000,000 to $1,000,000,000. What happened in war-time? First of all
+there was an unprecedented manufacture of munitions and war supplies.
+This production was needed not only for Great Britain, but also for her
+Allies. Seven-tenths of what was produced in Great Britain in the year
+1907 was immediately used up in the form of personal consumption by its
+population; accordingly war industrial activities meant either that
+British production must be increased or British <del>comsumpton</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads comsumpton">consumption</ins> reduced, or
+that more goods must be bought from foreign countries through the sale
+of British liquid capital assets.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, consumption was cut down; in detail, this was accomplished
+in the following ways: 1. By cutting down all normal additions to
+England's national plant, <span lang="la">i. e.</span>, by building no more houses,
+factories, railways, roads, etc., except for purely war purposes. This
+expenditure in 1907 amounted to about $950,000,000. 2. By cutting down
+and ceasing as far as possible to spend money on the maintenance of this
+national plant, except the minimum required to keep it running. This
+expenditure in 1907 amounted to $900,000,000. 3. Most important of all,
+by cutting down civil personal expenditure. This was so far the largest
+item of consumption that it was here that the most important savings
+were made.</p>
+
+<h3>A WHOLE POPULATION AT WORK</h3>
+
+<p>In England the total number of "occupied males" between the ages of 18
+and 44, <span lang="la">i. e.</span>, roughly, the conscription age was, in 1911, 7,200,000.
+The number of men from the United Kingdom in the Army and Navy amounted
+to over 5,000,000; therefore, out of every seven of these men, on the
+average five were soldiers or sailors. These men were lost from the
+productive capacity of the nation. It is obvious that if English
+production remained the same, or increased, it must have been the result
+of extraordinary efforts on the part of the small percentage of occupied
+males of fighting age left, on the part of all the other males occupied
+or formerly occupied, and on the part of all females.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. R. H. Brand, in discussing the situation in 1918, said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Notwithstanding the great difficulties, I think it is probable that our
+production is quite as great as before. Measured in money, and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+
+owing to the rise of prices, it would probably be much greater. This is
+due to the fact that the whole population, practically speaking, has
+been working, and working intensely. Millions of women who have not
+worked before are working now. No one is idle. Every acre of land or
+garden that can be used is being used. Methods of production have been
+speeded up, labor-saving machinery in industry and agriculture
+multiplied. In every direction the wheels have been turning faster.</p>
+
+<p>"But, perhaps more important still, the <em>character</em> of our production
+has entirely changed&mdash;almost our entire industry is producing for
+war purposes. Ordinary civil needs are no longer considered. We have of
+course to produce what is essential for life, but beyond that all our
+energies are directed to war production. The government has of necessity
+compelled the whole of British industry to produce for war and to
+produce what it is told to produce, because in no other way could our
+own armies and our Allies have been supplied. No man is free to do what
+he likes with his labor and capital, with his ships, or with his steel.
+He has to do what he is told to do. By this means production for war
+purposes has enormously increased, and civil consumption has enormously
+decreased, because the goods for the civil population were no longer
+produced and one cannot buy what isn't there. Instead of gramophones,
+the gramophone company makes fuses; instead of cloth for ordinary
+clothes, the woolen factory makes khaki; instead of motor cars, the
+motor-car maker makes shells.</p>
+
+<h3>BRITISH INDUSTRY ON WAR BASIS.</h3>
+
+<p>"Apart from selling our liquid capital assets in return for foreign
+goods, and apart from borrowing from foreign countries for the same
+purpose, our power to provide our own army and navy with all they want
+and have any surplus over for our Allies has indeed depended entirely on
+our extraordinary efforts in production&mdash;not in normal production,
+but in war production&mdash;and also on the extent to which we have been
+able to reduce our civil consumption of all kinds. I put production
+first because, while economy in consumption is exceedingly important,
+increased productive capacity devoted to war material, in my opinion, is
+still more important. Our increased productivity has, as I say, been
+devoted entirely to war requirements. We have had to turn over our whole
+industry from a peace to a war basis. We have both voluntarily and
+compulsorily cut off the production of goods which are unnecessary for
+war purposes. Many trades have been actually shut down and the labor
+taken from them and handed over to war industries. Labor itself has been
+subjected to restrictions which would have been wholly impossible before
+the war. Labor may not leave its employment without government leave;
+salaries and wages may not be increased without government approval.
+Measures for the control of industry which were unheard of and, in fact,
+absolutely impossible before the war have been imposed upon all
+industry.</p>
+
+<p>"Fixed prices had been placed on the most important materials; the
+government now has the absolute control of the use of steel, copper,
+lead, wool, leather, and other materials for which the war demand is
+insatiable, and also of all materials manufactured therefrom. No use may
+be made of most of these materials for any purpose whatever without a
+certificate being first obtained, no buildings of any kind may be
+erected without leave of the Ministry of Munitions. The whole of
+industry may now be said to be directed according to the requirements of
+the government, its regulation is an enormous task. In the head office
+of the Ministry of Munitions alone there are more than 10,000 people.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. R. H. Brand, who is responsible for these statements and used them
+in an address to the American Bankers' Association, showed how these
+regulations had resulted in a decline of British imports from peace
+conditions of 55,000,000 tons annually to war conditions of 20,000,000
+tons. The imports were nearly all foodstuffs. England exported large
+amounts of munitions and supplies to her Allies. In the year 1916 alone
+we supplied them with 9,000,000 pairs of boots, 100,000,000 sand bags,
+40,000,000 yards of jute, millions of socks and blankets, and in
+addition several thousand tons of leather; also cloth, foodstuffs of
+every kind, portable houses, tools, hospital equipment and so on.</p>
+
+<h3>LABOR POWER IN ENGLAND</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Lloyd George became the man naturally selected to be Prime Minister
+because of his success in directing one of the chief war
+industries&mdash;the work of munitions. In May, 1915, when he was made
+head of the newly created Department of Munitions, the problem before
+him was no easy one. The Central Empires were able to turn out 250,000
+shells a day, while the British rate of production was 2,500
+high-explosive shells a day, and 13,000 shrapnel shells. Lloyd George
+selected a large technical staff; the work was decentralized as much as
+possible, and special committees were formed for the purpose of
+organizing the work in each district. The question of raw
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+
+materials had to be handled and this was not always easy because there
+were unscrupulous suppliers trying to make a corner in their goods. New
+machinery had to be made for the manufacture of large shells; all the
+big machine works were taken under direct control by the Government. Old
+factories had to be equipped and altered and twenty-six large plants had
+to be created. To provide the labor power, workmen were recruited by
+voluntary methods. A hundred thousand were in this way got together by
+July, 1915, most of whom were experts in machinery and ship-building.
+The result is pictured in the following extract by a French expert,
+Jules Destr&eacute;e:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the 20th of December, 1915, Mr. Lloyd George, in a speech delivered
+in the House of Commons, summarized the results of the first six months
+of his tenure of office. We will take a few points.</p>
+
+<p>"Orders placed before the formation of the department were delivered
+with an increase of 16 per cent. on previous deliveries. The number of
+new orders placed increased by 80 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>"The state regulation of the metal market resulted in a saving of from
+15 to 20 million pounds sterling.</p>
+
+<p>"The present output of shells for a single week is three times as great
+as the entire output for May, 1915, which means that the rate of
+production is twelve times as great.</p>
+
+<p>"The enormous quantity of shells consumed during the offensive of
+September, 1915, was made good in a month. The time will soon come when
+a week will suffice.</p>
+
+<p>"The output of machine guns is five times as great; that of hand
+grenades is increased forty fold.</p>
+
+<p>"The production of heavy artillery has been accelerated, and the
+heaviest guns of the early days of the war are now among the lightest.</p>
+
+<p>"An explosive factory in the south of England, which on October 15,
+1915, started to fill bombs at the rate of 500 a week with a staff of
+60, was in March, 1916, turning out 15,000 a week with a staff of 250.</p>
+
+<p>"An entirely new factory which started work at the end of October, 1915,
+with one filling shed and six girl fillers and an output of 270 a week,
+was in March, 1916, employing 175 girls and handling 15,000 bombs a
+week.</p>
+
+<p>"The Ministry of Munitions has built, or is building, housing
+accommodation for 60,000 workers, and canteens and mess rooms in
+munition works now give accommodation for 500,000 workers a day.</p>
+
+<p>"All the workmen were assigned either to the works already in
+existence&mdash;which in many cases were short of hands and unable for
+this reason to fulfill their contracts&mdash;or else they were allotted
+to the new factories.</p>
+
+<p>"But in view of influence wielded by the labor unions, various
+provisions were inserted in the Munitions Act. They related to the
+settlement of labor disputes and to the prohibition of strikes and
+lockouts the grounds for which had not been submitted to the Board of
+Trade.</p>
+
+<p>"To obviate such disputes, which were generally called forth by the
+excessive profits accruing to the employers and the demands of the
+wage-earners, the system of 'controlled establishments' was instituted.
+Every establishment engaged on munition work was placed, so far as the
+regulation of profits and salaries was concerned, under direct
+government control. Any modification in the rate of wages had to be
+submitted to the Ministry of Munitions, which had power to refer the
+question to an arbitration board specially set up by the act.</p>
+
+<p>"To complete this rapid survey it must be added that a department was
+created by the Ministry of Munitions, under the control of an
+undersecretary, whose special business it was to examine war
+inventions."</p></div>
+
+<h3>INDUSTRIAL DISLOCATION IN FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>When war was declared in 1914, the result in France was a complete
+disorganization. It must be remembered that workingmen from the age of
+19 to 45 were called to the colors. This meant that the labor supply was
+reduced by about three-fourths. The revival of trade was very slow until
+the beginning of 1915. When it began to be realized that the war would
+be a long one, and when the consumption of ammunition and war materials
+was beyond all previous records, the Government was forced to prepare a
+program for industrial warfare. It was a hard task because much of
+industrial France was under enemy occupation. Munition work had to be
+undertaken in neighborhoods largely agricultural. Everything was
+lacking: labor, coal, raw material and transportation. As it became
+evident that the stoppage of industrial work was a serious mistake, an
+attempt was made to revive industries not connected with munitions, such
+as paper manufacture, glove and silk making. The operations undertaken
+by the Government are described in the following passage from M. R.
+Blanchard's article in the <cite>North American Review</cite> (1917):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The first was to take men out of the army and send them to industrial
+work. This was done with great caution during the winter of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+
+1914&mdash;15. The proportion of the men thus taken increased more and more
+during the year 1915 and reached its fullest extent in 1916. The
+specialists in steel work were the first to be taken out of the
+trenches; these were far from being sufficient, and common workmen were
+added to them. Then chemists and workmen trained in the manufacture of
+explosives were recalled; electric engineers were sent back to the
+hydro-electric plants; miners above thirty-five years of age who
+belonged to the territorial regiments were sent to the mines;
+paper-makers and cardboard-makers who could be employed in the
+preparation of explosives were put to work; cabinet-makers were put to
+manufacturing rifle stocks; wood-cutters were brought back from the
+front in order to see that there was no waste in providing the enormous
+amount of wood needed in the army. All this recalling of mobilized men
+was effected at first according to the need, and without method. By
+degrees it became clear that the output would be greater if these
+soldier-workmen were assigned to the plants or factories where they were
+working before the war. As it would have been unwise to take too large a
+number of men out of the fighting units, hundreds of thousands were
+taken from the auxiliary troops of the interior, men who through lack of
+physical ability to fight were employed in sedentary tasks. Thus in 1915
+and 1916 auxiliaries were swept away to become workmen, foremen,
+secretaries, bookkeepers, accountants, etc. Finally the administration
+decided to draw from the oldest classes of men still under the military
+law. These were called in 1915 and sent to the factories&mdash;men born
+in 1868, either bachelors or married men without children.</p>
+
+<p>"Another draft was made on the civil population. To make up for the
+absence of male help, women were called upon for a great number of
+occupations. Along with the women the refugees were to do their part.
+After a rather long period of unsettled life these refugees took again
+to regular occupations, some working in the fields as agricultural
+hands, others in factories. Today it is difficult to find unemployed
+people among them.</p>
+
+<p>"The alien population for France is also large, considerable numbers of
+Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese being employed in the southeastern
+region. A newer element was provided by natives from French colonies,
+namely, Morocco and Algeria. Since the war started large numbers of
+Greeks and Armenians had been imported into France; and during the last
+two years <del>somethink</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads somethink">something</ins> like 200,000 Chinamen had been brought to France for
+unskilled work. The last resource was the enemy itself. There were in
+France more than 250,000 German prisoners engaged in various work and
+receiving a salary for it."</p></div>
+
+<p>Germany's industrial mobilization was picturesquely described by the
+head of the General Electric Co., Dr. Walter Rathenau, who was appointed
+at the beginning of the war to superintend the supplying of the German
+War Office with raw materials. He told the officials at the War Office
+that Germany was provided with more war materials only for a limited
+number of months. Accurate statistics were prepared in a short time on
+the power of production in various German industries. Then all the raw
+material was put where it could be commandeered. The flow of products
+was restricted, so that the raw material and also half manufactured
+products could be automatically diverted to articles needed by the Army.
+New methods were discovered and developed. Where former technical means
+were insufficient substitutes had to be found. Where it was prescribed
+that this or that article was to be made out of copper or aluminum, it
+was permitted to make it out of something else. All the laboring power
+of the country, including men from 16 to 60, were enrolled and
+controlled from the central organization called the War Office,
+described by General Gr&ouml;ner as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The new War Office represents Germany as a colossal firm which includes
+all production of every kind and is indifferent to the kind of coat,
+civil or military, which its employes wear. The new measures are
+intended to mobilize all effective labor, whereas up to the present we
+have only mobilized the army and industry. The whole war is becoming
+more and more a question of labor, and in order to give the army a firm
+basis for its operations the domestic army must also be mobilized. All
+the labor, women's as well as men's, must be extracted from the
+population, so far as possible voluntarily. But if voluntary enlistment
+does not suffice we shall not be able to avoid the introduction of
+compulsion."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE GERMAN NATION IN ARMS</h3>
+
+<p>Sixteen months after this war organization was effected, General
+Ludendorff said that when the great spring offensive of 1918 opened the
+Germans were superior to the Allies in every form of war supplies. There
+was a speeding up all round; the output of shells and cannon was double.
+This meant the doubling of the coal and iron production, and could be
+done only by increasing the workers necessary to double the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+
+output of basic war materials. Adequate food had to be supplied to the
+workers; there was what is known as the Hindenburg "Fat Fund" to which
+contributions were sent in from German peasantry and agriculturists.
+General Gr&ouml;ner, the head of the German War Office, outlined
+optimistically the future of German war industrial production as quoted
+in the New York <cite>Times</cite> of December 14, 1916:</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-081.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-081thumb.jpg" width="400" height="219"
+alt="A War Time Warning"
+title="A War Time Warning " />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Photo by P. Thompson</p>
+<p class="caption">A War Time Warning</p>
+<p class="description">Dairy production among the Allies decreased 30 per cent. during the war.
+The lard supply was also decreased. Kitchen economy in fats was never
+more important. Fats were so scarce in Germany during the latter part of
+1917 that a &quot;Hindenburg Fat Fund&quot; was organized to which contributions
+were sent in from German peasantry and agriculturists.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-081.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"German locomotives are running to the Taurus in Asia Minor; we are
+operating practically all the Serbian railways with German rolling
+stock; we have thousands of cars in Transylvania and Rumania, to say
+nothing of other occupied territories. After the transportation problem,
+we are taking measures to double the production of the auxiliary raw
+materials and semi-finished products. As one example, we are doubling
+our efforts for the manufacture of nitres from the nitrogen of the air.
+Not only of the basic raw materials, coal and iron, but of auxiliary raw
+materials we have no lack.</p>
+
+<p>"The brains of our chemists and technicians are supplying the missing
+imports, and will continue to do so. Only when we have accomplished all
+this will we proceed to the last step of doubling the production of
+shells and cannon. Such a war is not to be won by looking ahead from
+month to month, but only by thinking of the distant future. After we
+have doubled the pyramid, we shall proceed to treble it.</p>
+
+<p>"By spring we shall be going full steam ahead. After that our production
+will increase from month to month; and we have the labor and raw
+materials for keeping up the pace indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>"The male working forces available between the ages of seventeen and
+sixty, as provided by the Auxiliary Service Law, will cover our
+requirements into the distant future, but ultimately, aside from the
+children, aged and sick, every man and woman will be enlisted for home
+defense, if necessary. The home army will be the whole nation.</p>
+
+<p>"What we are engaging on is not alone the progressive mobilization of
+all the nation's physical strength and material <del>rsesources</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads rsesources">resources</ins>, but the
+mobilization of the nation's brains. An army corps of professors,
+scientists, chemists, engineers, technicians, and other specialists is
+already working with the Kriegstaat. Our idea is to be eminently
+scientific and practical&mdash;no theorizing. We are working to show
+results.</p>
+
+<p>"We are co&ouml;perating closely with the war industries of Turkey,
+Bulgaria, and Austria. It means doubling and trebling their
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+
+ammunition supply, too.</p>
+
+<p>"The military successes achieved in Rumania, which synchronize with the
+birth of patriotic auxiliary service, are an advantage that cannot be
+overestimated. The Danube means everything to us. Last year we had to
+beg Rumania for her oil and grain and pay our good money for it too. Now
+we don't need to beg costly favors of Rumania.</p>
+
+<p>"Lloyd George does not scare us. We have, however, not time for busying
+ourselves with politics; we have more important things to
+do&mdash;supplying Hindenburg with the means of victory."</p></div>
+
+<h3>RUSSIA'S INDUSTRIAL MOBILIZATION</h3>
+
+<p>In Russia industrial mobilization was badly managed. Cattle were taken
+to the front in herds. Often driven on foot, they were slaughtered on
+the spot where the meat was needed for the soldiers. The hides were
+thrown aside to rot. As a result of this wasting of hides, the supply of
+leather for military uses and for shoes for both the Army and the
+civilian population was soon utterly inadequate. Horses were
+requisitioned in the most unintelligent way, the result being that
+agricultural production decreased and with the lack of transportation
+facilities the Army horses could not be supplied with food. They died by
+the tens of thousands.</p>
+
+<p>Gross mismanagement marked the war handling of the Russian railway
+system. The rolling stock was allowed to deteriorate. Locomotives and
+cars were put aside permanently when they needed slight repairs. They
+could not be repaired because the railway machine shops had been
+converted into munition factories. There was an appalling shortage of
+manufactured goods for the civilian population, because the entire
+output of many manufacturing concerns was taken over for the Army. It
+was almost impossible to get clothing, boots and articles of wearing
+apparel. So great was the dearth of cloth at the end of the third year
+of the war that one was struck by the contrast <del>beween</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads beween">between</ins> the lines in
+front of the bakeries formed in the early morning hours and the groups
+of women gathered at eight in the evening before the shops which sold
+cloth to stand all through the night in line for the opening of the shop
+in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>A bright spot in Russian war administration was the work of the
+Municipal and Provincial Councils. The members of these bodies did
+valiant service in preventing the growing disorganization of the
+economic life of their country. Their activities are described by Prof.
+Harper of Chicago University, an actual eye witness of Russian
+conditions during the war, in the following passage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"So these organizations entered upon a campaign of 'saving' and
+'production.' They saved the hides that were being thrown away,
+collected the discarded boots at the front and repaired them, and took
+over the task of supplying the underwear for the whole
+army&mdash;mobilizing the village co&ouml;perative societies to fill the
+large orders. And they did much to organize the refugees from the
+invaded districts for productive work. In a word, these men saw that the
+war was going to extend into years, and they realized that only
+foresight and organization of productive resources would make it
+possible for Russia to withstand economically the burdens of a
+protracted struggle.</p>
+
+<p>"The attitude of the governmental authorities (the bureaucratic
+departments) toward the work of these non-bureaucratic, but public,
+institutions (the Unions of the Municipal and Provincial Councils) was
+one of suspicion and antagonism, and difficulties were put in their way
+with the deliberate intent to block their activities. The institutions
+were suspected of pursuing political aims. Only when it became clear
+that the ruling group in the bureaucracy was consciously allowing the
+country to drift into a state of anarchy in order to bring Russia out of
+the war did these leaders venture to risk revolutionary methods of
+action.</p>
+
+<p>"The president of the All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, the
+Zemstvo, was Prince Lvoff, the first Prime Minister of the new Russia
+after the revolution of March, 1917. In the monthly reports of the work
+of the All-Russian Union of Zemstva, Prince Lvoff, repeatedly issued
+warnings of the impending economic collapse of the country. But neither
+he nor Kerensky was able to liquidate the heritage received from the old
+r&eacute;gime in time to stave off the series of economic and financial
+crises of which the Bolsheviki availed themselves."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FOREBODINGS OF RUSSIA'S COLLAPSE</h3>
+
+<p>But it was not only foreign observers who were able to detect the
+prevailing rottenness in Russia's economic status. The following passage
+from an address made by A. I. Konovalov, a member of the Moscow Stock
+Exchange, shows that Russian business men were keenly alive to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+
+the dangers of the situation as early as April, 1917:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The old r&eacute;gime has seemingly done everything deliberately to
+destroy and demoralize the trade-industrial apparatus it took years to
+build up. As a result the usual course of the country's economic life
+was stopped, and at the same time, through the peculiarly enforced
+system of regulations, a wide field for all sorts of abuses and
+speculations was opened. We must frankly acknowledge that from these
+abuses and speculations a system of oppression grew up which has called
+forth fully merited reproach, distrust, and hostile feelings towards the
+representatives of the trade-industrial class.</p>
+
+<p>"At the same time there can be no doubt but that under present
+circumstances, lacking most of the necessaries of existence, with the
+factories and mills forced to cut down their production due to lack of
+raw material and fuel, with the demoralization of the transportation
+system, and being compelled, despite all these obstacles, to meet the
+numerous requirements at the front&mdash;there is no other way out but
+government control of private industrial and mercantile enterprises, and
+the co&ouml;peration of the democratic masses of the population in the
+matter of regulating the trade-industrial life of the country. In
+addition to fair distribution it should be the task of all the
+committees, which are to become parts of the Ministry, also to regulate
+the prices.</p>
+
+<p>"Closely connected with this question there is another one which I
+personally consider of tremendous importance. I have in mind the
+question of limiting the profits of all mercantile and industrial
+establishments. Undoubtedly a properly worked-out solution of this
+question would have the tendency to check the unwarranted growth of
+prices that would appease the masses. The normal effect of a decree
+limiting profits is of tremendous importance, not only in that it would
+soften the feeling of ill-will towards the trade-industrial class, but
+also because it would afford the government a new, convincing proof that
+the commercial and industrial class is ready to make all possible
+sacrifices for the common good, a proof which would paralyze the voicing
+of any new demands on the part of the masses.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, these are the main ideas, the fundamental points of view which the
+trade-industrial class should consider as a starting point in its
+efforts to win the confidence of the population and to safeguard that
+important position which it ought to occupy in the life of the country.</p>
+
+<p>"The situation is becoming all the more difficult because of the
+ever-increasing famine due to the shortage of means of production as
+well as of all the necessaries of life; this famine will be felt very
+acutely, not only on account of the lack of these goods, but also
+because of the overabundance of paper money."</p></div>
+
+<h3>LABOR TRADITIONS UPSET</h3>
+
+<p>All kinds of economic theories and all varieties of economic experiences
+have been overturned by the abnormal industrialism of the war. The world
+really passed into a <span lang="la">terra incognita</span>. Even the firmest foundations of
+trade unionism have been shaken. There was no more firmly established
+fact before the war than the inability of women to secure a level of
+wages equal to that of the male wage earner. Such theories have passed
+to the limbo of forgotten things. Prejudice and tradition have given
+away before the actual test of facts. Women have taken the place of men
+called away to war service in practically all the fields of industrial
+activity. Apart from theory, biological and otherwise, it is now seen
+that the old exclusion of women from skilled industry was largely the
+result of trade union regulation. But the woman war-worker was found in
+fields untouched by trade unionism. There was the woman bank clerk as
+well as the woman engineer.</p>
+
+<p>There was much discussion, mostly pessimistic, as to what would happen
+if the woman labor supply should permanently take the place of man labor
+after the war was over. The best solution was thought to be the placing
+of the woman worker under a r&eacute;gime of trade unionism. How far
+such prognostications went is illustrated in the following quotation
+from Miss Mary Stocks in the London <cite>Athenaeum</cite>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It has been presupposed that the war will end decisively before the
+armies engaged are reduced to inappreciable numbers of able-bodied men.
+It has been presupposed that the return of peace will find British
+industry based upon the old system of private ownership of capital and
+haphazard production in response to the effective demand of individuals.
+It presupposes no change of heart on the part of employers, government
+or trade unions. But, in view of possible, if not probable dangers, the
+most urgent stress should be laid upon what is an undoubted palliative,
+if not a fundamental cure for such prospective economic ills; that is,
+the strenuous promotion and public encouragement of trade unionism among
+women. What women, by reason of underlying social and economic causes,
+are not able to do for themselves, the moral and financial support of
+the public must do for them, and such support should be regarded not
+merely as an interference in the old struggle between capital
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+
+and labor, but as an attempt to ward off a national danger.</p>
+
+<p>"The root of the evil is the old incompatibility between male and female
+labor in the skilled and semi-skilled grades of industry. That
+incompatibility has arisen partly from fallacious theorizing of the
+'wages-fund' type, but largely from the fact that the industrial woman,
+in spite of the uphill and often successful trade union work which has
+been accomplished, mainly from above, during the past forty years, is
+regarded by her male colleague as nature's blackleg. And in spite of the
+short-sighted policy of hostility to women members displayed by a few
+trade unions, it is fairly clear that it is not the woman trade unionist
+that the man is afraid of, but the woman blackleg; not the well-paid
+woman, but the sweated woman. Now there are three ways of dealing with a
+blackleg: he may be elbowed out of the industrial world altogether; he
+may be penned up, as women have been penned up, in the lowest and most
+undesirable grades; or he may be turned into a trade unionist. As far as
+women are concerned, the first two are closed by national expediency,
+humanity and justice. The third lies open; and in view of the peculiar
+economic rocks which loom vaguely ahead of us, it may be said without
+exaggeration that one woman trade-union leader is worth a hundred
+welfare workers."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-084.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-084thumb.jpg" width="400" height="277"
+           alt="Women Workers in America"
+         title="Women Workers in America" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Women Workers in America</p>
+<p class="description">A field of winter lettuce, with the cloches, or glass bells, which made
+it possible during the war to raise plants in cold weather.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-084.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>WOMEN WORKERS IN AMERICA</h3>
+
+<p>As a result of the labor dislocation due to the operation of the
+American Draft Law, a large number of women were employed in railway
+work. The experience of the United States Railroad Administration in the
+matter of women employes was summarized in a paper read by Miss Pauline
+Goldmark, manager of the women's service section of the Railroad
+Administration, at a conference at the Academy of Political Science, in
+1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The number of women employed on the railroads of the United States had
+been 60,000 at the beginning of the year, and reached approximately
+100,000 by October 1st. The greatest number are in the clerical and
+semi-clerical occupations. Of the 81,000 employed July 1st, 61,000 were
+working as clerks of all kinds, stenographers, accountants, comptometer
+operators, etc. In this class appear women ticket sellers and bureau of
+information clerks, who served the public for the first time; they were
+found well fitted for this type of work, and special instruction agencies were opened by the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+
+government in various states to train them in the intricacies of tariffs
+and routes.</p>
+
+<p>"The next largest group of 4,000, it is not surprising to learn, appears
+in women's time-honored occupation of cleaning. Women have long been
+cleaning stations, offices, etc., but now they are employed in the yards
+to clean coaches and Pullmans, both inside and outside; and in the
+roundhouses, doing the heavier work of wiping locomotives; 800 were so
+employed. In personal service, including work in dining rooms and
+kitchens, as matrons and janitresses, 2,000 were found. In the railroad
+shops, women entered the greatest variety of new occupations. Three
+thousand were employed, ranging at one end of the scale from common
+laborers, at the other end of the scale of skilled mechanics earning the
+machinists' or carmen's rate of pay.</p>
+
+<p>"Many women were employed a year and a half ago, before the railroads
+were put under Federal control, because they could be obtained for less
+pay than men. They were, for instance, engaged as common laborers at
+20&cent;. to 22&cent;. an hour, at a time when men were receiving
+28&cent;. to 30&cent;. for the same class of labor. With rare exceptions
+where adjustments are still necessary, the wage orders have absolutely
+stopped this undercutting of men's wages by women.</p></div>
+
+<h3>WORK UNSUITABLE FOR WOMEN</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Soon after women began to be largely employed it became apparent that
+some of their work was neither profitable nor appropriate. The use of
+women as section laborers, for instance, in a gang of men working along
+the tracks at a distance from any house or station was judged to be
+unsuitable. This was also found to be the case where women were employed
+as truckers in depots and warehouses on account of the extraordinary
+physical exertion required of them. In view of the wages now paid it was
+believed possible to secure men and to transfer the women to some class
+of work suitable to their strength and with proper regard to their
+health. The railroads were accordingly asked to discontinue their
+employment in both these positions.</p>
+
+<p>"Comparisons with other industries can probably best be made in respect
+to the women employed in the shops. They are operating a number of
+machines such as bolt-threaders, nut-tappers, drill presses, for which
+no great skill or experience is needed, and which is classed as
+'helpers' work,' and rated at the specified pay of 45&cent;. an hour.
+They are also employed for highly skilled work. A number have succeeded
+as electric welders and oxy-acetylene-burners. They have been found well
+adapted for work on the air-brake equipment and are cleaning, testing,
+and making minor repairs on triple valves. In some places they are now
+working in a separate group on the lighter-weight valves, weighing not
+more than forty pounds. After a period of training they are giving
+satisfaction without the help of any man operator.</p>
+
+<p>"A remarkably fine type of woman is now to be seen in many of the shops,
+who enjoys the greater freedom of her work as compared with factory
+routine, although in many cases the discomfort, the dirt, and exposure
+are far greater. It remains to be seen whether the women will remain in
+these jobs to any great extent. The railroads will, of course, recognize
+the seniority rights of all their employees returning from military
+service, but as far as the new employees are concerned, women will have
+the same privileges as other new employees in retaining their positions
+or being assigned to other jobs. There can be no doubt that in the
+clerical and semi-clerical positions they have proved their worth, and
+will to a great extent be retained."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ALIEN LABOR FOR WAR PURPOSES</h3>
+
+<p>The man in the fighting line was only one factor in the prosecution of
+warlike operations. The success of strategy and tactics was dependent
+upon the organization of the man in the labor line not only at home but
+also in the territory behind the miles of trenches in France. For this
+purpose Chinese labor was drafted by both the British and the French
+Government. Large numbers of British ships sailed with crews practically
+consisting of Chinese sailors. The sentiment in favor of Chinese
+exclusion had to give way before imperative needs for labor power. There
+were tens of thousands of Chinamen in the service of the Allies. In the
+<cite>Sunset Magazine</cite>, Mr. G. C. Hodges calls attention to the fact that the
+break between the Chinese Republic and Germany was precipitated largely
+by the Allied drafting of China's manpower. Even in its beginnings he
+says, the French and British mobilization of Chinese labor caused a
+diplomatic battle royal. The significance of Chinese labor behind the
+battle front is described in the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"They are a war factor. His Britannic Majesty's Chinese Labor Corps now
+behind the battle line in France is almost as large as the total Chinese
+population in the United States. The French Republic has recruited a
+force of similar dimensions, bringing Chinese manpower overseas for
+non-combatant and industrial work. Even teeming Russia, before its
+tragic collapse, had drawn upon thousands of Chinese for work as far
+west as the Ural mines. In 1914 there were but 7,000 in this rich
+country, but a fourfold increase brought the total to 30,000. All told,
+200,000 Chinese are 'carrying on' in the war zone, laboring
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+
+behind the lines, in munition works and factories, manning ships.</p>
+
+<p>"Though the pages of no White Book say it, the break between the Chinese
+Republic and Germany was precipitated largely by the Allied drafting of
+China's manpower. Even in its beginnings, the French and British
+mobilization of Chinese labor caused a diplomatic battle royal."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ECONOMIC VALUE OF AMERICAN ARMY TO FRENCH INDUSTRY</h3>
+
+<p>Permanent economic improvements were one result of the presence in
+France of the American Expeditionary Force. An industrial movement was
+created that will probably continue long after the war is over. In
+various French seaports, docks had to be constructed to handle the
+enormous tonnage of supplies needed for the American troops. A letter in
+the New York <cite>Journal of Commerce</cite> gives a picture of the transformation
+in the transport system in France made in order to handle with speed and
+certainty the various supplies on which the American Army depended:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+  <p>"Our project comprises nearly 1,000 miles of railroad construction,
+    but not continuous. France already controls on her lines such
+    facilities that she has been able to support her great military
+    burden and not break. Their local development in the way of sidings
+    and so forth is chiefly in the big towns, and small engines and cars
+    are used. To meet our larger needs, it is necessary to establish
+    terminals outside the towns for the change of engines and for our
+    great storage warehouses. Our great railway construction in France,
+    apart from a few cut-off lines, is in the way of storage yards. We
+    have practically the use of two trunk-line tracks. The French run
+    over them, too, for there is a tremendous civil population to be
+    supported. The French are necessarily supreme, and we simply have
+    the right to run over their railroads subject to their rules.
+  </p>
+
+  <p>"The French have an arrangement with their railroads by which a
+    piece of track that is put in for military purposes is paid for by
+    the French Government. If the civil requirements of the railroad
+    grow up to the use of that particular piece of track, then the
+    government is reimbursed by the railroad. We are in the same
+    position toward these railroads as the French Government. At the end
+    of the war the improvements which we make will be surveyed. If they
+    are useful to the railroads our expenditures will be reimbursed. If
+    not, we are at liberty to take up the stuff and clear the ground.
+    Two days ago a semi-official statement was made to the Paris press,
+    reading:
+  </p>
+  <p>"'Americans, in full agreement with the French authorities, are
+    making every effort to carry out, by their own means, the
+    debarkation of their troops in ports, their provisioning as well as
+    their transportation over our railroads. Sidings, large stations,
+    and establishments of every kind are being constructed by the most
+    modern and expeditious processes. One of the warehouses has an area
+    of about 4,000 acres, and it has a cold-storage plant capable of
+    holding several thousand tons of meat. Aviation training camps and
+    repair shops, considerable in size and with the most improved
+    machinery, are being erected on every side.'"</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>FRENCH INDUSTRIAL EXHAUSTION</h3>
+
+<p>A realistic picture of the industrial exhaustion of France at the close
+of the war was given by M. Tardieu, General Commissioner for
+Franco-American war affairs. The war expenses of 120,000,000,000 francs
+was only a fractional part of the whole loss. Another 50,000,000,000
+would have to be raised to secure raw material destroyed during the war.
+M. Tardieu presented in detail the various items indicating to what
+extent France had suffered economic disability and paralysis:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The territories which have been under German occupation for four years
+were the wealthiest part of France. Their area did not exceed six per
+cent. of the whole country. They paid, however, 25 per cent. of the sum
+total of our taxes. These territories are now in a state of ruin even
+worse than we had anticipated. Of cities and villages nothing remains
+but ruins; 350,000 homes have been destroyed. To build them up
+again&mdash;I am referring to the building proper, without the
+furnishings&mdash;600 million days of work will be necessary, involving,
+together with building material, an outlay of 10,000,000,000 francs. As
+regards personal property of every description either destroyed by
+battle or stolen by the Germans, there stands an additional loss of at
+least 4,000,000,000 francs. This valuation of lost personal property
+does not include&mdash;as definite figures are lacking as yet&mdash;the
+countless war contributions and fines by the enemy, amounting also to
+billions. I need hardly say that, in those wealthy lands, no
+agricultural resources are left. The losses in horses and in cattle,
+bovine and ovine species, hogs, goats, amount to 1,510,000 head&mdash;in
+agricultural equipment to 454,000 machines or carts&mdash;the two items
+worth together 6,000,000,000 francs.</p>
+
+<p>"As regards industries, the disaster is even more complete. Those
+districts occupied by the Germans, and whose machinery has been
+methodically destroyed or taken away by the enemy, were, industrially
+speaking, the very heart of France, the very backbone of our
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+
+production, as shown in the following startling figures: In 1913 the
+wool output of our invaded regions amounted to 94 per cent. of the
+total. French production and corresponding figures were: For flax from
+the spinning mills, 90 per cent.; iron ore, 90 per cent.; pig iron, 83
+per cent.; steel, 70 per cent.; sugar, 70 per cent.; cotton, 60 per
+cent.; coal, 55 per cent.; electric power, 45 per cent. Of all
+that&mdash;plants, machinery, mines&mdash;nothing is left. Everything
+has been carried away or destroyed by the enemy. So complete is the
+destruction that, in the case of our great coal mines in the north, two
+years of work will be needed before a single ton of coal can be
+extracted and ten years before the output is brought back to the figures
+of 1913.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+  <img src="images/ill-087.jpg" width="400" height="521"
+       alt="Samuel P. Gompers" title="Samuel P. Gompers" />
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">Samuel P. Gompers</p>
+  <p class="description">President of the American Federation of Labor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE WORK OF REBUILDING</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"All that must be rebuilt, and to carry out that kind of reconstruction
+only, there will be a need of over 2,000,000 tons of pig iron, nearly
+4,000,000 tons of steel&mdash;not to mention the replenishing of stocks
+and of raw materials which must of necessity be supplied to the plants
+during the first year of resumed activity. If we take into account these
+different items, we reach as regards industrial needs a total of
+25,000,000,000 francs. To resurrect these regions, to reconstruct these
+factories, raw materials are not now sufficient; we need means of
+transportation. The enemy has destroyed our railroad tracks, our
+railroad equipment, and our rolling stock, which, in the first month of
+the war, in 1914, reduced by 50,000 cars, has undergone the wear and
+tear of fifty months of war.</p>
+
+<p>"Our merchant fleet, on the other hand, has lost more than a million
+tons through submarine warfare. Our shipyards during the last four years
+have not built any ships. For they have produced for us and for our
+Allies cannon, ammunition, and tanks. Here, again, for this item alone
+of means of transportation we must figure on an expense of 2,500,000,000
+francs. This makes, if I sum up these different items, a need of raw
+material which represents in cost, at the present rate of prices in
+France, not less than 50,000,000,000 francs."</p></div>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>IV&mdash;GOVERNMENT CONTROL<br />
+Wartime Nationalization of Railways and Shipping&mdash;Ship-building at
+High Speed&mdash;Trade Licensing, Etc.</h2>
+
+<p>On April 5, 1917, the day before war was declared, Franklin K. Lane,
+Secretary of the Interior, introduced and had passed by the Council of
+National Defense the following resolution:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><em>Resolved</em>, That Commissioner Willard be requested to call upon the
+railroads to organize their business so as to lead to the greatest
+expedition in the movement of freight.</p></div>
+
+<p>Acting in accordance with this resolution, the principal railroad
+executives of the country met in Washington on April 11, 1917, and
+resolved that during the war they would co&ouml;rdinate their operations
+in a continental railway system, merging during such period all their
+merely individual and competitive activities in the effort to produce a
+maximum of national transportation efficiency. The direction of the continental railway system
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+
+thus organized was placed by the railroads in the hands of the executive
+committee of the Special Committee on National Defense of the American
+Railway Association. This executive committee was also known as the
+Railroads' War Board.</p>
+
+<p>Under this resolution the railroads of the United States continued to be
+operated under private ownership and private management until December
+28, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>On that date President Wilson, exercising his war-time prerogative, took
+control of the railways of the country and appointed W. G. McAdoo
+Director General.</p>
+
+<p>2. Congress in January passed a railroad-control bill.</p>
+
+<p>3. On April 11, 1918, President Wilson issued a proclamation taking over
+for the Government the property of coastwise shipping lines.</p>
+
+<p>4. On May 24th, Director General McAdoo placed in charge of each
+railroad property a federal manager whose duty it was to report to the
+regional director.</p>
+
+<p>5. On June 29th, the Railroad Administration relinquished from federal
+control nearly 2,000 short-line railroads whose control by the
+Administration was regarded as not "needful or desirable."</p>
+
+<p>During the first six months after the United States entered the war
+statistics showed that the railways not only handled far more traffic
+than in any earlier six months of their history but also as much as in
+any entire year prior to 1907. It will be remembered that the years 1906
+and 1907 marked the climax of a long period of rapid increase of
+railroad business which resulted in the longest and most acute
+congestion of traffic and shortage that had ever been known prior to the
+war period. The grounds offered by the Government for taking over the
+railway systems during the war might be explained as the resultant of
+the findings of the Interstate Commerce Commission on December 5th, in
+which it was stated that the claim of the roads for higher rates could
+not be granted.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"From the standpoint of the Government three principal reasons are seen
+for the taking over of the lines:</p></div>
+
+<ol>
+<li>"The avoidance of obstructions to transportation due to the routing
+and division of freight, intended to give a fair share to each line in a
+given territory.</li>
+
+<li>"The abolition of preferences to given shippers and kinds of freight,
+and the centralization of control over priority in shipment.</li>
+
+<li>"The practical termination of rate controversies and labor
+discussions as between private individuals and the placing of the roads
+on a semi-military basis.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>"The railroads themselves have received the announcement of the
+President's action with much greater equanimity than could have been
+expected. They undoubtedly see in the step the following advantages:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>"Assurance of a moderate if not generous income in a period of great
+uncertainty and difficulty, during which they have been caught between
+the upper and nether millstones of fixed rates and advancing costs and
+wages.</li>
+
+<li>"Termination of the danger that threatened them from the continually
+maturing obligations which ordinarily they would have little trouble in
+refinancing, but which, under existing conditions, can scarcely be
+provided for on any basis.</li>
+
+<li>"Provision of means for betterment and improvement at a time when such
+provision can be had practically only through government orders designed
+to place such requirements ahead of those of private concerns."</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>OBJECTS OF GOVERNMENT CONTROL</h3>
+
+<p>This experiment in government control was discussed and explained by the
+Director General after six months' experience in the following statement
+issued by him on June 15, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The policy of the United States Railroad Administration has been
+informed and shaped by a desire to accomplish the following purposes,
+which are named in what I conceive to be the order of their importance:</p>
+
+<p>"<em>First</em>, the winning of the war, which includes the prompt movement of
+the men and the material that the Government requires. To this
+everything else must be subordinated.</p>
+
+<p>"<em>Second</em>, the service of the public, which is the purpose for which the
+railways were built and given the privileges accorded them. This implies
+the maintenance and improvement of the railroad properties so that
+adequate transportation facilities will be provided at the lowest cost,
+the object of the Government being to furnish service rather than to
+make money.</p>
+
+<p>"<em>Third</em>, the promotion of a spirit of sympathy and a better
+understanding between the administration of the railways and their two
+million employees, as well as their one hundred million patrons, which
+latter class includes every individual in the nation, since
+transportation has become a prime and universal necessity of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+
+civilized existence.</p>
+
+<p>"<em>Fourth</em>, the application of sound economies, including:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li>The elimination of superfluous expenditures.</li>
+
+<li>The payment of a fair and living wage for services rendered and a just
+and prompt compensation for injuries received.</li>
+
+<li>The purchase of material and equipment at the lowest prices consistent
+with a reasonable, but not an excessive, profit to the producer.</li>
+
+<li>The adoption of standardized equipment and the introduction of approved
+devices that will save life and labor.</li>
+
+<li>The routing of freight and passenger traffic with due regard to the fact
+that a straight line is the shortest distance between two points.</li>
+
+<li>The intensive employment of all equipment and a careful record and
+scientific study of the results obtained, with a view to determining the
+comparative efficiency secured.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>"The development of this policy will, of course, require time. The task
+to which the Railroad Administration has addressed itself is an immense
+one. It is as yet too early to judge of the results obtained, but I
+believe that great progress has been made toward the goal of our
+ideals."</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>GOVERNMENT CONTROL CRITICISED</h3>
+
+<p>The defects of the Government administration of the railways have been
+the subject of both criticism and apology. A diagnosis published by the
+<cite>Engineering News Record</cite> of New York states that the whole difficulty
+is ascribed to the employment of bankers in high places of railway
+management. Railroads, it was asserted, cannot be run by men of the
+banking type of mind. The article continues:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Here was, and is, an agency with daily influence on the life of every
+member of the community, performing a service essential to the nation's
+life. Yet it has few friends among the people at large; more now than
+formerly, however, due to the number of those whose pity has been
+excited at the railroads' plight. The first of the railroads' plagues
+was the type of management&mdash;manipulation, it would better be
+called&mdash;which regarded the properties not as carriers but as media
+for stock-jobbing operations. Consolidations with the addition of water,
+and reconsolidations, with still more water, were the order of the day;
+while those operating the properties danced riotously over their
+territories waving insolently the flag of 'The Public Be Damned.'
+Rebates, car-withholding tyrannies, all manner of schemes were worked to
+aid the favored few, while the purchasing methods honeycombed the
+organization with rottenness.</p>
+
+<p>"Then came the day for the people to have their say, and one national
+and forty-eight State commissions began to bedevil the carriers. What
+the stock-jobbers and the grafters had failed to do the people in their
+vengeance helped to complete. The public at large, which under
+intelligent management of the properties would have been the railroads'
+best friend, had been alienated. As a result we have had the drift into
+bankruptcy which has been railroad history during the past decade.
+Instances need not be cited. Each one can supply them from his own
+neighborhood. Probably the mention of the New Haven will furnish
+sufficient nausea to carry the right impression.</p>
+
+<p>"And that <em>d&eacute;b&acirc;cle</em> we attribute to the banking type of
+mind, that type of mind that places personal profit ahead of all other
+considerations. The engineering type of mind, we hold, would have
+analyzed the purpose of the railroads&mdash;would have seen that service
+to the public at large, and not to any private interest, was the prime
+object, would have erected that as the railroads' ideal and builded a
+machine for its attainment."</p></div>
+
+<h3>BRITISH RAILWAY MANAGEMENT</h3>
+
+<p>Like American railways the railway system of Great Britain was under
+private control prior to the war, but the experiment of Government
+direction began to be applied as soon as the war was declared.
+Government control did not mean Government ownership. The lines remained
+the property of the companies. They retained the management of their own
+concerns subject to the instructions of an executive committee appointed
+by the Government and the whole machinery of administration went on as
+before. At the beginning the sole purpose was to facilitate the movement
+of troops, but as the war developed the scope of the railway executive
+committee became greatly extended. Working in co&ouml;peration with the
+acting chairman were twelve general managers of leading British lines.
+Under the central body were groups of committees, each made up of
+railway experts. The War Office and the Director General of Transport
+were in touch with the Central Committee. A writer in the <cite>Railway Age
+Gazette</cite> for December, 1917, explains the arrangements as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Under the terms on which the railways were taken over for the period of
+the war the Government
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+
+guaranteed to the proprietors of the railways that their net revenue
+should be the same as in 1913, except when the net receipts for the
+first half of 1914 were less than the first half of 1913; in that case
+the sum payable was to be reduced in the same proportion. The entire
+Government traffic&mdash;men and freight&mdash;was to be carried without
+any direct charge being made for it or any accounts rendered. This plan
+was considered satisfactory by both sides. In the majority of cases
+there had been a reduction of earnings in the first half of 1914 over
+the previous half-year, and companies were contemplating a still further
+reduction. The interests of their shareholders being assured, they were
+able to devote themselves to the work of economical and efficient
+distribution, quite apart from the usual financial problems. The one
+weak side of this agreement was that it made no allowance to cover
+increased interest payments on account of new investments and new
+capital expenditure since the war began. This point was afterward met by
+an arrangement that the government should pay interest at 4 per cent. on
+all new capital invested by the railways since August 4, 1914, on new
+lines, branches, terminals, equipment, or other facilities put into use
+since January 1, 1913.</p>
+
+<p>"The conclusion of the financial agreement between the Government and
+the companies automatically brought about a great economy in the system
+of railway accounts. The reports of the companies were cut down to a
+bare minimum, and in many cases even these reduced reports were not sent
+to the shareholders unless they specially asked for them."</p></div>
+
+<h3>RAILWAY NATIONALIZATION IN CANADA</h3>
+
+<p>A definite proposal to nationalize the railway systems of the Dominion
+of Canada was made during the war. Canada has nearly one-sixth of the
+railway mileage of the United States, although it has less than
+one-fourteenth of the population. Canada has three trans-continental
+systems. There is sufficient trade in the Dominion for two good systems.
+A royal commission appointed to inquire into the subject reported that
+the net returns of the railways were so low as to prove that more
+railways had been built than could be justified on commercial grounds.
+Large subsidies had been granted by the Government. In the case of the
+Grand Trunk Pacific this public subsidy amounted to nearly two-thirds of
+the total investment; in the case of the Canadian Northern to nearly
+three-quarters. The Canadian Pacific was reported as the strongest
+railway in Canada, economically built and well managed. The other
+companies, such as the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trunk Pacific,
+were facing heavy annual deficits.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/ill-090.jpg" width="400" height="524"
+alt="Walker D. Hines"
+title="Walker D. Hines" />
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Walker D. Hines</p>
+<p class="description">He succeeded William McAdoo as Director-General of Railroads after the
+signing of the armistice.</p></div>
+
+<p>The commissioners recommended heroic measures. They did not consider
+that operation by a Minister directly responsible to Parliament would be
+in the public interest. It would not secure better service nor lower
+rates. What the commissioners did recommend was to transfer the three
+companies to a new body, a board of trustees to be incorporated as the
+Dominion Railway Company and that the Canadian Northern, the Canadian
+Pacific and the Grand Trunk Pacific be transferred to this body. The
+Government-owned Intercolonial and Transcontinental Railways stretching
+from Halifax to Winnipeg were to be transferred to the Dominion Company.
+Under the scheme worked out by the commission, the Government would
+assume responsibility to the Dominion Railway Company for the interest
+on existing securities of the transferred companies. As to the composition of the board of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+
+trustees, the commissioner recommended that they be five; three railway
+members, one member selected on the ground of business and financial
+experience and one as especially possessing the confidence of the
+railway employees. The commissioners laid stress on the importance of
+the board being non-political, permanent and self-perpetuating, and in
+this connection pointed to the experience of the Australian state
+railways.</p>
+
+<h3>FRENCH RAILWAYS IN WARTIME</h3>
+
+<p>The great strain on a country's railway system caused by war was
+illustrated by the French mobilization. Four thousand seven hundred and
+fifty trains were required. After mobilization was over the Army still
+had a permanent need of railways for two purposes: for its
+communications in the rear, and for its movements from place to place.
+To bring supplies to one Army corps trainloads aggregating 200 tons a
+day were required.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. G. Blanchon in <cite>New Warfare</cite> explained the situation as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The preparation of railways for war uses is not confined to the
+planning of the system itself. It extends to the provision and
+adaptation of stations, to the duplication of the lines, to the defence
+of bridges and other structures, to the provision of rolling-stock.
+Considerable extension may be looked for in all these directions.
+However important the motor-car and the aeroplane may be in military
+transport, it is probable that the railways will always be the most
+satisfactory means of conveying heavy material.</p>
+
+<p>"The railway carriage itself can be adapted for military uses. We have
+tank cars, cold-storage cars, hospital trains; above all, we have
+armored trains and truck gun-carriages.</p>
+
+<p>"Railways will perhaps render more effective service than ever in the
+matter of bringing to the required spot huge guns too heavy to be
+transported in any other way. These will be fired without leaving the
+rails. The truck gun-carriage is so arranged as to withstand the recoil;
+this result is obtained by placing on the ground, once the carriage is
+stationary, supports which take the load off the wheels. The recoil is
+transferred to the ground so that the rails do not suffer.</p>
+
+<p>"Whether the object is to organize a supply line, to transfer
+reinforcements, or to carry heavy material to its destination, it may be
+of service to provide for the absence of normal lines by laying down
+rails along the road. Both the Germans and ourselves have done this
+very frequently. A narrow gauge of sixty centimeters is generally used.
+A team of skilled sappers takes about three hours to lay down about one
+kilometer of railway."</p></div>
+
+<h3>AMERICA'S SHIPPING PREPARATION</h3>
+
+<p>The two great means of transport&mdash;railways and
+ships&mdash;furnished in this war the greatest examples of modified
+state socialism which America had yet seen. As to the general way in
+which they were controlled these two services show a fairly close family
+resemblance, though the forms of organization were technically quite
+different. The larger railroads and the larger ships were taken
+possession of by the Government and were operated by the same people, in
+general, who operated them before, but under orders of the Railroad
+Administration and the Shipping Board respectively. New ships and new
+railroad equipment were built on plans made under federal direction, and
+in both cases the output was being largely standardized. The heads of
+the Shipping Board and the Emergency Fleet Corporation were men drawn
+from private business, while the regional directors of the railroad
+regions and the federal managers of the separate roads were railroad
+men, usually managing their own roads, under the government's direction.
+Thus in both cases private enterprise furnished the traditions and
+training of the personnel that made this experiment in socialism.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the points of likeness there were differences between the two
+services. In the case of ship-building, the industry was virtually
+re-created, so great was the expansion and the revolution in methods. In
+the case of railroads the emphasis was, as has been seen, on the task of
+utilizing an existing and limited plant to its utmost capacity for war
+purposes.</p>
+
+<h3>WAR'S EFFECT ON SHIPPING</h3>
+
+<p>The following table, taken from a pamphlet distributed by the Emergency
+Fleet Corporation six months before the conclusion of the war, gives a
+perspicuous view of the shipping situation at the opening of military
+operations in the United States:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE WAR AND WORLD SHIPPING</h3>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="world shipping">
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><th>Gross Tons</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">World's shipping (except German and Austrian) August 1, 1914</td><td class="numeric">42,574,537</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Additional ships built, August, 1914&mdash;December 31, 1917</td><td class="numeric">6,621,003</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">German and Austrian interned ships available for use of Allies</td><td class="numeric">875,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="5" class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Total</td><td class="numeric">50,070,540</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="5">Losses since 1914.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Due to ordinary causes.</td><td class="numeric">1,600,000</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&emsp;</td><td colspan="2">Due to mines, raiders and submarines:</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Allies</td><td class="numeric">8,900,119</td><td><a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Norway</td><td class="numeric">1,031,778</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Other neutrals</td><td class="numeric">400,000</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Total</td><td class="numeric">11,931,897</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="5" class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Balance actual tonnage available</td><td class="numeric">38,138,643</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Net decrease since 1914</td><td class="numeric">4,435,894</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Add 2 tons constantly required to maintain each man in France (1,500,000 men &times; 2)</td><td class="numeric">3,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Shortage for merchant traffic, at least</td><td class="numeric">7,435,894</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>To October, 1917.</p></div>
+
+<p>Another table gives a view of the rates between the building and sinking
+of ships among the Allied, neutral, and British nations from the
+beginning of the war to April, 1918:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The world's shipping suffered a net loss of 2,632,279 tons from the
+beginning of the war to April 1, 1918, the greater part of this having
+occurred since the beginning of the unrestricted submarine warfare which
+brought America into the war. This loss is partly due to England's
+having increased her naval building at the expense of merchant tonnage.
+While naval construction must not be neglected, some building capacity
+can be turned back to merchant ship-building in case of extreme need.
+However, in April, 1918, Great Britain and the United States built
+40,000 tons more shipping than was lost, and American construction is
+still rapidly increasing."</p></div>
+
+<h3>AMERICA'S SHIP-BUILDING PROGRAM</h3>
+
+<p>American ship-building was planned on grandiose lines, partly to make
+good the losses by submarine, partly to provide transportation for
+American troops to Europe, and partly for propaganda purposes in
+friendly and in enemy countries. The American program was an ambitious
+one. Inflated figures were offered for popular consumption and
+undoubtedly they were consumed and had their influence in securing a
+successful close to the struggle. While reports were coming from Great
+Britain telling of constant labor troubles on the Clyde and other
+ship-building localities, every item of news from Washington spoke of
+the marvelous achievements of American ship-building. One message read
+after eight months of the war had passed: "For the first time in history
+America has outdistanced England in her ship-building output."</p>
+
+<p>Foreign critics called attention to the fact that American figures of
+ship-building (1918) had a different basis of valuation from those of
+other countries. In one case there were vessels completed and entered
+for service, and in another there were vessels launched. The situation
+is presented by the London <cite>Economist</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"British shipping, still in magnitude far beyond that of any of the
+Allies, is declining; it is still being sunk faster than it is being
+replaced. American shipping, on the other hand, is rapidly expanding,
+and has already turned the scale against the U-boats. The American Army
+in France as it is reinforced must become more and more dependent upon
+American ships for transport and supply. Up to the end of July the net
+loss in British shipping due to enemy action and marine risks since
+August, 1914, had been 3,851,537 gross tons. During the current year to
+July 31 we have lost 583,600 gross tons more than we have built. British
+sea power, the power to use the sea as measured in merchant shipping, is
+wasting. On the other hand, the net gain since August, 1914, in Allied
+and neutral shipping&mdash;to which the United States have largely
+contributed&mdash;was nearly 1,100,000 tons at the end of June this
+year, and was showing a very remarkable rate of expansion. Thanks
+chiefly to the United States, the Allied and neutral monthly gain now
+more than offsets the British loss. The critical corner has been turned.
+To those whose eyes look beyond the war, and who already anticipate a
+great American mercantile marine in competition with depleted British
+lines, we would point out that after all its losses British merchant
+shipping still amounts to over 14,000,000 tons gross, and that America's
+ocean-going tonnage built and completing&mdash;exclusive of
+captures&mdash;is as yet little more than 4,000,000. What the relative
+positions will be a year hence&mdash;or two years hence, should the war
+last so long&mdash;we do not venture to predict."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE FOURTH OF JULY SPLASH</h3>
+
+<p>Reports of the Shipping Board's activity led to expectations of an
+unprecedented number of ships to be launched, fitted and ready for transport and trade purposes
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+
+within a very short interval. Much enthusiasm was created by the Fourth
+of July splash, 1918, when, according to the New York <cite>Tribune</cite>, in
+twelve hours steel and wooden ships hit the water in clouds of smoke and
+spray, at the rate of one every seven minutes. The era of Mr. Jefferson
+Brick had undoubtedly returned, for the <cite>Tribune</cite> went on to expatiate
+in poetical exuberance that the shores of "Puget Sound, San Francisco
+Bay, Columbia river, the Gulf of Mexico, the Delaware, Chesapeake Bay,
+New York Bay, and all the coast of New England and the Great Lakes were
+laved by the backwash of the great ships of the Liberty Fleet rushing to
+their proper element." The Bureau of Navigation estimated that by the
+end of June, 1918, 1,622 ships of 1,430,793 gross tons would be
+launched&mdash;more than double the output of German yards in times of
+peace. One article refers to the actual event as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-093.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-093thumb.jpg" width="400" height="336"
+alt="Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington"
+title="Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Charles Phillip Norton</p>
+<p class="caption">Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington</p>
+<p class="description">American ship-building during the war was planned on a gigantic scale to
+make good the losses by submarines and to provide transportation for
+American troops to Europe. The West Lianga, shown above, an 8,800-ton
+cargo carrier was launched within 55 working days and delivered, ready
+for cargo, in 67 days.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-093.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>AMERICAN LOSSES&mdash;NEW TONNAGE BUILT</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"At San Francisco on July 4th, Mr. Charles M. Schwab, Director-General
+of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, said to the shipworkers: 'If you
+stand up to your job, we'll make the Kaiser take his medicine lying
+down.' Mr. Schwab also ventured the statement that this Fourth of July
+shows the greatest record of launchings for a single day in the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+
+world's history, and added:</p>
+
+<p>"'Every time we launch a cargo or troopship or tanker we add to the
+certainty that German submarines can not win this war. Already we have
+the U-boats on the run, and if we keep up the pace we will have them
+beaten by next year. And when we achieve this victory it will be you who
+will deserve the credit.</p>
+
+<p>"'In 1915 all the shipyards in America turned out 215,602 dead-weight
+tons of shipping. The next year our output jumped to 520,847 tons. In
+1917 the hot pace continued until we very nearly doubled the output of
+the previous year, completing a total of 901,223. I am confident now
+that if we pull together and every man stays on the job, we will produce
+more than 3,000,000 dead-weight tons in 1918&mdash;the greatest output
+of any nation in the world in a single year.'</p>
+
+<p>"Premier Lloyd George sent a cable to President Wilson on the launching
+of the ships, in which he extended 'heartfelt congratulations on this
+magnificent performance,' and in an Independence-day speech Secretary of
+the Navy Josephus Daniels said in part:</p>
+
+<p>"'We are launching this day far more tonnage than that of all the
+American vessels sunk by submarines since the war began. We are
+launching today more than the Germans sank of the ships of all nations
+in the last month for which we have the official figures. The recent
+enemy submarine activities off our coast resulted in the loss of 25,411
+dead-weight tons of American shipping. During this same time 130,000
+gross tons of shipping were built.</p>
+
+<p>"'To give some idea of the tonnage situation with reference to American
+shipping, it may be of interest to know that the total tonnage of
+American vessels lost prior to the entry of the United States into the
+war was 67,815. The total American tonnage sunk since the entry of the
+United States into the war is 284,408, or a total of 352,223 tons sunk
+during the whole period of the European War. As against this loss, the
+gross tonnage of merchant ships built in the United States since the
+commencement of the European War is 2,722,563 tons, 1,736,664 gross tons
+of which have been built since the entry of the United States into the
+war. In addition to the tonnage thus built 650,000 tons of German
+shipping have been taken over. This does not include the tonnage
+acquired of Dutch, Japanese, and other vessels. It will be of further
+interest to know that today there will be launched in the great
+shipyards of this country over 400,000 dead-weight tons. These figures
+are in addition to those previously given.'"</p></div>
+
+<h3>A SHIP-BUILDING CAPACITY OF OVER 1,500,000 TONS A YEAR</h3>
+
+<p>The war program of the Shipping Board implied a multiplication by three
+of existing outputs. This increased output signified the possibility of
+labor difficulties, and in order to prevent these an agreement was
+reached between representatives of the labor unions, the Navy
+Department, the Shipping Board and the Emergency Fleet Corporation, to
+the effect that all disputes concerning wages, hours or conditions in
+shipyards in ship-building plants should be determined by a committee of
+three, one representing the corporation, one nominated by the President
+and the third selected by Mr. Samuel Gompers. When this agreement was
+entered into the United States reported a ship-building capacity of over
+one and one-half million gross tons a year. Two years previously the
+ship-building capacity was only five hundred thousand tons, but
+according to the London <cite>Economist</cite>, a rate of four million gross tons a
+year would have to be supplied if the American Army was to have
+sufficient means of transport.</p>
+
+<p>When this forecast was made on both sides of the Atlantic, it was
+realized that so far as the marine situation was concerned the war had
+become simply a question of ship-building against the submarine.
+Military operations intervened to prevent a full test of our
+ship-building strength, but there was full confidence in the United
+States that American ship-building would by increased production make
+the German submarine program an inconsiderable factor in the question of
+terminating the war.</p>
+
+<h3>TRANSPORTING THE AMERICAN ARMY</h3>
+
+<p>When there came a demand for an increase of man-power to be sent to the
+battle front few appreciated what this effort meant in its effect on
+increased shipping activities. Half a million American soldiers crossed
+the Atlantic in the first thirteen months of the war, after our entrance
+into the war, and a million and a half in the last six months of the
+war. The shipment across the Atlantic was at first anything but rapid.
+There were only a few American and British troop ships chartered
+directly from their owners. Then the former German liners were brought
+into service and with this addition embarkations greatly increased.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-94.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-94thumb.jpg" width="400" height="238"
+           alt="Hog Island Ship-building Yards"
+         title="Hog Island Ship-building Yards" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="caption">Hog Island Ship-building Yards</p>
+   <p class="description">The expenditure of millions of dollars and
+      the labor of thousands of workmen transformed in a short time
+      a tract of marsh lands near Philadelphia into one of the greatest
+      ship yards in the world.</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-94.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Early in 1918 increased shipping facilities were arranged for with the
+British Government. The results of this arrangement became visible in
+the growth of troop movements for March, 1918. Then there came the great
+German drive; after this every ship that could be secured was pressed
+into service. More British troop ships were used. Accordingly, in May,
+1918, more than twice as many men were carried as in April. The June
+record was greater than that of May and before the first of July one
+million had been embarked. During the summer the number carried was more
+than 10,000 men per day. This record has only been excelled by the
+achievement in bringing back the same men to the shores of the United
+States.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+For complete official figures of the troop movement overseas, see Volume IV.</p></div>
+
+<p>In addition to the transatlantic fleet there was an American
+cross-channel fleet carrying men and cargo from England to France. This
+fleet consisted of more than a third of a million tons by the end of
+1918. One-fourth of these vessels were Swedish or Norwegian, while the
+rest were American. This fleet comprised large numbers of small wood and
+steel vessels built by the Emergency Fleet Corporation at the yards of
+the Great Lakes and along the coast.</p>
+
+<h3>ACCELERATED SHIPPING</h3>
+
+<p>The Emergency Fleet Corporation turned over nearly a million tons of new
+ships for military purposes, and besides Scandinavian and Japanese
+tonnage was chartered. By doing this and by taking over lake steamers
+the large tonnage figures were secured, but it must be remembered that
+the Allies were largely concerned in the American troop movement. Of
+every 100 men who went over, 49 went in British ships, 45 in American,
+three in Italian, two in French and one in Russian shipping under
+British control. Moreover, a way was found to increase the loading of
+transports by as much as 50 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The duration of the voyage round trip was considerably decreased. In the
+spring of 1917 the average turn around for troop ships was 52 days. Some
+of the fast ships averaged under 30. The <cite>Leviathan</cite>, for example,
+landed the equivalent of a German division in France each month. Most of
+the cargo ships were American and these ships carried thousands of
+articles of the most varied sort. Nearly one-half of all the cargoes
+consisted of food and clothing. Then came the engineering and ordnance
+supplies. A large number of locomotives were shipped, set up on their
+own wheels so that they could be unloaded on the tracks in France and
+run off in a few hours under their own steam. These locomotives were of
+the hundred-ton type. Shipments of this type had never been made before.
+When the armistice was signed the Army was prepared to ship these set-up
+locomotives at the rate of 200 a month. The actual record shows that
+1,791 were sent to France on transports.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly 27,000 standard-gauge freight cars were shipped abroad, and motor
+trucks to the number of 47,000; rails and fittings were sent to France
+aggregating in all 423,000 tons. Moreover, the Army shipped nearly
+70,000 horses and mules. The increase in the shipping of cargo from the
+United States was consistently maintained from the start of the war, and
+at its cessation it was undergoing marked acceleration.</p>
+
+<h3>BRITISH SHIP-BUILDING</h3>
+
+<p>Ship-building in England was taken over by the government early in the
+war. This plan was described by many as an example of a blundering
+surrender to Socialism and a concession to bureaucratic tendencies.
+These critics pointed to the fact that in 1914 British shipping tonnage
+had reached the figure of 19 million tons, an increase of over 10
+millions in 15 years; and this was done in spite of subsidized
+competition from abroad and lack of reasonable encouragement at home.
+The policy of government interference was regarded as simply a method of
+discouraging English initiative in this industry. A writer in the London
+<cite>Outlook</cite>, Mr. E. T. Good, described the project in a most unfavorable
+light:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On top of foreign subsidized competition our people are to be subjected
+to Government competition at home, and their whole position and
+prospects rendered uncertain, if not impossible. This new government
+undertaking can have nothing but a chilling, blighting effect
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+
+upon our splendid ship-building and engineering trades, and it will not
+give us one additional ton of shipping. The government policy&mdash;or
+lack of policy&mdash;is such that no one knows what to expect next.
+There is no certainty. There is no continuity of policy. There is no
+encouragement. There is no common justice for British enterprise. Whilst
+Germany, France, Italy and other nations are preparing large
+subsidization schemes for their shipping and ship-building trades, our
+government excessively penalizes our industries and enterprises, and
+gives no hint of any fair dealing in the future. Before the war German
+subsidized liners were permitted to come into our harbors and take on
+board British passengers at 'blackleg' rates, and without paying even a
+due share for the upkeep of our ports and lights. Now our government,
+whilst paying neutral shipowners&mdash;our future rivals&mdash;freights
+up to as much as 500 per cent. above the Bluebook rates paid to our own
+vessels, is taxing our shipping people up to the eyes&mdash;doing all
+that it can to render it difficult, if not impossible, for our companies
+to increase their fleets and maintain British supremacy after the war."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-096.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-096thumb.jpg" width="400" height="367"
+alt="Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River"
+title="Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River, near Portland, Oregon" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River, near Portland, Oregon</p>
+<p class="description">Most of the cargo ships that carried supplies to our troops after we
+entered the war were American owned, and carried thousands of articles
+of the most varied sort. The City of Portland, shown above, was a
+three hundred foot wooden motor vessel.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-096.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that Great Britain's shipping problem was a matter
+of extreme complexity. There were first of all the submarine sinkings.
+There was the lack of labour for ship-building. There was, besides, the
+fact that the tonnage available for ordinary imports was considerably
+lessened by the commandeering of merchant ships for the carriage of
+government material. The following statement of the problem was
+presented by the British Premier himself in August, 1917:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In addition to this, the Shipping Controller has taken steps for the
+quickening of ship-building. The tonnage built in this country
+during peace times is, I think, on an average something a little
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+
+under 2,000,000. In 1915 the ship-building came to 688,000 tons. In 1916
+it was 538,000 tons. In this year a little over a million tons, nearly
+1,100,000 tons, will be built in this country and 330,000 tons will be
+acquired abroad, so that this year the tonnage which we shall acquire
+will be 1,900,000. This is purely mercantile marine. Bear in mind the
+condition under which the tonnage is built. It is the fourth year of the
+war. There is a difficulty in labor and great difficulty in material.
+You require steel for guns and shells for the Navy, because the
+ship-building program of the Navy has gone up considerably in the course
+of the present year. In spite of that fact the ship-building of the
+country in this year will not be very far from what it was in the days
+of peace.</p>
+
+<p>"Even now we have not got enough tonnage for all essential purposes. We
+have got to provide tonnage for France, Italy and Russia, as well as for
+ourselves, and we need more ships instead of fewer ships. And I am not
+going to pretend that there will not be at best a rate of diminution of
+our shipping which will embarrass us in the struggle, and therefore it
+is essential, not merely that this country should build, but that the
+only other countries which have a great ship-building capacity should
+also build. If the United States of America puts forth the whole of her
+capacity, and I have no doubt, from what I hear, that she is preparing
+to do it in her own thorough and enterprising way, I have no doubt at
+all that we shall have sufficient tonnage not merely for this year but
+for the whole of 1918 and, if necessary, for 1919 as well, because
+America can expand very considerably her ship-building capacity if the
+real need ever arises for her to do so."</p></div>
+
+<h3>BRITISH BUREAUCRATIC METHODS</h3>
+
+<p>On the whole it must be allowed that after the results were published
+there was a great disappointment, particularly as the government had put
+forth roseate plans for ship-building on a large scale. At the beginning
+of the war there were 16 million tons gross of steamers of more than 600
+tons each. A large part of this total was used in the service of the
+Navy; and the balance, available for the carriage of food, materials and
+exports, was lost during the submarine campaign. The government seemed
+to show no ability to replace it. Sometimes it is contended that the
+responsibility was to be charged up to the labor organizations.
+According to the <cite>Economist</cite> the situation was due to bureaucratic
+methods of control.</p>
+
+<p>In a debate in Parliament the whole subject was ventilated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"From every quarter members with first-hand knowledge of ship-building
+got up to tell the same story of over-centralization, fussy control,
+conflicting orders, leading all to the same result&mdash;discouragement
+of masters and men. Mr. Mackinder, speaking for a Glasgow constituency,
+and Sir Walter Runciman, speaking as a ship-owner&mdash;two men whose
+views on economics are the poles apart&mdash;were in agreement here. The
+fault, they declared, lay, not in the want of patriotism or the inherent
+vice of the British workman, or even in the lethargy of the British
+employer, but in the third and predominant member of the ship-building
+partnership, the British Government. Keeping the direction in its own
+hands, the Government started with a preconceived theory of the standard
+ship&mdash;a theory that might be of great value to a builder of
+revolutionary ideas laying the foundations of a prosperity to be enjoyed
+twenty years hence, but is of considerably less value to a nation that
+is losing steamers at the rate of fifteen or twenty a week, and wants
+new steamers now. When the standard ship was first proposed, builders
+pointed out that in practice each had a standard ship of his own, and
+they could build most quickly by confining themselves to their own
+familiar types. Mr. Macnamara told them that they were Solomons, wise
+after the event, but that is less than fair. They were wise from the
+beginning, and their predictions have come true."</p></div>
+
+<h3>TRADE POLICY AS A WAR WEAPON</h3>
+
+<p>The building of ships under Government supervision and control was only
+one side of Allied war shipping administration. Seaborne trade was
+rigidly directed as a potent arm in bringing Germany's war power to
+ruin. The industrial and economic effect of the marine blockade was
+fully conceded by a number of German and Austrian newspapers.</p>
+
+<p><cite>The Frankfurter Zeitung</cite> said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"If the final peace does not return to us what our enemies have taken
+and destroyed in the outside world, if it does not restore to us freedom
+in our work and our spirit of enterprise in the world, then the German
+people is crippled for an immeasurable period. We demand restoration for
+all violation of the law and for all acts of destruction. We demand
+indemnification for all damages done, and we meet the plan of
+differentiation with the demand for the most-favored-nation treatment
+and equal rights; the plan of exclusion with the demand for the open
+door and free seas; and the threat of a blockade of raw materials with
+the demand for the delivery of raw materials."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A true picture of the situation is given in the following passage from
+the Vienna <cite>Arbeiter Zeitung</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Even if Hindenburg's genius and German bravery won a complete victory
+on land, even if the English Army fell into our hands to the last man,
+and France was disarmed and had to submit to Germany's terms, even then
+England and America could not be compelled to the capitulation that the
+Pan-German word-heroes prophesy daily. Even then they would blockade our
+coasts and the war would continue at sea. And even if they could not or
+would not do that, even if peace was concluded and all the battles
+ended, they would still have a terrible weapon to use against us. Our
+domestic economy can not exist permanently without the wheat, the
+copper, and the cotton from America, the nickel from Canada, the cotton
+from Egypt and India, the phosphates from the North African coasts, the
+rubber from the English tropical colonies, Indian jute, and the
+oilplants of the South Sea Islands.</p>
+
+<p>"There will be a scarcity of all these things after the war and there
+will be great competition for them. If England and America do not
+deliver to us these raw materials after the war, then we as conquerors
+are conquered."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GERMANY'S POTASH BOYCOTT</h3>
+
+<p>Before we entered the war Germany viewed with great concern the effect
+of the economic weight of the United States if added to the side of her
+antagonists. She felt that if this country remained neutral she could
+depend on us for raw materials. To be sure, German ingenuity had
+produced ten thousand substitutes, due to the skill of German chemists,
+ranging from bacteria fats to synthetic rubber. But even the War Office
+in Berlin was under no illusion on this point. "We need copper and no
+stripping of palace roofs, no raiding of door knockers or kitchen pans
+can make up for the deficiency." Even the vision of economic
+self-sufficiency in Central Europe had rifts in it. Raw material was so
+important that, in the boot and shoe industry 1,400 factories in the
+German Empire were amalgamated into 300. In the silk industry the spools
+were reduced from 45,000 to 2,500. Out of 1,700 spinning and weaving
+mills, only 70 were running at high pressure.</p>
+
+<p>The plan, as outlined by German experts, to force the United States to
+supply raw material was to cut off potash exports and certain
+manufactured goods. "If America will sell us no cotton," was the threat
+of the Berlin <cite>Deutsche-Zeitung</cite>, "she shall get no potash&mdash;the
+indispensable fertilizer in which we have a world monopoly. If she
+withholds her oil and grain, then she shall get no <em>dyes</em>, no drugs, no
+glassware or optical instruments." But as a writer in the London
+<cite>Outlook</cite> stated, this threat could not be made an effective instrument
+of trade control:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is potash in plenty in the great Republic, especially in the
+alkali lakes of Nebraska and Southern California. Potash is now obtained
+from the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and from the vast kelp beds of the
+Pacific coast. American chemists are also extracting potash (by the
+Cottrell process) from the dust of cement-kilns and blast-furnaces. So
+the German monopoly will pass, and many others with it. America will
+produce her own dyes and optical instruments, though I may not linger on
+the details of this supplanting.</p>
+
+<p>"American genius has long been busy with these things; another year or
+two will see her wholly independent of German supplies. The potash
+monopoly&mdash;from the mines of Stassfurt in Saxony&mdash;was
+undeniably a problem; there are still richer sources in Alsace, as we
+all <del>known</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads known">know</ins> Germany's resolve to hold that province through thick and thin.
+America needs 500,000 tons of potash every year, for the sandy soils of
+the Atlantic seaboard, and also for the citrus fruits of Florida, the
+tobacco of Georgia and the Carolinas, the potatoes and garden produce of
+Maryland."</p></div>
+
+<h3>SHUTTING OFF GERMAN TRADE</h3>
+
+<p>Pessimistic anticipations of German statesmen regarding the curtailing
+of German trade were realized when the War Trade Board in the United
+States began to deal with the question of American exports to neutrals.
+The report of the Board, published in 1918, contains the following
+passage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Neutral exports of foodstuffs to the Central Powers have declined from
+last year's corresponding exports in amounts estimated at from 65 to 85
+per cent., depending on the neutral, and there has been a decrease in
+the export of many other important commodities.</p>
+
+<p>"In November, 1917, we became party to Great Britain's tentative
+agreement with Norway, as a result of which action on our part 1,400,000
+tons dead-weight of Norwegian shipping were chartered into the service
+of the United States and Great Britain for the period of the war.
+Shortly following, temporary agreements were concluded with Holland and
+with Sweden. That with Holland gives us the use, for periods up to 90
+days, of 450,000 tons dead-weight of her shipping which had
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+
+heretofore, for a long period, lain idle. The agreement with Sweden
+gives us the use for three months of tonnage estimated at 250,000 tons
+dead-weight which had not theretofore been employed in services useful
+to us.</p>
+
+<p>"Specific accomplishments of this character are, however, far from
+constituting a full measure of the results achieved by the War Trade
+Board. The elimination of enemy advantage from our trade and, to a
+considerable extent, from that of the world, the securing and conserving
+of commodities essential to ourselves and those associated with us in
+the war, the bringing of shipping generally into the services most
+useful to us&mdash;these results can not be accurately stated or
+appraised at the present time, nor have they been accomplished by any
+single act or agreement."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+   <img src="images/ill-099.jpg" width="400" height="494"
+        alt="Examining Cargoes for Contraband"
+      title="Examining Cargoes for Contraband" />
+   <p class="caption">Examining Cargoes for Contraband</p>
+   <p class="description">An inspector is using the X-ray on a bale
+      of cotton, it having been found that smuggling of every conceivable
+      sort was being carried by German agents.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE TRADE LICENSE SYSTEM</h3>
+
+<p>The United States trade license system was extremely effective in
+cutting off the business of firms whose controlling motive was the
+advancement of German commercial interests. It was largely directed
+against preventing pro-German firms in neutral countries from engaging
+in the re-exportation process, a familiar practice in the earlier part
+of the war. The policy of the War Trade Board is indicated in the March
+(1918) issue of the <cite>War Trade Journal</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To accomplish these results the War Trade Board, through its Bureau of
+Imports, has adopted certain regulations in connection with the
+importation of many of these raw materials, to which it is the duty of
+every patriotic American citizen to give complete and wholehearted
+support.</p>
+
+<p>"Organizations have been voluntarily created in many of the trades, such
+as rubber, wool, jute, tin, etc., to act as consignees when required and
+to perform other duties in connection with importations, under and by
+direction of the War Trade Board.</p>
+
+<p>"Every effort will be made to administer these regulations with the
+slightest possible detriment to legitimate business interests, but when
+it is considered that the transmittal of a few pounds of rubber or
+copper to Germany may cost the lives of scores of our men at the front,
+and that each day's supply of wool, or food, or money to the enemy means
+another day's war, with its accompanying toll of lives, the very thought
+of hesitancy or weakness is inconceivable. The policy will be 'safety
+first' for our soldiers, regardless of every other consideration.
+Persons and firms in this country, as well as abroad, who before our
+entrance into the war had little sympathy with the war-time commercial
+safeguards of the Allies must be taught that these are now matters of
+the first importance to this country, and violators of present
+restrictions need expect no favors, regardless of how important such
+individuals or firms may be in the business world. The time has come
+when all must realize that the war is not limited to combating the enemy
+on the battle fields of France, but must be carried into our every-day
+transactions of life, and that our business practices must be remolded,
+where necessary, to meet existing conditions.</p>
+
+<p>"It is unnecessary to mention other desirable results which may be
+obtained by this import control, such as the gathering of trade
+information or the conservation of tonnage by elimination of
+non-essentials.</p>
+
+<p>"No anxiety need be felt by importers that there will be any serious
+restrictions of the importation of necessary articles if the transaction
+does not involve dealing with an enemy or ally of an enemy, or otherwise
+giving him aid or comfort."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE ANTI-GERMAN TOY EPISODE</h3>
+
+<p>An example of the intense popular indignation against encouraging trade
+with Germany was furnished when a Dutch boat arrived in New York in
+1918, laden with 400 cases of toys made in Germany. The ship that
+carried them had been guaranteed against submarines by the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+
+German Government. Its arrival in America brought about a storm of
+indignation strong enough to remind many editors of the famous Boston
+Tea-Party. One of the consignees of the cargo refused to accept delivery
+of his share; the <cite>Manufacturers Record</cite> of Baltimore offered him its
+congratulations:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is none too soon to begin the campaign against the importation of
+German-made goods. Imagine for one moment any American mother giving to
+her baby toys made by Germany while she thinks of tens of thousands of
+babies murdered by Germany in this war. Every toy made in Germany and
+every other piece of goods of every kind will for generations bear a
+bloody stain which all the waters of all the oceans can never wash out."</p></div>
+
+<p>Patriotic organizations passed resolutions on the subject. American
+feeling as to German merchandise was well shown through the publication
+of an editorial in the <cite>Hardware Age</cite> against American use of German
+toys. The paper received 4,000 letters on the subject and over 250,000
+reprints of the editorial were sent out, all on request. On the subject
+of German toys, it said, among other things:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"America has fed starving Belgium. We fed and clothed and cared for her
+suffering people long before we became her proud ally on the
+battlefields. Thousands of orphaned Belgian and French children have
+been adopted into American homes. In the days to come are we going to
+force these children to play with German-made toys? God forbid! American
+toy manufacturers have stripped us of the last vestige of an excuse for
+the purchase of toys from the Huns. Our factories are making more toys
+than we ever imported, and they are not the flimsy jim-cracks we
+formerly bought from abroad. They are largely exercise toys which
+develop a child's body, or mechanical or structural toys which train the
+mind. Before the war we imported eight million dollars' worth of toys
+from the Central Powers. Who will make our kiddies' toys in the days to
+come? Once more, Mr. Buyer, it's up to you."</p></div>
+
+<h3>SMUGGLING FROM NEUTRAL COUNTRIES</h3>
+
+<p>Considerable aid was afforded to Germany by her trade with neutral
+countries. First, there was a good deal of direct re-exportation of
+materials imported from abroad. Then there was an exportation of
+domestic products, and the filling up of this deficit by importation
+from abroad, mainly from the United States. Mr. J. L. Moore of Harvard
+University, thought that smuggling deserved to be added to the source of
+German supply from the outside, and he mentioned the fact that a member
+of the Commerce Department of the Swiss Government was convicted of this
+offense and served a prison sentence. His exposition of how neutrals
+aided Germany is given in the following passage from the New York
+<cite>Times</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To direct and indirect re-exportation must be added, finally,
+smuggling, which has always been a factor in the evasion of blockades.
+In Switzerland a member of the Commerce Department of the government was
+recently convicted of this offense and is serving a prison sentence.</p>
+
+<p>"That this aid was precious to the Central Powers and enabled them to
+stave off starvation and consequent submission can be corroborated in
+various ways. First, in spite of the enormous volume of imports from the
+neutrals Germany was on the verge of starvation during the last winter,
+the economic crisis reaching its critical stage coincidentally with the
+political crisis in the Reichstag at the beginning of July. The most
+potent cause of this political upheaval was the economic destitution
+which cast its melancholy shadow over the whole nation and increased the
+desperation of people and Reichstag till it exploded in a violent
+outburst of wrath against the government. Secondly, the general
+impression of press and people in Germany and Switzerland is that the
+most sensational part of the speech of Erzberger, which brought the
+crisis into being, consisted of an expos&eacute; proving the futility of
+the submarine policy and impugning the judgment of the officials
+responsible for its inauguration, inasmuch as the entrance of the United
+States into the list of Germany's enemies, which resulted therefrom, was
+likely to result in a curtailment of the imports obtained through the
+neutrals, and without a continuance of these imports Germany could not
+hold out long."</p></div>
+
+<h3>SURPRISING INCREASE OF NEUTRAL SHIPPING</h3>
+
+<p>The shutting off of the German commercial fleet from trade and the
+employment of Allied shipping under government contract offered an
+exceptional opportunity to small neutral countries to advance their
+shipping business. This opportunity was eagerly seized. Norway reported
+the establishment in 1915 of no fewer than 488 shipping firms. This was
+followed in 1916 by an increase of 459. Some of these Norwegian firms
+paid dividends as high as 400 per cent. Statistics from Sweden also show
+a significant expansion. Swedish firms of inconsiderable
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+
+capitalization before the war became important companies, able to
+undertake transatlantic trade on a large scale. It seems likely that
+these Swedish transatlantic lines will constitute a formidable
+competitor to the old established German companies&mdash;now that the
+war is over.</p>
+
+<p>Corroborative evidence on the shipping situation in neutral powers is
+found in the following passage taken from the New York <cite>Journal of
+Commerce</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Of great importance for an estimate of the future of our shipping
+combines is the progress which the two largest Danish lines&mdash;the
+Forenede, which sails to North America; and the Estasiatisk Kompagni,
+which, as the name suggests, runs lines to East Asia&mdash;have made
+during the war. The Forenede, for instance, made in 1916, with a stock
+capital of 30,000,000 crowns, a net profit of no less than 40,000,000
+crowns, of which a good 10,500,000 crowns was allotted to the reserve
+and emergency funds. The collective reserves of this company amounted to
+more than 26,000,000 crowns at the end of 1916: and its bank credits
+totaled 44,000,000 crowns.</p>
+
+<p>"The large Dutch shipping firms have likewise made enormous profits. The
+following table presents their results for 1916 (the Dutch florin, or
+guilder, is worth $0.402 United States currency at normal exchange):<br /></p></div>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="Dutch shipping profits">
+<col width="60%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="13%" />
+<col width="13%" />
+<tr><th>Shipping Firm</th><th>Stock Capital, Florins</th><th>Net Profits, Florins</th><th>Reserve and Emergency Funds, Florins</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Holland-Amer. Line</td><td class="numeric">12,000,000</td><td class="numeric">26,500,000</td><td class="numeric">10,200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stoomvaart Mij. Nederland</td><td class="numeric">19,000,000</td><td class="numeric">18,600,000</td><td class="numeric">8,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kon. Nederl. Stoomboot Mij</td><td class="numeric">15,050,000</td><td class="numeric">19,000,000</td><td class="numeric">7,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rotterdamsche Lloyd</td><td class="numeric">15,000,000</td><td class="numeric">15,100,000</td><td class="numeric">12,600,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kon. Holland Lloyd</td><td class="numeric">10,000,000</td><td class="numeric">10,900,000</td><td class="numeric">2,000,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The example of the Holland-America Line shows best what enormous
+progress took place in the inner consolidation of the Dutch firms. The
+reserve of this company, which in 1913 amounted to 6,600,000 florins,
+grew to 24,800,000 by the end of 1916&mdash;in other words, <del>urpassed</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads urpassed">surpassed</ins> the previous
+stock capital (which in the meantime had been increased by 15,000,000
+florins) by more than double. In addition, the company has available
+funds amounting in all to 21,700,000 florins. The reserves in the
+Nederland Company, which have increased in the same period from
+6,700,000 to 23,000,000 florins, exceed the capital by 4,000,000
+florins. The available funds of the Rotterdamsche Lloyd amounted at the
+end of 1916 to about 25,000,000 florins, with a share capital of
+15,000,000 florins and a ready reserve of 16,000,000 florins.</p>
+
+<p>"But the business successes of the neutral European shipping firms are
+far surpassed by the earnings of the Japanese overseas lines. Thus the
+largest Japanese shipping firm, Nippon Yusen Kaisha, that sails from
+East Asia to all the important shipping markets, had a net profit in the
+summer half-year 1916 of 19,780,000 yen (the Japanese yen is equivalent
+to $0.498 United States currency); in the winter half-year 1916&mdash;17
+actually 22,150,000; in a single fiscal year it earned, therefore, about
+42,000,000 yen. The company's capital stock amounted at the end of the
+fiscal year 1916&mdash;17, after a previous increase through the distribution
+of free shares, to 27,500,000 yen, the net profits of this single
+company being thus about 15,000,000 yen more than the amount of the
+capital.</p>
+
+<p>"The company's fleet has grown considerably. The total available
+reserves amount to nearly 63,000,000 yen. Of ready money the company had
+at its disposal at the end of March, 1917, 55,300,000 yen."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GERMANS AT WORK IN SPAIN</h3>
+
+<p>Germany's astuteness in dealing with neutral countries was especially
+marked in Spain. The country was filled with German propaganda and there
+were skeleton German trade organizations ready to begin functioning at a
+moment's notice. The extent to which this propaganda was carried on was
+described by a correspondent of the <cite>Saturday Evening Post</cite>, Mr. I. F.
+Marcosson, in an address to the National Machine Tool Builders'
+Association at Atlantic City:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+  <p>"The German propagandists have carried on a campaign on the
+    proposition of the Kaiser. It has been the finest selling campaign
+    that I have ever seen. They have organized it. Each man had his
+    territory, his selling territory; each man has his line of samples,
+    and that line of samples was the finest lot of German gold and
+    German 'hot air' that any propaganda has ever produced.
+  </p>
+
+  <p>"The Germans have sold Spain on the proposition of German trade and
+    German good-will, because they are giving the Spaniard, as they did
+    in business before the war, what the Spaniard had in mind.
+  </p>
+
+  <p>"Germany went into Spain to fill the Spaniard with 'hot air' and to
+    tell him he was the finest aristocrat in the world. And he got it
+    over. And if you had gone, as I have, from one end of Spain to the
+    other and looked into these great warehouses you would have found
+    hundreds of them jammed and packed with copper and oil and cotton,
+    and all the material with which to re-establish a great industry.
+    And today, whenever there is a water-right for sale, whenever there
+    is stock for sale, or whenever anything can be leased, or a factory
+    can be bought, who buys it? <strong>The Germans.</strong>
+  </p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+  <p>"They have got the finest industrial secret service in Spain that I
+    have seen in my life. And to what end? All to the great end that
+    when the war is over, in Spain as in Holland and in Switzerland, the
+    wheels of German output will be going.... Germany will put on the
+    goods, as I have seen with my own eyes, 'Made in Spain,' 'Made in
+    Switzerland,' and 'Made in Holland.' Your own goods, machine tools,
+    are going out in the markets of the world now and forevermore in
+    competition with German-made stuff, made by German hands, made by
+    German capital, part with stuff that is marked offensive, in
+    competition with stuff that is marked as I have said it would be
+    marked."
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-102.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-102thumb.jpg" width="400" height="291"
+alt="An Antidote for the Submarine Pest"
+title="An Antidote for the Submarine Pest" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Photo by Paul Thompson</p>
+<p class="caption">An Antidote for the Submarine Pest</p>
+<p class="description">Quantity production of eighty-foot motor boats in a shipyard at Bayonne,
+N. J., for use as scouts and submarine hunters.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-102.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>NO ECONOMIC BOYCOTT AFTER THE WAR</h3>
+
+<p>The official leaders of the Allied Governments soon found that the
+scheme to start an economic war after peace had been <del>negotiatd</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads negotiatd">negotiated</ins> had no
+very strong support. President Wilson took a hand in subjecting the
+Paris resolutions advocating this economic war to unfavorable criticism.
+The British Trades Union by a large majority showed their disapproval of
+them. The London <cite>Economist</cite> also disapproved of the program of a
+vindictive trade policy after the war, though it thought that an
+economic boycott might be used as a threat to force Germany to make
+peace. Lord Robert Cecil took the ground that it would not be wise to
+attempt an economic war. The labor point of view was that an economic
+war was bound to produce another outbreak of militarism. The Speaker of
+the British House of Commons, who always occupies a non-partisan
+position, in an address at Carlisle on war aims, showed no sympathy with
+the proposal:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We had heard of war after the war, and it had been suggested that
+whatever the terms of peace might be we in England should have no
+dealings with Germany, that we should boycott them commercially, allow
+none of our raw materials to go to Germany, that we should form a
+combination with our Allies, and that together we should cut her off
+altogether and treat her as though she were a leper. He did not believe
+in this idea. He was out for peace, and when he said he wanted
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+
+peace he meant a lasting peace. He wanted peace founded on sound
+conditions, which would stand wear and tear and last forever, if
+possible&mdash;at all events, for many, many years, it might be
+centuries; but a boycott of Germany would not be the way to attain a
+peace of that kind. That would be a way of carrying on the war, and
+although it would not be with the weapons we were now using, there would
+be the same hatred and struggle between one combination of nations and
+another, and it would leave the world divided and engender seeds of
+hatred and dissent. In many respects it would be almost as bad as the
+war at the present time. He did not, therefore, accept that condition of
+things."</p></div>
+
+<p>In explaining England's position as to war aims the Premier, Lloyd
+George, made the following observations:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Germany has occupied a great position in the world. It is not our wish
+or intention to question or destroy that position for the future, but
+rather to turn her aside from hopes and schemes of military domination
+and to see her devote all her strength to the great beneficent tasks of
+the world.... The economic conditions at the end of the war will be in
+the highest degree difficult. Owing to the diversion of human effort to
+warlike pursuits, there must follow a world shortage of raw materials,
+which will increase the longer the war lasts; and it is inevitable that
+those countries which have control of the raw materials will desire to
+help themselves and their friends first."</p></div>
+
+<h3>AN IMPOSSIBLE PROGRAM</h3>
+
+<p>In the emotional atmosphere of the war period some astonishing economic
+propositions were accepted as if they were axiomatic truths. Notably was
+this the case in the discussion of Germany's program of peaceful
+penetration in the economic sphere. It was undoubtedly linked up with
+schemes of military aggression. There was wide discussion of the methods
+to be used to guard against Germany's commercial policy. Sometimes these
+proposals indicated the desire that those who opposed Germany should
+take a leaf from her dog-in-the-manger policy. Strange conceptions of
+international trade that suggest the mercantilism of the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries were revived in order to guard against any attempt
+on the part of Germany to secure a privileged industrial position after
+the war. As early as 1916 there was the famous proposal of an
+anti-German economic league contemplated in the Paris resolutions of
+that date. In Great Britain the supporters of this policy also actively
+advocated a system of imperial preference by which special advantages
+would be given to countries within the bounds of the British Empire. The
+result of upholding any double-barreled policy of this type is described
+by the Edinburgh <cite>Review</cite> as impossible of realization.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Even if Belgium, France, and Italy alone took that course, the whole
+policy of an economic boycott, or partial boycott, to prevent German
+expansion or to punish German crimes would fall to the ground. We cannot
+imprison Germany in an economic strait jacket if her territorial
+neighbors are willing to trade with her. As a matter of fact before the
+war the most important and the most expansive portion of German export
+trade was with the continent of Europe."</p></div>
+
+<h3>COMMERCIAL AVIATION</h3>
+
+<p>A great advance in aeroplane development was one of the most spectacular
+results of war activity. The military side of this development must be
+discussed in another place, but the fact that aeroplanes had to be
+constructed substantial enough to carry a large amount of explosives
+naturally brought up the whole question of the commercial side of
+aeroplane employment. Although the aeroplane has been developed to a
+remarkable extent for war purposes, it must not be taken for granted
+that every type of aeroplane has its use for peace. In the military
+machine regard has been paid rather to gun positions, bomb carrying
+capacity and performance than to economy in operation and large cargo
+space, which are the essential peace requirements. This aspect of the
+problem was discussed by F. Handley-Page in an article in the
+<cite>Fortnightly Review</cite>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The type of aeroplane for commercial work requires careful
+consideration and design. In estimating the value of a transport vehicle
+account must be taken of the respective proportions of the load that are
+and are not remunerative. A steam motor wagon that was only just able to
+transport the coke for its own consumption would be useless for
+transport work. The large quantity of fuel the aeroplane must carry
+makes this point an important one regarding it. It affects very largely
+the <em>type</em> of aeroplane that must be chosen for each duty.</p>
+
+<p>"The total lift of a large bombing aeroplane of medium speed is about 20
+lbs., while that of a small high-speed scout may not be more than about
+8 to 10 lbs. per horse-power. From these lifts have to be deducted the
+weight per horse-power of the aeroplane structure and engines. These leave a margin of about 11
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+
+pounds per horse-power in the case of the large machine and of only
+about two to four pounds per horse-power in the case of the smaller and
+higher speed machine. From these margins have to be deducted the weight
+<em>per horse-power</em> of the pilot and of the fuel to be carried."</p></div>
+
+<p>According to this expert's opinion there is little probability of using
+for commercial purposes the small high-powered aeroplane. But if large
+machines are used with a speed limit of 100 miles an hour and fitted
+with twin engines, Mr. Page thinks that such machines will have economic
+possibilities. Countries now far distant from one another can be brought
+close together. For example Australia will be within a week of London,
+and he thinks that passengers can be carried at the rate of about six
+cents a mile. If air transport is to be systematized he is in favor of
+strict state regulation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There must be no possible chance of the wildcat schemes of the early
+railway days recurring, nor must aircraft or their pilots be below a
+specified standard. The State must see that projects doomed to failure
+owing to lack of financial or technical backing are prevented from being
+placed before the public.</p>
+
+<p>"Regulations must be drawn up which will insure that the machines cannot
+be used for the public service until they have received a certificate
+similar to that now issued by Lloyd's for ships. Pilots must not be
+allowed to fly machines conveying the public or mails, unless they have
+received a certificate equivalent to that issued to the master of a ship
+by the Board of Trade before he can take charge.</p>
+
+<p>"The aeroplane will not compete with the telegraph system, cable, or
+wireless, but will be a useful adjunct conveying written signed
+statements, important documents, long reports, and descriptive letters
+in the time of a week-end cable and at a fraction of the cost.</p>
+
+<p>"It will enable the business man to visit his overseas agencies and
+friends, to discuss matters with them on the spot and examine the
+requirements of their districts, at the cost of a few <em>days</em> instead of
+months of travel."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-104.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-104thumb.jpg" alt="The Awkward Squad"
+         width="400" height="273" title="The Awkward Squad" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Copyright International Film Service</p>
+   <p class="caption">The Awkward Squad</p>
+   <p class="description">&quot;Left, right&mdash;one, two, three,
+      four,&quot; was the slogan heard throughout the National Army
+      cantonments, such as this at Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Ia.,
+      during the first days in teaching the recruits one of the
+      first lessons of the soldier; how to keep step.</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-104.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>V&mdash;THE MONEY COST OF THE WAR<br />
+Over $210,000,000,000 Spent by the Belligerents&mdash;How This
+Stupendous Sum Was Raised&mdash;What the War Cost Uncle Sam</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">By EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN</p>
+
+<p class="center">Professor of Political Economy and Finance in Columbia University</p>
+
+<p>The cost of a war may mean several different things. It may mean, in the
+first place, the actual money cost, or expenditure in dollars and cents,
+directly involved in prosecuting the war. Or, secondly, it may mean the
+war cost, both direct and indirect, from the economic point of view. The
+real cost of a war from this latter point of view may mean either actual
+loss of lives and property or the diminution of the annual social
+production. The wealth of a country measured in its social income may be
+reduced either by the actual loss of territory, as in Germany; by the
+impairment of its natural resources like the coal mines and forests, as
+in France; by the reduction of labor power, due to the wounded workmen
+or the results of starvation or privation, as in many countries of
+Europe; or by the loss of economic efficiency due to a reduction of the
+standard of life or to a changed attitude toward habits of work. The
+real costs of war, although often incalculable, are none the less of
+profound significance.</p>
+
+<p>The actual money costs or expenditures of government for war include not
+only the actual outlays for military and naval purposes, but also the
+whole range of expenditures incurred in industrial life to prepare the
+wherewithal for the Army and Navy; and they also comprise the sums
+devoted to the maintenance of the families of the soldiers. All these
+items are far greater in modern times than they used to be. It is a far
+cry from the meeting of two savage tribes armed only with bows and
+arrows or javelins, to the modern 16-inch guns, the dreadnoughts, the
+airplanes, the submarines, the poison gas and the innumerable technical
+adjuncts of modern warfare. The consequence is that the money costs of
+the World War have far transcended those of all previous conflicts.</p>
+
+<p>The attempt to present in figures the costs of the war meets with
+several difficulties. In the first place the question arises as to the
+period at which we ought to stop. In one sense the war ceased when the
+armistice was declared. In another sense the war did not actually stop
+until the peace was declared&mdash;in this case a matter of many months
+additional. But even when peace was declared the war expenses were by no
+means over. The process of demobilization is a slow one: moreover it is
+necessary to continue for some time the policing of the conquered
+countries; and finally comes the question of the pensions to the wounded
+soldiers or to the families of the dead. It will be seen, therefore, how
+impossible it is to state with any accuracy at the present time the
+costs of the war, when those are still being incurred. Furthermore, the
+figures ordinarily given contain additional inaccuracies. The richer
+countries make loans to the poorer countries and these expenditures are
+consequently counted twice in the total,&mdash;a procedure legitimate
+only on the assumption that the loans will not be repaid. Again, in a
+country like the United States, which has substituted an insurance
+system for the pension system, the nominal expenditures appear smaller
+than is really the case, because of the receipt of vast insurance
+premiums which will ultimately all be expended again. Finally the
+figures make no allowances for the change in the price level or the
+alteration in the value of money. In a great war like the present,
+prices have risen: in some countries they have doubled, in some
+countries they have more than tripled, for reasons which it is needless
+to discuss here. What appears, therefore, to be a great and increasing
+outlay from year to year may be in reality due in part, at least, to
+this cause.</p>
+
+<p>After making all allowances for these difficulties we may proceed to
+state some of the facts as to the actual outlays of various countries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE COST OF THE WAR DAY BY DAY</h3>
+
+<p>In all the belligerent countries it naturally took some time for them to
+get into their stride. This is especially true of Great Britain. The
+figures of the average daily expenditures, as given by the Chancellor of
+the Exchequer, amounted to almost $10,000,000 in the opening months of
+the war and reached a maximum of almost $36,000,000 by 1918. These
+figures, however, are not exact because they include all of the
+expenditures. The real war expenditures may be arrived at by deducting
+in each case the amount of the expenditures in the last year of peace,
+ending March 31, 1914. Making these corrections, it appears that the
+average daily war expenditures in England rose from about $9,500,000
+during the first eight months of the war to about $33,500,000 in 1918,
+then slowly receding in 1919. In France the average daily expenditures
+were naturally somewhat less, rising from about $8,500,000 during the
+first three months of the war to over $21,000,000 during 1917, the last
+full year of the war. In Germany the daily expenses were approximately
+the same as in Great Britain, rising from about $13,000,000 in the first
+nine months of the war to $34,500,000 during the last six months of
+1918. In the case of both Germany and France, it is not known whether
+the figures comprise the total expenditures or only the pure war
+expenditures. In the former event the daily expenditures of Germany
+would be a little less than those of Great Britain; in the latter, they
+would be a little more. In Italy and Austria-Hungary the daily
+expenditures were naturally smaller, amounting at the maximum to about
+$10,500,000 and $20,000,000 respectively. In Russia the daily
+expenditures rose in 1916 to about $20,000,000 and in 1917, just prior
+to the October revolution, nominally to $47,000,000. But, owing to the
+great depreciation of the ruble, the actual expenditures were much less.</p>
+
+<h3>OUR WAR EXPENSES MONTH BY MONTH</h3>
+
+<p>When the United States entered the war the scale of its operations
+became so stupendous that its daily war expenditures soon far exceeded
+those of any other belligerent. In the second month of the war the
+average daily expenditures for pure war purposes were $15,000,000 and
+little over a year later they had risen to almost $50,000,000. By the
+end of 1918, the daily average war expenditures reached the staggering
+figure of $64,500,000.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/ill-106.jpg" width="400" height="739"
+alt="The Economic Conference in Paris"
+title="The Economic Conference in Paris" />
+<p class="caption">The Economic Conference in Paris</p>
+<p class="description">Mr. Bonar Law talking with M. Clementel (Minister of Commerce) and M.
+Doumergue (Colonies) in the garden of the foreign ministry.</p></div>
+
+<p>If, now, we attempt to present the statistics of the total cost of the
+war we must be mindful of the difficulties mentioned above. The figures
+are not entirely accurate, and cannot be made entirely accurate for the
+following reasons: In the first place, the last date in the official
+return differs from country to country. They are, however, all
+subsequent to the armistice, with the exception of Russia,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+
+where we have no trustworthy figures after the advent of Bolshevism. In
+the second place, we do not know, except in the case of the United
+States and Great Britain, whether the figures comprise the total
+expenditures or only the purely war expenditures. Even making allowance
+for these differences it will be seen that the total war expenditures
+amount to over $232,000,000,000. In Japan and some of the minor
+belligerents, there were virtually no war expenses. Inasmuch, however,
+as most of the countries will continue to have expenses attributable to
+the war for some little time in the future, it is probable that the
+total war expenditures will amount, by the end of 1920, to almost
+$236,000,000,000. From this must, however, be deducted the sums counted
+twice, because advanced to their allies by the United States, Great
+Britain, France and Germany. Making allowance for this, it is safe to
+say that the total net war expenditures will be about $210,000,000,000.</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="War expenditures of all belligerents">
+<tr><th colspan="5">WAR EXPENDITURES OF ALL BELLIGERENTS</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="5">In Millions</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><th>From entrance into war</th><th>To</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Great Britain</td><td>August 4, 1914</td><td>March 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">&pound; 8,601</td><td class="numeric">$41,887</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Australia</td><td>August 4, 1914</td><td>March 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">&pound; 291</td><td class="numeric">1,461</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada (inc. Newfoundland)</td><td>August 4, 1914</td><td>August 31, 1919</td><td></td><td class="numeric">1,545</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>August 4, 1914</td><td>March 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">&pound; 76</td><td class="numeric">365</td></tr>
+<tr><td>South Africa</td><td>August 4, 1914</td><td>March 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">&pound; 33</td><td class="numeric">243</td></tr>
+<tr><td>India</td><td>August 4, 1914</td><td>March 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">&pound; 119</td><td class="numeric">584</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">British Empire</td><td class="numeric">$46,083</td></tr>
+<tr><td>France</td><td>August 3, 1914</td><td>March 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">fr 169,000</td><td class="numeric">$32,617</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Russia</td><td>August 1, 1914</td><td>October 31, 1917</td><td class="numeric">ru 51,500</td><td class="numeric">26,522</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Italy</td><td>May 23, 1915</td><td>October 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">li 81,016</td><td class="numeric">15,636</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belgium</td><td>August 2, 1914</td><td>October 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">fr 5,900</td><td class="numeric">1,387</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rumania</td><td>August 27, 1916</td><td>October 31, 1918</td><td></td><td class="numeric">907</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Serbia</td><td>July 28, 1914</td><td>October 31, 1918</td><td></td><td class="numeric">635</td></tr>
+<tr><td>United States</td><td>April 15, 1917</td><td>June 30, 1919</td><td></td><td class="numeric">32,261</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Entente Powers</td><td class="numeric">$156,050</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Germany</td><td>August 1, 1914</td><td>October 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">mk 204,268</td><td class="numeric">48,616</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Austria-Hungary</td><td>July 28, 1914</td><td>October 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">kr 119,504</td><td class="numeric">24,858</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Turkey</td><td>November 3, 1914</td><td>October .., 1919</td><td></td><td class="numeric">1,802</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>October 4, 1915</td><td>October .., 1919</td><td></td><td class="numeric">732</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Central Powers</td><td class="numeric">$76,008</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Total</td><td class="numeric">(In Millions)</td><td class="numeric">$232,058</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>HOW MONEY FOR WAR WAS RAISED</h3>
+
+<p>The question now arises as to the steps taken by the various countries
+to meet these stupendous outlays. Of the older expedients, such as war
+treasures, or the sale of public property there was naturally no
+question. In only one country, viz., Germany, was there a war treasure;
+but this was so small as to be well-nigh negligible. The only two
+available resources were accordingly taxation and borrowing.</p>
+
+<p>When we compare these two expedients, we are struck not only by the
+great difference in the theories of war finance followed by the various
+countries, but also by the diversity in the economic conditions which
+largely influenced the choice. In a general way, it may be said that all
+countries were compelled to rely to an overwhelming extent on public
+loans, but that Great Britain and the United States raised a far greater
+share by taxation than did other countries. Italy was able to raise by
+new taxation only just about enough to pay the interest on the new
+loans; Germany accomplished this only in part; while France was not in a
+position to defray any of her war expenditures from additional taxation.
+The same is true of the other belligerents, with the exception of the
+British colonies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Proceeding now to take up this matter in detail, we shall first attempt
+to set forth the facts as to war taxation.</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="War spending">
+<col width="70%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<tr><th colspan="4">UNITED STATES</th></tr>
+<tr class="btopbot"><td></td><th>Monthly Expenditures exclusive of the
+  principal of the public debt and of postal expenditures</th>
+  <th>Monthly War Expenditures<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a>
+  <a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></th>
+  <th>Average Daily War Expenditures</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><th>Million $</th><th>Million $</th><th>Million $</th></tr>
+<tr><td>April 6&mdash;30, 1917</td><td class="numeric">279</td><td class="numeric">219</td>
+  <td class="numeric">8.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May, 1917</td><td class="numeric">527</td><td class="numeric">467</td>
+  <td class="numeric">15.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June, 1917</td><td class="numeric">410</td><td class="numeric">350</td>
+  <td class="numeric">11.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total April 6&mdash;June 30, 1917</td><td class="numeric">1,216</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1,156</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>July 1917</td><td class="numeric">662</td><td class="numeric">602</td>
+  <td class="numeric">19.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>August 1917</td><td class="numeric">757</td><td class="numeric">697</td>
+  <td class="numeric">22.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>September 1917</td><td class="numeric">746</td><td class="numeric">686</td>
+  <td class="numeric">22.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October 1917</td><td class="numeric">944</td><td class="numeric">884</td>
+  <td class="numeric">29.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>November 1917</td><td class="numeric">986</td><td class="numeric">926</td>
+  <td class="numeric">30.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>December 1917</td><td class="numeric">1,105</td><td class="numeric">1,045</td>
+  <td class="numeric">33.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,090</td><td class="numeric">1,030</td>
+  <td class="numeric">33.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>February 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,012</td><td class="numeric">952</td>
+  <td class="numeric">34.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>March 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,156</td><td class="numeric">1,096</td>
+  <td class="numeric">35.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,215</td><td class="numeric">1,155</td>
+  <td class="numeric">38.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,508</td><td class="numeric">1,448</td>
+  <td class="numeric">46.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,512</td><td class="numeric">1,452</td>
+  <td class="numeric">48.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total for fiscal year, 1918</td><td class="numeric">12,697</td>
+  <td class="numeric">11,977</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>July 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,608</td><td class="numeric">1,548</td>
+  <td class="numeric">49.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>August 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,805</td><td class="numeric">1,745</td>
+  <td class="numeric">56.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>September 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,557</td><td class="numeric">1,497</td>
+  <td class="numeric">49.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,665</td><td class="numeric">1,605</td>
+  <td class="numeric">51.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>November 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,935</td><td class="numeric">1,875</td>
+  <td class="numeric">62.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>December 1918</td><td class="numeric">2,061</td><td class="numeric">2,001</td>
+  <td class="numeric">64.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>January 1919</td><td class="numeric">1,962</td><td class="numeric">1,902</td>
+  <td class="numeric">61.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>February 1919</td><td class="numeric">1,189</td><td class="numeric">1,129</td>
+  <td class="numeric">40.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>March 1919</td><td class="numeric">1,379</td><td class="numeric">1,319</td>
+  <td class="numeric">42.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April 1919</td><td class="numeric">1,429</td><td class="numeric">1,369</td>
+  <td class="numeric">45.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May 1919</td><td class="numeric">1,112</td><td class="numeric">1,052</td>
+  <td class="numeric">33.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 1919</td><td class="numeric">809</td><td class="numeric">749</td>
+  <td class="numeric">24.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total for fiscal year, 1919</td><td class="numeric">18,505</td>
+  <td class="numeric">17,785</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr class="bbot"><td>Total April 6, 1914 to June 30, 1919</td><td class="numeric">32,428</td>
+  <td class="numeric">30,918</td><td></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+Obtained by deducting 11/12 of the annual (peace) expenditures for
+1915&mdash;1916 exclusive of postal expenditures, i. e. 11/12 of
+$1,008&mdash;287 millions&mdash;60 millions. Secretary Glass in his
+letter of July 9, 1919 to the Chairman of the Committee of Ways and
+Means excludes postal expenditures in the first column, but fails to
+exclude them when making the deduction for peace expenditures. He
+consequently arrives at the figure of 30,177 billions as the cost of the
+war; making allowance for this fact, and using the final corrected
+figures, we reach the figure of $32,261,000,000 as the cost of the war
+to June 30, 1919.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>WAR TAXATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES</h3>
+
+<p>Great Britain, as the wealthiest country at the outbreak of the war,
+endeavored to raise as much as possible from taxation. From year to
+year, as the expenses mounted up, more and more demands were made upon
+the taxpayer. But the expenditures for the war were so enormous that it
+soon turned out to be impracticable, even with the best of will, to
+secure more than a comparatively small proportion of the total cost from
+taxation. The figures usually advanced by the various Chancellors of the
+Exchequer and repeated parrot-like by most commentators take the
+proportion that total taxes bear to total expenditures. This method of
+calculation, as will be seen from the table, shows that almost a quarter
+of the total expenditures, or to be more exact, 24.9 per cent., was
+derived from taxes. These figures, however, err doubly. In the first
+place the significant problem is to ascertain the war expenditures, not
+simply the total expenditures. These can naturally be obtained only by
+deducting from the annual total expenditures the sums equal to the peace
+expenditures, <span lang="la">i. e.</span>, the expenditures for the last full year of peace.
+In the second place, what is significant is not the total taxes, but the
+war taxes; that is, the proceeds of the additional taxes raised during
+the war. These again can be obtained only by deducting from the total
+tax revenue the proceeds of the taxes during the last full year of
+peace. If then we endeavor to ascertain how much of the war expenditures
+were met by war taxes&mdash;and this is really the important
+problem&mdash;we find that, immense as were the burdens resting upon the
+British taxpayer, the percentage of war expenditures raised by war taxes
+is much smaller than is usually stated. As a matter of fact, in the
+first year of war only a little over 7 per cent. of the total war
+expenditures were raised from taxes. With every succeeding year the
+percentage increased until the last year of war, 1918&mdash;19, a little over
+one-quarter of the war expenditures were met from war taxes. For the
+entire five years the proportion of war taxes to war expenditures was
+slightly over 17 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>In the other belligerent countries the showing was by no means so good.
+France struggled under a double difficulty. In the first place France
+was invaded at the very outset of the war, and the territory occupied,
+although relatively small in extent, represented the richest and the
+most industrially developed part of the country. This operated largely
+to reduce the ordinary revenues. In the second place the resultant
+economic confusion, as well as the general political situation, made it
+very difficult to impose any new taxes at all. The consequence was that
+for the first three years of the war, the tax revenues of France did not
+even suffice to defray the ordinary peace expenditures.</p>
+
+<p>After a little while, indeed, France found it possible to levy some war
+taxes; but these were exceedingly slight compared with what had been
+accomplished in Great Britain. The result is that the new war taxes of
+France were only just about sufficient to make up the deficit on the
+ordinary peace budget&mdash;a deficit caused chiefly by the devastation
+of the occupied territory. In France, therefore, we may say that as a
+result no part of the expenditures was met by war taxes.</p>
+
+<p>In Italy the situation was a little better. Italy had not been invaded
+and its financial situation was not so desperate as that of France.
+Moreover, Italy entered the war somewhat later and did not have to
+endure a strain for so long a time. Italy consequently proceeded as soon
+as possible to levy new war taxes; but as Italy had always been
+relatively overtaxed, as compared with Great Britain, it was not
+feasible to do as much. As a result, the war taxes levied by Italy were
+just about sufficient to pay the interest on the war loans. While Italy,
+therefore, did better than France, she also was not able to defray any
+of the war expenditures proper out of war taxation.</p>
+
+<p>The condition of Russia soon became worse than that of France and Italy,
+and even before the October revolution, Russia was able to put very
+little reliance upon revenues from war taxation.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Central Powers the situation was much the same, but for a
+different reason. Germany at the outset of the war had so confidently
+counted upon victory and upon huge indemnities that it resolved to
+defray its war expenses entirely from loans. It must, however, be
+observed that in Germany a not insignificant part of the war expenses
+were met by the separate states; and in these various states a
+considerable increase of taxation was provided for at once. As the war
+proceeded and the hopes of a speedy and complete victory gradually faded
+away, Germany began to change her policy and decided, especially from
+1916 on, to impose more and more taxes. The result was that by the end
+of the war Germany had done a little better than France.</p>
+
+<h3>OUR WAR TAXES COMPARED WITH WAR EXPENDITURES</h3>
+
+<p>We come finally to the experience of the United States. When the United
+States entered the war it was confronted by two rival theories
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+
+of public finances. One was to the effect that the war expenses should
+be defrayed entirely by war loans, as had been the case in the early
+years of the Civil War and as was true of many of the belligerents
+during this war. The other theory was that the war expenditures ought to
+be defrayed entirely out of war taxes. This was equally extreme and
+perilous as the former theory, and labored under the additional
+disadvantage of being impossible of achievement. The President went so
+far as to adopt the fifty-fifty theory, namely, that half of the war
+expenditures ought to be defrayed from taxation.</p>
+
+<p>The prodigious profits made during the beginning years of the European
+war and the resulting prosperity throughout the country enabled Congress
+to levy taxes far higher than had before been attempted in our history.
+Even with an immense addition to taxation, however, the proportion of
+war expenses derived from war taxes was relatively small. Here, again,
+we must observe the same caution as in the case of the British figures.
+We must not compare total expenditures with total taxes, but war
+expenditures with war taxes. War expenditures are easily ascertained by
+deducting for each year the amount of the expenditures for the last year
+of peace, the year ending June 30, 1916. In the case of war taxes,
+however, it is more exact to deduct from the total revenues the tax
+revenues for the year ending June 30, 1915. For during the year 1915&mdash;16
+a number of taxes were already levied in preparation for our possible
+entrance into the war.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, during the first quarter of war ending June 30,
+1917, the proportion of war expenditures derived from war taxes was less
+than one-third or 30 per cent. If we exclude loans to Allies on the
+assumption that they will all be repaid some day, the showing is
+somewhat better&mdash;as two-thirds of the expenditures of that period
+consisted of such loans.</p>
+
+<p>As soon, however, as we struck our full gait the situation was less
+satisfactory. The proportion of war expenditures derived from war taxes
+during the year 1917&mdash;18 was less than one-quarter or more exactly only
+24.8 per cent. and if we again exclude loans to Allies, only 30 per
+cent. In the last year of the war the showing was still less favorable.
+If we take the expenditures for the entire period of our participation
+in the war the figures are respectively 21.7 per cent. and 27 per cent.
+For the entire period of our participation in the war, less than
+one-fourth (or exactly 23.3 per cent.) of the war expenditures were paid
+out of war taxes. And if the loans to Allies are again excluded the
+proportion is still under one third, or more exactly 32.5 per cent.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/ill-110.jpg" width="400" height="565"
+alt="Lord Reading"
+title="Lord Reading" />
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Lord Reading</p>
+<p class="description">President of the Anglo-French loan mission to the United States in 1915,
+and special envoy of the British Government to the United States in
+1917.</p></div>
+
+<p>This compares favorably even with the British figures. But it
+conclusively shows how impossible it is even with the best of will, to
+raise more than a relatively small part of war expenses from war taxes;
+especially during the early period of a war.</p>
+
+<h3>CHARACTER OF WAR TAXATION</h3>
+
+<p>The next point of interest is that of the character of the war taxes
+imposed by the various countries. Here again we notice a very
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+
+great difference. In all of the European belligerents on the continent,
+at least as much additional revenue was raised from direct, as from
+indirect, taxation. In France about as much new revenue came from
+indirect taxation or taxes on consumption as from direct taxation or
+taxes on wealth.</p>
+
+<p>The situation is still less satisfactory in the other continental
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>In England, on the other hand, a different path was pursued from the
+beginning. While it is true that a considerable increase of revenue was
+derived from indirect taxes like customs and excise, the chief reliance
+was placed on the increase of the income tax, on a new war profits tax
+and finally, although to a minor degree, on an increase in the
+inheritance tax.</p>
+
+<p>When we come, however, to the situation in the United States we find the
+democratic movement so strong that the overwhelming proportion of the
+new tax revenue was derived from direct taxation on wealth rather than
+from indirect taxation on consumption. In the great Revenue Act of 1917
+over 79 per cent. of the new tax revenue came from direct taxation,
+principally the income tax and the excess profits tax. In the second
+great Revenue Act of 1918, the proportions were still more favorable,
+the amount ascribable to direct taxation in 1919 being almost 81 per
+cent.</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Internal Revenue receipts">
+<tr><th colspan="5">UNITED STATES</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="5">Internal Revenue Receipts</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="5">In millions of dollars</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Year ending June 30</th><th class="numeric">1918</th><th class="numeric">Per Cent.</th><th class="numeric">1919</th><th class="numeric">Per Cent.</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Income and profits taxes</td><td class="numeric">2,839</td><td></td><td class="numeric">2,596</td><td><a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Munition manufacturers tax</td><td class="numeric">13</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Estate tax</td><td class="numeric">47</td><td></td><td class="numeric">82</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corporate capital stock tax</td><td class="numeric">25</td><td></td><td class="numeric">29</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total taxes on wealth</td><td class="numeric">2,924</td><td class="numeric">79.1</td><td class="numeric">2,707</td><td class="numeric">70.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Distilled spirits</td><td class="numeric">318</td><td></td><td class="numeric">365</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fermented liquors</td><td class="numeric">126</td><td></td><td class="numeric">118</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco</td><td class="numeric">158</td><td></td><td class="numeric">206</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stamp taxes</td><td class="numeric">19</td><td></td><td class="numeric">37</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Transportation</td><td class="numeric">71</td><td></td><td class="numeric">234</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Insurance</td><td class="numeric">6</td><td></td><td class="numeric">15</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Excise taxes</td><td class="numeric">37</td><td></td><td class="numeric">78</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Soft drinks</td><td class="numeric">2</td><td></td><td class="numeric">7</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Admissions</td><td class="numeric">26</td><td></td><td class="numeric">51</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Miscellaneous</td><td class="numeric">8</td><td></td><td class="numeric">22</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total taxes on consumption, transactions and commodities</td><td class="numeric">771</td><td class="numeric">20.9</td><td class="numeric">1,133</td><td class="numeric">29.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total</td><td class="numeric">3,695</td><td class="numeric">....</td><td class="numeric">3,840</td><td class="numeric">....</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+As the new taxes are payable in instalments, about 2 millions
+of the 1919 tax will not be received until the fiscal year 1920.
+Making allowance for this the proportion of taxes on wealth
+really ascribable to the year 1919 rises to 80.6 per cent.</p></div>
+
+<p>With the impossibility of securing more than a comparatively small
+proportion of the war expenditures from taxation, it accordingly became
+necessary to resort to borrowing. This was consequently done by every
+country on a gigantic scale; although here again the fiscal and economic
+conditions in the various countries were so different that they employed
+quite diverse expedients.</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain provided at the outset of the war for immediate needs by
+the selling of short time securities, principally Treasury Bills. Before
+long these had amounted to such a sum that it became necessary to issue
+long time bonds. Accordingly, subscriptions were invited to the first
+war loan, which was issued on March 1, 1915, followed by the second war
+loan on June 1, 1915. These bore interest at the rate of 3&frac12; and
+4&frac12; per cent. and the amount issued was $1,703,000,000 and
+$2,883,000,000 respectively. On February, 1916, a continuous issue of
+War Savings Certificates was inaugurated. On April 15, 1917, the third
+war loan was issued at 4 per cent., followed on June 1, by the issue of
+5 per cent. bonds. Of these $4,811,000,000 were issued.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning on October 2, 1917, a continuous issue of 4 and 5 per cent.
+National War Bonds was made, the difference in the rate of interest
+being due to the tax exemption. The temporary and short time paper was
+gradually funded into these bonds. In the meantime the Anglo-French loan
+of $500,000,000, of which England had one-half, had been contracted in
+the United States; and with the entrance of the United States into the
+war on April 6, 1917, continually larger sums were borrowed from the
+American Government. During the period of the war the British debt rose
+from &pound;650,000,000 to &pound;7,643,000,000 or from $3,115,000,000
+to $37,221,000,000. It is expected that $250,000,000 will be borrowed
+during the year 1919&mdash;20, so that in all probability the debt of Great
+Britain at the end of 1920 will amount to almost &pound;8,000,000,000,
+or $38,500,000,000, meaning that the war debt probably will amount to
+about &pound;7,500,000,000, or $35,000,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>France was in a far less favorable situation than England at the outset
+of the war. The total debt of France at the close of 1913 amounted to
+fr. 32,594,000,000, or $6,291,000,000, and the ordinary budget had
+closed with a large deficit. So that it had been necessary to issue a loan during the spring
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+
+and summer of 1914. When the war suddenly broke out, precipitating an
+economical and financial crash, it became practically impossible to
+issue another loan. The government was therefore compelled to rely upon
+advances from the Banque de France, which was permitted correspondingly
+to increase its notes issue. It was not until November, 1915, that
+France saw her way to issue her first war loan of 5 per cent. bonds.
+This was followed on August 6, 1916, by the second war loan, also of 5
+per cent. bonds, on December 15, 1917, by the third war loan of 4 per
+cent. bonds, and on Dec. 15, 1918, by the fourth war loan, also at 4 per
+cent. The first war loan issued at 88 yielded $1,894,000,000; the
+second, at 83.75, yielded $1,981,000,000; the third at 68.60 yielded
+$2,914,000,000 and the fourth at 70.8 yielded $5,382,000,000. Meanwhile
+National Defense Bonds were issued continuously from February 25, 1915,
+and foreign loans had been contracted in England, in the United States
+and in Japan. The result was that at the close of the year 1918 the
+French debt amounted to fr. 167,469,000,000 or $32,322,000,000. This
+meant that the debt due to the war amounted to fr. 134,875,000,000 or
+$26,031,000,000. It is expected, however, that a considerable sum will
+still have to be borrowed during the year 1919, thus bringing the total
+French debt to 27 or 28 billions of dollars.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-112.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-112thumb.jpg" width="400" height="357"
+           alt="While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds"
+         title="While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Courtesy McClure&#39;s Magazine</p>
+   <p class="caption">While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds</p>
+   <p class="description">Not all brave hearts beat under khaki during the war. More than
+      $20,000,000,000 was raised by the four Liberty Loans and the Fifth
+      Victory Loan. Among those who bought bonds were hundreds of thousands of
+      wives and children of the men at the front.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-112.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Russia was the first of the Entente Powers to issue public loans. On
+September 14, 1914, it issued a 5 per cent. loan at 94, yielding
+$259,000,000. This was followed at regular intervals by six more loans
+prior to the revolution of 1917. After the revolution there was
+considerable confusion which, of course, was much accentuated by the
+advent of Bolshevism. The consequence was that the public debt of
+Russia, which amounted for July, 1914, to $4,623,000,000, increased by
+the time of the October revolution in 1917 to 49,288 millions of rubles
+or 25,383 millions of dollars. This would mean a war debt of almost
+twenty-one billions of dollars. As a matter of fact of course it is very
+uncertain whether the debt will ever be redeemed at these figures.</p>
+
+<p>The debt of Italy before it entered the war amounted to lire
+13,636,000,000 or $2,621,000,000. Italy started at once with a so-called
+mobilization loan followed by its first war loan in July, 1915, and
+successive war loans on the first of January of each of the following
+years. The result was that on October 31, 1918, the total debt amounted
+to lire 63,093,000,000 or $12,177,000,000. By the end of May, 1919, the
+debt had grown to 77,763,000,000 lire or $15,009,000,000 leaving as the
+war debt lire 64,127,000,000 or $12,388,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Central Powers, Germany started at once on October 1, 1914, to
+issue a war loan at 5 per cent., having from the outset decided to rely
+upon comparatively long time bonds rather than upon temporary or short
+time securities as was the case in England and in France. There followed
+in regular succession eight war loans bearing 4&frac12; and 5&frac12;
+per cent. interest. As a result, the debt of Germany, which before the
+war amounted to Mk. 4,732,000,000 increased on October 31, 1919, to Mk.
+204,000,000,000 or $48,552,000,000; the war debt proper in Germany would
+therefore amount to $47,426,000,000.</p>
+
+<h3>TOTAL WAR DEBT, UNITED STATES</h3>
+
+<p>When the United States entered the war it depended, for the time being,
+on temporary war certificates. But at the beginning of June, 1917,
+Liberty Loans were issued in continually greater dimensions. In the
+table below the details of the four Liberty Loans and the Fifth Victory
+Loan are given, showing that over $20,000,000,000 were raised from bonds
+alone. To these is to be added the unfunded loans. It appears that the
+total net debt of the United States, which in April, 1917, was
+$1,190,000,000, increased by June 30, 1919, to $24,232,000,000, making a
+war debt of $23,042,000,000. Inasmuch, however, as somewhat over a
+billion dollars from the Victory Loan will be paid in the course of the
+year 1919&mdash;20, and as still more will have to be borrowed temporarily,
+the total war debt of the United States by the end of 1920 will amount
+to over $25,000,000,000, including the nine billions advanced to the
+Allies.</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="US debt">
+<tr><th colspan="3">UNITED STATES</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3">In Millions</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><th>Debt Less<br />Cash in<br />Treasury</th><th>Annual<br />Interest<br />Charge</th></tr>
+<tr><td>April 5, 1917</td><td class="numeric">$1,189</td><td class="numeric">$23</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 30, 1917</td><td class="numeric">1,909</td><td class="numeric">84</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 30, 1918</td><td class="numeric">10,924</td><td class="numeric">466</td></tr>
+<tr><td>June 30, 1919</td><td class="numeric">24,233</td><td class="numeric">619</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Bonds outstanding">
+<tr><th colspan="5">DEBT ON JUNE 30, 1919</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="5">Bonds</th></tr>
+<tr><td>&emsp;</td><td colspan="3">Pre-war bonds</td><td class="numeric">833</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td colspan="4">War loans</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>First Liberty Loan</td><td class="numeric">$1,985</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Second Liberty Loan</td><td class="numeric">3,566</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Third Liberty Loan</td><td class="numeric">3,959</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Fourth Liberty Loan</td><td class="numeric">6,795</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Victory Loan (notes)</td><td class="numeric">3,468</td><td class="numeric">20,455</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Treasury Certificates</td><td class="numeric">3,634</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Old debt on which interest increased</td><td class="numeric">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Non-interest bearing debt</td><td class="numeric">236</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Total gross debt</td><td class="numeric">25,485</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Cash on hand</td><td class="numeric">1,252</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Net debt</td><td class="numeric">(In Millions) $24,233</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The other belligerents need not be treated separately. The total pre-war
+debt, including Japan, whose debt was increased only by the money raised
+to loan to Great Britain and France, amounted to almost $28,000,000,000.
+The debt at the close of the war amounted to over $224,000,000,000,
+making the net war debt somewhat over $196,000,000,000. When we compare
+this with the total cost of the war, which, as we have seen, will amount
+to about $210,000,000,000, it appears that almost the entire cost of the
+war will have been defrayed from loans, the difference of well-nigh $15,000,000,000
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+
+derived from taxation being due almost entirely to the efforts of Great
+Britain and the United States respectively.</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Debt of the belligerents">
+<tr><th colspan="6">PUBLIC DEBT OF THE BELLIGERENTS</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="6">000,000 omitted</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><th>Before the war</th><td></td><th>After the war</th><td></td><th class="numeric">War debt</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Great Britain</td><td class="center">Aug. 4, 1914</td><td class="numeric">&pound;650 = $3,165</td><td class="center">Mar. 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">&pound;7,643<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>= $37,221</td><td class="numeric">$34,056</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Australia</td><td class="center">Aug. 4, 1914</td><td class="numeric">97 = 472</td><td class="center">Jan. 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>336 = 1,634</td><td class="numeric">1,162</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Canada.</td><td class="center">Aug. 4, 1914</td><td class="numeric">332</td><td class="center">Mar. 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">1,584</td><td class="numeric">1,250</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Zealand</td><td class="center">Aug. 4, 1914</td><td class="numeric">100 = 487</td><td class="center">Mar. 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">170 = 828</td><td class="numeric">341</td></tr>
+<tr><td>South Africa</td><td class="center">Aug. 4, 1914</td><td class="numeric">126 = 614</td><td class="center">Mar. 31, 1919</td><td class="numeric">175 = 846</td><td class="numeric">332</td></tr>
+<tr><td>British Empire</td><td></td><td class="numeric">$5,070</td><td></td><td class="numeric">$42,213</td><td class="numeric">$37,143</td></tr>
+<tr><td>France</td><td class="center">July Empire</td><td class="numeric">fr. 32,594 = $6,291</td><td class="center">Dec. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">fr. 167,459 = 32,322</td><td class="numeric">26,031</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Russia</td><td class="center">July 1914</td><td class="numeric">ru. 8,800 = 4,623</td><td class="center">Jan. 1, 1918</td><td class="numeric">ru. 49,288 = 25,383</td><td class="numeric">20,760</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Italy</td><td class="center">May 1915</td><td class="numeric">li. 13,636 = 2,621</td><td class="center">Oct. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">li. 77,763 = 15,009</td><td class="numeric">12,388</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belgium</td><td class="center">Aug. 2, 1914</td><td class="numeric">fr. 3,743 = 722</td><td class="center">Apr. 30, 1919</td><td class="numeric">fr. 9,787 = 1,888</td><td class="numeric">1,166</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rumania</td><td class="center">Aug. 1916</td><td class="numeric">292</td><td class="center">Oct. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">1,020</td><td class="numeric">728</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Serbia</td><td class="center">July 1914</td><td class="numeric">271</td><td class="center">Oct. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">730</td><td class="numeric">459</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Japan</td><td class="center">July 1914</td><td class="numeric">yen 2,494 = 1,190</td><td class="center">July 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">yen 2,530 = 1,265</td><td class="numeric">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>United States</td><td class="center">Apr. 5, 1917</td><td class="numeric">1,190</td><td class="center">June 30, 1919</td><td class="numeric">24,232</td><td class="numeric">23,042</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Entente Powers</td><td></td><td class="numeric">$22,327</td><td></td><td class="numeric">144,062</td><td class="numeric">121,735</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Germany</td><td class="center">Aug. 1, 1914</td><td class="numeric">mk. 4,732 = $1,126</td><td class="center">Dec. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">mk. 204,000 = $48,352</td><td class="numeric">47,426</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Austria-Hungary</td><td class="center">Aug. 1, 1914</td><td class="numeric">3,726</td><td class="center">Oct. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">kr. 137,858 = 25,584</td><td class="numeric">24,858<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Turkey</td><td class="center">Nov. 1914</td><td class="numeric">LT 112 = 485</td><td class="center">Oct. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">LT 455 = 2,002</td><td class="numeric">1,517</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td class="center">Oct. 4, 1915</td><td class="numeric">219</td><td class="center">Oct. 31, 1918</td><td class="numeric">974</td><td class="numeric">755</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Central Powers</td><td></td><td class="numeric">$5,556</td><td></td><td class="numeric">$80,112</td><td class="numeric"><del>743,556</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 743,556">74,556</ins></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td class="numeric">In Millions $27,883</td><td></td><td class="numeric">In Millions $224,174</td><td class="numeric">196,291</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+Counting on repayments of one half of the loans to the Allies (&pound;816 millions).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+Not including the debts of the separate states.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+Obtained by considering the debt of the new Austria as representing 70
+per cent of the debt of all the states which constituted the old empire.</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-114.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-114thumb.jpg" width="400" height="287"
+         alt="French School Children Waiting to Welcome General P&eacute;tain"
+       title="French School Children Waiting to Welcome General P&eacute;tain" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">French School Children Waiting to Welcome General P&eacute;tain</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-114.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>VI&mdash;AMERICAN BUSINESS IN THE WAR<br />
+Voluntary Co&ouml;peration of Experts and Loyal Support of Labor Put Our
+Industries on a War Basis</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">By GROSVENOR B. CLARKSON</p>
+<p class="center">Director of the U. S. Council of National Defense and of Its Advisory
+Commission</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Modern wars are not won by mere numbers. They are not won by mere
+enthusiasm. They are not won by mere national spirit. They are won by
+the scientific conduct of war, the scientific application of
+irresistible force.</p>
+
+<p class="smcapright">&mdash;Woodrow Wilson.</p></div>
+
+<p>War today means that for every man on the fighting line there must be
+approximately ten men&mdash;and women&mdash;behind him in the factories,
+mills, and mines of the nation that enters the conflict. It is an
+enterprise to which military men alone have ceased to be called, for it
+enlists the specialists of every industry and every science from the
+fighting line clear back to the last line of defense.</p>
+
+<p>When the American Marines were thrown into the battle line at the Marne,
+a French general officer rode up to headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>"How deep is your front?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"From here to San Francisco," was the reply; and in that statement lay
+the story of America's industrial and economic mobilization for war.</p>
+
+<p>For America the actual arena of the war was 3,000 miles oversea, and
+into this arena the Government of the United States threw 2,000,000 of
+the most superb troops that the drama of warfare has known; and, what is
+more, got them there on time to make possible the final smashing blow.
+The organization, transportation, and clocklike delivery at the eleventh
+hour of these irresistible citizen armies of the great Republic of the
+western world is an epic in itself.</p>
+
+<p>But here at home there were armies too. They were created without
+mandates; they were welded into cohesive form by suggestion rather than
+by order; they were galvanized from beginning to end by the mighty force
+of voluntary co&ouml;peration; and they went into the home stretch with
+a power which nothing could have stopped. These were the armies of
+production&mdash;production mainly, it is true, of guns and steel plates
+and soldiers' shoes; but production as well of energy, of thought that
+made the sword a flaming thing, of optimism to offset the stupid
+pessimism of people who criticized but had nothing tangible to
+contribute, of the immortal spirit of "carry on," of, above all,
+unification.</p>
+
+<p>In all of this endeavor, in all of this uprooting of the static national
+life of peace time, the business man of America reached his apotheosis
+and surprised even himself in his ability to merge his heart and nerves
+and brain into the national interest in the most emergent hour of the
+country's history.</p>
+
+<p>In effect, America went into the war unprepared. The will to war was a
+dormant thing throughout the nation. The country was swollen with
+material success almost to the point expressed in Lincoln's phrase: "A
+fat hound won't hunt." The evolution of the Government of the United
+States, enjoying profound peace for more than half a century, except for
+the minor military operations of the Spanish-American conflict, into a
+great war-making machine in mercilessly short time was a task to
+challenge the ability of even the most resourceful nation of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>There, broadly stated, was the national picture in the spring of 1917.
+War came, and almost with every day grew the need for increased
+participation on America's part.</p>
+
+<h3>COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE</h3>
+
+<p>The only federal agency in existence on April 7, 1917, capable of the
+elasticity to mobilize industry, labor, and science for the national
+defense was the United States Council of National Defense. This body,
+composed of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Agriculture,
+Commerce, and Labor, had providentially been created by Congress
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+
+eight months before. It was charged by Congress with "the
+co&ouml;rdination of industries and resources for the national security
+and welfare" and "the creation of relations which will render possible
+in time of need the immediate concentration and utilization of the
+resources of the nation." With it was to act an advisory commission of
+seven men, each to have expert knowledge of some special industry,
+public utility, or the development of some natural resource.</p>
+
+<p>The Council was further charged with the following particular duties:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>To supervise and direct investigations and make recommendations to the
+President and the heads of Executive Departments as to:
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li>The location of railroads with reference to the frontier of the United
+States, so as to render possible expeditious concentration of troops and
+supplies to points of defense.</li>
+
+<li>The co&ouml;rdination of military, industrial, and commercial purposes
+in the location of extensive highways and branch lines of railroads.</li>
+
+<li>The utilization of waterways.</li>
+
+<li>The mobilization of military and naval resources for defense.</li>
+
+<li>The increase of domestic production of articles and materials essential
+to the support of the armies and of the people during the interruption
+of foreign commerce.</li>
+
+<li>The development of sea-going transportation.</li>
+
+<li>Data as to amounts, location, methods and means of production and
+availability of military supplies.</li>
+
+<li>The giving of information to producers and manufacturers as to the class
+of supplies needed by the military and other services of the Government,
+the requirements relating thereto, and the creation of relations which
+will render possible in time of need the immediate concentration and
+utilization of the resources of the nation.</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>To report to the President or to the heads of Executive Departments upon
+special inquiries or subjects appropriate thereto.</li>
+
+<li>To submit an annual report to Congress, through the President, giving as
+full a statement of the activities of the Council and the agencies
+subordinate to it as is consistent with the public interest, including
+an itemized account of the expenditures made by the Council or
+authorized by it, in as full detail as the public interest will permit,
+providing, however, that when deemed proper the President may authorize,
+in amounts stipulated by him, unvouchered expenditures and report the
+gross so authorized not itemized.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>PERSONNEL OF THE COUNCIL</h3>
+
+<p>Save for preliminary meetings late in the winter of 1916, the Council
+and Advisory Commission did not get under way to any appreciable degree
+until February, 1917, when both bodies began to meet separately and
+jointly with the primary purpose of taking the national balance, chiefly
+with regard to industrial resources. The permanent organization of both
+bodies was made on March 3, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>The Council of National Defense was composed as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Council of Nation Defense">
+<tr><td>Secretary of War</td><td>Newton D. Baker, Chairman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Secretary of the Navy</td><td>Josephus Daniels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Secretary of the Interior</td><td>Franklin K. Lane.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Secretary of Agriculture</td><td>David F. Houston.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Secretary of Commerce</td><td>William C. Redfield.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Secretary of Labor</td><td>William B. Wilson.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The members of the Advisory Commission
+were:</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt><em>Transportation and Communication</em>:</dt>
+<dd>Daniel Willard, Chairman, President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.</dd>
+<dt><em>Munitions and Manufacturing, including Standardization and Industrial Relations:</em></dt>
+<dd>Howard E. Coffin, Vice-President of the Hudson Motor Car Company.</dd>
+<dt><em>Supplies, including Food and Clothing</em>:</dt>
+<dd>Julius Rosenwald, President of Sears, Roebuck &amp; Company.</dd>
+<dt><em>Raw Materials, Minerals and Metals</em>:</dt>
+<dd>Bernard M. Baruch, financier.</dd>
+<dt><em>Engineering and Education</em>:</dt>
+<dd>Doctor Hollis Godfrey, President of the Drexel Institute.</dd>
+<dt><em>Labor, including Conservation of Health and Welfare of Workers</em>:</dt>
+<dd>Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor.</dd>
+<dt><em>Medicine and Surgery, including General Sanitation</em>:</dt>
+<dd>Doctor Franklin Martin, Secretary-General of the American College of Surgeons.</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The Director of the Council and the Advisory Commission during the
+greater part of the war was Walter S. Gifford, now Vice-President of the
+American Telephone and Telegraph Company, a most capable organizer, who
+with the writer had been closely associated with Howard Coffin
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+
+in a pioneer industrial preparedness movement inaugurated in the spring
+of 1916 to examine into the capacity of industrial plants for military
+purposes. This was an entirely volunteer movement of business men and
+industrial engineers under the Naval Consulting Board of the United
+States, acting with the full approval of the President and the War and
+Navy Departments. Mr. Coffin's Committee on Industrial Preparedness did
+a remarkable job in a very short space of time, and the creation of the
+Council of National Defense was the logical sequence of the Committee's
+work, its records being turned over to the Council. The writer was the
+Secretary of the Council and the Advisory Commission throughout until
+the early summer of 1918, when he became Acting Director, succeeding Mr.
+Gifford shortly after the signing of the armistice.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-117.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-117thumb.jpg" width="400" height="281"
+           alt="United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory Commission"
+         title="United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory Commission" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Harris &amp; Ewing</p>
+<p class="caption">United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory Commission</p>
+<p class="description">Seated, left to right: David F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture;
+Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy; Newton D. Baker, Secretary of
+War; Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior; William B. Wilson,
+Secretary of Labor.<br />
+Standing, left to right: Grosvenor B. Clarkson,
+Secretary, later Director, of both Council and Advisory Commission;
+Julius Rosenwald, Bernard M. Baruch, Daniel Willard, Chairman of the
+Advisory Commission; Dr. Franklin Martin, Dr. Hollis Godfrey, Howard E.
+Coffin and Walter S. Gifford, Director of the Council and Advisory
+Commission.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-117.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>PROPOSALS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p>Although the Council and Advisory Commission did not, as has been
+stated, make permanent organization until March 3, 1917, the Advisory
+Commission on December 7, 1916, determined on the following proposals of
+action:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To begin immediately a study to determine the most effective flexible
+organization and mechanism for the securing of all necessary information
+and for the clarifying, recording, and classifying of such information
+when secured.</p>
+
+<p>To begin immediately a study as to what media now exist which can aid in
+the carrying out of the purposes of the council. This study to be
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+
+made in three divisions&mdash;governmental media in the departments,
+governmental media outside the departments, and civil media. As this
+study progresses it is believed that the council can aid materially in
+the development of such media, and can from time to time define (<span lang="la">i.e.</span>,
+delimit and delineate) spheres of activity in which existing
+organizations may operate intensively without duplication.</p>
+
+<p>To assist in the advance of the physical well being of the people of the
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>To begin immediately a study of the possibility of the co&ouml;rdination
+of transportation, communication and surveys.</p>
+
+<p>To continue the work done on the inventory of manufactures, of medical
+equipment and officers, of supplies, and of resources.</p>
+
+<p>To assist in the development of the "Personal Index" already begun.</p>
+
+<p>To set a fixed date (a date three months after the beginning of action
+is suggested) on which an inspection may be made of the work
+accomplished to that date. This inspection to be made through the
+submitting to the commission of an actual problem by the Departments of
+War and Navy, with the intent to determine at that time what needed
+information is or is not available.</p>
+
+<p>To form a temporary organization to put the above proposals or any part
+of them or additional proposals into effect at the earliest possible
+date, with the intention of changing from a temporary organization to a
+permanent organization as the progress of the work makes this possible.</p>
+
+<p>To begin a study of the best methods of expression of the work of the
+council to the people of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>To scrutinize all legislative action touching national defense.</p>
+
+<p>To do any other thing or take any other action necessary to give effect
+to the law under which the council and commission are organized.</p></div>
+
+<h3>PRE-WAR ACTIVITIES</h3>
+
+<p>At this time there was consideration of plans to enroll labor in an
+industrial reserve, and the question of mobilization of American
+railroads for military purposes was seriously discussed against future
+need. At the same time Commissioner Baruch stated that he had been
+making a study of the steel and metal industries in connection with the
+national defense, and wished for authority to consult further with the
+leaders in those trades. The Director was asked to establish relations
+in the interest of the national defense with civic organizations,
+patriotic associations, and chambers of commerce.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting on February 12, 1917, plans were discussed to call a series
+of conferences with the leading men in each industry fundamental to the
+defense of the country in the event of war, and at the same meeting a
+plan was laid down and afterwards agreed upon to split the Advisory
+Commission up into seven separate committees as detailed above, the
+Chairman of each committee to be given power to select the members of
+his committee from either governmental or civil life, or both.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting on February 14, 1917, E. S. Stettinius, who, acting for J.
+P. Morgan and Company, was the purchasing agent of the Allies at that
+time, was called before the Council to confer with it on the manufacture
+of munitions. In the same way during this early period men of the
+authority and standing of Herbert Hoover, Admiral Peary, and General
+Kuhn, who had closely studied the German armies, were called into
+consultation by the Council, Mr. Hoover of course, discussing the
+mobilization, distribution, and conservation of food supplies, and
+Admiral Peary the development of the aeroplane and seaplane for modern
+war.</p>
+
+<p>On February 15th the Advisory Commission, further to progress its work
+then already under way, requested detailed lists of materials, with
+specifications and detailed dimensioned blueprints covering all
+equipment needed for a force of 1,000,000 men and for the assumed force
+of the Navy and Marine Corps with its numbers increased to emergency
+strength. It also called for estimates of reasonable accuracy covering
+the maintenance of a force of the size mentioned in the field during
+each ninety days of active service. The information was desired in order
+that approximations might be made as to the amounts of both manufactured
+and raw material for which it would be necessary to draw upon the
+resources of the country. The Advisory Commission later furnished
+estimates of its own.</p>
+
+<p>On March 3rd Chairman Willard of the Advisory Commission read to the
+Council a list of men nominated by the Commission to compose a munitions
+standards board. It is highly significant to detail the names of these
+men with their occupations, for they were typical of the cream of
+American industry
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+
+which from that time on was enlisted in the Government's interest:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>W. H. Vandervoort, builders of special machine tools, and President of
+the Moline Automobile Co.</p>
+
+<p>E. A. Deeds, formerly General Manager for the National Cash Register
+Co., President of the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co., and
+interested in many industrial activities.</p>
+
+<p>Frank A. Scott, Warner &amp; Swasey Co., Cleveland, manufacturers of
+automatic machinery and optical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Frank Pratt, General Electric Co., Schenectady.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Vauclain, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Remington and Westinghouse
+Cos.</p>
+
+<p>John E. Otterson, Vice-President, Winchester Arms Co.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Council duly approved these nominations.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-119.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-119thumb.jpg" width="400" height="323"
+alt="Bernard M. Baruch"
+title="Bernard M. Baruch" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Bernard M. Baruch</p>
+<p class="description">Known as the &quot;Eye of Industry,&quot; because his task was to see that the raw
+materials were brought to the factories and the finished products
+shipped overseas.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-119.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>MEN OF VISION</h3>
+
+<p>It is impossible here to give more than a few instances such as the
+foregoing of the way in which the Council and Commission, with
+remarkable vision and perhaps even more remarkable disregard of
+precedent when precedent got in the way of the national welfare, made
+history in these pre-war days. Fully to tell the story of this period
+would pack a large volume. I quote from a recent partisan criticism
+directed by an American Congressman, as chairman of a congressional
+committee to investigate war expenditures, against the Advisory
+Commission particularly, which he characterized as the "secret
+government of the United States" during this vital space of time:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It appears from the minutes of
+the advisory commission and the council, which were kept separately,
+that practically all of the measures which were afterwards considered as
+war measures, were initiated by this advisory commission, adopted by the
+council, and afterwards acted upon by Congress. In many cases, a
+considerable period before the actual declaration of war with Germany
+this advisory commission was discussing matters which were thought to be
+new legislation, conceived by reason of the necessities of war. For
+instance, on March 3rd, over a month before the War declaration, the
+advisory commission indorsed to the Council of National Defense a
+daylight-saving scheme, and recommended a Federal censorship of the
+press. The question of Federal censorship of the press was further
+discussed on March 24th, two weeks before the declaration of war.</p>
+
+<p>On February 15th, about two months before the declaration of war,
+Commissioners Coffin and Gompers made a report as to the exclusion of
+labor from military service, and the draft was discussed; the draft was
+also discussed on other occasions before anyone in this country, except
+this advisory commission and those who were closely affiliated with the
+administration, knew that a declaration of war was to be made later. At
+a meeting, on February 15th, this same commission of seven men (none of
+whom had any official authority except as advisors), recommended that
+Herbert Hoover be employed by the Government in connection with food
+control. It was generally understood, as appears from the minutes, that
+Mr. Hoover was to be in control of this matter, although war was two
+months in the future.</p>
+
+<p>The advisory commission first met on December 6, 1916. Almost the first
+thing the commission did was to take up the matter of arranging an easy
+method of communication between the manufacturers and the Government. On
+February 12th, for example, Secretary Lane offered a resolution to the
+advisory commission suggesting to them to call a series of conferences
+of the leading men in various industries, so the industries might
+organize and be able to do business with the council through one man. In
+several meetings, long before the war was declared, this advisory
+commission of seven men met with the representatives of the
+manufacturing industries and formed an organization of them for selling
+supplies to the Government, which organization was well perfected before
+the war was declared. This method consisted of having the
+representatives of the various businesses, producing goods which the
+Government would have to buy, form themselves into committees so that
+they might be able to sell to the Government the goods direct, which
+their industries produced. In almost every meeting that this advisory
+commission had before the declaration of war, they discussed and
+recommended to the council (which consisted of six Cabinet members)
+these plans for fixing prices and selling to the Government. When war
+was declared on April 6th, this machinery began to move, headed by the
+advisory commission of these minutes, the active Government of the seven
+men, who were, in effect, as shown by United States, so far as the
+purchase of supplies was concerned. So far as I can observe, there was
+not an act of the so-called war legislation afterward enacted that had
+not before the actual declaration of war been discussed and settled upon
+by this advisory commission.</p></div>
+
+<p>It should be said, of course, that no member of this Council
+organization ever sold commodities to himself. But that is another
+story.</p>
+
+<h3>MEN OF EXPERIENCE</h3>
+
+<p>I could not complete even a skeleton outline of the period in question
+without certain other references.</p>
+
+<p>Further to emphasize the quality of the business men being called to
+Washington by the Council and Advisory Commission, I quote part of a
+letter to Chairman Willard of the Commission from Commissioner Baruch of
+March 23, 1917:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Daniel Willard,<br />
+Chairman, Advisory Commission, Council of<br />
+National Defense, Washington, D. C.<br />
+<br />
+Dear Sir:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In pursuance of the authority given me and in order to be prepared to
+meet the requests made of the advisory commission, I have appointed the
+following committees. As the necessity arises and the advisability
+becomes apparent, I shall add from time to time other members to these
+committees, always bearing in mind keeping them down to such a size that
+they will be workable. It has been my endeavor to appoint on these
+committees men of proved ability and undoubted integrity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leather</span>.&mdash;Walter C. Garritt, U. S. Leather Co., Boston, Mass.;
+George F. Johnson, Endicott, N. Y.; Theodore P. Haight, American Hide
+&amp; Leather Co., New York City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rubber</span>.&mdash;A. Marks, Diamond Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio; Fred Hood, Hood
+Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass.; Stuart Hotchkiss, General Rubber Co., New
+York City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Steel</span>.&mdash;E. H. Gary, President, American Iron &amp; Steel Institute,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wool</span>.&mdash;J. F. Brown, Boston, Mass.; Sigmund Silberson, Chicago,
+Ill.; Joseph R. Grundy, Bristol, Pa.; F. J. Hagenbarth, President,
+National Association of Wool Growers, Salt Lake City, Utah.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nickel</span>.&mdash;Ambrose Monell, President, International Nickel Co.,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oil</span>.&mdash;I have asked Mr. A. C. Bedford, president of the Standard
+Oil Co., to serve on the committee, but I shall probably add
+another from the Middle West, whose name I have not yet
+determined upon, and Mr. Ed. L. Doheny, of Los Angeles, Calif.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zinc</span>.&mdash;I have in the process of formation a committee
+representing the zinc trade. There are certain difficulties in
+the way of trade jealousies which we have to smooth away. The
+same thing is occurring in other lines, but it will be
+adjusted, and I shall report on them from time to time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coal</span>.&mdash;I have been in consultation with the producers of coal,
+both bituminous and anthracite, and am now studying that
+situation as to the best method of covering coal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Spruce Wood</span>.&mdash;I have also under consideration, but have come to
+no conclusion, the employment through a committee of those best
+fitted for obtaining the manufacture of aeroplanes for the
+Government the proper amount of spruce wood which seems to be
+needed.</p></div>
+
+<h3>LABOR PLEDGES SUPPORT</h3>
+
+<p>It will be long before the writer forgets the dramatic meeting of the
+Advisory Commission as early as March 3, 1917, when Commissioner Gompers
+reported that he had called an executive council meeting of the American
+Federation of Labor for March 9, 1917, for the purpose of considering
+the attitude of labor toward the preparedness plans of the government.
+The labor leader spoke with great emotion. He referred to England's
+difficulty in the first year of the war in enlisting the services of the
+working people. He went on to say that in England unity was then lacking
+between government and labor and that the same situation, if not
+properly handled before hand, could arise in this country in even more
+acute form, largely because of the racial diversity of our working
+classes. He concluded by stating that he was now bending his efforts to
+mobilizing good will in this direction, saying:<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> "I want the workingmen to
+do their part if war comes to America." He forecasted the meeting in
+Washington on March 12, 1917, of the officers of the National and
+International Trade Unions of America, and said: "I am expecting a
+definite response of support from every trade union in America." There
+is no doubt in the writer's mind that Samuel Gompers kept the faith
+throughout.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+I took Mr. Gompers' words verbatim.</p></div>
+
+<p>On April 6, 1917, the Council and Advisory Commission approved a
+declaration of the attitude of American labor toward the war presented
+by Mr. Gompers' Committee on Labor of the Advisory Commission. This
+action was directed toward the maintenance of existing standards of
+employment, and provided, among other things, that the Council should
+issue a statement to employers and employees in industrial plants and
+transportation systems advising that neither employers nor employees
+should endeavor to take advantage of the country's necessities to change
+existing standards; and providing further that when economic or other
+emergencies might arise requiring changes of standards, the same should
+be made only after such proposed changes were investigated and approved
+by the Council. It likewise provided that the Council urge upon the
+legislatures of the States, as well as upon all administrative agencies
+charged with the enforcement of labor and health laws, the great duty of
+rigorously maintaining the existing safeguards as to the health and
+welfare of workers, and that no departure from such standards in State
+laws and State rulings affecting labor should be taken without a
+declaration of the Council that such departure was essential for the
+effective pursuit of the national defense.</p>
+
+<h3>MERGING THE RAILROADS</h3>
+
+<p>On April 7, 1917, the Council directed Chairman Willard of the Advisory
+Commission to call upon the railroads so to organize their business as
+to lead to the greatest expedition in the movement of freight and
+troops. The response of the railroads was literally splendid. Their
+executives came to Washington, conferred with Mr. Willard, and passed
+the following resolution:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That the railroads of the United States, acting through their
+chief executive officers here and now assembled and stirred by a high
+sense of their opportunity to be of the greatest service to their
+country in the present national crisis, do hereby pledge themselves,
+with the Government of the United States, with the governments of the
+several States, and one with another, that during the present war they
+will co&ouml;rdinate their operations in a continental railway system,
+merging during such period all their merely individual and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+
+competitive activities in the effort to produce a maximum of national
+transportation efficiency. To this end they hereby agree to create an
+organization which shall have general authority to formulate in detail
+and from time to time a policy of operation of all or any of the
+railways, which policy, when and as announced by such temporary
+organization, shall be accepted and earnestly made effective by the
+several managements of the individual railroad companies here
+represented.</p></div>
+
+<h3>CO&Ouml;PERATING COMMITTEES</h3>
+
+<p>The first of July, 1917, found the Council and Advisory Commission
+directing the operation of the following boards and committees:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Aircraft Production Board.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Coal Production.</p>
+
+<p>Commercial Economy Board.</p>
+
+<p>Woman's Committee.</p>
+
+<p>General Munitions Board with its sub-committees on Army Vehicles,
+Armored Cars, Emergency Construction and Contracts, Optical Glass,
+Storage Facilities, Machine Guns, Priority, and Accounting.</p>
+
+<p>Munitions Standards Board with its sub-committees on Gauges and Dies,
+Army and Navy Artillery, Fuses and Detonators, Small Arms and Munitions,
+Optical Instruments, and Army and Navy Projectiles.</p>
+
+<p>Section on Co&ouml;peration with States.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Inland Waterways.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Telegraphs and Telephones.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Railroad Transportation, with which acted an executive
+committee made up of leading railroad presidents and six departmental
+committees composed likewise of railroad executives and paralleling the
+military departments over the country, and sub-committees on Express,
+Car Service, Military Equipment Standards, Military Transportation
+Accounting, Military Passenger Tariffs, Military Freight Tariffs, and
+Materials and Supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Committees on Cars and Locomotives, with their personnel made up of the
+high executives of such concerns as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the
+Pullman Company, and the American Locomotive Company.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Electric Railroad Transportation, composed of electric
+railway presidents.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Gas and Electric Service.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Automotive Transport.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Supplies, with its sub-committees on Cotton Goods, Woolen
+Manufacturers, Shoe and Leather Industries, Knit Goods, Leather
+Equipment, Mattresses and Pillows, and Canned Goods.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Raw Materials, with its sub-committees, popularly known at
+the time as the "A to Z" committees, on Alcohol, Aluminum, Asbestos,
+Magnesia and Roofing, Brass, Cement, Chemicals, Acids, Alkalis,
+Electrochemicals, Fertilizers, Miscellaneous Chemicals, Coal-Tar
+Products, Pyrites, Sulphur.</p>
+
+<p>Sub-Committees on Copper, Lead, Lumber, Mica, Nickel, Steel Products,
+with sub-committees on Alloys, Sheet Steel, Pig Tin, Steel Distribution,
+Scrap Iron, Pig Iron, Iron Ore, and Lake Transportation, Tubular
+Products, Tin Plate, Wire Rope, Wire Products, and Cold Rolled and Cold
+Drawn Steel.</p>
+
+<p>Sub-Committee on Oil, Rubber, Wool, and Zinc.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Engineering and Education, with its sub-committees on
+General Engineering, Production Engineering, Universities and Colleges,
+Secondary and Normal Schools, and Construction Engineering.</p>
+
+<p>Committee on Labor, with its sub-committees on Mediation and
+Conciliation, Wages and Hours, Women in Industry, Welfare Work,
+Sanitation with twelve subdivisions, Vocational Education with nine
+subdivisions, Information and Statistics, Cost of Living and Domestic
+Economy.</p>
+
+<p>General Medical Board, with a long and active list of sub-committees.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/ill-122.jpg" width="400" height="549"
+alt="Daniel Willard"
+title="Daniel Willard" />
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Daniel Willard</p>
+<p class="description">President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
+He was chairman of transportation and communication in the Council of
+National Defense.</p></div>
+
+<h3>SERVICE OF EXPERTS</h3>
+
+<p>On these boards and committees sat, almost without exception, the
+American leaders of industry, science, and labor. Scattered
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+
+through the list one finds such names as:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, one of the world's
+leading naval constructors.</p>
+
+<p>F. S. Peabody, the great coal operator.</p>
+
+<p>James J. Storrow, of Lee, Higginson &amp; Co., of Boston.</p>
+
+<p>A. W. Shaw, publisher of the <cite>System</cite> magazine, who, as Chairman of the
+Commercial Economy Board, preached with remarkable success the gospel of
+conservation in business.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, who for her labors as Chairman of the Woman's
+Committee received the Distinguished Service Medal.</p>
+
+<p>Frank A. Scott, on whom was bestowed the same distinction for his
+leadership of the General Munitions Board.</p>
+
+<p>W. A. Starrett, constructing architect of New York, to whom in great
+measure is due the credit for the building of the cantonments in an
+incredibly short space of time.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Vauclain, President of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, whose
+contribution in the matter of Army and Navy artillery was monumental.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore Vail, President of the American Telephone &amp; Telegraph
+Company, who brought the wire communication men of the country to a
+common center in the national interest.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Clifton, President of the National Automobile Chamber of
+Commerce.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. George H. Harries, the famous electric railway operator.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Insull, President of the Commonwealth Edison Co., of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Eisenman, who, as active head of the Council's Committee on
+Supplies, procured for the Government $800,000,000 of supplies in 200
+days at an overhead cost of but $20,000, involving the handling of
+45,000 contracts, and who justly received the Distinguished Service
+Medal.</p>
+
+<p>A. F. Bemis, President of the National Association of Cotton
+Manufacturers.</p>
+
+<p>John P. Woods, the eminent woolen manufacturer.</p>
+
+<p>J. F. McElwain, of the McElwain Shoe Company.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln Cromwell, of Wm. Iselin &amp; Co., New York.</p>
+
+<p>Arthur V. Davis, President of the Aluminum Co. of America.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas F. Manville, President of H. W. Johns-Manville Co.</p>
+
+<p>Charles F. Brooker, President of the American Brass Company.</p>
+
+<p>John E. Morron, President of the Atlas Portland Cement Company.</p>
+
+<p>John D. Ryan, President of the Anaconda Copper Company.</p>
+
+<p>R. L. Agassiz, President of the Calumet &amp; Hecla Mining Company.</p>
+
+<p>W. A. Clark, President of the United Verde Copper Company.</p>
+
+<p>Murry M. Guggenheim.</p>
+
+<p>R. H. Downman, President of the National Lumber Manufacturers'
+Association.</p>
+
+<p>Ambrose Monell, President of the International Nickel Company.</p>
+
+<p>The great steel executives. Gary, Farrell, Burden, Dinkey, King, Grace,
+Schwab, Topping, Dalton, and Clarke</p>
+
+<p>Bedford, Davison, Doheney, Lufkin, Markham, Sinclair, Van Dyke, Muir,
+James, and Guffy, in whose hands lay almost the entire oil output of America.</p>
+
+<p>Stuart Hotchkiss, President of the General Rubber Company.</p>
+
+<p>F. J. Hagenbarth, President of the National Association of Wool Growers.</p>
+
+<p>The Presidents of the leading zinc companies.</p>
+
+<p>Then when we come to Engineering and Education:</p>
+<p>Dr. Henry E. Crampton, of Columbia University.</p>
+<p>Charles A. Stone, of Stone and Webster.</p>
+<p>The heads of the great engineering societies.</p>
+<p>The presidents of Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and other famous universities
+and colleges.</p>
+
+<p>Among labor leaders such persons as:</p>
+<p>Warren S. Stone, Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.</p>
+<p>James W. Sullivan, Matthew Woll, and Frank Morrison; all high in the
+American Federation of Labor.</p>
+
+<p>Such well-known men as:</p>
+<p>V. Everit Macy, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, John H. Finley, August Belmont,
+E. T. Stotesbury and Charles G. Dawes, afterwards a brilliant figure as a
+General in France.</p>
+
+<p>Such nationally and internationally known physicians as:</p>
+
+<p>General Gorgas, Dr. William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins, the Mayos,
+Dr., afterwards Brigadier-General Finney, Dr. George E. Brewer,
+Dr. George W. Crile, Dr. Simon Flexner, and Dr. Theodore Janeway.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. George E. Hale, Chairman of the National Research Council, which was
+and is the Council's Department of Science and Research.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas A. Edison, President of the Naval Consulting Board, which was and
+is the Council's Board of Inventions.</p></div>
+
+<p>The activities of these men and their hundreds of colleagues, nearly all
+dollar-a-year workers and men whose time could not be bought, as a rule,
+in days of peace, reached out and touched almost every town and village
+in almost every part of the United States. They were moved and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+
+stimulated by the philosophy of voluntary co&ouml;peration, which was
+first and in a very daring way thrust into the consciousness of the
+nation by the Council of National Defense. It was the policy that won
+the war. One distinct benefit which the Government received from calling
+the industrial intelligence of the country to its aid was the breadth of
+view which industrial leaders possess. Their habit of mind to survey the
+field as a whole, to take a bird's-eye view of the problem to be solved,
+enabled the Government agencies to obtain a proper comprehension of the
+task of building the war machine. The country will probably never know
+the debt that it owes to these men and their like who came to Washington
+and bent their backs throughout the hot Southern summer during a series
+of endeavors in which absolutely no paths were charted.</p>
+
+<h3>NON-PARTISAN REPRESENTATION</h3>
+
+<p>It has been asked why a coalition government was not formed to wage the
+war. That very thing was in effect done by the Council, though we were
+all too busy to point it out at the time. A majority of the Advisory
+Commission was made up of Republicans. Certainly Republicans were in the
+huge preponderance in the Committee and Boards of the Council and
+Advisory Commission. Speaking as one who was not affiliated with the
+politics of the Administration of Woodrow Wilson, the writer never
+perceived a trace of political flavor in the organization and operation
+of the Council from first to last. Never did the six Democratic cabinet
+officers forming the Council itself so much as inquire into the politics
+of the hundreds of business men and experts nominated to them for
+appointment. It was an amazing demonstration of non-partisanship in a
+national crisis. The Council was an organization of specialists from
+beginning to end, and the work was everywhere carried forward on the
+most impersonal basis. The writer attributes this state of affairs to
+the breadth of view, and the very genuine passion for national service,
+of Secretary of War Baker, Chairman of the Council.</p>
+
+<p>It should be plainly stated that, utilizing in the main dollar-a-year
+experts, the Council made the preliminary mobilization of industry to
+July 1, 1917, at the grotesquely small sum of $127,000. To May 1, 1919,
+its total expenditures, including the operation of the war industries
+for nearly a year, amounted to but $1,500,000, and this comprehended the
+expenditure of $225,000 for the erection of a building. I doubt if there
+is anything in governmental or commercial history to match those
+figures, squared with results. The savings of the Council and Advisory
+Commission to the Government and the people mounted literally into the
+billions, as careful analysis of pre-war and war-time prices on certain
+commodities will demonstrate. It was made possible by the Council's
+course in commandeering to its side the business men of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<h3>SOME RESULTS OF CO&Ouml;PERATION</h3>
+
+<p>One of the practical results of voluntary co&ouml;peration was the
+agreement made by Mr. Baruch and Mr. Ryan with the largest copper
+producers of the country to furnish the Navy 20,000,000 pounds of copper
+and the Army 25,510,000 pounds at 16<sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>&cent;. a pound when the market
+price was 35&cent;. a pound. This meant saving to the Government close
+to $10,000,000. The copper men made this offer notwithstanding their
+increased cost for labor, materials, etc., because, as they said: "We
+believe it to be our duty to furnish the requirements of the Government
+in preparing the nation for war with no more profit than we receive from
+our regular production in normal times."</p>
+
+<p>In the same way the steel makers of the country, represented in the
+Steel Institute, agreed to furnish steel to the Government at the basic
+price of 2.9&cent;. per pound as compared with the then market price of
+from 5&cent;. to 7&cent;. a pound. This represented an approximate
+saving to the Government of $18,000,000.</p>
+
+<h3>THE FIELD DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p>The tremendous effort of the Council to mobilize and coalesce into a
+fluid and powerful whole the industrial, economic and scientific forces,
+was supplemented and to a great extent made possible by the Council's
+Section on Co&ouml;peration with States, later known as the Field
+Division. Through this
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+
+subordinate body was created, guided and co&ouml;rdinated the 185,000
+units of the state, county, community and municipal councils of defense,
+which literally unified the citizenship of America for war. If
+production was to win the war, it was elementary that the civilian
+morale must be brought to the highest pitch of co&ouml;peration and
+efficiency&mdash;and it was accomplished. In this vital task a noble
+part was played by the Woman's Committee of the Council, which in the
+most thorough-going and swift manner brought the services of the women
+of the country to the Government. The director of this committee, Miss
+Hannah J. Patterson, received the Distinguished Service Medal.</p>
+
+<h3>WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD</h3>
+
+<p>On August 1, 1917, the Council, with its fortunate power to create
+subordinate bodies, brought into being the War Industries Board, of
+which the first Chairman was Frank A. Scott, and of which some of the
+other members up to the end of the war were:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Robert S. Brookings.</p>
+
+<p>Brigadier-General Hugh S. Johnson.</p>
+
+<p>Rear Admiral F. F. Fletcher.</p>
+
+<p>Hugh Frayne, of the American Federation of Labor.</p>
+
+<p>George N. Peek, a prominent Middle Western manufacturer.</p>
+
+<p>J. L. Replogle, who became the very efficient Director of Steel Supply.</p>
+
+<p>L. L. Summers, an expert on explosives.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander Legge, General Manager of the International Harvester Company.</p>
+
+<p>And Judge Edwin B. Parker.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Brookings was later placed in charge of price fixing and Judge
+Parker in charge of priorities. The War Industries Board undoubtedly
+accomplished a much better centralization of effort than was possible in
+the hurried organization of the early days, when the imperative need was
+to increase the sources of supply and get production going until the
+executive departments of the Government could get into their full
+stride. Mr. Scott was succeeded as Chairman of the War Industries by
+Daniel Willard, who in turn was succeeded by B. M. Baruch, who, in his
+leadership of this vital and powerful agency, duplicated the success
+that Mr. Willard had made as Chairman of the pioneer Advisory
+Commission.</p>
+
+<h3>CANTONMENT CONSTRUCTION</h3>
+
+<p>In indicating even an outline statement of the American industrial and
+economic effort in the war, the writer feels helpless to paint the
+picture within the space of a few thousand words. It simply cannot be
+done. But to visualize what the measure of the task was, let one thing
+be cited:</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/ill-125.jpg"
+alt="John D. Ryan" width="400" height="578"
+title="John D. Ryan" />
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">John D. Ryan</p>
+<p class="description">President of the Anaconda Copper Company. He was made chairman of the
+Aircraft Production Board after we entered the war.</p></div>
+
+<p>At our entrance into the war there were one colonel and four men to
+build the cantonments. The job involved the expenditure of $150,000,000
+in about three months. The largest year's work on the Panama Canal
+amounted to but some $50,000,000. The situation was heart-breaking. On
+hearing of it Frank Scott, then Chairman of the General Munitions Board,
+called up the Secretary of War and said that something had to be done,
+with which the Secretary instantly agreed. The result was that the
+Colonel, afterwards Brigadier-General Littell, had a civilian
+organization built around him by the Council of National
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+
+Defense, notably by W. A. Starrett, later himself a colonel in the Army,
+which functioned until the Army was in shape to carry on the job alone.
+The building of the cantonments was the greatest job of the ages.
+Incidentally it should be stated that the average profit to the
+contractors was less than three per cent.</p>
+
+<h3>MEN LITTLE KNOWN</h3>
+
+<p>The writer likewise feels great reluctance in mentioning, as he has
+mentioned, only a few of the men who waged the industrial side of the
+war. Many business men little known to the country gave up their
+businesses and came to Washington and did superhuman things&mdash;did
+them in an impersonal, selfless way that was nothing less than stirring.
+Many of them remain unknown to this day, and their chief reward must lie
+in the satisfaction that they drew to their own souls by what they did,
+which is, of course, the greatest satisfaction of all in such situations
+as war-time Washington exemplified.</p>
+
+<p>It has not even been possible to touch on the work of business men in
+such great war agencies as the Food and Fuel Administration, the War
+Trade Board, the Shipping Board, the Aircraft Production Board, the
+Office of the Alien Property Custodian, the War Finance Corporation, and
+those divisions of the War Department which called highly qualified
+civilians to their aid. It would seem better to emphasize the initial
+effort, when the Council, through force of circumstances, became the
+great administrative laboratory for the examination, organization, and,
+at the proper time, allocation of totally new and untried phases of
+Federal action related to the prosecution of the war. It was in effect a
+fecund mother, which, it is not the slightest exaggeration to say, gave
+birth to and propelled the war machine which in the closing days of the
+conflict <del>oversea</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads oversea">overseas</ins> was reaching to the peak of its load, and which in
+fact dealt the death blow to the Imperial German Government. It made, in
+truth, its fair share of mistakes, but some day its part in sending out
+the trumpet call to the business and labor and scientific leaders of
+America to join in the national defense will be fully told. Then there
+will be perceived in clear and true light the extent to which
+peace-loving American civilians offered all they had and all they were
+to the Government of the United States so that decency might again be
+paramount upon the face of the earth.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>VII&mdash;THE LIBERTY LOAN ARMY<br />
+Mobilizing Americans at Home to Pay for the War&mdash;A National Effort
+Which Yielded $24,065,810,350</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">By GUY EMERSON</p>
+<p class="center">Vice-President of the National Bank of Commerce, formerly Director of
+Publicity, Government Loan Organization</p>
+
+<p>Our Army was our first line in the war against Germany. Our second line
+of offense and defense was the Navy, and behind both stood another line
+without which neither the Army nor the Navy could have "carried on."
+This third force was the greatest unit ever marshalled in the history of
+this or any other country&mdash;the Liberty Loan Army. Before a man in
+the United States uniform entered a trench, before the first depth bomb
+had been dropped on a U-boat, this Army, which finally carried a roster
+of 22,777,680 names, had entered the war.</p>
+
+<p>Think of it! One person in every five in the immense population was in
+the war!</p>
+
+<p>True, their contribution to the eventual triumph of our arms was
+measured in dollars while that of the men at the front or on the seas
+was in lives or limbs. Yet it is a fact that dollars were as powerful
+relatively as men in bringing the Boche to bay.</p>
+
+<p>Various causes have been given to account for the startlingly sudden
+collapse of the Kaiser's army. Some say that the Allies' superior
+military strategy brought it to its knees. Others contend that success
+against the U-boats broke it down. Both are partly right, for
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+
+each helped to undermine the German morale. But however great the
+contribution of both was, it is safe to say that the front presented by
+the Liberty Loan Army was a vital factor. The belated German
+consciousness that the United States as a whole was in the war, as
+tangibly represented in the strength of the Liberty Loan Army, helped to
+shatter the Germans' will to victory. As much as the men in khaki or in
+blue, this gigantic unit bore in upon his mind as an unyielding
+opponent. He understood the futility of trying to defeat a people that
+enlisted against him to the number of 22,777,680 at home, 4,000,000 in
+the field and 300,000 on the water.</p>
+
+<h3>THE SPIRIT BEHIND THE DOLLAR</h3>
+
+<p>There is another angle to this important element of morale. In inverse
+ratio to the weakening of the spirit of the Germans against this
+resistless body there came a daily strengthening of the morale of our
+own men and those of the Allies through this manifestation at home.
+Where there are two opposing wills to victory in the field, the one that
+has the greater backing at home is certain to overwhelm the other.</p>
+
+<p>It was not the dollar that won the war, it was the spirit behind the
+dollar. Before Prince Max asked for the armistice he had learned that
+$9,978,835,800 had been subscribed in this country toward his defeat. It
+is natural to assume that this fact did not impress him so much as the
+related fact that millions of persons had participated in the
+subscription.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the end of the Fourth Loan, which coincided with the negotiations
+for the Armistice, $16,971,909,050 had been paid in and this helped to
+save life to an extent that we can only imagine. It was the confident
+expectation when the Americans halted the German onslaught at
+Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry that the end of the war would come in the
+following spring. None dared to hope that it would come before
+Christmas. When the crash came in November, even the Allied commanders
+were bewildered by its suddenness. Had the war been prolonged to the
+spring of 1919, it is certain that we would have paid a large toll in
+lives. Some have estimated that 100,000 more of our young men would have
+been sacrificed. That the war did not drag along for six months more may
+be ascribed in part to the effect that the demonstrated loyalty of the
+Liberty Loan Army had upon German morale. We know that the Germans fed
+lies to their own troops and dropped pamphlets with these same
+falsehoods into our own trenches. They tried to convince their own and
+our men that the Loans had no support.</p>
+
+<h3>MOBILIZING THE LIBERTY LOAN ARMY</h3>
+
+<p>When at 11 o'clock on November 11, 1918, peace dawned upon a war-sick
+world we had 2,000,000 men in Europe, and as many more on this side
+putting themselves in readiness to go across. On the seas we had close
+to 300,000 men. This tremendous force was welded into form in the
+nineteen months we were in the war. Yet within a few months after our
+entrance into the war there were more than this total in the Liberty
+Loan Army. The list of subscribers to the First Liberty Loan which
+closed two months after our entry had 4,500,000 names.</p>
+
+<p>And this number remained for the duration of the war, giving every penny
+they could spare, mortgaging their property, committing themselves to
+personal privations. When the Second Loan books were totalled in
+November the number had increased to 9,500,000, and it leaped to
+17,000,000 in the Third. In the Fourth&mdash;the last loan of
+war-time&mdash;it had grown to 22,777,680 and in the Fifth which closed
+six months after the armistice, it finished with 12,000,000 names.</p>
+
+<p>As in the Army, where organization is half the battle, it was through
+organization of the enthusiasm and the deep fervor of the American
+people that success came in this big venture. We had to create a state
+of mind, we had to educate the American public in finance&mdash;which in
+itself appeared an insuperable task&mdash;we had to marshal resources on
+a scale such as never before had been attempted, and we had to map out a
+sales campaign that would comprehend millions of persons. There were no
+precedents to go by; the example set in Europe could not have
+application in the United States because of temperamental and financial
+differences; the flotation of the loans in the Civil War afforded no
+practicable working basis. It was pioneering, and this fact was made
+clear in the first conference held in Washington when Secretary of the
+Treasury William G. McAdoo called together the financial leaders of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-128.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-128thumb.jpg" width="400" height="560"
+alt="A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign"
+title="A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-128.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Only three weeks were allowed to prepare for the First Loan Drive. As
+soon as we had decided to get into the war, this decision carried with
+it the determination to go in to the limit of our resources. The
+Secretary of the Treasury informed the bankers that the first issue
+would be for $2,000,000,000 and this would be merely the forerunner of a
+succession of loans in larger amounts. The bonds were to be put on the
+market at three and a half percent. and the campaigns were to be
+conducted according to the territories of the Federal Reserve districts,
+twelve in all.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is quite likely," said the Secretary of the Treasury, "that we could
+induce a group of men to take up this loan but that would compromise the
+country before the world. We must sell to the public in such numbers
+that there shall exist no doubt among our enemies that our people are
+back of the Government as a unit in this war."</p></div>
+
+<p>The men whom he addressed were all recognized as organizers, all had
+been identified with big business. However, few of them had had the
+general contact with the public so essential to popularizing the loan.
+They knew how to sell, but not in small denominations or to millions of
+purchasers. In an abstract sense they realized the value of advertising
+and newspaper publicity, but not one of them had the remotest idea of
+how the ideal of Secretary McAdoo could be realized.</p>
+
+<h3>ORGANIZING THE FIRST DRIVE</h3>
+
+<p>It was at this point that their resourcefulness came into play. Their
+first move was the right one; they engaged specialists to undertake the
+tasks of which they knew little. They addressed themselves to the public
+through men skilled in establishing such contacts as are given through
+advertising, publicity, and canvassing. In the brief time allotted to
+them, they barely had time to surround themselves with this trained
+talent.</p>
+
+<p>Verily, it was shooting in the dark, a process of hit and miss. Some one
+said that the campaign in the First Loan was planned as we went along,
+and that is literally true. The patriotism was there&mdash;that was an
+unquestionable fact; the problem was to make it manifest itself in
+sacrifice of savings and earnings. The work of the whole three weeks was
+experimental and the country was the laboratory. Let it be said that the
+alchemy of patriotism transmuted the hearts and minds of the public into
+pure gold. Once the people were informed of their duty toward the United
+States they rallied instantly.</p>
+
+<p>Newspapers turned over their columns, advertisers offered their precious
+space&mdash;and it was precious in those days of paper shortage; stores
+and banks opened booths for sales, public speakers cancelled every other
+engagement that they might participate, factories strove to enlist every
+person in their employment as purchasers, clubs responded in whole
+memberships, women's committees were formed for the acceleration of
+interest, churches consecrated themselves to the project, trade unions
+abandoned all differences with employers and allied themselves
+unselfishly, writers pleaded for a chance to exercise their influence,
+foreign language groups demanded opportunity to prove their Americanism,
+actors, singers, and lecturers begged for a place in the campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Wholeheartedly and with utter disregard of personal sacrifice this vast
+aggregation committed itself to the task. The initial momentum gave the
+drive the force of an avalanche that swept everything else aside. There
+came times during this first drive when the issue seemed in doubt, but
+this was due more to an excess of enthusiasm than to a lack of support.
+When the totals were in, it was realized that these misgivings were due
+to the physical inability of the tabulators to keep abreast of the tide
+of subscriptions. The subscriptions went to $3,035,226,850.</p>
+
+<p>It had been said that the first campaign in its directive agencies was
+largely hit and miss. When it was over the strikes were recorded and the
+misses eliminated for the preliminary work of the Second Loan which was
+to follow in October. Out of the mass was evolved a system of methods
+that served as the groundwork of the real organization. The
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+
+results afforded a working basis that would have carried a dozen loans
+through, granting that the people remained faithful to their patriotism.</p>
+
+<h3>THE APPEAL</h3>
+
+<p>Let it be admitted that in the first loan there was no defined appeal.
+We were in the war and in to win, that was sufficient. It was foreseen
+that the psychology of the public must have a central theme for the next
+loan to which it must respond. The Second campaign began on October 1,
+1917, after the embarkation of the nucleus of the vast army that
+eventually was to overwhelm the foe. None of them yet had been called
+into action. The keynote of this drive was the education of the people
+on the meaning of a German victory. We had before us the ghastly stories
+of what the Germans had done in Belgium and in France; we had to throw
+ourselves into the conflict to keep our own homes safe.</p>
+
+<p>The eyes of all Europe, our Allies and our enemies, were upon us. It was
+clear that by the results at home we would be judged, as we had not yet
+had the opportunity to show ourselves in the field. For four weeks and a
+day the campaign went on, this time for $3,000,000,000. The appeal which
+touched the heartstrings of all persons served a double purpose. Not
+only did it carry the message of the Loan, but it knit closer the
+sentiment of the whole American people to the purposes of the war.
+Through its constant reiteration it had the effect of a prayer and like
+a prayer gained added meaning with deeper thought.</p>
+
+<p>Thought was compelled through its manifold repetitions. All the
+functions of life were linked with it, all the recreations, all the
+relaxations embodied it in part. It formed the backbone of conversation,
+it became a part of every daily activity. It assailed the eye at every
+turn, it smote the ear constantly, it crashed into consciousnesses in
+every conceivable form. Through a strange paradox it linked a fear and a
+hope. It embraced the whole gamut of emotions.</p>
+
+<h3>GROWING RESPONSE</h3>
+
+<p>Again there was a resounding response. In the First Loan the
+subscriptions were limited to the actual amount of the issue, but in
+the Second all subscriptions were accepted. The number of those who
+took bonds was increased more than 100 percent.&mdash;it reached
+9,500,000, to be exact, and the $3,000,000,000 issue went to
+$3,808,766,150.</p>
+
+<p>So it was in the Third, which was put before the public on the
+anniversary of our entrance into the war. At this time our men had gone
+into the trenches which in itself made the war our own in its most
+serious meaning. This was intensified throughout the land by the
+operation of the Selective Service Act. The draft had entered almost
+every home; many of those who had qualified in the first call were at
+that time in France. Casualty lists were beginning to appear in the
+newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>It needed only this fact&mdash;the fact in itself was its own
+appeal&mdash;to bring out the finest in our people. All previous
+sentiment faded <del>ito</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads ito">into</ins> insignificance compared with the solemnity of the
+actual participation. The resources that we had been led to believe had
+been plumbed to their depths were now revealed to us as inexhaustible.
+Giving seemed to be the poorest means of showing how the country was
+touched; the people gave as if in despair because this was all they
+might do.</p>
+
+<p>The campaign had been for $3,000,000,000 and it brought in returns of
+$4,170,069,650 from 17,000,000 men, women and children in the United
+States; men, who regretted that this was all they might give to their
+country's need; women, who offered with each dollar a passionate prayer
+that it might help the men now matching themselves against the foe, and
+children, who realized with joy that they were becoming part of the
+world's greatest war.</p>
+
+<h3>FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN</h3>
+
+<p>Before the Fourth Loan the Rolls of Honor in the daily newspapers were
+carrying a lengthening list of those who had paid the supreme sacrifice.
+In the training camps more and more hundreds of thousands of drafted men
+were preparing themselves to take their places on the line; the sea
+lanes were crowded with troopships, each bearing the best of our country
+away. There had been a depressing period when Ludendorff's men seemed to
+carry everything before them, when the coast ports of France seemed
+menaced, but before the bugle called the non-combatants at home to
+attention again our boys had turned the tide at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry
+and now were in full cry after the fugitive enemy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-131.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-131thumb.jpg" width="400" height="598"
+alt="A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign"
+title="A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-131.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On September 27, 1918, the call for the Fourth Loan came and it seemed
+at the time as if it had been postponed too long because the foe was
+crumbling. President Wilson sounded the tocsin in the Metropolitan Opera
+House in New York City. This time the appeal was to drive home the
+finishing blows, to demonstrate to the crumbling empire of the
+Hohenzollerns that here was a people undivided and unafraid.</p>
+
+<p>The campaign was carried through in a veritable <del>ecstacy</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads ecstacy">ecstasy</ins> of delight.
+Where before there had been the spirit to give in order to wage the war
+to any length, here was the spirit to bring the end swiftly and
+splendidly, to crown the triumphs of our arms abroad with another
+triumph at home. In truth, the prospect of impending triumph at first
+almost defeated the need of a campaign. The enthusiasm during the period
+of the drive transcended everything ever seen in this country before.
+The result reflected it: In an issue of $6,000,000,000 there was an
+oversubscription of $933,073,250 and the total number was the 22,777,680
+which will stand as the high mark of Americanism for many generations to
+come.</p>
+
+<h3>AROUSING THE HALF-HEARTED</h3>
+
+<p>It has been set forth here that all appeals were based on arousing the
+emotions of the people. This was necessary because, had the offerings
+gone before the public solely on their practical value as investments,
+the results would have been considered abroad as another demonstration
+of our sordidness. Had the people of the United States been sordid, it
+is certain that they might have obtained better investment values. That
+they were not touched by selfish instincts is further proved by the fact
+that all through the drives the bonds of the previous issues had been
+quoted below par, due to the machinations of a group that never could be
+lifted above self-interest. The public, in full realization of this
+apparent depreciation, fought it out and showed their utter contempt for
+the manipulators by subscribing in greater force and for greater amounts
+to each subsequent issue.</p>
+
+<p>It has been said before that the feeling of the public toward the war
+was made clear in the First Loan. It became the problem of the Second
+and the succeeding drives to organize enthusiasm so that through
+contagion the more resistant types might be affected. This compelled an
+organization of psychology. Back of each demonstration there were stage
+managers. These managers of psychology worked upon the public through
+the newspapers, through advertising, through "stunts," and generated a
+force of example which affected the whole community in which they were
+expressed.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, a parade always has the effect of stirring people;
+feelings deep-hidden cannot be well concealed when, in war-time,
+marching men stride past. Unconsciously there comes to the mind of
+people the question: "What will become of these fine boys when they
+reach France?" There is the wish to help them, and the means to help
+them has been before their eyes for days in the Liberty Loan publicity.
+That is what is meant by stage management.</p>
+
+<p>Through all the Loans it was necessary to manipulate the emotions first,
+to bring to the consciousness of the people in the news reports the
+facts and purposes of the loans; secondly, to carry the "urge" to them
+through the advertising; and thirdly to work upon their feelings through
+spectacles, meetings, aeroplane flights, sham battles, motion pictures
+of actual warfare, and like accelerants. It was necessary to infect them
+in the mass so that as individuals they might infect others with the
+fever to buy bonds.</p>
+
+<p>All this work had to be carried through and was carried through with
+brilliant success in the four war-time loans. The Army, the Navy, the
+stage women's committees, police organizations, Boy Scouts, foreign
+language groups, all played a part. When the call came for the Fifth
+Loan, practically everything that had been done before had to be
+scrapped. It was all part of the war equipment and would help little in
+getting over another loan when people were striving with every fiber to
+get away from the thought and the sacrifices of the war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>"FINISH THE JOB"</h3>
+
+<p>We had to deal, then, with a people who were beginning to adjust
+themselves to peace, who were consoling themselves with the thought that
+they had done their part and should not be called upon again. It looked
+like a hopeless prospect from the vista presented at the close of the
+Fourth campaign to expect the same response for a peace campaign. The
+one optimistic fact that stood out was that the people had proved their
+patriotism, and such patriotism never dies. The Fifth Loan based its
+appeal solely upon patriotism's one expression in peace, duty.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-133.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-133thumb.jpg" width="400" height="349"
+alt="Victory Way at Night"
+title="Victory Way at Night" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">Victory Way at Night</p>
+<p class="description">During the Victory Loan Drive, Park Avenue, just above the Grand Central
+Station, was shut off and devoted to propaganda for the drive. The
+photograph shows a pyramid of captured German helmets.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-133.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Finish the Job" was the slogan of the Fifth Loan. The country was told
+that the war was not ended until its debts were paid, that we should
+feel gratitude in the lives spared by its sudden end. The Liberty Loan
+workers had to create a new state of mind, to begin a new
+education&mdash;for this time the issue was in Victory notes instead of
+bonds&mdash;and to arouse the people to new emotions through spectacles,
+parades and other features. It may be mentioned here that the greatest
+parade of the entire war was held in New York in this Fifth Loan, when
+the different branches of the army showed in procession the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+
+men and weapons they had employed to win victory.</p>
+
+<p>The call was for $4,500,000,000 and the answer was subscribed in notes
+by 12,000,000 persons, who paid in $5,249,908,300.</p>
+
+<h3>WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN</h3>
+
+<p>In between the drives there was a lesser drive constantly carried on
+among people who were not able to participate in bond buying. This was
+the War Savings campaign which was a part of the Government Loan
+enterprise. Newsboys, bootblacks, shop-girls, clerks and others who had
+been unable to participate in the Loan drives or who wanted to prove
+again their devotion to their country answered this appeal. In these
+savings there was collected for the country up to the date of the
+armistice $932,339,000 and the number of persons hoarding in small sums
+was far beyond a million.</p>
+
+<table class="boxed" summary="Liberty Loans">
+<caption>&nbsp;</caption>
+<tr><th colspan="5">LIBERTY LOAN FIGURES</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="5">Entire Country</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><th>Quota</th><th>Am't Subscribed</th><th>Allotted</th><th>No. of Subscribers</th></tr>
+<tr><td>First Loan</td><td class="numeric">$2,000,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">$3,035,226,850</td><td class="numeric">$2,000,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">4,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Second Loan</td><td class="numeric">3,000,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">4,617,532,300</td><td class="numeric">3,808,766,150</td>
+  <td class="numeric">9,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Third Loan</td><td class="numeric">3,000,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">4,170,069,650</td><td class="numeric">4,170,069,650</td>
+  <td class="numeric">17,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fourth Loan</td><td class="numeric">6,000,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">6,993,073,250</td><td class="numeric">6,993,073,250</td>
+  <td class="numeric">22,777,680</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fifth Loan</td><td class="numeric">4,500,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">5,249,908,300</td><td class="numeric">4,500,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">12,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totals</td><td class="numeric">18,500,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">$24,065,810,350</td><td class="numeric">$21,471,909,050</td>
+  <td class="numeric">65,777,680</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="5">Federal Reserve District of New York</th></tr>
+<tr><td>First Loan</td><td class="numeric">$600,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">$1,191,992,100</td><td class="numeric">$617,831,650</td>
+  <td class="numeric">978,959</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Second Loan</td><td class="numeric">900,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1,550,453,500</td><td class="numeric">1,164,366,950</td>
+  <td class="numeric">2,259,151</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Third Loan</td><td class="numeric">900,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1,115,243,650</td><td class="numeric">1,115,243,650</td>
+  <td class="numeric">3,046,929</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fourth Loan</td><td class="numeric">1,800,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">2,044,901,750</td><td class="numeric">2,044,901,750</td>
+  <td class="numeric">3,604,101</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fifth Loan</td><td class="numeric">1,350,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">1,762,684,900</td><td class="numeric">1,318,098,450</td>
+  <td class="numeric">2,484,532</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="numeric">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Totals</td><td class="numeric">$5,550,000,000</td>
+  <td class="numeric">$7,665,275,900</td><td class="numeric">$6,260,442,450</td>
+  <td class="numeric">12,373,672</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>BENEFITS DERIVED FROM LOAN CAMPAIGNS</h3>
+
+<p>The benefits derived from the Loan campaigns were many. Prominent among
+them was the growth of thrift among the American people. The growth of
+this habit will be an important factor in the future greatness of this
+country.</p>
+
+<p>A lasting monument to the war spirit of those who had to stay at home is
+the fact that more than a million persons, men, women and children, were
+engaged actively in the promotion of the five loans. In other words, one
+person in every hundred in the United States was a part of the
+organization, and each induced twenty other persons in that hundred to
+buy bonds. This colossal force did not work in haphazard fashion nor
+scatter its energy but acted under a definite plan of campaign in which
+each had an assigned part and in which each worked according to a method
+that would avoid duplication or extra expense.</p>
+
+<p>The five campaigns which united such an aggregation of workers and which
+produced such remarkable results were carried forward with a minimum of
+expense. Never before in the history of finance had such widespread
+exploitation been accomplished at so low a cost. Of the million workers
+all but a small nucleus were volunteers; the resources of the country
+were thrown open to the organizers with unexampled prodigality, mediums
+of flotation in a veritable flood being contributed without cost to the
+officers in the Liberty Loan Army.</p>
+
+<p>A single purpose animated the whole nation. Party lines, race prejudice,
+creed distinctions,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
+
+social barriers, all were wiped out in these loan drives. The whole
+country formed itself into an All-American team that rushed onward
+irresistibly. The closest approximation to a common brotherhood had been
+achieved. War, with its terrible losses, with its impairment of lusty
+young men, with its heartbreaks and agonies, surely had not been waged
+in vain when it brought about such a unity.</p>
+
+<p>The United States in waging the war for democracy had won that democracy
+for herself at home.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>VIII&mdash;FOOD AND THE WAR<br />
+How Scientific Control and Voluntary Food-Saving Kept Belgium from Starving
+and Enabled the Allies to Avert Famine</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">By VERNON KELLOGG</p>
+<p class="center">Member of the Commission for the Relief of Belgium</p>
+
+<p>America was made familiar with a slogan during 1917 and 1918 which
+declared that "Food Will Win the War." The European Allies became
+familiar from the very beginning of the war with the fact that without
+much more food than they could count on from their own resources they
+could not hope to win the war. And it became equally obvious to Germany
+and her associates that if their normal food resources were materially
+impaired they also could not hope to win the war.</p>
+
+<p>So there arose almost from the beginning of the great military struggle
+an equally great struggle to get food and to keep food from being got.
+The Allies, devoting their manpower to fighting and munitions-making,
+saw their farms doomed to neglect and their food reduction doomed to
+lessen. And they began their call on America for food in such quantities
+as America had never dreamed of exporting before. In the last years
+before the war we had been sending about five million tons of foodstuffs
+a year to Europe. In 1918 we sent over fourteen million tons. Also the
+Allies began trying, by their blockade, to prevent the Central Empires
+from adding to their own inevitably lessened native production by
+importations from without.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, Germany and her associates began to husband carefully
+their internal food supplies by instituting a rigid, or would-be rigid,
+control of internal marketing and consumption, and to collect from any
+outside sources still accessible to them, such as the contiguous neutral
+lands, whatever food was possible. Also they had strong hopes of
+preventing, by their submarine warfare, the provisioning of the Allies
+from America and other overseas sources.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, from the beginning of the war, and all through its long course,
+food supply and food control were of the most vital importance. If our
+epigrammatic slogan, "Food Will Win the War," was, like most epigrams,
+not literally true, it was, nevertheless, literally true that there was
+always possible to either side the loss of the war through lack of food,
+and it is literally true that the food victory of the Allies was a great
+element in the final war victory. Germany's military defeat was partly
+due to food defeat, and if a military decision had not been reached in
+the fall of 1918, Germany would have lost the war in the spring of 1919
+anyway from lack of food and raw materials.</p>
+
+<h3>ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY</h3>
+
+<p>The great struggle for food supply and food control involved so many and
+such complex undertakings that it is hopeless to attempt a detailed
+account of it in any space short of a huge volume. Yet the very
+limitations of the present discussion may have its advantages in
+compelling us to concentrate our attention on the most important aspects
+of the struggle and to try to sum up the most important results of it.
+Some of these at least should not be forgotten, for they have a bearing
+on the peace-time food problem as well
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+
+as the war-time one. Fortunately the war-time food situation has
+developed in us a national and an individual food consciousness that
+will certainly not disappear in this generation at least.</p>
+
+<p>The first important lesson that has been learned is that it is of great
+value to a nation to be able to provide in its own land its own
+necessary food supply. For although in times of peace and usual harvests
+international food exchanges enable a country, such as England or
+Belgium, highly industrialized and of large population in proportion to
+area, to make up without much difficulty its deficit as between
+production and consumption, the moment the great emergency arrives there
+is the utmost danger for its people. The history of the "relief of
+Belgium" during the war will illustrate this.</p>
+
+<h3>$600,000,000 WORTH OF FOOD SUPPLIED</h3>
+
+<p>This little country, famous through all past history as a battleground
+and now famous for all future time for its heroic and pathetic
+r&ocirc;le in the World War, found itself at the very beginning of the
+war faced with a food problem that seemed at first insoluble, and which,
+if not solved, meant starvation for its people. It is a country highly
+industrialized, and with an agriculture which, though more highly
+developed as to method than that of almost any other country, was yet
+capable of providing but little more than a third of the food necessary
+to its people. It depended for its very life on a steady inflow of food
+from outside sources. But with its invasion and occupation by the
+Germans this inflow was immediately and completely shut off. Belgium was
+enclosed in a ring of steel. What food it possessed inside this ring
+disappeared rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>The terrible situation was met in a way of which Americans may be proud.
+For the Commission for the Relief of Belgium, which was the agency that
+solved Belgium's great problem, was an American organization with a
+staff composed chiefly of young Americans, most of them from American
+colleges and universities, headed by an American, Herbert Hoover, of
+great organizing and diplomatic genius, and with the large heart of a
+world philanthropist. In the four and a half years from November 1,
+1914, to May 1, 1919, which was the period of activity of the
+Commission, Belgium depended upon it for the supplying of three-fourths
+of the food of its people, over seven million in number. This amounted
+to about one million tons a year. In addition, the Commission supplied
+the food through practically all this period for the maintenance of the
+nearly two million unfortunate people in the German-occupied area of
+France. This amounted to a total of about one million tons. The total
+value of the food supplied to Belgium and occupied France was about six
+hundred million dollars, which was provided by the Governments of
+Belgium, France, England, and America, and the private charity of the
+world.</p>
+
+<h3>THE FOOD PRODUCTION OF GERMANY</h3>
+
+<p>For another impressive war-time food problem&mdash;which did not have
+the same solution as Belgium's&mdash;let us take that of Germany. In
+peace times the Germans produce about 80 percent. of the total food
+annually consumed by them. But their tremendous military effort
+necessarily entailed some reduction in their capacity for food
+production, although they also made a tremendous effort to stimulate and
+direct into most effective channels the native production of food.</p>
+
+<p>Although it is true, as already stated, that Germany normally produces
+about 80 percent. of her food needs, making it seem possible for the
+nation to meet the blockade emergency by repressing consumption by 10
+per cent. and increasing production by 10 per cent. this does not mean
+that they normally produce 80 per cent. of each kind of food consumed by
+them. As a matter of fact, they produce more than their total needs of
+certain kinds of food, as sugar, for example, and less than 80 per cent.
+of certain other kinds. And while there is a possibility of
+substituting, within certain limits, one kind of food for another, so
+that a shortage of wheat might be made up by an abundance of rye, or a
+shortage of bread-grains in general be made up, in some degree, by
+increasing the ration of potatoes, if they are available, this
+substitution cannot go to the extent of substituting pure carbo-hydrate
+or starchy foods like potatoes, which simply produce heat or energy for
+the body, for the protein foods like meat, fish, eggs and dairy
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+
+products which produce not only energy but new tissues. A child must
+have protein food in order to grow; an adult must have it in order to
+replace the tissues worn out by daily work. Also, there are certain
+peculiar and so far little understood elements, called vitamines, found
+only in certain kinds of food, notably fats, milk and the green
+vegetables, which are essential to the proper metabolism of the body.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-137.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-137thumb.jpg" width="400" height="272"
+           alt="The Battle Scene at Home"
+         title="Battle Scene at Home" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Photo by P. Thompson</p>
+   <p class="caption">The Battle Scene at Home</p>
+   <p class="description">During the war the Allies called on the
+      United States for food in far greater quantities than we had
+      ever dreamed of exporting. For example, in the last years before
+      the war we had been sending yearly to Europe about five million
+      tons of food. In 1918 alone we shipped more than fourteen million
+      tons of foodstuffs overseas.</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-137.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>GERMANY'S FOOD PROBLEM</h3>
+
+<p>Now in the light of these needs for proper feeding, and in the light of
+the special conditions produced by the war, what was Germany's food
+problem through the war? It was that of attempting to increase
+production when the men and work animals had been sent to the fighting
+lines, of repressing consumption when both men in the army and the men
+in the war factories had to be well fed in order to fight well and work
+well, of attempting to get in food from outside the country when a
+blockade was steadily closing the borders ever and ever more tightly,
+and finally, of trying to get the people to modify their food habits in
+the way of accepting substitutes and using strange new semi-artificial
+foods in place of the familiar staples.</p>
+
+<p>In 1916 the potato crop of Germany was a failure&mdash;but the turnip
+crop was enormous. So turnips were substituted largely for potatoes, and
+for many other kinds of food as well. Even marmalade and coffee
+substitutes were made from them, and turnip meal was mixed in the
+already too coarse and too much mixed flour. The Germans will never
+forget that terrible <em>kohl-r&uuml;ben zeit</em>, or turnip time, of late
+1916 and early 1917. And it was just after this time that the effects of
+Germany's
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+
+great food difficulties began to show in a really serious way; they
+began to undermine the strength and health of the people. Those diseases
+like tuberculosis, which can rest in incipient or suppressed form for
+years without becoming serious as long as the body is well nourished,
+began to develop rapidly and dangerously. The birth rate decreased and
+the death rate increased. The physical and mental and moral tone of the
+whole nation dropped.</p>
+
+<h3>THE SUGAR SHORTAGE</h3>
+
+<p>Belgium and Germany illustrate a special food situation created by the
+war, namely, one in which a country, which relied on outside sources for
+a greater or lesser part of its food needs, had access to these sources
+suddenly and almost completely shut off. But grave food problems also
+confronted the countries which were not blockaded in so specific a way.
+England and France, with full access to all the great food-producing
+lands overseas (except to the extent that the submarines reduced this
+freedom of access), nevertheless had food problems hardly less serious
+than those of the more strictly blockaded countries. Their difficulties
+arose primarily from the fact that there was only so much shipping in
+the world and that the war conditions created suddenly a need for much
+more shipping than existed. The transference of large numbers of troops
+with their necessary equipment and munitions from the distant colonies
+to the European seat of fighting, and of other numbers from the mother
+countries to extra-European battlegrounds, made great demands on the
+shipping available to these nations. At the same time, the reduction of
+their native production increased largely their needs of food
+importations.</p>
+
+<p>Take, for example, the case of the sugar supply for England and France.
+England is accustomed to use about 2,000,000 tons of sugar a year but
+she does not produce, at home, a single ton. She had relied before the
+war chiefly on importations from Germany and Austria with some little
+from Belgium and France. But with the outbreak of the war, she could get
+none from the Central Empires, and none from Belgium, while France,
+instead of being able to export sugar, suddenly found herself with her
+principal sugar-producing region invaded by the Germans and able to
+produce hardly a third of her former output. In fact, France herself was
+suddenly placed in the position of needing to import nearly two-thirds
+of the supply needed for her own consumption. So England and France had
+to turn to Cuba, the nearest great sugar-producing country, and ask for
+large quantities of her output. But the United States has always
+depended on Cuba for a large part of its own needs. Consequently there
+was a sugar problem for our own country as well as for England and
+France long before we entered the war.</p>
+
+<p>The situation was serious; the demands on Cuba were much larger than she
+could meet, although she was able under this stimulation of demand to
+increase materially her sugar crop in the years following the first of
+the war. One way of meeting this problem, which was promptly resorted
+to, was to cut down the consumption of sugar in the countries involved.
+In England and France sugar was strictly rationed; and in America the
+people were called on to limit their use of sugar by voluntary
+agreement. England cut her sugar allowance per capita from about seven
+and a half pounds a month to two, and France from nearly four to one. In
+America we reduced our per capita consumption by legally restricting the
+making of soft drinks and candy and by the voluntary restriction of the
+home use of sugar by about one-half. All this lessened the demand on
+Cuba, and also the demand on shipping.</p>
+
+<h3>NATIONAL TASTES IN FOOD</h3>
+
+<p>In this discussion of the war-time sugar problem one may be struck by
+the fact, as noted, that the people of France were normally accustomed
+to eat much less sugar than the people of England, indeed only about
+one-half as much. This introduces a subject of importance in any general
+discussion of the world food problem. It is that of the varying food
+habits of different peoples, even peoples living under very similar
+climatic and general physical conditions. For example, the people of
+Germany are accustomed to eat twice as many potatoes as the people of
+England, who in turn use more than three times as many as the people of
+Italy. On the other
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+
+hand, England uses twice as much sugar as Germany, although she produces
+no sugar and Germany produces much sugar. The Italians eat only a third
+as much meat as the English and the French only half as much. But the
+English eat only two-thirds as much bread as the French.</p>
+
+<p>These differences in food use, established by long custom, have to be
+taken into account in all considerations of the world's food supply.
+They are differences which cannot be easily or quickly changed, even
+under circumstances which such great emergencies as war may produce. For
+example, we in America are accustomed to eat corn as food in the form of
+green corn, corn meal, corn flakes, etc. And in Italy one of the great
+national dishes is <em>polenta</em> (corn meal cooked in a certain way). But
+when the Commission for the Relief of Belgium tried to introduce corn as
+human food in Belgium, because of the large amount that could be
+obtained from America when wheat and rye were scarce, it met with great
+opposition and but little success. To the Belgians, corn is food for
+animals.</p>
+
+<h3>SCIENTIFIC CONTROL OF FOOD</h3>
+
+<p>An important point brought out by the war-time food problem is that of
+the "scientific" make-up of the personal ration. Not only are the
+national food habits of a people often difficult to understand from a
+point of view of taste, but they are often of such a character as to
+lead to a most uneconomical use of food. The exigencies of a world food
+shortage and a shortage of shipping for food transport have made it
+necessary for food ministries and relief organizations to give careful
+consideration to the most economical selection of foods for import and
+distribution, both from the point of view of economy of space and weight
+and lack of deterioration during shipping and storage, and from that of
+concentrated nutritional values and proper balancing of the ration.</p>
+
+<p>Food provides energy for bodily work and maintenance. It is the fuel for
+the human machine. Scientific students of nutrition measure the amount
+of energy thus provided, or the amount needed by the body, in units
+termed calories. Physiologists have determined by experiment the
+different amounts of calories produced by different kinds of foods and
+the varying amounts needed by men at rest, at light work, at hard work,
+by women and by children. By analyzing the make-up of a given population
+as to proportions of men, women and children, and of work done by them,
+it is possible to express the total food needs of the population in
+calories and to arrange for the most economical provision of the total
+calories necessary.</p>
+
+<p>But the simple provision of the total sum of calories may by no means
+satisfy the real food needs of the population. For example, all the
+calories might be provided by potatoes alone, or grains alone, or meat
+or fats alone. But the population would starve under such circumstances.
+Food provides not merely the energy for the body, but the substances
+from which the body adds new tissue to itself during growth and
+reproduces its constantly breaking down tissues during all of life. Now
+while all kinds of food produce energy in greater or less quantity, only
+certain kinds are the source of new tissues. Hence there must be in the
+personal or national ration a sufficient proportion of the
+tissue-producing foods, the protein carriers, as well as a sufficient
+amount of the more strictly energy-producing foods, such as the fats and
+carbohydrates. And there is necessary, too, in any ration capable of
+maintaining the body in properly healthy condition, the presence in it,
+in very small quantities, of certain food substances called vitamines
+which have an important regulatory effect on the functioning of the
+body. These substances occur only in certain kinds of food.</p>
+
+<p>All these things had to be taken into account in the war-time handling
+of food. So important was a proper knowledge of scientific food use and
+application of this knowledge, in connection with the efforts of the
+various countries to feed themselves most economically and to best
+effect in the light of their possibilities in the way of food supply,
+that every country concerned called on its scientific men to advise and
+help control the obtaining and distribution of its national food supply.
+For example, America and the Allies (England, France, Belgium and Italy)
+established an Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission composed of
+experts who met at various times at London,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+
+Paris, and Rome, and on whose advice the determination, both as to kind
+and quantity, of the necessary importations of food from overseas to
+England, France, Belgium and Italy was largely made. Thus the war has
+done more to popularize the scientific knowledge of food, and to put
+into practice a scientific control of food-use than all the efforts of
+colleges and scientific societies and food reform apostles for years and
+years before. Calories, proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamines have
+been taken out of the dictionary and put into the kitchen.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-140.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-140thumb.jpg" width="400" height="269"
+alt="A Community Conference on Food-Saving"
+title="A Community Conference on Food-Saving" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Photo by P. Thompson</p>
+<p class="caption">A Community Conference on Food-Saving</p>
+<p class="description">The importance of work of this kind increased after the signing of the
+armistice, because the Poles, the Belgians, and other peoples whom we
+could not reach during the war needed every pound of food we could
+spare.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-140.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>America's special relation to the world's war food problem was primarily
+that of a provider of the Allies, but in order to insure that this
+provision should be sufficient to keep the Allied soldiers and war
+workers up to full fighting and working strength and their families in
+full health, it was necessary for America to stimulate its own
+production, repress considerably its consumption and cut out all
+possible waste in food handling. To do this there was needed some form
+of governmental food control and a nation-wide voluntary effort of the
+people. Each of the Allied countries had established governmental food
+control early in the war under the direction of a "food controller"
+either attached to an already existing government department of
+agriculture or commerce, or acting as an independent food minister.</p>
+
+<p>On the actual entrance of America into the war in 1917, governmental
+food control was vested in a "United States Food Administration" with
+powers given it by Congress to control all exports of food and all
+food-handling by millers, manufacturers, jobbers,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+
+wholesalers, and large retail dealers. But no retail dealer doing a
+business of less than $100,000 a year, nor any farmer or farmers'
+co&ouml;perative association came under the Food Administration's
+control. Thus the American food administration differed from that of
+most European countries in that it had no authority to fix the prices at
+which the actual producers should sell their products or the small
+retailers should charge the consumers.</p>
+
+<p>But, indirectly, it was able to do, and did, a good deal in this
+direction. By its direct control of exports, and of the millers,
+manufacturers and large dealers, it was able to cut out a great part of
+the middleman profits, and reduce wholesale prices for most staple
+foodstuffs, especially that most important one, flour. By publicity of
+prices and by indirect pressure through the wholesaler it was also able
+to restrain the further sky-rocketing of retail prices.</p>
+
+<h3>NATION-WIDE FOOD SAVING</h3>
+
+<p>But if the Food Administration was limited in what it could effect by
+legal authority, there was no limit to what it could do by calling on
+the voluntary action of the people of the country, except by the
+possible refusal of the people to help. So there was set in movement a
+nation-wide propaganda for food-production and food-saving which
+resulted in the voluntary acceptance of wheatless and meatless days,
+voluntarily modified hotel and restaurant and dining-car meals, and the
+adoption of household pledges, taken by more than 12,000,000 American
+homes, to follow the Food Administration's suggestions for food-saving.
+All this, and the many other things which the Food Administration asked
+the people to do, and which the people did, resulted in accomplishing a
+very necessary thing. It enabled America not only to meet all those
+ever-increasing absolutely imperative calls of the Allies for food for
+their armies and people through 1917 and 1918, but to supply its own
+army and people sufficiently well to carry on the war effectively. The
+more food sunk by submarines, or prevented from coming to Europe from
+distant food sources, as Australia and Argentine and India, the more we
+provided by saving and increasing our production.</p>
+
+<p>A few figures will illustrate the actual results of the call for food
+conservation. We entered the crop year of 1917 (July 1, 1917, to July 1,
+1918), with a wheat supply which gave us only about 20,000,000 bushels
+available for export. By December 1, 1917, our surplus had gone overseas
+and an additional 36,000,000 bushels had been shipped to the Allies. In
+January we learned of the further imperative need of the Allies of
+75,000,000 bushels. We responded by sending 85,000,000 bushels between
+the first of the year and the advent of the new crop. When the crop year
+ended we had sent in all about 136,000,000 bushels of wheat to Europe.
+We were assisted in these operations by the importation of 28,000,000
+bushels of wheat from Australia and the Argentine to supplement our
+domestic supply, but the outstanding fact was the saving in our domestic
+consumption, most of which was accomplished in the six-months' period
+from January 1 to July 1, 1918.</p>
+
+<h3>AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION</h3>
+
+<p>But the cessation of the war did not produce food for the war-ravaged
+countries of Europe. The newly liberated peoples of Central and Eastern
+Europe found themselves, at the time of the Armistice, facing a period
+of starvation until their 1918 harvest could come in. Something to save
+these peoples had to be done quickly and on a large scale. The situation
+was met by the establishment of a new American governmental organization
+called the American Relief Administration which, with Mr. Hoover as
+director-general, worked in connection with the Inter-Allied Supreme
+Economic Council. Representatives of the A. R. A. were sent at once into
+all the countries crying for help to find out the exact food situation,
+and to arrange with the respective governments for the immediate
+beginning of the importation and distribution of staple foodstuffs.
+Programs for a food supply sufficient to last until the 1919 harvest
+were determined on a basis of minimum necessity, and provision for
+sufficient shipping and rail transportation was arranged by
+international agreement.</p>
+
+<p>Modern war has thrown the spotlight on food. It has partly realized that
+famous prophecy of the Polish economist, Jean Bloch, who wrote, twenty
+years ago: "That is the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+
+future of war, not fighting, but famine." In the World War of 1914&mdash;18
+there was fighting on a scale never before reached, but there was also
+famine, as never before dreamed of.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>IX THE HIGH COST OF LIVING<br />
+A Study of the Extraordinary Conditions Subsequent to the Armistice</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">By THE DIRECTOR OF THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE</p>
+
+<p>On August 9, 1919, Grosvenor B. Clarkson, Director of the Council of
+National defense, submitted to the Secretary of War, a report entitled
+"An Analysis of the High Cost of Living Problem." This report was the
+result of much careful study and investigation. It is non-academic in
+form and by omitting details presents a "panoramic view of the problem."
+It laid chief stress upon conditions since the armistice.</p>
+
+<p>In the report the problem of the high cost of living is viewed as a
+permanent one. It was, in other words, not peculiar to past war
+conditions. Careful investigation by the Council has resulted in the
+following analysis of the problem.</p>
+
+<h3>THE ESSENCE OF THE HIGH COST OF LIVING SITUATION</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"1. The only complaints of the high cost of living which have
+justification are those which are based upon inability of the present
+income to maintain previous or reasonable standards of living at present
+prices&mdash;such well-founded complaints mean that increase of income
+has not kept pace with increased cost of living, and therefore imply
+enforced reduction in standards of living.</p></div>
+
+<h3>AMERICA'S PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"2. America's industrial and economic achievements during the war,
+notwithstanding depleted man power and diversion of productive effort to
+war purposes, demonstrate the ample ability of the Nation to sustain its
+population according to a standard of living equal to or above standards
+of living which obtained previous to or during the war.</p>
+
+<p>"3. The fundamental basis for the maintenance of national standards of
+living is adequate production, economical distribution, and fair
+apportionment among the various economic groups which constitute our
+society. With the exception of agricultural activity, production since
+the armistice has shown evidence of curtailment, and has in general been
+abnormally low. Normal consumption can not continue unless an adequate
+rate of production is maintained.</p></div>
+
+<h3>FOOD SITUATION AND READJUSTMENT</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"4. Food production and the facilities for food production were improved
+rather than injured during the war. Moreover, the program with respect
+to food production since the signing of the armistice has been one of
+vigorous expansion of the means of providing raw food products. The
+actual consumption of wheat, as shown by the Grain Corporation's report
+of May 25, 1919, had for the previous ten months averaged 37,700,000
+bushels per month, as against 39,000,000 bushels for the previous twelve
+months. This does not necessarily imply reduced consumption of cereals.</p>
+
+<p>"The number of cattle slaughtered in the period January to May, 1919,
+was 3,803,000, as against 4,204,000 for the corresponding period of
+1918, though the national reserve of cattle on farms had increased
+during the war. The swine slaughtered January to May increased from
+18,260,000 in 1918 to 20,500,000 in 1919.</p></div>
+
+<h3>CLOTHING SITUATION</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"5. The production of civilian cloths and clothing suffered some
+reduction during the war, and has suffered heavy curtailment for many
+months since the signing of the armistice.</p>
+
+<p>"Boot and shoe production for civilian use was unfavorably affected by
+the war and has likewise undergone extreme curtailment since the signing
+of the armistice.</p></div>
+
+<h3>HOUSING PROBLEM</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"6. Housing facilities developed acute shortage through curtailment of
+building during the war and, due to curtailment, for many months
+following the armistice, of the production of building material and of
+building construction, housing is still far below normal. Rents continue
+to rise.</p></div>
+
+<h3>PROVISION OF NEW CAPITAL</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"7. The first half of 1919 shows diminished production of raw materials
+and subnormal construction of new capital, and thus indicates failure to
+utilize an adequate proportion of our productive forces in the
+preliminary processes of provision to meet future requirements. In fact,
+due to business uncertainty and hesitation and tendencies to
+disagreement between productive groups, retailers, wholesalers,
+manufacturers, labor, etc., there ensued after the armistice a disuse of
+a large proportion of America's productive
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+
+capacity. Unless this slump in production is atoned for by consistent
+future activity, and unless production is constantly maintained on an
+adequate scale, reduced standards of living will become inescapable,
+regardless of prices, whether they rise or fall.</p>
+
+<p>"8. The very fact that prices of finished commodities, consumption
+goods, so called, have risen to an extent out of proportion to the rise
+in prices of raw materials and perhaps out of proportion to the rise in
+general wages, indicates that production and distribution carried on
+under these conditions is, in general, yielding profits abnormally
+high."</p></div>
+
+<p>In corroboration of the preceding analysis, the report cites statistical
+data gathered from various sources. The relation of currency and credit
+to prices is admirably epitomized in the following extract:</p>
+
+<h3>CURRENCY AND CREDIT</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The manner in which the volume of circulating credit and currency is
+related to the war-time rise in prices is about as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"The outbreak of the war brought to America urgent government orders for
+munitions and supplies. Inasmuch as the belligerent governments could
+not brook delay they were obliged to pay the increased prices which
+American producers found it possible to demand, and thus the wave of war
+prices was started in America. When America entered the war it required,
+in order to perform its part, almost boundless quantities of equipment
+and man power. Producers naturally took advantage of the extremely
+urgent character of these demands in order to increase their prices,
+and, as a natural sequence, wages began to advance. These increased
+prices and wages of course necessitated larger expenditures by the
+government.</p>
+
+<p>"Increased prices also necessitate the employment of larger funds in the
+conduct of a business. A larger volume of credit is required at higher
+prices to take care of bills for raw materials, and more money is
+necessary to meet increased payrolls. As a consequence, therefore, of
+increased prices, business men required increased credit if they were to
+avoid curtailment of operations and reduced production. Due to higher
+prices, therefore, the banks were under the necessity of meeting the
+business demand for expansion of credit."</p></div>
+
+<h3>INFLATION</h3>
+
+<p>The inflation process is described as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In pre-war times every dollar finding its way to the market was
+supposedly the counterpart of some commodity or part of a commodity also
+appearing in the market. Funds expended for the purchase of food,
+clothing, and for the payment of rentals were assumed to have been
+earned by some productive contribution to the general supply of
+commodities. With the outbreak of war there began to appear in the
+market, funds derived from wages, profits, etc., which had been paid out
+in connection with nonproductive activities of war, and which therefore
+implied no corresponding contribution to the market supply of
+commodities. The producers of, and the dealers in, the decreased
+quantity of commodities brought to market increased the prices of these
+commodities to the point where they might absorb all the purchase money
+that became available. These increased prices and wages have required
+increased circulating medium. This requirement has been met primarily by
+increased credit and the increased use of bank checks as an instrument
+of payment. As to the currency situation, the total money in the United
+States in 1900 amounted to $2,340,000,000. According to a statement
+issued by Governor W. P. G. Harding, of the Federal Reserve Board, the
+amount of money in circulation has varied during the last five years as
+follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>July 1, 1914, $3,419,108,368, or $34.53 per capita.</li>
+<li>April 1, 1917, $4,100,976,000, or $37.88 per capita.</li>
+<li>December 1, 1918, $5,129,985,000, or $48.13 per capita.</li>
+<li>August 1, 1919, $4,796,890,000, or $45.16 per capita.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>"This shows an increase during our war period of $7.28 per capita. The
+amount of money in the Treasury and in Federal Reserve Banks is not in
+circulation, and is, therefore not included in the figures quoted from
+Governor Harding's statement.</p>
+
+<p>"In regard to the part played by national credit in meeting the
+situation growing out of the extraordinary requirements of the
+government and the rise in prices which the urgency of demands made
+possible, it is to be noted that government bonds had to be sold to pay
+for a large proportion of the goods which war activities were consuming.
+In consequence the national debt up to August 1, 1919, had been
+increased by $24,518,000,000, or approximately $230 per capita. Of
+course, government bonds are always good security for bank credit."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FOOD SUPPLY&mdash;WHEAT, CORN AND SUGAR</h3>
+
+<p>Despite the fact that we sent large shipments of food to our Allies, our
+supply at the close of the war was not seriously diminished. The 1919
+crop, while not expected to be large, was amply sufficient to prevent a
+real shortage. This is supported by the following extract from Mr.
+Clarkson's report:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The wheat crop for 1918 amounted to 917,000,000 bushels, as compared to
+an average for
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+
+1910&mdash;14 of 728,000,000 bushels; and the probable harvest in 1919 is
+1,236,000,000 bushels. Our supply of wheat in elevators, mills, etc., on
+May 9, 1919, was 96,000,000 bushels, as against 34,000,000 bushels the
+year before. Our flour mills, whose capacity is estimated at something
+like double their usual output, were milling week by week during 1919
+considerably more flour than the year before. They produced for the week
+ending May 9, 1919, for example, 2,553,000 barrels as against 1,569,000
+barrels for the corresponding week of 1918. Notwithstanding large
+exports, our wheat supply is obviously adequate. In 1918, a record year,
+we exported 21,000,000 barrels of flour. In 1915 our wheat exports
+reached their maximum&mdash;206,000,000 bushels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/ill-144.png" width="800" height="392"
+alt="Will There Be Enough to Go Around?"
+title="Will There Be Enough to Go Around?" />
+<p class="credit">McCutcheon in the Chicago Tribune</p>
+<p class="caption">Will There Be Enough to Go Around?</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The corn crop of 1918 was likewise sufficient. The supply of corn on
+hand on May 1, 1919, was 23,000,000 bushels, as compared with 16,000,000
+bushels May 1, 1918, and 7,000,000 bushels on May 1 of both 1917 and
+1913. Though the 1919 corn crop is not expected to be unusually large,
+there is no prospect of real shortage. And the situation with respect to
+the other cereals is generally very good.</p>
+
+<p>"The sugar industry of the United States passed through the period of
+the war with a tendency to increased production, notwithstanding
+shipping difficulties. Though present stocks are somewhat low in the
+United States, our exports during 1919 have been unusually large. The
+future is normally provided for."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE MEAT SUPPLY</h3>
+
+<p>The meat situation is described as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"America emerged from the war producing meat at a rate far above pre-war
+figures, and yet possessing in reserve a larger number of animals on the
+farms than we had before the heavy war drafts upon our supplies began.
+The number of cattle slaughtered in 1918 was 11,000,000, as compared
+with 6,978,000 in 1913. Swine slaughtered were 41,214,000 in 1918 and
+34,163,000 in 1913. The cattle slaughtered in 1919, January&mdash;May, were
+3,803,000, as against 4,204,000, January&mdash;May, 1918. The swine
+slaughtered January&mdash;May, 1919, made an increase over the 1918 record,
+the figures being 20,500,000 for the present year, as against 18,260,000
+for the corresponding interval last year. Although exports of hams and
+shoulders for 1918 approximately doubled previous records, amounting to
+518,000,000 pounds, as against 172,000,000 pounds for 1913, and exports
+have continued large during 1919, there is no doubt that our productive
+capacity is vastly more than ample to meet our requirements."</p></div>
+
+<h3>HIGH PRICE OF FOOD</h3>
+
+<p>In view of the apparent abundance of food it is interesting to know the
+reason for the high price of foodstuffs. The Council of National Defense
+is of the opinion that the probability that the production of garden
+products in war gardens had fallen far below that of 1918, when, it is
+estimated, to have reached the value of $525,000,000, would not
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+
+account for the high prices. Exportation and storage had not depleted
+our stock sufficiently to affect prices abnormally. In regard to the
+question of exports the report gives the following illuminating figures:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Present food prices are not to be accounted for largely on the basis of
+heavy exports. Exports of beef, canned, fresh, and pickled, for example,
+have been less for 1919 than in the previous year, the quantity
+amounting to 23,499,000 pounds in May, 1919, as compared with 82,787,000
+pounds in May, 1918. The May figures for exports of hog products show
+125,937,000 pounds in 1919, as against 201,279,000 pounds in May, 1918.
+The monthly exports of beef and pork show a declining tendency during
+the first five months of 1919, contrary to the tendency in 1918, the
+total amounting to 1,090,000,000 pounds in 1919, as against
+1,122,000,000 pounds for the corresponding period of 1918&mdash;less
+than the amount of all meats in cold storage on July 1, 1919, which was
+1,336,000,000 pounds."</p></div>
+
+<p>Concerning storage the same report states that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Even the fact that the report of goods in cold storage shows an
+increase of over 9 per cent. in the quantity of all meats held on July
+1, 1919 (1,336,000,000 pounds), as compared with the figures for July 1,
+1918, is, though very important, not a matter of significance for any
+considerable period of time. Storage poultry July 1, 1919, was
+48,895,704 pounds, or 181 per cent. above last year; cheese, about 25
+per cent.; butter, about 75 per cent.; and eggs, about 25 per cent.
+above July 1 last year. There was a decrease of frozen fish of about 13
+per cent. from last year. Taken in connection with the evidence of
+relatively abundant reserves of live animals and large crops for the
+current year, it would seem that some relief from high prices of food
+should be possible."</p></div>
+
+<h3>WHY FOOD PRICES WERE HIGH</h3>
+
+<p>The explanation of the post-war high prices of food is given as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is true that food is, by comparison, plentiful. But it is also true
+that money or other circulating medium is unprecedently plentiful. The
+fact that food prices are relatively high and that the prices of
+chemicals, metals, lumber, etc., are relatively low, though their supply
+is relatively small, may be due to a concentration of purchasing power
+upon food, and the general direction of the flow of currency toward the
+purchase of immediate consumables. Some relatively minor luxuries such
+as jewelry (and perhaps automobiles should also be included here as the
+semi-luxury of greater magnitude) find favor with purchasers, but the
+main trend of purchase seems to bear toward demand for the necessities
+of life now in a finished state or nearly so, with a relatively weaker
+tendency toward demand of capital goods. If the supply, and also the
+production, of raw materials has been relatively small, and if the
+prices at which they have exchanged have also been relatively low, it
+seems obvious that the proportionate amount of currency and credit
+engaged in their purchase must be abnormally small, thus accounting for
+the ability of the producers and purveyors of food to demand abnormally
+high prices regardless of the relative plentifulness of their goods."</p></div>
+
+<h3>CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO PROFITEERING</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The conditions just described are highly favorable to both speculative
+profiteering and wasteful distribution, through the intervention of
+supernumerary middlemen and caterers. In fact, the statistics published
+by the New York Industrial Relations Commission seem to indicate an
+unusually large increase of persons engaging in certain kinds of
+salesmanship after the armistice. It should, however, be remembered that
+even though it may smack of profiteering to produce a very large crop
+and sell it at abnormally high prices, this is a kind of profiteering
+which deserves unstinted praise as compared with that other species of
+profiteering which deliberately reduces output in the expectation that
+the extortionate prices which the reduced product will command may more
+than make up to the producer or speculator for the portion of production
+withheld or the percentage of hoarded goods condemned to spoil and be
+lost to the nation."</p></div>
+
+<h3>OTHER COMMODITIES</h3>
+
+<p>The price of commodities other than foodstuffs was influenced in 1919 by
+the inadequacy of supply and the curtailment of production. This was
+especially true of woolens, as stated by the Council:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The most obvious explanation of the high prices of woolens is the
+glaring fact of the extreme reduction in output which ensued after the
+signing of the armistice and the completion of Army orders, which
+practically ended in January, 1919.</p>
+
+<p>"The war came to an end with the supply of civilian woolens
+unprecedentedly low. The total quantity of wool available for civilian
+fabrics between April and November, 1918, was probably somewhere in the
+neighborhood of 75,000,000 pounds, an amount perhaps a little more than
+sufficient to meet the demands of normal manufacture for civilian
+consumption for one and one-half months.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"In consequence of the general situation the total consumption of wool
+in manufacture during first five months of the year 1919 amounted to but
+little more than one-half the amount consumed during the corresponding
+months of the previous year. The proportion of looms, 50-inch reed space
+and over, idle increased from 21 per cent. in November, 1918, to 52 per
+cent. idle in February, 1919, and these looms were still 39 per cent.
+idle in May, 1919. Of worsted spindles, 27 per cent. were reported idle
+in December, 1918, and 52 per cent. idle in March, 1919, and 26 per
+cent. were still idle in May. In the meantime an extraordinary number of
+textile workers were condemned to idleness, their productive capacity
+perishing day by day and week by week, while the deficiency in the
+supply of clothing was developing to such a point that it became
+possible for the wholesale index number of the prices of cloths and
+clothing to rise to 250 in June."</p></div>
+
+<p>The production of cotton and cotton goods also was far below normal. To
+quote again from the report:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When the war ended the world's cotton supply was understood to be below
+normal. The supplies of cotton goods were also reported low. The acreage
+planted to cotton was in 1919 approximately 9 per cent. less than for
+1918. The present prospects are that the cotton crop will be small, and
+published articles are appearing expressing gratification over the
+prospectively large commercial returns which the cotton producers may be
+able to command because of the high prices which may be had for the
+reduced cotton output. The forecast of the cotton crop for 1919 is
+10,900,000 bales&mdash;about 10 per cent. below that of recent years and
+but little over two-thirds as large as the record crop of 1914."</p></div>
+
+<h3>"OUTPUT AND MORE OUTPUT" ABANDONED</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In regard to cotton manufacture, it may be recorded that the situation
+is less unsatisfactory than as regards wool manufacture. In this
+industry, as in most of our industries, the economic watchword of
+war-time, which was 'Output, and more output' (the necessary condition
+of full prosperity in peace, as well as of success during war), was not
+heard after the armistice. There soon developed, on the contrary,
+groundless doubts about future demand, and hints of unhealthy fears of
+'overproduction.'</p>
+
+<p>"Notwithstanding the release of labor, if it were needed, by
+demobilization, and notwithstanding adequate supplies of raw cotton to
+meet the season's requirements and the lack of any important
+difficulties in the way of reconversion to peace-time products, and with
+low supplies of finished goods in stock, the cotton industry kept more
+spindles idle during the first five months of 1919 than were idle during
+the corresponding period for 1918. The amount of cotton consumed in the
+United States during the nine months ending with April, 1919, was
+approximately 12 per cent. less than for the corresponding nine months
+of 1918. The prices of cloths and clothing, as above mentioned, show in
+June, 1919, an increase of 150 per cent. over 1913 prices."</p></div>
+
+<p>The boot and <del>show</del>
+<ins title="Transcribers' Note: original reads show">shoe</ins> industry showed a marked decline after the signing of
+the armistice. This, too, was borne out by the investigations of the
+Council.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The production of boots and shoes for the first quarter of 1919 was
+reported as about 60 per cent. below the production for the last quarter
+of 1918. Plants were partially closed and in some cases it is reported
+that machinery was returned to the Shoe Machinery Co. All in all, there
+were 75,000,000 less pairs of shoes produced in the first quarter of
+1919 than in the last quarter of 1918.</p>
+
+<p>"The census report shows a reduction of more than 25 per cent. in the
+output of civilian men's shoes in the quarter ending with March, 1919,
+as compared with production in the quarter ending with December, 1918,
+and nearly 25 per cent. reduction as compared with the quarter ending
+with September, 1918. The reduction in output of women's shoes amounted
+to approximately 30 and 25 per cent., respectively, in comprising
+corresponding periods. The reduction in the output of shoes for youths,
+boys and misses was even more marked."</p></div>
+
+<h3>COAL AND IRON</h3>
+
+<p>What has been said of the production of cotton and woolen goods applied
+equally to the mining of coal and to the output of iron and steel.
+During the war we increased our coal production. In 1918 it amounted to
+"685,000,000 short tons, almost 50 per cent. of the world's estimated
+output for that year. Production for 1913 was 571,000,000 short tons."
+The coal situation since the armistice is stated as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Coal, the source of a vast proportion of our industrial power as well
+as our chief source of heat and light, is a commodity the production of
+which is itself an index of our economic life. Coal output since the
+armistice has been greatly reduced, the weekly production of anthracite
+for the first half of 1919 being from 1,200,000 to 1,800,000 net tons,
+as against 1,800,000 net tons to 3,000,000 net tons for the
+corresponding period of 1918. Bituminous production was 9,147,000 net
+tons for a typical week in 1919, as against 12,491,000 net tons for the
+corresponding week in 1918. Coke production for the week ending June 28,
+1919, amounted to only 287,000 net tons, as compared with 627,000 net
+tons for the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+
+week ending June 29, 1918. The total amount of coal produced up to July
+5, 1919, was 261,000,000 long tons, as compared with 364,000,000 long
+tons for the corresponding period of 1918."</p></div>
+
+<p>The production of iron and steel which was greatly stimulated by the war
+was allowed to decline as soon as the concentrated effort of the nation
+to win the war was abandoned. The resulting condition is succinctly
+described by the Council:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The record of our after-war steel and iron output furnishes us with
+another warning that we have been neglecting to keep pace with the
+established American rate of industrial improvement and expansion and
+foresighted preparation for future requirements and progress.</p>
+
+<p>"The iron and steel business was considerably stimulated by war-time
+requirements. There was a governmental agency whose business it was to
+forsee the war needs and to place orders so that those productive
+forces which are wrapped up in the steel industry might be utilized to
+capacity. The steel industry's activity has, however, since the
+armistice greatly declined. Pig-iron production for April, 1919, was
+82,607 tons per day, as against 109,607 tons in April, 1918. Birmingham
+properties are reported to have been working in April, 1919, at about 50
+per cent. of the 1918 production. For the period January to May, 1919,
+pig-iron production was only 2,114,000 tons, as against 3,446,000 tons
+during the same period in 1918. Steel-ingot production fell in the
+spring of 1919 to lower figures than had been reached in more than two
+years. In fact, a regular decline in production was in evidence after
+December, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>"The figures representing the unfilled orders of the United States Steel
+Corporation at the end of May, 1919, were smaller than they had been
+since 1915."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-147.jpg">
+    <img class="thumb" src="images/ill-147thumb.jpg" width="400"
+           alt="Women Doing Night Farming" height="282"
+         title="Women Doing Night Farming" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">Women Doing Night Farming</p>
+  <p class="description">Girls running a tractor plow and harrow at Farmingdale, Long Island.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-147.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>RECOMMENDATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>The Council summarized its findings and recommends remedial measures as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The findings of the Reconstruction Research Division Council of
+National Defense, indicate that the high cost of living is primarily due
+to curtailment in the production of nearly all commodities except raw
+food products, to hoarding of storage food products, to profiteering,
+conscious and unconscious, and to inflation of circulating credit. The
+findings indicate that the situation may be most advantageously met by:</p>
+
+<p>"1. Stimulated production.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"2. Some readjustment of incomes to the basis of higher price levels.</p>
+
+<p>"3. The repression of hoarding and profiteering.</p>
+
+<p>"4. Improvement and standardization of methods and facilities for
+distributing and marketing goods.</p>
+
+<p>"5. The perfecting of means of keeping the nation frequently, promptly,
+and adequately informed regarding probable national requirements and of
+current production and stocks of the more important commodities.</p>
+
+<p>"The findings emphasize the fact that high standards of living can not
+be maintained upon a basis of reduced production, regardless of whether
+price levels be high or low."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-148.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-148thumb.jpg" width="400" height="524"
+alt="The Ore Market&mdash;Cleveland"
+title="The Ore Market&mdash;Cleveland" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">The Ore Market&mdash;Cleveland</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-148.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2><em>PART II</em></h2>
+
+<h2>I&mdash;THE PEACE CONFERENCE AT WORK<br />
+A Vivid Account from the Inside of the Machinery Which Produced the Peace
+Treaty. How the Crises with Japan, Italy and Belgium Were Averted</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">By THOMAS W. LAMONT</p>
+<p class="center">Financial and Economic Adviser at Paris to the American Commission to
+Negotiate Peace</p>
+
+<p>When we finally gain an historic perspective of the work of the Peace
+Conference we shall realize that, instead of being unduly delayed, it
+was accomplished in an astonishingly brief period. The Treaty of Vienna,
+back in 1815, took eleven months, and the factors to be dealt with were
+nothing like so numerous nor so complex. The Paris Conference occupied
+only about six months, and the earlier weeks were largely given over to
+questions relating to the renewal of the Armistice, rather than to the
+actual framing of the Peace Treaty. The Treaty text itself&mdash;aside
+from the League of Nations Covenant&mdash;was whipped through in a
+little over three months; for the active work of the Commissions which
+were to draft the various chapters did not get under way until February
+1st; and the Treaty was presented to the German delegates at Versailles
+on May 7th.</p>
+
+<h3>COVENANTS "OPENLY ARRIVED AT"</h3>
+
+<p>No adequate history of the Peace Conference can be written until years
+have elapsed&mdash;until it is possible, as it is not now possible, to
+make public a multitude of intimate details. Hundreds of important
+documents were woven into the completed text of the Treaty. Such
+documents must eventually be made available to the chroniclers of
+history, who must finally have access to the official records, so that
+in course of time they can acquaint the world with the details of those
+momentous conferences which were held among the Chiefs of State, where
+the ultimate decisions settling every important question were made.
+There have been complaints that the covenants of the Treaty were not as
+President Wilson had promised, "openly arrived at." In point of fact, as
+far as lay within the bounds of possibility, the covenants of the Treaty
+<em>were</em> "openly arrived at," inasmuch as their essence was made public
+just as soon as an understanding upon them had been reached, and in many
+cases, long before the final agreement. Nothing was held back which the
+public had any legitimate interest in knowing. It would, of course, have
+been quite out of the question for the Chiefs of State to discuss in
+public all the highly delicate and complex situations which were bound
+to, and which did, arise at Paris. Every man of strong character and
+powerful conviction has a view of his own upon any given subject, and
+naturally maintains that view with vigor and tenacity&mdash;even at
+times, if he be bitterly opposed&mdash;with acrimony.</p>
+
+<p>To take a familiar instance, it is an open secret that M. Clemenceau's
+first solution of the question of the Saar Basin did not at all suit
+President Wilson. Not unnaturally, M. Clemenceau simply wanted in effect
+to annex the Saar Basin, on the grounds that the Germans had destroyed
+the coal mines of Northern France. Mr. Wilson was in entire
+accord&mdash;to this extent, that France should, until her coal mines
+had been repaired, enjoy the entire output of the Saar coal fields; but
+to have France permanently annex the Basin was contrary to his
+profoundest convictions, as expressed in the well-known Fourteen Points.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the discussion between M. Clemenceau and Mr. Wilson,
+their ideas at the start being so divergent, vigorous views were
+undoubtedly expressed; quite possibly tart language was used, at any
+rate by the French Premier, who was feeling all
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+
+the distress of German frightfulness and war weariness. But to what
+possible good end could the detail of such intimate conversations have
+been made public? I allude to the possible conversations on the Saar
+Basin not as an historical fact, but as an example of what might have
+taken place, and very likely did take place; and if such temporary
+disagreements existed on that question, undoubtedly, among so many
+Chiefs of State as were gathered together at Paris, they existed on
+others. But in all cases amicable and cordial agreements were finally
+reached.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever agreements were even in sight, the press was informed; so that,
+when the Treaty of Peace and the summary of it finally came out, there
+were no surprises for the public. Every covenant, every clause, had been
+already foreshadowed and accurately pictured.</p>
+
+<h3>THE "BIG THREE"</h3>
+
+<p>Naturally, the question is often asked: Who were the peacemakers at
+Paris? Were they two or three powerful Chiefs of State? The answer is
+both "Yes" and "No." The final decision on every important matter lay in
+the hands of the so-called Big Four, and after Premier Orlando's
+defection and return to Italy, it narrowed down to the Big Triumvirate,
+Messrs. Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau. Yet while they made the
+final decisions, these were almost invariably based upon reports and
+opinions expressed to this trio, or to the quartet, by their advisers
+and experts. The actual text of the Treaty was, of course, written by
+the technicians, and there is hardly a phrase in the whole of it that
+can claim as its original author any one of the Chiefs of State. In
+every true sense, then, the Treaty of Peace has been the product, not of
+three men, not even of three-score, nor of three hundred, but of
+thousands; for quite aside from the official delegations at Paris, which
+comprised several hundred persons, we must remember that the data and
+the various suggested solutions on most of the questions had been
+canvassed at home for each delegation by large groups of office and
+technical experts.</p>
+
+<p>Of course it sounds well to say that the Treaty was written by three
+men: the picture of those few Chiefs of State sitting in conference day
+after day is dramatic in the extreme. That is, I must confess, the
+picture which comes back oftenest to my mind. I see them today, as I saw
+them for months at Paris, sitting in that large but cosy salon in the
+house allotted to President Wilson on the Place des &Eacute;tats Unis;
+for, by common consent, it was there that the Supreme Council finally
+held all its meetings. It is in that theatre, with the three or four
+Chiefs of State taking the leading r&ocirc;les, that we saw the other
+characters in the great drama moving slowly on the stage, playing their
+parts, and then disappearing into the wings. Today it might be
+Paderewski, pleading with all his earnestness and sincerity, to have
+Danzig allotted to the sovereignty of Poland. To-morrow it might be
+Hymans, the Belgian Secretary for Foreign Affairs, begging that there
+should be a prompt realization of those pledges to Belgium, which
+Belgium felt had been made by all the Allies; or it might even be word
+brought by special aeroplane from the King of the Belgians at Brussels,
+with fresh and important instructions to his delegation in the matter of
+Reparation. Or it might be a group of the representatives of those newer
+nationalities, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Jugoslavia, arguing some burning
+question of boundary rights. Or it might be the British shipping
+experts, maintaining that the captured German ships should be restored
+to the various Allies upon a basis dividing the ships <span lang="la">pro rata</span> to the
+losses sustained by submarines, and contending against the American
+claim that the United States should have all the German ships finding
+lodgment in American harbors. Or it might be Herbert Hoover, that
+brilliant American, come to describe to the Big Four starvation
+conditions in Vienna, and to emphasize his belief that, enemy or no
+enemy, those conditions must be relieved or Bolshevism would march into
+Austria and directly on west until it reached France&mdash;and beyond.</p>
+
+<h3>THE PLACE OF MEETING</h3>
+
+<p>The stage for this world drama was originally set at the Ministry of
+War, behind the Chamber of Deputies and across the Seine; and here
+Premier Clemenceau&mdash;who,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+
+it will be remembered, was Minister of War as well as President of the
+Council of French Ministers&mdash;was the presiding genius. But
+eventually, as the result of an interesting trend of circumstances, the
+all important conferences took place at President Wilson's house.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-151.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-151thumb.jpg" width="400" height="444"
+alt="David Lloyd George"
+title="David Lloyd George" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Walter Adams &amp; Sons</p>
+<p class="caption">David Lloyd George</p>
+<p class="description">Ray Standard Baker, who attended the Peace Conference, wrote in his
+book, &quot;What Wilson Did at Paris&quot;: &quot;Lloyd George personally was one of
+the most charming and amiable figures at Paris, full of Celtic
+quicksilver, a torrential talker in the conference, but no one was ever
+quite sure, having heard him express an unalterable determination on one
+day, that he would not be unalterably determined some other way the day
+following.&quot;</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-151.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original theatre of operations at the War Ministry had been so
+large, and there was such an enormous chorus brought into
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+
+play, that progress was interminably slow. There were usually present
+all five of the plenipotentiaries of each of the five great powers,
+including Japan, and very frequently Marshal Foch as well. His presence
+automatically commanded the attendance of the chief military experts of
+the other delegates. With the innumerable secretaries who had to attend
+the plenipotentiaries, with the interpreters and whatnot, the Supreme
+Council came to look like a legislative chamber, in the midst of which
+sat Clemenceau, presiding with his usual incisiveness. At such meetings
+progress could be made only upon rather formal matters which had been
+threshed out beforehand. When it came to a point of great delicacy,
+where the discussions could be only on a most intimate basis, it became
+quite impossible to "carry on." Nobody would feel like speaking out in
+meeting and calling the other fellow names&mdash;as was necessary at
+times in order to clear the atmosphere&mdash;if there were half a
+hundred other people around, to hear those names, and promptly to babble
+them to an expectant throng outside.</p>
+
+<p>So finally the Supreme Council was boiled down to the four Chiefs of
+State, including Japan's representative on any questions not strictly
+confined to Western Europe; and the small Council began to meet
+alternately at Clemenceau's office in the War Ministry, at Mr. Lloyd
+George's house, and at Mr. Wilson's, which was just around the corner
+from the British Premier's. Then in March, shortly after President
+Wilson's second coming from the United States, he fell ill with the
+grippe. After a rather severe attack he was able to get on his feet
+again and to do business, but was warned by his vigilant friend and
+physician, Admiral Grayson, to keep within doors for a time. Mr. Lloyd
+George, M. Clemenceau, and Signor Orlando were glad to accommodate
+themselves to Mr. Wilson's necessities, and formed the habit of meeting
+regularly at his house. His large salon was much better adapted for
+these conferences than the room at Mr. Lloyd George's. So there it was
+they met during all the final weeks of the Conference, leading up to the
+very end.</p>
+
+<h3>A DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNCIL CHAMBER</h3>
+
+<p>In the middle of the salon, facing the row of windows looking out upon
+the Place, was a large yet most inviting fireplace. On the left of this,
+a little removed from it, President Wilson usually ensconced himself on
+a small sofa, where he made room for some one member of his delegation,
+whom, for the particular subject under discussion, he desired to have
+most available. On the other side of the fireplace sat Mr. Lloyd George
+in a rather high, old-fashioned chair of carved Italian maple, and at
+his left sat his experts. Opposite the fireplace, to the right of it,
+and about half-way across the room, sat M. Clemenceau, with such of his
+Ministers as he needed, and then between him and President Wilson was
+Signor Orlando with the Italians. This made a semi-circle around the
+fireplace, and whenever Viscount Chinda of the Japanese delegation was
+present, the circle was usually enlarged so as to give him a seat in the
+middle of it. Behind this first semi-circle was a second one, made up of
+secretaries and various technical experts, but the conference was always
+a limited one, and was not allowed to grow so large as to become
+unwieldy.</p>
+
+<p>Directly in front of the fireplace, almost scorching his coat-tails, sat
+Professor Mantou, the official interpreter for the Big Four. Mantou is a
+Frenchman, Professor of French in the University of London, so he had a
+perfect mastery of both French and English, with a good working
+knowledge of Italian. Mantou was quite an extraordinary character, and
+the most vivid interpreter I have ever heard, or rather seen; for at
+times he entered into the spirit of the discussions more vigorously than
+the original actors. M. Clemenceau, for instance, might make a quiet,
+moderate statement, in French, of course; and when it became Mantou's
+time to interpret it into English, he would enliven and embellish it
+with his own unique gestures.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of the Council was Sir Maurice Hankey, a British Army
+officer of great skill and tact, who had a marvelous aptitude for
+keeping everything straight,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+
+for taking perfectly adequate, and yet not too voluminous minutes, for
+seeing that no topic was left in the air without further reference, and
+in the last analysis, for holding the Chiefs of State with their noses
+to the grindstone. He knew French and Italian well, and was a distinct
+asset to the Council. I note that, in the honors and money-grants
+disbursed by Parliament to Marshal Haig, Admiral Beatty and others,
+Hankey received &pound;25,000. Everybody who worked with him at Paris
+will be glad of this just recognition. I have described this Council
+Chamber in the President's house rather minutely because, as I have
+said, it formed the stage for all of the momentous decisions which went
+to make up the final peace settlement. At these conferences there was no
+formal presiding officer, but to President Wilson was usually accorded
+the courtesy of acting as moderator.</p>
+
+<h3>HOW THE TREATY WAS COMPOUNDED</h3>
+
+<p>What, then, is the Treaty? The answer is that it is a human document, a
+compound of all the qualities possessed by human beings at their
+best&mdash;and at their worst. People might expect a Treaty of Peace to
+be a formal, legal, mechanical sort of document; and undoubtedly an
+effort was made by some of the drafting lawyers, who bound all the
+different clauses together, to throw the Treaty into the mold of
+formality. But all the same, it is a compound quivering with human
+passion&mdash;virtue, entreaty, fear, sometimes rage, and above all, I
+believe, justice.</p>
+
+<p>The reason fear enters into the Treaty must be manifest. Take, for
+instance, the case of France. France had lived under the German menace
+for half a century. Finally the sword of Damocles had fallen, and almost
+one-sixth of beautiful France had been laid waste. Her farms, her
+factories, her villages, had been destroyed; her women ravished and led
+captive; her children made homeless; her men folk killed. Do we realize
+that almost 60 per cent. of all the French soldiers under thirty-one
+years of age were killed in the war? Is it any wonder France could not
+believe that the German menace was gone forever, and that the world
+would never again allow German autocracy to overwhelm her? She could not
+believe it, and for that reason she felt it essential that the terms of
+the Treaty should be so severe as to leave Germany stripped for
+generations of any power to wage aggression against beautiful France. If
+her Allies pointed out that to cripple Germany economically was to make
+it impossible for Germany to repair the frightful damage she had wrought
+in France, France would in effect reply that this might be so, but never
+again could she endure such a menace as had threatened her eastern
+border for the previous half century. If certain of the Treaty clauses
+appear to some minds as unduly severe, it must be remembered that the
+Allies, little more than France, could bear the thought of letting
+Germany off so easily that within a few years she might again prepare
+for war.</p>
+
+<p>There was fear, too, on the part of those new nations, which had been
+largely split off from the effete and outworn Austro-Hungarian Empire,
+that in some way their ancient oppressors would once more gain sway over
+them. And, every nation, great and small, was overshadowed with the
+constant terror of Bolshevism,&mdash;that dread specter which seemed to
+be stalking, with long strides, from eastern Europe west towards the
+Atlantic. Unless peace were hastened that evil might overtake all the
+Allies. Such apprehensions as these, far more than imperial ambition or
+greed, were factors in the Treaty decisions. Judgments that might take
+many months in the ripening could not with safety be awaited.</p>
+
+<h3>THE PROTECTION DEMANDED BY FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>France, I say, was thoroughly shocked at the frightful fate which had
+come upon so great a portion of her land and population. She seemed to
+have real fear that out of the ground, or from the sky, or from the
+waters of the earth, at the waving of the devil's wand, there would
+spring into being a fresh German army, ready to overwhelm her. It was
+this fear that led France to ask for a special Treaty by which England
+and America would pledge themselves to come to her aid in case of
+Germany's unprovoked attack
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+
+against her. Those Americans who object to this have no conception of
+the real terror in France which led her to entreat her two most powerful
+Allies to make such a special treaty with her. France maintained, and
+with some reason, that during the formative period of the League of
+Nations, before it might become an effective instrument, if she did not
+have the psychological and practical protection of England and America,
+she must look to her own defense, and the only real defense she could
+conceive was to make the Rhine her eastern boundary. This suggestion of
+Marshal Foch, based upon sound military concept, was rejected by
+President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George on the theory that it would mean
+the annexation of German territory, would change Germany's ancient
+boundary line of the Rhine, and inevitably lead to future trouble.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-154.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-154thumb.jpg" width="400" height="256"
+         alt="President Poincar&eacute; With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador"
+       title="President Poincar&eacute; With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">President Poincar&eacute; With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador,
+    Driving to the Peace Conference in Paris.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-154.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Very well," in effect answered M. Clemenceau, "we see your point, but
+if you will not allow us to fix this natural boundary for defense, then
+we must beg you to guarantee us by treaty your co&ouml;peration against
+German aggression. That co&ouml;peration you will never be called upon
+to render with military force, because if Germany knows you are pledged
+to come to our defense, that very fact will act as a complete deterrent
+to any aggression."</p>
+
+<p>This was the sound reasoning which led President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd
+George to agree to submit respectively to Congress and Parliament this
+special French Treaty; this is the reasoning which ought to lead
+Congress, as it has led Parliament, to ratify the French Treaty
+promptly. My belief is that after five years, this special Treaty will
+be abrogated by mutual consent, because by that time the League of
+Nations will be built up into such an effective instrument for the
+prevention of future wars, any special treaties will be deemed
+unnecessary.</p>
+
+<h3>THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT</h3>
+
+<p>If, in the foregoing paragraphs, I have given some idea as to how the
+Treaty of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+
+Peace was compounded, how it was made up of a mixture of virtue,
+selfishness, fear and justice, then perhaps I can proceed to describe
+briefly how the document was actually evolved. First, then, we deal with
+the drafting of the League of Nations Covenant:</p>
+
+<p>The world has come to regard President Wilson as the special promoter
+and sponsor for the League of Nations. It is perfectly true that Mr.
+Wilson went to Paris with a fixed determination, above all else, to
+bring about some definite arrangement which would tend to prevent future
+wars. It is also true, however, that English statesmen had, for an even
+longer time than President Wilson, been giving this same subject earnest
+thought and study. Some of the more enlightened French statesmen, like
+Leon Bourgeois, had also been sketching out plans for a League of Free
+Nations. In England Viscount Grey of Falloden, England's really great
+Minister of Foreign Affairs for almost a decade prior to the war, the
+man who did everything that human intelligence and wisdom could devise
+to prevent the war, and now happily named as British Ambassador to the
+United States, had long worked for a League of Nations. Lord Robert
+Cecil, a worthy son of a noble father, was another British statesman who
+had given his mind to the same subject. General Smuts of South Africa,
+recently made Premier in succession to the late General Botha, was
+another. So that President Wilson, Colonel House, and the other
+delegates, upon their arrival in Paris, found themselves in a not
+uncongenial atmosphere. To be sure, on the part of Clemenceau and of
+course of the militarists, there was great scepticism. Nevertheless the
+French joined in, and early in January the Covenant for the League of
+Nations began to evolve. It was built up step by step, President Wilson
+taking a most active part in the work.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the Covenant was adopted in a preliminary way and made public
+late in February. It was subject to amendment, and those who drafted the
+document welcomed amendments and urged that they be offered. An especial
+effort was made to secure suggestions from various Republican
+statesmen. No amendments, so far as I have been able to learn, were
+offered by any of the Republican Senators, but ex-President Taft
+suggested certain changes, some of which were adopted. President Lowell
+of Harvard contributed one or two which were taken over almost verbatim.
+Ex-Senator Elihu Root also made valuable suggestions, some of which were
+utilized in the final drafting of the Covenant, made public early in
+April.</p>
+
+<h3>ESSENCE AND SPIRIT OF THE LEAGUE</h3>
+
+<p>Roughly, as the situation developed, the purpose of the League of
+Nations became two-fold. The initial purpose, of course, was to set up
+the machinery for a body, representative of the nations, keeping in such
+close contact and guided by such general principles as would tend to
+make it impossible for one nation to begin war upon another. Elsewhere
+in this volume ex-Attorney General Wickersham has described in detail
+the clauses of the Covenant; but even in this brief allusion it is
+proper to set down the essence and spirit of the League. It is this: No
+two peoples, if they come to know each other and each other's motives
+sufficiently well, and if by certain machinery they are maintained in
+close personal and ideal contact, can conceivably fly at each other's
+throats. Now no machinery can be devised that will absolutely prevent
+war, but a carrying out of the spirit and principles set forth in the
+present Covenant ought to make war well-nigh impossible. The machinery
+that was thus set up at Paris was deemed at the time to be of course
+imperfect and subject to constant improvement.</p>
+
+<p>The second purpose of the League was to act as the binder, and in a way,
+the administrative force of the present existing Treaty. That is to say,
+we found as time went on there were many situations so complex that
+human wisdom could not devise an immediate formula for their solution.
+Hence, it became necessary for the Peace Conference to establish certain
+machinery which, if necessary, should function over a series of years,
+and thus work out permanently the problems involved. Therefore,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+
+as it fell out, there were established under the Treaty, almost a score
+of Commissions, most of them to act under the general supervision of a
+League of Nations. Here, then, is another great function that the League
+of Nations is immediately called upon to fulfil.</p>
+
+<h3>WORK OF THE COMMISSIONS</h3>
+
+<p>With the Covenant of the League of Nations more or less complete, the
+next business of the Conference was the setting up of the Treaty proper.
+The method for this work was roughly as follows: About the first of
+February there was appointed a large number of special Commissions, made
+up of members of the various delegations. These Commissions, which were
+each to treat of separate topics, having arrived at a solution of the
+special subject, were then to draft their reports in such language that
+they could readily be embodied in the final Treaty of Peace itself.
+Thus, for instance, there was appointed a Commission on Reparations, a
+Commission on Economic Phases of the Treaty, a Commission on Finance, a
+Commission on Boundaries, a Commission on Military and Naval Armament, a
+Commission on German Colonies, a Commission on the Saar Basin Coal
+Fields, a Commission on Inland Waterways, and so on to the number of
+perhaps twenty. These Commissions immediately organized, and if the
+subject were particularly complex and many-sided, resolved themselves
+into sub-commissions. These sub-commissions in turn organized, each with
+its chairman and vice-chairman, its secretariat, and its interpreters,
+together with experts called into attendance.</p>
+
+<h3>DELAYS TO THE TREATY</h3>
+
+<p>The sittings of all these Commissions began, as I say, about February
+1st, and at that time the plan was that the work of the Commissions
+should be concluded in the form of a report to the Supreme Council six
+weeks later, or about March 15th. The plan, further, was for the Supreme
+Council to pass upon these various reports, amend them if need be, and
+then have them drafted in such form as together would go to make up the
+Treaty, which, under this scheme, would be presented to the Germans on
+or about April 1st. The Germans would presumably sign within a
+fortnight, and we should all be going home about April 15th. As a matter
+of fact, the Germans signed the Treaty at Versailles at three o'clock on
+the afternoon of June 28th, two and one-half months later than the time
+originally planned.</p>
+
+<p>This delay was, however, not at all unreasonable, if one stops to
+consider the number of questions involved, their magnitude, and the
+difficulty of dealing with them promptly. In the first place, each
+Commission was supposed to present the Supreme Council a unanimous
+report. The Council had ruled that the Commissions should not report by
+majority vote, for if in any given instance the majority overruled the
+minority, the minority might have such bitter complaint that there would
+be left in the situation the seed for future trouble. Therefore the
+Council determined that in the case of divergence of opinion in the same
+Commission, the two or more groups in the Commission should make
+separate reports to the Council, each having its own day in court. The
+Council would act as judges of the last resort, and no delegation would
+go away feeling that it had not had ample opportunity to present its
+case. Inevitable and sharp differences of opinion did arise, so that at
+least half the reports, I should say, as presented to the Big Four had
+to be thrashed out there in considerable detail.</p>
+
+<p>The second handicap to rapid progress, of course, lay in the composition
+of the various Commissions. Each of the large five powers had to be
+represented on each Commission, and in most instances smaller powers
+also demanded representation. On some of the important Commissions the
+larger powers had two or more delegates sitting. Owing to the fact that
+Paris was full of influenza, each delegate had to have his alternate so
+as to keep the ball rolling. When they first met these delegates were
+not well acquainted with each other. They did not know how to get along
+together. It took weeks for them to shake down,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+
+so as to understand each other's methods and points of view; so as to be
+prepared to make the necessary give and take, certain meetings of views
+which are always essential where people are gathered from the four
+corners of the earth with a single aim, but with vastly different ideas
+for attaining it.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-157.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-157thumb.jpg" width="400" height="233"
+alt="Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed"
+title="Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed</p>
+<p class="description">This was the table and chair at which the delegates sat and signed the
+peace document.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-157.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>POLITICS AT THE CONFERENCE</h3>
+
+<p>Still another difficulty was the question of politics which could not be
+eliminated. It is easy enough to say, "cut out politics," but in any
+international gathering it is never possible to do it. I must say right
+here, however, that&mdash;as it seemed to me&mdash;the American
+delegation well-nigh attained that ideal, and be it to President
+Wilson's credit, I never once saw him throughout the length of the
+conference, "play" politics. But some of the other delegations naturally
+felt that at home there was a "list'ning senate" to applaud or to
+condemn, and many of these delegates, being members of their respective
+parliaments or ministries, naturally had their ear to the ground for the
+effect that their course at Paris was producing. Then if, at the
+sittings of a Commission, one delegate made a particularly eloquent
+speech, his fellow delegate might feel it incumbent upon him to make
+another equally long. Some of the delegates deemed it their duty to make
+an extended speech every day and seemed to feel that they were lacking
+in patriotism if they failed each morning to cover several pages of the
+record with their views.</p>
+
+<h3>THE DIFFICULTY OF LANGUAGE</h3>
+
+<p>Then the final difficulty, uniting with the other troubles to prevent
+rapid progress, was that of language. The Paris Conference was, of
+course, a regular Tower of Babel. There were two official
+languages&mdash;French and English. Each delegation used the language
+with which its delegates were most familiar, and every word uttered by
+those delegates had to be translated into the vernacular of the others.
+Not only did this interpretation consume a vast amount of time, but of
+course it frequently proved most unsatisfactory. Both the English and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+
+French languages are so idiomatic that the finer shades of meaning can
+never be well transmuted from one to the other. Hence, frequent and
+sometimes serious mistakes arose. For instance, a Serbian delegate who
+knew not a word of English would misunderstand something said by the
+British delegate, poorly translated into French. As the Serbian
+delegate's knowledge of French was also very limited he could not
+readily understand. So he would fly into a towering rage, and for an
+hour a heated argument would volley back and forth. Perhaps, at the end
+of that time, some cool-headed delegate (frequently an American), would
+point out that neither of the honorable delegates had any conception of
+what the other had said, and at bottom their views were precisely
+similar. Each of the competitors would then listen to reason, the
+situation would clear up, and things move on more happily.</p>
+
+<p>I use here as an example a Serbian delegate, not that the Serbian
+delegates were more prone to passion than anybody else. We were all
+fighting like mad to make peace. We realized that though fundamentally
+we all had the same aim, yet as to methods our views were so divergent,
+that when we entered into conference at ten o'clock in the morning we
+should probably have one continuous struggle, with interludes for
+luncheon and dinner, until perhaps late in the evening. These struggles
+never ceased altogether, but as we got to know one another better, they
+of course let up materially, and we got on amicably and effectively.</p>
+
+<h3>THE COMMISSION ON REPARATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>No sketch of the Peace Conference, even one as cursory and superficial
+as this, could give any idea of the picture without a more detailed
+reference to the workings of some particular Commission that played an
+important part in the building up of the Peace Treaty. Hence I may be
+permitted to mention the Commission on Reparations. All things
+considered, this was perhaps the most important Commission at work.</p>
+
+<p>The original Commission on Reparations was divided into three
+sub-commissions. Commission Number One was to determine upon what
+principles reparation should be demanded from Germany, that is to say,
+what items of damage should be included. In addition to physical damage
+inflicted by Germany upon the Allies, by reason of her aggression on
+land or sea, and from the air, should the cost of pensions for dead
+French soldiers be claimed? Was the entire cost of the war as waged by
+England, for instance, to be included as a charge against Germany? In
+other words, just what categories should be adopted in order to define
+Germany's liability?</p>
+
+<p>This Commission Number One sat for weeks, and it was only towards the
+very end that it succeeded in establishing the categories. At the start
+there was a sharp divergence of opinion among the various delegations.
+The American delegation pointed out that under President Wilson's
+Fourteen Points costs of war would have to be excluded. The British
+delegation maintained otherwise. The French thought the costs of war
+ought to be included, but deemed the matter academic, inasmuch as
+Germany could never pay the total war costs. And so the argument ran.</p>
+
+<p>Sub-commission Number Two on reparations had for its object to determine
+what Germany's capacity to pay was, and what the proper method of
+payment should be. Sub-commission Number Three was to devise sanctions
+or guarantees by which the Allies should be assured of receiving the
+payments finally determined upon.</p>
+
+<p>For weeks I was active upon Sub-commission Number Two, and in fact was
+charged with the duty of drawing up the initial report covering the
+question of Germany's capacity to pay. Early in the deliberations of
+this Sub-commission it became apparent that its work was of momentous
+import, for whatever the Sub-commission determined as Germany's capacity
+to pay, undoubtedly that sum would be fixed as what Germany should be
+obligated to pay. Theoretically, as the French had pointed out, it did
+not make a great difference what categories of damage were included,
+because Germany would probably be unable to pay even the extent of
+material damage she had wrought. It
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+
+was equally evident that she would be compelled by the Allies to pay to
+the utmost extent of her capacity. Therefore Sub-commission Number Two
+was in effect, naming the amount of the German "indemnity."</p>
+
+<h3>AN ESTIMATE OF GERMANY'S CAPACITY TO PAY</h3>
+
+<p>This knowledge rendered the work of the delegates on Sub-commission
+Number Two considerably more difficult. To estimate Germany's capacity
+to pay over a series of years was by no means a purely scientific
+matter. No banker, or economist, or financier, whatever his experience,
+could look far enough into the future to be able to say what Germany
+could or could not pay, in ten, twenty, or thirty years. The initial
+estimate made by one of the delegations, as representing Germany's
+capacity to pay, was one thousand million of francs. Another estimate
+was twenty-four billion sterling, about one hundred twenty billion of
+dollars. Now Germany's entire wealth was estimated at not over eighty
+billion dollars, so it was inconceivable how it could be possible, even
+over a series of years, for Germany to pick up her entire commonwealth
+and transfer it to the Allies. Most of Germany's property consists of
+the soil, railroads, factories, dwellings, and none of those things can
+be transported, none can be made available for the payment of
+reparation. Hence the question arose as to how much liquid wealth
+Germany could export year after year and still maintain her own economic
+life. This was the estimate upon which the British, French and American
+delegations wrangled pleasantly for weeks. Whenever we reached too tense
+a point, tea and toast was served, with jam to sweeten the atmosphere a
+bit, and then we would start afresh.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, as we encouraged newspaper reporters to surmise, we
+had nearly arrived upon a basis of agreement for demanding a fixed sum
+from Germany. That sum would not have exceeded forty or forty-five
+billion dollars, with interest added. The American delegation believed
+it to be far sounder economically to name a fixed sum and thus limit
+Germany's liability, so that all nations could address themselves to a
+definite end and arrange their fiscal and taxation policies accordingly.
+But both Mr. Lloyd George and M. Clemenceau urged that public opinion in
+both their countries would not acquiesce in any sum that fell far below
+previous expectations; that, therefore, inasmuch as it was difficult
+anyway to arrive at once upon the exact amount of damage caused, it
+would be wiser to leave the amount of reparation open, to be determined
+by a commission which should examine into the damage sustained, and fix
+the total amount within two years. America's material interest in the
+question was so limited that President Wilson finally did not oppose Mr.
+Lloyd George's and M. Clemenceau's judgment. This, in brief, is the
+history of the Reparation clauses in the Treaty. As I have already said,
+if we realize that in almost every one of the other chapters similar
+complex courses of procedure had to be followed, we shall not be
+surprised at the time which the Treaty took for drafting.</p>
+
+<h3>THE ITALIAN CRISIS</h3>
+
+<p>The world is already familiar with the several crises which arose during
+the course of the Peace Conference. The so-called Fiume crisis, when the
+Italian delegation walked out and returned to Rome, was regarded as the
+most serious. I am not sure it was, although it was generally so
+considered. I believe most of Italy's warmest friends maintain that her
+action in going home was a mistake. The question of putting Fiume under
+Italian sovereignty was not covered nor even touched upon in the Treaty
+of London. In face, the question of Fiume arose long after the Peace
+Conference was under way. Signor Orlando, the Italian Premier, was
+accused of fostering Italian feeling on Fiume and of fanning it into
+flame. I believe there is no truth in this. At any rate, if the Italians
+had been wise, they would have prevented the matter of Fiume from
+becoming such a <span lang="fr">cause cel&egrave;bre</span>. I think that by judicious work
+they could have prevented it. Then, too, probably the difficulty would
+have been lessened if President Wilson's statement to the Italian people
+had previously met Signor Orlando's approval. Mr. Wilson made his
+statement
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+
+with the best will in the world, with the intent to allay and not
+inflame Italian public opinion. It should have been possible to
+co&ouml;rdinate his idealism with Signor Orlando's position.</p>
+
+<p>Later on the Italian delegation returned to Paris, realizing that the
+question of Fiume, which was formerly an Austrian port, did not bear one
+way or another upon the Treaty with Germany. But the Italians had lost a
+certain tactical position which was important to them, and in my
+judgment the move cost Italy much more than the whole question of Fiume
+amounted to.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-160.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-160thumb.jpg" width="400" height="253"
+alt="Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates."
+title="Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates.</p>
+<p class="description">President Clemenceau is shown standing. Next to him from right to left
+are: President Wilson, Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Commissioner
+Henry White, Colonel House, Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, Stephen Pichon, French
+Minister of Foreign Affairs; Louis Klotz, French Minister of Finance,
+and Andr&eacute; Tardieu, French High Commissioner. From Clemenceau,
+left to right: Premier Lloyd George, Bonar Law and A. J. Balfour.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-160.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE QUESTION OF SHANTUNG</h3>
+
+<p>The Shantung crisis was another serious one. It was so realized at the
+time by the conferees at Paris. The Japanese delegation considered that
+it had already suffered one or two rebuffs. Their clause to embody race
+equality in the League of Nations Covenant had not been accepted. They,
+as the leading Far Eastern Power, were being urged to take an active
+part in the organization and development of the League of Nations, yet
+they could see nothing for Japan in the idea except a chance to help the
+other fellow. It was at this time that the Treaty clause was being
+drafted covering the disposition of German rights in the Far East,
+including those on the Shantung Peninsula. It will be remembered that at
+the outbreak of the war Germany, by reason of treaty rights with China,
+had possession of Kiauchau, upon the neck of the Shantung Peninsula.
+Back in 1916, at a time when the war was going badly, after Japan had
+driven the Germans out of the Far East and had prevented German
+submarines from getting a base there to prey upon British troop ships
+from Australia, Japan had demanded from
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+
+England and France that she become the inheritor of whatever rights
+Germany had in Shantung. England and France readily granted this
+request, as America probably would have done if she had been in the war
+at the time. Later on, according to the record, China confirmed Japan in
+these rights.</p>
+
+<p>President Wilson's idea, however, was "China for Chinamen"; therefore
+Shantung should be turned over to China. This was a proper point of
+view. It was a great pity that it could not be made to prevail. The
+difficulty, however, was two-fold: first, the agreement which I have
+just cited between England and France on one hand, and Japan on the
+other; second, Japan's statement to President Wilson that if he began
+his League of Nations by forcing England and France to break a solemn
+agreement with Japan, then Japan would have no use for such a faithless
+confederation and would promptly withdraw. At the same time, however,
+Japan reiterated that her inheritance of Shantung was largely a formal
+matter, and that if the Allies gave her that recognition, she would feel
+in honor bound to withdraw from Shantung in the near future. This
+statement, made repeatedly by the Japanese delegates to President
+Wilson, finally led him to refrain from forcing Great Britain and France
+to break their agreement, as he might perhaps otherwise have done. The
+climax, of course, came when Japan gave her ultimatum and said that
+unless she had her rights she would retire from the Conference.</p>
+
+<h3>DEMANDS OF BELGIUM</h3>
+
+<p>Then came the third and last crisis&mdash;the Belgians threatened to
+withdraw and go home. They had, as they claimed, been promised by their
+Allies, as well as by their enemies, including specifically Germany,
+that their country, trampled over and devastated in order to defend
+France and England from attack, was to be fully restored and reimbursed
+for its expenditures. Early in the Conference Colonel House projected a
+plan to Mr. Balfour of the British delegation and Mr. Klotz of the
+French delegation, granting Belgium a priority of $500,000,000 on the
+German reparation, this sum being sufficient to set Belgium well on her
+way to recovery. There was, however, great delay in getting the final
+assent to this priority. The American delegation worked hard to bring it
+about and to push the plan on every occasion, but it still hung fire.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian delegation, finally becoming alarmed, insisted on formally
+taking up the question with the Council of Four. The Belgian delegation,
+under the leadership of Mr. Hymans, Minister of Foreign Affairs, made
+two chief demands, one for the priority already mentioned, and one for
+reimbursement for what the war had cost her. To this latter item there
+was vigorous objection on the ground that it was inadmissible to provide
+for Belgium's "costs of war" and not for those of England, France, Italy
+and the other Allies. As a compromise to meet the situation, a formula
+was finally proposed in a phrase to the effect that Germany was to be
+obligated especially "to reimburse Belgium for all the sums borrowed by
+Belgium from the Allies as a necessary consequence of the violation of
+the Treaty of 1839." Inasmuch as all such sums borrowed by Belgium were
+used for the prosecution of the war, this phrase was simply a euphemism
+for granting to Belgium the war costs which she had demanded. But it was
+finally agreed to on all hands, and the crisis was averted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-162.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-162thumb.jpg" width="400" height="353"
+alt="The George Washington"
+title="The George Washington" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Press Illustrating Service</p>
+<p class="caption">The George Washington</p>
+<p class="description">It was on this ship that President and Mrs. Wilson made their two trips
+across the Atlantic and back during the Peace Conference.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-162.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE TREATY PRESENTED TO THE GERMANS AT VERSAILLES</h3>
+
+<p>The Treaty in its final form was presented to the Germans at Versailles
+May 7th. The Germans were hoping they would be permitted to discuss
+certain phases of the Treaty in person with the Allied delegates, and in
+fact repeatedly requested the opportunity. Some of us believed such
+conversations might be advantageous if they were held; not between the
+chiefs of the Allied states and the heads of the German delegation, but
+between technical experts on both sides. Mr. Wilson favored this view,
+as tending to enlighten the Germans on certain phases of the Treaty,
+which from their written communications it was evident they did not
+understand. We thought that some weeks of delay might possibly be
+averted by sitting around the table with the Germans, distasteful as
+that task might be, and holding a kind of miniature peace conference.
+This suggestion, however, was strongly opposed by M. Clemenceau,
+although it was favored by some of his ministers. In fact, some of the
+latter, as well as many of the British, were for a time convinced that
+the terms of the Treaty were such that Germany would never sign them.
+Again and again Clemenceau was urged to give way on this point, but he
+sturdily opposed the view and declared positively that he knew the
+German character; that the only way to secure a German signature to the
+Treaty was to insist upon purely formal and written communications.
+Clemenceau had his way, and then began the laying of a good many wagers
+as to whether the Germans would sign. This was after the original German
+delegation, or at least the chiefs of it, had returned to Berlin and
+declared that they would not come back again to Versailles. My own
+opinion was, that after making as great a kick as possible the Germans
+would undoubtedly sign. The logic of the situation was all for their
+signing, the reasoning being this: If the Treaty were a just Treaty,
+then they ought to sign any way; if it were an unjust Treaty, then, even
+if signed, it
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+
+would eventually fall of its own weight, and the Germans would run no
+risk in signing it. I felt that the German psychology of the situation
+would be acute enough to see these points and to lead to a signature.</p>
+
+<h3>GERMANY SIGNS THE TREATY</h3>
+
+<p>This proved to be the case, and on Saturday, the 21st of June, after
+questionings and misgivings, we finally got the word that the Germans
+were to sign. I shall never forget the moment that the news came. Some
+of us were in session with the Council of Four at the President's house.
+Mr. Wilson sat on the right of the fireplace, Mr. Lloyd George on the
+left, and M. Clemenceau in the middle. Mr. Orlando was in Italy but his
+foreign minister, Baron Sonnino, was there in his place. The afternoon
+was a tense one, for the time was growing short and the Germans had, as
+I say, not yet signified their intention of signing the treaty. In the
+mind of every one of us there lurked the question as to the terrible
+steps that would have to be taken in the event the Germans refused to
+sign. Late in the afternoon an orderly slipped into the room and
+whispered into M. Clemenceau's ear. He struggled to his feet, marched up
+to President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George, and, drawing himself up, said
+in solemn tones, "I have the honor to announce to you that the Germans
+will sign the treaty."</p>
+
+<p>And then a moment later the cannon boomed forth to the expectant
+populace the news that the Germans would sign, and M. Clemenceau,
+turning to me, breathed: "Ah, that is the sound that I have been waiting
+to hear for forty-eight years."</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>II&mdash;WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS<br />
+An Attempt to Raise International Morality to the Level of Private Morality</h2>
+
+<p>On January 8, 1918, President Wilson outlined the fourteen points on the
+basis of which the Allies should make peace. This program was the
+startling climax of a whole series of peace proposals which had kept
+coming from both camps of belligerents, from neutrals, Socialists, and
+the Pope. It is without doubt one of the greatest and most inspiring
+State documents in the history of the world. It struck a vital and
+telling blow at the basic causes of modern wars. For that reason it
+electrified into complete unity the masses of the Allied countries.
+Liberal, radical and pacifist opponents of the war rallied around it as
+the last great hope of civilization. Its most important effect was to
+give a democratic basis to the weary and disillusioned masses of the
+Central Powers who were longing for peace. It was on the basis of the
+fourteen points that the enemy surrendered.</p>
+
+<h3>THE WILSON PROGRAM</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which
+touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible
+unless they were corrected and the world secured once for all against
+their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing
+peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live
+in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation
+which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own
+institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealings by the other
+peoples of the world, as against force and selfish aggression. All the
+peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest and for our
+own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it
+will not be done to us. The programme of the world's peace, therefore,
+is our programme, and that programme, the only possible programme, as we
+see it, is this:</p>
+
+<p>I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall
+be no private international understandings of any kind, but diplomacy
+shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.</p>
+
+<p>II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial
+waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in
+whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of
+international covenants.</p>
+
+<p>III. The removal, as far as possible, of all economic barriers and the
+establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations
+consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national
+armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic
+safety.</p>
+
+<p>V. A free, open minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all
+colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in
+determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the
+populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims
+of the government whose title is to be determined.</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-164.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-164thumb.jpg" width="400" height="208"
+alt="Paris Crowds Greeting President Wilson" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright by Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Paris Crowds Greeting President Wilson</p>
+<p class="description">A general holiday was declared to welcome the President of the United
+States. This photograph was taken in the Place d&eacute; la Concorde.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-164.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>VI. The evacuation of Russian territory and such a settlement of all
+questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest
+co&ouml;peration of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her
+an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent
+determination of her own political development and national policy and
+assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under
+institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance
+also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The
+treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come
+will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her
+needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their
+intelligent and unselfish sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and
+restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys
+in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as
+this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws
+which they have themselves set and demanded for the government of their
+relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure
+and validity of international law is forever impaired.</p>
+
+<p>VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions
+restored, and the wrong done France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of
+Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly
+fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be
+made secure in the interest of all.</p>
+
+<p>IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along
+clearly recognizable lines of nationality.</p>
+
+<p>X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish
+to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest
+opportunity of autonomous development.</p>
+
+<p>XI. Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied
+territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea,
+and the relations of the several Balkan States to one another determined
+by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance
+and nationality, and international guarantees of the political and
+economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan
+States should be entered into.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be
+assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now
+under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and
+an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the
+Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships
+and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.</p>
+
+<p>XIII. An independent Polish State should be erected which should include
+the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish population, which
+should be assured a free and secure access to the sea and whose
+political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be
+guaranteed by international covenant.</p>
+
+<p>XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific
+covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political
+independence and territorial integrity to great and small States alike.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>III&mdash;HOW THE PEACE TREATY WAS SIGNED<br />
+A Description of the Historic Ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace
+of Versailles, June 8, 1919</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">(Reprinted from the New York <cite>Times</cite>.)</p>
+
+<p>No nobler and more eloquent setting could have been found for this
+greatest of all modern events, the signing of the Peace of Versailles,
+after five years of terrific struggle on whose outcome the fate of the
+whole world had hung, than the palace of the greatest of French Kings on
+the hillcrest of the Paris suburb that gave its name to the treaty. To
+reach it, says the correspondent of <cite>The New York Times</cite>, the
+plenipotentiaries and distinguished guests from all parts of the world
+motored to Versailles that day, and drove down the magnificent
+tree-lined Avenue du Ch&acirc;teau, then across the huge
+square&mdash;the famous Place d'Armes of Versailles&mdash;and up through
+the gates and over the cobblestones of the Court of Honor to the
+entrance, where officers of the Republican Guard, whose creation dates
+back to the French Revolution, in picturesque uniform, were drawn up to
+receive them.</p>
+
+<p>All day the crowd had been gathering. It was a cloudy day; not till noon
+did the sky clear. By noon eleven regiments of French cavalry and
+infantry had taken position along the approaches to the palace, while
+within the court on either side solid lines of infantry in horizon blue
+were drawn up at attention.</p>
+
+<p>Hours before the time set for the ceremony an endless stream of
+automobiles began moving out of Paris up the cannon-lined hill of the
+Champs Elys&eacute;es, past the massive Arc de Triomphe, bulking
+somberly against the leaden sky, and out through the Bois de Boulogne.
+This whole thoroughfare was kept clear by pickets, dragoons, and mounted
+gendarmes. In the meantime thousands of Parisians were packing regular
+and special trains on all the lines leading to Versailles, and
+contending with residents of the town for places in the vast park where
+the famous fountains would rise in white fleur-de-lis to mark the end of
+the ceremony.</p>
+
+<h3>A MEMORABLE SCENE</h3>
+
+<p>Past the line of gendarmes thrown across the approaches to the square
+reserved for ticket holders, the crowd surged in a compact and
+irresistible wave, while hundreds of the more fortunate ones took up
+positions in the high windows of every wing of the palace. Up the broad
+boulevard of the Avenue de Paris the endless chain of motor cars rolled
+between rows of French soldiers; and a guard of honor at the end of the
+big court presented arms to the plenipotentiaries and delegates as they
+drove through to the entrance, which for the Allied delegates only was
+by the marble stairway to the "Queen's Apartments" and the Hall of
+Peace, giving access to the Hall of Mirrors. A separate route of entry
+was prescribed for the Germans, an arrangement which angered and
+disconcerted them when they discovered it, through the park and up the
+marble stairway through the ground floor.</p>
+
+<p>The delegates and plenipotentiaries began to arrive shortly after
+2&nbsp;p.&nbsp;m., their automobiles rolling between double lines of
+infantry with bayonets fixed&mdash;it was estimated that there were
+20,000 soldiers altogether guarding the route&mdash;that held back the
+cheering throngs.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+
+The scene from the Court of Honor was impressive. The Place d'Armes was
+a lake of white faces, dappled everywhere by the bright colors of flags
+and fringed with the horizon blue of troops whose bayonets flamed
+silverly as the sun emerged for a moment from behind heavy clouds. At
+least a dozen airplanes wheeled and curvetted above.</p>
+
+<p>Up that triumphal passage, leading for a full quarter of a mile from the
+wings of the palace to the entrance to the Hall of Mirrors,
+representatives of the victorious nations passed in flag-decked
+limousines&mdash;hundreds, one after another, without intermission, for
+fifty minutes. Just inside the golden gates, which were flung wide, they
+passed the big bronze statue of Louis XIV., the "Sun-King," on
+horseback, flanked by statues of the Princes and Governors, Admirals and
+Generals who had made Louis the Grand Monarque of France. And on the
+fa&ccedil;ade of the twin, temple-like structures on either side of the
+great statue they could read as they passed an inscription symbolic of
+the historic ceremony just about to occur: "To All the Glories of
+France."</p>
+
+<h3>NOTABILITIES ARRIVE</h3>
+
+<p>One of the earliest to arrive was Marshal Foch, amid a torrent of
+cheering, which burst out even louder a few moments later when the
+massive head of Premier Clemenceau was seen through the windows of a
+French military car. To these and other leaders, including President
+Wilson, General Pershing, and Premier Lloyd George, the troops drawn up
+all around the courtyard presented arms. After Clemenceau the unique
+procession continued, diplomats, soldiers, Princes of India in gorgeous
+turbans and swarthy faces, dapper Japanese in immaculate Western dress,
+Admirals, aviators, Arabs; one caught a glimpse of the bright colors of
+French, British, and Colonial uniforms. British Tommies and American
+doughboys also dashed up on crowded camions, representing the blood and
+sweat of the hard-fought victory; they got an enthusiastic reception. It
+was 2:45 when Mr. Balfour, bowing and smiling, heralded the arrival of
+the British delegates. Mr. Lloyd George was just behind him, for once
+wearing the conventional high hat instead of his usual felt. At 2:50
+came President Wilson in a black limousine with his flag, a white eagle
+on a dark blue ground; he received a hearty welcome.</p>
+
+<p>By 3 o'clock the last contingent had arrived, and the broad ribbon road
+stretched empty between the lines of troops from the gates of the palace
+courtyard. The Germans had already entered; to avoid any unpleasant
+incident they had been quietly conveyed from their lodgings at the Hotel
+des Reservoirs Annex through the park.</p>
+
+<h3>THE SCENE INSIDE</h3>
+
+<p>The final scene in the great drama was enacted in the magnificent Hall
+of Mirrors. Versailles contains no more splendid chamber than this royal
+hall, whose three hundred mirrors gleam from every wall, whose vaulted
+and frescoed ceiling looms dark and high, in whose vastness the
+footfalls of the passer re-echo over marble floors and die away
+reverberatingly. It was no mere matter of convenience or accident that
+the Germans were brought to sign the Peace Treaty in this hall. For this
+same hall, which saw the German peace delegates of 1919, representing a
+beaten and prostrate Germany, affix their signatures to the Allied terms
+of peace, had witnessed in the year 1871 a very different ceremony. It
+was in the Hall of Mirrors that the German Empire was born. Forty-nine
+years ago, on a January morning, while the forts of beleaguered Paris
+were firing their last defiant shots, in that mirror-gleaming hall was
+inaugurated the reign of that German Empire the virtual end of which, so
+far as the concept held by its originators is concerned, was signalized
+in Versailles in the same spot on Saturday, June 28. And in 1871
+President Thiers had signed there the crushing terms of defeat imposed
+by a victorious and ruthless Germany.</p>
+
+<p>In anticipation of the present ceremony carpets had been laid and the
+ornamental table, with its eighteenth century gilt and bronze
+decorations, had been placed in position on the da&iuml;s where the
+plenipotentiaries were seated. Fronting the chair of M. Clemenceau was
+placed a small table, on which the diplomatic instruments were laid. It
+was to this table that each representative was called, in alphabetical
+order by countries, to sign his name to the treaty and affix to it his
+Governmental
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+
+seal. The four hundred or more invited guests were given places in the
+left wing of the Hall of Mirrors, while the right wing was occupied by
+about the same number of press representatives. Sixty seats were
+allotted to the French press alone. Besides the military guards outside
+the palace, the grand stairway up which the delegates came to enter the
+hall was controlled by the Republican Guards in their most brilliant
+gala uniform.</p>
+
+<h3>THE PEACE TABLE</h3>
+
+<p>The peace table&mdash;a huge hollow rectangle with its open side facing
+the windows in the hall&mdash;was spread with tawny yellow coverings
+blending with the rich browns, blues, and yellows of the antique
+hangings and rugs; these, and the mellow tints of the historical
+paintings, depicting scenes from France's ancient wars, in the arched
+roof of the long hall, lent bright dashes of color to an otherwise
+austere scene. Against the sombre background also stood out the
+brilliant uniforms of a few French guards, in red plumed silver helmets
+and red, white, and blue uniforms, and a group of Allied Generals,
+including General Pershing, who wore the scarlet sash of the Legion of
+Honor.</p>
+
+<p>But all the diplomats and members of the parties who attended the
+ceremony of signing wore conventional civilian clothes. All gold lace
+and pageantry was eschewed, the fanciful garb of the Middle Ages was
+completely absent as representative of traditions and practices sternly
+condemned in the great bound treaty-volume of Japanese paper, covered
+with seals and printed in French and English, which was signed by
+twenty-seven nations that afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>As a contrast with the Franco-German peace session of 1871, held in the
+same hall, there were present some grizzled French veterans of the
+Franco-Prussian war. They took the place of the Prussian guardsmen of
+the previous ceremony, and gazed with a species of grim satisfaction at
+the disciples of Bismarck, who sat this time in the seats of the lowly,
+while the white marble statue of Minerva looked stonily on.</p>
+
+<h3>ENTRANCE OF CHIEF ACTORS</h3>
+
+<p>The ceremony of signing was marked only by three minor incidents: a
+protest by the German delegation at the eleventh hour over the
+provision of separate entrance, the filing of a document of protest by
+General Jan Smuts of the South African delegation, and the deliberate
+absence of the Chinese delegates from the ceremony, due to
+dissatisfaction over the concessions granted to Japan in Shantung.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/ill-167.jpg" width="400" height="536"
+alt="Henry White"
+title="Henry White" />
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Henry White</p>
+<p class="description">Former Ambassador to France and Italy and one of the United States
+delegates to the Peace Conference.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The treaty was deposited on the table at 2:10 p.m. by William Martin of
+the French Foreign Office; it was inclosed in a stamped leather case,
+and bulked large. Because of the size of the volume and the fragile
+seals it bore, the plan to present it for signing to Premier Clemenceau,
+President Wilson, and Premier Lloyd George had been given up. A box of
+old-fashioned goose quills, sharpened by the expert pen pointer of the
+French Foreign Office, was placed on each of the three tables for the
+use of plenipotentiaries who desired to observe the conventional
+formalities.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary Lansing, meanwhile, had been the first of the American
+delegation to arrive in the palace&mdash;at 1:45 p.m. Premier
+Clemenceau
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+
+entered at 2:20. Three detachments each consisting of fifteen private
+soldiers&mdash;from the American, British, and French forces&mdash;just
+before 3 o'clock and took their places in the embrasures of the windows
+overlooking the ch&acirc;teau park, a few feet from Marshal Foch, who
+was seated with the French delegation at the peace table. Marshal Foch
+was present only as a spectator, and did not participate in the signing.
+These forty-five soldiers of the three main belligerent nations were
+present as the real "artisans of peace" and stood within the inclosure
+reserved for plenipotentiaries and high officials of the conference as a
+visible sign of their r&ocirc;le in bringing into being a new Europe.
+These men had been selected from those who bore honorable wounds.
+Premier Clemenceau stepped up to the poilus of the French detachment and
+shook the hand of each, expressing his pleasure at seeing them, and his
+regrets for the suffering they had endured for France.</p>
+
+<h3>PRESIDENT WILSON ENTERS</h3>
+
+<p>Delegates of the minor powers made their way with difficulty through the
+crowd to their places at the table. Officers and civilians lined the
+walls and filled the aisles. President Wilson entered the Hall of
+Mirrors at 2:50. All the Allied delegates were then seated, except the
+Chinese representatives, who were conspicuous by their absence. The
+difficulty of seeing well militated against demonstrations on the
+arrival of prominent statesmen. The crowd refused to be seated and
+thronged toward the center of the hall, which is so long that a good
+view was impossible from any distance, even with the aid of opera
+glasses. German correspondents were ushered into the hall just before 3
+o'clock and took standing room in a window at the rear of the
+correspondents' section.</p>
+
+<p>At 3 o'clock a hush fell over the hall. There were a few moments of
+disorder while the officials and the crowd took their places. At 3:07
+the German delegates, Dr. Hermann M&uuml;ller, German Secretary for
+Foreign Affairs, and Dr. Johannes Bell, Colonial Secretary, were shown
+into the hall; with heads held high they took their seats. The other
+delegates remained seated, according to a prearranged plan reminiscent
+of the discourtesy displayed by von Brockdorff-Rantzau, who at the
+ceremony of delivery of the peace treaty on May 7th, had refused to rise
+to read his address to the Allied delegates. The seats of the German
+delegates touched elbows with the Japanese on the right and the
+Brazilians on the left. They were thus on the side nearest the entrance,
+and the program required them to depart by a separate exit before the
+other delegates at the close of the ceremony. Delegates from Ecuador,
+Peru, and Liberia faced them across the narrow table.</p>
+
+<h3>THE GERMANS SIGN</h3>
+
+<p>M. Clemenceau, as President of the Peace Conference, opened the
+ceremony. Rising, he made the following brief address, amid dead
+silence:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The session is open. The allied and associated powers on one side and
+the German Reich on the other side have come to an agreement on the
+conditions of peace. The text has been completed, drafted, and the
+President of the Conference has stated in writing that the text that is
+about to be signed now is identical with the 200 copies that have been
+delivered to the German delegation. The signatures will be given now,
+and they amount to a solemn undertaking faithfully and loyally to
+execute the conditions embodied by this treaty of peace. I now invite
+the delegates of the German Reich to sign the treaty.'</p></div>
+
+<p>There was a tense pause for a moment. Then in response to M.
+Clemenceau's bidding the German delegates rose without a word, and,
+escorted by William Martin, master of ceremonies, moved to the signatory
+table, where they placed upon the treaty the sign-manuals which German
+Government leaders had declared over and over again, with emphasis and
+anger, would never be appended to this treaty. They also signed a
+protocol covering changes in the documents, and the Polish undertaking.
+All three documents were similarly signed by the Allied delegates who
+followed.</p>
+
+<h3>WILSON SIGNS NEXT</h3>
+
+<p>When the German delegates regained their seats after signing, President
+Wilson immediately rose and, followed by the other American
+plenipotentiaries, moved around the sides of the horseshoe to the
+signature tables. It was thus President Wilson, and not M. Clemenceau,
+who was first of the Allied delegates to sign. This, however, was purely
+what may
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+
+be called an alphabetical honor, in accordance with which the nations
+were named in the prologue to the treaty. Premier Lloyd George, with the
+British delegation, came next. The British dominions followed. M.
+Clemenceau with the French delegates, was next in line; then came Baron
+Saionji and the other Japanese delegates, and they in turn were followed
+by the representatives of the smaller powers.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/ill-169.jpg" width="400" height="571"
+alt="Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau"
+title="Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau" />
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau</p>
+<p class="description">Foreign Minister of Germany and President of the German
+Peace delegates.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the attaching of the signatures of the great powers and the
+Germans a battery of moving picture cameras clicked away so audibly that
+they could be heard above the general noise and disorder of the throng.
+The close of the ceremony came so quickly and quietly that it was
+scarcely noticed until it was all over. M. Clemenceau arose almost
+unremarked, and in a voice half lost amid the confusion and the hum of
+conversation which had sprung up while the minor powers were signing
+declared the conference closed, and asked the Allied and associated
+delegates to remain in their seats for a few moments&mdash;this to
+permit the German plenipotentiaries to leave the building before the
+general exodus.</p>
+
+<h3>THE GERMANS DEPART</h3>
+
+<p>None arose as the Germans filed out, accompanied by their suite of
+secretaries and interpreters, just as all the plenipotentiaries had kept
+their seats when Dr. M&uuml;ller and Dr. Bell entered. The Germans went
+forth evidently suffering strong emotion. Outside an unsympathetic crowd
+jammed close to the cars which took them away. There was no aggression,
+but the sentiment of the throng was unmistakable.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the great guns that announced the closing of the ceremony were
+booming, and their concussion shook the old palace of Versailles to its
+foundations. Amid confusion the assembly dispersed, and the most
+momentous ceremony of the epoch was at an end.</p>
+
+<p>The great war which for five long years had shaken Europe and the world
+was formally ended at last. It was a war which had cost the belligerents
+over $200,000,000,000; which had caused the deaths of 8,000,000 human
+beings, and which had left the world a post-war burden of debt amounting
+to $135,000,000,000. It was a war which had changed the whole face of
+Europe, which had brought many new nations into existence, which had
+revolutionized the organization of all national and international life.
+It was a war which had brought the world the consciousness of its common
+obligation to unite against all war. The booming of the great guns of
+Versailles seemed to proclaim a new epoch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>IV&mdash;THE PEACE TREATY&mdash;ITS MEANING TO AMERICA<br />
+America's "Place in the Sun" Due to Her Efforts to Secure a Just Peace</h2>
+
+<p class="centerdouble">By GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM</p>
+<p class="center">Formerly Attorney-General of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>"The cause of our entrance into the great war," declares Dr. David Jayne
+Hill in a recent essay, "being the violation by the German Imperial
+Government of our legal rights as a nation, our object in the war was to
+make our rights respected. The one clear duty of the treaty-making power
+in concluding peace with Germany, therefore, is to secure this
+result."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a>
+"Americanizing the Treaty."&mdash;<cite>North American Review</cite>, August, 1919.</p></div>
+
+<p>In these words, one of the most distinguished and accomplished of the
+opponents of the treaty of Paris reveals the profound abyss which
+separates those who oppose from those who are urging the approval of the
+Treaty of Versailles. Dr. Hill, perhaps unconsciously, gives expression
+to a sordid, narrow, selfish view of the issues of the war, which would
+transmute into the most elemental act of self-defense one of the
+greatest crusades of high idealism ever conducted by any people in the
+history of nations. If, in fact, the cause of our participation in the
+war was merely to repel attacks upon our legal rights as a nation, then
+indeed, that end being attained, and the aggressor reduced to impotence
+for the future, we may return within our own borders, withdraw unto
+ourselves, disclaim all responsibility for the condition of the world
+elsewhere and plunge into the selfish exploitation of our national
+resources, "the world forgetting, by the world forgot." It is a strange
+perversion of the facts of recent history that leads to such a
+conception of America's responsibility for the future of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>There were undoubtedly, as Mr. Wilson said, "violations of right which
+touched us to the quick." Was it merely violations of our own national
+rights that roused this peace-loving nation to array itself for battle;
+that sent two million of our young men across three thousand miles of
+ocean to take their places beside the heroes of Verdun and the Marne,
+the veterans of Cambrai and Arras, Ypres and the Somme; infused the
+weary defenders of civilization with new courage; converted their
+defense into an irresistible offensive which shattered the greatest
+military machine of history, overthrew the Kaiser and his government,
+and brought the German nation to its knees? No! It was not the German
+attacks upon our rights as a nation; it was the German challenge of the
+whole basis of modern Christian civilization. It was her cynical
+disclaimer of the binding character of treaties; her inhuman method of
+warfare; her brutal cruelties of non-combatant men, women and children;
+her ruthless destruction of monuments of art&mdash;the possessions of
+not merely one nation, but of the entire world of men and women in every
+land who love beauty and revere art. It was the growing conviction that
+a government which ordered the sinking of the <cite>Lusitania</cite> and the
+<cite>Sussex</cite>; that destroyed the priceless literary treasures of Louvain;
+that separated families in Belgium and France, and deported great
+companies of men to work in German munition factories; that ruthlessly
+cut up by the roots the fruit trees and shrubs of the occupied regions
+of France; that sought to destroy not merely the men, but the souls of
+nations, so that its own horrid philosophy of Force might reign over
+them&mdash;that such a government must no longer exist; that its
+pestilential influence was more noxious than tuberculosis or the bubonic
+plague.</p>
+
+<h3>THE BASIS OF PEACE</h3>
+
+<p>Therefore, the Youth of America joyously leaped to arms and crowded
+overseas in the greatest of all crusades, insuring victory and promising
+the opening of a new and better epoch of human history. It was the
+recognition of human kinship; the perception of human brotherhood, that
+inspired them to the great endeavor. Our proud sense of American
+nationality took on a deeper and holier
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+
+significance as we joined forces with the older peoples in defense of
+the great principles of human right which had been formulated by our
+fathers and upon which was reared the American State. We were no less
+Americans that we had accepted a common responsibility with Great
+Britain, France and Italy for the preservation of the ideals of human
+freedom for which Washington fought and Lincoln died. Nay! better
+Americans, as we realized that the war was being fought in defense of
+those principles upon which our own institutions were founded and by
+which we had become the great, strong, free nation we are.</p>
+
+<p>And as the hideous carnage went on, and we saw a whole generation of the
+youth of the free nations of Europe butchered because the German people
+had become so obsessed with their own sense of superiority that they
+were determined to rule the world and impose upon all other peoples
+subservience to their Moloch-like gospel of efficiency, another feeling
+began to struggle for expression in Europe and America alike&mdash;a
+determination that all wars of aggression must cease; that disputes
+between nations must be settled like those between individuals, by
+peaceful arbitration or conciliation; that the causes of war must be
+examined and, so far as possible, removed, and that no such war as this
+ever again should desolate the earth. This was the meaning of the phrase
+one came to hear on many lips, that it was "a war against war." How
+could such a result be attained? Obviously, only by the continued
+association in peace of those powers whose close co&ouml;peration in war
+was compelling the overthrow of German militarism, and the widening of
+that association to include all the other nations who should accept its
+program and give an earnest of adherence to its ideals. There was also
+the hope that some time&mdash;when they should have offered up that
+ancient sacrifice, "an humble and a contrite heart"&mdash;even the
+German people, enfranchised and regenerated, might be admitted into the
+society of Free Peoples and with new significance become entitled to be
+called a civilized nation.</p>
+
+<p>These were the principles that underlay Mr. Wilson's program of
+peace&mdash;the fourteen points of January 8, 1918, and subsequent
+addresses; the only definite formulation of the basis of peace which
+was laid before the world, a program concerning which the American
+Congress expressed no definite criticism and for which it offered no
+substitute; a program which was accepted by Allies and opponents alike,
+and which constituted the Chart by which the Conference of Paris was
+required to endeavor to formulate the terms of the Treaty of Peace.</p>
+
+<p>The work of that Conference now has been submitted to the judgment of
+mankind. It was accepted by the new government of Germany with a wry
+face, as the judgment of the victors naturally would be taken by the
+vanquished. It has been ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain, by
+Italy, by France and by Japan. It has been for weeks under debate in the
+Senate of the United States. Daily efforts have been made to create a
+partisan political issue over it, and to visit upon it party resentment
+against the past actions of the President.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a>
+This article by Mr. Wickersham was prepared prior to the Senate
+deadlock and the rejection of the Treaty with the Lodge reservations.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Hill again sums up the case against the treaty&mdash;the final basis
+which the confused gropings after some means of making it unpopular with
+the people finally have evolved&mdash;in these words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The League of Nations, as proposed, includes not only obligations not
+related to the reasons for engaging in the war, but also obligations
+opposed to the traditions, the time-honored policies, and even the
+constitutional provisions of the United States. It commits the whole
+future policy of this country to the decisions of an international body
+in which it would have only a single voice; it permits that body to
+intrude its judgments, and thereby its policies into a sphere hitherto
+regarded as exclusively American, and, in addition, it demands that the
+territories held by each of the members of the League under this treaty
+shall receive the permanent protection of the United States as integral
+parts of the Nations that now claim them."</p></div>
+
+<p>Is it true? What is the real meaning of the Peace Treaty and its effect
+upon the people of the United States? The answer to these questions, and
+indeed to most of the criticism of the Covenant, is conclusively met by
+a reading of the treaty. But first let us turn for a moment to the
+fourteen points of Mr. Wilson's address of January 8, 1918. The basis of
+the territorial readjustment of Europe which he then proposed, was the
+giving
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+
+of national expression to racial aspiration. Alien imperial rule such as
+that of Austria over Hungary and Bohemia, and that of Germany, Austria
+or Russia over Poland, was to end, and the Poles, the Croats, Serbs,
+Hungarians, Bohemians, and the Czechoslavs and Jugoslavs each were to be
+allowed national existence, with the right of self-determination.
+Whatever may now be thought of the wisdom of this theory, it was
+accepted by all of the Allies, who thereby were committed to a
+responsibility for the protection, certainly in the early years of their
+existence, of the new nations they united to call into being.
+Recognizing this fact, the fourteenth of the Wilson points provided for
+the creation of an Association of the Allied Nations to protect the work
+of their arms. Aside from that practical purpose, the League of Nations
+was recognized by many in every land as furnishing the only practicable
+machinery for the removal of causes of war and the prevention of new
+assaults upon civilization, such as that which Germany had launched in
+August, 1914.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-172.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-172thumb.jpg" width="400" height="273"
+alt="Victoria Hall at Geneva"
+title="Victoria Hall at Geneva" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">Victoria Hall at Geneva</p>
+<p class="description">Selected by the Council of the Powers as the meeting place of the League
+of Nations.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-172.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first Chapter of the Peace Treaty, therefore, is a Covenant or
+Compact forming a League of Nations, whose purpose, as expressed in the
+Preamble, is "to promote international co&ouml;peration and to achieve
+international peace and security." Worthy objects, these: how are they
+to be attained? The Preamble answers,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the
+prescription of open, just and honorable relations between nations, by
+the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as to
+actual rule of conduct among governments, and by the maintenance of
+justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the
+dealings of organized peoples with one another."</p></div>
+
+<p>Are not these methods such as America has made her own? Have we not in
+many treaties accepted obligations not to make war until all
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+
+peaceful methods of settling disputes shall have been exhausted; have we
+not striven to make the principles of international law rules for the
+government of nations; and was not one of the main points in the
+indictment of Germany on which we prosecuted the war against her that
+she had flouted the sanctity of treaties and made them mere scraps of
+paper?</p>
+
+<p>The objects of the League therefore, as set forth in the Covenant, are
+expressive only of policies and principles to which the United States
+has given a consistent and unbroken adherence from the days of the Jay
+Treaty to the present hour. How are these objects proposed to be
+attained in the text of the Covenant? What is there in its provisions to
+justify the frantic abuse that has been heaped upon it by its opponents
+and to sustain the final accusation that it is "un-American?"</p>
+
+<h3>MACHINERY OF THE LEAGUE</h3>
+
+<p>First, as to the Machinery of the League. There is an Assembly of its
+members to which each Sovereign State may send delegates. There is an
+Assembly of its members to which each nation necessarily has one vote.
+In the United States Senate, Rhode Island and New York have equal
+representation, despite disparity in wealth and population. The
+principle of sovereignty requires this recognition of equality. But the
+powers of the Assembly are restricted to voting upon the admission of
+new members to the League, the addition of members to the Council, the
+disposition of international disputes which may be referred to it by the
+Council under Article XV, and the general consideration at its meetings
+of "any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting
+the peace of the world." This general authority only can embrace the
+right of discussion, save in very exceptional cases, as by Article V,
+"decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall
+require the agreement of all the members of the League represented at
+the meeting."</p>
+
+<p>The actual governing body of the League is the Council, which is to
+consist of representatives of the five greater powers,&mdash;the United
+States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan, together with
+representatives of four other members of the League selected by the
+Assembly from time to time. These numbers may be increased, but only by
+the unanimous vote of the Council, approved by a majority of the
+Assembly.</p>
+
+<p>As noted above, save in the very few expressly expected cases, the
+Council can reach decisions only by unanimous vote. What are to be its
+functions? They need not be enumerated in detail here. Briefly, they
+deal with the reduction of armaments, the control by governments of the
+private manufacture of munitions and implements of war, the
+consideration of any war or threat of war&mdash;"of any circumstance
+whatever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb
+either the peace or the good understanding between nations upon which
+peace depends." They require the formulation and submission to the
+members of the League for adoption of plans for the establishment of a
+permanent Court of International Justice. They empower the Council to
+endeavor to effect a settlement of any international dispute which shall
+not be submitted to arbitration by the parties; to investigate, consider
+and report upon any such dispute, and to publish its conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>The parties to the League solemnly covenant and agree that if any
+dispute shall arise between them likely to lead to a rupture they will
+submit it either to arbitration or inquiry by the Council, and that in
+no case will they resort to war until three months after the award by
+the arbitrators or the report by the Council. They agree also to carry
+out in good faith any award that may be rendered, and not to make war
+against any member of the League that complies therewith. If a report by
+the Council is unanimously agreed to by its members, other than the
+representatives of the disputants, the members agree not to go to war
+with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of
+the report.</p>
+
+<h3>OBJECTIONS TO THE PLAN</h3>
+
+<p>It is objected by some that the decision of questions between nations by
+these provisions is left to a body of delegates composing the Council
+who are not bound to decide according to rules of international law, but
+may reach conclusions merely as political expediency. This seems a
+strained interpretation.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+
+The members of the League agree to submit either (1) to arbitration or
+(2) to investigation by the Council, every dispute which may arise
+between them likely to lead to a rupture and in no case to resort to war
+until three months after the award by arbitrators or the report by the
+Council. They declare (by Article XIII)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of
+international law, as to the existence of any fact which, if
+established, would constitute a breach of any international obligation,
+or as to the extent and nature of the reparation to be made for any such
+breach," to be among those which are generally suitable for submission
+to arbitration. Disputes of the character thus enumerated are what are
+known as justiciable, <span lang="la">i. e.</span>, subject to be decided by a Court by the
+application of the recognized principles of international law.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Root recommended that such disputes should be required to be
+arbitrated. The Conference at Paris, like those at the two Hague
+Conferences, would not agree to that. But in view of the declaration
+just quoted, any power which should bring before the Council a dispute
+of the character mentioned, but which it was unwilling to submit to
+arbitration, would have the burden of showing convincing reason for such
+attitude.</p>
+
+<p>When the first draft of the Covenant was before the country, American
+critics objected that it would compel the United States to submit to
+arbitration on inquiry by the Council purely domestic questions such as
+tariff, immigration and coastwise traffic. To meet this objection, there
+was inserted in Art. XV the following paragraph:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is
+found by the Council to arise out of a matter which by international law
+is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council
+shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement."</p></div>
+
+<p>To this it is objected that the determination of the question whether or
+not a matter of dispute is by the rules of international law solely with
+the domestic jurisdiction of a member is left to the Council and not to
+the member. Surely, it requires no explanation to demonstrate, that if a
+member State may oust the Council of jurisdiction to inquire into a
+given dispute which threatens the peace of the world merely by itself
+asserting that it arises out of a matter within its exclusive domestic
+jurisdiction, a very imperfect means of averting war will have been
+provided, and the League Covenant will hardly have more efficacy than
+the second Hague Convention. Remember too, that the reports of the
+Council must be unanimous, and the unreasonableness of the objection to
+the provisions cited will appear.</p>
+
+<h3>MEANS TO PREVENT WAR</h3>
+
+<p>Articles XI to XVI constitute the heart of the Covenant, the most
+effective means ever formulated to prevent war. The agreements of the
+nations not to resort to war until the processes of arbitration or
+inquiry are exhausted, are buttressed by the provision that should any
+member violate these agreements it shall <span lang="la">ipso facto</span> be deemed to have
+committed an act of war against all the other members of the League,
+entailing as a consequence commercial boycott, expulsion and the
+application of armed force, if the members shall so determine. The
+employment of force in this case, as in every other contemplated by the
+Covenant, is not left to the decision of Council or Assembly. They can
+only recommend. The member States agree <em>not to go</em> to war. There is
+nowhere in the document any provision compelling them <em>to go</em> to war.
+Even where one State in violation of its Covenant threatens the peace of
+the world, the utmost the Council can do is</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To recommend to the several governments concerned what effective
+military or naval forces the members of the League shall severally
+contribute to the armaments of forces to be used to protect the
+covenants of the League."</p></div>
+
+<p>Much heated objection has been directed against Article X, which reads
+as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against
+external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political
+independence of all members of the League. In case of any such
+aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression, the
+Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be
+fulfilled.'</p></div>
+
+<p>Again, it is left to the determination of each State what force it shall
+employ to enforce this provision. As a matter of fact, this article adds
+little, if anything, to the provisions of Article XI, which declares
+that "Any war
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+
+or threat of war ... is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole
+League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and
+effectual to safeguard the peace of nations." Any external aggression
+against the territorial integrity or political independence of a member
+of the League would amount to a war or threat of war, and would invoke
+action under Article XI, if not under Article X. But the guaranty of
+Article X
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+
+is very necessary as affording a moral protection to the new nations
+brought into being through the peace Conference. The United States of
+America, whose President formulated the principles of peace to which
+these Nations owe their existence, can not afford to shirk
+responsibility for their protection. The Covenant abolishes the evil of
+secret treaties between the nations composing the League, while
+preserving the effectiveness of existing treaties of arbitration.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-175.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-175thumb.jpg" width="400" height="524"
+alt="William Howard Taft"
+title="William Howard Taft" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Harris &amp; Ewing</p>
+<p class="caption">William Howard Taft</p>
+<p class="description">An earnest supporter of the President and his administration throughout
+the war, though of the opposite party.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-175.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE MONROE DOCTRINE</h3>
+
+<p>To meet the objection that the Covenant would deprive us of the Monroe
+Doctrine&mdash;a national policy adopted by the United States as its own
+and maintained for its own protection&mdash;Article XXI of the amended
+Covenant provides that&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of
+international engagements such as treaties of arbitration or regional
+understandings like the Monroe Doctrine for securing the maintenance of
+peace."</p></div>
+
+<p>The phrase "regional understanding," as applied to the Monroe Doctrine,
+is not a happy one. But the article certainly excludes the Monroe
+Doctrine from modification or effect by the treaty. It secures from
+every one of the thirty-two original members and the thirteen other
+states which shall be invited to join the League, a recognition of the
+existence of the Monroe Doctrine and an agreement that it is not to be
+affected by anything contained in the Covenant. Certainly <em>that</em> is not
+an un-American result to accomplish, and when one reads Dr. Hill's
+statement that the Covenant "does not embody our traditional American
+ideals," one wonders in what museum of forgotten lore the learned doctor
+has found those "traditional ideals" preserved. Dr. Hill's so-called
+ideals conflict with the expression in this great treaty of the
+peculiarly American ideal of averting war by providing peaceful methods
+of settling disputes among nations, with the express recognition by all
+the other nations of the doctrine that "was proclaimed in 1823 to
+prevent America from becoming a theater for the intrigues of European
+absolutism," and with the official commentary of the Delegates of Great
+Britain which says that&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"At first a principle of American foreign <em>policy</em>, it (Monroe Doctrine)
+has become an international <em>understanding</em>, and it is not illegitimate
+for the people of the United States to ask that the Covenant should
+recognize this fact."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GERMAN COLONIES</h3>
+
+<p>One of the most difficult problems presented to the Peace Conference was
+the disposition of the former colonies of Germany in Asia, Africa and
+Australasia, and of the communities formerly belonging to the Turkish
+Empire. It was recognized that the victors in the war shared a common
+responsibility for the just and wise treatment of these peoples, who
+were utterly unable to stand alone. The method adopted declared all of
+them to be wards of the League of Nations and provided that they should
+be governed by Mandatory Powers willing to undertake the task and
+appointed by the League under charters framed by the Council. These
+Powers would be answerable to the League for the right exercise of their
+powers, and subject to inspection and report. A great deal of
+impassioned rhetoric has been expended over these provisions, upon the
+false assumption that thereby the United States was committed to a
+responsibility for the government of remote regions of the earth. The
+Covenant commits us to nothing. Our participation in the war has
+entailed upon us a common responsibility with our Allies for the
+protection and wise government of these communities. We no more can
+escape that responsibility with honor than we could after the Spanish
+War escape responsibility for the Philippine Islands.</p>
+
+<p>But it is for the American Congress to determine the extent of
+recognition of our duty and the means by which we shall discharge it.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the Philippine Islands, the United States set for the
+world a great moral example in the government of colonies, not in its
+own interest, but for the benefit and exclusively in the interest of the
+inhabitants of possessions which fell into our hands as a consequence of
+the war with Spain. The principle thus proclaimed and practiced has been
+followed in the case of the colonies and territories which the World War
+has left at the disposition of the Allied and Associated
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+
+Nations. This principle, in the words of the Covenant, is "that the
+well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of
+civilization." The best method yet devised for giving practicable effect
+to this principle undoubtedly is,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That the tutelage of such peoples be intrusted to advanced nations who,
+by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical
+position, can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to
+accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as
+mandatories on behalf of the League."</p></div>
+
+<p>This is the American attitude toward undeveloped peoples. To remove
+these provisions from the Peace Treaty would be to <em>de</em>-Americanize the
+Treaty.</p>
+
+<h3>MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS</h3>
+
+<p>The Covenant brings within the cognizance of the League the regulation
+of international relations affecting (1) efforts to secure and maintain
+fair and humane conditions of labor for men, women and children&mdash;a
+subject elaborated and provided for in great detail in Part XIII of the
+Peace Treaty; (2) the execution of international agreements with regard
+to traffic in women and children, and in opium and other dangerous
+drugs; (3) the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which
+the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest; (4) the
+prevention and control of disease.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the League further agree (1)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communication and
+of transit and <em>equitable</em> treatment for the commerce of all members of
+the League,"</p></div>
+
+<p>and (2)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"to encourage and promote the establishment and co&ouml;peration of duly
+authorized voluntary national Red Cross organizations having as purposes
+improvement of health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of
+suffering throughout the world."</p></div>
+
+<p>All these are subjects customarily dealt with in international
+agreements. These provisions are designed to bring into
+co&ouml;rdination with the League and make more effective all provisions
+concerning such matters.</p>
+
+<p>The framers of this great program recognized that it was, necessarily,
+an experiment, and that experience doubtless would develop defects and
+suggest needed changes. Provision is therefor made for amendments which
+should take effect when ratified by the members of the League whose
+representatives compose the Council, and by a majority of the members
+whose representatives compose the Assembly. But, preserving the theory
+that the League is to be an alliance of Sovereign Powers, it also is
+provided that no member shall be bound against his will by any such
+amendment. It may dissent, and thereby cease to be a member of the
+League.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, any member may, at will, after two years' notice, withdraw from
+the League,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations
+under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its
+withdrawal."</p></div>
+
+<p>No jurisdiction is vested in any organ of the League to determine
+whether or not in any instance this condition has been complied with. It
+is conceivable that pending some arbitration or inquiry by the Council,
+the application of a commercial boycott or other disciplinary process
+for violation of a provision of the Covenant, the offending power should
+seek to escape the jurisdiction of the League, by exercising the right
+of withdrawal. The period of notice probably is too long to allow of
+this, and yet the slow process of international procedure might require
+more than two years to reach a conclusion. Does it not seem fair that
+before a nation should withdraw from this great association it should be
+required to fulfil its obligations under the treaty?</p>
+
+<h3>PROBABILITY OF WAR MINIMIZED</h3>
+
+<p>The treaty of peace with Germany deals with many questions of vital
+import to European nations, but with which America has but little direct
+concern. Part I, the Covenant, is the section which touches us most
+nearly. It is the part which embodies the idealism of our people, and
+through which we are enabled to discharge the responsibilities we
+assumed by formulating for friend and foe the conditions of peace. Human
+nature changes but little from century to century, but the highest and
+purest aspirations of the human heart find expression from age to age
+with greater force and with wider acceptance. Doubtless, in the future,
+the passions of man
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+
+will again flare up in bloody wars, but the creation of an adequate
+machinery for discussion and cooling reflection, must tend to minimize
+the probabilities of war. The spirits of millions of slaughtered youth
+who sleep in the fields of France and Flanders call out to us, for whom
+they died, to consecrate their sacrifice by a new and greater endeavor
+to safeguard the future peace of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The conferees of Paris have formulated a measure for this purpose. It is
+not perfect. Experience may develop even greater imperfections than
+study has revealed. But it contains much of hope and promise. It is
+practical; it is subject to amendment. It commits no one irrevocably to
+its provisions. It is instinct with American idealism. It is in accord
+with the best American traditions. Washington, Lincoln, McKinley, and
+Roosevelt&mdash;each has contributed to the establishment of some of its
+main provisions. No partisan, no provincial prejudice should be
+permitted to influence or control the judgment of our people concerning
+it.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>When Peace Came to Verdun</h3>
+
+<p>It was 10:45 on the morning of November 11th in Verdun. The Germans had
+thrown a barrage over the little French city, now immortal; and shells
+were falling, plowing up the earth that had been turned over and over,
+ground to powder by four years of artillery fire. Would the Germans stop
+at 11 o'clock? Reason said "yes." Everyone in Verdun knew that at that
+hour the armistice would go into effect.</p>
+
+<p>It was 10:50. The guns continued bellowing. A feeling deeper than reason
+came over those in the city that the Germans would not stop. Verdun had
+lived through four years of fire, smoke, thunder, blood, and ruin.
+Sometimes for days there would be a lull, but the guns were never quiet
+long. The Germans never forgave the "they-shall-not-pass" spirit that
+had hurled them back just as the prize&mdash;this military key to the
+West front&mdash;seemed within their grasp.</p>
+
+<p>It was 10:55. Men were crouching between buildings. They kept
+coming&mdash;doughboys, Morrocans, English soldiers, more doughboys.
+Even the general and his aids began to look anxious.</p>
+
+<p>"Then," says B. C. Edworthy in <cite>Association Men</cite>, "as suddenly as though
+God himself had dropped a wet blanket over the crackling flames of hell
+and at one blow had extinguished them all, the firing ceased. There was
+an instant's pause, in which it seemed as though the world had come to
+an end. Then from the forty bells, high in the still untouched towers of
+that old cathedral at Verdun, which had witnessed the most heroic
+sacrifice of life and love save that on Calvary alone, pealed forth as
+did the voices over the Bethlehem hills those silver tones that once
+again were saying, 'Peace on Earth.' The men were joyously and
+deliriously leaping about, yelling and shouting and singing and kissing
+one another. Slowly those heavy cathedral doors opened and in rushed
+about six hundred of the Allied soldiers."</p>
+
+<p>There were Mohammedans, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. They pressed
+forward into the choir space, the roofs above them open to heaven. A
+simple impromptu service of thanksgiving followed. An English soldier
+led the Doxology, and all who knew the hymn joined in. Six hundred
+worshipers knelt, each soldier praying according to his faith.
+Mohammedans bowed to the stones, Catholics crossed themselves, Jews and
+Protestants with moving lips bent their heads or lifted their faces to
+heaven. Dr. Oscar E. Maurer, of New Haven, Conn., led the <cite>Lord's
+Prayer</cite>. As the strange congregation rose, the Americans began "My
+Country 'tis of Thee," the English joining in with "God Save the King."</p>
+
+<p>There could be only one closing hymn in that battered shell of Verdun
+Cathedral. Now, as though it had been arranged, the French pushed
+forward and began the "Marseillaise." It was the singing of the soul of
+a nation, a soul redeemed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>Allons, enfants de la patrie<br />
+Le jour de gloire est arriv&eacute;</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Peace had come to Verdun, deliverance to France, safety to the world.
+With the last words of the national hymn of France, the service was
+finished, and the worshipers turned and reverently left the building.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS</h2>
+
+<p>(Signed June 28, 1919, Rejected by the United States, November 19, 1919
+and Again Rejected, with the Lodge Reservations, March 19, 1920)</p>
+
+<p>The preamble contains the names of the plenipotentiaries that took part
+in the negotiations and signed the treaty, with a few exceptions: Dr.
+Hermann M&uuml;ller and Dr. Johannes Bell were substituted for
+Brockdorff-Rantzau and his associates, China's delegates refused to sign
+on account of the Shantung concessions to Japan, and Italy was
+represented by a new commission headed by Signor Tittoni, the new
+Foreign Minister.</p>
+
+<p>The text here reproduced is the revised edition of the treaty
+distributed in French and English among the delegates at the time of the
+signing. The copy actually signed is deposited in the archives of the
+Republic of France in Paris.</p>
+
+<h2>PREAMBLE</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy, and
+Japan, these powers being described in the present treaty as the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers; Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, China,
+Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia,
+Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, the
+Serb-Croat-Slovene State; Siam, Czechoslovakia, and Uruguay, these
+powers constituting with the principal powers mentioned above the Allied
+and Associated Powers of the one part; and Germany, of the other part:
+Bearing in mind that on the request of the Imperial German Government an
+armistice was granted on Nov. 11, 1918, to Germany by the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers in order that a treaty of peace might be
+concluded with her, and the Allied and Associated Powers being equally
+desirous that the war in which they were successively involved directly
+or indirectly, and which originated in the declaration of war by
+Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914, against Serbia; the declaration of war
+by Germany against Russia on Aug. 1, 1914, and against France on Aug. 3,
+1914, and in the invasion of Belgium, should be replaced by a firm,
+just, and durable peace;</p>
+
+<p>For this purpose the high contracting parties represented as follows:</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, by:</p>
+
+<p>The Honorable Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, acting in
+his own name and by his own proper authority;</p>
+
+<p>The Honorable Robert Lansing, Secretary of State;</p>
+
+<p>The Honorable Henry White, formerly Ambassador Extraordinary and
+Plenipotentiary of the United States at Rome and Paris;</p>
+
+<p>The Honorable Edward M. House;</p>
+
+<p>General Tasker H. Bliss, Military Representative of the United States on
+the Supreme War Council;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
+AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, EMPEROR OF INDIA, by:</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable David Lloyd George, M. P., First Lord of his
+Treasury and Prime Minister;</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Andrew Bonar Law, M. P., his Lord Privy Seal;</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Viscount Milner, G. C. B., G. C. M. G., his
+Secretary of State for the Colonies;</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P., his Secretary of
+State for Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable George Nicoll Barnes, M. P., Minister without
+portfolio; and</p>
+
+<p>FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA, by:</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Sir George Eulas Foster, G. C. M. G., Minister of
+Trade and Commerce;</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Charles Joseph Doherty, Minister of Justice;</p>
+
+<p>FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, by:</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable William Morris Hughes, Attorney General and Prime
+Minister;</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Sir Joseph Cook, G. C. M. G., Minister for the Navy;</p>
+
+<p>FOR THE DOMINION OF SOUTH AFRICA, by:</p>
+
+<p>General the Right Honorable Louis Botha, Prime Minister;</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. General the Right Honorable Jan Christiaan Smuts, K. C., Minister
+of Defense;</p>
+
+<p>FOR THE DOMINION OF NEW ZEALAND, by:</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable William Ferguson Massey, Minister of Labor and Prime
+Minister;</p>
+
+<p>FOR INDIA, by:</p>
+
+<p>The Right Honorable Edwin Samuel Montagu, M. P., his Secretary of State
+for India;</p>
+
+<p>Major General his Highness Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of
+Bikanir, G. C. S. I., G. C. I. E., G. C. V. O., K. C. B., A. D. C.;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council, Minister of War;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. L. L. Klotz, Minister of Finance;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Andr&eacute; Tardieu, Commissary General for Franco-American
+Military Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jules Cambon, Ambassador of France;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. V. E. Orlando, President of the Council of Ministers;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a>
+On account of the overthrow of the Orlando Ministry and the
+formation of the Nitti Ministry, the treaty was signed by a delegation
+headed by Signor Tittoni, the New Foreign Minister.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Baron S. Sonnino, Minister of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. S. Crespi, Deputy, Minister of Supplies;</p>
+
+<p>Marquis G. Imperiali, Senator of the Kingdom, Ambassador of his Majesty
+the King of Italy at London;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. S. Barzilai, Deputy, formerly Minister;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN, by:</p>
+
+<p>Marquis Saionji, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;</p>
+
+<p>Baron Makino, formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs, member of the
+Diplomatic Council;</p>
+
+<p>Viscount Chinda, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M.
+the Emperor of Japan at London;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. K. Matsui, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the
+Emperor of Japan at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. H. Ijuin, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the
+Emperor of Japan at Rome;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hymans, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of State;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Den Heuvel, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
+H. M. the King of the Belgians, Minister of State;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Vandervelde, Minister of Justice, Minister of State;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ismael Montes, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
+Bolivia at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Epitacio Pessoa, formerly Minister of State, formerly member of the
+Supreme Court of Justice, Federal Senator;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pandi&aacute; Calogeras, Deputy, formerly Minister of Finance;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Raul Ferdnandes;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>by;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lou Tseng-Tsiang, Minister of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chengting Thomas Wang, formerly Minister of Agriculture and
+Commerce;</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a>
+Refused to sign on account of Shantung concessions to Japan.</p></div>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE CUBAN REPUBLIC, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Antonio Sanchez de Bustamante, Dean of The Faculty of Law in the
+University of Havana, President of the Cuban Society of International
+Law;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Enrique Dorn y de Alsua, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+Plenipotentiary of Ecuador at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Eleftherios Venizelos, President of the Council of Ministers;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nicolas Politis, Minister of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joaquin Mendez, formerly Minister of State for Public Works and
+Public Instruction, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
+Guatemala at Washington, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+Plenipotentiary on Special Mission at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tertullien Guilbaud, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+Plenipotentiary of Haiti at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HEDJAZ, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rustem Haidar;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Abdul Hadi Aouni;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS, by:</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Policarpe Bonilla, on special mission to Washington, formerly
+President of the Republic of Honduras, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+Plenipotentiary;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA, by:</p>
+
+<p>The Honorable C. D. B. King, Secretary of State;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Salvador Chamorro, President of the Chamber of Deputies;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Antonio Burgos, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
+Panama at Madrid;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Carlos G. Candamo, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
+of Peru at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE POLISH REPUBLIC, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Roman Dmowski, President of the Polish National Committee;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ignace Paderewski, President of the Council of Ministers, Minister
+of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE PORTUGESE REPUBLIC, by:</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Affonso Costa, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Augusto Soares, formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF RUMANIA, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jean J. C. Bratiano, President of the Council of Ministers, Minister
+of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>General Constantin Coanda, Corps Commander, A. D. C. to the King,
+formerly President of the Council of Ministers;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS, AND THE SLOVENES, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. N. P. Pachitch, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ante Trumbic, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Milenko R. Vesnitch,
+Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of
+the Serbs, the Croats, and the Slovenes at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SIAM, by:</p>
+
+<p>Prince Charoon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of H.
+M. the King of Siam at Paris;</p>
+
+<p>Prince Traidos Prabandhu, Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHO-SLOVAK REPUBLIC, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles Kramar, President of the Council of Ministers;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Edouard Benes, Minister of Foreign Affairs;</p>
+
+<p>THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY, by:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Juan Antonio Buero, Minister of Industry, formerly Minister of
+Foreign Affairs;</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-181.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-181thumb.jpg" width="400" height="541"
+alt="Woodrow Wilson"
+title="Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States " />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+On January 8, 1918, President Wilson outlined the fourteen points on the
+basis of which the Allies should make peace.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-181.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>GERMANY,<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>by;</p>
+
+<p>Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Empire;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a>
+Treaty Signed by Dr. Hermann M&uuml;ller, Minister for Foreign Affairs
+of the Empire, and Dr. Johannes Bell, Minister of the Empire.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Landsberg, Minister of Justice of the Empire;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Giesberts, Minister of Posts of the Empire;</p>
+
+<p>Oberb&uuml;rgermeister Leinert, President of the Prussian National
+Assembly;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Sch&uuml;cking;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Karl Melchior; Acting in the name of the German Empire and of each
+and every component State.</p></div>
+
+<p>WHO having communicated their full powers found in good and due form
+HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:</p>
+
+<p>From the coming into force of the present treaty the state of war will
+terminate. From that moment and subject to the provisions of this treaty
+official relations with Germany and with any of the German States will
+be resumed by the Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART I<br />
+The Covenant of the League of Nations</h2>
+
+<p>The high contracting parties, in order to promote international
+co&ouml;peration and to achieve international peace and security by the
+acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of
+open, just, and honorable relations between nations, by the firm
+establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual
+rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and
+a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of
+organized peoples with one another, agree to this covenant of the League
+of Nations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 1.</strong>&mdash;The original members of the League of Nations shall be
+those of the signatories which are named in the annex to this covenant
+and also such of those other States named in the annex as shall accede
+without reservation to this covenant. Such accession shall be effected
+by a declaration deposited with the secretariat within two months of the
+coming into force of the covenant. Notice thereof shall be sent to all
+other members of the League.</p>
+
+<p>Any fully self-governing State, dominion, or colony not named in the
+annex may become a member of the League if its admission is agreed to by
+two-thirds of the assembly, provided that it shall give effective
+guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its international
+obligations, and shall accept such regulations as may be prescribed by
+the League in regard to its military, naval and air forces and
+armaments.</p>
+
+<p>Any member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention
+so to do, withdraw from the League, provided that all its international
+obligations and all its obligations under this covenant shall have been
+fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 2.</strong>&mdash;The action of the League under this covenant shall be
+effected through the instrumentality of an assembly and of a council,
+with a permanent secretariat.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 3.</strong>&mdash;The assembly shall consist of representatives of the
+members of the League.</p>
+
+<p>The assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as
+occasion may require at the seat of the League or at such other place as
+may be decided upon.</p>
+
+<p>The assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere
+of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.</p>
+
+<p>At meetings of the assembly each member of the League shall have one
+vote, and may have not more than three representatives.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 4.</strong>&mdash;The council shall consist of representatives of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, together with representatives of
+four other members of the League. These four members of the League shall
+be selected by the assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until
+the appointment of the representatives of the four members of the League
+first selected by the assembly, representatives of Belgium, Brazil,
+Spain, and Greece shall be members of the council.</p>
+
+<p>With the approval of the majority of the assembly, the council may name
+additional members of the League whose representatives shall always be
+members of the council; the council with like approval may increase the
+number of members of the League to be selected by the assembly for
+representation on the council.</p>
+
+<p>The council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at
+least once a year, at the seat of the League, or at such other place as
+may be decided upon.</p>
+
+<p>The council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere
+of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Any member of the League not represented on the council shall be invited
+to send a representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the
+council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the
+interests of that member of the League.</p>
+
+<p>At meetings of the council, each member of the League represented on the
+council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one
+representative.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 5.</strong>&mdash;Except where otherwise expressly provided in this
+covenant or by the terms of the present treaty, decisions at any meeting
+of the assembly or of the council shall require the agreement of all the
+members of the League represented at the meeting.</p>
+
+<p>All matters of procedure at meetings of the assembly or of the council,
+including the appointment of committees to investigate particular
+matters, shall be regulated by the assembly or by the council and may be
+decided by a majority of the members of the League represented at the
+meeting.</p>
+
+<p>The first meeting of the assembly and the first meeting of the council
+shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 6.</strong>&mdash;The permanent secretariat shall be established at the
+seat of the League. The secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General
+and such secretaries and staff as may be required.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the annex;
+thereafter the Secretary General shall be appointed by the council with
+the approval of the majority of the assembly.</p>
+
+<p>The secretaries and staff of the secretariat shall be appointed by the
+Secretary General with the approval of the council.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the
+assembly and of the council.</p>
+
+<p>The expenses of the secretariat shall be borne by the members of the
+League in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the
+International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 7.</strong>&mdash;The seat of the League is established at Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>The council may at any time decide that the seat of the League shall be
+established elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>All positions under or in connection with the League, including the
+secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women.</p>
+
+<p>Representatives of the members of the League and officials of the League
+when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic
+privileges and immunities.</p>
+
+<p>The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials
+or by representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 8.</strong>&mdash;The members of the League recognize that the
+maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the
+lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by
+common action of international obligations.</p>
+
+<p>The council, taking account of the geographical situation and
+circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction
+for the consideration and action of several Governments.</p>
+
+<p>Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least
+every ten years.</p>
+
+<p>After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments,
+the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the
+concurrence of the council.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the League agree that the manufacture by private
+enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave
+objections. The council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon
+such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the
+necessities of those members of the League which are not able to
+manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their
+safety.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank
+information as to the scale of their armaments, their military and naval
+programs and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable
+to warlike purposes.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 9.</strong>&mdash;A permanent commission shall be constituted to advise
+the council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and
+on military and naval questions generally.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 10.</strong>&mdash;The members of the League undertake to respect and
+preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and
+existing political independence of all members of the League. In case of
+any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such
+aggression the council shall advise upon the means by which this
+obligation shall be fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 11.</strong>&mdash;Any war or threat of war, whether immediately
+affecting any of the members of the League or not, is hereby declared a
+matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any
+action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of
+nations. In case any such emergency should arise the Secretary General
+shall on the request of any member of the League forthwith summon a
+meeting of the council.</p>
+
+<p>It is also declared to be the friendly right of each member of the
+League to bring to the attention of the assembly or of the council any
+circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens
+to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations
+upon which peace depends.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 12.</strong>&mdash;The members of the League agree that if there should
+arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will
+submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the council,
+and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the
+award by the arbitrators or the report by the council.</p>
+
+<p>In any case under this article the award of the arbitrators shall be
+made within a reasonable time, and the report of the council shall be
+made within six months after the submission of the dispute.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 13.</strong>&mdash;The members of the League agree that whenever any
+dispute shall arise between them which they recognize to be suitable for
+submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by
+diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration.</p>
+
+<p>Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of
+international law, as to the existence of any fact which if established
+would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the
+extent and nature of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are
+declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission
+to arbitration.</p>
+
+<p>For the consideration of any such dispute the Court of Arbitration to
+which the case is referred shall be the court agreed on by the parties
+to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good
+faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to
+war against a member of the League which complies therewith. In the
+event of any failure to carry out such an award, the council shall
+propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 14.</strong>&mdash;The council shall formulate and submit to the members
+of the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent
+Court of International Justice.</p>
+
+<p>The court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an
+international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The
+court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question
+referred to it by the council or by the assembly.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 15.</strong>&mdash;If there should arise between members of the League
+any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to
+arbitration in accordance with Article 13, the members of the League
+agree that they will submit the matter to the council. Any party to the
+dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of
+the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary
+arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof.</p>
+
+<p>For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the
+Secretary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case
+with all the relevant facts and papers, and the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
+
+council may forthwith direct the publication thereof.</p>
+
+<p>The council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if
+such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving
+such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of
+settlement thereof as the council may deem appropriate.</p>
+
+<p>If the dispute is not thus settled, the council either unanimously or by
+a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement
+of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed
+just and proper in regard thereto.</p>
+
+<p>Any member of the League represented on the council may make public a
+statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding
+the same.</p>
+
+<p>If a report by the council is unanimously agreed to by the members
+thereof other than the representatives of one or more of the parties to
+the dispute, the members of the League agree that they will not go to
+war with any party to the dispute which complies with the
+recommendations of the report.</p>
+
+<p>If the council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by
+the members thereof, other than the representatives of one or more of
+the parties to the dispute, the members of the League reserve to
+themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider
+necessary for the maintenance of right and justice.</p>
+
+<p>If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is
+found by the council to arise out of a matter which by international law
+is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the council
+shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.</p>
+
+<p>The council may in any case under this article refer the dispute to the
+assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either
+party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within fourteen
+days after the submission of the dispute to the council.</p>
+
+<p>In any case referred to the assembly all the provisions of this article
+and of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the council shall
+apply to the action and powers of the assembly, provided that a report
+made by the assembly, if concurred in by the representatives of those
+members of the League represented on the council and of a majority of
+the other members of the League, exclusive in each case of the
+representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force
+as a report by the council concurred in by all the members thereof other
+than the representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 16.</strong>&mdash;Should any member of the League resort to war in
+disregard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13, or 15, it shall <strong>ipso
+facto</strong> be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other
+members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it
+to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of
+all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the
+covenant-breaking State and the prevention of all financial, commercial,
+or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking
+State and the nationals of any other State, whether a member of the
+League or not.</p>
+
+<p>It shall be the duty of the council in such case to recommend to the
+several Governments concerned what effective military, naval or air
+force the members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed
+forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually
+support one another in the financial and economic measures which are
+taken under this article, in order to minimize the loss and
+inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will
+mutually support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at
+one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and that they will
+take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to
+the forces of any of the members of the League which are
+co&ouml;perating to protect the covenants of the League.</p>
+
+<p>Any member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League
+may be declared to be no longer a member of the League by a vote of the
+council concurred in by the representatives of all the other members of
+the League represented thereon.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 17.</strong>&mdash;In the event of a dispute between a member of the
+League and a State which is not a <del>mmber</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads mmber">member</ins>member of the League, or between
+States not members of the League, the State or States not members of the
+League shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the
+League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the
+council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of
+Articles 12 to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as
+may be deemed necessary by the council.</p>
+
+<p>Upon such invitation being given the council shall immediately institute
+an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such
+action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of
+membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall
+resort to war against a member of the League, the provisions of Article
+16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action.</p>
+
+<p>If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the
+obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such
+dispute, the council may take such measures and make such
+recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the
+settlement of the dispute.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 18.</strong>&mdash;Every treaty or international engagement entered into
+hereafter by any member of the League shall be forthwith registered with
+the secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No
+such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so
+registered.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 19.</strong>&mdash;The assembly may from time to time advise the
+reconsideration by members of the League of treaties which have become
+inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose
+continuance might endanger the peace of the world.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 20.</strong>&mdash;The members of the League severally agree that this
+covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings
+inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly
+undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements
+inconsistent with the terms thereof.</p>
+
+<p>In case any member of the League shall, before becoming a member of the
+League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of
+this covenant, it shall be the duty of such member to take immediate
+steps to procure its release from such obligations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 21.</strong>&mdash;Nothing in this covenant shall be deemed to affect the
+validity of international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration
+or
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+
+regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine, for securing the
+maintenance of peace.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 22.</strong>&mdash;To those colonies and territories which as a
+consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of
+the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by
+peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous
+conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle
+that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust
+of civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust
+should be embodied in this covenant.</p>
+
+<p>The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the
+tutelage of such peoples should be intrusted to advanced nations who by
+reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical
+position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to
+accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as
+mandatories on behalf of the League.</p>
+
+<p>The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of
+development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory,
+its economic conditions and other similar circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have
+reached a stage of development where their existence as independent
+nations can be provisionally recognized subject to rendering of
+administrative advice and assistance by a mandatory until such time as
+they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a
+principal consideration in the selection of the mandatory.</p>
+
+<p>Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage
+that the mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the
+territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience
+and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and
+morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms
+traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment
+of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training
+of the natives for other than police purposes and the defense of
+territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and
+commerce of other members of the League.</p>
+
+<p>There are territories such as Southwest Africa and certain of the South
+Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population or
+their small size, or their remoteness from the centers of civilization;
+or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the mandatory, and
+other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the
+mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the
+safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous
+population.</p>
+
+<p>In every case of mandate the mandatory shall render to the council an
+annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge.</p>
+
+<p>The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by
+the mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the members of the
+League, be explicitly defined in each case by the council.</p>
+
+<p>A permanent commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the
+annual reports of the mandatories and to advise the council on all
+matters relating to the observance of the mandates.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 23.</strong>&mdash;Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of
+international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the
+members of the League:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li>will endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of
+labor for men, women and children, both in their own countries and in
+all countries to which their commercial and industrial relations extend,
+and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary
+international organizations;</li>
+
+<li>undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of
+territories under their control;</li>
+
+<li>will intrust the League with the general supervision over the
+execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women and children
+and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs;</li>
+
+<li>will intrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in
+arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control of this
+traffic is necessary in the common interest;</li>
+
+<li>will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications
+and of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all members
+of the League. In this connection the special necessities of the regions
+devastated during the war of 1914&mdash;1918 shall be borne in mind;</li>
+
+<li>will endeavor to take steps in matters of international concern for
+the prevention and control of disease.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 24.</strong>&mdash;There shall be placed under the direction of the
+League all international bureaus already established by general treaties
+if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaus
+and all commissions for the regulation of matters of international
+interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of
+the League.</p>
+
+<p>In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general
+conventions but which are not placed under the control of international
+bureaus or commissions, the secretariat of the League shall, subject to
+the consent of the council and if desired by the parties, collect and
+distribute all relevant information and shall render any other
+assistance which may be necessary or desirable.</p>
+
+<p>The council may include as part of the expenses of the secretariat the
+expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction
+of the League.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 25.</strong>&mdash;The members of the League agree to encourage and
+promote the establishment and co-operation of duly authorized voluntary
+national Red Cross organizations having as purposes the improvement of
+health, the prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering
+throughout the world.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 26.</strong>&mdash;Amendments to this covenant will take effect when
+ratified by the members of the League whose representatives compose the
+council and by a majority of the members of the League whose
+representatives compose the assembly.</p>
+
+<p>No such amendment shall bind any member of the League which signifies
+its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a member of
+the League.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<p>I. Original members of the League of Nations signatories of the treaty
+of peace.</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>United States of America.</li>
+<li>Belgium.</li>
+<li>Bolivia.</li>
+<li>Brazil.</li>
+<li>British Empire.
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>Canada.</li>
+<li>Australia.</li>
+<li>South Africa.</li>
+<li>New Zealand.</li>
+<li>India</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>China.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></li>
+<li>Cuba.</li>
+<li>Ecuador.</li>
+<li>France.</li>
+<li>Greece.</li>
+<li>Guatemala.</li>
+<li>Uruguay.</li>
+<li>Haiti.</li>
+<li>Hedjaz.</li>
+<li>Honduras.</li>
+<li>Italy.</li>
+<li>Japan.</li>
+<li>Liberia.</li>
+<li>Nicaragua.</li>
+<li>Panama.</li>
+<li>Peru.</li>
+<li>Poland.</li>
+<li>Portugal.</li>
+<li>Rumania.</li>
+<li>Serb-Croat-Slovene State.</li>
+<li>Siam.</li>
+<li>Czecho-Slovakia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>States invited to accede to the covenant.</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>Argentine Republic</li>
+<li>Chile.</li>
+<li>Colombia.</li>
+<li>Denmark.</li>
+<li>Netherlands.</li>
+<li>Norway.</li>
+<li>Paraguay</li>
+<li>Persia.</li>
+<li>Salvador.</li>
+<li>Spain.</li>
+<li>Sweden.</li>
+<li>Switzerland.</li>
+<li>Venezuela.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a>Refused to sign.</p></div>
+
+<p>II. First Secretary General of the League of Nations. The Honorable Sir
+James Eric Drummond, K. C. M. G., C. B.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART II.<br />
+Boundaries of Germany</h2>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 27.</strong>&mdash;The boundaries of Germany will be determined as
+follows:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>With Belgium: From the point common to the three frontiers of
+Belgium, Holland, and Germany, and in a southerly direction; the
+northeastern boundary of the former territory of neutral Moresnet, then
+the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Eupen, then the frontier between
+Belgium and the Kreis of Montjoie, then the northeastern and eastern
+boundary of the Kreis of Malm&eacute;dy to its junction with the
+frontier of Luxemburg.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With Luxemburg: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, to its junction
+with the frontier of France of the 18th July, 1870.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With France: The frontier of the 18th July, 1870, from Luxemburg to
+Switzerland, with the reservations made in Article 48 of Section 4
+(Sarre Basin) of Part III.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With Switzerland: The present frontier.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With Austria: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, from Switzerland
+to Czechoslovakia is hereinafter defined.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With Czechoslovakia: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, between
+Germany and Austria from its junction with the old administrative
+boundary separating Bohemia and the Province of Upper Austria to the
+point north of the salient of the old Province of Austrian Silesia
+situated at about eight kilometers east of Neustadt.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With Poland: From the point defined above to a point to be fixed on
+the ground about 2 kilometers east of Lorzendorf: the frontier as it
+will be fixed in accordance with Article 88 of the present treaty;
+thence in a northerly direction to the point where the administrative
+boundary of Posnania crosses the river Bartsch; a line to be fixed on
+the ground leaving the following places in Poland: Skorischau,
+Reichthal, Trembatschau, Kunzendorf, Schleise, Gross Kosel,
+Schreibersdorf, Rippin, F&uuml;rstlich-Niefken, Pawelau, Tscheschen,
+Konradau, Johannisdorf, Modzenowe, Bogdaj, and in Germany: Lorzendorf,
+Kaulwitz, Glausche, Dalbersdorf, Reesewitz, Stradam, Gross Wartenberg
+Kraschen, Neu Mittelwalde, Domaslawitz, Wodelsdorf, Tscheschen Hammer;
+thence the boundary of Posnania northwestward to the point where it cuts
+the Rawitsch-Herrnstadt railway; thence to the point where the
+administrative boundary of Posnania cuts the Reisen-Tschirnau road: a
+line to be fixed on the ground passing west of Triebusch and Gabel and
+east of Saborwitz; thence the administrative boundary of Posnania to its
+junction with the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Fraustadt;</p>
+
+<p>Thence in a northwesterly direction to a point to be chosen on the road
+between the villages of Unruhstadt and Kophitz: a line to be fixed on
+the ground passing west of Geyersdorf, Brenno, Fehlen, Altkloster,
+Klebel, and east of Ulbersdorf, Buchwald, Ilgen, Weine, Lupitze,
+Schwenten; thence in a northerly direction to the northernmost point of
+Lake Chlop: a line to be fixed on the ground following the median line
+of the lakes; the town and the station of Bentschen, however, (including
+the junction of the lines Schwiebus-Bentschen and
+Z&uuml;llichau-Bentschen,) remaining in Polish territory;</p>
+
+<p>Thence in a northeasterly direction to the point of junction of the
+boundaries of the Kreise of Schwerin, Birnbaum, and Meseritz: a line to
+be fixed on the ground passing east of Betsche; thence in a northerly
+direction the boundary separating the Kreise of Schwerin and Birnbaum,
+then in an easterly direction the northern boundary of Posnania and to
+the point where it cuts the river Netze; thence upstream to its
+confluence with the K&uuml;ddow: the course of the Netze; thence
+upstream to a point to be chosen about 6 kilometers southeast of
+Schneidem&uuml;hl; the course of the K&uuml;ddow;</p>
+
+<p>Thence northeastward to the most southern point of the re-entrant of the
+northern boundary of Posnania about 5 kilometers west of Stahren: a line
+to be fixed on the ground leaving the Schneidem&uuml;hl-Konitz railway
+in this area entirely in German territory; thence the boundary of
+Posnania northeastward to the point of the salient it makes about 15
+kilometers east of Flatow; thence northeastward to the point where the
+river Kamionka meets the southern boundary of the Kreis of Konitz about
+3 kilometers northeast of Grunau: a line to be fixed on the ground
+leaving the following places to Poland: Jasdrowo, Gr. Lutau, Kl. Lutau
+and Wittkau, and to Germany: Gr. Butzig, Cziskowo, Battow, B&ouml;ch,
+and Grunau;</p>
+
+<p>Thence in a northerly direction the boundary between the Kreise of
+Konitz and Schlochau to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+
+the point where this boundary cuts the river Brahe; thence to a point on
+the boundary of Pomerania 15 kilometers east of Rummelsburg: a line to
+be fixed on the ground leaving the following localities in Poland:
+Konarzin, Kelpin, Adl. Briesen, and in Germany: Sampohl, Neuguth,
+Steinfort, and Gr. Peterkau; then the boundary of Pomerania in an
+easterly direction to its junction with the boundary between the Kreis
+of Konitz and Schlochau;</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-187.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-187thumb.jpg" width="400" height="398"
+alt="President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye"
+title="President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Press Illustrating Service</p>
+<p class="caption">President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye</p>
+<p class="description">This picture was taken as they were starting out for their first trip to
+the Peace Conference.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-187.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thence northward the boundary between Pomerania and West Prussia to the
+point on the river Rheda about 3 kilometers northwest of Gohra, where
+that river is joined by a tributary from the northwest; thence to a
+point to be selected in the bend of the Piasnitz River about 1&frac12;
+kilometers northwest of Warschkau: a line to be fixed on the ground;
+thence this river downstream, then the median line of Lake Zarnowitz,
+then the old boundary of West Prussia to the Baltic Sea.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With Denmark: The frontier as it will be fixed in accordance with
+Articles 109 and 110 of Part III., Section XII., (Schleswig.)</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 28.</strong>&mdash;The boundaries of East Prussia, with the reservations
+made in Section IX. (East Prussia) of Part III. will be determined as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>From a point on the coast of the Baltic Sea about 1&frac12; kilometers
+north of Pr&ouml;bbernau Church in a direction of about 159 degrees east
+from true north: A line to be fixed on the ground for about 2
+kilometers, thence in a straight line to the light at the bend of the
+Elbinger Channel in approximately latitude 54.19&frac12; north,
+longitude 19.26 east of Greenwich;</p>
+
+<p>Thence to the easternmost mouth of the Nogat River at a bearing of
+approximately 209 degrees east from true north;
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+
+hence up the course of the Nogat River to the point where the latter
+leaves the Vistula, (Weichsel;)</p>
+
+<p>Thence up the principal channel of navigation of the Vistula, then the
+southern boundary of the Kreis of Marienwerder, then that of the Kreis
+of Rosenberg, eastward to the point where it meets the old boundary of
+East Prussia;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the old boundary between East and West Prussia, then the boundary
+between the Kreise of Osterode and Neidenburg, then the course of the
+River Skoppau down stream, then the course of the Neide up stream to a
+point situated about 5 kilometers west of Bialutten, being the nearest
+point to the old frontier of Russia, thence in an easterly direction to
+a point immediately south of the intersection of the road
+Neidenburg-Mlava with the old frontier of Russia;</p>
+
+<p>A line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Bialutten;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the old frontier of Russia to a point east of Schmalleningken,
+then the principal channel of navigation of the Niemen (Memel) down
+stream, then the Skierwieth arm of the delta to the Kurisches Haff;</p>
+
+<p>Thence a straight line to the point where the eastern shore of the
+Kurische Nehrung meets the administrative boundary about 4 kilometers
+southwest of Nidden;</p>
+
+<p>Thence this administrative boundary to the western shore of the Kurische
+Nehrung.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 29.</strong>&mdash;The boundaries as described above are drawn in red on
+a one-in-a-million map which is annexed to the present treaty. (Map No.
+1.)</p>
+
+<p>In the case of any discrepancies between the text of the treaty and this
+map or any other map which may be annexed, the text will be final.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 30.</strong>&mdash;In the case of boundaries which are defined by a
+waterway, the terms "course" and "channel" used in the present treaty
+signify: in the case of non-navigable rivers, the median line of the
+waterway or of its principal arm, and in the case of navigable rivers
+the median line of the principal channel of navigation. It will rest
+with the boundary commissions provided by the present treaty to specify
+in each case whether the frontier line shall follow any changes of the
+course or channel which may take place or whether it shall be definitely
+fixed by the position of the course or channel at the time when the
+present treaty comes into force.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART III<br />
+Political Clauses for Europe</h2>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>Belgium</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 31.</strong>&mdash;Germany, recognizing that the treaties of April 19,
+1839, which established the status of Belgium before the war, no longer
+conform to the requirements of the situation, consents to the abrogation
+of the said treaties and undertakes immediately to recognize and to
+observe whatever conventions may be entered into by the principal allied
+and associated powers, or by any of them in concert with the Governments
+of Belgium and of the Netherlands, to replace the said treaties of 1839.
+If her formal adhesion should be required to such conventions or to any
+of their stipulations, Germany undertakes immediately to give it.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 32.</strong>&mdash;Germany recognizes the full sovereignty of Belgium
+over the whole of the contested territory of Moresnet, (called Moresnet
+Neutre.)</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 33.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of Belgium all rights and
+title over the territory of Prussian Moresnet situated on the west of
+the road from Li&eacute;ge to Aix-la-Chapelle: the road will belong to
+Belgium where it bounds this territory.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 34.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of Belgium all rights and
+title over the territory comprising the whole of the Kreise of Eupen and
+of Malm&eacute;dy.</p>
+
+<p>During the six months after the coming into force of this treaty,
+registers will be opened by the Belgian authorities at Eupen and
+Malm&eacute;dy in which the inhabitants of the above territory will be
+entitled to record in writing a desire to see the whole or part of it
+remain under German sovereignty.</p>
+
+<p>The results of this public expression of opinion will be communicated by
+the Belgian Government to the League of Nations, and Belgium undertakes
+to accept the decision of the League.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 35.</strong>&mdash;A commission of seven persons, five of whom will be
+appointed by the principal allied and associated powers, one by Germany
+and one by Belgium, will be set up fifteen days after the coming into
+force of the present treaty to settle on the spot the new frontier line
+between Belgium and Germany, taking into account the economic factors
+and the means of communication.</p>
+
+<p>Decisions will be taken by a majority and will be binding on the parties
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 36.</strong>&mdash;When the transfer of the sovereignty over the
+territories referred to above has become definitive, German nationals
+habitually resident in the territories will definitively acquire Belgian
+nationality ipso facto, and will lose their German nationality.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless German nationals who become resident in the territories
+after the 1st August, 1914, shall not obtain Belgian nationality without
+a permit from the Belgian Government.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 37.</strong>&mdash;Within the two years following the definitive transfer
+of the sovereignty over the territories assigned to Belgium under the
+present treaty, German nationals over 18 years of age habitually
+resident in those territories will be entitled to opt for German
+nationality.</p>
+
+<p>Option by a husband will cover his wife, and option by parents will
+cover their children under 18 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must within the
+ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>They will be entitled to retain their immovable property in the
+territories acquired by Belgium. They may carry with them their movable
+property of every description. No export or import duties may be imposed
+upon them in connection with the removal of such property.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 38.</strong>&mdash;The German Government will hand over without delay to
+the Belgian Government the archives, registers, plans, title deeds and
+documents of every kind concerning the civil, military, financial,
+judicial or other administrations in the territory transferred to
+Belgian sovereignty.</p>
+
+<p>The German Government will likewise restore to the Belgian Government
+the archives and documents of every kind carried off during the war by
+the German authorities from the Belgian public administrations, in
+particular from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Brussels.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 39.</strong>&mdash;The proportion and nature of the financial liabilities
+of Germany and of Prussia which Belgium will have to bear on account of
+the territories ceded to her shall be fixed in conformity with Articles
+254 and 256 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>Luxemburg</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 40.</strong>&mdash;With regard to the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, Germany
+renounces the benefit of all the provisions inserted in her favor in the
+treaties of Feb. 8, 1842; April 2, 1847; Oct. 20&mdash;25, 1865; Aug. 18,
+1866; Feb. 21 and May 11, 1867; May 10, 1871; June 11, 1872, and Nov.
+11, 1902, and in all conventions consequent upon such treaties.</p>
+
+<p>Germany recognizes that the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg ceased to form part
+of the German Zollverein as from January 1, 1919; renounces all right to
+the exploitation of the railways, adheres to the termination of the
+r&eacute;gime of neutrality of the Grand Duchy, and accepts in advance
+all international arrangements which may be concluded by the Allied and
+Associated Powers relating to the Grand Duchy.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 41.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to grant to the Grand Duchy of
+Luxemburg, when a demand to that effect is made to her by the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, the rights and advantages stipulated in
+favor of such powers or their nationals in the present treaty, with
+regard to economic questions, to questions relative to transport and to
+aerial navigation.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION III.&mdash;<em>Left Bank of the Rhine</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 42.</strong>&mdash;Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any
+fortifications either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank
+to the west of a line drawn fifty kilometers to the east of the Rhine.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 43.</strong>&mdash;In the area defined above the maintenance and the
+assembly of armed forces either permanently or temporarily, and military
+maneuvers of any kind, as well as the upkeep of all permanent works for
+mobilization, are in the same way forbidden.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 44.</strong>&mdash;In case Germany violates in any manner the provisions
+of Article 42 and 43 she shall be regarded as committing a hostile act
+against the powers signatory of the present treaty and as calculated to
+disturb the peace of the world.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION IV.&mdash;<em>Sarre Basin</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 45.</strong>&mdash;As compensation for the destruction of the coal mines
+in the North of France and as part payment toward the total reparation
+due from Germany for the damage resulting from the war, Germany cedes to
+France in full and absolute possession, with exclusive rights of
+exploitation, unincumbered and free from all debts and charges of any
+kind, the coal mines situated in the Sarre Basin as defined in Article
+48.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 46.</strong>&mdash;In order to assure the rights and welfare of the
+population and to guarantee to France complete freedom in working the
+mines, Germany agrees to the provisions of Chapters 1 and 2 of the annex
+hereto.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 47.</strong>&mdash;In order to make in due time permanent provision for
+the government of the Sarre Basin in accordance with the wishes of the
+population, France and Germany agree to the provisions of Chapter 3 of
+the annex hereto.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 48.</strong>&mdash;The boundaries of the territory of the Sarre Basin, as
+dealt with in the present stipulations, will be fixed as follows:</p>
+
+<p>On the south and southwest: By the frontier of France as fixed by the
+present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>On the northwest and north: By a line following the northern
+administrative boundary of the Kreise of Merzig from the point where it
+leaves the French frontier to the point where it meets the
+administrative boundary, separating the commune of Saarh&ouml;lzbach
+from the commune of Britten; following this communal boundary southward
+and reaching the administrative boundary of the Canton of Merzig so as
+to include in the territory of the Sarre Basin the Canton of Mettlach,
+with the exception of the commune of Britten: following successively the
+northern administrative limits of the Cantons of Merzig and Haustadt,
+which are incorporated in the aforesaid Sarre Basin, then successively
+the administrative boundaries separating the Kreise of Saare Louis,
+Ottweiler, and Saint-wendel from the Kreise of Merzig, Treves, (Trier.)
+and the principality of Birkenfeld as far as a point situated about 500
+meters north of the village of Furschweiler, (viz.: The highest point of
+the Metzelberg.)</p>
+
+<p>On the northeast and east: From the last point defined above to a point
+about 3&frac12; kilometers east-northeast of Saint Wendel:</p>
+
+<p>A line to be fixed on the ground passing east of Furschweiler, west of
+Roschberg, east of points 418, 329, (south of Roschberg,) west of
+Leitersweiler, northeast of point 46'4, and following the line of the
+crest southward to its junction with the administrative boundary of the
+Kreis of Kusel;</p>
+
+<p>Thence in a southerly direction the boundary of the Kreis of Kusel, then
+the boundary of the Kreis of Homburg toward the south-southeast to a
+point situated about 1,000 meters west of Dunzweiler;</p>
+
+<p>Thence to a point about one kilometer south of Hornbach: a line to be
+fixed on the ground passing through point 424, (about 1,000 meters
+southeast of Dunzweiler,) point 363, (Fuchsberg,) point 322, (southwest
+of Waldmohr,) then east of Jagersburg and Erbach, then encircling
+Homburg, passing through the points 361, (about 2&frac12; kilometers
+northeast by east of that town,) 342, (about 2 kilometers southeast of
+that town,) 347, (Schreinersberg,) 356, 350, (about 1&frac12; kilometers
+southeast of Schwarzenbach,) then passing east of Ein&ouml;d, southeast
+of points 322 and 333, about 2 kilometers east of Webenheim, about 2
+kilometers east of Mimbach, passing east of the plateau which is
+traversed by the road from Mimbach to B&ouml;ckweiler, (so as to include
+this road in the territory of the Sarre Basin,) passing immediately
+north of the junction of the roads from B&ouml;ckweiler and Altheim,
+situated about 2 kilometers north of Altheim, then passing south of
+Ringweilderhof and north of point 322, rejoining the frontier of France
+at the angle which it makes about 1 kilometer south of Hornbach, (see
+Map No. 2, scale 1-100,000, annexed to the present treaty.)</p>
+
+<p>A commission composed of five members, one appointed by France, one by
+Germany, and three by the Council of the League of Nations, which will
+select nationals of other powers,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+
+will be constituted within fifteen days from the coming into force of
+the present treaty, to trace on the spot the frontier line described
+above. In those parts of the preceding line which do not coincide with
+administration boundaries, the commission will endeavor to keep to the
+line indicated, while taking into consideration, so far as is possible
+local economic interests and existing communal boundaries.</p>
+
+<p>The decisions of this commission will be taken by a majority and will be
+binding on the parties concerned.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 49.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of the League of Nations,
+in the capacity of trustee, the government of the territory defined
+above.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of fifteen years from the coming into force of the present
+treaty the inhabitants of the said territory shall be called upon to
+indicate the sovereignty under which they desire to be placed.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 50.</strong>&mdash;The stipulations under which the cession of the mines
+in the Sarre Basin shall be carried out, together with the measures
+intended to guarantee the rights and the well-being of the inhabitants
+and the government of the territory, as well as the conditions in
+accordance with which the plebiscite hereinbefore provided for is to be
+made, are laid down in the annex hereto. This annex shall be considered
+as an integral part of the present treaty, and Germany declares her
+adherence to it.</p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<p>In accordance with the provisions of Articles 45 to 50 of the present
+treaty, the stipulations under which the cession by Germany to France of
+the mines of the Sarre Basin will be effected, as well as the measures
+intended to insure respect for the rights and well-being of the
+population and the government of the territory, and the conditions in
+which the inhabitants will be called upon to indicate the sovereignty
+under which they may wish to be placed, have been laid down as follows:</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER 1.&mdash;CESSION AND EXPLOITATION OF MINING PROPERTY</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>From the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, all the
+deposits of coal situated within the Sarre Basin, as defined in Article
+48 of the said treaty, become the complete and absolute property of the
+French State.</p>
+
+<p>The French State will have the right of working or not working the said
+mines or of transferring to a third party the right of working them,
+without having to obtain any previous authorization or to fulfill any
+formalities.</p>
+
+<p>The French State may always require that the German mining laws and
+regulations referred to below shall be applied in order to insure the
+determination of its rights.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The right of ownership of the French State will apply not only to the
+deposits which are free, and for which concessions have not yet been
+granted, but also to the deposits for which concessions have already
+been granted, whoever may be the present proprietors, irrespective of
+whether they belong to the Prussian State, to the Bavarian State, to
+other States or bodies, to companies or to individuals, whether they
+have been worked or not, or whether a right of exploitation distinct
+from the right of the owners of the surface of the soil has or has not
+been recognized.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As far as concerns the mines which are being worked, the transfer of
+the ownership to the French State will apply to all the accessories and
+subsidiaries of the said mines, in particular to their plant and
+equipment both on and below the surface, to their extracting machinery,
+their plants for transforming coal into electric power, coke and
+by-products, their workshops, means of communication, electric lines,
+plant for catching and distributing water, land, buildings, such as
+offices, managers', employes', and workmen's dwellings, schools,
+hospitals, and dispensaries, their stocks and supplies of every
+description, their archives and plans, and in general everything which
+those who own or exploit the mines possess or enjoy for the purpose of
+exploiting the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries.</p>
+
+<p>The transfer will apply also to the debts owing for products delivered
+before the entry into possession by the French State, and after the
+signature of the present treaty, and to deposits of money made by
+customers, whose rights will be guaranteed by the French State.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The French State will acquire the property free and clear of all
+debts and charges. Nevertheless the rights acquired, or in course of
+being acquired, by the employes of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+in connection with pensions for old age or disability, will not be
+affected. In return, Germany must pay over to the French State a sum
+representing the actuarial amounts to which the said employes are
+entitled.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The value of the property thus ceded to the French State will be
+determined by the Reparation Commission referred to in Article 233 of
+Part VIII. (Reparations) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>This value shall be credited to Germany in part payment of the amount
+due for reparation.</p>
+
+<p>It will be for Germany to indemnify the proprietors or parties
+concerned, whoever they may be.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No tariff shall be established on the German railways and canals
+which may directly or indirectly discriminate to the prejudice of the
+transport of the personnel or products of the mines and their
+accessories or subsidiaries, or of the material necessary to their
+exploitation. Such transport shall enjoy all the rights and privileges
+which any international railway conventions may guarantee to similar
+products of French origin.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The equipment and personnel necessary to insure the dispatch and
+transport of the products of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, as well as the carriage of workmen and employes, will be
+provided by the local railway administration of the basin.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No obstacle shall be placed in the way of such improvements of
+railways or waterways as the French State may judge necessary to assure
+the dispatch and transport of the products of the mines and their
+accessories and subsidiaries, such as double trackage, enlargement of
+stations, and construction of yards and appurtenances.</p>
+
+<p>The distribution of expenses will, in the event of disagreement, be
+submitted to arbitration.</p>
+
+<p>The French State may also establish any new means of communication, such
+as roads, electric lines, and telephone connections, which it may
+consider necessary for the exploitation of the mines.</p>
+
+<p>It may exploit freely and without any restrictions the means of
+communication of which it may become the owner, particularly those
+connecting the mines and their accessories and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
+
+subsidiaries with the means of communication situated in French
+territory.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The French State shall always be entitled to demand the application
+of the German mining laws and regulations in force on the 11th of
+November, 1918, excepting provisions adopted exclusively in view of the
+state of war, with a view to the acquisition of such land as it may
+judge necessary for the exploitation of the mines and their accessories
+and subsidiaries.</p>
+
+<p>The payment for damage caused to immovable property by the working of
+the said mines and their accessories and subsidiaries shall be made in
+accordance with the German mining laws and regulations above referred
+to.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Every person whom the French State may substitute for itself as
+regards the whole or part of its rights to the exploitation of the mines
+and their accessories and subsidiaries shall enjoy the benefit of the
+privileges provided in this annex.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The mines and other immovable property which become the property of
+the French State may never be made the subject of measures of
+forfeiture, forced sale, expropriation or requisition, nor of any other
+measure affecting the right of property.</p>
+
+<p>The personnel and the plant connected with the exploitation of these
+mines or their accessories and subsidiaries, as well as the product
+extracted from the mines or manufactured in their accessories and
+subsidiaries, may not at any time be made the subject of any measures of
+requisition.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The exploitation of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, which become the property of the French State, will
+continue, subject to the provisions of Paragraph 23 below, to be subject
+to the r&eacute;gime established by the German laws and regulations in
+force on the 11th November, 1918, excepting provisions adopted
+exclusively in view of the state of war.</p>
+
+<p>The rights of the workmen shall be similarly maintained, subject to the
+provisions of the said Paragraph 23, as established on the 11th
+November, 1918, by the German laws and regulations above referred to. No
+impediment shall be placed in the way of the introduction or employment
+in the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries of workmen from
+without the basin.</p>
+
+<p>The employes and workmen of French nationality shall have the right to
+belong to French labor unions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The amount contributed by the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, either to the local budget of the territory of the Sarre
+Basin or to the communal funds, shall be fixed with due regard to the
+ratio of the value of the mines to the total taxable wealth of the
+basin.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The French State shall always have the right of establishing and
+maintaining, as incidental to the mines, primary or technical schools
+for its employes and their children, and of causing instruction therein
+to be given in the French language, in accordance with such curriculum
+and by such teachers as it may select.</p>
+
+<p>It shall also have the right to establish and maintain hospitals,
+dispensaries, workmen's houses and gardens, and other charitable and
+social institutions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The French State shall enjoy complete liberty with respect to the
+distribution, dispatch and sale prices of the products of the mines and
+their accessories and subsidiaries.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, whatever may be the total product of the mines, the French
+Government undertakes that the requirements of local consumption for
+industrial and domestic purposes shall always be satisfied in the
+proportion existing in 1913 between the amount consumed locally and the
+total output of the Sarre Basin.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.&mdash;GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE SARRE BASIN</h3></li>
+
+<li><p>The government of the territory of the Sarre Basin shall be
+intrusted to a commission representing the League of Nations. This
+commission shall sit in the territory of the Sarre Basin.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Governing Commission provided for by Paragraph 16 shall consist
+of five members chosen by the Council of the League of Nations, and will
+include one citizen of France, one native inhabitant of the Sarre Basin
+not a citizen of France, and three members belonging to three countries
+other than France or Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the Governing Commission shall be appointed for one year
+and may be reappointed. They can be removed by the Council of the League
+of Nations, which will provide for their replacement. The members of the
+Governing Commission will be entitled to a salary which will be fixed by
+the Council of the League of Nations, and charged on the local revenues.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Chairman of the Governing Commission shall be appointed for one
+year from among the members of the commission by the Council of the
+League of Nations and may be reappointed. The Chairman will act as the
+executive of the commission.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Within the territory of the Sarre Basin the Governing Commission
+shall have all the powers of government hitherto belonging to the German
+Empire, Prussia or Bavaria, including the appointment and dismissal of
+officials, and the creation of such administrative and representative
+bodies as it may deem necessary. It shall have full powers to administer
+and operate the railways, canals, and the different public services.</p>
+
+<p>Its decisions shall be taken by a majority.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany will place at the disposal of the Governing Commission all
+official documents and archives under the control of Germany, of any
+German State, or of any local authority, which relate to the territory
+of the Sarre Basin or to the rights of the inhabitants thereof.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It will be the duty of the Governing Commission to insure, by such
+means and under such conditions as it may deem suitable, the protection
+abroad of the interests of the inhabitants of the territory of the Sarre
+Basin.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Governing Commission shall have the full right of user of all
+property, other than mines belonging, both in public and in private
+domain, to the Imperial German Government, or the Government of any
+German State, in the territory of the Sarre Basin.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the railways, an equitable apportionment of rolling stock
+shall be made by a mixed commission on which the government of the
+territory of the Sarre Basin and the German railways will be
+represented.</p>
+
+<p>Persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails, coming from or
+going to the Sarre Basin, shall enjoy all the rights and privileges
+relating to transit and transport which are specified in the provisions
+of Part XII. (ports, waterways, railways) of the present treaty.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The laws and regulations in force n Nov. 11, 1918, in the territory
+of the Sarre Basin, (except those enacted in consequence of the state of
+war,) shall continue to apply. If,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+
+for general reasons or to bring these laws and regulations into accord
+with the provisions of the present treaty, it is necessary to introduce
+modifications, these shall be decided on, and put into effect by the
+Governing Commission, after consultation with the elected
+representatives of the inhabitants in such a manner as the commission
+may determine. No modification may be made in the legal r&eacute;gime
+for the exploitation of the mines, provided for in Paragraph 12, without
+the French State being previously consulted, unless such modification
+results from a general regulation respecting labor adopted by the League
+of Nations.</p>
+
+<p>In fixing the conditions and hours of labor for men, women, and
+children, the Governing Commission is to take into consideration the
+wishes expressed by the local labor organizations, as well as the
+principles adopted by the League of Nations.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 4, no rights of the
+inhabitants of the Sarre Basin acquired or in process of acquisition at
+the date of the coming into force of this treaty, in respect of any
+insurance system of Germany, or in respect of any pension of any kind,
+are affected by any of the provisions of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Germany and the Government of the territory of the Saare Basin will
+preserve and continue all the aforesaid rights.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The civil and criminal courts existing in the territory of the Sarre
+Basin shall continue.</p>
+
+<p>A civil and criminal court will be established by the Governing
+Commission to hear appeals from the decisions of the said courts, and to
+decide matters for which these courts are not competent.</p>
+
+<p>The Governing Commission will be responsible for settling the
+organization and jurisdiction of the said court.</p>
+
+<p>Justice will be rendered in the name of the Governing Commission.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Governing Commission will alone have the power of levying taxes
+and dues in the territory of the Sarre Basin.</p>
+
+<p>These taxes and dues will be exclusively applied to the needs of the
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>The fiscal system existing on Nov. 11, 1918, will be maintained as far
+as possible, and no new tax except customs duties may be imposed without
+previously consulting the elected representatives of the inhabitants.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The present stipulations will not affect the existing nationality of
+the inhabitants of the territory of the Sarre Basin. No hindrance shall
+be placed in the way of those who wish to acquire a different
+nationality, but in such case the acquisition of the new nationality
+will involve the loss of any other.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Under the control of the Governing Commission the inhabitants will
+retain their local assemblies, their religious liberties, their schools,
+and their language. The right of voting will not be exercised for any
+assemblies other than the local assemblies, and will belong to every
+inhabitant over the age of 20 years without distinction of sex.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Any of the inhabitants of the Sarre Basin who may desire to leave
+the territory will have full liberty to retain in it their immovable
+property or to sell it at fair prices and to remove their movable
+property free of any charge.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>There will be no military service, whether compulsory or voluntary,
+in the territory of the Sarre Basin, and the construction of
+fortifications therein is forbidden. Only a local gendarmerie for the
+maintenance of order may be established. It will be the duty of the
+Governing Commission to provide in all cases for the protection of
+persons and property in the Sarre Basin.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The territory of the Sarre Basin as defined by Article 48 of the
+present treaty shall be subjected to the French customs r&eacute;gime.
+The receipts from the customs duties on goods intended for local
+consumption shall be included in the budget of the said territory after
+deduction of all costs of collection. No export tax shall be imposed
+upon metallurgical products or coal exported from the said territory to
+Germany, nor upon German exports for the use of the industries of the
+territory of the Sarre Basin. Natural or manufactured products
+originating in the basin in transit over German territory and similarly
+German products in transit over the territory of the basin shall be free
+of all customs duties.</p>
+
+<p>Products which both originate in and pass from the basin into Germany
+shall be free of import duties for a period of five years from the date
+of the coming into force of the present treaty, and during the same
+period articles imported from Germany into the territory of the basin
+for local consumption shall likewise be free of import duties.</p>
+
+<p>During these five years the French Government reserves to itself the
+right of limiting to the annual average of the quantities imported into
+Alsace-Lorraine and France in the years 1911 to 1913 the quantities
+which may be sent into France of all articles coming from the basin,
+which include raw materials and semi-manufactured goods imported duty
+free from Germany. Such average shall be determined after reference to
+all available official information and statistics.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No prohibition or restriction shall be imposed upon the circulation
+of French money in the territory of the Sarre Basin. The French State
+shall have the right to use French money in all purchases, payments, and
+contracts connected with the exploitation of the mines or their
+accessories and subsidiaries.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Governing Commission shall have power to decide all questions
+arising from the interpretation of the preceding provisions. France and
+Germany agree that any dispute involving a difference of opinion as to
+the interpretation of the said provisions shall in the same way be
+submitted to the Governing Commission, and the decision of a majority of
+the commission shall be binding on both countries.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.&mdash;PLEBISCITE</h3></li>
+
+<li><p>At the termination of a period of fifteen years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, the population of the territory of the
+Sarre Basin will be called upon to indicate their desires in the
+following manner:</p>
+
+<p>A vote will take place, by communes or districts, on the three following
+alternatives: (a) Maintenance of the r&eacute;gime established by the
+present treaty and by this annex; (b) union with France; (c) union with
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>All persons without distinction of sex, more than 20 years old at the
+date of the voting, resident in the territory at the date of the
+signature of the present treaty, will have the right to vote.</p>
+
+<p>The other conditions, methods, and the date of the voting shall be fixed
+by the Council of the League of Nations in such a way as to secure the
+liberty, secrecy, and trustworthiness of the voting.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The League of Nations shall decide on the sovereignty under which
+the territory is to be placed, taking into account the wishes of the
+inhabitants as expressed by the voting.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>If, for the whole or part of the territory, the League of Nations
+decides in favor of the maintenance of the r&eacute;gime established by
+the present treaty and this annex, Germany hereby agrees to make such
+renunciation of her sovereignty in favor of the League of Nations as the
+latter shall deem necessary. It will be the duty of the League of
+Nations to take appropriate steps to adapt the r&eacute;gime definitely
+adopted to the permanent welfare of the territory and the general
+interests.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>If for the whole or part of the territory the League of Nations
+decides in favor of union with France, Germany hereby agrees to cede to
+France in accordance with the decision of the League of Nations all
+rights and title over the territory specified by the League.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>If for the whole or part of the territory the League of Nations
+decides in favor of union with Germany, it will be the duty of the
+League of Nations to cause the German Government to be re-established in
+the government of the territory specified by the League.</p>
+   <div class="thumbbox">
+      <a href="images/ill-193.jpg">
+         <img src="images/ill-193thumb.jpg" width="400" height="294"
+              alt="President Wilson&#39;s Welcome in Paris"
+            title="President Wilson&#39;s Welcome in Paris" />
+      </a>
+      <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+      <p class="caption">President Wilson&#39;s Welcome in Paris</p>
+      <p class="description">A general view of the Place de l&#39;Etoile,
+         showing the President&#39;s carriage, passing the triumphant
+         arch on its way to the Murat Castle, where President Wilson
+         established his home during his stay in the French Capitol.</p>
+      <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-193.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+   </div>
+</li>
+
+</ol></li>
+<li><p>If the League of Nations decides in favor of the union of the whole
+or part of the territory of the Sarre Basin with Germany, France's
+rights of ownership in the mines situated in such part of the territory
+will be repurchased by Germany in their entirety at a price payable in
+gold. The price to be paid will be fixed by three experts, one nominated
+by Germany, one by France, and one, who shall be neither a Frenchman nor
+a German, by the Council of the League of Nations. The decision of the
+experts will be given by a majority.</p>
+
+<p>The obligation of Germany to make such payment shall be taken into
+account by the Reparation Commission, and for the purpose of this
+payment Germany may create a prior charge upon her assets or revenues
+upon such detailed terms as shall be agreed to by the Reparation
+Commission.</p>
+
+<p>If, nevertheless, Germany after a period of one year from the date on
+which the payment becomes due shall not have effected the said payment,
+the Reparation Commission shall do so in accordance with such
+instructions as may be given by the League of Nations, and, if
+necessary, by liquidating that part of the mines which is in question.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>If, in consequence of the repurchase provided for in Paragraph 36,
+the ownership of the mines or any part of them is transferred to
+Germany, the French State and French nationals shall have the right to
+purchase such amount of coal of the Sarre Basin as their industrial and
+domestic needs are found at that time to require. An equitable
+arrangement regarding
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+
+amounts of coal, duration of contract, and prices will be fixed in due
+time by the Council of the League of Nations.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It is understood that France and Germany may, by special agreements
+concluded before the time fixed for the payment of the price for the
+repurchase of the mines, modify the provisions of Paragraphs 36 and 37.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Council of the League of Nations shall make such provisions as
+may be necessary for the establishment of the r&eacute;gime which is to
+take effect after the decisions of the League of Nations mentioned in
+Paragraph 35 have become operative, including an equitable apportionment
+of any obligations of the Government of the territory of the Sarre Basin
+arising from loans raised by the commission or from other causes.</p>
+
+<p>From the coming into force of the new r&eacute;gime, the powers of the
+Governing Commission will terminate, except in the case provided for in
+Paragraph 35. (a)</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In all matters dealt with in the present annex, the decisions of the
+Council of the League of Nations will be taken by a majority.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>SECTION V.&mdash;<em>Alsace-Lorraine</em></h3>
+
+<p>The high contracting powers, recognizing the moral obligation to redress
+the wrong done by Germany in 1871, both to the rights of France and to
+the wishes of the population of Alsace and Lorraine, which were
+separated from their country in spite of solemn protests of their
+representatives of the Assembly of Bordeaux, agree upon the following
+articles:</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 51.</strong>&mdash;The territories which were ceded to Germany in
+accordance with the preliminaries of peace signed at Versailles on the
+26th February, 1871, and the treaty of Frankfort on the 10th May, 1871,
+are restored to French sovereignty as from the date of the armistice of
+the 11th November, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of the treaties establishing the delimination of the
+frontiers before 1871 shall be restored.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 52.</strong>&mdash;The German Government shall hand over without delay to
+the French Government all archives, registers, plans, titles, and
+documents of every kind concerning the civil, military, financial,
+judicial, or other administrations of the territories restored to French
+sovereignty. If any of these documents, archives, registers, titles, or
+plans have been misplaced, they will be restored by the German
+Government on the demand of the French Government.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 53.</strong>&mdash;Separate agreements shall be made between France and
+Germany dealing with the interests of the inhabitants of the territories
+referred to in Article 51, particularly as regards their civil rights,
+their business and the exercise of their professions, it being
+understood that Germany undertakes as from the present date to recognize
+and accept the regulations laid down in the annex hereto regarding the
+nationality of the inhabitants or natives of the said territories, not
+to claim at any time or in any place whatsoever as German nationals
+those who shall have been declared on any ground to be French, to
+receive all others in her territory, and to conform, as regards the
+property of German nationals in the territories indicated in Article 51,
+with the provisions of Article 297, and the Annex to Section 4 of Part
+X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Those German nationals who without acquiring French nationality shall
+receive permission from the French Government to reside in the said
+territories shall not be subjected to the provisions of the said
+article.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 54</strong>.&mdash;Those persons who have regained French nationality in
+virtue of Paragraph 1 of the annex hereto, will be held to be
+Alsace-Lorrainers for the purposes of the present section.</p>
+
+<p>The persons referred to in Paragraph 2 of the said annex will, from the
+day on which they have claimed French nationality, be held to be
+Alsace-Lorrainers with retroactive effect as from the 11th November,
+1918. From those whose application is rejected, the privilege will
+terminate at the date of the refusal.</p>
+
+<p>Such juridical persons will also have the status of Alsace-Lorrainers as
+have been recognized as possessing this quality, whether by the French
+administrative authorities or by a judicial decision.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 55.</strong>&mdash;The territories referred to in Article 51 shall return
+to France, free and quit of all public debts under the conditions laid
+down in Article 255 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present
+treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 56.</strong>&mdash;In conformity with the provisions of Article 256 of
+Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty, France shall enter
+into possession of all property and estate within the territories
+referred to in Article 51, which belong to the German Empire or German
+States, without any payment or credit on this account to any of the
+States ceding the territories.</p>
+
+<p>This provision applies to all movable or immovable property of public or
+private domain, together with all rights whatsoever belonging to the
+German Empire or the German States or to their administrative areas.</p>
+
+<p>Crown property and the property of the former Emperor or other German
+sovereigns shall be assimilated to property of the public domain.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 57.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall not take any action, either by means of
+stamping or by any other legal or administrative measures not applying
+equally to the rest of her territory, which may be to the detriment of
+the legal value or redeemability of German monetary instruments or
+moneys which at the date of the signature of the present treaty are
+legally current, and at that date are in the possession of the French
+Government.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 58.</strong>&mdash;A special convention will determine the conditions for
+repayment in marks of the exceptional war expenditure advanced during
+the course of the war by Alsace-Lorraine or by public bodies in
+Alsace-Lorraine on account of the empire in accordance with German law,
+such as payment to the families of persons mobilized, requisitions,
+billeting of troops, and assistance to persons who have been expelled.
+In fixing the amount of these sums Germany shall be credited with that
+portion which Alsace-Lorraine would have contributed to the empire to
+meet the expenses resulting from these payments, this contribution being
+calculated according to the proportion of the imperial revenue derived
+from Alsace-Lorraine in 1913.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 59.</strong>&mdash;The French Government will collect for its own account
+the imperial taxes, duties, and dues of every kind leviable in the
+territories referred to in Article 51 and not collected at the time of
+the armistice of the 11th November, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 60.</strong>&mdash;The German Government shall without delay restore to
+Alsace-Lorrainers, (individuals, juridical persons, and public
+institutions,) all property, rights, and interests belonging to them on
+the 11th November, 1918, in so far as these are situated in German
+territory.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 61.</strong>&mdash;The German Government undertakes to continue and
+complete without delay the execution of the financial clauses regarding
+Alsace-Lorraine contained in the armistice conventions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 62.</strong>&mdash;The German Government undertakes to bear the expense
+of all civil and military pensions which had been earned in
+Alsace-Lorraine on the date of the 11th November, 1918, and the
+maintenance of which was a charge on the budget of the German Empire.</p>
+
+<p>The German Government shall furnish each year the funds necessary for
+the payment in francs, at the average rate of exchange for that year, of
+the sums in marks to which persons resident in Alsace-Lorraine would
+have been entitled if Alsace-Lorraine had remained under German
+jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 63.</strong>&mdash;For the purposes of the obligation assumed by Germany
+in Part VIII. (reparations) of the present treaty to give compensation
+for damages caused to the civil populations of the Allied and Associated
+countries in the form of lines, the inhabitants of the territories
+referred to in Article 51 shall be assimilated to the above mentioned
+populations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 64.</strong>&mdash;The regulations concerning the control of the Rhine
+and of the Moselle are laid down in Part XII. (ports, waterways, and
+railways) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 65.</strong>&mdash;Within a period of three weeks after the coming into
+force of the present treaty the Port of Strasbourg and the Port of Kehl
+shall be constituted, for a period of seven years, a single unit from
+the point of view of exploitation.</p>
+
+<p>The administration of this single unit will be carried on by a manager
+named by the Central Rhine Commission, which shall also have power to
+remove him. He shall be of French nationality. He will reside in
+Strasbourg and will be subject to the supervision of the Central Rhine
+Commission.</p>
+
+<p>There will be established in the two ports free zones in conformity with
+Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>A special convention between France and Germany, which shall be
+submitted to the approval of the Central Rhine Commission, will fix the
+details of this organization, particularly as regards finance.</p>
+
+<p>It is understood that for the purpose of the present article the Port of
+Kehl includes the whole of the area necessary for the movements of the
+port and the trains which serve it, including the harbor, quays and
+railroads, platforms, cranes, sheds and warehouses, silos, elevators and
+hydro-electric plants, which make up the equipment of the port.</p>
+
+<p>The German Government undertakes to carry out all measures which shall
+be required of it in order to assure that all the making up and
+switching of trains arriving at or departing from Kehl, whether for the
+right bank or the left bank of the Rhine, shall be carried on in the
+best conditions possible.</p>
+
+<p>All property rights shall be safeguarded. In particular, the
+administration of the ports shall not prejudice any property rights of
+the French or Baden railroads.</p>
+
+<p>Equality of treatment as respects traffic shall be assured in both ports
+to the nationals, vessels, and goods of every country.</p>
+
+<p>In case at the end of the sixth year France shall consider that the
+progress made in the improvement of the Port of Strasbourg still
+requires a prolongation of this temporary r&eacute;gime, she may ask for
+such prolongation from the Central Rhine Commission, which may grant an
+extension for a period not exceeding three years.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the whole period of any such extension the free zones above
+provided for shall be maintained.</p>
+
+<p>Pending appointment of the first manager by the Central Rhine
+Commission, a provisional manager, who shall be of French nationality,
+may be appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, subject
+to the foregoing provisions.</p>
+
+<p>For all purposes of the present article the Central Rhine Commission
+will decide by a majority of votes.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 66.</strong>&mdash;The railway and other bridges across the Rhine now
+existing within the limits of Alsace-Lorraine shall, as to all their
+parts and their whole length, be the property of the French State, which
+shall insure their upkeep.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 67.</strong>&mdash;The French Government is substituted in all the rights
+of the German Empire over all the railways which were administered by
+the Imperial Railway Administration, and which are actually working or
+under construction.</p>
+
+<p>The same shall apply to the rights of the empire with regard to railway
+and tramway concessions within the territories referred to in Article
+51.</p>
+
+<p>This substitution shall not entail any payment on the part of the French
+State.</p>
+
+<p>The frontier railway stations shall be established by a subsequent
+agreement, it being stipulated in advance that on the Rhine frontier
+they shall be situated on the right bank.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 68.</strong>&mdash;In accordance with the provisions of Article 268 of
+Chapter 1. of Section I. of Part X. (economic clause) of the present
+treaty, for a period of five years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, natural or manufactured products originating in and
+coming from the territories referred to in Article 51 shall, on
+importation into German customs territory, be exempt from all customs
+duty. The French Government shall fix each year, by decree communicated
+to the German Government, the nature and amount of the products which
+shall enjoy this exemption.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911&mdash;1913.</p>
+
+<p>Further, during the period of five years above mentioned, the German
+Government shall allow the free export from Germany and the free
+reimportation into Germany, exempt from all customs duties and other
+charges (including internal charges), of yarns, tissues, and other
+textile materials or textile products of any kind, and in any condition,
+sent from Germany into the territories referred to in Article 51, to be
+subjected there to any finishing process, such as bleaching, dyeing,
+printing, mercerization, gassing, twisting, or dressing.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 69.</strong>&mdash;During a period of ten years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, central electric supply works situated in
+German territory, and formerly furnishing electric power to the
+territories referred to in Article 51, or to any establishment the
+working of which passes permanently or temporarily from Germany to
+France, shall be required to continue such supply up to the amount of
+consumption corresponding to the undertakings and contracts current on
+the 11th November, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>Such supply shall be furnished according to the contracts in force and
+at a rate which shall not be higher than that paid to the said works by
+German nationals.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 70.</strong>&mdash;It is understood that the French Government preserves
+its right to prohibit in the future in the territories referred to in
+Article 51 all new German participation:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>In the management or exploitation of the public domain and of public
+services, such as railways, navigable waterways, water works, gas works,
+electric power, &amp;c.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In the ownership of mines and quarries of every kind and in
+enterprises connected therewith;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In metallurgical establishments, even though their working may not be
+connected with that of any mine.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 71.</strong>&mdash;As regards the territories referred to in Article 51,
+Germany renounces on behalf of herself and her nationals as from the
+11th November, 1918, all rights under the law of the 25th May, 1910,
+regarding the trade in potash salts and generally under any stipulations
+for the intervention of German organizations in the working of the
+potash mines. Similarly she renounces on behalf of herself and her
+nationals all rights under any agreements, stipulations or laws, which
+may exist to her benefit with regard to other products of the aforesaid
+territories.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 72.</strong>&mdash;The settlement of the questions relating to debts
+contracted before the 11th November, 1918, between the German Empire and
+the German States or their nationals residing in Germany on the one
+part, and Alsace-Lorrainers residing in Alsace-Lorraine on the other
+part, shall be effected in accordance with the provisions of Section
+III. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, the expression
+"before the war" therein being replaced by the expression "before the
+11th November, 1918." The rate of exchange applicable in the case of
+such settlement shall be the average rate quoted on the Geneva Exchange
+during the month preceding the 11th November, 1918. There may be
+established in the territories referred to in Article 51, for the
+settlement of the aforesaid debts under the conditions laid down in
+Section III. of Part X (economic clauses) of the present treaty, a
+special clearing office, it being understood that this office shall be
+regarded as a "central office" under the provisions of Paragraph 1 of
+the annex to the said section.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 73.</strong>&mdash;The private property rights and interests of
+Alsace-Lorrainers in Germany will be regulated by the stipulations of
+Section IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 74.</strong>&mdash;The French Government reserves the right to retain and
+liquidate all the property, rights and interests which German nationals
+or societies controlled by Germany possessed in the territories referred
+to in Article 51 on Nov. 11, 1918, subject to the conditions laid down
+in the last paragraph of Article 53 above.</p>
+
+<p>Germany will directly compensate its nationals who may have been
+dispossessed by the aforesaid liquidations.</p>
+
+<p>The product of these liquidations shall be applied in accordance with
+the stipulations of Sections III. and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses)
+of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 75.</strong>&mdash;Notwithstanding the stipulations of Section V. of Part
+X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, all contracts made before
+the date of the promulgation in Alsace-Lorraine of the French decree of
+30th November, 1918, between Alsace-Lorrainers (whether individuals or
+juridical persons) or others resident in Alsace-Lorraine on the one
+part, and the German Empire or German States and their nationals
+resident in Germany on the other part, the execution of which has been
+suspended by the armistice or by subsequent French legislation, shall be
+maintained.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, any contract of which the French Government shall notify
+the cancellation to Germany in the general interest within a period of
+six months from the date of the coming into force of the present treaty
+shall be annulled except in respect of any debt or other pecuniary
+obligation arising out of any act done or money paid thereunder before
+the 11th November, 1918. If this dissolution would cause one of the
+parties substantial prejudice, equitable compensation, calculated solely
+on the capital employed without taking account of loss of profits, shall
+be accorded to the prejudiced party.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to prescriptions, limitations, and forfeitures in
+Alsace-Lorraine, the provisions of Articles 300 and 301 of Section V.,
+Part X. (economic clauses) shall be applied, with the substitution for
+the expression "outbreak of war" of the expression "11th November,
+1918," and for the expression "duration of the war" of the expression
+"period from the 11th November, 1918, to date of the coming into force
+of the present treaty."</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 76.</strong>&mdash;Questions concerning rights in industrial, literary,
+or artistic property of Alsace-Lorrainers shall be regulated in
+accordance with the general stipulations of Section VII. of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty, it being understood that
+Alsace-Lorrainers holding rights of this nature under German legislation
+will preserve full and entire enjoyment of those rights on German
+territory.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 77.</strong>&mdash;The German Government undertakes to pay over to the
+French Government such proportion of all reserves accumulated by the
+empire or by public or private bodies dependent upon it, for the
+purposes of disability and old age insurance, as would fall to the
+disability and old age insurance fund at Strasbourg.</p>
+
+<p>The same shall apply in respect of the capital and reserves accumulated
+in Germany falling legitimately to other serial insurance funds, to
+miners' superannuation funds, to the fund of the railways of
+Alsace-Lorraine, to other superannuation organizations established for
+the benefit of the personnel of public administrations and institutions
+operating in Alsace-Lorraine, and also in respect of the capital and
+reserves due by the insurance fund of private employes at Berlin by
+reason of engagements entered into for the benefit of insured persons of
+that category resident in Alsace-Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>A special convention shall determine the conditions and procedure of
+these transfers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 78.</strong>&mdash;With regard to the execution of judgments, orders and
+prosecutions, the following rules shall be applied:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>All civil and commercial judgments which shall have been given since
+Aug. 3, 1914, by the courts of Alsace-Lorraine between
+Alsace-Lorrainers, or between Alsace-Lorrainers and foreigners, or
+between foreigners, and which shall not have been appealed from before
+the 11th November, 1918, shall be regarded as final and capable of being
+fully executed.</p>
+
+<p>When the judgment has been given between Alsace-Lorrainers and Germans,
+or between Alsace-Lorrainers and subjects of the allies of Germany, it
+shall only be capable of execution after the issue of an exequatur by
+the corresponding new tribunal in the restored territory referred to in
+Article 51.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>All judgments given by German courts since the 3d August, 1914,
+against Alsace-Lorrainers for political crimes or misdemeanors shall be
+regarded as null and void.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p>All sentences passed since the 11th November, 1918, by the Imperial
+Court of Leipzig on Appeals against the decisions of the courts of
+Alsace-Lorraine shall be regarded as null and void and shall be so
+pronounced. The papers in regard to the cases in which such sentences
+have been given shall be returned to the courts of Alsace-Lorraine
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>All appeals to the Imperial Court against decisions of the courts of
+Alsace-Lorraine shall be suspended. In the cases referred to above, the
+papers shall be returned under the aforesaid conditions for transfer
+without delay to the French Cour de Cassation which shall be competent
+to decide them.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>All prosecutions of Alsace-Lorraine for offenses committed during the
+period between the 11th November, 1918, and the coming into force of the
+present treaty will be conducted under German law except in so far as
+this has been modified by decrees duly published on the spot by the
+French authorities.</p>
+
+<p>All other questions as to competence, procedure or administration of
+justice, shall be determined by a special convention between France and
+Germany.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 79.</strong>&mdash;The stipulations as to nationality contained in the
+annex hereto shall be considered as of equal force with the provisions
+of the present section.</p>
+
+<p>All other questions concerning Alsace-Lorraine which are not regulated
+by the present section and the annex thereto, or by the general
+provisions of the present treaty, will form the subject of further
+conventions between France and Germany.</p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>As from the 11th November, 1918, the following persons are ipso facto
+reinstated in French nationality:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet"><li><p>First&mdash;Persons who lost French nationality by the application of
+the Franco-German treaty of the 10th May, 1871, and who have not since
+that date acquired any nationality other than German;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Second&mdash;The legitimate or natural descendants of the persons
+referred to the immediately preceding paragraph, with the exception of
+those whose ascendants in the paternal line include a German who
+migrated into Alsace-Lorraine after the 15th July, 1870;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Third&mdash;All persons born in Alsace-Lorraine of unknown parents or
+whose nationality is unknown.</p></li>
+
+</ul></li>
+<li><p>Within the period of one year from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, persons included in any of the following categories may
+claim French nationality:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li><p>First&mdash;All persons not restored to French nationality under
+Paragraph 1, above, whose ascendants include a Frenchman or French woman
+who lost French nationality under the conditions referred to in the said
+paragraph;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Second&mdash;All foreigners not nationals of a German State who acquired
+the status of a citizen of Alsace-Lorraine before the 3d August, 1914;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Third&mdash;All Germans domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine, if they have been
+so domiciled since a date previous to 15th July, 1870, or if one of
+their ascendants was at that date domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Fourth&mdash;All Germans born or domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine who have
+served in the allied or associated armies during the present war and
+their descendants;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Fifth&mdash;All persons born in Alsace-Lorraine before 10th May, 1871,
+of foreign parents, and the descendants of such persons;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Sixth&mdash;The husband or wife of any person whose French nationality
+may have been restored under Paragraph 1 or who may have claimed and
+obtained French nationality in accordance with the preceding previsions.</p>
+
+<p>The legal representatives of a minor may exercise on behalf of that
+minor the right to claim French nationality; and if that right has not
+been exercised, the minor may claim French nationality within the year
+following his majority.</p>
+
+<p>Except in the case provided in No. 6 of the present paragraph, the
+French authorities reserve to themselves the right in individual cases
+to reject the claim to French nationality.</p></li>
+
+</ul></li>
+<li><p>Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 2, Germans born or domiciled
+in Alsace-Lorraine shall not acquire French nationality by reason of the
+restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France, even though they may have the
+status of citizens of Alsace-Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>They may acquire French nationality only by naturalization, on condition
+of having been domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine from a date previous to the
+3d August, 1914, and of submitting proof of unbroken residence within
+the restored territory for a period of three years from the 11th
+November, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>France will be solely responsible for their diplomatic and consular
+protection from the date of their application for French naturalization.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The French Government shall determine the procedure by which
+reinstatement in French nationality as of right shall be effected, and
+the conditions under which decisions shall be given upon claims to such
+nationality and applications for naturalization, as provided by the
+present annex.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>SECTION VI.&mdash;<em>Austria</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 80.</strong>&mdash;Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the
+independence of Austria. Within the frontiers which may be fixed by a
+treaty between that State and the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+she agrees that this independence shall be inalienable, except with the
+consent of the Council of the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VII.&mdash;<em>Czechoslovak State</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 81.</strong>&mdash;Germany, in conformity with the action already taken
+by the Allied and Associated Powers, recognizes the complete
+independence of the Czechoslovak State, which will include the
+autonomous territory of the Ruthenians to the south of the Carpathians.
+Germany hereby recognizes the frontier of this State as determined by
+the principal Allied and Associated Powers and the other interested
+States.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 82.</strong>&mdash;The old frontier as it existed on Aug. 3, 1914,
+between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire will constitute the
+frontier between Germany and the Czechoslovak State.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 83.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of the Czechoslovak State
+all rights and title over the portion of Silesian territory defined as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>Starting from a point about 2 kilometers southeast of Katscher, on the
+boundary between the Circles (Kreise) of Loebsch&uuml;tz and Ratibor:
+the boundary between the two Kreise; then, the former boundary between
+Germany and Austria-Hungary up to a point on the Oder immediately to the
+south of the Ratibor-Oderberg railway; thence, toward the northwest and
+up to a point about 2 kilometers to the southeast of Katscher: a line to
+be fixed on the spot passing to the west of Kranowitz.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+
+A commission composed of seven members, five nominated by the Principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, one by Poland, and one by the Czechoslovak
+State, will be appointed fifteen days after the coming into force of the
+present treaty to trace on the spot the frontier line between Poland and
+the Czechoslovak State.</p>
+
+<p>The decisions of this commission will be taken by a majority and shall
+be binding on the parties concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Germany hereby agrees to renounce in favor of the Czechoslovak State all
+rights and title over the part of the Kreise of Loebsch&uuml;tz
+comprised within the following boundaries in case after the
+determination of the frontier between Germany and Poland the said part
+of that circle should become isolated from Germany: from the
+southeastern extremity of the salient of the former Austrian frontier at
+about 5 kilometers to the west of Loebsch&uuml;tz southward and up to a
+point of junction with the boundary between the Kreise of
+Loebsch&uuml;tz and Ratibor: the former frontier between Germany and
+Austria-Hungary; then, northward, the administrative boundary between
+the Kreise of Loebsch&uuml;tz and Ratibor up to a point situated about 2
+kilometers to the southeast of Katscher; thence, northwestward and up to
+the starting point of this definition: a line to be fixed on the spot
+passing to the east of Katscher.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 84.</strong>&mdash;German nationals habitually resident in any of the
+territories recognized as forming part of the Czechoslovak State will
+obtain Czechoslovak nationality ipso facto and lose their German
+nationality.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 85.</strong>&mdash;Within a period of two years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty German nationals over 18 years of age
+habitually resident in any of the territories recognized as forming part
+of the Czechoslovak State will be entitled to opt for German
+nationality. Czechoslovaks who are habitually resident in Germany will
+have a similar right to opt for Czechoslovak nationality.</p>
+
+<p>Option by a husband will cover his wife, and option by parents will
+cover their children under 18 years of age. Persons who have exercised
+the above right to opt must within the succeeding twelve months transfer
+their place of residence to the State for which they have opted. They
+will be entitled to retain their landed property in the territory of the
+other State where they had place of residence before exercising the
+right to opt. They may carry with them their movable property of every
+description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property. Within the same period
+Czechoslovaks who are German nationals and are in a foreign country will
+be entitled, in the absence of any provisions to the contrary in the
+foreign law, and if they have not acquired the foreign nationality, to
+obtain Czechoslovak nationality and lose their German nationality by
+complying with the requirements laid down by the Czechoslovak State.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 86.</strong>&mdash;The Czechoslovak State accepts and agrees to embody in
+a treaty with the principal Allied and Associated Powers such provisions
+as may be deemed necessary by the said powers to protect the interests
+of inhabitants of that State who differ from the majority of the
+population in race, language or religion.</p>
+
+<p>The Czechoslovak State further accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty
+with the said powers such provisions as they may deem necessary to
+protect freedom of transit and equitable treatment of the commerce of
+other nations.</p>
+
+<p>The proportion and nature of the financial obligations of Germany and
+Prussia, which the Czechoslovak State will have to assume on account of
+the Silesian territory placed under its sovereignty will be determined
+in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the
+present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequent agreements will decide all questions not decided by the
+present treaty which may arise in consequence of the cession of the said
+territory.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VIII.&mdash;<em>Poland</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 87.</strong>&mdash;Germany, in conformity with the action already taken
+by the Allied and Associated Powers, recognizes the complete
+independence of Poland and renounces in her favor all rights and title
+over the territory bounded by the Baltic Sea; the eastern frontier of
+Germany as laid down in Article 27 of Part II. (boundaries of Germany)
+of the present treaty, up to a point situated about two kilometers to
+the east of the Lorzendorf, then a line to the acute angle which the
+northern boundary of Upper Silesia makes about three kilometers
+northwest of Simmenau, then to where the boundary of Upper Silesia has
+its meeting point with the old frontier between Germany and Russia, then
+this frontier to the point where it crosses the course of the Niemen,
+and then the northern frontier of East Prussia, as laid down in Article
+28, Part II. aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p>The terms of this article do not, however, apply to the territories of
+East Prussia and the free city of Danzig, as defined in Article 28, of
+Part II. (boundaries of Germany,) and in Article 100 of Section XI.
+(Danzig) of this part.</p>
+
+<p>The boundaries of Poland not laid down in the present treaty will be
+subsequently determined by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. A
+commission consisting of seven members, five of whom shall be nominated
+by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, one by Germany, and one
+by Poland, shall be constituted fifteen days after the coming into force
+of the present treaty to delimit on the spot the frontier line between
+Poland and Germany. The decision of the commission will be taken by a
+majority of votes and shall be binding upon the parties concerned.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 88.</strong>&mdash;In the portion of Upper Silesia included within the
+boundaries described below the inhabitants will be called upon to
+indicate by a vote whether they wish to be attached to Germany or to
+Poland:</p>
+
+<p>Starting from the northern point of the salient of the old province of
+Austrian Silesia, situated about eight kilometers east of Neustadt, the
+former frontier between Germany and Austria, to its junction with the
+boundary between the Kreise of Loebsch&uuml;tz and Ratibor; thence in a
+northerly direction to a point about two kilometers southeast of
+Katscher; the boundary between the Kreise of Loebsch&uuml;tz and
+Ratibor; thence in a southeasterly direction to a point on the course of
+the Oder immediately south of the Ratibor-Oderberg railway: a line to be
+fixed on the ground passing south of Karanowitz;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the old boundary between Germany and Austria, thence the old
+boundary between Germany and Russia to its junction with the
+administrative boundary between Posnania and Upper Silesia; thence this
+administrative boundary to its junction with the administrative boundary
+between Upper and Middle Silesia; thence westward to the point where the
+administrative boundary turns in an acute angle to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>
+
+the southwest about three kilometers northwest of Simmenau;</p>
+
+<p>The boundary between Upper and Middle Silesia; thence in a westerly
+direction to a point to be fixed on the ground about two kilometers east
+of Orzendorf: a line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Kein
+Hennersdorf; thence southward to the point where the boundary between
+Upper and Middle Silesia cuts the Stadtel-Karlsruhe road: a line to be
+fixed on the ground passing west of Hennersdorf, Polkowitz, Noldau,
+Steamersdorf and Dammer, and east of Strehlitz, Nassadel, Eckersdorf,
+Schwirz, and Stadtel; thence the boundary between Upper and Middle
+Silesia to its junction with the eastern boundary of the Kreise of
+Falkenberg; thence the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Falkenberg to
+the point of the salient which is three kilometers east of Puschine;
+thence to the northern point of the salient of the old province of
+Austrian Silesia, situated about eight kilometers east of Neustadt: a
+line to be fixed on the ground, passing east of Zulls.</p>
+
+<p>The r&eacute;gime under which this plebiscite will be taken and given
+effect to is laid down in the annex hereto.</p>
+
+<p>The Polish and German Governments hereby respectively bind themselves to
+conduct no prosecutions on any part of their territory and to take no
+exceptional proceedings for any political action performed in Upper
+Silesia during the period of the r&eacute;gime laid down in the annex
+hereto, and up to the settlement of the final status of the country
+Germany hereby renounces in favor of Poland all rights and title over
+the portion of Upper Silesia lying beyond the frontier line fixed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers as this result of the plebiscite.</p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Within fifteen days from the coming into force of the present treaty
+the German troops and such officials as may be designated by the
+commission set up under the provisions of Paragraph 2 shall evacuate the
+plebiscite area. Up to the moment of the completion of the evacuation
+they shall refrain from any form of requisitioning in money or in kind
+and from all acts likely to prejudice the material interest of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Within the same period the workmen's and soldiers' councils which have
+been constituted in this area shall be dissolved. Members of such
+councils who are natives of another region and are exercising their
+functions at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, or
+who have gone out of office since the 1st March, 1919, shall be
+evacuated.</p>
+
+<p>All military and semi-military unions formed in the said area by the
+inhabitants of the district shall be immediately disbanded. All members
+of such military organizations who are not domiciled in the said area
+shall be required to leave it.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The plebiscite area shall be immediately placed under the authority
+of an international commission of four members to be designated by the
+following powers: The United States of America, France, the British
+Empire, and Italy. It shall be occupied by troops belonging to the
+Allied and<del>Asociated></del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Asociated">Associated</ins>
+Powers, and the German Government undertakes to give facilities for the
+transference of troops to Upper Silesia.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission shall enjoy all the powers exercised by the German or
+by the Prussian Government; except those of legislation or taxation. It
+shall also be substituted for the Government of the Province and the
+Regierungsbezirk.</p>
+
+<p>It shall be within the competence of the commission to interpret the
+powers hereby conferred upon it, and to determine to what extent it
+shall exercise them and to what extent they shall be left in the hands
+of the existing authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Changes in the existing laws and the existing taxation shall only be
+brought into force with the consent of the commission.</p>
+
+<p>The commission will maintain order with the help of the troops which
+will be at its disposal and to the extent which it may deem necessary by
+means of gendarmerie recruited among the inhabitants of the country. The
+commission shall provide immediately for the replacement of the
+evacuated German officials, and, if occasion arises, shall itself order
+the evacuation of such authorities and proceed to the replacement of
+such local authorities as may be required. It shall take all steps which
+it thinks proper to insure the freedom, fairness, and secrecy of the
+vote. In particular, it shall have the right to order the expulsion of
+any person who may in any way have attempted to distort the result of
+the plebiscite by methods of corruption or intimidation.</p>
+
+<p>The commission shall have full power to settle all questions arising
+from the execution of the present clauses. It shall be assisted by
+technical advisers, chosen by it from among the local populations. The
+decision of the commission shall be taken by a majority vote.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The vote shall take place at such date as may be determined by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, but not sooner than six months
+or later than eighteen months after the establishment of the commission
+in the area.</p>
+
+<p>The right to vote shall be given to all persons, without distinction of
+sex, who:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Have completed their twentieth year on the 1st of January of the
+year in which the plebiscite takes place;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Were born in the plebiscite area or have been domiciled there since
+a date to be determined by the commission, which shall not be subsequent
+to January 1, 1919, or who have been expelled by the German authorities
+and have not retained their domicile there.</p>
+
+<p>Persons convicted of political offenses shall not exercise their right
+of voting. Every person will vote in the commune where he is domiciled,
+or in which he was born, if he has not retained his domicile in the
+area.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the vote will be determined by the communes according to
+the majority of votes in each commune.</p></li>
+
+</ol></li>
+<li><p>On the conclusion of the voting the number of votes cast in each
+commune will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers with a full report as to the taking of the vote
+and a recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the
+frontier of Germany in Upper Silesia. In this recommendation regard will
+be paid to the wishes of the inhabitants, as shown by the vote, and to
+the geographical and economic conditions of the locality.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As soon as the frontier has been fixed by the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers the German authorities will be notified by the
+International Commission that they are free to take over the
+administration of the territory which it is recognized should be German;
+the said authorities must proceed to do so within one month of such
+notification and in the manner prescribed by the commission. Within the
+same period and in the manner prescribed by the commission, the Polish
+Government must
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
+
+proceed to take over the administration of the territory which it is
+recognized should be Polish.</p>
+
+<p>When the administration of the territory has been provided for by the
+German and Polish authorities respectively the powers of the commission
+will terminate.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of the Army of Occupation and expenditure by the commission,
+whether in discharge of its own functions or in the administration of
+the territory, will be a charge on the area.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 89.</strong>&mdash;Poland undertakes to accord freedom of transit to
+persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails in transit between
+East Prussia and the rest of Germany over Polish territory, including
+territorial waters, and to treat them at least as favorably as the
+persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails, respectively, of
+Polish or of any other most-favored nationality, origin, importation
+starting point, or ownership, as regards facilities, restrictions, and
+all other matters.</p>
+
+<p>Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar
+duties.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom of transit will extend to telegraphic and telephonic services
+under the conditions laid down by the conventions referred to in Article
+98.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 90.</strong>&mdash;Poland undertakes to permit, for a period of fifteen
+years, the exportation to Germany of the products of the mines in any
+part of Poland in accordance with the present treaty. Such export shall
+be subject to duties or other charges or restrictions on exportation.</p>
+
+<p>Poland agrees to take such steps as may be necessary to secure that such
+products shall be available for sale to purchasers in Germany on terms
+as favorable as are applicable to like products sold under similar
+conditions to purchasers in Poland or in any other country.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 91.</strong>&mdash;German nationals habitually resident in territories
+recognized as forming part of Poland will acquire Polish nationality
+ipso facto and will lose their German nationality. German nationals,
+however, or their descendants who became resident in these territories
+after January 1, 1908, will not acquire Polish nationality without a
+special authorization from the Polish State.</p>
+
+<p>Within a period of two years after the coming into force of the present
+treaty, German nationals over 18 years of age, habitually resident in
+any of the territories recognized as forming part of Poland, will be
+entitled to opt for German nationality. Poles who are German nationals
+over 18 years of age, and habitually resident in Germany, will have a
+similar right to opt for Polish nationality. Option by a husband will
+cover his wife and option by parents will cover their children under 18
+years of age. Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must
+within the succeeding twelve months transfer their place of residence to
+the State for which they have opted. They will be entitled to retain
+their immovable property in the territory of the other State, where they
+had their place of residence before exercising the right to opt. They
+may carry with them their movable property of every description. No
+export or import duties or charges may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property.</p>
+
+<p>Within the same period Poles who are German nationals and are in a
+foreign country will be entitled, in the absence of any provisions to
+the contrary in the foreign law, and if they have not acquired foreign
+nationality, to obtain Polish nationality and to lose their German
+nationality by complying with the requirements laid down by the Polish
+State.</p>
+
+<p>In this portion of Upper Silesia submitted to a plebiscite the
+provisions of this article should only come into force as from the
+definite attribution of the territory.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 92.</strong>&mdash;The proportion and the nature of the financial
+liabilities of Germany and Prussia to be borne by Poland will be
+determined in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty. There shall be excluded from the share
+of such financial liabilities assumed by Poland that portion of the debt
+which, according to the finding of the Reparation Commission referred to
+in the above mentioned article, arises from measures adopted by the
+German and Prussian Governments with a view to German colonization in
+Poland. In fixing under Article 256 of the present treaty the value of
+the property and possessions belonging to the German Empire and to the
+German states which pass to Poland, with the territory transferred
+above, the Reparation Commission shall exclude from the valuation
+buildings, forests, and other State property which belonged to the
+former kingdom of Poland; Poland shall acquire these properties free of
+all costs and charges.</p>
+
+<p>In all the German territory transferred in accordance with the present
+treaty and recognized as forming definitely a part of Poland, the
+property rights and interests of German nationals shall not be
+liquidated under Article 297 by the Polish Government except in
+accordance with the following provisions:</p>
+
+<p>1. The proceeds of the liquidation shall be paid direct to the owner;</p>
+
+<p>2. If, on his application, the mixed arbitral tribunal provided for by
+the Section 6 of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, or an
+arbitrator appointed by that tribunal, is satisfied that the conditions
+of the sale or measures taken by the Polish Government outside of its
+general legislation were unfairly prejudicial to the price obtained,
+they shall have discretion to award to the owner equitable compensation
+to be paid by the Polish Government.</p>
+
+<p>Further agreements will regulate all questions arising out of the
+cession of the above territory, which are not regulated by the present
+treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 93.</strong>&mdash;Poland accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty with
+the principal Allied and Associated Powers such provisions as may be
+deemed necessary by the said powers to protect the interests of
+inhabitants of Poland who differ from the majority of the population in
+race, language or religion.</p>
+
+<p>Poland further accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty with the said
+powers such provisions as they may deem necessary to protect freedom of
+transit and equitable treatment of the commerce of other nations.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION IX.&mdash;<em>East Prussia.</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 94.</strong>&mdash;In the area between the southern frontier of East
+Prussia, as described in Article 28 of Part II. (frontiers of Germany)
+of the present treaty, and the line described below, the inhabitants
+will be called upon to indicate by a vote the State to which they wish
+to belong:</p>
+
+<p>The western and northern boundary of Regierungsbezirk Allenstein to its
+junction with the boundary between the Kreise of Oletsko and Angerburg,
+thence, the northern boundary of the Kreise of Oletsko to its junction
+with the old frontier of East Prussia.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 95.</strong>&mdash;The German troops and authorities will be withdrawn
+from the area defined above within a period not exceeding fifteen days
+after the coming into force of the present
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+
+treaty. Until the evacuation is completed they will abstain from all
+requisitions in money or in kind and from all measures injurious to the
+economic interests of the country.</p>
+
+<p>On the expiration of the above-mentioned period the said area will be
+placed under the authority of an International Commission of five
+members appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. This
+commission will have general powers of administration and, in
+particular, will be charged with the duty of arranging for the vote, and
+of taking such measures as it may deem necessary to insure its freedom,
+fairness, and secrecy. The commission will have all necessary authority
+to decide any questions to which the execution of these provisions may
+give rise. The commission will make such arrangements as may be
+necessary for assistance in the exercise of its functions by officials
+chosen by itself from the local population; its decisions will be taken
+by a majority.</p>
+
+<p>Every person, irrespective of sex, will be entitled to vote who:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Is 20 years of age at the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty, and</p>
+
+<p>(b) Was born within the area where the vote will take place, or has been
+habitually resident there from a date to be fixed by the commission.</p>
+
+<p>Every person will vote in the commune where he is habitually resident
+or, if not habitually resident in the area, in the commune where he was
+born.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the vote will be determined by commune, (Gemeinde,)
+according to the majority of the votes in each commune.</p>
+
+<p>On the conclusion of the voting the number of votes cast in each commune
+will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers with a full report as to the taking of the vote and a
+recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the boundary
+of East Prussia in this region.</p>
+
+<p>In this recommendation, regard will be paid to the wishes of the
+inhabitants as shown by the vote, and to the geographical and economic
+conditions of the locality. The principal Allied and Associated Powers
+will then fix the frontier between East Prussia and Poland in this
+region. If the line fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+is such as to exclude from East Prussia any part of the territory
+defined in Article 94, the renunciation of its rights by Germany in
+favor of Poland, as provided in Article 87, above, will extend to the
+territories so excluded. As soon as the line has been fixed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, the authorities administering
+East Prussia will be notified by the International Commission that they
+are free to take over the administration of the territory to the north
+of the line so fixed, which they shall proceed to do within one month of
+such notification and in the manner prescribed by the commission. Within
+the same period, and as prescribed by the commission, the Polish
+Government must proceed to take over the administration of the territory
+to the south of the line. When the administration of the territory by
+the East Prussian and Polish authorities, respectively, has been
+provided for, the powers of the commission will terminate.</p>
+
+<p>Expenditure by the commission, whether in the discharge of its own
+functions or in the administration of the territory, will be borne by
+the local revenues. East Prussia will be required to bear such
+proportion of any deficit as may be fixed by the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 96.</strong>&mdash;In the area comprising the Kreise of Stuhm and
+Rosenberg, and the portion of the Kreise of Marienburg which is situated
+east of the Nogat, and that of Marienwerder east of the Vistula, the
+inhabitants will be called upon to indicate by a vote, to be taken in
+each commune, (Gemeinde,) whether they desire the various communes
+situated in this territory to belong to Poland or to East Prussia.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 97.</strong>&mdash;The German troops and authorities will be withdrawn
+from the area defined in Article 96 within a period not exceeding
+fifteen days after the coming into force of the present treaty. Until
+the evacuation is completed they will abstain from all requisitions in
+money or in kind and from all measures injurious to the economic
+interests of the country. On the expiration of the above-mentioned
+period the said area will be placed under the authority of an
+International Commission of five members appointed by the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers. This commission, supported, if occasion
+arises, by the necessary forces, will have general powers of
+administration, and, in particular, will be charged with the duty of
+arranging for the vote and of taking such measures as it may deem
+necessary to insure its freedom, fairness, and secrecy. The commission
+will conform as far as possible to the provisions of the present treaty
+relating to the plebiscite in the Allenstein area. Its decision will be
+taken by a majority. Expenditure by the commission, whether in the
+discharge of its own functions or in the administration of the
+territory, will be borne by the local revenues.</p>
+
+<p>On the conclusion of the voting, the number of votes cast in each
+commune will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, with a full report as to the taking of the vote
+and a recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the
+boundary of East Prussia in this region. In this recommendation regard
+will be paid to the wishes of the inhabitants as shown by the vote and
+to the geographical and economic conditions of the locality. The
+principal Allied and Associated Powers will then fix the frontier
+between East Prussia and Poland in this region, leaving in any case to
+Poland for the whole of the section bordering on the Vistula full and
+complete control of the river, including the east bank as far east of
+the river as may be necessary for its regulation and improvement.
+Germany agrees that in any portion of the said territory which remains
+German no fortifications shall at any time be erected.</p>
+
+<p>The principal Allied and Associated Powers will at the same time draw up
+regulations for assuring to the population of East Prussia to the
+fullest extent, and under equitable conditions, access to the Vistula,
+and the use of it for themselves, their commerce, and their boats. The
+determination of the frontier and the foregoing regulations shall be
+binding upon all the parties concerned. When the administration of the
+territory has been taken over by the East Prussian and Polish
+authorities, respectively, the powers of the commission will terminate.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 98.</strong>&mdash;Germany and Poland undertake, within one year of the
+coming into force of this treaty, to enter into conventions of which the
+terms, in case of difference, shall be settled by the Council of the
+League of Nations, with the object of securing on the one hand to
+Germany full and adequate railroad, telegraphic, and telephonic
+facilities for communication between the rest of Germany and East
+Prussia over the intervening Polish territory, and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+
+the other hand to Poland full and adequate railroad, telegraphic, and
+telephonic facilities for communication between Poland and the free city
+of Danzig over any German territory that may, on the right bank of the
+Vistula, intervene between Poland and the free city of Danzig.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-202.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-202thumb.jpg" width="400" height="493"
+alt="Sir Eric Drummond"
+title="Sir Eric Drummond" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Harris and Ewing</p>
+<p class="caption">Sir Eric Drummond</p>
+<p class="description">The first Secretary of the League of Nations. Sir Eric joined the
+British Foreign Office in 1900, and later served as confidential
+secretary to Sir Edward (Viscount) Grey, Herbert H. Asquith, and Arthur
+J. Balfour. In 1917 he accompanied Mr. Balfour to the United States as a
+member of the British High Commission.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-202.jpg">
+Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>SECTION X.&mdash;<em>Memel</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 99.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers all rights and title over the territories included
+between the Baltic, the northeastern frontier of East Prussia as defined
+in Article 28 of Part II. (frontiers of Germany) of the present treaty
+and the former frontier between Germany and Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Germany undertakes to accept the settlement made by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers in regard to these territories, particularly in so
+far as concerns the nationality of the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION XI.&mdash;<em>Free City of Danzig</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 100.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers all rights and title over the territory comprised
+within the following limits:</p>
+
+<p>From the Baltic Sea southward to the point where the principal channels
+of navigation of the Nogat and Vistula (Weichsel) meet;</p>
+
+<p>The boundary of East Prussia as described in Article 28 of Part II.
+(boundaries of Germany) of the peace treaty;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the principal channel of navigation of the Vistula downstream to
+a point about 6&frac12; kilometers north of the bridge of Dirschau;</p>
+
+<p>Thence northwest to point 5, 1&frac12; kilometers southeast of the
+Church of G&uuml;ttland, a line to be fixed on the ground;</p>
+
+<p>Thence in a general westerly direction to the salient of the Kreise of
+Berent, 8&frac12; kilometers northeast of Sch&ouml;neck;</p>
+
+<p>A line to be fixed on the ground passing between M&uuml;hlbanz on the
+south and Rambeltsch on the north;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the boundary of the Kreise of Berent, westward to the re-entrant
+which it forms 6 kilometers north-northwest of Sch&ouml;neck;</p>
+
+<p>Thence to a point on the median line of Lonkener See; a line to be fixed
+on the ground passing north of Neu Fietz and Schatarpi and south of
+Barenh&uuml;tte and Lonken; thence the median line of the Lonkener See
+to its northernmost point; thence to the southern end of Pollenziner
+See; a line to be fixed on the ground;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the median line of Pollenziner See to its northernmost point;</p>
+
+<p>Thence in a northeasterly direction to a point about one kilometer south
+of Koliebken Church, where the Danzig-Neustadt Railway crosses a stream;</p>
+
+<p>A line to be fixed on the ground passing southeast of Kamehlen, Krissau,
+Fidlin, Sulmin, (Richthof,) Mattern, Schaferei, and to the northwest of
+Neuendorf, Marschau, Czapielken, Hoch and Klein Kelpin, Pulverm&uuml;hl,
+Renneberg, and the towns of Oliva and Zoppot;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the course of this stream to the Baltic Sea.</p>
+
+<p>The boundaries described above are drawn on a German map scale
+1-100,000, attached to the present treaty, (Map No. 4.)</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 101.</strong>&mdash;A commission composed of three members appointed by
+the principal Allied and Associated Powers, including a High
+Commissioner as President, one member appointed by Germany, and one
+member appointed by Poland, shall be constituted within fifteen days of
+the coming into force of the present treaty for the purpose of
+delimiting on the spot the frontier of the territory as described above,
+taking into account as far as possible the existing communal boundaries.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 102.</strong>&mdash;The principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake
+to establish the town of Danzig, together with the rest of the territory
+described in Article 100, as a free city. It will be placed under the
+protection of the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 103.</strong>&mdash;A constitution for the free city of Danzig shall be
+drawn up by the duly appointed representatives of the free city in
+agreement with a High Commissioner to be appointed by the League of
+Nations. The constitution shall be placed under the guarantee of the
+League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p>The High Commissioner will also be intrusted with the duty of dealing in
+the first instance with all differences arising between Poland and the
+free city of Danzig in regard to this treaty or any arrangements or
+agreements made thereunder.</p>
+
+<p>The High Commissioner shall reside at Danzig.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 104.</strong>&mdash;The principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake
+to negotiate a treaty between the Polish Government and the free city of
+Danzig which shall come into force at the same time as the establishment
+of said free city, with the following objects:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>To effect the inclusion of the free city of Danzig within the Polish
+customs frontiers and to establish a free area in the port.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>To insure to Poland without any restriction the free use and service
+of all waterways, docks, basins, wharves, and other works within the
+territory of the free city necessary for Polish imports and exports.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>To insure to Poland the control and administration of the Vistula and
+of the whole railway system within the free city; except such street and
+other railways as serve primarily the needs of the free city and of
+postal, telegraphic, and telephonic communication between Poland and the
+Port of Danzig.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>To insure to Poland the right to develop and improve the waterways,
+docks, basins, wharves, railways, and other works and means of
+communication mentioned in this article, as well as to lease or purchase
+through appropriate processes such land and other property as may be
+necessary for these purposes.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>To provide against any discrimination within the free city of Danzig
+to the detriment of citizens of Poland and other persons of Polish
+origin or speech.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>To provide that the Polish Government shall undertake the conduct of
+the foreign relations of the free city of Danzig as well as the
+diplomatic protection of citizens of that city when abroad.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 105.</strong>&mdash;On the coming into force of the present treaty German
+nationals ordinarily resident in the territory described in Article 100
+will ipso facto lose their German nationality, in order to become
+nationals of the free city of Danzig.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 106.</strong>&mdash;Within a period of two years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty German nationals over 18 years of age
+ordinarily resident in the territory described in Article 100 will have
+the right to opt for German nationality.</p>
+
+<p>Option by a husband will cover his wife and option by parents will cover
+their children less than 18 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>All persons who exercise the right of option referred to above must
+during the ensuing
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+
+twelve months transfer their place of residence to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>These persons will be entitled to preserve the immovable property
+possessed by them in the territory of the free city of Danzig. They may
+carry with them their movable property of every description. No export
+or import duties shall be imposed upon them in this connection.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 107.</strong>&mdash;All property situated within the territory of the
+free city of Danzig belonging to the German Empire or any German State
+shall pass to the principal Allied and Associated Powers for transfer to
+the free city of Danzig or to the Polish State as they may consider
+equitable.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 108.</strong>&mdash;The proportion and nature of the financial
+liabilities of Germany and of Prussia to be borne by the free city of
+Danzig shall be fixed in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX.
+(financial clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>All other questions which may arise from the cession of the territory
+referred to in Article 100 shall be settled by further agreements.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION XII.&mdash;<em>Schleswig</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 109.</strong>&mdash;The frontier between Germany and Denmark shall be
+fixed in conformity with the wishes of the population.</p>
+
+<p>For this purpose the population inhabiting the territories of the former
+German Empire situated to the north of a line from east to west, (shown
+by a brown line on the Map No. 3 annexed to the present treaty;)</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the Baltic coast about thirteen kilometers east-northeast of
+Flensburg, running southwest so as to pass southeast of Sygum,
+Ringsberg, Munkbrarup, Adelby, Tastrup, Jarplund, Oversee, and northwest
+of Langballigholz, Langballig, B&ouml;nstrup, R&uuml;llschau, Weseby,
+Kleinwolstrup, Gross-Solt; thence westward passing south of Fr&ouml;rup
+and north of Wanderup; thence in a southwesterly direction passing
+southeast of Oxlund, Stieglund, and Ostenau and northwest of the
+villages on the Wanderup-Kollund road; thence in a northwesterly
+direction passing southwest of L&ouml;wenstedt, Joldelund, Goldelund and
+northeast of Kalkerheide and H&ouml;gel to the bend of the Soholmer Au,
+about one kilometer east of Soholm, where it meets the southern boundary
+of the Kreise of Tondern; thence following this boundary to the North
+Sea; thence passing south of the islands of Fohr and Amrum and north of
+the islands of Oland and Langeness shall be called upon to pronounce by
+a vote which will be taken under the following conditions:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Within a period not exceeding ten days from the coming into force of
+the present treaty, the German troops and authorities (including the
+Oberprasidenten, Regierungs-Prasidenten, Landrathe, Amtsvorsteher,
+Oberb&uuml;rgermeister) shall evacuate the zone lying to the north of
+the line above fixed.</p>
+
+<p>Within the same period the Workmen's and Soldiers' Councils which have
+been constituted in this zone shall be dissolved; members of such
+councils who are natives of another region and are exercising their
+functions at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, or
+who have gone out of office since the 1st March, 1919, shall also be
+evacuated.</p>
+
+<p>The said zone shall immediately be placed under the authority of an
+international commission, composed of five members, of whom three will
+be designated by the principal Allied and Associated Powers; the
+Norwegian and Swedish Governments will each be requested to designate a
+member. In the event of their failing to do so, these two members will
+be chosen by the principal Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p>The commission, assisted in case of need by the necessary forces, shall
+have general powers of administration. In particular, it shall at once
+provide for filling the places of the evacuated German authorities, and,
+if necessary, shall itself give orders for their evacuation and proceed
+to fill the places of such local authorities as may be required. It
+shall take all steps which it thinks proper to insure the freedom,
+fairness, and secrecy of the vote. It shall be assisted by German and
+Danish technical advisers chosen by it from among the local population.
+Its decisions will be taken by a majority.</p>
+
+<p>One-half of the expenses of the International Commission and of the
+expenditure occasioned by the plebiscite shall be paid by Germany.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The right to vote shall be<del>givn</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads givn">given</ins> all persons, without distinction of
+sex, who:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Have completed their twentieth year at the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty; and</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Were born in the zone in which the plebiscite is taken, or had been
+domiciled there since a date before the 1st January, 1900, or had been
+expelled by the German authorities without having retained their
+domicile there.</p>
+
+<p>Every person will vote in the commune (Gemeinde) where he is domiciled
+or of which he is a native.</p>
+
+<p>Military persons, officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers of
+the German Army, who are natives of the zone of Schleswig, in which the
+plebiscite is taken, shall be given the opportunity to return to their
+native place in order to take part in the voting there.</p></li>
+
+</ol></li>
+<li><p>In the section of the evacuated zone lying to the north of a line
+from east to west (shown by a red line on Map No. 3, which is annexed to
+the present treaty):</p>
+
+<p>Passing south of the Island of Alsen and following the median line of
+Flensburg Fjord;</p>
+
+<p>Thence leaving the fjord about six kilometers north of Flensburg, and
+following the course of the stream flowing past Kupferm&uuml;hle
+upstream to a point north of Niehuus;</p>
+
+<p>Thence passing north of Pattburg and Ellund and south of Fr&ouml;slee to
+meet the eastern boundary of the Kreise of Tondern at its junction with
+the boundary between the old jurisdiction of Slogs and Kjaer, (Slogs
+Herred and Kjaer Herred;)</p>
+
+<p>Thence the latter boundary to where it meets the Scheidebek;</p>
+
+<p>Thence the course of the Scheidebek, (Alte Au), S&uuml;der Au, and Wied
+Au downstream successively to the point where the latter bends
+northward, about 1,500 meters west of Rutteb&uuml;ll;</p>
+
+<p>Thence in a west-northwesterly direction to meet the North Sea north of
+Sieltoft;</p>
+
+<p>Thence passing north of the Island of Sylt.</p>
+
+<p>The vote above provided for shall be taken within a period not exceeding
+three weeks after the evacuation of the country by the German troops and
+authorities.</p>
+
+<p>The result will be determined by the majority of votes cast in the whole
+of this section. This result will be immediately communicated by the
+commission to the principal Allied and Associated Governments and
+proclaimed.</p>
+
+<p>If the vote results in favor of the reincorporation of this territory in
+the Kingdom of Denmark, the Danish Government, in agreement with the
+commission will be entitled to effect its occupation with their military
+and administrative authorities immediately after the proclamation.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In the section of the evacuated zone situated to the south of the
+preceding section and to the north of the line which starts from
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
+
+the Baltic Sea thirteen kilometers from Flensburg and ends north of the
+islands of Oland and Langeness, the vote will be taken within a period
+not exceeding five weeks after the plebiscite shall have been held in
+the first section.</p>
+
+<p>The result will be determined by communes (Gemeinden) in accordance with
+the majority of the votes cast in each commune, (Gemeinde.)</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 110.</strong>&mdash;Pending a delimination on the spot, a frontier line
+will be fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers according to
+a line based on the result of the voting, and proposed by the
+International Commission, and taking into account the particular
+geographical and economic conditions of the localities in question.</p>
+
+<p>From that time the Danish Government may effect the occupation of these
+territories which the Danish civil and military authorities, and the
+German Government may reinstate up to the said frontier line the German
+civil and military authorities whom it has evacuated.</p>
+
+<p>Germany hereby renounced definitively in favor of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers all rights of sovereignty over the territories
+situated to the north of the frontier line fixed in accordance with the
+above provisions. The principal Allied and <del>Asociated</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Asociated">Associated</ins> Powers will hand
+over the said territories to Denmark.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 111.</strong>&mdash;A commission composed of seven members, five of whom
+shall be nominated by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, one by
+Denmark, and one by Germany, shall be constituted within fifteen days
+from the date when the final result of the vote is known, to trace the
+frontier line on the spot.</p>
+
+<p>The decisions of the commission will be taken by a majority of votes,
+and shall be binding on the parties concerned.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 112.</strong>&mdash;All the inhabitants of the territory which is
+returned to Denmark will acquire Danish nationality ipso facto, and will
+lose their German nationality. Persons, however, who had become
+habitually resident in this territory after the 1st October, 1918, will
+not be able to acquire Danish nationality without permission from the
+Danish Government.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 113.</strong>&mdash;Within two years from the date on which the
+sovereignty over the whole or part of the territory of Schleswig
+subjected to the plebiscite is restored to Denmark:</p>
+
+<p>Any person over 18 years of age, born in the territory restored to
+Denmark, not habitually resident in this region and possessing German
+nationality, will be entitled to opt for Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>Any person over 18 years of age habitually resident in the territory
+restored to Denmark will be entitled to opt for Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Option by a husband will cover his wife and option by parents will cover
+their children less than 18 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must within the
+ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to the State in
+favor of which they have opted.</p>
+
+<p>They will be entitled to retain the immovable property which they own in
+the territory of the other State in which they were habitually resident
+before opting. They may carry with them their movable property of every
+description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 114.</strong>&mdash;The proportion and nature of the financial or other
+obligations of Germany and Prussia which are to be assumed by Denmark
+will be fixed in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Further stipulations will determine any other questions arising out of
+the transfer to Denmark of the whole or part of the territory of which
+she was deprived by the treaty of Oct. 30, 1864.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION XIII.&mdash;<em>Heligoland</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 115.</strong>&mdash;The fortifications, military establishments, and
+harbors of the islands of Heligoland and Dune shall be destroyed under
+the supervision of the principal Allied Governments by German labor and
+at the expense of Germany within a period to be determined by the said
+Governments.</p>
+
+<p>The term "harbors" shall include the Northeast Mole, the West Wall, the
+outer and inner breakwaters and reclaimed land within them, and all
+naval and military works, fortifications, and buildings, constructed or
+under construction, between lines connecting the following positions
+taken from the British Admiralty Chart No. 126 of 19 April, 1918:</p>
+
+<p>(A) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 49 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+39 seconds E.;</p>
+
+<p>(B) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 35 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 54 minutes
+18 seconds E.;</p>
+
+<p>(C) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 14 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 54 minutes
+0 seconds E.;</p>
+
+<p>(D) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 17 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+37 seconds E.;</p>
+
+<p>(E) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 44 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+26 seconds E.</p>
+
+<p>These fortifications, military establishments, and harbors shall not be
+reconstructed nor shall any similar works be constructed in future.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION XIV.&mdash;<em>Russia and Russian States</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 116.</strong>&mdash;Germany acknowledges and agrees to respect as
+permanent and inalienable the independence of all the territories which
+were part of the former Russian Empire on Aug. 1, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with the provisions of Article 259 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses,) and Article 292 of Part X. (economic clauses,) Germany accepts
+definitely the abrogation of the Brest-Litovsk Treaties and of all
+treaties, conventions, and agreements entered into by her with the
+Maximalist Government in Russia.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Powers formally reserve the rights of Russia
+to obtain from Germany restitution and reparation based on the
+principles of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 117.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of all
+treaties or agreements which may be entered into by the Allied and
+Associated Powers with States now existing or coming into existence in
+future in the whole or part of the former Empire of Russia as it existed
+on August 1, 1914, and to recognize the frontiers of any such States as
+determined therein.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART IV<br />
+German Rights and Interests Outside Germany</h2>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 118.</strong>&mdash;In territory outside her European frontiers as fixed
+by the present treaty, Germany renounces all rights, titles, and
+privileges whatever in or over territory which belonged to her or to her
+allies, and all rights, titles, and privileges, whatever their origin,
+which she held as against the Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p>Germany undertakes immediately to recognize and to conform to the
+measures which may be taken now or in the future by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, in agreement where necessary with third powers,
+in order to carry the above stipulation into effect.</p>
+
+<p>In particular, Germany declares her acceptance of the following articles
+relating to certain special subjects:</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>German Colonies</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 119.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers all her rights and titles over her overseas
+possessions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 120.</strong>&mdash;All movable and immovable property in such
+territories belonging to the German Empire or to any German State shall
+pass to the Government exercising authority over such territories on the
+terms laid down in Article 257 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the
+present treaty. The decision of the local courts in any dispute as to
+the nature of such property shall be final.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 121.</strong>&mdash;The provisions of Section I. (commercial relations)
+and Section IV. (property, rights, and interests) of Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty shall apply in the case of these
+territories whatever be the form of government adopted for them.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 122.</strong>&mdash;The Government exercising authority over such
+territories may make such provisions as it thinks fit with reference to
+the repatriation from them of German nationals, and to the conditions
+upon which German subjects of European origin shall, or shall not, be
+allowed to reside, hold property, trade, or exercise a profession in
+them.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 123.</strong>&mdash;The provisions of Article 260 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty shall apply in the case of all agreements
+concluded with German nationals for the construction or exploitation of
+public works in the German overseas possessions, as well as any
+sub-concessions or contracts resulting therefrom which may have been
+made to or with such nationals.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 124.</strong>&mdash;Germany hereby undertakes to pay in accordance with
+the estimate to be presented by the French Government, and approved by
+the Reparation Commission, reparation for damage suffered by French
+nationals in the Cameroons or the frontier zone by reason of the acts of
+the German civil and military authorities and of German private
+individuals during the period from Jan. 1, 1900, to Aug. 1, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 125.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces all rights under the conventions
+and agreements with France of Nov. 4, 1911, and Sept. 28, 1912, relating
+to equatorial Africa. She undertakes to pay to the French Government, in
+accordance with the estimate to be presented by the Government and
+approved by the Reparation Commission, all the deposits, credits,
+advances, &amp;c., effected by virtue of these instruments in favor of
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 126.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to accept and observe the
+agreements made or to be made by the Allied and Associated Powers or
+some of them with any other power with regard to the trade in arms and
+spirits, and to the matters dealt with in the general act of Berlin of
+Feb. 26, 1885, the general act of Brussels of July 2, 1890, and the
+conventions completing or modifying the same.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 127.</strong>&mdash;The native inhabitants of the former German overseas
+possessions shall be entitled to the diplomatic protection of the
+Governments exercising authority over those territories.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>China</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 128.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of China all benefits and
+privileges resulting from the provisions of the final protocol signed at
+Peking on Sept. 7, 1901, and from all annexes, notes, and documents
+supplementary thereto. She likewise renounces in favor of China any
+claim to indemnities accruing thereunder subsequent to March 14, 1917.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 129.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply in so far as concerns them
+respectively:</p>
+
+<p>1. The arrangement of Aug. 29, 1902, regarding the new Chinese customs
+tariff.</p>
+
+<p>2. The arrangement of Sept. 27, 1905, regarding Whang-Poo, and the
+provisional supplementary arrangement of April 4, 1912. China, however,
+will no longer be bound to grant to Germany the advantages of privileges
+which she allowed Germany under these arrangements.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 130.</strong>&mdash;Subject to the provisions of Section VIII. of this
+part, Germany cedes to China all the buildings, wharves and pontoons,
+barracks, forts, arms and munitions of war, vessels of all kinds,
+wireless telegraphy installations and other public property belonging to
+the German Government, which are situated or may be in the German
+concessions at Tientsin and Hankow or elsewhere in Chinese territory.</p>
+
+<p>It is understood, however, that premises used as diplomatic or consular
+residences or offices are not included in the above cession, and,
+furthermore, that no steps shall be taken by the Chinese Government to
+dispose of the German public and private property situated within the
+so-called legation quarter at Peking without the consent of the
+diplomatic representatives of the powers which, on the coming into force
+of the present treaty, remain parties to the final protocol of Sept. 7,
+1901.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 131.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to restore to China within twelve
+months from the coming into force of the present treaty all the
+astronomical instruments which her troops in 1900&mdash;1901 carried away from
+China, and to defray all expenses which may be incurred in affecting
+such restoration, including the expenses of dismounting, packing,
+transporting, insurance, and installation in Peking.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-207.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-207thumb.jpg" width="400" height="499"
+alt="Lord Robert Cecil"
+title="Lord Robert Cecil" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">From Around the World Copyright Paul Thompson</p>
+<p class="caption">Lord Robert Cecil</p>
+<p class="description">A son of Lord Salisbury and one of the most influential statesmen in
+Great Britain during the war and an enthusiastic advocate of a League of
+Nations.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-207.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 132.</strong>&mdash;Germany agrees to the abrogation of the leases from
+the Chinese Government under which the German concessions at Hankow and
+Tientsin are now held.</p>
+
+<p>China, restored to the full exercise of her sovereign rights in the
+above areas, declares her intention of opening them to international
+residence and trade. She further declares that the abrogation of the
+leases under which these concessions are now held shall not affect the
+property rights of nationals or Allied and Associated Powers who are
+holders of lots in these concessions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 133.</strong>&mdash;Germany waives all claims against the Chinese
+Government or against any Allied or Associated Government arising out of
+the internment of German nationals in China and their repatriation. She
+equally renounces all claims arising out of the capture and condemnation
+of German ships in China or the liquidation, sequestration or control of
+German properties, rights, and interests in that country since Aug. 14,
+1917. This provision, however, shall not affect the rights of the
+parties interested in the proceeds of any such liquidation, which shall
+be governed by the provisions of Part X. (economic clauses) of the
+present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 134.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces, in favor of the Government of his
+Britannic Majesty, the German State property in the British concession
+at Shameen at Canton. She renounces, in favor of the French and Chinese
+Governments conjointly, the property of the German school situated in
+the French concession at Shanghai.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION III.&mdash;<em>Siam</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 135.</strong>&mdash;Germany recognizes that all treaties, conventions,
+and agreements between her and Siam, and all rights, titles and
+privileges derived therefrom, including all rights of extra territorial
+jurisdiction, terminated as from July 22, 1917.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 136.</strong>&mdash;All goods and property in Siam belonging to the
+German Empire or to any German State, with the exception of premises
+used as diplomatic or consular residences or offices, pass ipso facto
+and without compensation to the Siamese Government.</p>
+
+<p>The goods, property, and private rights of German nationals in Siam
+shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 137.</strong>&mdash;Germany waives all claims against the Siamese
+Government on behalf of herself or her nationals arising out of the
+seizure or condemnation of German ships, the liquidation of German
+property, or the internment of German nationals in Siam. This provision
+shall not affect the rights of the parties interested in the proceeds of
+any such liquidation, which shall be governed by the provisions of Part
+X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION IV.&mdash;<em>Liberia</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 138.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces all rights and privileges arising
+from the arrangements of 1911 and 1912 regarding Liberia, and
+particularly the right to nominate a German receiver of customs in
+Liberia. She further renounces all claim to participate in any measures
+whatsoever which may be adopted for the rehabilitation of Liberia.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 139.</strong>&mdash;Germany recognizes that all treaties and arrangements
+between her and Liberia terminated as from Aug. 4, 1917.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 140.</strong>&mdash;The property, rights, and interests of Germans in
+Liberia shall be dealt with in accordance with Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION V.&mdash;<em>Morocco</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 141.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces all rights, titles, and privileges
+conferred on her by the general act of Algeciras of April 7, 1906, and
+by the Franco-German agreements of Feb. 9, 1909, and Nov. 4, 1911. All
+treaties, agreements, arrangements, and contracts concluded by her with
+the Sherifian Empire are regarded as abrogated as from Aug. 3, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>In no case can Germany take advantage of these instruments, and she
+undertakes not to intervene in any way in negotiations relating to
+Morocco which may take place between France and the other powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 142.</strong>&mdash;Germany having recognized the French Protectorate in
+Morocco, hereby accepts all consequences of its establishment, and she
+renounces the r&eacute;gime of the capitulations therein.</p>
+
+<p>This renunciation shall take effect as from Aug. 3, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 143.</strong>&mdash;The Sherifian Government shall have complete liberty
+of action in regulating the status of German nationals in Morocco and
+the conditions in which they may establish themselves there.</p>
+
+<p>German-protected persons, semsars, and "associ&eacute;s agricoles" shall
+be considered as having ceased, as from Aug. 3, 1914, to enjoy the
+privileges attached to their status and shall be subject to the ordinary
+law.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 144.</strong>&mdash;All property and possessions in the Sherifian Empire
+of the German Empire and the German States pass to the Maghzen without
+payment.</p>
+
+<p>For the purposes of this clause, the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and States shall be deemed to include all the property of
+the crown, the empire, or States, and the private property of the former
+German Emperor and other royal personages.</p>
+
+<p>All movable and immovable property in the Sherifian Empire belonging to
+German nationals shall be dealt with in accordance with Sections III.
+and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Mining rights which may be recognized as belonging to German nationals
+by the Court of Arbitration set up under the Moroccan mining regulations
+shall form the subject of a valuation, which the arbitrators shall be
+requested to make, and these rights shall then be treated in the same
+way as property in Morocco belonging to German nationals.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 145.</strong>&mdash;The German Government shall insure the transfer to a
+person nominated by the French Government of the shares representing
+Germany's portion of the capital of the State Bank of Morocco. The value
+of these shares, as assessed by the Reparation Commission, shall be paid
+to the Reparation Commission for the credit of Germany on account of the
+sums due for reparation. The German Government shall be responsible for
+indemnifying its nationals so dispossessed.</p>
+
+<p>This transfer will take place without prejudice to the repayment of
+debts which German nationals may have contracted toward the State Bank
+of Morocco.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 146.</strong>&mdash;Moroccan goods entering Germany shall enjoy the
+treatment accorded to French goods.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VI.&mdash;<em>Egypt</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 147.</strong>&mdash;Germany declares that she recognizes the protectorate
+proclaimed over Egypt by Great Britain on Dec. 18, 1914, and that she
+renounces the r&eacute;gime of the capitulations in Egypt. This
+renunciation shall take effect as from Aug. 4, 1914.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 148.</strong>&mdash;All treaties, agreements, arrangements, and contracts
+concluded by Germany with Egypt are regarded as abrogated as from Aug.
+4, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>In no case can Germany avail herself of these instruments, and she
+undertakes not to intervene in any way in negotiations relating to Egypt
+which may take place between Great Britain and the other powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 149.</strong>&mdash;Until an Egyptian law of judicial organization
+establishing courts with universal jurisdiction comes into force,
+provision shall be made, by means of decrees issued by his Highness the
+Sultan for the exercise of jurisdiction over German nationals and
+property by the British consular tribunals.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 150.</strong>&mdash;The Egyptian Government shall have complete liberty
+of action in regulating the status of German nationals and the
+conditions under which they may establish themselves in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 151.</strong>&mdash;Germany consents to the abrogation of the decree
+issued by his Highness the Kh&eacute;dive on Nov. 28, 1904, relating to
+the commission of the Egyptian public debt, or to such changes as the
+Egyptian Government may think it desirable to make therein.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 152.</strong>&mdash;Germany consents, in so far as she is concerned, to
+the transfer to his Britannic Majesty's Government of the powers
+conferred on his Imperial Majesty the Sultan, by the convention signed
+at Constantinople on Oct. 29, 1888, relating to the free navigation of
+the Suez Canal.</p>
+
+<p>She renounces all participation in the Sanitary, Maritime, and
+Quarantine Board of Egypt, and consents, in so far as she is concerned,
+to the transfer to the Egyptian authorities of the powers of that board.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 153.</strong>&mdash;All property and possessions in Egypt of the German
+Empire and the German States pass to the Egyptian Government without
+payment.</p>
+
+<p>For this purpose the property and possessions of the German Empire and
+States shall be deemed to include all the property of the crown, the
+empire, or the States, and the private property of the former German
+Emperor and other royal personages.</p>
+
+<p>All movable and immovable property in Egypt belonging to German
+nationals shall be dealt with in accordance with Sections III. and IV.
+of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 154.</strong>&mdash;Egyptian goods entering Germany shall enjoy the
+treatment accorded to British goods.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VII.&mdash;<em>Turkey and Bulgaria</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 155.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to recognize and accept all
+arrangements which the Allied and Associated Powers may make with Turkey
+and Bulgaria, with reference to any rights, interests, and privileges
+whatever which might be claimed by Germany or her nationals in Turkey
+and Bulgaria and which are not dealt with in the provisions of the
+present treaty.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VIII.&mdash;<em>Shantung</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 156.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces in favor of Japan, all her rights,
+titles, and privileges&mdash;particularly those concerning the territory
+of Kiao-Chau, railways, mines, and submarine cables&mdash;which she
+acquired in virtue of the treaty concluded by her with China on 6th
+March, 1898, and of all other arrangements relative to the Province of
+Shantung.</p>
+
+<p>All German rights in the Tsing-tao-Tsinan-Fu railway, including its
+branch lines, together with its subsidiary property of all kinds,
+stations, shops, fixed and rolling stock, mines, plant, and material for
+the exploitation of the mines are and remain acquired by Japan, together
+with all rights and privileges attaching thereto.</p>
+
+<p>The German State submarine cables from Tsing-tao to Shanghai and from
+Tsing-tao to Che Foo, with all the rights, privileges, and properties
+attaching thereto, are similarly acquired by Japan, free and clear of
+all charges and incumbrances.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 157.</strong>&mdash;The movable and immovable property owned by the
+German State in the territory of Kiao-Chau, as well as all the rights
+which Germany might claim in consequence of the works or improvements
+made or of the expenses incurred by her, directly or indirectly, in
+connection with this territory, are and remain acquired by Japan, free
+and clear of all charges and incumbrances.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 158.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall hand over to Japan within three months
+from the coming into force of the present treaty the archives,
+registers, plans, title deeds, and documents of every kind, wherever
+they may be, relating to the administration, whether civil, military,
+financial, judicial or other, of the territory of Kiao-Chau.</p>
+
+<p>Within the same period Germany shall give particulars to Japan of all
+treaties, arrangements or agreements relating to the rights, title or
+privileges referred to in the two preceding articles.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART V<br />
+Military, Naval, and Aerial Clauses</h2>
+
+<p>In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of
+the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the
+military, naval, and air clauses which follow:</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>Military Clauses</em></h3>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I.&mdash;EFFECTIVES AND CADRES OF THE GERMAN ARMY</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 159</strong>&mdash;The German military forces shall be demobilized and
+reduced as prescribed hereinafter.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 160</strong>&mdash;</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>By a date which must not be later than March 31,
+1920, the German Army must not comprise more than seven divisions of
+infantry and three divisions of cavalry. After that date the total
+number of effectives in the army of the States constituting Germany must
+not exceed 100,000 men, including officers and establishments of depots.
+The army shall be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of order within
+the territory and to the control of the frontiers.</p>
+
+<p>The total effective strength of officers, including the personnel of
+staffs, whatever their composition, must not exceed 4,000.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Divisions and army corps headquarters staffs shall be organized in
+accordance with Table No. 1 annexed to this section.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>
+
+The number and strength of the units of infantry, artillery, engineers,
+technical services, and troops laid down in the aforesaid table
+constitute maxima which must not be exceeded.</p>
+
+<p>The following units may each have their own depot:</p>
+
+<p>An infantry regiment; a cavalry regiment; a regiment of field artillery;
+a battalion of pioneers.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The divisions must not be grouped under more than two army corps
+headquarters staff.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>The maintenance or formation of forces differently grouped or of other
+organizations for the command of troops or for preparation for war is
+forbidden.</p>
+
+<p>The Great German General Staff and all similar organizations shall be
+dissolved and may not be reconstituted in any form.</p>
+
+<p>The officers, or persons in the position of officers, in the Ministries
+of War in the different States in Germany and in the administrations
+attached to them, must not exceed three hundred in number and are
+included in the maximum strength of four thousand laid down in the third
+sub-paragraph of the first paragraph of this article.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 161.</strong>&mdash;Army administrative services consisting of civilian
+personnel not included in the number of effectives prescribed by the
+present treaty will have such personnel reduced in each class to
+one-tenth of that laid down in the budget of 1913.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 162.</strong>&mdash;The number of employes or officials of the German
+States, such as customs officers, forest guards, and coast guards shall
+not exceed that of the employes or officials functioning in these
+capacities in 1913.</p>
+
+<p>The number of gendarmes and employes or officials of the local or
+municipal police may only be increased to an extent corresponding to the
+increase of population since 1913 in the districts or municipalities in
+which they are employed.</p>
+
+<p>These employes and officials may not be assembled for military training.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 163.</strong>&mdash;The reduction of the strength of the German military
+forces as provided for in Article 160 may be effected gradually in the
+following manner:</p>
+
+<p>Within three months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+total number of effectives must be reduced to 200,000 and the number of
+units must not exceed twice the number of those laid down in Article
+160.</p>
+
+<p>At the expiration of this period, and at the end of each subsequent
+period of three months, a conference of military experts of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers will fix the reductions to be
+made in the ensuing three months, so that by the 31st of March, 1920, at
+the latest, the total number of German effectives does not exceed the
+maximum number of 100,000 men laid down in Article 160. In these
+successive reductions the same ratio between the number of officers and
+of men, and between the various kinds of units shall be maintained as is
+laid down in that article.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.&mdash;ARMAMENT, MUNITIONS, AND MATERIAL</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 164.</strong>&mdash;Up till the time at which Germany is admitted as a
+member of the League of Nations the German Army must not possess an
+armament greater than the amounts fixed in Table No. 2, annexed to this
+section, with the exception of an optional increase not exceeding
+one-twenty-fifth part for small arms and one-fiftieth part for guns,
+which shall be exclusively used to provide for such eventual
+replacements as may be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Germany agrees that after she has become a member of the League of
+Nations the armaments fixed in the said table shall remain in force
+until they are modified by the Council of the League. Furthermore she
+hereby agrees strictly to observe the decisions of the Council of the
+League on this subject.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 165.</strong>&mdash;The maximum number of guns, machine guns, trench
+mortars, rifles, and the amount of ammunition and equipment which
+Germany is allowed to maintain during the period between the coming into
+force of the present treaty and the date of March 31, 1920, referred to
+in Article 160, shall bear the same proportion to the amount authorized
+in Table No. 3 annexed to this section as the strength of the German
+Army as reduced from time to time in accordance with Article 163 bears
+to the strength permitted under Article 160.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 166.</strong>&mdash;At the date of March 31, 1920, the stock of munitions
+which the German Army may have at its disposal shall not exceed the
+amounts fixed in Table No. 3 annexed to this section.</p>
+
+<p>Within the same period the German Government will store these stocks at
+points to be notified to the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers. The German Government is forbidden to establish any
+other stocks, depots, or reserves of munitions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 167.</strong>&mdash;The number and calibre of the guns constituting at
+the date of the coming into force of the present treaty the armament of
+the fortified works, fortresses, and any land or coast forts which
+Germany is allowed to retain, must be notified immediately by the German
+Government to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers, and will constitute maximum amounts which may not be exceeded.</p>
+
+<p>Within two months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+maximum stock of ammunition for these guns will be reduced to, and
+maintained at, the following uniform rates: Fifteen hundred rounds per
+piece for those the calibre of which is 10.5 cm. and under; 500 rounds
+per piece for those of higher calibre.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 168.</strong>&mdash;The manufacture of arms, munitions, or any war
+material shall only be carried out in factories or works the locations
+of which shall be communicated to and approved by the Governments of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, and the number of which they
+retain the right to restrict.</p>
+
+<p>Within three months from the coming into force of the present treaty all
+other establishments for the manufacture, preparation, storage, or
+design of arms, munitions, or any war material whatever shall be closed
+down. The same applies to all arsenals except those used as depots for
+the authorized stocks of munitions. Within the same period the personnel
+of these arsenals will be dismissed.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 169.</strong>&mdash;Within two months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, German arms, munitions, and war materials, including
+anti-aircraft material, existing in Germany in excess of the quantities
+allowed must be surrendered to the Governments of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, to be destroyed or rendered useless. This will
+also apply to any special plant intended for the manufacture of military
+material, except such as may be recognized as necessary for equipping
+the authorized strength of the German Army.</p>
+
+<p>The surrender in question will be effected at such points in German
+territory as may be selected by the said Governments.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+
+Within the same period, arms, munitions, and war material, including
+anti-aircraft material, of origin other than German, in whatever state
+they may be, will be delivered to the said Governments, who will decide
+as to their disposal.</p>
+
+<p>Arms and munitions which on account of the successive reductions in the
+strength of the German Army become in excess of the amounts authorized
+by Tables 2 and 3 of the annex must be handed over in the manner laid
+down above within such periods as may be decided by the conferences
+referred to in Article 163.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 170.</strong>&mdash;Importation into Germany of arms, munitions, and war
+material of every kind shall be strictly prohibited.</p>
+
+<p>The same applies to the manufacture for and export to foreign countries
+of arms, munitions, and war material of every kind.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 171.</strong>&mdash;The use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and
+all analogous liquids, materials or devices being prohibited, their
+manufacture and importation are strictly forbidden in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The same applies to materials specially intended for the manufacture,
+storage, and use of the said products or devices.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacture and the importation into Germany of armored cars, tanks,
+and all similar constructions suitable for use in war are also
+prohibited.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 172.</strong>&mdash;Within a period of three months from the coming into
+force of the present treaty the German Government will disclose to the
+Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers the nature and
+mode of manufacture of all explosives, toxic substances or other like
+chemical preparations used by them in the war or prepared by them for
+the purpose of being so used.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.&mdash;RECRUITING AND MILITARY TRAINING</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 173.</strong>&mdash;Universal compulsory military service shall be
+abolished in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The German Army may only be constituted and recruited by means of
+voluntary enlistment.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 174.</strong>&mdash;The period of enlistment for non-commissioned
+officers and privates must be twelve consecutive years.</p>
+
+<p>The number of men discharged for any reason before the expiration of
+their term of enlistment must not exceed in any year 5 per cent. of the
+total effectives as fixed by the second sub-paragraph of Paragraph 1 of
+Article 160 of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 175.</strong>&mdash;The officers who are retained in the army must
+undertake the obligation to serve in it up to the age of forty-five
+years, at least.</p>
+
+<p>Officers newly appointed must undertake to serve on the active list for
+twenty-five consecutive years, at least.</p>
+
+<p>Officers who have previously belonged to any formation whatever of the
+army and who are not retained in the units allowed to be maintained must
+not take part in any military exercise, whether theoretical or
+practical, and will not be under any military obligations whatever.</p>
+
+<p>The number of officers discharged for any reason before the expiration
+of their term of service must not exceed in any year 5 per cent. of the
+total effectives of officers provided for in the third sub-paragraph of
+Paragraph 1 of Article 100 of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 176.</strong>&mdash;On the expiration of two months from the coming into
+force of the present treaty there must only exist in Germany the number
+of military schools which is absolutely indispensable for the
+recruitment of the officers of the units allowed. These schools will be
+exclusively intended for the recruitment of officers of each arm, in the
+proportion of one school per arm.</p>
+
+<p>The number of students admitted to attend the courses of the said
+schools will be strictly in proportion to the vacancies to be filled in
+the cadres of officers. The students and the cadres will be reckoned in
+the effectives fixed by the second and third sub-paragraphs of Paragraph
+1 of Article 160 of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Consequently, and during the period fixed above, all military academies
+or similar institutions in Germany, as well as the different military
+schools for officers, student officers (aspiranten), cadets
+non-commissioned officers, or student non-commissioned officers
+(aspiranten), other than the schools above provided for, will be
+abolished.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 177.</strong>&mdash;Educational establishments, the universities,
+societies of discharged soldiers, shooting or touring clubs, and,
+generally speaking, associations of every description, whatever be the
+age of their members, must not occupy themselves with any military
+matters. In particular they will be forbidden to instruct or exercise
+their members, or to allow them to be instructed or exercised, in the
+profession or use of arms.</p>
+
+<p>These societies, associations, educational establishments, and
+universities must have no connection with the Ministries of War or any
+other military authority.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 178.</strong>&mdash;All measures of mobilization or appertaining to
+mobilization are forbidden.</p>
+
+<p>In no case must formations, administrative services, or general staffs
+include supplementary cadres.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 179.</strong>&mdash;Germany agrees, from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, not to accredit nor to send to any foreign country any
+military, naval, or air mission, nor to allow any such missions to leave
+her territory, and Germany further agrees to take appropriate measures
+to prevent German nationals from leaving her territory to become
+enrolled in the army, navy, or air service of any foreign power, or to
+be attached to such army, navy, or air service for the purpose of
+assisting in the military, naval, or air training thereof, or otherwise
+for the purpose of giving military, naval, or air instruction in any
+foreign country.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Powers agree, so far as they are concerned,
+from the coming into force of the present treaty, not to enroll in nor
+to attach to their armies or naval or air forces any German national for
+the purpose of assisting in the military training of such armies or
+naval or air forces, or otherwise to employ any such German national as
+military, naval, or aeronautic instructor.</p>
+
+<p>The present provision, however, does not affect the right of France to
+recruit for the Foreign Legion in accordance with French military laws
+and regulations.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV.&mdash;FORTIFICATIONS</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 180.</strong>&mdash;All fortified works, fortresses, and field works
+situated in German territory to the west of a line drawn fifty
+kilometers to the east of the Rhine shall be disarmed and dismantled.</p>
+
+<p>Within a period of two months from the coming into force of the present
+treaty such of the above fortified works, fortresses, and field works as
+are situated in territory not occupied by Allied and Associated troops
+shall be disarmed and within a further period of four months they
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>
+
+shall be dismantled. Those which are situated in territory occupied by
+Allied and Associated troops shall be disarmed and dismantled within
+such periods as may be fixed by the Allied High Command.</p>
+
+<p>The construction of any new fortification, whatever its nature and
+importance, is forbidden in the zone referred to in the first paragraph
+above.</p>
+
+<p>The system of fortified works of the southern and eastern frontiers of
+Germany shall be maintained in its existing state.</p>
+
+<h3><strong>TABLE NO. 1.</strong></h3>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>State and Establishment of Army Corps Headquarters Staffs and of
+Infantry and Cavalry Divisions.</strong></p>
+
+<p>These tabular statements do not form a fixed establishment to be imposed
+on Germany, but the figures contained in them (number of units and
+strengths) represent maximum figures, which should not in any case be
+exceeded.</p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Maximum strengh of German Army">
+<tr><th rowspan="2">Unit</th><th rowspan="2">Maximum<br />No.<br />Authorized<br />Division.</th><th colspan="2">Max. Strength of Each Unit</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Officers.</th><th>N.C.O.'s<br />Men.</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Army corps hdq. staffs</td><td class="numeric">2</td><td class="numeric">30</td><td class="numeric">150</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total for hdq. staffs</td><td class="numeric">..</td><td class="numeric">60</td><td class="numeric">300</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>2. ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INFANTRY DIVISION.</h3>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="maximum strengh of infantry division">
+<tr><th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Unit</th><th rowspan="2">Maximum<br />No. of<br />Such Units<br />in a Single<br />Division</th><th colspan="2">Max. Strength Each Unit</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Officers</th><th>N.C.'s and Men</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Hdqrs. of inf. div.</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">25</td><td class="numeric">70</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Hdqrs. of divisional inf.</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">4</td><td class="numeric">30</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Hdqrs. of divisional art.</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">4</td><td class="numeric">30</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Regiment of inf.</td><td class="numeric">3</td><td class="numeric">70</td><td class="numeric">2,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>(Each regiment comprises 3 battalions of infantry. Each battalion comprises 3 companies of infantry and 1 machine-gun company.)</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Trench mortar company</td><td class="numeric">3</td><td class="numeric">6</td><td class="numeric">150</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Divisional squadron</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">6</td><td class="numeric">150</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Field artillery regiment</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">85</td><td class="numeric">1,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>(Each regiment comprises 3 groups of artillery. Each group comprises 3 batteries.)</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Pioneer battalion</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">12</td><td class="numeric">400</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>(This battalion comprises 2 companies of pioneers, 1 pontoon detachment, 1 searchlight section.)</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Signal detachment</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">12</td><td class="numeric">300</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>(This detachment comprises 1 telephone detachment, 1 listening section, 1 carrier pigeon section.)</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Divisional Med. Service</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">20</td><td class="numeric">400</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Parks and convoys</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">14</td><td class="numeric">800</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Total for infantry div.</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">410</td><td class="numeric">10,830</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>3. ESTABLISHMENT OF A CAVALRY DIVISION.</h3>
+
+<table class="nobrdrsm" summary="Calvalry division">
+<tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><th rowspan="2"><a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>Units.</th><th colspan="2">Maximum Strength of Each Unit.</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Officers.</th><th>N.C.O.'s and Men.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Headquarters of a cavalry division</td><td class="numeric">1</td><td class="numeric">15</td><td class="numeric">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Cavalry regiment</td><td class="numeric">6</td><td class="numeric">40</td><td class="numeric">800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>(Each regiment comprises four squadrons.)</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Horse artillery group (three batteries)</td><td></td><td class="numeric">20</td><td class="numeric">400</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>Total for cavalry division</td><td></td><td class="numeric">275</td><td class="numeric">5,250</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a>
+Maximum number of such units in single division.</p></div>
+
+<h3><strong>TABLE NO. 2.</strong></h3>
+
+<p><strong>Tabular statement of armament establishment for a maximum of seven
+infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, and two army corps
+headquarters staffs.</strong></p>
+
+<table class="nobrdr" summary="Armaments">
+<tr><th>Materials.</th><th>Inft. Div.</th><th>For 7 Inft. Divs.</th><th>Cav. Div.</th><th>For 3 Cav. Divs.</th><th>Total Columns 2 &amp; 4</th></tr>
+<tr><td>Rifles</td><td class="numeric">12,000</td><td class="numeric">84,000</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">84,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carbines</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">6,000</td><td class="numeric">18,000</td><td class="numeric">18,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Heavy machine guns</td><td class="numeric">108</td><td class="numeric">756</td><td class="numeric">12</td><td class="numeric">36</td><td class="numeric">792</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Light machine guns</td><td class="numeric">162</td><td class="numeric">1,134</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">1,134</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Medium trench mortars</td><td class="numeric">9</td><td class="numeric">63</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">63</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Light trench mortars</td><td class="numeric">27</td><td class="numeric">189</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">189</td></tr>
+<tr><td>7.7 cm. guns</td><td class="numeric">24</td><td class="numeric">168</td><td class="numeric">12</td><td class="numeric">36</td><td class="numeric">204</td></tr>
+<tr><td>10.5 cm. howitzers</td><td class="numeric">12</td><td class="numeric">84</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">...</td><td class="numeric">84</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Army corps headquarters staff establishment must be drawn from the
+increased armaments of the divisional infantry.</p>
+
+<h3><strong>TABLE NO. 3.<br />
+Maximum Stocks Authorized.</strong></h3>
+
+<table class="standard" summary="Maximum rounds authorized">
+<col width="40%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<tr><td>Material.</td><td>Maximum Number of Arms Authorized.</td><td>Establishment Per Unit, Rounds.</td><td>Maximum Totals, Rounds</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rifles</td><td class="numeric">84,000</td><td class="numeric" rowspan="2">400</td><td class="numeric" rowspan="2">40,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carbines</td><td class="numeric">18,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Heavy machine guns</td><td class="numeric">792</td><td class="numeric" rowspan="2">8,000</td><td class="numeric" rowspan="2">15,408,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Light machine guns</td><td class="numeric">1,134</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Medium trench mortars</td><td class="numeric">63</td><td class="numeric">400</td><td class="numeric">25,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Light trench mort's</td><td class="numeric">189</td><td class="numeric">800</td><td class="numeric">151,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">Field artillery&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>7.7 cm. guns</td><td class="numeric">204</td><td class="numeric">1,000</td><td class="numeric">204,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>10.5 cm. howitzers</td><td class="numeric">84</td><td class="numeric">800</td><td class="numeric">67,200</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>Naval Clauses</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 181.</strong>&mdash;After the expiration of a period of two months from
+the coming into force of the present treaty the German naval forces in
+commission must not exceed: Six battleships of the Deutschland or
+Lothringen type, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, twelve torpedo
+boats, or an equal number of ships constructed to replace them as
+provided in Article 190.</p>
+
+<p>No submarines are to be included. All other warships except where there
+is provision to the contrary in the present treaty must be placed in
+reserve or devoted to commercial purposes.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 182.</strong>&mdash;Until the completion of the minesweeping prescribed
+by Article 193, Germany will keep in commission such number of
+minesweeping vessels as may be fixed by the Governments of the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 183.</strong>&mdash;After the expiration of a period of two months from
+the coming into force of the present treaty the total personnel of the
+German Navy, including the manning of the fleet, coast defenses, signal
+stations, administration, and other land services, must not exceed
+15,000, including officers and men of all grades and corps. The total
+strength of officers and warrant officers must not exceed 1,500. Within
+two months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+personnel in excess of the above strength shall be demobilized. No naval
+or military corps or reserve force in connection with the navy may be
+organized in Germany without being included in the above strength.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 184.</strong>&mdash;From the date of the coming into force of the present
+treaty all the German surface warships which are not in German ports
+cease to belong to Germany, who renounces all rights over them. Vessels
+which, in compliance with the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918, are now
+interned in the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers, are declared
+to be finally surrendered. Vessels which are now interned in neutral
+ports will be there surrendered to the Governments of the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers. The German Government must address a
+notification to that effect to the neutral powers on the coming into
+force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 185.</strong>&mdash;Within a period of two months from the coming into
+force of the present treaty the German surface warships enumerated below
+will be surrendered to the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers in such allied ports as the said powers may direct.
+These warships will have been disarmed as provided in Article 23 of the
+armistice, dated Nov. 11, 1918. Nevertheless, they must have all their
+guns on board.</p>
+
+<p>Battleships&mdash;Oldenburg, Thuringen, Ostfriesland, Heligoland, Posen,
+Westfalen, Rheinland, and Nassau.</p>
+
+<p>Light Cruisers&mdash;Stettin, Danzig, M&uuml;nchen, L&uuml;beck,
+Stralsund, Augsburg, Kolberg, and Stuttgart.</p>
+
+<p>And in addition forty-two modern destroyers and fifty modern torpedo
+boats, as chosen by the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 186.</strong>&mdash;On the coming into force of the present treaty the
+German Government must undertake, under the supervision of the
+Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers, the breaking
+up of all the German surface warships now under construction.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 187.</strong>&mdash;The German auxiliary cruisers and fleet auxiliaries
+enumerated below will be disarmed and treated as merchant ships.</p>
+
+<p>Ships interned in neutral countries: Berlin, Santa F&eacute;, Seydlitz,
+Yorck.</p>
+
+<p>Ships interned in Germany: Ammon, F&uuml;rst B&uuml;low, Answald,
+Gertrud, Bosnia, Kigoma, Cordoba, Rugia, Cassel, Santa Elena, Dania,
+Schleswig, Rio Negro, M&ouml;we, Rio Pardo, Sierra Ventana, Santa Cruz,
+Chemnitz, Schwaben, Emil Georg von Strauss, Solingen, Habsburg,
+Steigerwald, Meteor, Franken, Waltraute, Gundomar, Scharnhorst.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 188.</strong>&mdash;On the expiration of one month from the coming into
+force of the present treaty all German submarines, salvage vessels, and
+docks for submarines, including the tubular dock, must have been handed
+over to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+Such of these submarines, vessels, and docks as are considered by said
+Governments to be fit to proceed under their own power or to be towed
+shall be taken by the German Government into such allied ports as have
+been indicated. The remainder, and also those in course of construction,
+shall be broken up entirely by the German Government under the
+supervision of the said Governments. The breaking up must be completed
+within three months at the most after the coming into force of the
+present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 189.</strong>&mdash;Articles, machinery, and material arising from the
+breaking up of German warships of all kinds, whether surface vessels or
+submarines, may not be used except for purely industrial or commercial
+purposes. They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 190.</strong>&mdash;Germany is forbidden to construct or acquire any
+warships other than those intended to replace the units in commission
+provided for in Article 181 of the present treaty. The warships intended
+for replacement purposes as above shall not exceed the following
+displacement: Armored ships, 10,000 tons; light cruisers, 6,000 tons;
+destroyers, 800 tons; torpedo boats, 200 tons. Except where a ship has
+been lost, units of the different classes shall only be replaced at the
+end of a period of twenty years in the case of battleships and cruisers,
+and fifteen years in the case of destroyers and torpedo boats, counting
+from the launching of the ship.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 191.</strong>&mdash;The construction or acquisition of any submarine,
+even for commercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 192.</strong>&mdash;The warships in commission of the German fleet must
+only have on board or in reserve the allowance of arms, munitions, and
+war material fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Within
+a month from the fixing of the quantities as above, arms, munitions and
+war material of all kinds, including mines and torpedoes now in the
+hands of the German Government and in excess of the said quantities,
+shall be surrendered to the Governments of the said powers at places to
+be indicated by them. Such arms, munitions and war material will be
+destroyed or rendered useless. All other stocks, depots or reserves of
+arms, munitions or naval war material of all kinds are forbidden. The
+manufacture of these articles in German territory for, and their export
+to, foreign countries shall be forbidden.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 193.</strong>&mdash;On the coming into force of the present treaty
+Germany will forthwith sweep up the mines in the following areas in the
+North Sea to the eastward of longitude 4 degrees 00 minutes east of
+Greenwich: (1) Between parallels of latitude 53 degrees 00 minutes N.
+and 59 degrees 00 minutes N.; (2) to the northward of latitude 60
+degrees 30 minutes N. Germany must keep these areas free from mines.
+Germany must also sweep and keep free from mines such areas in the
+Baltic as may ultimately be notified by the Governments of the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 194.</strong>&mdash;The personnel of the German Navy shall be recruited
+entirely by voluntary engagements entered into for a minimum period of
+twenty-five consecutive years for officers and warrant officers, and
+twelve consecutive years for petty officers, and men. The number engaged
+to replace those discharged for any reason before the expiration of
+their term of service must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum of the
+totals laid down in this section. (Article 183.)</p>
+
+<p>The personnel discharged from the navy must not receive any kind of
+naval or military training or undertake any further service in the navy
+or army. Officers belonging to the German Navy and not demobilized must
+engage to serve till the age of 45 unless discharged for sufficient
+reasons. No officer or man of the German mercantile marine shall receive
+any training in the navy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 195.</strong>&mdash;In order to insure free passage into the Baltic to
+all nations, Germany shall not erect any fortifications in the area
+comprised between latitudes 55.27 north and 54.00 north and longitudes
+9.00 east and 16.00 east of the meridian of Greenwich, nor install any
+guns commanding the maritime routes between the North Sea and the
+Baltic. The fortifications now existing in this area shall be demolished
+and the guns removed under the supervision of the Allied Governments and
+in periods to be fixed by them. The German Government shall place at the
+disposal of the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers all hydrographical information now in its possession concerning
+the channels and adjoining waters between the Baltic and the North Sea.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+   <a href="images/ill-214.jpg">
+      <img src="images/ill-214thumb.jpg" width="400" height="289"
+           alt="Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty"
+         title="Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty" />
+   </a>
+   <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+   <p class="caption">Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty</p>
+   <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-214.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 196.</strong>&mdash;All fortified works and fortifications other than
+those mentioned in Article 195 and in Part III. (political clauses for
+Europe), Section XIII. (Heligoland), now established within fifty
+kilometers of the German coast or on German islands off that coast,
+shall be considered of a defensive nature and may remain in their
+existing condition. No new fortifications shall be constructed within
+these limits. The armament of these defenses shall not exceed, as
+regards the number and calibre of guns, those in position at the date of
+the coming into force of the present treaty. The German Government shall
+communicate forthwith particulars thereof to all the European
+Governments. On the expiration of a period of two months from the coming
+into force of the present treaty the stocks of ammunition for these guns
+shall be reduced to and maintained at a maximum figure of fifteen
+hundred rounds per piece for calibres of 4.1-inch and under, and five
+hundred rounds per piece for higher calibres.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 197.</strong>&mdash;During the three months following the coming into
+force of the present treaty the German high-power wireless telegraphy
+stations at Nauen, Hanover, and Berlin shall not be used for the
+transmission of messages concerning naval, military, or political
+questions of interest to Germany or any State which has been allied to
+Germany in the war, without the assent of the Governments of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers. These stations may be used for
+commercial purposes, but only under the supervision of the said
+Governments, who will decide the wave length to be used. During the same
+period Germany shall not build any more high-power wireless telegraphy
+stations in her own territory or that of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, or
+Turkey.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION III.&mdash;<em>Air Clauses</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 198.</strong>&mdash;The armed forces of Germany must not include any
+military or naval air forces. Germany may, during a period not extending
+beyond Oct. 1, 1919, maintain a maximum number of 100 seaplanes or
+flying boats, which shall be exclusively employed in searching for
+submarine mines, shall be furnished with
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
+
+the necessary equipment for this purpose, and shall in no case carry
+arms, munitions, or bombs of any nature whatever. In addition to the
+engines installed in the seaplanes or flying boats above mentioned, one
+<del>space</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads space">spare</ins> engine may be provided for each engine of each of these craft. No
+dirigible shall be kept.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 199.</strong>&mdash;Within two months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty the personnel of the air forces on the rolls of the
+German land and sea forces shall be demobilized. Up to the 1st October,
+1919, however, Germany may keep and maintain a total number of 1,000
+men, including officers, for the whole of the cadres and personnel,
+flying and nonflying, of all formations and establishments.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 200.</strong>&mdash;Until the complete evacuation of German territory by
+the Allied and Associated troops, the aircraft of the Allied and
+Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany freedom of passage through the
+air, freedom of transit and of landing.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 201.</strong>&mdash;During the six months following the coming into force
+of the present treaty the manufacture and importation of aircraft, parts
+of aircraft, engines for aircraft, and parts of engines for aircraft
+shall be forbidden in all German territory.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 202.</strong>&mdash;On the coming into force of the present treaty all
+military and naval aeronautical material, except the machines mentioned
+in the second and third paragraphs of Article 198, must be delivered to
+the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Delivery
+must be effected at such places as the said Governments may select, and
+must be completed within three months. In particular, this material will
+include all items under the following heads, which are or have been in
+use or were designed for warlike purposes:</p>
+
+<p>Complete airplanes and seaplanes, as well as those being manufactured,
+repaired, or assembled.</p>
+
+<p>Dirigibles able to take the air being manufactured, repaired, or
+assembled.</p>
+
+<p>Plant for the manufacture of hydrogen.</p>
+
+<p>Dirigible sheds and shelters of every kind for aircraft.</p>
+
+<p>Pending their delivery, dirigibles will, at the expense of Germany, be
+maintained inflated with hydrogen; the plant for the manufacture of
+hydrogen, as well as the sheds for dirigibles, may, at the discretion of
+said powers, be left to Germany until the time when the dirigibles are
+handed over.</p>
+
+<p>Engines for aircraft.</p>
+
+<p>Nacelles and fuselages.</p>
+
+<p>Armament (guns, machine guns, light machine guns, bomb-dropping
+apparatus, torpedo-dropping apparatus, synchronization apparatus, aiming
+apparatus).</p>
+
+<p>Munitions (cartridges, shells, bombs, loaded or unloaded, stocks of
+explosives or of material for their manufacture).</p>
+
+<p>Instruments for use on aircraft.</p>
+
+<p>Wireless apparatus and photographic or cinematograph apparatus for use
+on aircraft.</p>
+
+<p>Component parts of any of the items under the preceding heads.</p>
+
+<p>The material referred to above shall not be removed without special
+permission from the said Governments.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION IV.&mdash;<em>Interallied Commissions of Control</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 203.</strong>&mdash;All the military, naval, and air clauses contained in
+the present treaty, for the execution of which a time limit is
+prescribed, shall be executed by Germany under the control of
+interallied commissions specially appointed for this purpose by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 204.</strong>&mdash;The Interallied Commissions of Control will be
+specially charged with the duty of seeing to the complete execution of
+the delivery, destruction, demolition, and rendering things useless to
+be carried out at the expense of the German Government in accordance
+with the present treaty. They will communicate to the German authorities
+the decisions which the principal Allied and Associated Powers have
+reserved the right to take, or which the execution of the military,
+naval, and air clauses may necessitate.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 205.</strong>&mdash;The Interallied Commissions of Control may establish
+their organizations at the seat of the Central German Government. They
+shall be entitled as often as they think desirable to proceed to any
+point whatever in German territory, or to send sub-commissions, or to
+authorize one or more of their members to go, to any such point.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 206.</strong>&mdash;The German Government must give all necessary
+facilities for the accomplishment of their missions to the Interallied
+Commissions of Control and to their members. It shall attach a qualified
+representative to each Interallied Commission of Control for the purpose
+of receiving the communications which the commission may have to address
+to the German Government, and of supplying or procuring for the
+commission all information or documents which may be required. The
+German Government must in all cases furnish at its own cost all labor
+and material required to effect the deliveries and the work of
+destruction, dismantling, demolition, and of rendering things useless,
+provided for in the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 207.</strong>&mdash;The upkeep and cost of the Commissions of Control and
+the expenses involved by their work shall be borne by Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 208.</strong>&mdash;The Military Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the military clauses. In particular it will be its duty to
+receive from the German Government the notifications relating to the
+location of the stocks and depots of munitions, the armament of the
+fortified works, fortresses and forts which Germany is allowed to
+retain, and the location of the works or factories for the production of
+arms, munitions and war material and their operations. It will take
+delivery of the arms, munitions, and war material, will select the
+points where such delivery is to be effected, and will supervise the
+works of destruction and demolition and of rendering things useless
+which are to be carried out in accordance with the present treaty. The
+German Government must furnish to the Military Interallied Commission of
+Control all such information and documents as the latter may deem
+necessary to insure the complete execution of the military clauses, and
+in particular all legislative and administrative documents and
+regulations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 209.</strong>&mdash;The Naval Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the naval clauses. In particular it will be its duty to
+proceed to the building yards and to supervise the breaking up of the
+ships which are under construction there, to take delivery of all
+surface ships or submarines, salvage ships, docks and the tubular dock,
+and to supervise the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
+
+destruction and breaking up provided for. The German Government must
+furnish to the Naval Interallied Commission of Control all such
+information and documents as the commission may deem necessary to insure
+the complete execution of the naval clauses, in particular the designs
+of the warships, the composition of their armaments, the details and
+models of the guns, munitions, torpedoes, mines, explosives, wireless
+telegraphic apparatus and in general everything relating to naval war
+material, as well as all legislative or administrative documents or
+regulations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 210.</strong>&mdash;The Aeronautical Interallied Commission of Control
+will represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning
+the execution of the air clauses. In particular it will be its duty to
+make an inventory of the aeronautical material existing in German
+territory, to inspect airplane, balloon, and motor manufactories, and
+factories producing arms, munitions, and explosives capable of being
+used by aircraft, to visit all aerodromes, sheds, landing grounds,
+parks, and depots, to authorize, where necessary, a removal of material,
+and to take delivery of such material. The German Government must
+furnish to the Aeronautical Interallied Commission of Control all such
+information and legislative, administrative or other documents which the
+commission may consider necessary to insure the complete execution of
+the air clauses, and, in particular, a list of the personnel belonging
+to all the German air services, and of the existing material as well as
+of that in process of manufacture or on order, and a list of all
+establishments working for aviation, of their positions, and of all
+sheds and landing grounds.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION V.&mdash;<em>General Articles</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 211.</strong>&mdash;After the expiration of a period of three months from
+the coming into force of the present treaty the German laws must have
+been modified and shall be maintained in conformity with this part of
+the present treaty. Within the same period all the administrative or
+other measures relating to the execution of this part of the treaty must
+have been taken.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 212.</strong>&mdash;The following portions of the armistice of Nov. 11,
+1918: Article VI., the first two and the sixth and seventh paragraphs of
+Article VII, Article IX, Clauses I., II., and V. of Annex No. 2 and the
+protocol, dated April 4, 1919, supplementing the armistice of Nov. 11,
+1918, remain in force so far as they are not inconsistent with the above
+stipulations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 213.</strong>&mdash;So long as the present treaty remains in force,
+Germany undertakes to give every facility for any investigation which
+the Council of the League of Nations, acting if need be by a majority
+vote, may consider necessary.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART VI<br />
+Prisoners of War and Graves</h2>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>Prisoners of War</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 214.</strong>&mdash;The repatriation of prisoners of war and interned
+civilians shall take place as soon as possible after the coming into
+force of the present treaty and shall be carried out with the greatest
+rapidity.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 215.</strong>&mdash;The repatriation of German prisoners of war and
+interned civilians shall, in accordance with Article 214, be carried out
+by a commission composed of representatives of the Allied and Associated
+Powers on the one part, and of the German Government on the other part.</p>
+
+<p>For each of the Allied and Associated Powers a sub-commission composed
+exclusively of representatives of the interested powers and of delegates
+of the German Government shall regulate the details of carrying into
+effect the repatriation of the prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 216.</strong>&mdash;From the time of their delivery into the hands of the
+German authorities the prisoners of war and interned civilians are to be
+returned without delay to their homes by the said authorities. Those
+among them who before the war were habitually resident in territory
+occupied by the troops of the Allied and Associated Powers are likewise
+to be sent to their homes, subject to the consent and control of the
+military authorities of the Allied and Associated Armies of Occupation.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 217.</strong>&mdash;The whole cost of repatriation from the moment of
+starting shall be borne by the German Government, who shall also provide
+the land and sea transport and staff considered necessary by the
+commission referred to in Article 215.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 218.</strong>&mdash;Prisoners of war and interned civilians awaiting
+disposal or undergoing sentences for offenses against discipline shall
+be repatriated irrespective of the completion of their sentence or of
+the proceedings pending against them.</p>
+
+<p>This stipulation shall not apply to prisoners of war and interned
+civilians punished for offenses committed subsequent to May 1, 1919.</p>
+
+<p>During the period pending their repatriation all prisoners of war and
+interned civilians shall remain subject to the existing regulations,
+more especially as regards work and discipline.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 219.</strong>&mdash;Prisoners of war and interned civilians who are
+awaiting disposal or undergoing sentence for offenses other than those
+against discipline may be detained.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 220.</strong>&mdash;The German Government undertakes to admit to its
+territory without distinction all persons liable to repatriation.</p>
+
+<p>Prisoners of war or other German nationals who do not desire to be
+repatriated may be excluded from repatriation; but the Allied and
+Associated Governments reserve to themselves the right either to
+repatriate them or to take them to a <del>nutral</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads nutral">neutral</ins> country or to allow them to
+reside in their own territories.</p>
+
+<p>The German Government undertakes not to institute any exceptional
+proceedings against these persons or their families nor to take any
+repressive or vexatious measures of any kind whatsoever against them on
+this account.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 221.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Governments reserve the
+right to make the repatriation of German prisoners of war or German
+nationals in their hands conditional upon the immediate notification and
+release by the German Government of any prisoners of war who are
+nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers and may still be in
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 222.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes:</p>
+
+<p>1. To give every facility to the commissions to inquire into the cases
+of those who cannot be traced; to furnish such commissions with all
+necessary means of transport; to allow them access
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+
+to camps, prisons, hospitals, and all other places; and to place at
+their disposal all documents, whether public or private, which would
+facilitate their inquiries.</p>
+
+<p>2. To impose penalties upon any German officials or private persons who
+have concealed the presence of any nationals of any of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, or have neglected to reveal the presence of any such
+after it had come to their knowledge.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 223.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to restore without delay from the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty all articles, money,
+securities, and documents which have belonged to nationals of the Allied
+and Associated Powers and which have been retained by the German
+authorities.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 224.</strong>&mdash;The high contracting parties waive reciprocally all
+repayment of sums due for the maintenance of prisoners of war in their
+respective territories.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>Graves</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 225.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Governments and the German
+Government will cause to be respected and maintained the graves of the
+soldiers and sailors buried in their respective territories.</p>
+
+<p>They agree to recognize any commission appointed by an Allied or
+Associated Government for the purpose of identifying, registering,
+caring for, or erecting suitable memorials over the said graves and to
+facilitate the discharge of its duties.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, they agree to afford, so far as the provisions of their
+laws and the requirements of public health allow, every facility for
+giving effect to requests that the bodies of their soldiers and sailors
+may be transferred to their own countries.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 226.</strong>&mdash;The graves of prisoners of war and interned civilians
+who are nationals of the different belligerent States and have died in
+captivity shall be properly maintained in accordance with Article 225 of
+the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Governments on the one part, and the German
+Government on the other part, reciprocally, undertake also to furnish to
+each other:</p>
+
+<p>1. A complete list of those who have died, together with all information
+useful for identification.</p>
+
+<p>2. All information as to the number and position of the graves of all
+those who have been buried without identification.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART VII<br />
+Penalties</h2>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 227.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign
+William II. of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme
+offense against international morality and the sanctity of treaties.</p>
+
+<p>A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby
+assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defense. It will
+be composed of five judges, one appointed by each of the following
+powers: The United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Japan.</p>
+
+<p>In its decision, the tribunal will be guided by the highest motives of
+international policy with a view to vindicating the solemn obligations
+of international undertakings and the validity of international
+morality. It will be its duty to fix the punishment which it considers
+should be imposed.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Powers will address a request to the
+Government of the Netherlands for the surrender to them of the
+ex-Emperor in order that he may be put on trial.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 228.</strong>&mdash;The German Government recognizes the right of the
+Allied and Associated Powers to bring before military tribunals persons
+accused of having committed acts in violation of the laws and customs of
+war. Such persons shall, if found guilty, be sentenced to punishments
+laid down by law. This provision will apply, notwithstanding any
+proceedings or prosecution before a tribunal in Germany or in the
+territory of her allies.</p>
+
+<p>The German Government shall hand over to the Allied and Associated
+Powers or to such one of them as shall so request, all persons accused
+of having committed an act in violation of the laws and customs of war
+who are specified either by name or by the rank, office, or employment
+which they held under the German authorities.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 229.</strong>&mdash;Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals
+of one of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before the
+military tribunals of that power.</p>
+
+<p>Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of more than one
+of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before military
+tribunals composed of members of the military tribunals of the powers
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>In every case the accused will be entitled to name his own counsel.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 230.</strong>&mdash;The German Government undertakes to furnish all
+documents and information of every kind, the production of which may be
+considered necessary to insure the full knowledge of the incriminating
+acts, the discovery of offenders, and the just appreciation of
+responsibility.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART VIII<br />
+Reparation</h2>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>General Provisions</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 231.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and
+Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for
+causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated
+Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of
+the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 232.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Governments recognize that
+the resources of Germany are not adequate, after taking into account
+permanent diminutions of such resources which will result from other
+provisions of the present treaty, to make complete reparation for all
+such loss and damage.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany
+undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>
+
+to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to
+their property during the period of the belligerency of each as an
+Allied or Associated Power against Germany by such aggression by land,
+by sea, and from the air, and in general all damage as defined in Annex
+I. hereto.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with Germany's pledges, already given as to complete
+restoration for Belgium, Germany undertakes, in addition to the
+compensation for damage elsewhere in this chapter provided for, as a
+consequence of the violation of the treaty of 1839, to make
+reimbursement of all sums which Belgium has borrowed from the Allies and
+Associated Governments up to Nov. 11, 1918, together with interest at
+the rate of 5 per cent. per annum on such sums. This amount shall be
+determined by the Reparation Commission, and the German Government
+undertakes thereupon forthwith to make a special issue of bearer bonds
+to an equivalent amount payable in marks gold, on May 1, 1926, or, at
+the option of the German Government, on the 1st of May in any year up to
+1926. Subject to the foregoing, the form of such bonds shall be
+determined by the Reparation Commission. Such bonds shall be handed over
+to the Reparation Commission, which has authority to take and
+acknowledge receipt thereof on behalf of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 233.</strong>&mdash;The amount of the above damage for which compensation
+is to be made by Germany shall be determined by an interallied
+commission, to be called the Reparation Commission, and constituted in
+the form and with the power set forth hereunder and in Annexes II. to
+VII. inclusive hereto.</p>
+
+<p>This commission shall consider the claims and give to the German
+Government a just opportunity to be heard.</p>
+
+<p>The findings of the commission as to the amount of damage defined as
+above shall be concluded and notified to the German Government on or
+before the 1st May, 1921, as representing the extent of that
+Government's obligations.</p>
+
+<p>The commission shall concurrently draw up a schedule of payments
+prescribing the time and manner for securing and discharging the entire
+obligation within a period of thirty years from the 1st May, 1921. If,
+however, within the period mentioned, Germany fails to discharge her
+obligations, any balance remaining unpaid may, within the discretion of
+the commission, be postponed for settlement in subsequent years, or may
+be handled otherwise in such manner as the Allied and Associated
+Governments, acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in this
+part of the present treaty, shall determine.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 234.</strong>&mdash;The Reparation Commission shall after the 1st May,
+1921, from time to time, consider the resources and capacity of Germany
+and, after giving her representatives a just opportunity to be heard,
+shall have discretion to extend the date and to modify the form of
+payments, such as are to be provided for in accordance with Article 233;
+but not to cancel any part, except with the specific authority of the
+several Governments represented upon the commission.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 235.</strong>&mdash;In order to enable the Allied and Associated Powers
+to proceed at once to the restoration of their industrial and economic
+life, pending the full determination of their claims, Germany shall pay
+in such installments and in such manner (whether in gold, commodities,
+ships, securities, or otherwise) as the Reparation Commission may fix,
+during 1919, 1920, and the first four months of 1921, the equivalent of
+20,000,000,000 gold marks.</p>
+
+<p>Out of this sum the expenses of the armies of occupation subsequent to
+the armistice of the 11th November, 1918, shall first be met, and such
+supplies of food and raw materials as may be judged by the Governments
+of the principal Allied and Associated Powers to be essential to enable
+Germany to meet her obligations for reparation may also, with the
+approval of the said Governments, be paid for out of the above sum. The
+balance shall be reckoned toward liquidation of the amounts due for
+reparation.</p>
+
+<p>Germany shall further deposit bonds as prescribed in Paragraph 12 (c) of
+Annex II. hereto.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 236.</strong>&mdash;Germany further agrees to the direct application of
+her economic resources to reparation as specified in Annexes III., IV.,
+V., and VI., relating respectively to merchant shipping, to physical
+restoration, and to coal and derivatives of coal, and to dyestuffs and
+other chemical products; provided always that the value of the property
+transferred and any services rendered by her under these annexes,
+assessed in the manner herein prescribed, shall be credited to her
+toward liquidation of her obligations under the above articles.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 237.</strong>&mdash;The successive installments, including the above sum,
+paid over by Germany in satisfaction of the above claims, will be
+divided by the Allied and Associated Governments in proportions which
+have been determined upon by them in advance on a basis of general
+equity and of the rights of each.</p>
+
+<p>For the purposes of this division the value of property transferred and
+services rendered under Article 243 and under Annexes III., IV., VI.,
+and VII. shall be reckoned in the same manner as cash payments effected
+in that year.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 238.</strong>&mdash;In addition to the payments mentioned above, Germany
+shall effect, in accordance with the procedure laid down by the
+Reparation Commission, restitution in cash of cash taken away, seized,
+or sequestrated, and also restitution of animals, objects of every
+nature, and securities taken away, seized, or sequestrated, in the cases
+in which it proves possible to identify them in territory belonging to
+Germany or her allies.</p>
+
+<p>Until this procedure is laid down restitution will continue in
+accordance with the provisions of the armistice of 11th November, 1918,
+and its renewals and the protocols thereto.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 239.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to make forthwith the restitution
+contemplated by Article 238 and to make the payments and deliveries
+contemplated by Articles 233, 234, 235, and 236.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 240.</strong>&mdash;Germany recognizes the commission provided for by
+Article 233 as the same may be constituted by the Allied and Associated
+Governments in accordance with Annex II. and agrees irrevocably to the
+possession and exercise by such commission of the power and authority
+given to it under the present treaty. The German Government will supply
+to the commission all the information which the commission may require
+relative to the financial situation and operations and to the property,
+productive capacity, and stocks and current production of raw materials
+and manufactured articles of Germany and her nationals, and, further,
+any information relative to military operations which in the judgment of
+the commission may be necessary for the assessment of Germany's
+liability for reparation as defined in Annex I.</p>
+
+<p>The German Government will accord to the members of the commission and
+its authorized agents the same rights and immunities as are enjoyed in
+Germany by duly accredited diplomatic agents of friendly powers. Germany
+further agrees to provide for the salaries and expenses of the
+commission, and of such staff as it may employ.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 241.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to pass, issue, and maintain in force any
+legislation, orders, and decrees that may be necessary to give complete
+effect to these provisions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 242.</strong>&mdash;The provisions of this part of the present treaty do
+not apply to the property, rights, and interests referred to in Sections
+III. and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, nor to
+the product of their liquidation, except so far as concerns any final
+balance in favor of Germany under Article 243 (a).</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 243.</strong>&mdash;The following shall be reckoned as credits to Germany
+in respect of her reparation obligations:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Any final balance in favor of Germany under Sections III. and IV. of
+Part X. (economic clauses) and Section V. (Alsace-Lorraine) of Part III.
+(political clauses for Europe).</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Amounts due to Germany in respect of transfers under Part IX.
+(financial clauses), Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways), and
+Section IV. (Sarre Basin) of Part III. (political clauses for Europe).</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Amounts which in the judgment of the Reparation Commission should be
+credited to Germany on account of any other transfers under the present
+treaty of property, rights, concessions, or other interests.</p>
+
+<p>In no case, however, shall credit be given for property restored in
+accordance with Article 238.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 244.</strong>&mdash;The transfer of the German submarine cables which do
+not form the subject of particular provisions of the present treaty as
+regulated by Annex VII. hereto.</p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX I.</h3>
+
+<p>Compensation may be claimed from Germany under Article 232 above in
+respect of the total damage under the following categories:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Damage to injured persons and to surviving dependents by personal
+injury to or death of civilians caused by acts of war, including
+bombardments or other attacks on land, on sea, or from the air, and all
+the direct consequences thereof, and of all operations of war by the two
+groups of belligerents wherever arising.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Damage caused by Germany or her allies to civilian victims of acts of
+cruelty, violence, or maltreatment, (including injuries to life or
+health as a consequence of imprisonment, deportation, internment, or
+evacuation, of exposure at sea, or of being forced to labor by Germany
+or her allies,) wherever arising, and to the surviving dependents of
+such victims.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Damage caused by Germany or her allies in their own territory or in
+occupied or invaded territory to civilian victims of all acts injurious
+to health or capacity to work, or to honor, as well as to the surviving
+dependents of such victims.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Damage caused by any kind of maltreatment of prisoners of war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As damage caused to the peoples of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+all pensions and compensations in the nature of pensions to naval and
+military victims of war, (including members of the air forces,) whether
+mutilated, wounded, sick or invalided, and to the dependents of such
+victims, the amount due to the Allied and Associated Governments being
+calculated for each of them as being the capitalized costs of such
+pensions and compensations at the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty, on the basis of the scales in force in France at such
+date.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The cost of assistance by the Governments of the Allied and
+Associated Powers to prisoners of war and to their families and
+dependents.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Allowances by the Governments of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+the families and dependents of mobilized persons or persons serving with
+the forces, the amount due to them for each calendar year in which
+hostilities occurred being calculated for each Government on the basis
+of the average scale for such payments in force in France during that
+year.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Damage caused to civilians by being forced by Germany or her allies
+to labor without just remuneration.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Damage in respect of all property, wherever situated, belonging to
+any of the Allied or Associated States or their nationals, with the
+exception of naval and military works or materials, which have been
+carried off, seized, injured, or destroyed by the acts of Germany or her
+allies on land, on sea, or from the air, or damage directly in
+consequence of hostilities or of any operations of war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Damage in the form of levies, fines and other similar exactions
+imposed by Germany or her allies upon the civilian population.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX II.</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>The commission referred to in Article 233 shall be called "The
+Reparation Commission," and is hereinafter referred to as "the
+commission."</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Delegates to the commission shall be nominated by the United States
+of America, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, and the
+Serb-Croat-Slovene State. Each of these powers will appoint one delegate
+and also one assistant delegate, who will take his place in case of
+illness or necessary absence, but at other times will only have the
+right to be present at proceedings without taking any part therein. On
+no occasion shall the delegates of more than five of the above powers
+have the right to take part in the proceedings of the commission and to
+record their votes. The delegates of the United States, Great Britain,
+France, and Italy shall have this right on all occasions. The delegates
+of Belgium shall have this right on all occasions other than those
+referred to below. The delegate of Japan shall have this right on
+occasions when questions relating to damage at sea and questions arising
+under Article 260 of Part IX. (financial clauses) in which Japanese
+interests are concerned are under consideration. The delegate of the
+Serb-Croat-Slovene State shall have this right when questions relating
+to Austria, Hungary, or Bulgaria are under consideration.</p>
+
+<p>Each Government represented on the commission shall have the right to
+withdraw therefrom upon twelve months' notice, filed with the commission
+and confirmed in the course of the sixth month after the date of the
+original notice.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Such of the other Allied and Associated Powers as may be interested
+shall have the right to appoint a delegate to be present and act as
+assessor only while their respective claims and interests are under
+examination or discussion, but without the right to vote.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In case of the death, resignation or recall of any delegate,
+assistant delegate, or assessor, a successor to him shall be nominated
+as soon as possible.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission will have its principal permanent bureau in Paris and
+will hold its first meeting in Paris as soon as practicable after the
+coming into force of the present treaty, and thereafter will meet in
+such place or places and at such time as it may deem convenient and as
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+
+may be necessary for the most expeditious discharge of its duties.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>At its first meeting the commission shall elect from among the
+delegates referred to above a Chairman and a Vice Chairman, who shall
+hold office for one year and shall be eligible for re-election. If a
+vacancy in the Chairmanship or Vice Chairmanship should occur during the
+annual period the commission shall proceed to a new election for the
+remainder of the said period.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-220.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-220thumb.jpg" width="400" height="274"
+alt="German Press Representatives in Versailles"
+title="German Press Representatives in Versailles" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+<p class="caption">German Press Representatives in Versailles</p>
+<p class="description">These men who are shown in their work room in the Hotel Des Reservoirs,
+Versailles, sent the news of the progress of the Peace Treaty throughout
+Germany</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-220.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission is authorized to appoint all necessary officers,
+agents, and employees who may be required for the execution of its
+functions, and to fix their remuneration; to constitute committees,
+whose members need not necessarily be members of the commission, and to
+take all executive steps necessary for the purpose of discharging its
+duties, and to delegate authority and discretion to officers, agents,
+and committees.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>All proceedings of the commission shall be private unless, on
+particular occasions, the commission shall otherwise determine for
+special reasons.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission shall be required, if the German Government so desire,
+to hear, within a period which it will fix from time to time, evidence
+and arguments on the part of Germany on any question connected with her
+capacity to pay.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission shall consider the claims and give to the German
+Government a just opportunity to be heard, but not to take any part
+whatever in the decisions of the commission. The commission shall afford
+a similar opportunity to the allies of Germany when it shall consider
+that their interests are in question.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission shall not be bound by any particular code or rules of
+law or by any particular rule of evidence or of procedure, but shall be
+guided by justice, equity, and good faith. Its decisions must follow the
+same principles and rules in all cases where they are applicable. It
+will establish rules relating to methods of proof of claims. It may act
+on any trustworthy modes of computation.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission shall have all the powers conferred upon it, and
+shall exercise all the functions assigned to it by the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The commission shall in general have wide latitude as to its control and
+handling of the whole reparation problem as dealt with in this part of
+the present treaty, and shall have authority to interpret its
+provisions. Subject to the provisions of the present treaty, the
+commission is constituted by the several Allied and Associated
+Governments referred to in Paragraphs 2 and 3 above as the exclusive
+agency of the said Governments respectively for receiving, selling,
+holding, and distributing the reparation payments to be made by Germany
+under this part of the present treaty. The commission must comply with
+the following conditions and provisions:</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Whatever part of the full amount of the proved claims is not paid in
+gold, or in ships, securities, and commodities or otherwise, Germany
+shall be required, under such conditions as the commission may
+determine, to cover by way of guarantee by an equivalent issue of bonds,
+obligations, or otherwise, in order to constitute an acknowledgment of
+the said part of the debt;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In periodically estimating Germany's capacity to pay, the commission
+shall examine the German system of taxation, first to the end that the
+sums for reparation which Germany is required to pay shall become a
+charge upon all her revenues prior to that for the service or discharge
+of any domestic loan, and, secondly, so as to satisfy itself that, in
+general, the German scheme of taxation is fully as heavy proportionately
+as that of any of the powers represented on the commission.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In order to facilitate and continue the immediate restoration of the
+economic life of the Allied and Associated countries, the commission
+will, as provided in Article 235, take from Germany by way of security
+for and acknowledgment of her debt a first installment of gold bearer
+bonds free of all taxes or charges of every description established or
+to be established by the Government of the German Empire or of the
+German States, or by any authority subject to them; these bonds will be
+delivered on account and in three portions, the marks gold being payable
+in conformity with Article 262 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the
+present treaty, as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><p>First. To be issued forthwith, 20,000,000,000 marks gold bearer bonds,
+payable not later than May 1, 1921, without interest. There shall be
+specially applied toward the amortization of these bonds the payments
+which Germany is pledged to make in conformity with Article 235, after
+deduction of the sums used for the reimbursement of expenses of the
+armies of occupation and for payment of foodstuffs and raw materials.
+Such bonds as have not been redeemed by May 1, 1921, shall then be
+exchanged for new bonds of the same type as those provided for below,
+(Paragraph 12, c. second.)</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Second. To be issued forthwith, further 40,000,000,000 marks gold bearer
+bonds, bearing interest at 2&frac12; per cent. per annum between 1921
+and 1926, and thereafter at 5 per cent. per annum, with an additional 1
+per cent for amortization beginning in 1926 on the whole amount of the
+issue.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Third. To be delivered forthwith a covering undertaking in writing, to
+issue when, but not until, the commission is satisfied that Germany can
+meet such interest and sinking fund obligations, a further installment
+of 40,000,000,000 marks gold 5 per cent. bearer bonds, the time and mode
+of payment of principal and interest to be determined by the commission.</p>
+
+<p>The dates for payment of interest, the manner of applying the
+amortization fund, and all other questions relating to the issue,
+management, and regulation of the bond issue shall be determined by the
+commission from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>Further issues by way of acknowledgment and security may be required as
+the commission subsequently determines from time to time.</p></li>
+
+</ul></li>
+<li><p>In the event of bonds, obligations, or other evidence of
+indebtedness issued by Germany by way of security for or acknowledgment
+of her reparation debt being disposed of outright, not by way of pledge,
+to persons other than the several Governments in whose favor Germany's
+original reparation indebtedness was created, an amount of such
+reparation indebtedness shall be deemed to be extinguished
+corresponding to the nominal value of the bonds, &amp;c., so disposed of
+outright, and the obligation of Germany in respect for such bonds shall
+be confined to her liabilities to the holders of the bonds, as expressed
+upon their face.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The damage for repairing, reconstructing, and rebuilding property in
+the invaded and devastated districts, including reinstallation of
+furniture, machinery and other equipment, will be calculated according
+to the cost at the dates when the work is done.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Decisions of the commission relating to the total or partial
+cancellation of the capital or interest of any verified debt of Germany
+must be accompanied by a statement of its reasons.</p></li>
+
+</ol></li>
+<li><p>As to voting, the commission will observe the following rules:</p>
+
+<p>When a decision of the commission is taken, the votes of all the
+delegates entitled to vote, or in the absence of any of them, of their
+assistant delegates, shall be recorded. Abstention from voting is to be
+treated as a vote against the proposal under discussion. Assessors have
+no vote.</p>
+
+<p>On the following questions unanimity is necessary:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Questions involving the sovereignty of any of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, or the cancellation of the whole or any part of the
+debt or obligations of Germany.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Questions of determining the amount and conditions of bonds or other
+obligations to be issued by the German Government and of fixing the time
+and manner for selling, negotiating, or distributing such bonds.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Any postponement, total or partial, beyond the end of 1930, of the
+payment of installments falling due between the 1st May, 1921, and the
+end of 1926 inclusive.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Any postponement, total or partial, of any installment falling due
+after 1926 for a period exceeding three years.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Questions of applying in any<del>patricular</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads patricular">particular</ins> case a method of measuring
+damages different from that which has been previously applied in a
+similar case.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Questions of the interpretation of the provisions of this part of
+the present treaty.</p></li>
+
+</ol><p>All other questions shall be decided by the vote of a majority.</p>
+
+<p>In case of any difference of opinion among the delegates, which cannot
+be solved by reference to their Governments, upon the question whether a
+given case is one which requires a unanimous vote for its decision or
+not, such difference shall be referred to the immediate arbitration of
+some impartial person to be agreed upon by the Governments, whose award
+the Allied and Associated Governments agree to accept.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Decisions of the commission, in accordance with the powers conferred
+upon it, shall forthwith become binding and may be put into immediate
+execution without further proceedings.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission will issue to each of the interested powers, in such
+form as the commission shall fix:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li><p>First. A certificate stating that it holds for the account of the said
+power bonds of the issues mentioned above, the said certificate, on the
+demand of the power concerned, being divisible in a number of parts not
+exceeding five;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Second. From time to time certificates stating the goods delivered by
+Germany on account of her reparation debt which it holds for the account
+of the said power.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>
+
+The said certificates shall be registered, and, upon notice to the
+commission, may be transferred by indorsement.</p>
+
+<p>When bonds are issued for sale or negotiation, and when goods are
+delivered by the commission, certificates to an equivalent value must be
+withdrawn.</p></li>
+
+</ul></li>
+<li><p>Interest shall be debited to Germany as from 1st May, 1921, in
+respect of her debt as determined by the commission, after allowing for
+sums already covered by cash payments or their equivalent, or by bonds
+issued to the commission, or under Article 243. The rate of interest
+shall be 5 per cent., unless the commission shall determine at some
+future time that circumstances justify a variation of this rate.</p>
+
+<p>The commission, in fixing on 1st May, 1921, the total amount of the debt
+of Germany, may take account of interest due on sums arising out of the
+reparation of material damage, as from 11th November, 1918, up to 1st
+May, 1921.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In case of default by Germany in the performance of any obligation
+under this part of the present treaty, the commission will forthwith
+give notice of such default to each of the interested powers and may
+make such recommendations as to the action to be taken in consequence of
+such default as it may think necessary.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The measures which the Allied and Associated Powers shall have the
+right to take, in case of voluntary default by Germany, and which
+Germany agrees not to regard as acts of war, may include economic and
+financial prohibitions and reprisals and in general such other measures
+as the respective Governments may determine to be necessary in the
+circumstances.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Payments required to be made in gold or its equivalent on account of
+the proved claims of the Allied and Associated Powers may at any time be
+accepted by the commission in the form of chattels, properties,
+commodities, businesses, rights, concessions, within or without German
+territory, ships, bonds, shares, or securities of any kind, or
+currencies of Germany or other States, the value of such substitutes for
+gold being fixed at a fair and just amount by the commission itself.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission, in fixing or accepting payment in specified
+properties or rights, shall have due regard for any legal or equitable
+interests of the Allied and Associated Powers or of neutral powers or of
+their nationals therein.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No member of the commission shall be responsible, except to the
+Government appointing him, for any action or omission as such member. No
+one of the Allied or Associated Governments assumes any responsibility
+in respect of any other Government.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Subject to the provisions of the present treaty this annex may be
+amended by the unanimous decision of the Governments represented from
+time to time upon the commission.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>When all the amounts due from Germany and her allies under the
+present treaty or the decisions of the commission have been discharged
+and all sums received, or their equivalents, shall have been distributed
+to the powers interested, the commission shall be dissolved.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX III.</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Germany recognizes the right of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+the replacement, ton for ton (gross tonnage) and class for class, of all
+merchant ships and fishing boats lost or damaged owing to the war.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, and in spite of the fact that the tonnage of German
+shipping at present in existence is much less than that lost by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, in consequence of the German aggression,
+the right thus recognized will be enforced on German ships and boats
+under the following conditions:</p>
+
+<p>The German Government on behalf of themselves and so as to bind all
+other persons interested, cede to the Allied and Associated Governments
+the property in all the German merchant ships which are of 1,600 tons
+gross and upward; in one-half, reckoned in tonnage, of the ships which
+are between 1,000 tons and 1,600 tons gross; in one-quarter, reckoned in
+tonnage, of the steam trawlers, and in one-quarter, reckoned in tonnage,
+of the other fishing boats.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The German Government will, within two months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty, deliver to the Reparation Commission all
+the ships and boats mentioned in Paragraph 1.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The ships and boats mentioned in Paragraph 1 include all ships and
+boats which (a) fly, or may be entitled to fly, the German merchant
+flag; or (b) are owned by any German national, company, or corporation
+or by any company or corporation belonging to a country other than an
+Allied or Associated country and under the control or direction of
+German nationals; or (c) which are now under construction (1) in
+Germany, (2) in other than Allied or Associated countries for the
+account of any German national, company, or corporation.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>For the purpose of providing documents of title for the ships and
+boats to be handed over as above mentioned, the German Government will:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Deliver to the Reparation Commission in respect of each vessel a
+bill of sale or other document of title evidencing the transfer to the
+commission of the entire property in the vessel free from all
+incumbrances, charges, and liens of all kinds, as the commission may
+require:</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Take all measures that may be indicated by the Reparation Commission
+for insuring that the ships themselves shall be placed at its disposal.</p></li>
+
+</ol></li>
+<li><p>As an additional part of reparation, Germany agrees to cause merchant
+ships to be built in German yards for the account of the Allied and
+Associated Governments as follows:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Within three months of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+the Reparation Commission will notify to the German Government the
+amount of tonnage to be laid down in German shipyards in each of the two
+years next succeeding the three months mentioned above:</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Within twenty-four months of the coming into force of the present
+treaty, the Reparation Commission will notify to the German Government
+the amount of tonnage to be laid down in each of the three years
+following the two years mentioned above;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The amount of tonnage to be laid down in each year shall not exceed
+200,000 tons, gross tonnage;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The specifications of the ships to be built, the conditions under
+which they are to be built and delivered, the price per ton at which
+they are to be accounted for by the Reparation Commission, and all other
+questions relating to the accounting, ordering, building and delivery of
+the ships, shall be determined by the commission.</p></li>
+
+</ol></li>
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to restore in kind and in normal condition of
+upkeep to the Allied and Associated Powers, within two months of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+
+coming into force of the present treaty, in accordance with procedure to
+be laid down by the Reparation Commission, any boats and other movable
+appliances belonging to inland navigation which since the 1st August,
+1914, have by any means whatever come into her possession or into the
+possession of her nationals, and which can be identified.</p>
+
+<p>With a view to make good the loss in inland navigation tonnage, from
+whatever cause arising, which has been incurred during the war by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and which cannot be made good by means of
+the restitution prescribed above, Germany agrees to cede to the
+Reparation Commission a portion of the German river fleet up to the
+amount of the loss mentioned above, provided that such cession shall not
+exceed 20 per cent. of the river fleet as it existed on the 11th
+November, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>The condition of this session shall be settled by the arbitrators
+referred to in Article 339 of Part XII. (ports, waterways and railways)
+of the present treaty, who are charged with the settlement of
+difficulties relating to the apportionment of river tonnage resulting
+from the new international r&eacute;gime applicable to certain river
+systems or from the territorial changes affecting those systems.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany agrees to take any measures that may be indicated to her by
+the Reparation Commission for obtaining the full title to the property
+in all ships which have been during the war transferred, or are in
+process of transfer, to neutral flags, without the consent of the Allied
+and Associated Governments.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany waives all claims of any description against the Allied and
+Associated Governments and their nationals in respect of the detention,
+employment, loss or damage of any German ships or boats, except when
+being made of payments due in respect of the employment of ships in
+conformity with the armistice agreement of the 13th January, 1919, and
+subsequent agreements.</p>
+
+<p>The handing over of the ships of the German mercantile marine must be
+continued without interruption in accordance with the said agreement.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany waives all claims to vessels or cargoes sunk by or in
+consequence of naval action and subsequently salved, in which any of the
+Allied or Associated Governments or their nationals may have any
+interest, either as owners, charterers, insurers or otherwise,
+notwithstanding any decree of condemnation which may have been made by a
+prize court of Germany or of her allies.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX IV.</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>The Allied and Associated Powers require, and Germany undertakes,
+that, in part satisfaction of her obligations expressed in this part of
+the present treaty, she will, as hereinafter provided, devote her
+economic resources directly to the physical restoration of the invaded
+areas of the Allied and Associated Powers, to the extent that these
+powers may determine.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Allied and Associated Governments may file with the Reparation
+Commission lists showing:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Animals, machinery, equipment, tools, and like articles of
+commercial character, which have been seized, consumed, or destroyed by
+Germany or destroyed in direct consequence of military operations, and
+which such Governments, for the purpose of meeting immediate and urgent
+needs, desire to have replaced by animals and articles of the same
+nature which are being in German territory at the date of the coming
+into force of the present treaty;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Reconstruction materials, (stones, bricks, refractory bricks, tiles,
+wood, window glass, steel, lime, cement, &amp;c.,) machinery, heating
+apparatus, furniture, and like articles of a commercial character which
+the said Governments desire to have produced and manufactured in Germany
+and delivered to them to permit of the restoration of the invaded areas.</p></li>
+</ol></li>
+
+<li><p>The lists relating to the articles mentioned in 2 (a), above, shall
+be filed within sixty days after the date of the coming into force of
+the present treaty. The lists relating to the articles in 2 (b), above,
+shall be filed on or before Dec. 31, 1919. The lists shall contain all
+such details as are customary in commercial contracts dealing with the
+subject matter, including specifications, dates of delivery, (but not
+extending over more than four years,) and places of delivery, but not
+price or value, which shall be fixed as hereinafter provided by the
+commission.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Immediately upon the filing of such lists with the commission, the
+commission shall consider the amount and number of the materials and
+animals mentioned in the lists provided for above which are to be
+required of Germany. In reaching a decision on this matter the
+commission shall take into account such domestic requirements of Germany
+as it deems essential for the maintenance of Germany's social and
+economic life, and the prices and dates at which similar articles can be
+obtained in the Allied and Associated countries as compared with those
+to be fixed for German articles, and the general interest of the Allied
+and Associated Governments that the industrial life of Germany be not so
+disorganized as to affect adversely the ability of Germany to perform
+the other acts of reparation stipulated for. Machinery, equipment,
+tools, and like articles of a commercial character in actual industrial
+use are not, however, to be demanded of Germany unless there is no free
+stock of such articles respectively which is not in use and is
+available, and then not in excess of 30 per cent. of the quantity of
+such articles in use in any one establishment or undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>The commission shall give representatives of the German Government an
+opportunity and a time to be heard as to their capacity to furnish the
+said materials, articles, and animals. The decision of the commission
+shall thereupon and at the earliest possible moment be communicated to
+the German Government and to the several interested Allied and
+Associated Governments. The German Government undertakes to deliver the
+materials, articles, and animals as specified in the said communication,
+and the interested Allied and Associated Governments severally agree to
+accept the same, provided they conform to the specification given, or
+are not, in the judgment of the commission, unfit to be utilized in the
+work of reparation.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The commission shall determine the value to be attributed to the
+materials, articles, and animals to be delivered in accordance with the
+foregoing, and the Allied or Associated Power receiving the same agrees
+to be charged with such value, and the amount thereof shall be treated
+as a payment by Germany to be divided in accordance with Article 237 of
+this part of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>In cases where the right to require physical restoration as above
+provided is exercised the commission shall insure that the amount to be
+credited against the reparation obligation of Germany shall be the fair
+value of work done or materials supplied by Germany and that the claim
+made by the interested power in respect of the damage so repaired by
+physical restoration
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+
+shall be discharged to the extent of the proportion which the damage
+thus repaired bears to the whole of the damage thus claimed for.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As an immediate advance on account of the animals referred to in
+Paragraph 2 (a) above, Germany undertakes to deliver in equal monthly
+installments in the three months following the coming into force of the
+present treaty the following quantities of live stock:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li><p>First. To the French Government, 500 stallions, (3 to 7 years,) 30,000
+fillies and mares, (18 months to 7 years,) type: Ardennais, Boulonnais,
+or Belgian; 2,000 bulls, (18 months to 3 years); 90,000 milch cows, (2
+to 6 years); 1,000 rams, 100,000 sheep, 10,000 goats.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Second. To the Belgian Government, 200 stallions, (3 to 7 years) large
+Belgian type; 5,000 mares, (3 to 7 years) large Belgian type; 5,000
+fillies, (18 months to 3 years); large Belgian type; 2,000 bulls, (18
+months to 3 years) 50,000 milch cows, (2 to 6 years) 40,000 heifers, 200
+rams, 20,000 sheep, 15,000 sows.</p>
+
+<p>The animals delivered shall be of average health and condition. To the
+extent that animals so delivered cannot be identified as animals taken
+away or seized, the value of such animals shall be credited against the
+reparation obligations of Germany in accordance with Paragraph 5 of this
+annex.</p></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li><p>Without waiting for the decisions of the commission, referred to in
+Paragraph 4 of this annex, to be taken, Germany must continue the
+delivery to France of the agricultural material referred to in Article 3
+of the renewal of the armistice of 16th January, 1919.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX V.</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Germany accords the following options for the delivery of coal and
+derivatives of coal to the under-mentioned signatories of the present
+treaty.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to deliver to France 7,000,000 tons of coal per
+year for ten years. In addition, Germany undertakes to deliver to France
+annually for a period not exceeding ten years an amount of coal equal to
+the difference between the annual production before the war of the coal
+mines of the Nord and Pas de Calais, destroyed as a result of the war,
+and the production of the mines of the same area during the years in
+question; such delivery not to exceed 20,000,000 tons in any one year of
+the first five years, and 8,000,000 tons in any one year of the
+succeeding five years.</p>
+
+<p>It is understood due diligence will be exercised in the restoration of
+the destroyed mines in the Nord and Pas de Calais.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium 8,000,000 tons of coal
+annually for ten years.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to deliver to Italy up to the following quantities
+of coal:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>July, 1919, to June, 1920, 4,500,000 tons.</li>
+<li>July, 1920, to June, 1921, 6,000,000 tons.</li>
+<li>July, 1921, to June, 1922, 7,500,000 tons.</li>
+<li>July, 1922, to June, 1923, 8,000,000 tons.</li>
+<li>July, 1923, to June, 1924, 8,500,000 tons.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>and each of the following five years, 8,500,000 tons.</p>
+
+<p>At least two-thirds of the actual deliveries to be land borne.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany further undertakes to deliver annually to Luxemburg, if
+directed by the Reparation Commission, a quantity of coal equal to the
+pre-war annual consumption of German coal in Luxemburg.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The prices to be paid for coal delivered under these options shall be
+as follows:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>For overland delivery, including delivery by barge, the German
+pithead price to German nationals, plus the freight to French, Belgian,
+Italian, or Luxemburg frontiers, provided the pithead price does not
+exceed the pithead price of British coal for export. In case of Belgian
+bunker coal, the price shall not exceed the Dutch bunker price. Railroad
+and barge tariffs shall not be higher than the lowest similar rates paid
+in Germany.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>For sea delivery, the German export price f. o. b. the German ports,
+or the British export price f. o. b. British ports, whichever may be
+lower.</p></li>
+</ol></li>
+
+<li><p>The Allied and Associated Governments interested may demand the
+delivery in place of coal of metallurgical coke in the proportion of
+three tons of coke to four tons of coal.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to deliver to France and to transport to the
+French frontier by rail or by water the following products during each
+of the three years following the coming into force of this treaty:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>Benzol&mdash;35,000 tons.</li>
+<li>Coal tar&mdash;50,000 tons.</li>
+<li>Sulphate of ammonia&mdash;30,000 tons.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>All or part of the coal tar may, at the option of the French Government,
+be replaced by corresponding quantities of products of distillation,
+such as light oils, heavy oils, anthracine, naphthaline, or pitch.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The price paid for coke and for the articles referred to in the
+preceding paragraphs shall be the same as the price paid by German
+nationals under the same conditions of shipment to the French frontier
+or to the German ports, and shall be subject to any advantages which may
+be accorded similar products furnished to German nationals.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The foregoing options shall be exercised through the intervention of
+the Reparation Commission, which, subject to the specific provisions
+hereof, shall have power to determine all questions relative to
+procedure and the qualities and quantities of products, the quantity of
+coke which may be substituted for coal, and the times and modes of
+delivery and payment. In giving notice to the German Government of the
+foregoing options the commission shall give at least 120 days' notice of
+deliveries to be made after 1st January, 1920, and at least thirty days'
+notice of deliveries to be made between the coming into force of this
+treaty and the 1st January, 1920. Until Germany has received the demands
+referred to in this paragraph the provisions of the protocol of the 25th
+December, 1918, (execution of Article 6 of the armistice of the 11th
+November, 1918,) remain in force.</p>
+
+<p>The notice to be given to the German Government of the exercise of the
+right of substitution accorded by Paragraphs 7 and 8 shall be such as
+the Reparation Commission may consider sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>If the commission shall determine that the full exercise of the
+foregoing options would interfere unduly with the industrial
+requirements of Germany, the commission is authorized to postpone or to
+cancel deliveries, and in so doing to settle all questions of priority,
+but the coal to replace coal from destroyed mines shall receive priority
+over other deliveries.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX VI.</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Germany accords to the Reparation Commission an option to require as
+part of reparation the delivery by Germany of such quantities and kinds
+of dyestuffs and chemical drugs as the commission may designate, not
+exceeding 50 per cent. of the total stock of each and every kind of
+dyestuff and chemical drug in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>
+
+Germany or under German control at the date of the coming into force of
+the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>This option shall be exercised within sixty days of the receipt by the
+commission of such particulars as to stocks as may be considered
+necessary by the commission.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany further accords to the Reparation Commission an option to
+require delivery during the period from the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty until Jan. 1, 1920, and during each period
+of six months thereafter until Jan. 1, 1925, of any specified kind of
+dyestuff and chemical drug up to an amount not exceeding 25 per cent. of
+the German production of such dyestuffs and chemical drugs during the
+previous six months' period. If in any case the production during such
+previous six months was, in the opinion of the commission, less than
+normal, the amount required may be 25 per cent. of the normal
+production.</p>
+
+<p>Such option shall be exercised within four weeks after the receipt of
+such particulars as to production and in such form as may be considered
+necessary by the commission; these particulars shall be furnished by the
+German Government immediately after the expiration of each six months'
+period.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>For dyestuffs and chemical drugs delivered under Paragraph 1 the
+price shall be fixed by the commission, having regard to pre-war net
+export prices and to subsequent increases of cost.</p>
+
+<p>For dyestuffs and chemical drugs delivered under Paragraph 2 the price
+shall be fixed by the commission, having regard to pre-war net export
+prices and subsequent variations of cost or the lowest net selling price
+of similar dyestuffs and chemical drugs to any other purchaser.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>All details, including mode and times of exercising the options and
+making delivery, and all other questions arising under this arrangement
+shall be determined by the Reparation Commission; the German Government
+will furnish to the commission all necessary information and other
+assistance which it may require.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The above expression "dyestuffs and chemical drugs" includes all
+synthetic dyes and drugs and intermediate or other products used in
+connection with dyeing, so far as they are manufactured for sale. The
+present arrangement shall also apply to cinchona bark and salts of
+quinine.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX VII.</h3>
+
+<p>Germany renounces on her own behalf and on behalf of her nationals in
+favor of the principal Allied and Associated Powers all rights, titles
+or privileges of whatever nature in the submarine cables set out below,
+or in any portions thereof:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>Emden-Vigo: from the Straits of Dover to off Vigo;</li>
+
+<li>Emden-Brest: from off Cherbourg to Brest;</li>
+
+<li>Emden-Teneriffe: from off Dunkirk to off Teneriffe;</li>
+
+<li>Emden-Azores (1): from the Straits of Dover to Fayal;</li>
+
+<li>Emden-Azores (2): from the Straits of Dover to Fayal;</li>
+
+<li>Azores-New York (1): from Fayal to New York;</li>
+
+<li>Azores-New York (2): from Fayal to the longitude of Halifax;</li>
+
+<li>Teneriffe-Monrovia: from off Teneriffe to off Monrovia;</li>
+
+<li>Monrovia-Lome: from about latitude 2 degrees 30 minutes north, and
+longitude 7 degrees 40 minutes west of Greenwich, to about latitude 2
+degrees 20 minutes north, and longitude 5 degrees 30 minutes west of
+Greenwich, and from about latitude 3 degrees 48 minutes north, and
+longitude 0 degrees 0 minutes to Lome;</li>
+
+<li>Lome-Duala: from Lome to Duala;</li>
+
+<li>Monrovia-Pernambuco: from off Monrovia to off Pernambuco;</li>
+
+<li>Constantinople-Constanza: from Constantinople to Constanza;</li>
+
+<li>Yap-Shanghai, Yap-Guam, and Yap-Menado (Celebes):
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>from Yap Island to Shanghai,</li>
+  <li>from Yap Island to Guam Island,</li>
+  <li>and from Yap Island to Menado.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The value of the above-mentioned cables or portions thereof in so far as
+they are privately owned, calculated on the basis of the original cost
+less a suitable allowance for depreciation, shall be credited to Germany
+in the reparation account.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>Special Provisions</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 245.</strong>&mdash;Within six months after coming into force of the
+present treaty the German Government must restore to the French
+Government the trophies, archives, historical souvenirs, or works of art
+carried away from France by the German authorities in the course of the
+war of 1870&mdash;71 and during this last war, in accordance with a list which
+will be communicated to it by the French Government; particularly the
+French flags taken in the course of the war of 1870&mdash;71, and all the
+political papers taken by the German authorities on Oct. 10, 1870, at
+the Ch&acirc;teau of Cercay, near Brunoy, (Seine-et-Oise,) belonging at
+the time to M. Rouher, formerly Minister of State.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 246.</strong>&mdash;Within six months of the coming into force of the
+present treaty Germany will restore to his Majesty the King of the
+Hedjaz the original Koran of the Caliph Othman, which was removed from
+Medina by the Turkish authorities and is stated to have been presented
+to the ex-Emperor William II.</p>
+
+<p>Within the same period Germany will hand over to his Britannic Majesty's
+Government the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa, which was removed from the
+protectorate of German East Africa and taken to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The delivery of the articles above referred to will be effected in such
+place and in such conditions as may be laid down by the Governments to
+which they are to be restored</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 247.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to furnish to the University of
+Louvain, within three months after a request made by it and transmitted
+through the intervention of the Reparation Commission, manuscripts,
+incunabula, printed books, maps, and objects of collection corresponding
+in number and value to those destroyed in the burning by Germany of the
+library of Louvain. All details regarding such replacement will be
+determined by the Reparation Commission.</p>
+
+<p>Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium, through the Reparation
+Commission, within six months of the coming into force of the present
+treaty, in order to enable Belgium to reconstitute her two great
+artistic works:</p>
+
+<p>(a) The leaves of the triptych of the Mystic Lamb painted by the Van
+Eyck Brothers, formerly in the Church of St. Bavon at Ghent, now in the
+Berlin Museum.</p>
+
+<p>(b) The leaves of the triptych of the Last Supper, painted by Dierick
+Bouts, formerly in the Church of St. Peter at Louvain, two of which are
+now in the Berlin Museum and two in the old Pinakothek at Munich.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART IX<br />
+Financial Clauses</h2>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 248.</strong>&mdash;Subject to such exceptions as the Reparation
+Commission may approve, a first charge upon all the assets and revenues
+of the German Empire and its constituent States shall be the cost of
+reparation and all other costs arising under the present treaty or any
+treaties or agreements supplementary thereto or under arrangements
+concluded between Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers during
+the armistice or its extensions.</p>
+
+<p>Up to May 1, 1921, the German Government shall not export or dispose of,
+and shall forbid the export or disposal of, gold without the previous
+approval of the Allied and Associated Powers acting through the
+Reparation Commission.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 249.</strong>&mdash;There shall be paid by the German Government the
+total cost of all armies of the Allied and Associated Governments in
+occupied German territory from the date of the signature of the
+armistice of the 11th November, 1918, including the keep of men and
+beasts, lodging and billeting, pay and allowances, salaries and wages,
+bedding, heating, lighting, clothing, equipment, harness and saddlery,
+armament and rolling stock, air services, treatment of sick and wounded,
+veterinary and remount services, transport service of all sorts, (such
+as by rail, sea, river, or motor lorries,) communications and
+correspondence, and in general the cost of all administrative or
+technical services, the working of which is necessary for the training
+of troops and for keeping their numbers up to strength and preserving
+their military efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of such liabilities under the above heads, so far as they
+relate to purchases or requisitions by the Allied and Associated
+Governments in the occupied territories, shall be paid by the German
+Government to the Allied and Associated Governments in marks at the
+current or agreed rate of exchange. All other of the above costs shall
+be paid in gold marks.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 250.</strong>&mdash;Germany confirms the surrender of all material handed
+over to the Allied and Associated Powers in accordance with the
+armistice agreement of the 11th November, 1918, and subsequent armistice
+agreements, and recognizes the title of the Allied and Associated Powers
+to such material.</p>
+
+<p>There shall be credited to the German Government against the sums due
+from it to the Allied and Associated Powers for reparation, the value,
+as assessed by the Reparation Commission referred to in Article 233 of
+Part VIII. (reparation) of the present treaty, of the material handed
+over in accordance with Article 7 of the armistice agreement of the 11th
+November, 1918, Article 3 of the armistice agreement of the 16th
+January, 1919, as well as of any other material handed over in
+accordance with the armistice agreement of the 11th November, 1918, and
+of subsequent armistice agreements, for which, as having non-military
+value, credit should, in the judgment of the Reparation Commission, be
+allowed to the German Government.</p>
+
+<p>Property belonging to the Allied and Associated Governments or their
+nationals restored or surrendered under the armistice agreements in
+specie shall not be credited to the German Government.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 251.</strong>&mdash;The priority of the charges established by Article
+248 shall, subject to the qualifications made below, be as follows:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>The cost of the armies of occupation as defined under Article 249
+during the armistice and its extensions;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The cost of any armies of occupation as defined under Article 249
+after the coming into force of the present treaty;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The cost of reparation arising out of the present treaty or any
+treaties or conventions supplementary thereto;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The cost of all other obligations incumbent on Germany under the
+armistice conventions or under this treaty or any treaties or
+conventions supplementary thereto.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>The payment for such supplies of food and raw material for Germany and
+such other payments as may be judged by the Allied and Associated Powers
+to be essential to enable Germany to meet her obligations in respect of
+reparation will have priority to the extent and upon the conditions
+which have been or may be determined by the Governments of the said
+powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 252.</strong>&mdash;The right of each of the Allied and Associated Powers
+to dispose of enemy assets and property within its jurisdiction at the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty is not affected by
+the foregoing provisions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 253.</strong>&mdash;Nothing in the foregoing provisions shall prejudice
+in any manner charges or mortgages lawfully effected in favor of the
+Allied and Associated Powers or their nationals respectively, before the
+date at which a state of war existed between Germany and the Allied and
+Associated Powers concerned, by the German Empire or its constituent
+States, or by German nationals on assets in their ownership at that
+date.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 254.</strong>&mdash;The powers to which German territory is ceded shall,
+subject to the qualifications made in Article 255, undertake to pay:</p>
+
+<p>1. A portion of the debt of the German Empire as it stood on the 1st
+August, 1914, calculated on the basis of the ratio between the average
+for the three financial years 1911, 1912, 1913, of such revenues of the
+ceded territory and the average for the same years of such revenues of
+the whole German Empire as in the judgment of the Reparation Commission
+are best calculated to represent the relative ability of the respective
+territories to make payments.</p>
+
+<p>2. A portion of the debt as it stood on the 1st August, 1914, of the
+German State to which the ceded territory belonged, to be determined in
+accordance with the principle stated above.</p>
+
+<p>Such portions shall be determined by the Reparation Commission.</p>
+
+<p>The method of discharging the obligation both in respect of capital and
+of interest, so assumed, shall be fixed by the Reparation Commission.
+Such method may take the form, inter alia, of the assumption by the
+power to which the territory is ceded of Germany's liability for the
+German debt held by her nationals. But in the event of the method
+adopted involving any payments to the German Government, such payments
+shall be transferred to the Reparation Commission on account of the sums
+due for reparation so long as any balance in respect of such sums
+remains unpaid.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 255.</strong>&mdash;</p>
+<ol>
+<li><p>As an exception to the above provision and
+inasmuch as in 1871 Germany refused to undertake any portion of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+
+burden of the French debt, France shall be, in respect of
+Alsace-Lorraine, exempt from any payment under Article 254.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In the case of Poland that portion of the debt which, in the opinion
+of the Reparation Commission is attributable to the measures taken by
+the German and Prussian Governments for the German colonization of
+Poland shall be excluded from the apportionment to be made under Article
+254.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-227.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-227thumb.jpg" width="400" height="303"
+         alt="Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home"
+       title="Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home</p>
+  <p class="description">This photograph taken from the Fighting Top of the Pennsylvania, shows
+    American Warships in the North River, firing a salute in honor of the
+    President&#39;s return from France on the George Washington.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-227.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div></li>
+
+<li><p>In the case of all ceded territories other than Alsace-Lorraine that
+portion of the debt of the German Empire or German States which in the
+opinion of the Reparation Commission represents expenditure by the
+Governments of the German Empire or States upon the Government
+properties referred to in Article 256 shall be excluded from the
+apportionment to be made under Article 254.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 256.</strong>&mdash;Powers to which German territory is ceded shall
+acquire all property and possessions situated therein belonging to the
+German Empire or to the German States, and the value of such
+acquisitions shall be fixed by the Reparation Commission, and paid by
+the State acquiring the territory to the Reparation Commission for the
+credit of the German Government on account of the sums due for
+reparation.</p>
+
+<p>For the purposes of this article the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and States shall be deemed to include all the property of
+the Crown, the Empire or the States, and the private property of the
+former German Emperor and other royal personages.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the terms on which Alsace-Lorraine was ceded to Germany in
+1871&mdash;France shall be exempt in respect thereof from making any
+payment or credit under this article for any property or possessions of
+the German Empire or States situated therein. Belgium also shall be
+exempt from making any payment or any credit under this article for any
+property or possessions of the German Empire or States situated in
+German territory ceded to Belgium under the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 257.</strong>&mdash;In the case of the former German territories,
+including colonies, protectorates, or dependencies, administered by a
+mandatory under Article 22 of Part I. (League of Nations) of the present
+treaty, neither the territory nor the mandatory power shall be charged
+with any portion of the debt of the German Empire or
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>
+
+States.</p>
+
+<p>All property and possessions belonging to the German Empire or
+to the German States situated in such territory shall be transferred
+with the territories to the Mandatory Power in its capacity as such, and
+no payment shall be made nor any credit given to those Governments in
+consideration of this transfer.</p>
+
+<p>For the purpose of this article the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and of the German States shall be deemed to include all
+the property of the crown, the empire or the States and the private
+property of the former German Emperor and other royal personages.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 258.</strong>&mdash;Germany renounces all rights accorded to her or her
+nationals by treaties, conventions or agreements, of whatsoever kind, to
+representation upon or participation in the control or administration of
+commissions, state banks, agencies or other financial or economic
+organizations of an international character, exercising powers of
+control or administration, and operating in any of the Allied or
+Associated States, or in Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or Turkey, or in the
+dependencies of these States, or in the former Russian Empire.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 259.</strong>&mdash;</p>
+<ol>
+<li><p>Germany agrees to deliver within one month from
+the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, to such
+authority as the principal Allied and Associated Powers may designate,
+the sum in gold which was to be deposited in the Reichsbank in the name
+of the Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as
+security for the first issue of Turkish Government currency notes.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany recognizes her obligation to make annually for the period of
+twelve years the payments in gold for which provision is made in the
+German Treasury bonds deposited by her from time to time in the name of
+the Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as security
+for the second and subsequent issues of Turkish Government currency
+notes.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to deliver, within one month from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, to such authority as the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers may designate, the deposit gold constituted in the
+Reichsbank or elsewhere, representing the residue of the advance in gold
+agreed to on the 5th of May, 1915, by the Council of the Administration
+of the Ottoman Public Debt to the Imperial Ottoman Government.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany agrees to transfer to the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers any title that she may have to the sum in gold and silver
+transmitted by her to the Turkish Ministry of Finance in November, 1918,
+in anticipation of the payment to be made in May, 1919, for the service
+of the Turkish internal loan.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to transfer to the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers within a period of one month from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, any sums in gold transferred as pledge or as collateral
+security to the German Government or its nationals in connection with
+loans made by them to the Austro-Hungarian Government.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Without prejudice to Article 292 of Part X. (economic clauses) of the
+present treaty, Germany confirms the renunciation provided for in
+Article XV. of the armistice convention of the 11th November, 1918, of
+any benefit disclosed by the treaties of Bucharest and of Brest-Litovsk,
+and by the treaties supplementary thereto.</p>
+
+<p>Germany undertakes to transfer, either to Rumania or to the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, as the case may be, all monetary
+instruments, specie, securities and negotiable instruments or goods
+which she has received under the aforesaid treaties.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The sums of money and all securities, instruments and goods of
+whatever nature, to be delivered, paid and transferred under the
+provisions of this article, shall be disposed of by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers in a manner hereafter to be determined by these
+powers.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 260.</strong>&mdash;Without prejudice to the renunciation of any rights
+by Germany on behalf of herself or of her nationals in the other
+provisions of the present treaty, the Reparation Commission may, within
+one year from the coming into force of the present treaty, demand that
+the German Government become possessed of any rights and interests of
+the German nationals in any public utility undertaking or in any
+concession operating in Russia, China, Turkey, Austria, Hungary, and
+Bulgaria, or in the possessions or dependencies of these States or in
+any territory formerly belonging to Germany or her allies, to be ceded
+by Germany or her allies to any power, or to be administered by a
+mandatary under the present treaty, and may require that the German
+Government transfer, within six months of the date of demand, all such
+rights and interests and any similar rights and interests the German
+Government may itself possess, to the Reparation Commission.</p>
+
+<p>Germany shall be responsible for indemnifying her nationals so
+dispossessed and the Reparation Commission shall credit Germany on
+account of sums due for reparation with such sums in respect of the
+value of the transferred rights and interests as may be assessed by the
+Reparation Commission, and the German Government shall, within six
+months from the coming into force of the present treaty, communicate to
+the Reparation Commission all such rights and interests, whether already
+granted, contingent, or not yet exercised, and shall renounce on behalf
+of itself and its nationals in favor of the Allied and Associated Powers
+all such rights and interests which have not been so communicated.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 261.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to transfer to the Allied and
+Associated Powers any claims she may have to payment or repayment by the
+Governments of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, and, in particular
+any claims which may arise, now or hereafter, from the fulfillment of
+undertakings made by Germany during the war to those Governments.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 262.</strong>&mdash;Any monetary obligation due by Germany arising out of
+the present treaty and expressed in terms of gold marks shall be payable
+at the option of the creditors in pounds sterling payable in London;
+gold dollars of the United States of America payable in New York; gold
+francs payable in Paris, or gold lire payable in Rome.</p>
+
+<p>For the purpose of this article, the gold coins mentioned above shall be
+defined as being of the weight and fineness of gold as enacted by law on
+the 1st January, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 263.</strong>&mdash;Germany gives a guarantee to the Brazilian Government
+that all sums representing the sale of coffee belonging to the State of
+Sao Paolo in the Ports of Hamburg, Bremen, Antwerp, and Trieste, which
+were deposited with the Bank of the Bleichr&ouml;der at Berlin, shall be
+reimbursed, together with interest at the rate or rates agreed upon.</p>
+
+<p>Germany, having prevented the transfer of the sums in question to the
+State of Sao Paolo at the proper time, guarantees also that the
+reimbursements shall be effected at the rate of exchange of the day of
+the deposit.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART X<br />
+Economic Clauses</h2>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>Commercial Relations</em></h3>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I.&mdash;CUSTOMS REGULATIONS, DUTIES, AND RESTRICTIONS</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 264.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes that goods the produce or
+manufacture of any one of the Allied or Associated States imported into
+German territory, from whatsoever place arriving, shall not be subjected
+to other or higher duties or charges (including internal charges) than
+those to which the like goods the produce or manufacture of any other
+such State or of any other foreign country are subject.</p>
+
+<p>Germany will not maintain or impose any prohibition or restriction on
+the importation into German territory of any goods the produce or
+manufacture of the territories of any one of the Allied or Associated
+States, from whatsoever place arriving, which shall not equally extend
+to the importation of the like goods the produce or manufacture of any
+other such State or of any other foreign country.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 265.</strong>&mdash;Germany further undertakes that, in the matter of the
+r&eacute;gime applicable on importation, no discrimination against the
+commerce of any of the Allied and Associated States as compared with any
+other of the said States or any other foreign country shall be made,
+even by indirect means, such as customs regulations or procedure,
+methods of verification or analysis, conditions of payment of duties,
+tariff classification or interpretation, or the operation of monopolies.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 266.</strong>&mdash;In all that concerns exportation Germany undertakes
+that goods, natural products or manufactured articles, exported from
+German territory to the territories of any one of the Allied or
+Associated States shall not be subjected to other or higher duties or
+charges (including internal charges) than those paid on the like goods
+exported to any other such State or to any other foreign country.</p>
+
+<p>Germany will not maintain or impose any prohibition or restriction on
+the exportation of any goods sent from her territory to any one of the
+Allied or Associated States which shall not equally extend to the
+exportation of the like goods, natural products or manufactured
+articles, sent to any other such State or to any other foreign country.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 267.</strong>&mdash;Every favor, immunity, or privilege in regard to the
+importation, exportation, or transit of goods granted by Germany to any
+Allied or Associated State or to any other foreign country whatever
+shall simultaneously and unconditionally, without request and without
+compensation, be extended to all the Allied and Associated States.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 268.</strong>&mdash;The provisions of Article 264 to 267 inclusive of
+this chapter and of Article 323 of Part XII. (ports, waterways, and
+railways) of the present treaty are subject to the following exceptions:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>For a period of five years from the coming into force of the present
+treaty, natural or manufactured products which both originate in and
+come from the territories of Alsace and Lorraine reunited to France
+shall, on importation into German customs territory, be exempt from all
+customs duty.</p>
+
+<p>The French Government shall fix each year by decree communicated to the
+German Government, the nature and amount of the products which shall
+enjoy this exemption.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911&mdash;1913.</p>
+
+<p>Further, during the period above mentioned the German Government shall
+allow the free export from Germany, and the free reimportation into
+Germany, exempt from all customs duties and other charges, (including
+internal charges,) of yarns, tissues, and other textile materials or
+textile products of any kind and in any condition sent from Germany into
+the territories of Alsace or Lorraine, to be subjected there to any
+finishing process, such as bleaching, dyeing, printing, mercerization,
+gassing, twisting, or dressing.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>During a period of three years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty natural or manufactured products which both originate in
+and come from Polish territories which before the war were part of
+Germany shall, on importation into German customs territory, be exempt
+from all customs duty.</p>
+
+<p>The Polish Government shall fix each year, by decree communicated to the
+German Government, the nature and amount of the products which shall
+enjoy this exemption.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911&mdash;1913.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to require
+Germany to accord freedom from customs duty, on importation into German
+customs territory, to natural products and manufactured articles which
+both originate in and come from the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, for a
+period of five years from the coming into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The nature and amount of the products which shall enjoy the benefits of
+this r&eacute;gime shall be communicated each year to the German
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911&mdash;1913.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 269.</strong>&mdash;During the first six months after the coming into
+force of the present treaty, the duties imposed by Germany on imports
+from Allied and Associated States shall not be higher than the most
+favorable duties which were applied to imports into Germany on the 31st
+July, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>During a further period of thirty months after the expiration of the
+first six months, this provision shall continue to be applied
+exclusively with regard to products which, being comprised in Section A
+of the First Category of the German Customs Tariff of the 25th December,
+1902, enjoyed at the above-mentioned date (31st July, 1914,) rates
+conventionalized by treaties with the Allied and Associated Powers, with
+the addition of all kinds of wine and vegetable oils, of artificial silk
+and of washed or scoured wool, whether or not they were the subject of
+special conventions before the 31st July, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 270.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to
+apply to German territory occupied by their troops a special customs
+r&eacute;gime as regards imports and exports, in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+
+the event of such a measure being necessary in their opinion in order to
+safeguard the economic interests of the population of these territories.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.&mdash;SHIPPING</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 271.</strong>&mdash;As regards sea fishing, maritime coasting trade, and
+maritime towage, vessels of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+enjoy, in German territorial waters, the treatment accorded to vessels
+of the most-favored nation.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 272.</strong>&mdash;Germany agrees that, notwithstanding any stipulation
+to the contrary contained in the conventions relating to the North Sea
+fisheries and liquor traffic, all rights of inspection and police shall,
+in the case of fishing boats of the Allied Powers, be exercised solely
+by ships belonging to those powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 273.</strong>&mdash;In the case of vessels of the Allied or Associated
+Powers, all classes of certificates or documents relating to the vessel,
+which were recognized as valid by Germany before the war, or which may
+hereafter be recognized as valid by the principal maritime States, shall
+be recognized by Germany as valid and as equivalent to the corresponding
+certificates issued to German vessels.</p>
+
+<p>A similar recognition shall be accorded to the certificates and
+documents issued to their vessels by the Governments of new States,
+whether they have a seacoast or not, provided that such certificates and
+documents shall be issued in conformity with the general practice
+observed in the principal maritime States.</p>
+
+<p>The high contracting parties agree to recognize the flag flown by the
+vessels of an Allied or Associated Power having no seacoast which are
+registered at some one specified place situated in its territory; such
+place shall serve as the port of registry of such vessels.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.&mdash;UNFAIR COMPETITION</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 274.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to adopt all the necessary
+legislative and administrative measures to protect goods the produce or
+manufacture of any one of the Allied and Associated Powers from all
+forms of unfair competition in commercial transactions.</p>
+
+<p>Germany undertakes to prohibit and repress by seizure and by other
+appropriate remedies the importation, exportation, manufacture,
+distribution, sale or offering for sale in its territory of all goods
+bearing upon themselves or their usual get-up or wrappings any marks,
+names, devices, or descriptions whatsoever which are calculated to
+convey directly or indirectly a false indication of the origin, type,
+nature, or special characteristics of such goods.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 275.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes on condition that reciprocity is
+accorded in these matters to respect any law, or any administrative or
+judicial decision given in conformity with such law, in force in any
+Allied or Associated State and duly communicated to her by the proper
+authorities, defining or regulating the right to any regional
+appellation in respect of wine or spirits produced in the State to which
+the region belongs or the conditions under which the use of any such
+appellation may be permitted; and the importation, exportation,
+manufacture, distribution, sale or offering for sale of products or
+articles bearing regional appellations inconsistent with such law or
+order shall be prohibited by the German Government and repressed by the
+measures prescribed in the preceding article.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV.&mdash;TREATMENT OF NATIONALS OF ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 276.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+any prohibition in regard to the exercise of occupations, professions,
+trade, and industry, which shall not be equally applicable to all aliens
+without exception;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers in
+regard to the rights referred to in Paragraph (a) to any regulation or
+restriction which might contravene directly or indirectly the
+stipulations of the said paragraph, or which shall be other or more
+disadvantageous than those which are applicable to nationals of the
+most-favored nation;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+their property, rights, or interests, including companies and
+associations in which they are interested, to any charge, tax, or
+impost, direct or indirect, other or higher than those which are or may
+be imposed on her own nationals or their property, rights, or interests;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>not to subject the nationals of any one of the Allied and Associated
+Powers to any restriction which was not applicable on July 1, 1914, to
+the nationals of such powers unless such restriction is likewise imposed
+on her own nationals.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 277.</strong>&mdash;The nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers
+shall enjoy in German territory a constant protection for their persons
+and for their property, rights, and interests, and shall have free
+access to the courts of law.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 278.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to recognize any new nationality
+which has been or may be acquired by her nationals under the laws of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and in accordance with the decisions of
+the competent authorities of these powers pursuant to naturalization
+laws or under treaty stipulations, and to regard such persons as having,
+in consequence of the acquisition of such new nationality, in all
+respects severed their allegiance to their country of origin.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 279.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Powers may appoint Consuls
+General, Consuls, Vice Consuls, and Consular Agents in German towns and
+ports. Germany undertakes to approve the designation of the Consuls
+General, Consuls, Vice Consuls, and Consular Agents, whose names shall
+be notified to her, and to admit them to the exercise of their functions
+in conformity with the usual rules and customs.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER V.&mdash;GENERAL ARTICLES</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 280.</strong>&mdash;The obligations imposed on Germany by Chapter I. and
+by Articles 271 and 272 of Chapter II. above shall cease to have effect
+five years from the date of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+unless otherwise provided in the text, or unless the Council of the
+League of Nations shall, at least twelve months before the expiration of
+that period, decide that these obligations shall be maintained for a
+further period with or without amendment.</p>
+
+<p>Article 276 of Chapter IV. shall remain in operation, with or without
+amendment, after the period of five years for such further period, if
+any, not exceeding five years, as may be determined by a majority of the
+Council of the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 281.</strong>&mdash;If the German Government engages in international
+trade, it shall not in respect thereof have or be deemed to have any
+rights, privileges, or immunities of sovereignty.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>Treaties</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 282.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty and
+subject to the provisions thereof the multilateral treaties,
+conventions, and agreements of an economic or technical character
+enumerated below and in the subsequent articles shall alone be applied
+as between Germany and those of the Allied and Associated Powers party
+thereto:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Conventions of March 14, 1884; Dec. 1, 1886, and March 23, 1887, and
+final protocol of July 7, 1887, regarding the protection of submarine
+cables.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Oct. 11, 1909, regarding the international circulation
+of motor cars.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Agreement of May 15, 1886, regarding the sealing of railway trucks
+subject to customs inspection, and protocol of May 18, 1907.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Agreement of May 15, 1886, regarding the technical standardization of
+railways.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of July 5, 1890, regarding the publication of customs
+tariffs and the organization of an international union for the
+publication of customs tariffs.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Dec. 31, 1913, regarding the unification of commercial
+statistics.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of April 25, 1907, regarding the raising of the Turkish
+customs tariff.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of March 14, 1857, for the redemption of toll dues on the
+Sound and Belts.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of June 22, 1861, for the redemption of the Stade Toll on
+the Elbe.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of July 16, 1863, for the redemption of toll dues on the
+Scheldt.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Oct. 29, 1888, regarding the establishment of a
+definite arrangement guaranteeing the free use of the Suez Canal.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Sept. 23, 1910, respecting the unification of certain
+regulations regarding collisions and salvage at sea.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Dec. 21, 1904, regarding the exemption of hospital
+ships from dues and charges in ports.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Feb. 4, 1898, regarding the tonnage measurement of
+vessels for inland navigation.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Sept. 26, 1906, for the suppression of nightwork for
+women.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Sept. 26, 1906, for the suppression of the use of
+white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Conventions of May 18, 1904, and May 4, 1910, regarding the
+suppression of the white slave traffic.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of May 4, 1910, regarding the suppression of obscene
+publications.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Sanitary conventions of January, 1892; April 15, 1893; April 3,
+1894; April 19, 1897, and Dec. 3, 1903.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of May 20, 1875, regarding the unification and
+improvement of the metric system.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Nov. 29, 1906, regarding the unification of
+pharmacopoeial formulae for potent drugs.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of Nov. 16 and 19, 1885, regarding the establishment of a
+concert pitch.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of June 7, 1905, regarding the creation of an
+International Agricultural Institute at Rome.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Conventions of Nov. 3, 1881, and April 15, 1889, regarding
+precautionary measures against phylloxera.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of March 19, 1902, regarding the protection of birds
+useful to agriculture.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Convention of June 12, 1902, as to the protection of minors.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 283.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply the conventions and agreements
+hereinafter mentioned, in so far as concerns them, on condition that the
+special stipulations contained in this article are fulfilled by Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Postal Conventions:</strong></p>
+
+<p>Conventions and agreements of the Universal Postal Union concluded at
+Vienna, July 4, 1891.</p>
+
+<p>Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Washington,
+June 15, 1897.</p>
+
+<p>Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Rome May 26,
+1906.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Telegraphic Conventions:</strong></p>
+
+<p>International Telegraphic Conventions signed at St. Petersburg July 10,
+(22,) 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Regulations and tariffs drawn up by the International Telegraphic
+Conference, Lisbon, June 11, 1908.</p>
+
+<p>Germany undertakes not to refuse her assent to the conclusion by the new
+States of the special arrangements referred to in the conventions and
+agreements relating to the Universal Postal Union and to the
+International Telegraphic Union, to which the said new States have
+adhered or may adhere.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 284.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply, in so far as concerns them, the
+International Radio-Telegraphic Convention of July 5, 1912, on condition
+that Germany fulfills the provisional regulations which will be
+indicated to her by the Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p>If within five years after the coming into force of the present treaty a
+new convention regulating international radio-telegraphic communications
+should have been concluded to take the place of the convention of July
+5, 1912, this new convention shall bind Germany even if Germany should
+refuse either to take part in drawing up the convention or to subscribe
+thereto.</p>
+
+<p>This new convention will likewise replace the provisional regulations in
+force.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 285.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply in so far as concerns them and
+under the conditions stipulated in Article 272 the conventions
+hereinafter mentioned:</p>
+
+<p>1. The conventions of May 6, 1882, and Feb. 1, 1889, regulating the
+fisheries in the North Sea outside territorial waters.</p>
+
+<p>2. The conventions and protocols of Nov. 16, 1887, Feb. 14, 1893, and
+April 11, 1894, regarding the North Sea liquor traffic.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 286.</strong>&mdash;The International Convention of Paris of March 20,
+1883, for the protection of industrial property, revised at Washington
+on June 2, 1911; the International Convention of Berne of Sept. 9, 1886,
+for the protection of literary and artistic works, revised at Berlin on
+Nov. 13, 1908, and completed by the additional protocol signed at Berne
+on March 20, 1914, will again come into effect as from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, in so far as they are not affected or
+modified by the exceptions and restrictions resulting therefrom.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 287.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply, in so far as concerns them, the
+Convention of the Hague of July 17, 1905, relating to civil procedure.
+This renewal, however, will not apply to France, Portugal and Rumania.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 288.</strong>&mdash;The special rights and privileges granted to Germany
+by Article 3 of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+
+convention of Dec. 2, 1899, relating to Samoa shall be considered to
+have terminated on Aug. 4, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 289.</strong>&mdash;Each of the Allied or Associated Powers, being guided
+by the general principles or special provisions of the present treaty,
+shall notify to Germany the bilateral treaties or conventions which such
+Allied or Associated Power wishes to revive with Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The notification referred to in the present article shall be made either
+directly or through the intermediary of another power. Receipt thereof
+shall be acknowledged in writing by Germany. The date of the revival
+shall be that of the notification.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Powers undertake among themselves not to
+revive with Germany any conventions or treaties which are not in
+accordance with the terms of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The notification shall mention any provisions of the said conventions
+and treaties which, not being in accordance with the terms of the
+present treaty, shall not be considered as revived. In case of any
+difference of opinion, the League of Nations will be called on to
+decide.</p>
+
+<p>A period of six months from the coming into force of the present treaty
+is allowed to the Allied and Associated Powers within which to make the
+notification.</p>
+
+<p>Only those bilateral treaties and conventions which have been the
+subject of such a notification shall be revived between the Allied and
+Associated Powers and Germany; all the others are and shall remain
+abrogated.</p>
+
+<p>The above regulations apply to all bilateral treaties or conventions
+existing between all the Allied and Associated Powers signatories to the
+present treaty and Germany, even if the said Allied and Associated
+Powers have not been in a state of war with Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 290.</strong>&mdash;Germany recognizes that all the treaties,
+conventions, or agreements which she has concluded with Austria,
+Hungary, Bulgaria, or Turkey since Aug. 1, 1914, until the coming into
+force of the present treaty are and remain abrogated by the present
+treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 291.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to secure to the Allied and
+Associated Powers, and to the officials and nationals of the said
+powers, the enjoyment of all the rights and advantages of any kind which
+she may have granted to Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, or Turkey, or to the
+officials and nationals of these States by treaties, conventions, or
+arrangements concluded before Aug. 1, 1914, so long as those treaties,
+conventions, or arrangements remain in force.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to accept or not the
+enjoyment of these rights and advantages.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 292.</strong>&mdash;Germany recognizes that all treaties, conventions, or
+arrangements which she concluded with Russia or with any State or
+Government of which the territory previously formed a part of Russia, or
+with Rumania before Aug. 1, 1914, or after that date until the coming
+into force of the present treaty, are and remain abrogated.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 293.</strong>&mdash;Should an Allied or Associated Power, Russia, or a
+State or Government of which the territory formerly constituted a part
+of Russia have been forced since Aug. 1, 1914, by reason of military
+occupation or by any other means or for any other cause, to grant or to
+allow to be granted by the act of any public authority, concessions,
+privileges, and favors of any kind to Germany or to a German nation,
+such concessions, privileges, and favors are <span lang="la">ipso facto</span> annulled by
+the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>No claims or indemnities which may result from this annulment shall be
+charged against the Allied or Associated Powers or the powers, States,
+Governments, or public authorities which are released from their
+engagements by the present article.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 294.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty
+Germany undertakes to give the Allied and Associated Powers and their
+nationals the benefit <span lang="la">ipso facto</span> of the rights and advantages of any
+kind which she has granted by treaties, conventions or arrangements to
+non-belligerent States or their nationals since Aug. 1, 1914, until the
+coming into force of the present treaty so long as those treaties,
+conventions, or arrangements remain in force.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 295.</strong>&mdash;Those of the high contracting parties who have not
+yet signed, or who have signed but not yet ratified, the Opium
+Convention signed at The Hague on Jan. 23, 1912, agree to bring the said
+convention into force, and for this purpose to enact the necessary
+legislation without delay and in any case within a period of twelve
+months from the coming into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, they agree that ratification of the present treaty should
+in the case of powers which have not yet ratified the Opium Convention
+be deemed in all respects equivalent to the ratification of that
+convention and to the signature of the special protocol which was opened
+at The Hague in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the Third
+Opium Conference in 1914 for bringing the said convention into force.</p>
+
+<p>For this purpose the Government of the French Republic will communicate
+to the Government of the Netherlands a certified copy of the protocol of
+the deposit of ratifications of the present treaty, and will invite the
+Government of the Netherlands to accept and deposit the said certified
+copy as if it were a deposit of ratifications of the Opium Convention
+and a signature of the additional protocol of 1914.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION III.&mdash;<cite>Debts.</cite></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 296.</strong>&mdash;There shall be settled through the intervention of
+clearing offices to be established by each of the high contracting
+parties within three months of the notification referred to in paragraph
+(e) hereafter the following classes of pecuniary obligations:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Debts payable before the war and due by a national of one of the
+contracting powers, residing within its territory, to a national of an
+opposing power, residing within its territory.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Debts which became payable during the war to nationals of one
+contracting power residing within its territory and arose out of
+transactions or contracts with the nationals of an opposing power,
+resident within its territory, of which the total or partial execution
+was suspended on account of the declaration of war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Interest which has accrued due before and during the war to a
+national of one of the contracting powers in respect of securities
+issued by an opposing power, provided that the payment of interest on
+such securities to the nationals of that power or to neutrals has not
+been suspended during the war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Capital sums which have become payable before and during the war to
+nationals of one of the contracting powers in respect of securities
+issued by one of the opposing powers, provided that the payment of such
+capital sums to nationals of that power or to neutrals has not been
+suspended during the war.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-233.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-233thumb.jpg" width="400" height="498"
+         alt="M. Stephen Pichon"
+       title="M. Stephen Pichon" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Harris &amp; Ewing</p>
+  <p class="caption">M. Stephen Pichon</p>
+  <p class="description">Chosen Chairman of the provisional
+    organization of the League of Nations in recognition of his long
+    leadership, not only in France but internationally, in the work
+    of bringing about a world-wide organization to preserve peace.</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/ill-233.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The proceeds of liquidation of enemy property, rights, and interests
+mentioned in Section IV. and in the annex thereto will be accounted for
+through the clearing offices, in the currency and at the rate of
+exchange hereinafter provided in Paragraph (d), and disposed of by them
+under the conditions provided by the said section and annex.</p>
+
+<p>The settlements provided for in this article shall be effected according
+to the following principles and in accordance with the annex to this
+section:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Each of the high contracting parties shall prohibit, as from the
+coming into force of the present treaty, both the payment and the
+acceptance of payment of such debts, and also all communications between
+the interested parties with regard to the settlement of the said debts
+otherwise than through the clearing offices.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Each of the high contracting parties shall be respectively
+responsible for the payment of such debts due by its nationals, except
+in the cases where before the war the debtor was in a state of
+bankruptcy or failure, or had given formal indication of insolvency or
+where the debt was due by a company whose business has been liquidated
+under emergency legislation during the war. Nevertheless, debts due by
+the inhabitants of territory invaded or occupied by the enemy before the
+armistice will not be guaranteed by the States of which those
+territories form part.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The sums due to the nationals of one of the high contracting parties
+by the nationals of an opposing State will be debited to the clearing
+office of the country of the debtor, and paid to the creditor by the
+clearing office of the country of the creditor.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Debts shall be paid or credited in the currency of such one of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, their colonies or protectorates, or the
+British Dominions or India, as may be concerned. If the debts are
+payable in some other currency they shall be paid or credited in the
+currency of the country concerned, whether an Allied or Associated
+Power, colony, protectorate, British Dominion, or India, at the pre-war
+rate of exchange.</p>
+
+<p>For the purpose of this provision the pre-war rate of exchange shall be
+defined as the average cable transfer rate prevailing in the Allied or
+Associated country concerned during the month immediately preceding the
+outbreak of war between the said country concerned and Germany.</p>
+
+<p>If a contract provides for a fixed rate of exchange governing the
+conversion of the currency in which the debt is stated into the currency
+of the Allied or Associated country concerned, then the above provisions
+concerning the rate of exchange shall not apply.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of new States the currency in which and the rate of exchange
+at which debts shall be paid or credited shall be determined by the
+Reparation Commission provided for in Part VIII. (Reparation.)</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The provisions of this article and of the annex thereto shall not
+apply as between Germany on the one hand and any one of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, their colonies or protectorates, or any one of the
+British Dominions or India on the other hand, unless within a period of
+one month from the deposit of the ratifications of the present treaty by
+the power in question, or of the ratification on behalf of such dominion
+or of India, notice to that effect is given to Germany by the
+Government of such Allied or Associated Power or of such Dominion or of
+India as the case may be.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Allied and Associated Powers who have adopted this article and
+the annex hereto may agree between themselves to apply them to their
+respective nationals established in their territory so far as regards
+matters between their nationals and German nationals. In this case the
+payments made by application of this provision will be subject to
+arrangements between the allied and associated clearing offices
+concerned.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Each of the high contracting parties will, within three months from
+the notification provided for in Article 296, Paragraph (e), establish a
+clearing office for the collection and payment of enemy debts.</p>
+
+<p>Local clearing offices may be established for any particular portion of
+the territories of the high contracting parties. Such local clearing
+offices may perform all the functions of a central clearing office in
+their respective districts, except that all transactions with the
+clearing office in the opposing State must be effected through the
+central clearing office.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In this annex the pecuniary obligations referred to in the first
+paragraph of Article 296 are described as "enemy debts," the persons
+from whom the same are due as "enemy debtors," the persons to whom they
+are due as "enemy creditors," the clearing office in the country of the
+creditor is called the "Creditor Clearing Office," and the clearing
+office in the country of the debtor is called the "Debtor Clearing
+Office."</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The high contracting parties will subject contraventions of Paragraph
+(a) of Article 296 to the same penalties as are at present provided by
+their legislation for trading with the enemy. They will similarly
+prohibit within their territory all legal process relating to payment of
+enemy debts, except in accordance with the provisions of this annex.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Government guarantee specified in Paragraph (b) of Article 296
+shall take effect whenever, for any reason, a debt shall not be
+recoverable, except in a case where at the date of the outbreak of war
+the debt was barred by the laws of prescription in force in the country
+of the debtor, or where the debtor was at that time in a state of
+bankruptcy or failure or had given formal indication of insolvency, or
+where the debt was due by a company whose business has been liquidated
+under emergency legislation during the war. In such case the procedure
+specified by this annex shall apply to payment of the dividends.</p>
+
+<p>The terms "bankruptcy" and "failure" refer to the application of
+legislation providing for such juridical conditions. The expression
+"formal indication of insolvency" bears the same meaning as it has in
+English law.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Creditors shall give notice to the Creditor Clearing Office within
+six months of its establishment of debts due to them, and shall furnish
+the Clearing Office with any documents and information required of them.</p>
+
+<p>The high contracting parties will take all suitable measures to trace
+and punish collusion between enemy creditors and debtors. The clearing
+offices will communicate to one another any evidence and information
+which might help the discovery and punishment of such collusion.</p>
+
+<p>The high contracting parties will facilitate as much as possible postal
+and telegraphic communication at the expense of the parties
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+
+concerned and through the intervention of the clearing offices between
+debtors and creditors desirous of coming to an agreement as to the
+amount of their debt.</p>
+
+<p>The Creditor Clearing Office will notify the Debtor Clearing Office of
+all debts declared to it. The Debtor Clearing Office will, in due
+course, inform the Creditor Clearing Office which debts are admitted and
+which debts are contested. In the latter case the Debtor Clearing Office
+will give the grounds for the non-admission of debt.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>When a debt has been admitted, in whole or in part, the Debtor
+Clearing Office will at once credit the Creditor Clearing Office with
+the amount admitted, and at the same time notify it of such credit.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The debt shall be deemed to be admitted in full and shall be credited
+forthwith to the Creditor Clearing Office unless within three months
+from the receipt of the notification or such longer time as may be
+agreed to by the Creditor Clearing Office notice has been given by the
+Debtor Clearing Office that it is not admitted.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>When the whole or part of a debt is not admitted the two clearing
+offices will examine into the matter jointly, and will endeavor to bring
+the parties to an agreement.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Creditor Clearing Office will pay to the individual creditor the
+sums credited to it out of the funds placed at its disposal by the
+Government of its country and in accordance with the conditions fixed by
+the said Government, retaining any sums considered necessary to cover
+risks, expenses, or commissions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Any person having claimed payment of an enemy debt which is not
+admitted in whole or in part shall pay to the clearing office by way of
+fine interest at 5 per cent. on the part not admitted. Any person having
+unduly refused to admit the whole or part of a debt claimed from him
+shall pay by way of fine interest at 5 per cent. on the amount with
+regard to which his refusal shall be disallowed.</p>
+
+<p>Such interest shall run from the date of expiration of the period
+provided for in Paragraph 7 until the date on which the claim shall have
+been disallowed or the debt paid.</p>
+
+<p>Each clearing office shall in so far as it is concerned take steps to
+collect the fines above provided for, and will be responsible if such
+fines cannot be collected.</p>
+
+<p>The fines will be credited to the other clearing office, which shall
+retain them as a contribution toward the cost of carrying out the
+present provisions.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The balance between the clearing offices shall be struck monthly,
+and the credit balance paid in cash by the debtor State within a week.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, any credit balances which may be due by one or more of the
+Allied and Associated Powers shall be retained until complete payment
+shall have been effected of the sums due to the Allied or Associated
+Powers or their nationals on account of the war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>To facilitate discussion between the clearing offices each of them
+shall have a representative at the place where the other is established.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Except for special reasons all discussions in regard to claims will,
+so far as possible, take place at the Debtor Clearing Office.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In conformity with Article 296, Paragraph (b), the high contracting
+parties are responsible for the payment of the enemy debts owing by
+their nationals.</p>
+
+<p>The Debtor Clearing Office will therefore credit the Creditor Clearing
+Office with all debts admitted, even in case of inability to collect
+them from the individual debtor. The Governments concerned will,
+nevertheless, invest their respective clearing offices with all
+necessary powers for the recovery of debts which have been admitted.</p>
+
+<p>As an exception the admitted debts owing by persons having suffered
+injury from acts of war shall only be credited to the Creditor Clearing
+Office when the compensation due to the person concerned in respect of
+such injury shall have been paid.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Each Government will defray the expenses of the clearing office set
+up in its territory, including the salaries of the staff.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where the two clearing offices are unable to agree whether a debt
+claimed is due, or in case of a difference between an enemy debtor and
+an enemy creditor, or between the clearing offices, the dispute shall
+either be referred to arbitration <ins title="Transcriber's Note:
+original reads of">if</ins><del>of</del> the parties so agree under conditions fixed by
+agreement between them, or referred to the mixed arbitral tribunal
+provided for in Section VI. hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>At the request of the Creditor Clearing Office the dispute may, however,
+be submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the place of domicile
+of the debtor.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Recovery of sums found by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, the court, or
+the arbitration tribunal to be due shall be effected through the
+clearing offices as if these sums were debts admitted by the Debtor
+Clearing Office.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Each of the Governments concerned shall appoint an agent who will be
+responsible for the presentation to the mixed arbitral tribunal of the
+cases conducted on behalf of its clearing office. This agent will
+exercise a general control over the representatives or counsel employed
+by its nationals.</p>
+
+<p>Decisions will be arrived at on documentary evidence, but it will be
+open to the tribunal to hear the parties in person, or, according to
+their preference, by their representatives approved by the two
+Governments, or by the agent referred to above, who shall be competent
+to intervene along with the party or to reopen and maintain a claim
+abandoned by the same.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The clearing offices concerned will lay before the mixed arbitral
+tribunal all the information and documents in their possession, so as to
+enable the tribunal to decide rapidly on the cases which are brought
+before it.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where one of the parties concerned appeals against the joint
+decision of the two clearing offices he shall make a deposit against the
+costs, which deposit shall only be refunded when the first judgment is
+modified in favor of the appellant and in proportion to the success he
+may attain, his opponent in case of such a refund being required to pay
+an equivalent proportion of the costs and expenses. Security accepted by
+the tribunal may be substituted for a deposit.</p>
+
+<p>A fee of 5 per cent. of the amount in dispute shall be charged in
+respect of all cases brought before the tribunal. This fee shall, unless
+the tribunal directs otherwise, be borne by the unsuccessful party. Such
+fee shall be added to the deposit referred to. It is also independent of
+the security.</p>
+
+<p>The tribunal may award to one of the parties a sum in respect of the
+expenses of the proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>Any sum payable under this paragraph shall be credited to the clearing
+office of the successful party as a separate item.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>With a view to the rapid settlement of claims, due regard shall be
+paid in the appointment of all persons connected with the clearing
+offices or with the Mixed Arbitral
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+
+Tribunal to their knowledge of the language of the other country
+concerned. Each of the clearing offices will be at liberty to correspond
+with the other, and to forward documents in its own language.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Subject to any special agreement to the contrary between the
+Governments concerned, debts shall carry interest in accordance with the
+following provisions:</p>
+
+<p>Interest shall not be payable on sums of money due by way of dividend,
+interest, or other periodical payments which themselves represent
+interest on capital.</p>
+
+<p>The rate of interest shall be 5 per cent. per annum except in cases
+where, by contract, law, or custom, the creditor is entitled to payment
+of interest at a different rate. In such cases the rate to which he is
+entitled shall prevail.</p>
+
+<p>Interest shall run from the date of commencement of hostilities (or, if
+the sum of money to be recovered fell due during the war, from the date
+at which it fell due) until the sum is credited to the clearing office
+of the creditor.</p>
+
+<p>Sums due by way of interest shall be treated as debts admitted by the
+clearing offices and shall be credited to the Creditor Clearing Office
+in the same way as such debts.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where by decision of the clearing offices or the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal a claim is held not to fall within Article 296, the creditor
+shall be at liberty to prosecute the claim before the courts or to take
+such other proceedings as may be open to him.</p>
+
+<p>The presentation of a claim to the clearing office suspends the
+operation of any period of prescription.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The high contracting parties agree to regard the decisions of the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal as final and conclusive, and to render them
+binding upon their nationals.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In any case where a Creditor Clearing Office declines to notify a
+claim to the Debtor Clearing Office, or to take any step provided for in
+this annex, intended to make effective in whole or in part a request of
+which it has received due notice, the enemy creditor shall be entitled
+to receive from the clearing office a certificate setting out the amount
+of the claim, and shall then be entitled to prosecute the claim before
+the courts or to take such other proceedings as may be open to him.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>SECTION IV.&mdash;<cite>Property, Rights, and Interests</cite></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 297.</strong>&mdash;The question of private property, rights, and
+interests in an enemy country shall be settled according to the
+principles laid down in this section and to the provisions of the annex
+hereto:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>The exceptional war measures and measures of transfer (defined in
+Paragraph 3 of the annex hereto) taken by Germany with respect to the
+property, rights, and interests of nationals of Allied or Associated
+Powers, including companies and associations in which they are
+interested, when liquidation has not been completed, shall be
+immediately discontinued or stayed and the property, rights, and
+interests concerned restored to their owners, who shall enjoy full
+rights therein in accordance with the provisions of Article 298.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Subject to any contrary stipulations which may be provided for in
+the present treaty, the Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right
+to retain and liquidate all property, rights, and interests belonging at
+the date of the coming into force of the present treaty to German
+nationals, or companies controlled by them, within their territories,
+colonies, possessions, and protectorates including territories ceded to
+them by the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The liquidation shall be carried out in accordance with the laws of the
+Allied or Associated State concerned, and the German owner shall not be
+able to dispose of such property, rights, or interests nor to subject
+them to any charge without the consent of that State.</p>
+
+<p>German nationals who acquire <span lang="la">ipso facto</span> the nationality of an Allied
+or Associated Power in accordance with the provisions of the present
+treaty will not be considered as German nationals within the meaning of
+this paragraph.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The price of the amount of compensation in respect of the exercise
+of the right referred to in the preceding Paragraph (b) will be fixed in
+accordance with the methods of sale or valuation adopted by the laws of
+the country in which the property has been retained or liquidated.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As between the Allied and Associated Powers or their nationals on
+the one hand and Germany or her nationals on the other hand, all the
+exceptional war measures, or measures of transfer, or acts done or to be
+done in execution of such measures as defined in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of
+the annex hereto shall be considered as final and binding upon all
+persons except as regards the reservations laid down in the present
+treaty.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The nationals of Allied and Associated Powers shall be entitled to
+compensation in respect of damage or injury inflicted upon their
+property, rights, or interests including any company or association in
+which they are interested, in German territory as it existed on Aug. 1,
+1914, by the application either of the exceptional war measures or
+measures of transfer mentioned in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of the annex
+hereto. The claims made in this respect by such nationals shall be
+investigated, and the total of the compensation shall be determined by
+the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI, or by an
+arbitrator appointed by that tribunal. This compensation shall be borne
+by Germany, and may be charged upon the property of German nationals,
+within the territory or under the control of the claimant's State. This
+property may be constituted as a pledge for enemy liabilities under the
+conditions fixed by Paragraph 4 of the annex hereto. The payment of this
+compensation may be made by the Allied or Associated State, and the
+amount will be debited to Germany.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Whenever a national of an Allied or Associated Power is entitled to
+property which has been subjected to a measure of transfer in German
+territory and expresses a desire for its restitution, his claim for
+compensation in accordance with Paragraph (e) shall be satisfied by the
+restitution of the said property if it still exists in specie.</p>
+
+<p>In such case Germany shall take all necessary steps to restore the
+evicted owner to the possession of his property, free from all
+incumbrances or burdens with which it may have been charged after the
+liquidation, and to indemnify all third parties injured by the
+restitution.</p>
+
+<p>If the restitution provided for in this paragraph cannot be effected,
+private agreements arranged by the intermediation of the powers
+concerned or the clearing offices provided for in the Annex to Section
+III. may be made, in order to secure that the national of the Allied or
+Associated Power may secure compensation for the injury referred to in
+Paragraph (e) by
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
+
+the grant of advantages or equivalents which he agrees to accept in
+place of the property, rights or interests of which he was deprived.</p>
+
+<p>Through restitution in accordance with this article the price or the
+amount of compensation fixed by the application of Paragraph (e) will be
+reduced by the actual value of the property restored, account being
+taken of compensation in respect of loss of use or deterioration.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The rights conferred by Paragraph (f) are reserved to owners who are
+nationals of Allied or Associated Powers within whose territory
+legislative measures prescribing the general liquidation of enemy
+property, rights or interests were not applied before the signature of
+the armistice.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Except in cases where, by application of Paragraph (f), restitutions
+in specie have been made, the net proceeds of sales of enemy property,
+rights or interests wherever situated carried out either by virtue of
+war legislation, or by application of this article, and in general all
+cash assets of enemies, shall be dealt with as follows:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>As regards powers adopting Section III. and the annex thereto, the
+said proceeds and cash assets shall be credited to the power of which
+the owner is a national, through the clearing office established
+thereunder; any credit balance in favor of Germany resulting therefrom
+shall be dealt with as provided in Article 243.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As regards powers not adopting Section III. and the annex thereto,
+the proceeds of the property, rights and interests, and the cash assets,
+of the nationals or Allied or Associated Powers held by Germany shall be
+paid immediately to the person entitled thereto or to his Government;
+the proceeds of the property, rights and interests, and the cash assets,
+of German nationals received by an Allied or Associated Power shall be
+subject to disposal by such power in accordance with its laws and
+regulations and may be applied in payment of the claims and debts
+defined by this article or Paragraph 4 of the annex hereto. Any
+property, rights and interests or proceeds thereof or cash assets not
+used as above provided may be retained by the said Allied or Associated
+Power and if retained the cash value thereof shall be dealt with as
+provided in Article 243.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of liquidations effected in new States, which are
+signatories of the present treaty as Allied and Associated Powers, or in
+States which are not entitled to share in the reparation payments to be
+made by Germany, the proceeds of liquidations effected by such States
+shall, subject to the rights of the Reparation Commission under the
+present treaty, particularly under Articles 235 and 260, be paid direct
+to the owner. If on the application of that owner the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal, provided for by Section VI. of this part or an arbitrator
+appointed by that tribunal, is satisfied that the conditions of the sale
+or measures taken by the Government of the State in question outside its
+general legislation were unfairly prejudicial to the price obtained,
+they shall have discretion to award to the owner equitable compensation
+to be paid by that State.</p></li>
+</ol></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany undertakes to compensate its nationals in respect of the
+sale or retention of their property, rights or interests in Allied or
+Associated States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The amount of all taxes and imposts upon capital levied or to be
+levied by Germany on the property, rights, and interests of the
+nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers from the 11th of November,
+1918, until three months from the coming into force of the present
+treaty, or, in the case of property, rights or interests which have been
+subjected to exceptional measures of war, until restitution in
+accordance with the present treaty, shall be restored to the owners.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 298.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes, with regard to the property,
+rights and interests, including companies and associations in which they
+were interested, restored to nationals of Allied and Associated Powers
+in accordance with the provisions of Article 297, Paragraph (a) or (f):</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>to restore and maintain, except as expressly provided in the present
+treaty, the property, rights, and interests of the nationals of Allied
+or Associated Powers in the legal position obtaining in respect of the
+property, rights, and interests of German nationals under the laws in
+force before the war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>not to subject the property, rights, or interests of the nationals
+of the Allied or Associated Powers to any measures in derogation of
+property rights which are not applied equally to the property, rights,
+and interests of German nationals, and to pay adequate compensation in
+the event of the application of these measures.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>In accordance with the provisions of Article 297, Paragraph (d), the
+validity of vesting orders and of orders for the winding up of
+businesses or companies, and of any other orders, directions, decisions,
+or instructions of any court or any department of the Government of any
+of the high contracting parties made or given, or purporting to be made
+or given, in pursuance of war legislation with regard to enemy property,
+rights, and interests is confirmed. The interests of all persons shall
+be regarded as having been effectively dealt with by any order,
+direction, decision, or instruction dealing with property in which they
+may be interested, whether or not such interests are specifically
+mentioned in the order, direction, decision, or instruction. No question
+shall be raised as to the regularity of a transfer of any property,
+rights, or interests dealt with in pursuance of any such order,
+direction, decision, or instruction. Every action taken with regard to
+any property, business, or company, whether as regards its
+investigation, sequestration, compulsory administration, use,
+requisition, supervision, or winding up, the sale or management of
+property, rights, or interests, the collection or discharge of debts,
+the payment of costs, charges or expenses, or any other matter
+whatsoever, in pursuance of orders, directions, decisions, or
+instructions of any court or of any department of the Government of any
+of the high contracting parties, made or given, or purporting to be made
+or given in pursuance of war legislation with regard to enemy property,
+rights or interests, is confirmed. Provided that the provisions of this
+paragraph shall not be held to prejudice the titles to property
+heretofore acquired in good faith and for value and in accordance with
+the laws of the country in which the property is situated by nationals
+of the Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to such of the
+above-mentioned measures as have been taken by the German authorities in
+invaded or occupied territory, nor to such of the above mentioned
+measures as have been taken by Germany or the German authorities since
+Nov. 11, 1918, all of which shall be void.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p>No claim or action shall be made or brought against any Allied or
+Associated Power or against any person acting on behalf of or under the
+direction of any legal authority or department of the Government of such
+a power by Germany or by any German national wherever resident in
+respect of any act or omission with regard to his property, rights, or
+interests during the war or in preparation for the war. Similarly no
+claim or action shall be made or brought against any person in respect
+of any act or omission under or in accordance with the exceptional war
+measures, laws, or regulations of any Allied or Associated Power.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In Article 297 and this Annex the expression "exceptional war
+measures" includes measures of all kinds, legislative, administrative,
+judicial, or others, that have been taken or will be taken hereafter
+with regard to enemy property, and which have had or will have the
+effect of removing from the proprietors the power of disposition over
+their property, though without affecting the ownership, such as measures
+of supervision, of compulsory administration, and of sequestration; or
+measures which have had or will have as an object the seizure of, the
+use of, or the interference with enemy assets, for whatsoever motive,
+under whatsoever form or in whatsoever place. Acts in the execution of
+these measures include all detentions, instructions, orders or decrees
+of Government departments or courts applying these measures to enemy
+property, as well as acts performed by any person connected with the
+administration or the supervision of enemy property, such as the payment
+of debts, the collecting of credits, the payment of any costs, charges,
+or expenses, or the collecting of fees.</p>
+
+<p>Measures of transfer are those which have affected or will affect the
+ownership of enemy property by transferring it in whole or in part to a
+person other than the enemy owner, and without his consent, such as
+measures directing the sale, liquidation, or devolution of ownership in
+enemy property, or the canceling of titles or securities.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>All property, rights, and interests of German nationals within the
+territory of any Allied or Associated Power and the net proceeds of
+their sale, liquidation or other dealing therewith may be charged by
+that Allied or Associated Power in the first place with payment of
+amounts due in respect of claims by the nationals of that Allied or
+Associated Power with regard to their property, rights, and interests,
+including companies and associations in which they are interested, in
+German territory, or debts owing to them by German nationals, and with
+payment of claims growing out of acts committed by the German Government
+or by any German authorities since July 31, 1914, and before that Allied
+or Associated Power entered into the war. The amount of such claims may
+be assessed by an arbitrator appointed by Gustave Ador, if he is
+willing, or if no such appointment is made by him by an arbitrator
+appointed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI.
+They may be charged in the second place with payment of the amounts due
+in respect of claims by the nationals of such Allied or Associated Power
+with regard to their property, rights, and interests in the territory of
+other enemy powers, or debts owing to them by nationals of such powers
+in so far as those claims or debts are otherwise unsatisfied.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 297, where immediately
+before the outbreak of war a company incorporated in an Allied or
+Associated State had rights in common with a company controlled by it
+and incorporated in Germany to the use of trade-marks in third
+countries, or enjoyed the use in common with such company of unique
+means of reproduction of goods or articles for sale in third countries,
+the former company shall alone have the right to use these trade-marks
+in third countries to the exclusion of the German company, and these
+unique means of reproduction shall be handed over to the former company,
+notwithstanding any action taken under German war legislation with
+regard to the latter company or its business, industrial property or
+shares. Nevertheless, the former company, if requested, shall deliver to
+the latter company derivative copies permitting the continuation of
+reproduction of articles for use within German territory.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Up to the time when restitution is carried out in accordance with
+Article 297, Germany is responsible for the conservation of property,
+rights, and interests of the nationals of Allied or Associated Powers,
+including companies and associations in which they are interested, that
+have been subjected by her to exceptional war measures.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Within one year from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+Allied or Associated Powers will specify the property, rights and
+interests over which they intend to exercise the right provided in
+Article 297, Paragraph (f).</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The restriction provided in Article 297 will be carried out by order
+of the German Government or of the authorities which have been
+substituted for it. Detailed accounts of the action of administrators
+shall be furnished to the interested persons by the German authorities
+upon request, which may be made at any time after the coming into force
+of the present treaty.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Until completion of the liquidation provided for by Article 297,
+Paragraph (b), the property, rights and interests of German nationals
+will continue to be subject to exceptional war measures that have been
+or will be taken with regard to them.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany will within six months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, deliver to each Allied or Associated Power all
+securities, certificates, deeds, or other documents of title held by its
+nationals and relating to property, rights or interests situated in the
+territory of that Allied or Associated Power, including any shares,
+stock, debentures, debenture stock, or other obligations of any company
+incorporated in accordance with the laws of that power.</p>
+
+<p>Germany will at any time on demand of any Allied or Associated Power
+furnish such information as may be required with regard to the property,
+rights, and interests of German nationals within the territory of such
+Allied or Associated Power, or with regard to any transactions
+concerning such property, rights or interests effected since July 1,
+1914.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The expression "cash assets" includes all deposits or funds
+established before or after the declaration of war, as well as all
+assets coming from deposits, revenues, or profits collected by
+administrators, sequestrators, or others from funds placed on deposit or
+otherwise, but does not include sums belonging to the Allied or
+Associated Powers or to their component States, provinces, or
+municipalities.</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-239.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-239thumb.jpg" width="400" height="552"
+         alt="Henry Cabot Lodge"
+       title="Henry Cabot Lodge" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Harris &amp; Ewing</p>
+  <p class="caption">Henry Cabot Lodge</p>
+  <p class="description">Republican Senator from Massachusetts.
+   One of the most earnest opponents of the peace treaty as originally drawn up.</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/ill-239.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></p></li>
+
+<li><p>All investments wheresoever effected with the cash assets of
+nationals of the high contracting parties, including companies and
+associations in which such nationals were interested, by persons
+responsible for the administration, of enemy properties or having
+control over such administration, or by order of such persons or of any
+authority whatsoever shall be annulled. These cash assets shall be
+accounted for irrespective of any such investment.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Within one month from the coming into force of the present treaty,
+or on demand at any time, Germany will deliver to the Allied and
+Associated Powers all accounts, vouchers, records, documents, and
+information of any kind which may be within German territory, and which
+concern the property, rights and interests of the nationals of those
+powers, including companies and associations in which they are
+interested, that have been subjected to an exceptional war measure, or
+to a measure of transfer either in German territory or in territory
+occupied by Germany or her allies.</p>
+
+<p>The controllers, supervisors, managers, administrators, sequestrators,
+liquidators, and receivers shall be personally responsible under
+guarantee of the German Government for the immediate delivery in full of
+these accounts and documents, and for their accuracy.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The provisions of Article 297 and this annex relating to property,
+rights and interests in an enemy country, and the proceeds of the
+liquidation thereof, apply to debts, credits and accounts, Section III.
+regulating only the method of payment.</p>
+
+<p>In the settlement of matters provided for in Article 297 between Germany
+and the Allied or Associated States, their colonies or protectorates, or
+any one of the British Dominions or India, in respect of any of which a
+declaration shall not have been made that they adopt Section III., and
+between their respective nationals, the provisions of Section III.
+respecting the currency in which payment is to be made and the rate of
+exchange and of interest shall apply unless the Government of the Allied
+or Associated Power concerned shall within six months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty notify Germany that the said provisions are
+not to be applied.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The provisions of Article 297 and this annex apply to industrial,
+literary, and artistic property which has been or will be dealt with in
+the liquidation of property, rights, interests, companies, or businesses
+under war legislation by the Allied or Associated Powers, or in
+accordance with the stipulations of Article 297, Paragraph (b).</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>SECTION V.&mdash;<em>Contracts, Prescriptions, Judgments</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 299.</strong>&mdash;</p>
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Any contract concluded between enemies shall be
+regarded as having been dissolved as from the time when any two of the
+parties become enemies, except in respect of any debt or other pecuniary
+obligation arising out of any act done or money paid thereunder, and
+subject to the exceptions and special rules with regard to particular
+contracts or classes of contracts contained herein or in the annex
+hereto.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Any contract of which the execution shall be required in the general
+interest, within six months from the date of the coming into force of
+the present treaty, by the Allied or Associated Governments of which one
+of the parties is a national, shall be excepted from dissolution under
+this article.</p>
+
+<p>When the execution of the contract thus kept alive would, owing to the
+alteration of trade conditions, cause one of the parties substantial
+prejudice the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section VI. shall
+be empowered to grant to the prejudiced party equitable compensation.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Having regard to the provisions of the Constitution and law of the
+United States of America, of Brazil, and of Japan, neither the present
+Article, nor Article 300, nor the Annex hereto shall apply to contracts
+made between nationals of these States and German nationals; nor shall
+Article 305 apply to the United States of America or its nationals.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The present Article and the Annex hereto shall not apply to
+contracts the parties to which became enemies by reason of one of them
+being an inhabitant of territory of which the sovereignty has been
+transferred, if such party shall acquire under the present Treaty the
+nationality of an Allied or Associated Power, nor shall they apply to
+contracts between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers between
+whom trading has been prohibited by reason of one of the parties being
+in allied or associated territory in the occupation of the enemy.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Nothing in the present Article or the Annex hereto shall be deemed
+to invalidate a transaction lawfully carried out in accordance with a
+contract between enemies if it has been carried out with the authority
+of one of the belligerent Powers.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 300.</strong>&mdash;</p>
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>All periods of prescription, or limitation of
+right of action, whether they began to run before or after the outbreak
+of war, shall be treated in the territory of the High Contracting
+Parties, so far as regards relations between enemies, as having been
+suspended for the duration of the war. They shall begin to run again at
+earliest three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty.
+This provision shall apply to the period prescribed for the presentation
+of interest or dividend coupons or for the presentation for repayment of
+securities drawn for repayment or repayable on any other ground.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where, on account of failure to perform any act or comply with any
+formality during the war, measures of execution have been taken in
+German territory to the prejudice of a national of an Allied or
+Associated Power, the claim of such national shall, if the matter does
+not fall within the competence of the courts of an Allied or Associated
+Power, be heard by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section
+VI.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Upon the application of any interested person who is a national of
+an Allied or Associated Power, the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall order
+the restoration of the rights which have been prejudiced by the measures
+of execution referred to in Paragraph (b), wherever, having regard to
+the particular circumstances of the case, such restoration is equitable
+and possible.</p>
+
+<p>If such restoration is inequitable or impossible the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal may grant compensation to the prejudiced party to be paid by
+the German Government.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where a contract between enemies has been dissolved by reason either
+of failure on the part of either party to carry out its provisions or of
+the exercise of a right stipulated in the contract itself the party
+prejudiced may apply to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal for relief. The
+tribunal will have the powers provided for in Paragraph (c).</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this article shall
+apply to the nationals of Allied and Associated Powers who have been
+prejudiced by reason of measures referred to above taken by Germany in
+invaded or occupied territory, if they have not been otherwise
+compensated.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany shall compensate any third party who may be prejudiced by
+any restitution or restoration ordered by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal
+under the provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this Article.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As regards negotiable instruments, the period of three months
+provided under paragraph (a) shall commence as from the date on which
+any exceptional regulations applied in the territories of the interested
+power with regard to negotiable instruments shall have definitely ceased
+to have force.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 301.</strong>&mdash;As between enemies, no negotiable instrument made
+before the war shall be deemed to have become invalid by reason only of
+failure within the required time to present the instrument for
+acceptance or payment or to give notice of non-acceptance or non-payment
+to drawers or indorsers or to protest the instrument, nor by reason of
+failure to complete any formality during the war.</p>
+
+<p>Where the period within which a negotiable instrument should have been
+presented for acceptance or for payment, or within which notice of
+non-acceptance or non-payment should have been given to the drawer or
+indorser within which the instrument should have been protested, has
+elapsed during the war, and the party who should have presented or
+protested the instrument or have given notice of non-acceptance or
+non-payment has failed to do so during the war, a period of not less
+than three months from the coming into force of the present treaty shall
+be allowed within which presentation, notice of non-acceptance or
+non-payment or protest may be made.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 302.</strong>&mdash;Judgments given by the courts of an Allied or
+Associated Power in all cases which, under the present treaty, they are
+competent to decide, shall be recognized in Germany as final, and shall
+be enforced without it being necessary to have them declared executory.</p>
+
+<p>If a judgment in respect of any dispute which may have arisen has been
+given during the war by a German court against a national of an Allied
+or Associated State in a case in which he was not able to make his
+defense, the allied and associated national who has suffered prejudice
+thereby shall be entitled to recover compensation, to be fixed by the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI.</p>
+
+<p>At the instance of the national of the Allied or Associated Power the
+compensation above mentioned may, upon order to that effect of the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal, be effected where it is possible by replacing the
+parties in the situation which they occupied before the judgment was
+given by the German court.</p>
+
+<p>The above compensation may likewise be obtained before the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal by the nationals of Allied or Associated Powers who
+have suffered prejudice by judicial measures taken in invaded or
+occupied territories, if they have not been otherwise compensated.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 303.</strong>&mdash;For the purpose of Sections III., IV., V., and VII.,
+the expression "during the war" means for each Allied or Associated
+Power the period between the commencement of the state of war between
+that power and Germany and the coming into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<h3>I. <em>General Provisions</em></h3>
+<ol>
+<li><p>Within the meaning of Articles 299, 300 and 301, the parties to a
+contract shall be regarded as enemies when trading between them shall
+have been prohibited by or otherwise became unlawful under laws, orders
+or regulations to which one of those parties was subject. They shall be
+deemed to have become enemies from the date when such trading was
+prohibited or otherwise became unlawful.</p></li>
+
+<li>The following classes of contracts are excepted from dissolution by
+Article 299 and, without prejudice to the rights contained in Article
+297 (b) of Section IV., remain in force subject to the application of
+domestic laws, orders or regulations made during the war by the Allied
+and Associated Powers and subject to the terms of the contracts:
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Contracts having for their object the transfer of estates or of real or
+personal property where the property therein had passed or the object
+had been delivered before the parties became enemies;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Leases and agreements for leases of land and houses;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Contracts of mortgage, pledge, or lien;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Concessions concerning mines, quarries or deposits;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Contracts between individuals or companies and States, provinces,
+municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with
+administrative functions, and concessions granted by States, provinces,
+municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with
+administrative functions.</p></li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+
+<li><p>If the provisions of a contract are in part dissolved under Article 299,
+the remaining provisions of that contract shall, subject to the same
+application of domestic laws as is provided for in Paragraph 2, continue
+in force if they are severable, but where they are not severable the
+contract shall be deemed to have been dissolved in its entirety.</p>
+
+<h3>II. <em>Provisions Relating to Certain Classes of Contracts</em></h3>
+
+<h3><em>Stock Exchange and Commercial Exchange Contracts</em></h3>
+
+</li>
+<li>
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Rules made during the war by any recognized exchange of commercial
+association providing for the closure of contracts entered into before
+the war by an enemy are confirmed by the high contracting parties, as
+also any action taken thereunder, provided:&mdash;</p>
+<ol class="roman">
+<li><p>That the contract was expressed to be made subject to the rules of the
+exchange or association in question;</p></li>
+<li><p>That the rules applied to all persons concerned;</p></li>
+<li><p>That the conditions attaching to the closure were fair and reasonable.</p></li>
+</ol></li>
+<li><p>The preceding paragraph shall not apply to rules made
+during the occupation by exchange or commercial associations in the
+districts occupied by the enemy.</p></li>
+<li><p>The closure of contracts relating to cotton "futures," which were closed
+as on the 31st July, 1914, under the decision of the Liverpool Cotton
+Association, is also confirmed.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3><em>Security</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>The sale of a security held for an unpaid debt owing by an enemy shall
+be deemed to have been valid irrespective of notice to the owner if the
+creditor acted in good faith and with reasonable care and prudence, and
+no claim by the debtor on the ground of such sale shall be admitted.<br />
+
+This stipulation shall not apply to any sale of securities effected by
+an enemy during the occupation in regions invaded or occupied by the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></p>
+
+<h3><em>Negotiable Instruments</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>As regards powers which adopt Section III. and the Annex thereto the
+pecuniary obligations existing between enemies and resulting from the
+issue of negotiable instruments shall be adjusted in conformity with the
+said Annex by the instrumentality of the Clearing Offices, which shall
+assume the rights of the holder as regards the various remedies open to
+him.,</p></li>
+
+<li><p>If a person has either before or during the war become liable upon a
+negotiable instrument in accordance with an undertaking given to him by
+a person who has subsequently become an enemy, the latter shall remain
+liable to indemnify the former in respect of his liability,
+notwithstanding the outbreak of war.</p>
+
+<h3>III. <em>Contracts of Insurance</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>Contracts of insurance entered into by any person with another person
+who subsequently became an enemy will be dealt with in accordance with
+the following paragraphs:</p>
+
+<h3><em>Fire Insurance</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>Contracts for the insurance of property against fire entered into by a
+person interested in such property with another person who subsequently
+became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been dissolved by the
+outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming an enemy, or on
+account of the failure during the war and for a period of three months
+thereafter to perform his obligations under the contract, but they shall
+be dissolved at the date when the annual premium becomes payable for the
+first time after the expiration of a period of three months after the
+coming into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>A settlement shall be effected of unpaid premiums which became due
+during the war, or of claims for losses which occurred during the war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where by administrative or legislative action an insurance against fire
+effected before the war has been transferred during the war from the
+original to another insurer, the transfer will be recognized and the
+liability of the original insurer will be deemed to have ceased as from
+the date of the transfer. The original insurer will, however, be
+entitled to receive on demand full information as to the terms of the
+transfer, and if it should appear that these terms were not equitable
+they shall be amended so far as may be necessary to render them
+equitable.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the insured shall, subject to the concurrence of the
+original insurer, be entitled to retransfer the contract to the original
+insurer as from the date of the demand.</p>
+
+<h3><em>Life Insurance</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>Contracts of life insurance entered into between an insurer and a person
+who subsequently became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been
+dissolved by the outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming
+an enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Any sum which during the war became due upon a contract deemed not to
+have been dissolved under the preceding provision shall be recoverable
+after the war with the addition of interest of five per cent. per annum
+from the date of its becoming due up to the day of payment.</p>
+
+<p>Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of
+premiums, or has become void from breach of the conditions of the
+contract, the assured or his representatives or the persons entitled
+shall have the right at any time within twelve months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty to claim from the insurer the surrender
+value of the policy at the date of its lapse or avoidance.</p>
+
+<p>Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of
+premiums the payment of which has been prevented by the enforcement of
+measures of war, the assured or his representative or the persons
+entitled shall have the right to restore the contract on payment of the
+premiums with interest at five per cent. per annum within three months
+from the coming into effect of the present treaty.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Any Allied or Associated Power may within three months of the coming
+into force of the present treaty cancel all the contracts of insurance
+running between a German insurance company and its nationals under
+conditions which shall protect its nationals from any prejudice.</p>
+
+<p>To this end the German insurance company will hand over to the allied or
+associated Government concerned, the proportion of its assets
+attributable to the policies so canceled and will be relieved from all
+liability in respect of such policies. The assets to be handed over
+shall be determined by an actuary appointed by the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where contracts of life insurance have been entered into by a local
+branch of an insurance company established in a country which
+subsequently became an enemy country, the contract shall, in the absence
+of any stipulation to the contrary in the contract itself, be governed
+by the local law, but the insurer shall be entitled to demand from the
+insured or his representatives the refund of sums paid on claims made or
+enforced under measures taken during the war, if the making or
+enforcement of such claims was not in accordance with the terms of the
+contract itself or was not consistent with the laws or treaties existing
+at the time when it was entered into.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In any case where by the law applicable to the contract the insurer
+remains bound by the contract notwithstanding the non-payment of
+premiums until notice is given to the insured of the termination of the
+contract, he shall be entitled where the giving of such notice was
+prevented by the war to recover the unpaid premiums with interest at
+five per cent. per annum from the insured.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Insurance contracts shall be considered as contracts of life assurance
+for the purpose of Paragraphs 11 to 14 when they depend on the
+probabilities of human life combined with the rate of interest for the
+calculation of the reciprocal engagements between the two parties.</p>
+
+<h3><em>Marine Insurance</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>Contracts of marine insurance including time policies and voyage
+policies entered into between an insurer and a person who subsequently
+became an enemy, shall be deemed to have been dissolved on his becoming
+an enemy, except in cases where the risk undertaken in the contract had
+attached before he became an enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Where the risk had not attached, money paid by way of premium or
+otherwise shall be recoverable from the insurer.</p>
+
+<p>Where the risk had attached, effect shall be given to the contract
+notwithstanding the party becoming an enemy, and sums due under the
+contract either by way of premiums or in respect of losses shall be
+recoverable after the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the event of any agreement being come to for the payment of interest
+on sums due before the war to or by the nationals of States which have
+been at war and recovered after the war, such interest shall in the case
+of losses recoverable under contracts of marine insurance run from the
+expiration of a period of one year from the date of the loss.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No contract of marine insurance with an insured person who subsequently
+became an enemy shall be deemed to cover losses due to belligerent
+action by the power of which the insurer was a national or by the allies
+or associates of such power.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Where it is shown that a person who had before the war entered into a
+contract of marine insurance with an insurer who subsequently became an
+enemy entered after the outbreak of war into a new contract covering the
+same risk with an insurer who was not an enemy, the new contract shall
+be deemed to be substituted for the original contract as from the date
+when it was entered into, and the premiums payable shall be adjusted on
+the basis of the original insurer having remained liable on the contract
+only up till the time when the new contract was entered into.</p>
+
+<h3><em>Other Insurances</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>Contracts of insurance entered into before the war between an insurer
+and a person who subsequently became an enemy other than contracts dealt
+with in Paragraphs 9 to 18 shall be treated in all respects on the same
+footing as contracts of fire insurance between the same persons would be
+dealt with under the said paragraphs.</p>
+
+<h3><em>Re-Insurance</em></h3></li>
+
+<li><p>All treaties of re-insurance with a person who became an enemy shall be
+regarded as having been abrogated by the person becoming an enemy, but
+without prejudice in the case of life or marine risks which had attached
+before the war to the right to recover payment after the war for sums
+due in respect of such risks.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, if, owing to invasion, it has been impossible for the
+re-insured to find another re-insurer, the treaty shall remain in force
+until three months after the coming into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Where a re-insurance treaty becomes void under this paragraph, there
+shall be an adjustment of accounts between the parties in respect both
+of premiums paid and payable and of liabilities for losses in respect of
+life or marine risk which had attached before the war. In the case of
+risks other than those mentioned in Paragraphs 11 to 18 the adjustment
+of accounts shall be made as at the date of the parties becoming enemies
+without regard to claims for losses which may have occurred since that
+date.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The provisions of the preceding paragraph will extend equally to
+re-insurances existing at the date of the parties becoming enemies of
+particular risks undertaken by the insurer in a contract of insurance
+against any risks other than life or marine risks.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Re-insurance of life risks effected by particular contracts and not
+under any general treaty remain in force.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of Paragraph 12 apply to treaties of re-insurance of life
+insurance contracts in which enemy companies are the re-insurers.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In case of a re-insurance effected before the war of a contract of
+marine insurance the cession of a risk which had been ceded to the
+re-insurer shall, if it had attached before the outbreak of war, remain
+valid and effect be given to the contract notwithstanding the outbreak
+of war; sums due under the contract of re-insurance in respect either of
+premiums or of losses shall be recoverable after the war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The provisions of Paragraphs 17 and 18 and the last part of Paragraph 16
+shall apply to contracts for the re-insurance of marine risks.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>SECTION VI.&mdash;<em>Mixed Arbitral Tribunal</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 304.</strong>&mdash;</p>
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Within three months from the date of the coming
+into force of the present treaty, a Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall be
+established between each of the Allied and Associated Powers on the one
+hand and Germany on the other hand. Each such tribunal shall consist of
+three members. Each of the Governments concerned shall appoint one of
+these members. The President shall be chosen by agreement between the
+two Governments concerned.</p>
+
+<p>In case of failure to reach agreement, the President of the tribunal and
+two other persons either of whom may in case of need take his place,
+shall be chosen by the Council of the League of Nations, or, until this
+is set up, by M. Gustave Ador if he is willing. These persons shall be
+nationals of Powers that have remained neutral during the war.</p>
+
+<p>If any Government does not proceed within a period of one month in case
+there is a vacancy to appoint a member of the tribunal, such member
+shall be chosen by the other Government from the two persons mentioned
+above other than the President.</p>
+
+<p>The decision of the majority of the members of the tribunal shall be the
+decision of the tribunal.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals established pursuant to Paragraph (a)
+shall decide all questions within their competence under Sections III.,
+IV., V., and VII.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, all questions, whatsoever their nature, relating to
+contracts concluded before the coming into force of the present treaty
+between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers and German
+nationals shall be decided by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, always
+excepting questions which, under the laws of the Allied, Associated or
+neutral powers, are within the jurisdiction of the national courts of
+those powers. Such questions shall be decided by the national courts in
+question, to the exclusion of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. The party who
+is a national of an Allied or Associated Power may nevertheless bring
+the case before the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal if this is not prohibited by
+the laws of his country.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>If the number of cases justifies it, additional members shall be
+appointed and each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall sit in divisions. Each
+of these divisions will be constituted as above.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal will settle its own procedure except in
+so far as it is provided in the following Annex, and is empowered to
+award the sums to be paid by the loser in respect of the costs and
+expenses of the proceedings.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Each Government will pay the remuneration of the member of the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal appointed by it and of any agent whom it may appoint
+to represent it before the Tribunal. The remuneration of the President
+will be determined by special agreement between the Governments
+concerned, and this remuneration and the joint expenses of each tribunal
+will be paid by the two Governments in equal moieties.</p>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></p></li>
+
+<li><p>The high contracting parties agree that their courts and authorities
+shall render to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal direct all the assistance in
+their power, particularly as regards transmitting notices and collecting
+evidence.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The high contracting parties agree to regard the decisions of the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal as final and conclusive, and to render them
+binding upon their nationals.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>Should one of the members of the Tribunal either die, retire, or be
+unable for any reason whatever to discharge his functions, the same
+procedure will be followed for filling the vacancy as was followed for
+appointing him.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The tribunal may adopt such rules of procedure as shall be in
+accordance with justice and equity and decide the order and time at
+which each party must conclude its arguments, and may arrange all
+formalities required for dealing with the evidence.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The agent and counsel of the parties on each side are authorized to
+present orally and in writing to the tribunal arguments in support or in
+defense of each case.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The tribunal shall keep record of the questions and cases submitted
+and the proceedings thereon, with the dates of such proceedings.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Each of the Powers concerned may appoint a secretary. These
+secretaries shall act together as joint secretaries of the tribunal and
+shall be subject to its direction. The tribunal may appoint and employ
+any other necessary officer or officers to assist in the performance of
+its duties.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The tribunal shall decide all questions and matters submitted upon
+such evidence and information as may be furnished by the parties
+concerned.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Germany agrees to give the tribunal all facilities and information
+required by it for carrying out its investigations.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The language in which the proceedings shall be conducted shall,
+unless otherwise agreed, be English, French, Italian, or Japanese, as
+may be determined by the Allied or Associated Power concerned.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The place and time for the meetings of each tribunal shall be
+determined by the President of the tribunal.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 305.</strong>&mdash;Whenever a competent court has given or gives a
+decision in a case covered by Sections III., IV., V. or VII., and such
+decision is inconsistent with the provisions of such sections, the party
+who is prejudiced by the decision shall be entitled to obtain redress
+which shall be fixed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. At the request of
+the national of an Allied or Associated Power, the redress may, whenever
+possible, be effected by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal directing the
+replacement of the parties in the position occupied by them before the
+judgment was given by the German Court.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VII.&mdash;<em>Industrial Property</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 306.</strong>&mdash;Subject to the stipulations of the present treaty,
+rights of industrial, literary, and artistic property, as such property
+is defined by the International Conventions of Paris and of Berne,
+mentioned in Article 286, shall be re-established or restored, as from
+the coming into force of the present treaty in the territories of the
+high contracting parties, in favor of the persons entitled to the
+benefit of them at the moment when the state of war commenced, or their
+legal representatives. Equally, rights which, except for the war, would
+have been acquired during the war in consequence of an application made
+for the protection of industrial property, or the publication of a
+literary or artistic work, shall be recognized and established in favor
+of those persons who would have been entitled thereto, from the coming
+into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, all acts done by virtue of the special measures taken
+during the war under legislative, executive or administrative authority
+of any Allied or Associated Power in regard to the rights of German
+nationals in industrial, literary or artistic property shall remain in
+force and shall continue to maintain their full effect.</p>
+
+<p>No claim shall be made or action brought by Germany or German nationals
+in respect of the use during the war by the Government of any Allied or
+Associated Power, or by any persons acting on behalf or with the assent
+of such Government of any rights in industrial, literary or artistic
+property, nor in respect of the sale, offering for sale, or use of any
+products, articles, or apparatus whatsoever to which such rights
+applied.</p>
+
+<p>Unless the legislation of any one of the Allied or Associated Powers in
+force at the moment of the signature of the present treaty otherwise
+directs, sums due or paid in virtue of any act or operation resulting
+from the execution of the special measures mentioned in Paragraph 1 of
+this article shall be dealt with in the same way as other sums due to
+German nationals are directed to be dealt with by the present treaty;
+and sums produced by any special measures taken by the German Government
+in respect of rights in industrial, literary or artistic property
+belonging to the nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers shall be
+considered and treated in the same way as other debts due from German
+nationals.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the Allied and Associated Powers reserves to itself the right to
+impose such limitations, conditions or restrictions on rights of
+industrial, literary or artistic property (with the exception of
+trade-marks) acquired before or during the war, or which may be
+subsequently acquired in accordance with its legislation, by German
+nationals, whether by granting licenses, or by the working, or by
+preserving control over their exploitation, or in any other way as may
+be considered necessary for national defense or in the public interest,
+or for assuring the fair treatment by Germany of the rights of
+industrial, literary, and artistic property held in German territory by
+its nationals, or for securing the due fulfillment of all the
+obligations undertaken by Germany in the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>As regards rights of industrial, literary and artistic property acquired
+after the coming into force of the present treaty, the right so reserved
+by the Allied and Associated Powers shall only be exercised in cases
+where these limitations, conditions or restrictions may be considered
+necessary for national defense or in the public interest.</p>
+
+<p>In the event of the application of the provisions of the preceding
+paragraph by any of the Allied or Associated Powers, there shall be paid
+reasonable indemnities or royalties which shall be dealt with in the
+same way as other sums due to German nationals are directed to be dealt
+with by the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the Allied or Associated Powers reserves the right to treat as
+void and of no effect any transfer in whole or in part of or other
+dealing with rights of or in respect of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+
+industrial, literary or artistic property effected after Aug. 1, 1914,
+or in the future, which would have the result of defeating the objects
+of the provisions of this article.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of this article shall not apply to rights in industrial,
+literary or artistic property which have been dealt with in the
+liquidation of businesses or companies under war legislation by the
+Allied or Associated Powers, or which may be so dealt with by virtue of
+Article 297, Paragraph (b).</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 307.</strong>&mdash;A minimum of one year after the coming into force of
+the present treaty shall be accorded to the nationals of the high
+contracting parties, without extension fees or other penalty, in order
+to enable such persons to accomplish any act, fulfill any formality, pay
+any fees, and generally satisfy any obligation prescribed by the laws or
+regulations of the respective States relating to the obtaining,
+preserving or opposing rights to, or in respect of, industrial property
+either acquired before the 1st of August, 1914, or which, except for the
+war, might have been acquired since that date as a result of an
+application made before the war or during its continuance, but nothing
+in this article shall give any right to reopen interference proceedings
+in the United States of America where a final hearing has taken place.</p>
+
+<p>All rights in, or in respect of, such property which may have lapsed by
+reason of any failure to accomplish any act, fulfill any formality, or
+make any payment, shall revive, but subject in the case of patents and
+designs to the imposition of such conditions as each Allied or
+Associated Power may deem reasonably necessary for the protection of
+persons who have manufactured or made use of the subject matter of such
+property while the rights had lapsed. Further, where rights to patents
+or designs belonging to German nationals are revived under this article,
+they shall be subject in respect of the grant of licenses to the same
+provisions as would have been applicable to them during the war, as well
+as to all the provisions of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The period from the 1st August, 1914, until the coming into force of the
+present treaty shall be excluded in considering the time within which a
+patent should be worked or a trade mark or design used, and it is
+further agreed that no patent, registered trade mark or design in force
+on the 1st of August, 1914, shall be subject to revocation or
+cancellation by reason only of the failure to work such patent or use
+such trade mark or design for two years after the coming into force of
+the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 308.</strong>&mdash;The rights of priority, provided by Article IV. of
+the International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
+of Paris, of the 20th March, 1883, revised at Washington in 1911, or by
+any other convention or statute, for the filing or registration of
+applications for patents or models of utility, and for the registration
+of trade marks, designs, and models which had not expired on the 1st
+August, 1914, and those which have arisen during the war, or would have
+arisen but for the war, shall be extended by each of the high
+contracting parties in favor of all nationals of the other high
+contracting parties for a period of six months after the coming into
+force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, such extension shall in no way affect the right of any of
+the high contracting parties or of any person who before the coming into
+force of the present treaty was <span lang="la">bona fide</span> in possession of any rights
+of industrial property conflicting with rights applied for by another
+who claims rights of priority in respect of them, to exercise such
+rights by itself or himself personally, or by such agents or licensees
+as derived their rights from it or him before the coming into force of
+the present treaty; and such persons shall not be amenable to any action
+or other process of law in respect of infringement.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 309.</strong>&mdash;No action shall be brought and no claim made by
+persons residing or carrying on business within the territories of
+Germany on the one part and of the Allied or Associated Powers on the
+other, or persons who are nationals of such powers, respectively, or by
+any one deriving title during the war from such persons, by reason or
+any action which has taken place within the territory of the other party
+between the date of the declaration of war and that of the coming into
+force of the present treaty, which might constitute an infringement of
+the rights of industrial property or rights of literary and artistic
+property, either existing at any time during the war or revived under
+the provisions of Articles 307 and 308.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+  <img src="images/ill-245.jpg" width="400" height="311"
+       alt="The Hotel Crillon"
+     title="America&#39;s Peace Capitol in Paris" />
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">America&#39;s Peace Capitol in Paris</p>
+  <p class="description">The Hotel Crillon, facing upon the Place
+    de la Concorde, was requisitioned to serve during the Peace
+    Conference as the office and living quarters of President
+   Wilson&#39;s staff.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Equally, no action for infringement of industrial, literary or artistic
+property rights by such persons shall at any time be permissible in
+respect of the sale or offering for sale for a period of one year after
+the signature of the present treaty in the territories of the Allied or
+Associated Powers on the one hand or Germany on the other, of products
+or articles manufactured, or of literary or artistic works published,
+during the period between the declaration of war and the signature of
+the present treaty, or against those who have acquired and continue to
+use them. It is understood, nevertheless, that this provision shall not
+apply when the possessor of the rights was domiciled or had an
+industrial or commercial establishment in the districts occupied by
+Germany during the war.</p>
+
+<p>This article shall not apply as between the United States of America on
+the one hand and Germany on the other.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 310.</strong>&mdash;Licenses in respect of industrial, literary, or
+artistic property concluded before the war between nationals of the
+Allied or Associated Powers or persons residing in their territory or
+carrying on business therein, on the one part, and German nationals, on
+the other part, shall be considered as canceled as from the date of the
+declaration of war between Germany and the Allied or Associated Powers.
+But, in any case, the former beneficiary of a contract of this kind
+shall have the right, within a period of six months after the coming
+into force of the present treaty, to demand from the proprietor of the
+rights the grant of a new license, the conditions of which, in default
+of agreement between the parties, shall be fixed by the duly qualified
+tribunal in the country under whose legislation the rights had been
+acquired, except in the case of licenses held in respect of rights
+acquired under German law. In such cases the conditions shall be fixed
+by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal referred to in Section VI. of this Part.
+The tribunal may, if necessary, fix also the amount which it may deem
+just should be paid by reason of the use of the rights during the war.</p>
+
+<p>No license in respect of industrial, literary, or artistic property,
+granted under the special war legislation of any Allied or Associated
+Power, shall be affected by the continued existence of any license
+entered into before the war, but shall remain valid and of full effect,
+and a license so granted to the former beneficiary of a license entered
+into before the war shall be considered as substituted for such license.</p>
+
+<p>Where sums have been paid during the war by virtue of a license or
+agreement concluded before the war in respect of rights of industrial
+property or for the reproduction or the representation of literary,
+dramatic, or artistic works, these sums shall be dealt with in the same
+manner as other debts or credits of German nationals, as provided by the
+present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>This Article shall not apply as between the United States of America on
+the one hand and Germany on the other.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 311.</strong>&mdash;The inhabitants of territories separated from Germany
+by virtue of the present treaty shall, notwithstanding this separation
+and the change of nationality consequent thereon, continue to enjoy in
+Germany all the rights in industrial, literary, and artistic property to
+which they were entitled under German legislation at the time of the
+separation.</p>
+
+<p>Rights of industrial, literary and artistic property which are in force
+in the territories separated from Germany under the present treaty at
+the moment of the separation of these territories from Germany, or which
+will be re-established or restored in accordance with the provisions of
+Article 306 of the present treaty, shall be recognized by the State to
+which the said territory is transferred and shall remain in force in
+that territory for the same period of time given them under the German
+law.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VIII.&mdash;<em>Social and State Insurance in Ceded Territory</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 312.</strong>&mdash;Without prejudice to the provisions contained in
+other articles of the present treaty, the German Government undertakes
+to transfer to any power to which German territory in Europe is ceded,
+and to any power administering former German territory as a mandatory
+under Article 22 of Part I. (League of Nations), such portion of the
+reserves accumulated by the Government of the German Empire or of German
+States, or by public or private organizations under their control, as is
+attributable to the carrying on of social or State insurance in such
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>The powers to which these funds are transferred must apply them to the
+performance of the obligations arising from such insurances.</p>
+
+<p>The conditions of the transfer will be determined by special conventions
+to be concluded between the German Government and the Governments
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>In case these special conventions are not concluded in accordance with
+the above paragraph within three months after the coming into force of
+the present treaty, the conditions of transfer shall in each case be
+referred to a commission of five members, one of whom shall be appointed
+by the German Government, one by the other interested Government, and
+three by the governing body of the International Labor Office from the
+nationals of other States. This commission shall by majority vote within
+three months after appointment adopt recommendations for submission to
+the Council of the League of Nations, and the decisions of the council
+shall forthwith be accepted as final by Germany and the other Government
+concerned.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART XI<br />
+Aerial Navigation</h2>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 313.</strong>&mdash;The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers
+shall have full liberty of passage and landing over and in the territory
+and territorial waters of Germany, and shall enjoy the same privileges
+as German aircraft, particularly in case of distress by land or sea.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 314.</strong>&mdash;The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers
+shall, while in transit to any foreign country whatever, enjoy the right
+of flying over the territory and territorial waters of Germany without
+landing subject always to any regulations which may be made by Germany,
+and which shall be applicable equally to the aircraft of Germany and
+those of the Allied and Associated Countries.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 315.</strong>&mdash;All aerodromes in Germany open to national public
+traffic shall be open for the aircraft of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, and in any such aerodrome such aircraft shall be treated on a
+footing of equality with German aircraft as regards charges of every
+description, including charges for landing and accommodation.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 316.</strong>&mdash;Subject to the present provisions, the rights of
+passage, transit and landing provided for in Articles 313, 314 and 315
+are subject to the observation of such regulations as Germany may
+consider it necessary to enact, but such regulations shall be applied
+without distinction to German aircraft and to those of Allied and
+Associated Countries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 317.</strong>&mdash;Certificates of nationality, airworthiness, or
+competency, and licenses, issued or recognized as valid by any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers, shall be recognized in Germany as valid and
+as equivalent to the certificates and licenses issued by Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 318.</strong>&mdash;As regards internal commercial air traffic, the
+aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany most
+favored nation treatment.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 319.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to enforce the necessary measures
+to insure that all German aircraft flying over her territory shall
+comply with the rules as to lights and signals, rules of the air and
+rules for air traffic on and in the neighborhood of aerodromes, which
+have been laid down in the convention relative to aerial navigation
+concluded between the Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 320.</strong>&mdash;The obligations imposed by the preceding provisions
+shall remain in force until the 1st January, 1923, unless before that
+date Germany shall have been admitted into the League of Nations or
+shall have been authorized, by consent of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, to adhere to the convention relative to aerial navigation
+concluded between those powers.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART XII<br />
+Ports, Waterways, and Railways</h2>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>General Provisions</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 321.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to grant freedom of transit
+through her territories on the routes most convenient for international
+transit, either by rail, navigable waterway, or canal, to persons,
+goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails coming from or going to the
+territories of any of the Allied and Associated Powers (whether
+contiguous or not); for this purpose the crossing of territorial waters
+shall be allowed. Such persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and
+mails shall not be subjected to any transit duty or to any undue delays
+or restrictions, and shall be entitled in Germany to national treatment
+as regards charges, facilities, and all other matters.</p>
+
+<p>Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar
+duties.</p>
+
+<p>All charges imposed on transport in transit shall be reasonable, having
+regard to the conditions of the traffic. No charge, facility, or
+restriction shall depend directly or indirectly on the ownership or on
+the nationality of the ship or other means of transport on which any
+part of the through journey has been, or is to be, accomplished.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 322.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes neither to impose nor to maintain
+any control over transmigration traffic through her territories beyond
+measures necessary to insure that passengers are <span lang="la">bona fide</span> in transit;
+nor to allow any shipping company or any other private body,
+corporation, or person interested in the traffic to take any part
+whatever in, or to exercise any direct or indirect influence over, any
+administrative service that may be necessary for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 323.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to make no discrimination or
+preference, direct or indirect, in the duties, charges, and prohibitions
+relating to importations into or exportations from her territories, or,
+subject to the special engagements contained in the present treaty, in
+the charges and conditions of transport of goods or persons entering or
+leaving her territories, based on the frontier crossed; or on the kind,
+ownership, or flag of the means of transport (including aircraft)
+employed; or on the original or immediate place of departure of the
+vessel, wagon, or aircraft or other means of transport employed, or its
+ultimate or intermediate destination; or on the route of or places of
+transshipment on the journey; or on whether any port through which the
+goods are imported or exported is a German port or a port belonging to
+any foreign country or on whether the goods are imported or exported by
+sea, by land, or by air.</p>
+
+<p>Germany particularly undertakes not to establish against the ports and
+vessels of any of the Allied and Associated Powers any surtax or any
+direct or indirect bounty for export or import by German ports of
+vessels, or by those of another power, for example by means of combined
+tariffs. She further undertakes that persons or goods passing through a
+port or using a vessel of any of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+not be subjected to any formality or delay whatever to which such
+persons or goods would not be subjected if they passed through a German
+port or a port of any other power, or used a German vessel or a vessel
+of any other power.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 324.</strong>&mdash;All necessary administrative and technical measures
+shall be taken to shorten, as much as possible, the transmission of
+goods across the German frontiers and to insure their forwarding and
+transport from such frontiers, irrespective of whether such goods are
+coming from or going to the territories of the Allied and Associated
+Powers or are in transit from or to those territories, under the same
+material conditions in such matters as rapidity of carriage and care en
+route as are enjoyed by other goods of the same kind carried on German
+territory under similar conditions of transport.</p>
+
+<p>In particular, the transport of perishable goods shall be promptly and
+regularly carried out, and the customs formalities shall be effected in
+such a way as to allow the goods to be carried straight through by
+trains which make connection.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 325.</strong>&mdash;The seaports of the Allied and Associated Powers are
+entitled to all favors and to all reduced tariffs granted on German
+railways or navigable waterways for the benefit of German ports or of
+any port of another power.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 326.</strong>&mdash;Germany may not refuse to participate in the tariffs
+or combinations of tariffs intended to secure for ports of any of the
+Allied and Associated Powers advantages similar to those granted by
+Germany to her own ports or the ports of any other power.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>Navigation</em></h3>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I.&mdash;FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 327.</strong>&mdash;The nationals of any of the Allied and Associated
+Powers as well as their vessels and property shall enjoy in all German
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>
+
+ports and in the inland navigation routes of Germany, the same treatment
+in all respects as German nationals, vessels and property.</p>
+
+<p>In particular the vessels of any one of the Allied or Associated Powers
+shall be entitled to transport goods of any description, and passengers,
+to or from any ports or places in German territory to which German
+vessels may have access, under conditions which shall not be more
+onerous than those applied in the case of national vessels; they shall
+be treated on a footing of equality with national vessels as regards
+port and harbor facilities and charges of every description, including
+facilities for stationing, loading and unloading, and duties and charges
+of tonnage, harbor, pilotage, lighthouse, quarantine, and all analogous
+duties and charges of whatsoever nature, levied in the name of or for
+the profit of the Government, public functionaries, private individuals,
+corporations or establishments of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>In the event of Germany granting a preferential r&eacute;gime to any of
+the Allied or Associated Powers or to any other foreign power, this
+r&eacute;gime shall be extended immediately and unconditionally to all
+the Allied and Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p>There shall be no impediment to the movement of persons or vessels other
+than those arising from prescriptions concerning customs, police,
+sanitation, emigration and immigration and those relating to the import
+and export of prohibited goods. Such regulations must be reasonable and
+uniform and must not impede traffic unnecessarily.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.&mdash;FREE ZONES IN PORTS</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 328.</strong>&mdash;The free zones existing in German ports on the 1st
+August, 1914, shall be maintained. These free zones and any other free
+zones which may be established in German territory by the present treaty
+shall be subject to the r&eacute;gime provided for in the following
+articles.</p>
+
+<p>Goods entering or leaving a free zone shall not be subjected to any
+import or export duty, other than those provided for in Article 330.</p>
+
+<p>Vessels and goods entering a free zone may be subjected to the charges
+established to cover expenses of administration, upkeep and improvement
+of the port, as well as to the charges for the use of various
+installations, provided that these charges shall be reasonable, having
+regard to the expenditure incurred, and shall be levied in the
+conditions of equality provided for in Article 327.</p>
+
+<p>Goods shall not be subjected to any other charge except a statistical
+duty which shall not exceed 1 per mille ad valorem, and which shall be
+devoted exclusively to defraying the expenses of compiling statements of
+the traffic in the port.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 329.</strong>&mdash;The facilities granted for the erection of
+warehouses, for packing and for unpacking goods, shall be in accordance
+with trade requirements for the time being. All goods allowed to be
+consumed in the free zone shall be exempt from duty, whether of excise
+or of any other description, apart from the statistical duty provided
+for in Article 328 above.</p>
+
+<p>There shall be no discrimination in regard to any of the provisions of
+the present article between persons belonging to different nationalities
+or between goods of different origin or destination.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 330.</strong>&mdash;Import duties may be levied on goods leaving the free
+zone for consumption in the country on the territory of which the port
+is situated. Conversely, export duties may be levied on goods coming
+from such country and brought into the free zone. These import and
+export duties shall be levied on the same basis and at the same rates as
+similar duties levied at the other customs frontiers of the country
+concerned. On the other hand, Germany shall not levy, under any
+denomination, any import, export, or transit duty on goods carried by
+land or water across her territory to or from the free zone from or to
+any other State.</p>
+
+<p>Germany shall draw up the necessary regulations to secure and guarantee
+such freedom of transit over such railways and waterways in her
+territory as normally give access to the free zone.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.&mdash;CLAUSES RELATING TO THE ELBE, THE ODER, THE NIEMEN
+(RUSSTROM-MEMEL-NIEMEN), AND THE DANUBE</h3>
+
+<h3>(I)&mdash;<em>General Clauses</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 331.</strong>&mdash;The following rivers are declared international:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>The Elbe (Labe) from its confluence with the Vitava (Moldau) and the Vitava (Moldau) from Prague;</li>
+<li>the Oder (Odra) from its confluence with the Oppa;</li>
+<li>the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) from Grodno,</li>
+<li>the Danube from Ulm;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>and all navigable parts of these river systems which naturally provide
+more than one State with access to the sea, with or without
+transshipment from one vessel to another; together with lateral canals
+and channels constructed either to duplicate or to improve naturally
+navigable sections of the specified river system, or to connect two
+naturally navigable sections of the same river.</p>
+
+<p>The same shall apply to the Rhine-Danube navigable waterway, should such
+a waterway be constructed under the conditions laid down in Article 353.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 332.</strong>&mdash;On the waterways declared to be international in the
+preceding article, the nationals, property and flags of all powers shall
+be treated on a footing of perfect equality, no distinction being made
+to the detriment of the nationals, property or flag of any power between
+them and the nationals, property or flag of the riparian State itself or
+of the most favored nation.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, German vessels shall not be entitled to carry passengers
+or goods by regular services between the ports of any Allied or
+Associated Power, without special authority from such power.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 333.</strong>&mdash;Where such charges are not precluded by any existing
+conventions, charges varying on different sections of a river may be
+levied on vessels using the navigable channels or their approaches,
+provided that they are intended solely to cover equitably the cost of
+maintaining in a navigable condition, or of improving, the river and its
+approaches, or to meet expenditure incurred in the interests of
+navigation. The schedule of such charges shall be calculated on the
+basis of such expenditure and shall be posted up in the ports. These
+charges shall be levied in such a manner as to render any detailed
+examination of cargoes unnecessary, except in cases of suspected fraud
+or contravention.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 334.</strong>&mdash;The transit of vessels, passengers, and goods on
+these waterways shall
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
+
+be effected in accordance with the general conditions prescribed for
+transit in Section I., above.</p>
+
+<p>When the two banks of an international river are within the same State,
+goods in transit may be placed under seal or in the custody of customs
+agents. When the river forms a frontier, goods and passengers in transit
+shall be exempt from all customs formalities; the loading and unloading
+of goods, and the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, shall
+only take place in the ports specified by the riparian State.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 335.</strong>&mdash;No dues of any kind other than those provided for in
+the present part shall be levied along the course or at the mouth of
+these rivers.</p>
+
+<p>This provision shall not prevent the fixing by the riparian States of
+customs, local octroi, or consumption duties, or the creation of
+reasonable and uniform charges levied in the ports, in accordance with
+public tariffs, for the use of cranes, elevators, quays, warehouses,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 336.</strong>&mdash;In default of any special organization for carrying
+out the works connected with the upkeep and improvement of the
+international portion of a navigable system, each riparian State shall
+be bound to take suitable measures to remove any obstacle or danger to
+navigation and to insure the maintenance of good conditions of
+navigation.</p>
+
+<p>If a State neglects to comply with this obligation any riparian State,
+or any State represented on the International Commission, if there is
+one, may appeal to the tribunal instituted for this purpose by the
+League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 337.</strong>&mdash;The same procedure shall be followed in the case of a
+riparian State undertaking any works of a nature to impede navigation in
+the international section. The tribunal mentioned in the preceding
+article shall be entitled to enforce the suspension or suppression of
+such works, making due allowance in its decisions for all rights in
+connection with irrigation, waterpower, fisheries, and other national
+interests, which, with the consent of all the riparian States or of all
+the States represented on the International Commission, if there be one,
+shall be given priority over the requirements of navigation.</p>
+
+<p>Appeal to the tribunal of the League of Nations does not require the
+suspension of the works.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 338.</strong>&mdash;The r&eacute;gime set out in Articles 332 to 337
+above shall be superseded by one to be laid down in a General Convention
+drawn up by the Allied and Associated Powers, and approved by the League
+of Nations, relating to the waterways recognized in such Convention as
+having an international character. This Convention shall apply in
+particular to the whole or part of the above-mentioned river systems of
+the Elbe (Labe), the Oder (Odra), the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen),
+and the Danube, and such other parts of these river systems as may be
+covered by a general definition.</p>
+
+<p>Germany undertakes, in accordance with the provisions of Article 379, to
+adhere to the said General Convention as well as to all projects
+prepared in accordance with Article 343 below for the revision of
+existing international agreements and regulations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 339.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall cede to the Allied and Associated
+Powers concerned, within a maximum period of three months from the date
+on which notification shall be given her, a proportion of the tugs and
+vessels remaining registered in the ports of the river systems referred
+to in Article 331 after the deduction of those surrendered by way of
+restitution or reparation. Germany shall in the same way cede material
+of all kinds necessary to the Allied and Associated Powers concerned for
+the utilization of those river systems.</p>
+
+<p>The number of the tugs and boats and the amount of the material so
+ceded, and their distribution, shall be determined by an arbitrator or
+arbitrators nominated by the United States of America, due regard being
+had to the legitimate needs of the parties concerned, and particularly
+to the shipping traffic during the five years preceding the war.</p>
+
+<p>All craft so ceded shall be provided with their fittings and gear, shall
+be in a good state of repair and in condition to carry goods, and shall
+be selected from among those most recently built.</p>
+
+<p>The cessions provided for in the present article shall entail a credit
+of which the total amount, settled in a lump sum by the arbitrator or
+arbitrators, shall not in any case exceed the value of the capital
+expended in the initial establishment of the material ceded, and shall
+be set off against the total sums due from Germany; in consequence, the
+indemnification of the proprietors shall be a matter for Germany to deal
+with.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(2) <em>Special Clauses Relating to the Elbe, the Oder, and the Niemen
+(Russtrom-Memel-Niemen)</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 340.</strong>&mdash;The Elbe (Labe) shall be placed under the
+administration of an International Commission which shall comprise:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>4 representatives of the German States bordering on the river;</li>
+<li>2 representatives of the Czechoslovak State;</li>
+<li>1 representative of Great Britain;</li>
+<li>1 representative of France;</li>
+<li>1 representative of Italy;</li>
+<li>1 representative of Belgium;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Whatever be the number of members present, each delegation shall have
+the right to record a number of votes equal to the number of
+representatives allotted to it.</p>
+
+<p>If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 341.</strong>&mdash;The Oder (Odra) shall be placed under the
+administration of an International Commission, which shall comprise:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>1 representative of Poland;</li>
+<li>3 representatives of Prussia;</li>
+<li>1 representative of the Czechoslovak State;</li>
+<li>1 representative of Great Britain;</li>
+<li>1 representative of France;</li>
+<li>1 representative of Denmark;</li>
+<li>1 representative of Sweden.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 342.</strong>&mdash;On a request being made to the League of Nations by
+any riparian State, the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) shall be placed
+under the administration of an International Commission, which shall
+comprise one representative of each riparian State, and three
+representatives of other States specified by the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 343.</strong>&mdash;The International Commissions referred to in Articles
+340 and 341 shall meet within three months of the date of the coming
+into force of the present treaty, The
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+
+International Commission referred to in Article 342 shall meet within
+three months from the date of the request made by a riparian State. Each
+of these commissions shall proceed immediately to prepare a project for
+the revision of the existing international agreements and regulations,
+drawn up in conformity with the General Convention referred to in
+Article 338, should such convention have been already concluded. In the
+absence of such convention, the project for revision shall be in
+conformity with the principles of Articles 332 to 337, above.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 344.</strong>&mdash;The projects referred to in the preceding article
+shall, <span lang="la">inter alia</span>:</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>Designate the headquarters of the International Commission, and
+prescribe the manner in which its President is to be nominated;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Specify the extent of the commission's powers, particularly in
+regard to the execution of works of maintenance, control, and
+improvement on the river system, the financial r&eacute;gime the fixing
+and collection of charges, and regulations for navigation;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Define the sections of the river or its tributaries to which the
+international r&eacute;gime shall be applied.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 345.</strong>&mdash;The international agreements and regulations at
+present governing the navigation of the Elbe (Labe), the Oder (Odra),
+and the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) shall be provisionally maintained
+in force until the ratification of the above-mentioned projects.
+Nevertheless, in all cases where such agreements and regulations in
+force are in conflict with the provisions of Articles 332 to 337 above,
+or of the General Convention to be concluded, the latter provisions
+shall prevail.</p>
+
+<h3>(3) <em>Special Clauses Relating to the Danube</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 346.</strong>&mdash;The European Commission of the Danube reassumes the
+powers it possessed before the war. Nevertheless, as a provisional
+measure, only representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Rumania shall constitute this commission.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 347.</strong>&mdash;From the point where the competence of the European
+Commission ceases, the Danube system referred to in Article 331 shall be
+placed under the administration of an international commission composed
+as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>2 representatives of German riparian States;</li>
+<li>1 representative of each other riparian State;</li>
+<li>1 representative of each non-riparian State represented in the future
+on the European Commission of the Danube.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 348.</strong>&mdash;The International Commission provided for in the
+preceding article shall meet as soon as possible after the coming into
+force of the present treaty, and shall undertake provisionally the
+administration of the river in conformity with the provisions of
+Articles 332 to 337, until such time as a definitive statute regarding
+the Danube is concluded by the powers nominated by the Allied and
+Associated Powers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 349.</strong>&mdash;Germany agrees to accept the r&eacute;gime which
+shall be laid down for the Danube by a conference of the powers
+nominated by the Allied and Associated Powers, which shall meet within
+one year after the coming into force of the present treaty, and at which
+German representatives may be present.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 350.</strong>&mdash;The mandate given by Article 57 of the Treaty of
+Berlin of the 13th July, 1878, to Austria-Hungary, and transferred by
+her to Hungary, to carry out works at the Iron Gates, is abrogated. The
+commission intrusted with the administration of this part of the river
+shall lay down provisions for the settlement of accounts subject to the
+financial provisions of the present treaty. Charges which may be
+necessary shall in no case be levied by Hungary.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 351.</strong>&mdash;Should the Czechoslovak State, the Serb-Croat-Slovene
+State, or Rumania, with the authorization of or under mandate from the
+International Commission undertake maintenance, improvement, weir or
+other works on a part of the river system which forms a frontier, these
+States shall enjoy on the opposite bank, and also on the part of the bed
+which is outside their territory, all necessary facilities for the
+survey, execution and maintenance of such works.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 352.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall be obliged to make to the European
+Commission of the Danube all restitutions, reparations, and indemnities
+for damages inflicted on the commission during the war.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 353.</strong>&mdash;Should a deep-draught Rhine-Danube navigable waterway
+be constructed, Germany undertakes to apply thereto the r&eacute;gime
+prescribed in Articles 332 to 338.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV.&mdash;CLAUSES RELATING TO THE RHINE AND THE MOSELLE</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLES 354.</strong>&mdash;As from the coming into force of the present treaty,
+the Convention of Mannheim of 17th October, 1868, together with the
+Final Protocol thereof, shall continue to govern navigation on the
+Rhine, subject to the conditions hereinafter laid down.</p>
+
+<p>In the event of any provisions of the said Convention being in conflict
+with those laid down by the General Convention referred to in Article
+338 (which shall apply to the Rhine), the provisions of the General
+Convention shall prevail.</p>
+
+<p>Within a maximum period of six months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, the Central Commission referred to in Article 355 shall
+meet to draw up a project of revision of the Convention of Mannheim.
+This project shall be drawn up in harmony with the provisions of the
+General Convention referred to above, should this have been concluded by
+that time, and shall be submitted to the powers represented on the
+Central Commission. Germany hereby agrees to adhere to the project so
+drawn up.</p>
+
+<p>Further, the modifications set out in the following articles shall
+immediately be made in the Convention of Mannheim.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Powers reserve to themselves the right to
+arrive at an understanding in this connection with Holland, and Germany
+hereby agrees to accede if required to any such understanding.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 355.</strong>&mdash;The Central Commission provided for in the Convention
+of Mannheim shall consist of nineteen members, viz.:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>Two representatives of the Netherlands;</li>
+<li>Two representatives of Switzerland;</li>
+<li>Four representatives of German riparian States;</li>
+<li>Four representatives of France, which in addition shall appoint the President of the Commission;</li>
+<li>Two representatives of Great Britain;</li>
+<li>Two representatives of Italy;</li>
+<li>Two representatives of Belgium.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-251.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-251thumb.jpg" width="400" height="264"
+         alt="The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German
+              Cause and Marked the Beginning of the End of the War"
+      title="The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German
+             Cause and Marked the Beginning of the End of the War" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Drawing by Georges Scott in L&#39;illustration</p>
+  <p class="caption">The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German
+                     Cause and Marked the Beginning of the End of the War</p>
+  <p class="description">German delegates on their way to the
+                         armistice conference with Marshal Foch
+                         reaching the first French lines near
+                         Haudroy, November 7, 1918.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-251.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The headquarters of the Central Commission shall be at Strasbourg.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever be the number of members present, each delegation shall have
+the right to record a number of votes equal to the number of
+representatives allotted to it.</p>
+
+<p>If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+Commission shall nevertheless be valid.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 356.</strong>&mdash;Vessels of all nations, and their cargoes, shall have
+the same rights and privileges as those which are granted to vessels
+belonging to the Rhine navigation, and to their cargoes.</p>
+
+<p>None of the provisions contained in Articles 15 to 20 and 26 of the
+above-mentioned Convention of Mannheim, in Article 4 of the Final
+Protocol thereof, or in later Conventions, shall impede the free
+navigation of vessels and crews of all nations on the Rhine and on
+waterways to which such Conventions apply, subject to compliance with
+the regulations concerning pilotage and other police measures drawn up
+by the Central Commission.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of Article 22 of the Convention of Mannheim and of
+Article 5 of the Final Protocol thereof shall be applied only to vessels
+registered on the Rhine. The Central Commission shall decide on the
+steps to be taken to insure that other vessels satisfy the conditions of
+the general regulations applying to navigation on the Rhine.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 357.</strong>&mdash;Within a maximum period of three months from the date
+on which notification shall be given Germany shall cede to France tugs
+and vessels, from among those remaining registered in German Rhine ports
+after the deduction of those surrendered by way of restitution or
+reparation, or shares in German Rhine navigation companies.</p>
+
+<p>When vessels and tugs are ceded, such vessels and tugs, together with
+their fittings and gear, shall be in good state of repair, shall be in
+condition to carry on commercial traffic on the Rhine, and shall be
+selected from among those most recently built.</p>
+
+<p>The same procedure shall be followed in the matter of the cession by
+Germany to France of&mdash;</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>the installations, berthing, and anchorage accommodation, platforms,
+docks, warehouses, plant, &amp;c., which German subjects or German
+companies owned on the 1st August, 1914, in the port of Rotterdam, and</p></li>
+
+<li><p>the shares or interests which Germany or German nationals possessed in
+such installations at the same date.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>The amount and specifications of such cessions shall be determined
+within one year of the coming into force of the present treaty by an
+arbitrator or arbitrators appointed by the United States of America, due
+regard being had to the legitimate needs of the parties concerned.</p>
+
+<p>The cessions provided for in the present article shall entail a credit
+of which the total amount, settled in a lump sum by the arbitrator, or
+arbitrators mentioned above, shall not in any case exceed the value of
+the capital expended in the initial establishment of the ceded material
+and installations, and shall be set off against the total sums due from
+Germany; in consequence, the indemnification of the proprietors shall be
+a matter for Germany to deal with.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 358.</strong>&mdash;Subject to the obligation to comply with the
+provisions of the Convention of Mannheim or of the convention which may
+be substituted therefor, and to the stipulations of the present treaty,
+France shall have on the whole course of the Rhine included between the
+two extreme points of the French frontiers&mdash;</p>
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>the right to take water from the Rhine to feed navigation and
+irrigation canals (constructed or to be constructed) or for any other
+purpose, and to execute on the German bank all works necessary for the
+exercise of this right;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>the exclusive right to the power derived from works of regulation on
+the river, subject to the payment to Germany of the value of half the
+power actually produced, this payment, which will take into account the
+cost of the works necessary for producing the power, being made either
+in money or in power and in default of agreement being determined by
+arbitration. For this purpose France alone shall have the right to carry
+out in this part of the river all works of regulation (weirs or other
+works) which she may consider necessary for the production of power.
+Similarly, the right of taking water from the Rhine is accorded to
+Belgium to feed the Rhine-Meuse navigable waterway provided for below.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>The exercise of the rights mentioned under (a) and (b) of the present
+article shall not interfere with navigability nor reduce the facilities
+for navigation, either in the bed of the Rhine or in the derivations
+which may be substituted therefor, nor shall it involve any increase in
+the tolls formerly levied under the convention in force. All proposed
+schemes shall be laid before the Central Commission in order that the
+commission may assure itself that these conditions are complied with.</p>
+
+<p>To insure the proper and faithful execution of the provisions contained
+in (a) and (b) above, Germany:</p>
+
+<ol class="roman">
+<li><p>binds herself not to undertake or to allow the construction of any
+lateral canal or any derivation on the right bank of the river opposite
+the French frontiers;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>recognizes the possession by France of the right of support on and
+the right of way over all lands situated on the right bank which may be
+required in order to survey, to build, and to operate weirs which
+France, with the consent of the Central Commission, may subsequently
+decide to establish. In accordance with such consent, France shall be
+entitled to decide upon and fix the limits of the necessary sites, and
+she shall be permitted to occupy such lands after a period of two months
+after simple notification, subject to the payment by her to Germany of
+indemnities of which the total amount shall be fixed by the Central
+Commission. Germany shall make it her business to indemnify the
+proprietors whose property will be burdened with such servitudes or
+permanently occupied by the works.</p>
+
+<p>Should Switzerland so demand, and if the Central Commission approves,
+the same rights shall be accorded to Switzerland for the part of the
+river forming her frontier with other riparian States;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>shall hand over to the French Government, during the month
+following the coming into force of the present treaty, all projects,
+designs, drafts of concessions and of specifications concerning the
+regulation of the Rhine for any purpose whatever which have been drawn
+up or received by the Governments of Alsace-Lorraine or of the Grand
+Duchy of Baden.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 359.</strong>&mdash;Subject to the preceding provisions, no works shall
+be carried out in the bed or on either bank of the Rhine where it forms
+the boundary of France and Germany without the previous approval of the
+Central Commission or of its agents.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 360.</strong>&mdash;France reserves the option of substituting herself as
+regards the rights and obligations resulting from agreements arrived at
+between the Government of Alsace-Lorraine and the Grand Duchy of Baden
+concerning the works to be carried out on the Rhine; she may also
+denounce such agreements within a term of five years dating from the
+coming into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>France shall also have the option of causing works to be carried out
+which may be recognized as necessary by the Central Commission for the
+upkeep or improvement of the navigability of the Rhine above Mannheim.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 361.</strong>&mdash;Should Belgium, within a period of 25 years from the
+coming into force of the present treaty, decide to create a deep-draught
+Rhine-Meuse navigable waterway, in the region of Ruhrort, Germany shall
+be bound to construct, in accordance with plans to be communicated to
+her by the Belgian Government, after agreement with the Central
+Commission, the portion of this navigable waterway situated within her
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian Government shall, for this purpose, have the right to carry
+out on the ground all necessary surveys.</p>
+
+<p>Should Germany fail to carry out all or part of these works, the Central
+Commission shall be entitled to carry them out instead; and, for this
+purpose, the commission may decide upon and fix the limits of the
+necessary sites and occupy the ground after a period of two months after
+simple notification, subject to the payment of indemnities to be fixed
+by it and paid by Germany.</p>
+
+<p>This navigable waterway shall be placed under the same administrative
+r&eacute;gime as the Rhine itself, and the division of the cost of
+initial construction, including the above indemnities, among the States
+crossed thereby shall be made by the Central Commission.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 362.</strong>&mdash;Germany hereby agrees to offer no objection to any
+proposals of the Central Rhine Commission for extending its
+jurisdiction:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>to the Moselle below the Franco-Luxemburg frontier down to the
+Rhine, subject to the consent of Luxemburg;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>to the Rhine above Basle up to the Lake of Constance, subject to the
+consent of Switzerland;</p></li>
+
+<li><p>to the lateral canals and channels which may be established either
+to duplicate or to improve naturally navigable sections of the Rhine or
+the Moselle, or to connect two naturally navigable sections of these
+rivers, and also any other parts of the Rhine River system which may be
+covered by the General Convention provided for in Article 338 above.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER V.&mdash;CLAUSES GIVING TO THE CZECHO-SLOVAK STATE THE USE OF
+NORTHERN PORTS</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 363.</strong>&mdash;In the ports of Hamburg and Stettin, Germany shall
+lease to the Czechoslovak State, for a period of ninety-nine years,
+areas which shall be placed under the general r&eacute;gime of free
+zones and shall be used for the direct transit of goods coming from or
+going to that State.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 364.</strong>&mdash;The delimitation of these areas, and their equipment,
+their exploitation, and in general all conditions for their utilization,
+including the amount of the rental, shall be decided by a commission
+consisting of one delegate of Germany, one delegate of the Czechoslovak
+State and one delegate of Great Britain. These conditions shall be
+susceptible of revision every ten years in the same manner.</p>
+
+<p>Germany declares in advance that she will adhere to the decisions so
+taken.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION III.&mdash;<em>Railways</em></h3>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I.&mdash;CLAUSES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 365.</strong>&mdash;Goods coming from the territories of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, and going to Germany, or in transit through Germany
+from or to the territories of the Allied and Associated Powers, shall
+enjoy on the German railways as regards charges to be collected (rebates
+and drawbacks being taken into account) facilities, and all other
+matters, the most favorable treatment applied to goods of the same kind
+carried on any German lines, either in internal traffic, or for export,
+import or in transit, under similar conditions of transport, for example
+as regards length of route. The same rule shall be applied, on the
+request of one or more of the Allied and Associated Powers, to goods
+specially designated by such power or powers coming from Germany and
+going to their territories.</p>
+
+<p>International tariffs established in accordance with the rates referred
+to in the preceding paragraph and involving through waybills shall be
+established when one of the Allied and Associated Powers shall require
+it from Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 366.</strong>&mdash;From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall renew, in so far as concerns them and
+under the reserves indicated in the second paragraph of the present
+Article, the conventions and arrangements signed at Berne on the 14th of
+October, 1890, the 20th September, 1893, the 16th July, 1895, the 16th
+June, 1898, and the 19th September, 1906, regarding the transportation
+of goods by rail.</p>
+
+<p>If within five years from the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty a new convention for the transportation of passengers,
+luggage and goods by rail shall have been concluded to replace the Berne
+convention of the 14th October, 1890, and the subsequent additions
+referred to above, this new convention and the supplementary provisions
+for international transport by rail which may be based on it shall bind
+Germany even if she shall have refused to take part in the preparation
+of the convention or to subscribe to it. Until a new convention shall
+have been concluded, Germany shall conform to the provisions of the
+Berne Convention and the subsequent additions referred to above, and to
+the current supplementary provisions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 367.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall be bound to co-operate in the
+establishment of through ticket services (for passengers and their
+luggage) which shall be required by any of the Allied and Associated
+Powers to insure their communication by rail with each other and with
+all other countries by transit across the territories of Germany; in
+particular Germany shall, for this purpose, accept trains and carriages
+coming from the territories of the Allied and Associated Powers and
+shall forward them with a speed at least equal to that of her best
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
+
+long-distance trains on the same lines. The rates applicable to such
+through services shall not in any case be higher than the rates
+collected on German internal services for the same distance, under the
+same conditions of speed and comfort.</p>
+
+<p>The tariffs applicable under the same conditions of speed and comfort to
+the transportation of emigrants going to or coming from ports of the
+Allied and Associated Powers and using the German railways, shall not be
+at a higher kilometric rate than the most favorable tariffs (drawbacks
+and rebates being taken into account) enjoyed on the said railways by
+emigrants going to or coming from any other ports.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 368.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall not apply specially to such through
+services or to the transportation of emigrants going to or coming from
+the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers, any technical, fiscal or
+administrative measures, such as measures of customs examination,
+general police, sanitary police, and control, the result of which would
+be to impede or delay such services.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 369.</strong>&mdash;In case of transport partly by rail and partly by
+internal navigation, with or without through way-bill, the preceding
+Articles shall apply to the part of the journey performed by rail.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.&mdash;ROLLING STOCK</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 370.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes that German wagons shall be fitted
+with apparatus allowing:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>of their inclusion in goods trains on the lines such of the Allied
+and Associated Powers as are parties to the Berne Convention of May 15,
+1886, as modified on May 18, 1907, without hampering the action of the
+continuous brake which may be adopted in such countries within ten years
+of the coming into force of the present treaty, and</p></li>
+
+<li><p>of the acceptance of wagons of such countries in all goods trains on
+the German lines.</p>
+
+<p>The rolling stock of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy on the
+German lines the same treatment as German rolling stock as regards
+movement, upkeep and repairs.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.&mdash;CESSIONS OF RAILWAY LINES</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 371.</strong>&mdash;Subject to any special provisions concerning the
+cession of ports, waterways and railways situated in the territories
+over which Germany abandons her sovereignty, and to the financial
+conditions relating to the concessionaires and the pensioning of the
+personnel, the cession of railways will take place under the following
+conditions:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>The works and installations of all the railroads shall be handed over
+complete and in good condition.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>When a railway system possessing its own rolling-stock is handed over
+in its entirety by Germany to one of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+such stock shall be handed over complete, in accordance with the last
+inventory before November 11th, 1918, and in a normal state of upkeep.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As regards <del>line</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads line">lines</ins> without any special rolling-stock, commissions of
+experts designated by the Allied and Associated Powers, on which Germany
+shall be represented, shall fix the proportion of the stock existing on
+the system to which those lines belong to be handed over. These
+commissions shall have regard to the remount of material registered on
+these lines in the last inventory before November 11th, 1918, the length
+of track (sidings included), and the nature and amount of traffic. These
+commissions shall also specify the locomotives, carriages and wagons to
+be handed over in each case; they shall decide upon the conditions of
+their acceptance, and shall make the provisional arrangements necessary
+to insure their repair in German workshops.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Stocks of stores, fittings and plant shall be handed over under the
+same conditions as the rolling-stock.</p>
+
+<p>The provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall be applied to the lines
+of former Russian Poland converted by Germany to the German gauge, such
+lines being regarded as detached from the Prussian State System.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV.&mdash;PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN RAILWAY LINES</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 372.</strong>&mdash;When as a result of the fixing of new frontiers a
+railway connection between two parts of the same country crosses another
+country, or a branch line from one country has its terminus in another,
+the conditions of working, if not specifically provided for in the
+present treaty, shall be laid down in a convention between the railway
+administrations concerned. If the administrations cannot come to an
+agreement as to the terms of such convention, the points of difference
+shall be decided by commissions of experts composed as provided in the
+preceding Article.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 373.</strong>&mdash;Within a period of five years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty the Czechoslovak State may require the
+construction of a railway line in German territory between the stations
+of Schlauney and Nachod. The cost of construction shall be borne by the
+Czechoslovak State.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 374.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to accept, within ten years of the
+coming into force of the present treaty, on request being made by the
+Swiss Government after agreement with the Italian Government, the
+denunciation of the International Convention of the 13th October, 1909,
+relative to the St. Gothard railway. In the absence of agreement as to
+the conditions of such denunciation, Germany hereby agrees to accept the
+decision of an arbitrator designated by the United States of America.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER V.&mdash;TRANSITORY PROVISIONS</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 375.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall carry out the instructions given her,
+in regard to transport, by an authorized body acting on behalf of the
+Allied and Associated Powers:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>For the carriage of troops under the provisions of the present
+treaty, and of material, ammunition and supplies for army use.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>As a temporary measure, for the transportation of supplies for
+certain regions, as well as for the restoration, as rapidly as possible,
+of the normal conditions of transport, and for the organization of
+postal and telegraphic services.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>SECTION IV.&mdash;<em>Disputes and Revision of Permanent Clauses</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 376.</strong>&mdash;Disputes which may arise between interested powers
+with regard to the interpretation and application of the preceding
+articles shall be settled as provided by the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 377.</strong>&mdash;At any time the League of Nations may recommend the
+revision of such of these Articles as relate to a permanent
+administrative r&eacute;gime.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 378.</strong>&mdash;The stipulations in Articles 321 to 330, 332, 365,
+and 367 to 369 shall be subject to revision by the Council of the League
+of Nations at any time after five years from the coming into force of
+the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Failing such revision, no Allied or Associated Power can claim after the
+expiration of the above period of five years the benefit of any of the
+stipulations in the Articles enumerated above on behalf of any portion
+of its territories in which reciprocity is not accorded in respect of
+such stipulations. The period of five years during which reciprocity
+cannot be demanded may be prolonged by the Council of the League of
+Nations.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION V.&mdash;<em>Special Provision</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 379.</strong>&mdash;Without prejudice to the special obligations imposed
+on her by the present treaty for the benefit of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, Germany undertakes to adhere to any general
+conventions regarding the international r&eacute;gime of transit,
+waterways, ports or railways which may be concluded by the Allied and
+Associated Powers, with the approval of the League of Nations, within
+five years of the coming into force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION VI.&mdash;<em>Clauses Relating to the Kiel Canal</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 380.</strong>&mdash;The Kiel Canal and its approaches shall be maintained
+free and open to the vessels of commerce and of war of all nations at
+peace with Germany on terms of entire equality.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 381.</strong>&mdash;The nationals, property, and vessels of all powers
+shall, in respect to charges, facilities, and in all other respects, be
+treated on a footing of perfect equality in the use of the canal, no
+distinction being made to the detriment of nationals, property, and
+vessels of any power between them and the nationals, property, and
+vessels of Germany or of the most favored nations.</p>
+
+<p>No impediment shall be placed on the movement of persons or vessels
+other than those arising out of police, customs, sanitary, emigration or
+immigration regulations, and those relating to the import or export of
+prohibited goods. Such regulations must be reasonable and uniform and
+must not unnecessarily impede traffic.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 382.</strong>&mdash;Only such charges may be levied on vessels using the
+canal or its approaches as are intended to cover in an equitable manner
+the cost of maintaining in a navigable condition, or if improving, the
+canal or its approaches, or to meet expenses incurred in the interests
+of navigation. The schedule of such charged shall be calculated on the
+basis of such expenses, and shall be posted up in the ports.</p>
+
+<p>These charges shall be levied in such a manner as to render any detailed
+examination of cargoes unnecessary, except in the case of suspected
+fraud or contravention.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 383.</strong>&mdash;Goods in transit may be placed under seal or in the
+custody of customs agents; the loading and unloading of goods, and the
+embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, shall only take place in
+the ports specified by Germany.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 384.</strong>&mdash;No charge of any kind other than those provided for
+in the present treaty shall be levied along the course or at the
+approaches of the Kiel Canal.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 385.</strong>&mdash;Germany shall be bound to take suitable measures to
+remove any obstacle or danger to navigation, and to insure the
+maintenance of good conditions of navigation. She shall not undertake
+any works of a nature to impede navigation on the canal or its
+approaches.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 386.</strong>&mdash;In the event of violation of any of the conditions of
+Articles 380 to 386, or of disputes as to the interpretation of these
+articles, any interested power can appeal to the jurisdiction instituted
+for the purpose by the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p>In order to avoid reference of small questions to the League of Nations,
+Germany will establish a local authority at Kiel qualified to deal with
+disputes in the first instance and to give satisfaction so far as
+possible to complaints which may be presented through the consular
+representatives of the interested powers.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART XIII<br />
+Labor</h2>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>Organization of Labor</em></h3>
+
+<p>Whereas the League of Nations has for its object the establishment of
+universal peace and such a peace can be established only if it is based
+upon social justice;</p>
+
+<p>And whereas conditions of labor exist involving such injustice,
+hardship, and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest
+so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperiled; and an
+improvement of those conditions is urgently required: as, for example,
+by the regulations of the hours of work, including the establishment of
+a maximum working day and week, the regulation of the labor supply, the
+prevention of unemployment, the provision of an adequate living wage,
+the protection of the worker against sickness, disease, and injury
+arising out of his employment, the protection of the children, young
+persons, and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the
+interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own,
+recognition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization
+of vocational and technical education, and other measures:</p>
+
+<p>Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of
+labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve
+the conditions in their own countries;</p>
+
+<p>The high contracting parties, moved by sentiments of justice and
+humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the
+world, agree to the following.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I.&mdash;ORGANIZATION</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 387.</strong>&mdash;A permanent organization is hereby established for
+the promotion of the objects set forth in the preamble.</p>
+
+<p>The original members of the League of Nations shall be the original
+members of this organization, and hereafter membership of the League of
+Nations shall carry with it membership of the said organization.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 388.</strong>&mdash;The permanent organization shall consist of:</p>
+
+<p>(i) a General Conference of Representatives of the Members, and,</p>
+
+<p>(ii) an International Labor Office controlled by the governing body
+described in Article 393.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 389.</strong>&mdash;The meetings of the General Conference of
+Representatives of the Members shall be held from time to time as
+occasion may require, and at least once in every year. It shall be
+composed of four representatives of each of the members, of whom two
+shall be Government delegates and the two others shall be delegates
+representing respectively the employers and the workpeople of each of
+the members.</p>
+
+<p>Each delegate may be accompanied by advisers, who shall not exceed two
+in number for each item on the agenda of the meeting. When questions
+specially affecting women are to be considered by the conference, one at
+least of the advisers should be a woman.</p>
+
+<p>The members undertake to nominate non-Government delegates and advisers
+chosen in agreement with the industrial organizations, if such
+organizations exist, which are most representative of employers or
+workpeople, as the case may be, in their respective countries.</p>
+
+<p>Advisers shall not speak except on a request made by the delegate whom
+they accompany and by special authorization of the President of the
+conference, and may not vote.</p>
+
+<p>A delegate may by notice in writing addressed to the President appoint
+one of his advisers to act as his deputy, and the adviser, while so
+acting, shall be allowed to speak and vote.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the delegates and their advisers will be communicated to
+the International Labor Office by the Government of each of the members.</p>
+
+<p>The credentials of delegates and their advisers shall be subject to
+scrutiny by the conference, which may, by two-thirds of the votes cast
+by the delegates present, refuse to admit any delegate or adviser whom
+it deems not to have been nominated in accordance with this article.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 390.</strong>&mdash;Every delegate shall be entitled to vote individually
+on all matters which are taken into consideration by the conference.</p>
+
+<p>If one of the members fails to nominate one of the non-Government
+delegates whom it is entitled to nominate, the other non-Government
+delegates shall be allowed to sit and speak at the conference, but not
+to vote.</p>
+
+<p>If, in accordance with Article 389, the conference refuses admission to
+a delegate of one of the members, the provisions of the present article
+shall apply as if that delegate had not been nominated.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 391.</strong>&mdash;The meetings of the conference shall be held at the
+seat of the League of Nations, or at such other place as may be decided
+by the conference at a previous meeting by two-thirds of the votes cast
+by the delegates present.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 392.</strong>&mdash;The International Labor Office shall be established
+at the seat of the League of Nations as part of the organization of the
+League.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 393.</strong>&mdash;The International Labor Office shall be under the
+control of a governing body consisting of twenty-four persons, appointed
+in accordance with the following provisions:</p>
+
+<p>The governing body of the International Labor Office shall be
+constituted as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Twelve persons representing the Governments:</p>
+
+<p>Six persons elected by the delegates to the conference representing the
+employers:</p>
+
+<p>Six persons elected by the delegates to the conference representing the
+workers.</p>
+
+<p>Of the twelve persons representing the Governments, eight shall be
+nominated by the members which are of the chief industrial importance,
+and four shall be nominated by the members selected for the purpose by
+the Government delegates to the conference, excluding the delegates of
+the eight members mentioned above.</p>
+
+<p>Any question as to which are the members of the chief industrial
+importance shall be decided by the council of the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p>The period of office of the members of the governing body will be three
+years. The method of filling vacancies and other similar questions may
+be determined by the governing body, subject to the approval of the
+conference.</p>
+
+<p>The governing body shall, from time to time, elect one of its members to
+act as its Chairman, shall regulate its own procedure, and shall fix its
+own times of meeting. A special meeting shall be held if a written
+request to that effect is made by at least ten members of the governing
+body.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 394.</strong>&mdash;There shall be a Director of the International Labor
+Office, who shall be appointed by the governing body, and, subject to
+the instructions of the Governing Body, shall be responsible for the
+efficient conduct of the International Labor Office and for such other
+duties as may be assigned to him.</p>
+
+<p>The Director or his deputy shall attend all meetings of the governing
+body.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 395.</strong>&mdash;The staff of the International Labor Office shall be
+appointed by the Director, who shall, as far as is possible with due
+regard to the efficiency of the work of the Office, select persons of
+different nationalities. A certain number of these persons shall be
+women.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 396.</strong>&mdash;The functions of the International Labor Office shall
+include the collection and distribution of information on all subjects
+relating to the international adjustment of conditions of industrial
+life and labor, and particularly the examination of subjects which it is
+proposed to bring before the conference with a view to the conclusion of
+international conventions, and the conduct of such special
+investigations as may be ordered by the conference.</p>
+
+<p>It will prepare the agenda for the meetings of the conference.</p>
+
+<p>It will carry out the duties required of it by the provisions of this
+part of the present treaty in connection with international disputes.</p>
+
+<p>It will edit and publish in French and English, and in such other
+languages as the governing body may think desirable, a periodical paper
+dealing with problems of industry and employment of international
+interest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Generally, in addition to the functions set out in this Article, it
+shall have such other powers and duties as may be assigned to it by the
+conference.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 397.</strong>&mdash;The Government departments of any of the members
+which deal with questions of industry and employment may communicate
+directly with the Director through the representative of their
+Government on the governing body of the International Labor Office, or,
+failing any such representative, through such other qualified official
+as the Government may nominate for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 398.</strong>&mdash;The International Labor Office shall be entitled to
+the assistance of the Secretary-General of the League of Nations in any
+matter in which it can be given.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 399.</strong>&mdash;Each of the members will pay the traveling and
+subsistence expenses of its delegates and their advisers and of its
+representatives attending the meetings of the conference or governing
+body, as the case may be.</p>
+
+<p>All the other expenses of the International Labor Office and of the
+meetings of the conference or governing body shall be paid to the
+Director by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations out of the
+general funds of the League.</p>
+
+<p>The Director shall be responsible to the Secretary-General of the League
+for the proper expenditure of all moneys paid to him in pursuance of
+this Article.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.&mdash;PROCEDURE</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 400.</strong>&mdash;The agenda of all meetings of the conference will be
+settled by the governing body, who shall consider any suggestion as to
+the agenda that may be made by the Government of any of the members or
+by any representative organization recognized for the purpose of Article
+389.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 401.</strong>&mdash;The Director shall act as the Secretary of the
+Conference, and shall transmit the agenda so as to reach the members
+four months before the meeting of the conference, and, through them, the
+non-Government delegates when appointed.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 402.</strong>&mdash;Any of the Governments of the members may formally
+object to the inclusion of any item or items in the agenda. The grounds
+for such objection shall be set forth in a reasoned statement addressed
+to the Director, who shall circulate it to all the members of the
+permanent organization.</p>
+
+<p>Items to which such objection has been made shall not, however, be
+excluded from the agenda if at the conference a majority of two-thirds
+of the votes cast by delegates present is in favor of considering them.</p>
+
+<p>If the conference decides (otherwise than under the preceding paragraph)
+by two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present that any
+subject shall be considered by the conference, that subject shall be
+included in the agenda for the following meeting.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 403.</strong>&mdash;The conference shall regulate its own procedure,
+shall elect its own President, and may appoint committees to consider
+and report on any matter.</p>
+
+<p>Except as otherwise expressly provided in this part of the present
+treaty, all matters shall be decided by a simple majority of the votes
+cast by the delegates present.</p>
+
+<p>The voting is void unless the total number of votes cast is equal to
+half the number of the delegates attending the conference.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 404.</strong>&mdash;The conference may add to any committees which it
+appoints technical experts, who shall be assessors without power to
+vote.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 405.</strong>&mdash;When the conference has decided on the adoption of
+proposals with regard to an item in the agenda, it will rest with the
+conference to determine whether these proposals should take the form:
+(a) of a recommendation to be submitted to the members for consideration
+with a view to effect being given to it by national legislation or
+otherwise, or (b) of a draft international convention for ratification
+by the members.</p>
+
+<p>In either case a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the
+delegates present shall be necessary on the final vote for the adoption
+of the recommendation or draft convention, as the case may be, by the
+conference.</p>
+
+<p>In framing any recommendation or draft convention of general application
+the conference shall have due regard to those countries in which
+climatic conditions, the imperfect development of industrial
+organization or other special circumstances make the industrial
+conditions substantially different and shall suggest the modifications,
+if any, which it considers may be required to meet the case of such
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the recommendation or draft convention shall be authenticated
+by the signature of the President of the conference and of the Director
+and shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the League of
+Nations. The Secretary-General will communicate a certified copy of the
+recommendation or draft convention to each of the members.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the members undertakes that it will, within the period of one
+year at most from the closing of the session of the conference, or if it
+is impossible owing to exceptional circumstances to do so within the
+period of one year, then at the earliest practicable moment and in no
+case later than eighteen months from the closing of the session of the
+conference, bring the recommendation or draft convention before the
+authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for
+the enactment of legislation or other action.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of a recommendation the members will inform the
+Secretary-General of the action taken.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of a draft convention, the member will, if it obtains the
+consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the
+matter lies, communicate the formal ratification of the convention to
+the Secretary-General and will take such action as may be necessary to
+make effective the provisions of such convention.</p>
+
+<p>If on a recommendation no legislative or other action is taken to make a
+recommendation effective, or if the draft convention fails to obtain the
+consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the
+matter lies, no further obligation shall rest upon the member.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of a federal state, the power of which to enter into
+conventions on labor matters is subject to limitations, it shall be in
+the discretion of that Government to treat a draft convention to which
+such limitations apply as a recommendation only, and the provisions of
+this article with respect to recommendations shall apply in such case.</p>
+
+<p>The above Article shall be interpreted in accordance with the following
+principle:</p>
+
+<p>In no case shall any member be asked or required, as a result of the
+adoption of any recommendation or draft convention by the conference to
+lessen the protection afforded by its existing legislation to the
+workers concerned.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 406.</strong>&mdash;Any convention so ratified be registered by the
+Secretary-General of The
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
+
+League of Nations, but shall only be binding upon the members which
+ratify it.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+  <a href="images/ill-258.jpg">
+    <img src="images/ill-258thumb.jpg" width="400" height="512"
+         alt="Paris in War Time"
+       title="Paris in War Time" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="credit">Copyright Underwood &amp; Underwood</p>
+  <p class="caption">Paris in War Time</p>
+  <p class="description">A wonderful photograph made from the top
+            platform of the Eiffel Tower. Hovering over the city is
+            a French dirigible, a guardian against the dreaded
+            Zeppelins. Paris in war time pursued the even tenor of
+            its way, but it was a saddened city where frivolous
+            tourists were not wanted.</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/ill-258.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 407.</strong>&mdash;If any convention coming before the conference for
+final consideration fails to secure the support of two-thirds of the
+votes cast by the delegates present, it shall nevertheless be within the
+right of any of the members of the permanent organization to agree to
+such convention among themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Any convention so agreed to shall be communicated by the Governments
+concerned to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who shall
+register it.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 408.</strong>&mdash;Each of the members agrees to make an annual report
+to the International Labor office on the measures which it has taken to
+give effect to the provisions of conventions to which it is a party.
+These reports shall be made in such form and shall contain such
+particulars as the governing body may request. The Directors shall lay a
+summary of these reports before the next meeting of the conference.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 409.</strong>&mdash;In the event of any representation being made to the
+International Labor Office by an industrial association of employers or
+of workers that any of the members has failed to secure in any respect
+the effective observance within its jurisdiction of any convention to
+which it is a party, the Governing Body may communicate this
+representation to the Government against which it is made and may invite
+that Government to make such statement on the subject as it may think
+fit.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 410.</strong>&mdash;If no statement is received within a reasonable time
+from the Government in question, or if the statement when received is
+not deemed to be satisfactory by the Governing Body, the latter shall
+have the right to publish the representation and the statement, if any,
+made in reply to it.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 411.</strong>&mdash;Any of the members shall have the right to file a
+complaint with the International Labor Office if it is not satisfied
+that any other member is securing the effective observance of any
+convention which both have ratified in accordance with the foregoing
+articles.</p>
+
+<p>The Governing Body may, if it thinks fit, before referring such a
+complaint to a Commission of inquiry, as hereinafter provided for,
+communicate with the Government in question in the manner described in
+Article 409.</p>
+
+<p>If the Governing Body does not think it necessary to communicate the
+complaint to the Government in question, or if, when they have made such
+communication, no statement in reply has been received within a
+reasonable time which the Governing Body considers to be satisfactory,
+the Governing Body may apply for the appointment of a Commission of
+inquiry to consider the complaint and to report thereon.</p>
+
+<p>The Governing Body may adopt the same procedure either of its own motion
+or on receipt of a complaint from a Delegate to the Conference.</p>
+
+<p>When any matter arising out of Articles 410 or 411 is being considered
+by the Governing Body, the Government in question shall, if not already
+represented thereon, be entitled to send a representative to take part
+in the proceedings of the Governing Body while the matter is under
+consideration. Adequate notice of the date on which the matter will be
+considered shall be given to the Government in question.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 412.</strong>&mdash;The Commission of Inquiry shall be constituted in
+accordance with the following provisions:</p>
+
+<p>Each of the members agrees to nominate within six months of the date on
+which the present Treaty comes into force three persons of industrial
+experience, of whom one shall be a representative of employers, one a
+representative of workers, and one a person of independent standing, who
+shall together form a panel from which the members of the Commission of
+Inquiry shall be drawn.</p>
+
+<p>The qualifications of the persons so nominated shall be subject to
+scrutiny by the Governing Body, which may by two-thirds of the votes
+cast by the representatives present refuse to accept the nomination of
+any person whose qualifications do not in its opinion comply with the
+requirements of the present article.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the application of the Governing Body, the Secretary-General of the
+League of Nations shall nominate three persons, one from each section of
+this panel, to constitute the Commission of Inquiry, and shall designate
+one of them as the President of the commission. None of these three
+persons shall be a person nominated to the panel by any member directly
+concerned in the complaint.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 413.</strong>&mdash;The members agree that, in the event of the reference
+of a complaint to a commission of inquiry under Article 411, they will
+each, whether directly concerned in the complaint or not, place at the
+disposal of the commission all the information in their possession which
+bears upon the subject-matter of the complaint.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 414.</strong>&mdash;When the Commission of Inquiry has fully considered
+the complaint, it shall prepare a report embodying its findings on all
+questions of fact relevant to determining the issue between the parties
+and containing such recommendations as it may think proper as to the
+steps which should be taken to meet the complaint and the time within
+which they should be taken.</p>
+
+<p>It shall also indicate in this report the measures, if any, of an
+economic character against a defaulting Government which it considers to
+be appropriate, and which it considers other Governments would be
+justified in adopting.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 415.</strong>&mdash;The Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall
+communicate the report of the Commission of Inquiry to each of the
+Governments concerned in the complaint, and shall cause it to be
+published.</p>
+
+<p>Each of these Governments shall within one month inform the
+Secretary-General of the League of Nations whether or not it accepts the
+recommendations contained in the report of the Commission; and if not,
+whether it proposes to refer the complaint to the Permanent Court of
+International Justice of the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 416.</strong>&mdash;In the event of any member failing to take the action
+required by Article 405, with regard to a recommendation or draft
+convention, any other member shall be entitled to refer the matter to
+the Permanent Court of International Justice.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 417.</strong>&mdash;The decision of the Permanent Court of International
+Justice in regard to a complaint or matter which has been referred to it
+in pursuance of Article 415 or Article 416 shall be final.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 418.</strong>&mdash;The Permanent Court of International Justice may
+affirm, vary or reverse any of the findings or recommendations of the
+Commission of Inquiry, if any, and shall in its decision indicate the
+measures, if any, of an economic character which it considers to be
+appropriate, and which other Governments would be justified in adopting
+against a defaulting Government.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 419.</strong>&mdash;In the event of any member failing to carry out
+within the time specified the recommendations, if any, contained in the
+report of the Commission of Inquiry, or in the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+
+decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice, as the case
+may be, any other member may take against that member the measures of an
+economic character indicated in the report of the Commission or in the
+decision of the Court as appropriate to the case.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 420.</strong>&mdash;The defaulting Government may at any time inform the
+Governing Body that it has taken the steps necessary to comply with the
+recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry or with those in the
+decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice, as the case
+may be, and may request it to apply to the Secretary-General of the
+League to constitute a commission of Inquiry to verify its contention.
+In this case the provisions of Articles 412, 413, 414, 415, 417 and 418
+shall apply, and if the report of the Commission of Inquiry or the
+decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice is in favor of
+the defaulting Government, the other Governments shall forthwith
+discontinue the measures of an economic character that they have taken
+against the defaulting Government.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.&mdash;GENERAL</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 421.</strong>&mdash;The members engage to apply conventions which they
+have ratified in accordance with the provisions of this part of the
+present treaty to their colonies, protectorates, and possessions which
+are not fully self-governing:</p>
+
+<p>1. Except where owing to the local conditions the convention is
+inapplicable, or</p>
+
+<p>2. Subject to such modifications as may be necessary to adapt the
+convention to local conditions.</p>
+
+<p>And each of the members shall notify to the International Labor Office
+the action taken in respect of each of its colonies, protectorates, and
+possessions which are not fully self-governing.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 422.</strong>&mdash;Amendments to this part of the present treaty which
+are adopted by the Conference by a majority of two-thirds of the votes
+<del>case</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads case">cast</ins> by the delegates present shall take effect when ratified by the
+States whose representatives compose the Council of the League of
+Nations and by three-fourths of the members.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 423.</strong>&mdash;Any question or dispute relating to the
+interpretation of this part of the present treaty or of any subsequent
+convention concluded by the members in pursuance of the provisions of
+this part of the present treaty shall be referred for decision to the
+Permanent Court of International Justice.</p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV.&mdash;TRANSITORY PROVISIONS</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 424.</strong>&mdash;The first meeting of the Conference shall take place
+in October, 1919. The place and agenda for this meeting shall be as
+specified in the Annex hereto.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements for the convening and the organization of the first meeting
+of the Conference will be made by the Government designated for the
+purpose in the said Annex. That Government shall be assisted in the
+preparation of the documents for submission to the Conference by an
+International Committee constituted as provided in the said Annex.</p>
+
+<p>The expenses of the first meeting and of all subsequent meetings held
+before the League of Nations has been able to establish a general fund,
+other than the expenses of delegates and their advisers, will be borne
+by the members in Accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of
+the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 425.</strong>&mdash;Until the League of Nations has been constituted all
+communications which under the provisions of the foregoing articles
+should be addressed to the Secretary-General of the League will be
+preserved by the Director of the International Labor Office, who will
+transmit them to the Secretary-General of the League.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 426.</strong>&mdash;Pending the creation of a Permanent Court of
+International Justice, disputes which in accordance with this part of
+the present treaty would be submitted to it for decision will be
+referred to a tribunal of three persons appointed by the Council of the
+League of Nations.</p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<p><em>First Meeting of Annual Labor Conference, 1919</em> The place of meeting
+will be Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States of America is requested to convene
+the conference.</p>
+
+<p>The International Organizing Committee will consist of seven members,
+appointed by the United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy,
+Japan, Belgium, and Switzerland. The committee may, if it thinks
+necessary, invite other members to appoint representatives.</p>
+
+<p>Agenda:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Application of principle of the 8-hours day or of the 48-hours week.</li>
+<li>Question of preventing or providing against unemployment.</li>
+<li>Women's employment.
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li>Before and after childbirth, including the question of maternity benefit.</li>
+<li>During the night.</li>
+<li>In unhealthy processes.</li>
+</ol></li>
+<li>Employment of children:
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li>Minimum age of employment.</li>
+<li>During the night.</li>
+<li>In unhealthy processes.</li>
+</ol></li>
+<li>Extension and application of the International Conventions adopted at
+Berne in 1906 on the prohibition of night work for women employed in
+industry and the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus in the
+manufacture of matches.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>General Principles</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 427.</strong>&mdash;The High Contracting Parties, recognizing that the
+well-being, physical, moral, and intellectual, of industrial wage
+earners is of supreme international importance, have framed, in order to
+further this great end, the permanent machinery provided for in Section
+I, and associated with that of the League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p>They recognize that differences of climate, habits, and customs, of
+economic opportunity and industrial tradition, make strict uniformity in
+the conditions of labor difficult of immediate attainment. But, holding
+as they do, that labor should not be regarded merely as an article of
+commerce, they think that there are methods and principles for
+regulating labor conditions which all industrial communities should
+endeavor to apply, so far as their special circumstances will permit.</p>
+
+<p>Among these methods and principles, the following seem to the High
+Contracting Parties to be of special and urgent importance:</p>
+
+<p>First&mdash;The guiding principle above enunciated that labor should not
+be regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Second&mdash;The right of association for all lawful purposes by the
+employed as well as by the employers.</p>
+
+<p>Third&mdash;The payment to the employed of a wage adequate to maintain a
+reasonable standard of life as this is understood in their time and
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth&mdash;The adoption of an eight hours day or a forty-eight hours
+week as the standard to be aimed at where it has not already been
+attained.</p>
+
+<p>Fifth&mdash;The adoption of a weekly rest of at least twenty-four hours,
+which should include Sunday wherever practicable.</p>
+
+<p>Sixth&mdash;The abolition of child labor and the imposition of such
+limitations on the labor of young persons as shall permit the
+continuation of their education and assure their proper physical
+development.</p>
+
+<p>Seventh&mdash;The principle that men and women should receive equal
+remuneration for work of equal value.</p>
+
+<p>Eighth&mdash;The standard set by law in each country with respect to the
+conditions of labor should have due regard to the equitable economic
+treatment of all workers lawfully resident therein.</p>
+
+<p>Ninth&mdash;Each State should make provision for a system of inspection
+in which women should take part in order to insure the enforcement of
+the laws and regulations for the protection of the employed.</p>
+
+<p>Without claiming that these methods and principles are either complete
+or final, the High Contracting Parties are of opinion that they are well
+fitted to guide the policy of the League of Nations; and that, if
+adopted by the industrial communities who are members of the League, and
+safeguarded in practice by an adequate system of such inspection, they
+will confer lasting benefits upon the wage earners of the world.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART XIV<br />
+Guarantees</h2>
+
+<h3>SECTION I.&mdash;<em>Western Europe</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 428.</strong>&mdash;As a guarantee for the execution of the present
+treaty by Germany, the German territory situated to the west of the
+Rhine, together with the bridgeheads, will be occupied by Allied and
+Associated troops for a period of fifteen years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 429.</strong>&mdash;If the conditions of the present treaty are
+faithfully carried out by Germany, the occupation referred to in Article
+428 will be successively restricted as follows:</p>
+
+<ol class="roman">
+<li><p>At the expiration of five years there will be evacuated:&mdash;the
+bridgehead of Cologne and the territories north of a line running along
+the Ruhr, then along the railway J&uuml;lich, Duren, Euskirchen,
+Rheinbach, thence along the road Rheinbach to Sinzig, and reaching the
+Rhine at the confluence with the Ahr; the roads, railways and places
+mentioned above being excluded from the area evacuated.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>At the expiration of ten years, there will be evacuated:&mdash;the
+bridgehead of Coblenz and the territories north of a line to be drawn
+from the intersection between the frontiers of Belgium, Germany and
+Holland, running about 4 kilometers south of Aix-la-Chapelle, then to
+and following the crest of Forst Grem&uuml;nd, then east of the railway
+of the Urft Valley, then along Blankenheim, Valdorf, Dreis, Ulmen to and
+following the Moselle from Bremm to Nehren, then passing by Kappel and
+Simmern, then following the ridge of the heights between Simmern and the
+Rhine and reaching this river at Bacharach; all the places, valleys,
+roads and railways mentioned above being excluded from the area
+evacuated.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>At the expiration of fifteen years there will be
+evacuated:&mdash;the bridgehead of Mainz, the bridgehead of Kehl and the
+remainder of the German territory under occupation.</p>
+
+<p>If at that date the guarantees against unprovoked aggression by Germany
+are not considered sufficient by the Allied and Associated Governments
+the evacuation of the occupying troops may be delayed to the extent
+regarded as necessary for the purpose of obtaining the required
+guarantees.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 430.</strong>&mdash;In case either during the occupation or after the
+expiration of the fifteen years referred to above, the Reparation
+Commission finds that Germany refuses to observe the whole or part of
+her obligations under the present treaty with regard to reparation, the
+whole or part of the areas specified in Article 429 will be re-occupied
+immediately by the Allied of the employed.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 431.</strong>&mdash;If before the expiration of the period of fifteen
+years Germany complies with all the undertakings resulting from the
+present treaty, the occupying forces will be withdrawn immediately.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 432.</strong>&mdash;All matters relating to the occupation and not
+provided for by the present treaty shall be regulated by subsequent
+agreements, which Germany hereby undertakes to observe.</p>
+
+<h3>SECTION II.&mdash;<em>Eastern Europe</em></h3>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 433.</strong>&mdash;As a guarantee for the execution of the provisions of
+the present treaty, by which Germany accepts definitely the abrogation
+of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, and of all treaties, conventions and
+agreements entered into by her with the Maximalist Government in Russia,
+and in order to insure the restoration of peace and good government in
+the Baltic Provinces and Lithuania, all German troops at present in the
+said territories shall return to within the frontiers of Germany as soon
+as the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers shall
+think the moment suitable, having regard to the internal situation of
+these territories. These troops shall abstain from all requisitions and
+seizures and from any other coercive measures, with a view to obtaining
+supplies intended for Germany, and shall in no way interfere with such
+measures for national defense as may be adopted by the provisional
+Governments of Esthonia, Letvia, and Lithuania.</p>
+
+<p>No other German troops shall, pending the evacuation or after the
+evacuation is complete, be admitted to the said territories.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PART XV<br />
+Miscellaneous Provisions</h2>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 434.</strong>&mdash;Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of the
+treaties of peace and additional conventions which may be concluded by
+the Allied and Associated Powers with the powers who fought on the side
+of Germany, and to recognize whatever disposition may be made concerning
+the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, of the Kingdom
+of Bulgaria, and of the Ottoman Empire, and to recognize the new States
+within their frontiers as there laid down.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 435.</strong>&mdash;The high contracting parties, while they recognize
+the guarantees stipulated by the treaties of 1815, and especially by the
+Act of 20th November, 1815, in favor of Switzerland, the said guarantees
+constituting international obligations for the maintenance of peace,
+declare nevertheless that the provisions of these treaties, conventions,
+declarations and other supplementary acts concerning the neutralized
+zone of Savoy, as laid down in paragraph 1 of Article 92 of the Final
+Act of the Congress of Vienna, and in paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the
+Treaty of Paris of 20th November, 1815, are no longer consistent with
+present conditions. For this reason the high contracting parties take
+note of the agreement reached between the French Government and the
+Swiss Government for the abrogation of the stipulations relating to this
+zone which are and remain abrogated.</p>
+
+<p>The high contracting parties also agree that the stipulations of the
+treaties of 1815 and of the other supplementary acts concerning the free
+zones of Upper Savoy and the Gex district are no longer consistent with
+present conditions, and that it is for France and Switzerland to come to
+an agreement together with a view to settling between themselves the
+status of these territories under such conditions as shall be considered
+suitable by both countries.</p>
+
+<h3>ANNEX</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>The Swiss Federal Council has informed the French Government on the
+5th May, 1919, that after examining the provisions of Article 435 in a
+like spirit of sincere friendship it has happily reached the conclusion
+that it was possible to acquiesce in it under the following conditions
+and reservations:</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+<li>First&mdash;The neutralized zone of Haute-Savoie:
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>It will be understood that as long as the Federal Chambers have not
+ratified the agreement come to between the two Governments concerning
+the abrogation of the stipulations in respect of the neutralized zone of
+Savoy nothing will be definitely settled, on one side or the other, in
+regard to this subject.</p></li>
+
+<li>The assent given by the Swiss Government to the abrogation of the
+above-mentioned stipulations presupposes, in conformity with the text
+adopted, the recognition of the guarantees formulated in favor of
+Switzerland by the treaties of 1815 and particularly by the declaration
+of 20th November, 1815.</li>
+
+<li>The agreement between the Governments of France and Switzerland for
+the abrogation of the above-mentioned stipulations will only be
+considered as valid if the treaty of peace contains this article in its
+present wording. In addition, the parties to the treaty of peace should
+endeavor to obtain the assent of the signatory powers of the treaties of
+1815 and of the declaration of 20th November, 1815, which are not
+signatories of the present treaty of peace.</li>
+</ol></li>
+
+<li>Second&mdash;Free zone of Haute-Savoie and the district of Gex.
+
+<ol class="alpha">
+<li><p>The Federal Council makes the most express reservations to the
+interpretation to be given to the statement mentioned in the last
+paragraph of the above article for insertion in the treaty of peace,
+which provides that "the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and other
+supplementary acts concerning the free zones of Haute-Savoie and the Gex
+district are no longer consistent with the present conditions." The
+Federal Council would not wish that its acceptance of the above wording
+should lead to the conclusion that it would agree to the suppression of
+a system intended to give neighboring territory the benefit of a special
+r&eacute;gime which is appropriate to the geographical and economical
+situation and which has been well tested.</p>
+
+<p>In the opinion of the Federal Council the question is not the
+modification of the customs system of the zones as set up by the
+treaties mentioned above, but only the regulation in a manner more
+appropriate to the economic conditions of the present day of the terms
+of the exchange of goods between the regions in question. The Federal
+Council has been led to make the preceding observations by the perusal
+of the draft convention concerning the future constitution of the zones,
+which was annexed to the note of April 26 from the French Government.
+While making the above reservations the Federal Council declares its
+readiness to examine in the most friendly spirit any proposals which the
+French Government may deem it convenient to make on the subject.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>It is conceded that the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and
+other supplementary acts relative to the free zones will remain in force
+until a new arrangement is come to between France and Switzerland to
+regulate matters in this territory.</p></li>
+</ol></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li><p>The French Government have addressed to the Swiss Government, on May
+18, 1919, the following note in reply to the communication set out in
+the preceding paragraph:</p>
+
+<p>In a note dated May 5 the Swiss Legation in Paris was good enough to
+inform the Government of the French Republic that the Federal Government
+adhered to the proposed article to be inserted in the Treaty of Peace
+between the Allied and Associated Governments and Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The French Government have taken note with much pleasure of the
+agreement thus reached, and, at their request, the proposed article,
+which had been accepted by the Allied and Associated Governments, has
+been inserted under No. 435 in the peace conditions presented to the
+German plenipotentiaries.</p>
+
+<p>The Swiss Government, in their note of May 5, on this subject, have
+expressed various views and reservations.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the observations relating to the free zones of Haute-Savoie
+and the Gex district, the French Government have the honor to observe
+that the provisions of the last paragraph of Article 435 are so clear
+that their purport cannot be misapprehended, especially where it implies
+that no other power but France and Switzerland will in future be
+interested in that question.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The French Government, on their part, are anxious to protect the
+interests of the French territories concerned, and, with that object,
+having their special situation in view, they bear in mind the
+desirability of assuring them a suitable customs r&eacute;gime and
+determining, in a manner better suited to present conditions, the
+methods of exchanges between these territories and the adjacent Swiss
+territories, while taking into account the reciprocal interests of both
+regions.</p>
+
+<p>It is understood that this must in no way prejudice the right of France
+to adjust her customs line in this region in conformity with her
+political frontier, as is done on the other portions of her territorial
+boundaries, and as was done by Switzerland long ago on her own
+boundaries in this region.</p>
+
+<p>The French Government are pleased to note on this subject in what a
+friendly disposition the Swiss Government take this opportunity of
+declaring their willingness to consider any French proposal dealing with
+the system to be substituted for the present r&eacute;gime of the said
+free zones, which the French Government intend to formulate in the same
+friendly spirit.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the French Government have no doubt that the provisional
+maintenance of the r&eacute;gime of 1815 as to the free zones referred
+to in the above-mentioned paragraph of the note from the Swiss Legation
+of May 5, whose object is to provide for the passage from the present
+r&eacute;gime to the conventional r&eacute;gime, will cause no delay
+whatsoever in the establishment of the new situation which has been
+found necessary by the two Governments. This remark applies also to the
+ratification by the Federal Chambers, dealt with in Paragraph 1 (a), of
+the Swiss note of May 5, under the heading "Neutralized Zone of
+Haute-Savoie."</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 436.</strong>&mdash;The high contracting parties declare and place on
+record that they have taken note of the treaty signed by the Government
+of the French Republic on July 17th, 1918, with His Serene Highness the
+Prince of Monaco defining the relations between France and the
+Principality.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 437.</strong>&mdash;The high contracting parties agree that, in the
+absence of a subsequent agreement to the contrary, the Chairman of any
+commission established by the present treaty shall, in the event of an
+equality of votes, be entitled to a second vote.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 438.</strong>&mdash;The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where
+Christian religious missions were being maintained by German societies
+or persons in territory belonging to them, or of which the government is
+intrusted to them in accordance with the present treaty, the property
+which these missions or missionary societies possessed, including that
+of trading societies whose profits were devoted to the support of
+missions, shall continue to be devoted to missionary purposes. In order
+to insure the due execution of this undertaking the Allied and
+Associated Governments will hand over such property to boards of
+trustees appointed by or approved by the Governments and composed of
+persons holding the faith of the mission whose property is involved.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Governments, while continuing to maintain full
+control as to the individuals by whom the missions are conducted, will
+safeguard the interests of such missions.</p>
+
+<p>Germany, taking note of the above undertaking, agrees to accept all
+arrangements made or to be made by the Allied or Associated Government
+concerned for carrying on the work of the said missions or trading
+societies and waives all claims on their behalf.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 439.</strong>&mdash;Without prejudice to the provisions of the present
+treaty, Germany undertakes not to put forward directly or indirectly
+against any Allied or Associated Power, signatory of the present treaty,
+including those which without having declared war, have broken off
+diplomatic relations with the German Empire, any pecuniary claim based
+on events which <del>occured</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads occured">occurred</ins> at any time before the coming into force of the
+present treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The present stipulation will bar completely and finally all claims of
+this nature, which will be thenceforward extinguished, whoever may be
+the parties in interest.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ARTICLE 440.</strong>&mdash;Germany accepts and recognizes as valid and binding
+all decrees and orders concerning German ships and goods and all orders
+relating to the payment of costs made by any prize court of any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers, and undertakes not to put forward any claim
+arising out of such decrees or orders on behalf of any German national.</p>
+
+<p>The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to examine in such
+manner as they may determine all decisions and orders of German Prize
+Courts, whether affecting the property rights of nationals of those
+powers or of neutral powers. Germany agrees to furnish copies of all the
+documents constituting the record of the cases, including the decisions
+and orders made, and to accept and give effect to the recommendations
+made after such examination of the cases.</p>
+
+<p>The present treaty, of which the French and English texts are both
+authentic, shall be ratified.</p>
+
+<p>The deposit of ratifications shall be made at Paris as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Powers of which the seat of the Government is outside Europe will be
+entitled merely to inform the Government of the French Republic through
+their diplomatic representative at Paris that their ratification has
+been given; in that case they must transmit the instrument of
+ratification as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>A first proc&egrave;s-verbal of the deposit of ratifications will be
+drawn up as soon as the treaty has been ratified by Germany on the one
+hand, and by three of the principal Allied and Associated Powers on the
+other hand.</p>
+
+<p>From the date of the first proc&egrave;s-verbal the treaty will come
+into force between the high contracting parties who have ratified it.
+For the determination of all periods of time provided for in the present
+treaty this date will be the date of the coming into force of the
+treaty.</p>
+
+<p>In all other respects the treaty will enter into force for each power at
+the date of the deposit of its ratification.</p>
+
+<p>The French Government will transmit to all the signatory powers a
+certified copy of the proc&egrave;s-verbaux of the deposit of
+ratifications.</p>
+
+<p>IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named plenipotentiaries (1) except as
+indicated in the footnotes to the preamble, have signed the present
+treaty.</p>
+
+<p>DONE AT VERSAILLES, in a single copy which will remain deposited in the
+archives of the French Republic, and of which authenticated copies will
+be transmitted to each of the signatory powers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>REJECTION OF THE PEACE TREATY<br />
+The Senate Fails to Ratify the Treaty of Versailles With the Revised Lodge
+Reservations by a Vote of 49 to 35</h2>
+
+<p>The Treaty of Versailles with the Covenant of The League of Nations was
+signed on June 28, 1919, by Germany and by the representatives of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, with the exception of China.</p>
+
+<p>It was ratified by the German National Assembly on July 10th; by the
+British Parliament on July 25th, and by King George on July 31st, by the
+King of Italy on October 7th, by France on October 13th and by Japan on
+October 27th.</p>
+
+<p>On the day the Treaty was signed President Wilson sailed for New York,
+and on July 10th he addressed the Senate and submitted the Treaty to
+that body, which under the Constitution is empowered to give its "advice
+and consent" to treaties negotiated by the Chief Executive. Opposition
+to the Covenant of the League of Nations had previously developed in the
+Senate, especially on the part of the Republican majority. The Foreign
+Affairs Committee, of which Senator Lodge of Massachusetts was Chairman,
+was from the start unalterably opposed to the Treaty unless it contained
+as amendments or as reservations clauses which, it was claimed, would
+safeguard American interests and institutions. In February the
+President, who had made a hurried trip from Paris in order to acquaint
+the American people with the details of the Treaty as it affected this
+country, conferred at the White House with the Foreign Relations
+Committee of the Senate and the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House,
+on which occasion there was a frank and comprehensive discussion, a
+complete stenographic report of which was published in the press. On
+March 3rd Senator Lodge presented a resolution signed by 39 Republican
+Senators and Senators-elect protesting against the Covenant of The
+League of Nations, as it stood. As it required a two-thirds vote of the
+Senate to ratify, these 39 opponents of the treaty would be sufficient
+to reject it, and the virtual effect of this resolution was to give
+warning to the President that the Treaty unless it were to be
+"Americanized" would fail of ratification.</p>
+
+<p>The President on March 5th sailed from New York and returned to Paris to
+take up his work at the Peace Conference, remaining there until the
+Treaty was signed.</p>
+
+<p>On July 15th, the Foreign Relations Committee took the Treaty under
+consideration and conducted hearings on it. One of these, continuing for
+several days, was for the purpose of exposing what the Committee
+regarded as the unjust treatment of China in respect of the cession to
+Japan, under the Treaty, of the German rights in Shantung (Kiauchau).</p>
+
+<p>On August 19th, the Foreign Relations Committee again conferred at the
+White House with the President, and on September 3rd the President
+started on a tour of the country to win support for the Treaty and The
+League of Nations.</p>
+
+<p>On September 10th the Foreign Relations Committee reported the Treaty to
+the Senate with 45 amendments and four reservations.</p>
+
+<p>On September 26th, owing to a nervous breakdown, the President at
+Wichita, Kansas, gave up his tour of the country and returned to
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>What were known as the Fall amendments to the Treaty were defeated in
+the Senate on October 2nd by 58 to 30, and as this vote indicated the
+unlikelihood of amendments being passed, the Republicans of the Foreign
+Relations Committee changed their tactics, abandoning amendments and
+considering reservations instead. It had been pointed out that American
+amendments to the Treaty would require ratification by Germany and that
+this might nullify the whole Treaty and necessitate the re-opening of
+negotiations, thereby delaying peace indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>On October 4th the Massachusetts Republican State Convention, before
+which Senator
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+
+Lodge spoke in defense of his attitude on the Treaty, urged prompt
+ratification of the Peace Treaty with "reasonable and effective"
+reservations.</p>
+
+<p>On October 15th by a vote of 55 to 35 the Senate rejected a proposed
+amendment of the Foreign Relations Committee to the clause affecting the
+German rights in Shantung by virtue of which these would be transferred
+to China.</p>
+
+<p>The deadlock in the Senate had meanwhile aroused widespread criticism
+throughout the country, the attitude of the Republican majority being
+vigorously objected to by influential members of that party. Public
+opinion both in and out of the Republican party was generally in favor
+of ratification with reservations, as was repeatedly indicated by
+"straw" votes among the people.</p>
+
+<h3>RATIFICATION, WITH ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATIONS, DEFEATED NOV. 19, 1919.</h3>
+
+<p>On November 6th Senator Lodge presented 14 reservations which had been
+agreed to by the majority members of the Foreign Relations Committee. On
+November 19th, they were voted on by the Senate, being coupled with the
+following resolution of ratification:</p>
+
+<p><em>Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein)</em>, That
+the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace
+with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919
+subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are
+hereby made a part and condition to this resolution of ratification,
+which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until
+the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been
+accepted by an exchange of notes as a part and a condition of this
+resolution of ratification by at least three of the four principal
+allied and associated powers, to wit, Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Japan.</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>The United States so understands and construes Article I that in case
+of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in said
+article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether all its
+international obligations and all its obligations under the said
+covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United
+States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the
+United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country or to
+interfere in controversies between nations&mdash;whether members of the
+League or not&mdash;under the provisions of Article 10, or to employ the
+military or naval forces of the United States under any article of the
+Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress,
+which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war or
+authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United
+States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article 22,
+Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with Germany,
+except by action of the Congress of the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide
+what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that
+all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its
+internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the
+tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children, and
+in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions,
+are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not
+under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to
+the consideration of the Council or of the Assembly of the League of
+Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of
+any other power.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the
+Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in
+said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United
+States depend upon or relate to its long-established policy, commonly
+known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the
+United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the
+jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any
+provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158,
+and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy
+which may arise under said articles between the Republic of China and
+the Empire of Japan.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The Congress of the United States will provide by law for the
+appointment of the representatives of the United States in the Assembly
+and the Council of the League of Nations, and may in its discretion
+provide for the participation of the United States in any commission,
+committee, tribunal, court, council, or conference, or in the selection
+of any members thereof and for the appointment of members of said
+commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences, or
+any other representatives under the Treaty of Peace, or in carrying out
+its provisions, and until such participation and appointment have been
+so provided for and the powers and duties of such representatives have
+been defined by law, no person
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+
+shall represent the United States under either said League of Nations or
+the Treaty of Peace with Germany, or be authorized to perform any act
+for or on behalf of the United States thereunder, and no citizen of the
+United States shall be selected or appointed as a member of said
+commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences
+except with the approval of the Senate of the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will
+regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or
+from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or
+joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any
+expenses of the League of Nations, or of the secretariat, or of any
+commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized
+under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of
+carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of
+funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress
+of the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>If the United States shall at any time adopt any plan for the
+limitation of armaments proposed by the Council of the League of
+Nations, under the provisions of Article 8, it reserves the right to
+increase such armaments without the consent of the Council whenever the
+United States is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion,
+the nationals of a covenant-breaking State, as defined in Article 16 of
+the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States
+or in countries other than that violating said Article 16, to continue
+their commercial, financial, and personal relations with the nationals
+of the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in
+any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
+shall, as against citizens of the United States, be taken to mean any
+confirmation, ratification, or approval of any act otherwise illegal or
+in contravention of the right of citizens of the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 387
+to 427, inclusive) unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall
+hereafter make provision for representation in the organization
+established by said Part XIII, and in such event the participation of
+the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of
+such act or joint resolution.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any election,
+decision, report, or finding of the council, or assembly in which any
+member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies, or
+parts of empire, in the aggregate have cast more than one vote, and
+assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of
+the council or assembly arising out of any dispute between the United
+States and any member of the League if such member, or any
+self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united with
+it politically has voted.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>Ratification of the above resolution required a two-thirds vote. The
+resolution was lost 55 to 39, the votes of 13 Republican
+"irreconcilables" being cast against the resolution. On a motion to
+reconsider, the resolution was again voted on, this time the vote being
+51 to 41. Senator Underwood's motion for unconditional ratification of
+the Treaty without reservation was then lost 53 to 38.</p>
+
+<p>The crux of the opposition to the Treaty was Article X. In President
+Wilson's view, the Lodge reservation to this article cut the heart out
+of the League of Nations, and nullified its whole structure and
+practical operation. For a time it looked as if the Peace Treaty was
+dead. Public opinion, however, insisted that the Treaty must not be
+allowed to die and that the United States was morally obligated to the
+rest of the world to take its place in the family of nations as a
+signatory to the Treaty with such interpretative reservations as would
+protect America's interests, and at the same time not antagonize other
+nations.</p>
+
+<p>Early in January, 1920, the President in a letter to Senator Hitchcock
+declared against "strong" reservations, and on January 15th, with a view
+to reaching a compromise, there began a series of bi-partisan
+conferences among Senators at which were discussed the various
+reservations that had been a stumbling block, but no agreement could be
+reached. As before, the phraseology and intent of Article X was the
+principal bone of contention.</p>
+
+<h3>THE TREATY AGAIN BEFORE THE SENATE</h3>
+
+<p>On February 10th Senator Lodge reported the Treaty a second time to the
+Senate, and with the original set of reservations. After another month
+of debate and of organized efforts on the part of public spirited
+citizens to exert pressure on the Senators to settle their differences
+and give the nation what it demanded&mdash;a Treaty of Peace&mdash;the
+lines were again drawn preparatory to another vote. The Senate, sitting
+in Committee of the Whole,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>
+
+took up the Lodge reservations, one after another, accepting some
+virtually without change, modifying or amplifying others, until all but
+Article X had been agreed upon.</p>
+
+<p>Various new drafts of this reservation were suggested, both by Senators
+and by private citizens; some of these were voted on, but none could
+muster the votes necessary for adoption.</p>
+
+<p>Early in March a compromise reservation was worked out by Republicans
+and Democrats, and this was made the occasion of an effort to induce the
+President to give his views on Article X. For convenience in comparison,
+Article X of the League of Nations, the original Lodge reservation, and
+the proposed compromise reservation, are reproduced herewith:</p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE X OF THE LEAGUE</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against
+external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political
+independence of all members of the League. In case of any such
+aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this
+obligation shall be fulfilled.</p>
+
+<h3>THE ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATION</h3>
+
+<p>The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country or to interfere
+in controversies between nations&mdash;whether members of the League or
+not&mdash;under the provision of Article X., or to employ the military
+or naval forces of the United States under any article of the Treaty for
+any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the
+Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the
+employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall
+by act or joint resolution so provide.</p>
+
+<h3>THE PROPOSED COMPROMISE RESERVATION</h3>
+
+<p>The United States assumes no obligation to employ its military or naval
+forces, its resources, or the economic boycott to preserve the
+territorial integrity or political independence of any other country
+under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or naval
+forces of the United States under any other article of the Treaty for
+any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under
+the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war, shall, by act or
+joint resolution, so provide.</p></div>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE X, SAYS WILSON, NULLIFIES A SACRED OBLIGATION</h3>
+
+<p>The President expressed his views on Article X and the proposed
+reservations to it in a letter to Senator Hitchcock under date of March
+8th, in which he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is no escaping the moral obligations which are expressed in
+positive terms in this article of the covenant. We won a moral victory
+over Germany, far greater even than the military victory won on the
+field of battle, because the opinion of the whole world swung to our
+support and the support of the nations associated with us in the great
+struggle. It did so because of our common profession and promise that we
+meant to establish 'an organization of peace which should make it
+certain that the combined power of free nations would check every
+invasion of right, and serve to make peace and justice the more secure
+by affording a definite tribunal of opinion to which all must submit and
+by which every international readjustment that cannot be amicably agreed
+upon by the peoples directly concerned shall be sanctioned.'</p>
+
+<p>"This promise and assurance were written into the preliminaries of the
+armistice and into the preliminaries of the peace itself and constitute
+one of the most sacred obligations ever assumed by any nation or body of
+nations. It is unthinkable that America should set the example of
+ignoring such a solemn moral engagement.</p>
+
+<p>"For myself, I feel that I could not look the soldiers of our gallant
+armies in the face again if I did not do everything in my power to
+remove every obstacle that lies in the way of the adoption of this
+particular article of the covenant, because we made these pledges to
+them as well as to the rest of the world, and it was to this cause they
+deemed themselves devoted in a spirit of crusaders. I should be forever
+unfaithful to them if I did not do my utmost to fulfill the high purpose
+for which they fought."</p></div>
+
+<h3>"A NEW DOCTRINE IN THE WORLD'S AFFAIRS"</h3>
+
+<p>The President said he regarded the stipulations as to constitutional
+methods required by the proposed compromise reservation as superfluous,
+because it was understood at Paris that whatever duties any nation
+undertook under the Treaty would as a matter of course "have to be
+fulfilled by its usual and established constitutional methods of
+action." He said further:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Any reservation which seeks to deprive the League of Nations of the
+force of Article X. cuts at the very heart and life of the covenant
+itself. Any League of Nations which does not guarantee as a matter of
+incontestable right the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>
+
+political independence and integrity of each of its members might be
+hardly more than a futile scrap of paper, as ineffective in operation as
+the agreement between Belgium and Germany which the Germans violated in
+1914.</p>
+
+<p>"Article X. as written into the Treaty of Versailles represents the
+renunciation by Great Britain and Japan, which before the war had begun
+to find so many interests in common in the Pacific; by France, by Italy,
+by all the great fighting powers of the world, of the old pretensions of
+political conquest and territorial aggrandisement. It is a new doctrine
+in the world's affairs and must be recognized or there is no secure
+basis for the peace which the whole world so desperately needs.</p>
+
+<p>"If Article X. is not adopted and acted upon, the Governments which
+reject it will, I think, be guilty of bad faith to their people, whom
+they induced to make the infinite sacrifices of the war by the pledge
+that they would be fighting to redeem the world from the old order of
+force and aggression. They will be acting also in bad faith to the
+opinion of the world at large, to which they appealed for support in a
+concerted stand against the aggressions and pretensions of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>"If we were to reject Article X. or so to weaken it as to take its full
+force out of it, it would mark us as desiring to return to the old world
+of jealous rivalry and misunderstandings from which our gallant soldiers
+have rescued us and would leave us without any vision or new conception
+of justice and peace. We would have learned no lesson from the war, but
+gained only the regret that it had involved us in its maelstrom of
+suffering. If America has awakened, as the rest of the world has, to the
+vision of a new day in which the mistakes of the past are to be
+corrected, it will welcome the opportunity to share the responsibilities
+of Article X.</p>
+
+<p>"It must not be forgotten, Senator, that the article constitutes a
+renunciation of all ambition on the part of powerful nations with whom
+we were associated in the war. It is by no means certain that without
+this article any such renunciation will take place. Militaristic
+ambitions and imperialistic policies are by no means dead, even in
+counsels of the nations whom we most trust and with whom we most desire
+to be associated in the tasks of peace.</p>
+
+<h3>DEMOCRACY VERSUS IMPERIALISM</h3>
+
+<p>"The choice is between two ideals; on the one hand, the ideal of
+democracy, which represents the rights of free peoples everywhere to
+govern themselves, and on the other hand the ideal of imperialism which
+seeks to dominate by force and unjust power, an ideal which is by no
+means dead and which is earnestly held in many quarters still.</p>
+
+<p>"Every imperialistic influence in Europe was hostile to the embodiment
+of Article X. in the covenant of the League of Nations, and its defeat
+now would mark the complete consummation of their efforts to nullify the
+Treaty. I hold the doctrine of Article X. as the essence of Americanism.
+We cannot repudiate it or weaken it without at the same time repudiating
+our own principles.</p>
+
+<p>"The imperialist wants no League of Nations, but if, in response to the
+universal cry of the masses everywhere, there is to be one, he is
+interested to secure one suited to his own purposes, one that will
+permit him to continue the historic game of pawns and peoples&mdash;the
+juggling of provinces, the old balances of power, and the inevitable
+wars attendant upon these things.</p>
+
+<p>"The reservation proposed would perpetuate the old order. Does any one
+really want to see the old game played again? Can any one really venture
+to take part in reviving the old order? The enemies of a League of
+Nations have by every true instinct centered their efforts against
+Article X., for it is undoubtedly the foundation of the whole structure.
+It is the bulwark, and the only bulwark, of the rising democracy of the
+world against the forces of imperialism and reaction.</p>
+
+<p>"Either we should enter the League fearlessly, accepting the
+responsibility and not fearing the r&ocirc;le of leadership, which we
+now enjoy, contributing our efforts toward establishing a just and
+permanent peace, or we should retire as gracefully as possible from the
+great concert of powers, by which the world was saved. For my own part,
+I am not willing to trust to the counsel of diplomats the working out of
+any salvation of the world from the things which it has suffered."</p></div>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE X AS FINALLY ADOPTED</h3>
+
+<p>The Article X reservation was again rewritten and when finally adopted
+on March 15 by a vote of 56 to 26, read as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country by the
+employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form
+of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies
+between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial
+integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or
+not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or
+naval forces of the United States, under any article of the Treaty for
+any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under
+the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war or authorize the
+employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall,
+in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so
+provide.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE TREATY AGAIN REJECTED</h3>
+
+<p>All of the 14 reservations having been debated and adopted in the
+Senate, sitting in Committee of the Whole, a fifteenth reservation
+expressing sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people having been
+added, the resolution of ratification was introduced by Senator Lodge on
+March 19th. The vote stood: in favor of ratification, 49; against, 35.
+By this vote, the Treaty of Versailles was for the second time rejected.
+The resolution was supported by 28 Republicans and 21 Democrats, and
+opposed by 23 Democrats and 12 Republicans. The resolution lacked seven
+votes of the necessary two-thirds, and although it was a Republican
+measure, the opposition of the Republican "irreconcilables" or
+"bitter-enders" was sufficient to defeat it.</p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>THE RESERVATIONS WHICH FAILED<br />
+Text of the Preamble and Fifteen Reservations as Adopted by the Senate
+Before the Final Vote on Ratification</h2>
+
+<p>Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That
+the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace
+with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919,
+subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are
+hereby made a part and condition of this resolution of ratification,
+which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until
+the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been
+accepted as a part and a condition of this resolution of ratification by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, and a failure on the part of the
+Allied and Associated Powers to make objection to said reservations and
+understandings prior to the deposit of ratification by the United States
+shall be taken as a full and final acceptance of such reservations and
+understandings by said powers:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>The United States so understands and construes Article I. that in
+case of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in
+said article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether
+all its international obligations and all its obligations under the said
+covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United
+States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the
+United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country by the
+employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form
+of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies
+between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial
+integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or
+not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or
+naval forces of the United States, under any article of the treaty for
+any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the
+Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the
+employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall,
+in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so
+provide.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article
+XXII., Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with
+Germany, except by action of the Congress of the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide
+what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that
+all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its
+internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the
+tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children and
+in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions,
+are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not
+under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to
+the consideration of the council or of the Assembly of the League of
+Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of
+any other power.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the
+Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in
+said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United
+States depend upon or relate to its long established policy, commonly
+known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the
+United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the
+jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any
+provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158,
+and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy
+which may arise under said articles.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p>No person is or shall be authorized to represent the United States,
+nor shall any citizen of the United States be eligible, as a member of
+any body or agency established or authorized by said Treaty of Peace
+with Germany except pursuant to an act of the Congress of the United
+States providing for his appointment and defining his powers and duties.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will
+regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or
+from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or
+joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any
+expenses of the League of Nations, or of the Secretariat or of any
+commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized
+under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of
+carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of
+funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress
+of the United States; provided, that the foregoing limitation shall not
+apply to the United States' proportionate share of the expense of the
+office force and salary of the Secretary General.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>No plan for the limitation of armaments as reported by the Council
+of the League of Nations under the provisions of Article 8 shall be held
+as binding the United States until the same shall have been accepted by
+Congress, and the United States reserves the right to increase its
+armament without the consent of the Council whenever the United States
+is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion,
+the nationals of a covenant-breaking state as defined in Article XVI. of
+the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States
+or in countries other than such covenant-breaking state, to continue
+their commercial, financial and personal relations with the nationals of
+the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in
+any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
+shall, as against citizens of the United States be taken to mean any
+confirmation, ratification or approval of any act otherwise illegal or
+in contravention of the rights of citizens of the United States.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 337
+to 427 inclusive), unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall
+hereafter make provision for representation in the organization
+established by said Part XIII., and in such event the participation of
+the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of
+such act or joint resolution.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>Until Part 1, being the covenant of the League of Nations, shall be
+so amended as to provide that the United States shall be entitled to
+cast a number of votes equal to that which any member of the League and
+its self-governing dominions, colonies or parts of empire, in the
+aggregate, shall be entitled to cast, the United States assumes no
+obligation to be bound, except in cases where Congress has previously
+given its consent, by any election, decision, report, or finding of the
+Council or Assembly in which any member of the League and its
+self-governing dominions, colonies, or parts of empire, in the
+aggregate, have cast more than one vote.</p>
+
+<p>The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision,
+report, or finding of the Council or Assembly arising out of any dispute
+between the United States and any member of the League if such member or
+any self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united
+with it politically has voted.</p></li>
+
+<li><p>In consenting to the ratification of the Treaty with Germany the
+United States adheres to the principle of self-determination and to the
+resolution of sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people for a
+government of their own choice adopted by the Senate June 6, 1919, and
+declares that when such government is attained by Ireland, a
+consummation which it is hoped is at hand, it should promptly be
+admitted as a member of the League of Nations.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>The First Meeting of the Council of the League of Nations</h3>
+
+<p>Representatives of France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Spain,
+Japan and Brazil, members of the Council of the League of Nations, met
+on January 16, 1920, in the "cloak room" of the French Foreign Office
+for the first meeting in the history of the League.</p>
+
+<p>The Council organized by electing Leon Bourgeois Chairman and confirming
+the choice of Sir Eric Drummond of Great Britain as General Secretary.
+The first official act of the League Council was the appointment of a
+commission to trace upon the spot the frontiers of the territory of the
+Saar Basin.</p>
+
+<p>All the members of the Council called for by the covenant of the League,
+with the exception of the representative of the United States, were
+present. Beside M. Bourgeois, the members were Earl Curzon, the British
+Foreign Secretary, for Great Britain; Premier Venizelos, for Greece;
+Carlo Ferraris, Italian Minister of Industry, Commerce, Labor and Food,
+for Italy; Paul Hymans, the Belgian Foreign Minister, for Belgium; Baron
+Matsui, Ambassador to France, for Japan; Dr. Gastoa da Cunha, Ambassador
+to France, for Brazil; Count Quinones de Leon, Ambassador to France, for
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>PEACE BY CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT FAILS</h2>
+
+<p class="centerbig">President Wilson Vetoes Knox Resolution Declaring State of War Ended</p>
+
+<p>The failure of the Peace Treaty of ratification for the second time on
+March 19, 1920, with the Lodge reservations attached, and the determined
+refusal of the Republican majority to ratify it in the form desired by
+President Wilson, showed quite conclusively that under existing
+political alignment no peace might be expected for the country through
+the Treaty of Versailles. The Republicans, therefore, turned their
+efforts in a new direction to bring about peace without yielding to the
+President.</p>
+
+<p>On April 1st the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of
+Representatives reported favorably a joint resolution declaring the
+state of war between Germany and the United States at an end and
+terminating the operation of all Congressional acts and Presidential
+proclamations dependent for their duration on the termination of the war
+or of the "present or existing emergency." It gave Germany forty-five
+days in which similarly to declare the ending of the war with the United
+States, and to waive all claims against this country, which she would
+not have had the right to assert had the United States ratified the
+Treaty of Versailles. For failure to comply with this provision, all
+commercial intercourse and the furnishing of loans and other financial
+assistance by this country to Germany were prohibited, except by license
+of the President. In answer to Democratic criticisms that the resolution
+was not only insincere, but also unconstitutional in arrogating to
+Congress the treaty-making power of the President, the Republican
+leaders conceded that, while the negotiation of peace terms rested with
+the President, the declaration of a status of peace was quite within the
+proper functions of Congress.</p>
+
+<h3>TEXT OF HOUSE RESOLUTION</h3>
+
+<p>The original resolution, as introduced in the House, read as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> the President of the United States, in the performance of his
+constitutional duty to give to Congress information of the state of the
+Union, has advised Congress that the war with the Imperial German
+Government has ended;</p>
+
+<p><em>Resolved</em>, by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war declared
+to exist between the Imperial German Government and the people of the
+United States by a joint resolution of Congress, approved April 6, 1917,
+is hereby declared at an end.</p>
+
+<p>Section 2&mdash;That in the interpretation of any provision relating to
+the date of the termination of the present war, or of the present or
+existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or
+proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the
+date of the termination of the war, or of the present or existing
+emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective shall be
+construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war, or of
+the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any
+act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of
+determination of the date of the termination of the war, or of the
+present or existing emergency.</p>
+
+<p>Section 3&mdash;That, with a view to securing reciprocal trade with the
+German Government and its nationals, and for this purpose, it is hereby
+provided that unless within forty-five days from the date when this
+resolution becomes effective the German Government shall duly notify the
+President of the United States that it has declared a termination of the
+war with the United States and that it waives and renounces on behalf of
+itself and its nationals any claim, demand, right or benefit against the
+United States, or its nationals, that it or they would not have the
+right to assert had the United States ratified the Treaty of Versailles,
+the President of the United States shall have the power, and it shall be
+his duty, to proclaim the fact that the German Government has not given
+the notification hereinbefore mentioned, and thereupon, and until the
+President shall have proclaimed the receipt of such notification,
+commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany and the
+making of loans or credits, and the furnishing of financial assistance
+or supplies to the German Government or the inhabitants of
+Germany,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
+
+directly or indirectly, by the Government or the
+inhabitants of the United States, shall, except with the license of the
+President, be prohibited.</p>
+
+<p>Section 4&mdash;That whoever shall willfully violate the foregoing
+prohibition, whenever the same shall be in force, shall upon conviction
+be fined not more than $10,000, or, if a natural person, imprisoned for
+not more than two years, or both; and the officer, director or agent of
+any corporation who knowingly participates in such violation shall be
+punished by a like fine, imprisonment, or both, and any property, funds,
+securities, papers, or other articles or documents, or any vessel,
+together with her tackle, apparel, furniture, and equipment, concerned
+in such violation, shall be forfeited to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Section 5&mdash;That nothing herein contained shall be construed as a
+waiver by the United States of its rights, privileges, indemnities,
+reparations or advantages to which the United States has become entitled
+under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or which were
+acquired by or are in the possession of the United States by reason of
+its participation in the war or otherwise; and all fines, forfeitures,
+penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the United States are hereby
+ratified, confirmed, and maintained.</p></div>
+
+<h3>MINORITY OPPOSITION</h3>
+
+<p>The Democratic members of the Foreign Affairs Committee presented a
+minority report severely arraigning the Republican majority both for the
+spirit and the provisions of the resolution, which, the report
+contended, "outrageously surrendered" American rights and, by the spirit
+in which it was conceived, laid open its authors to the charge of "sharp
+practice." The chief points made in the minority report were:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The preamble states that the President of the United States, in the
+performance of his constitutional duty to give to Congress information
+of the state of the Union, has advised Congress that the war with the
+Imperial German Government has ended. At no time and under no
+circumstances has the President made any such assertion.</p>
+
+<p>"It is true that, on the signing of the armistice, the President, in the
+course of an address to Congress, used the words, 'the war thus comes to
+an end.' But he spoke of actual hostilities, as every one knew, and not
+of the technical state of war.</p>
+
+<p>"It takes a treaty to end a war. Hostilities had ceased, but the war had
+not ended, and will not end until it is terminated in a constitutional
+manner. The drafters of the resolution and the members of the Committee
+on Foreign Affairs who voted for it knew that this was the case.</p>
+
+<p>"By quoting this statement of the President as the basis for this
+resolution the authors of the resolution lay themselves open to the
+charge of insincerity and sharp practice. The President never declared
+that the technical state of war which this resolution undertakes to
+declare at an end had come to an end, and the Supreme Court of the
+United States has recently declared that what the President had done did
+not announce the termination of the war.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a>
+The reference is to the Supreme Court decision on the question of
+war-time prohibition in the Kentucky distilleries case.</p></div>
+
+<p>"This resolution contains some provisions that are within the power of
+Congress, and others that are not. So far as it seeks to declare peace,
+and so far as it seeks to direct the President to issue a proclamation
+to the German Government, it trenches upon the treaty-making powers and
+is not within the power of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>"So far as it prohibits the United States citizens and residents from
+commercial intercourse with Germany or its nationals, and provides
+penalties for the violation of such restriction, it is valid. So far as
+it attempts to repeal war legislation, it is, of course, within the
+power of Congress."</p></div>
+
+<p>With regard to Section 2, which fixed the date of the termination of the
+war as the date when the resolution shall become effective, the report
+said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is much war and emergency legislation that should be repealed.
+This section does not repeal this legislation, however, and it gives no
+relief from the burdens, inconveniences, extravagances and losses which
+come from the existence of this legislation. Much of this legislation is
+burdensome, and oppressive in time of peace.</p>
+
+<p>"Congress has the power to repeal it, and it should address itself to
+this task instead of frittering away its time in attempting to pass
+unconstitutional legislation for the purpose of embarrassing the
+executive department of the Government, or for some other political
+purpose."</p></div>
+
+<p>Objection was raised against Section 3 for not adequately protecting
+American rights. The report, which was presented by Representative
+Flood, observed on this subject:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The first thought which comes to one's mind in connection with this
+section is that it gives to Germany and her nationals all the rights
+they would have had if the United States had ratified
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>
+
+the Treaty of Versailles. Without the provisions of the treaty great
+uncertainty prevails as to the title to and right to use German ships.
+The Versailles Treaty contains Germany's assent to the use of the
+property seized by the Alien Property Custodian, amounting to more than
+$500,000,000, to pay claims of the United States against Germany. This
+resolution does not pretend to accomplish this result.</p>
+
+<p>"If we are dependent for a status of peace upon this resolution, I fail
+to see how we could be able to demand reimbursement for the cost of our
+army of occupation.</p>
+
+<p>"Under the treaty Germany can become a League of Nations member, and,
+having under this resolution all the rights it would have had under the
+treaty when it became a member of the League, it would be entitled to
+assert against the United States the same rights which any other nation
+could assert, had our country ratified the treaty. We would thus be in
+the position of being compelled to protect the independence and
+territorial integrity of Germany against the aggressions of any or all
+of our allies.</p>
+
+<p>"Section 5 is an attempt to preserve something out of the wreck of
+American rights which have been so outrageously surrendered in former
+sections of the resolution."</p></div>
+
+<h3>RESOLUTION PASSES HOUSE, 242 TO 150</h3>
+
+<p>The first test of strength between the supporters and the opponents of
+the resolution came on April 8th, when a rule limiting debate was
+adopted by a nearly strict party vote of 214 to 155, the Republicans, as
+were to be expected, supporting, and the Democrats opposing the rule.
+The vote on the resolution itself came next day, April 9th, when, after
+a flow of oratory characterized chiefly by bitterly partisan attacks
+from both sides of the House, the resolution was adopted by a vote of
+242 to 150. Twenty-two Democrats joined the Republicans in voting for
+it, and two Republicans broke party lines in opposing it. Despite the
+comfortable majority, however, the result showed that without the
+President's approval efforts to declare peace by Congressional action
+would prove futile, since the vote lacked twenty of the two-thirds
+majority necessary to override a veto.</p>
+
+<h3>SENATE TAKES UP FIGHT TO FORCE PEACE</h3>
+
+<p>The scene now shifted to the Senate. Here the fortunes of the resolution
+were placed in the hands of Senator Philander C. Knox, of Pennsylvania,
+Secretary of State in President Taft's cabinet and a recognized
+authority on international law. Senator Knox redrafted the House
+resolution so as to repeal specifically the joint resolutions of war
+against Germany on April 6, 1917, and against Austria-Hungary on
+December 7, 1917, and thus, by annulling Congressional action declaring
+a state of war, to re-establish <span lang="la">status quo ante bellum</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Such a solution of the problem, it was felt, did not encroach at all
+upon the President's right of making treaties. In fact, the resolution
+specifically requested the President to open negotiations for the
+purpose of establishing friendly relations and commercial intercourse
+between the United States and Germany, and the United States and the
+successors of the Austro-Hungarian government. The resolution also
+provided for the retention by the United States government of all enemy
+property seized during the war until all American claims against enemy
+governments had been settled, and declared further that, although the
+United States had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nevertheless it
+did not waive any of the "rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations
+or advantages" stipulated for its benefit in the terms of that document.</p>
+
+<h3>TEXT OF ORIGINAL KNOX RESOLUTION</h3>
+
+<p>The text of the Knox resolution, as favorably reported to the Senate on
+April 30th by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, read:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Joint resolution repealing the joint resolution of April 6, 1917,
+declaring a state of war to exist between the United States and Germany,
+and the joint resolution of December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of
+war exists between the United States and the Austro-Hungarian
+Government.</p>
+
+<p><em>Resolved</em> by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America, in Congress assembled, that the joint resolution of
+Congress passed April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between
+the Imperial German Government and the Government and people of the
+United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the
+same is hereby declared at an end.</p>
+
+<p>Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German Government
+or its successor or successors, and of all German nationalists
+which
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
+
+was on April 6, 1917, in or has since that date come into the possession
+or under control of the Government of the United States or of any of its
+officers, agents, or employees, from any source or by any agency
+whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no disposition
+thereof made, except as shall specifically be hereafter provided by
+Congress, until such time as the German Government has by treaty with
+the United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with the
+advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions for the
+satisfaction of all claims against the German Government of all persons
+wheresoever domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United
+States, whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the
+German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage or
+injury to persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the
+ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other corporations,
+or otherwise, and until the German Government has given further
+undertakings and made provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing
+permanent allegiance to the United States, most favored nation
+treatment, whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters
+affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation, commerce,
+and industrial property rights, and confirming to the United States all
+fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the
+United States during the war, whether in respect to the property of the
+German government or German nationalists, and waiving any pecuniary
+claim based on events which occurred at any time before the coming into
+force of such treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and
+Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p>To these ends, and for the purpose of establishing fully friendly
+relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and
+Germany, the President is hereby requested immediately to open
+negotiations with the Government of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Section 2&mdash;That in the interpretation of any provision relating to
+the date of the termination of the present war or of the present or
+existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or
+proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the
+date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing
+emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective, shall be
+construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war or of
+the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any
+act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of
+determining the date of the termination of the war or of the present or
+existing emergency.</p>
+
+<p>Section 3&mdash;That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of
+Congress it shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although
+it has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any of the
+rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations, or advantages to which it
+and its nationals have become entitled under the terms of the armistice
+signed November 11, 1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or
+which, under the Treaty of Versailles, have been stipulated for its
+benefit as one of the principal allied and associated powers and to
+which it is entitled.</p>
+
+<p>Section 4&mdash;That the joint resolution of Congress, approved December
+7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial and
+Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and people of the
+United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be and the
+same is hereby repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an
+end, and the President is hereby requested immediately to open
+negotiations with the successor or successors of said Government for the
+purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial
+intercourse between the United States and the Governments and peoples of
+Austria and Hungary.</p></div>
+
+<h3>A DEMOCRAT PAYS HIS RESPECTS TO REPUBLICANS</h3>
+
+<p>The attitude of leaders of the Democratic party on Republican maneuvers
+to force peace by Congressional action was indicated by a statement
+issued by Homer S. Cummings, chairman of the Democratic National
+Committee, in which the Knox resolution was characterized as "renewed
+evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the
+Republican party," and which, according to Mr. Cummings, proposed
+dishonor in the name of peace. As reported in the press, the statement
+said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The so-called Knox peace resolution, which has just been reported by
+the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is renewed evidence of the
+moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the Republican party. In
+the name of peace it proposes dishonor.</p>
+
+<p>"An analysis of the resolution discloses that:</p>
+
+<p>"First, it recognizes the defect in the recent House resolution, which
+attempted to make a separate treaty with Germany by act of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-274.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-274thumb.jpg" width="400" height="545"
+alt="Senator Philander C. Knox"
+title="Senator Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania" />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">Senator Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania</p>
+<p class="description">A former United States Attorney-General and Secretary of State, and one
+of the &quot;irreconcilable&quot; opponents of the League of Nations and Treaty of
+Versailles. He was the author of the peace resolution declaring war with
+Germany ended which was passed by Congress but vetoed by President
+Wilson</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-274.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Second, as an alternative proposition, it requests the President to
+commence negotiations for a separate peace with Germany.</p>
+
+<p>"Third, it seeks to terminate, by a paper resolution, a state of war
+without protecting American rights.</p>
+
+<p>"Fourth, it attempts to take advantage of the provisions of the Treaty
+of Versailles without becoming a party to that treaty and,</p>
+
+<p>"Fifth, it requests the President to negotiate a separate peace with
+Austria.</p>
+
+<p>"These are the outstanding features of the resolution. If any group of
+leaders a year ago had dared to suggest that we should abandon our
+allies and negotiate a separate treaty of peace, they would have found
+themselves isolated and discredited. Republican leaders have lost their
+moral sense in their mad lust for power.</p>
+
+<p>"There has not been one moment since November, 1918, during which
+America has not suffered in honor, prestige, and power, as the result of
+the elections of that year. Since that time everything has been in
+confusion, and the frantic attempt of Republican leaders to find a legal
+method in which to do the dishonorable thing merely adds to the
+confusion. There is but one clear path of duty. It is likewise the path
+of honor and of peace and of permanent security.</p>
+
+<p>"The path lies straight before us, and consists simply in ratifying the
+treaty of peace which our companions in arms have already ratified. The
+more the matter is debated the more it will become apparent that there
+are no substitutes for the requirements of plain duty and American
+honor."</p></div>
+
+<h3>KNOX URGES SEPARATE PEACE WITH GERMANY</h3>
+
+<p>On May 5th the debate on the resolution was opened in the Senate with a
+carefully prepared speech by Senator Knox, which outlined in detail
+arguments not only for the propriety and validity of the resolution, but
+for the absolute necessity of its adoption. Senator Knox contended that
+the war had ended, in fact and in law; that the objects for which the
+United States had entered the struggle had been achieved; that a
+"power-maddened administration" was continuing the technical state of
+war solely for the purpose of coercing the Senate into ratifying the
+Versailles Treaty, which had been universally discredited in all its
+parts; and that, since there was no hope of co-operation from the
+President, Congress must find means of ending the technical state of
+war independently of him. Said Senator Knox:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The welfare and safety of the nation imperatively demands that we know
+we have peace. The whole world seethes with revolution. Our own nation
+is in ferment and turmoil. Force and strife are rampant and threaten the
+destruction not only of our property, but of our free institutions and
+even of our very lives. And yet we stand, and have stood for months, as
+a rudderless ship foundering in the trough of tremendous seas. We must
+not dare longer to delay a return to the ordered government of peace. As
+a preliminary step, the Executive must be returned to his peace-time
+powers and prerogatives. Need, propriety, wisdom, cannot question this.
+The resolution before us is designed to bring us to this.</p>
+
+<h3>WILSON TO BLAME</h3>
+
+<p>"The course of the President ever since he cruised to Europe to
+participate in the Peace Conference leaves no chance for doubt that he
+will continue hereafter as heretofore to thwart, so far as he is able,
+every attempt on the part of the Senate, the Congress, or the people, to
+take any action immediately or remotely affecting, in however slight a
+degree, through change or modification, the provisions of the Treaty of
+Versailles as it came to us fresh from his signature. He preferred to
+keep the country in an alleged state of war for now almost a year rather
+than abate one jot or tittle of the full measure his isolated will had
+set for the nation. Constitutional order, lawful functions, rights and
+duties of position, oaths of office as affecting the members of this
+body, he has noticed only to bring into contempt. He has conjured up
+every power within the whole vast executive domain in his efforts to
+compel this Senate to surrender its will and judgment to him, to become
+mere automatons to register his mandate&mdash;to approve this treaty in
+its last minuti&aelig; of detail as he sent it to us.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, in the face of this situation, it will be idle for us to pass any
+resolution looking to the immediate establishment of peace that does not
+contemplate the unqualified acceptance of the treaty, if that resolution
+requires from the President the performance of any act or duty in order
+to secure peace, because if we do, he will, if the statements of his
+representatives are accepted, so delay or ignore that act or duty as to
+defeat the end and purpose of our action, for in his opinion wisdom lies
+only in following the behests of his will. Therefore, if the resolution
+is to be effective, it must be self-operative. Nothing necessary to the
+bringing of peace must be left for his accomplishment.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>WHY UNITED STATES WENT TO WAR</h3>
+
+<p>"Our purposes, as stated by the President, were three-fold:</p>
+
+<p>"First, the defeat and elimination of the Imperial German Government and
+Prussian autocracy;</p>
+
+<p>"Next, the liberation from their yoke of despotism of the Germans
+themselves&mdash;for whom we had nothing but sympathy and
+friendship&mdash;to the end that they might be masters of their own
+fates and fortunes; and</p>
+
+<p>"Lastly, the establishment, as sincere friends of the German people, of
+intimate relations of mutual advantage between them and us.</p>
+
+<p>"In so far as my information goes, the German Government never declared
+war against the United States. They merely accepted the status which
+this declaration recognized and probably created; for it must be
+remembered that while we interpreted, and rightly so, that German
+submarine warfare, as directed against the United States, was illegal,
+constituting acts of war, the German Government never acquiesced in that
+view and, on the contrary, maintained the legality of all general
+measures taken.</p>
+
+<p>"The Imperial German Government, against whom we declared war, did cease
+to exist at the time of the signing of the armistice, leaving us from
+thence on without any titular enemy against which to wage a war unless
+we were warring with the German people, and we have clearly estopped
+ourselves to make such a contention.</p>
+
+<p>"Thus from this point of view also the armistice brought us not alone
+the end of hostilities, but the actual peace. There remained only the
+making of arrangements covering the ordinary peace-time intercourse.</p>
+
+<h3>WAR AT END, IN FACT AND IN LAW</h3>
+
+<p>"As a matter of law and of fact we are at peace with Germany; first,
+because of the terms of the armistice of November 11, 1918, its
+amendments and renewals; second, because of the 'silent ceasing' of
+hostilities; third, because of the disappearance, the extinction of the
+Government against which we declared war, and fourth, because of the
+negotiation by us and our allies or associates in the war with the
+people who were lately our enemies, and the ratification by our allies
+or associates and our enemies, of a treaty of peace which specifically
+provides both for the termination of hostilities to be followed by a
+resumption of diplomatic relations, and also for the status that should
+exist during our future peace-time intercourse; which treaty is now in
+force and observed everywhere except in the United States, and has in
+fact and in international law brought peace to the whole world,
+including ourselves.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Having thus in law and in fact international peace, having nothing left
+but a domestic status of war created by a legislative declaration of
+war, with no hostilities heretofore or now existent or possible in the
+territory over which this paper-war status exists, it is not only
+legally sound, but economically, morally, and patriotically necessary
+and indispensable that we at once repeal the declaration of war and so
+immediately end the despotic war powers with which a power-maddened
+administration continues to misrule this great people.</p></div>
+
+<h3>VERSAILLES TREATY IMPOSSIBLE</h3>
+
+<p>"To what end has all this juggling with obvious facts and universally
+recognized principles been maintained? The answer is easy and known to
+all. The purpose has been to coerce the Senate to approve the Treaty of
+Versailles&mdash;a treaty that is almost universally discredited in all
+its parts. The majority of its negotiators concede this. Its economic
+terms are impossible; its League of Nations is an aggravated imitation
+of the worst features of the ill-fated and foolish Holy Alliance of a
+century ago. It promises little but mischief unless recast on such
+radical lines as will entirely obliterate its identity.</p>
+
+<p>"Wisdom requires the negotiation of a separate treaty between the United
+States and Germany, which should provide reciprocal rights and
+obligations between us and that country alone."</p>
+
+<h3>KNOX RESOLUTION PASSES BOTH HOUSES</h3>
+
+<p>In the course of its consideration in the Senate, the provision of the
+resolution requesting the President to negotiate a separate treaty with
+Germany was eliminated, but the request for a treaty with the successors
+of the Austro-Hungarian government was retained. In its amended form the
+resolution was brought to a decision in the Senate on May 15th, and
+adopted by a vote of 43 to 38, three Democrats voting with its
+supporters and one Republican with the opposition.</p>
+
+<p>As the text of the Knox resolution adopted by the Senate differed from
+the measure which had been passed by the House of Representatives on
+April 9th, the House, to expedite matters, dropped its own resolution,
+and passed, on May 21st, the Senate draft by a vote of 228 to 139,
+seventeen short of the two-thirds majority necessary to override the
+expected Presidential veto.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TEXT OF AMENDED RESOLUTION</h3>
+
+<p>The text of the peace resolution as passed by the Senate and later
+concurred in by the House of Representatives, read as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The joint resolution of Congress, passed April 6, 1917, declaring a
+state of war to exist between the Imperial German Government and the
+Government and people of the United States, and making provisions to
+prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed and said state
+of war is hereby declared at an end.</p>
+
+<p>Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German Government,
+or its successor or successors, and of all German nationals which was on
+April 6, 1917, is or has since that date come into the possession or
+under control of the Government of the United States or any of its
+officers, agents or employees from any source or by any agency
+whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no disposition
+thereof made, except as shall specifically be hereafter provided by
+Congress, until such time as the German Government has, by treaty with
+the United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with the
+advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions for the
+satisfaction of all claims against the German Government of all persons,
+wheresoever domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United
+States, whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the
+German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage, or
+injury to their persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the
+ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other corporations,
+or have suffered damage directly in consequence of hostilities or any
+operations of war, or otherwise, or until the German Government has
+given further undertakings and made provisions by treaty, to be ratified
+by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for granting to
+persons owing permanent allegiance to the United States, most favored
+nation treatment, whether the same be national or otherwise, in all
+matters affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation,
+commerce and industrial property rights, and confirming to the United
+States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made
+by the United States during the war, whether in respect to the property
+of the German Government or German nationals, and waiving any pecuniary
+claim based on events which occurred at any time before the coming into
+force of such treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and
+Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p>That in the interpretation of
+any provision relating to the date of the termination of the war or of
+the present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint
+resolutions or proclamations of the President containing provisions
+contingent upon the date of the termination of the war or of the present
+or existing emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective
+shall be construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war
+or of the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision
+in any act of Congress or joint resolution, providing any other mode of
+determining the date of the termination of the war or of the present or
+existing emergency.</p>
+
+<p>That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it shall be
+determined otherwise, the United States, although it has not ratified
+the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any of the rights, privileges,
+indemnities, reparations or advantages to which it and its nationals
+have become entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November
+11, 1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or which under the
+Treaty of Versailles have been stipulated for its benefit as one of the
+principal allied and associated powers and to which it is entitled.</p>
+
+<p>That the joint resolution of Congress approved December 7, 1917,
+declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial and Royal
+Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and the people of the
+United States and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the
+same is hereby repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an
+end, and the President is hereby requested immediately to open
+negotiations with the successor or successors of said Government for the
+purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial
+intercourse between the United States and the Governments and peoples of
+Austria and Hungary.</p></div>
+
+<h3>PRESIDENT'S VETO</h3>
+
+<p>The resolution now came before the President for his signature. On May
+27th he returned it to the House without his approval, and in an
+accompanying message explained the reasons for his veto. The President
+did not touch upon the question of constitutionality which had been
+raised frequently during the debates, but gave as his chief reason
+refusal to become party to an action which, he felt, would place
+"ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>Following is the text of President Wilson's message vetoing the peace
+resolution:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<em>To the House of Representatives:</em></p>
+
+<p>"I return herewith, without my signature, House Joint Resolution 327,
+intended to repeal the Joint Resolution of April 6, 1917, declaring a
+state of war to exist between the United States and Germany, and the
+Joint Resolution of December 7, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist
+between the United States and the Austro-Hungarian Government, and to
+declare a state of peace. I have not felt at liberty to sign this
+resolution because I cannot bring myself to become party to an action
+which would place ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>"The resolution seeks to establish peace with the German Empire without
+exacting from the German Government any action by way of setting right
+the infinite wrongs which it did to the peoples whom it attacked and
+whom we professed it our purpose to assist when we entered the war. Have
+we sacrificed the lives of more than one hundred thousand Americans and
+ruined the lives of thousands of others and brought upon thousands of
+American families an unhappiness that can never end for purposes which
+we do not now care to state or take further steps to attain?</p>
+
+<p>"The attainment of these purposes is provided for in the Treaty of
+Versailles by terms deemed adequate by the leading statesmen and experts
+of all the great peoples who were associated in the war against Germany.
+Do we now not care to join in the effort to secure them?</p>
+
+<p>"We entered the war most reluctantly. Our people were profoundly
+disinclined to take part in a European war, and at last did so, only
+because they became convinced that it could not in truth be regarded as
+only a European war, but must be regarded as a war in which civilization
+itself was involved and human rights of every kind as against a
+belligerent Government. Moreover, when we entered the war we set forth
+very definitely the purposes for which we entered, partly because we did
+not wish to be considered as merely taking part in a European contest.
+This Joint Resolution which I return does not seek to accomplish any of
+these objects, but in effect makes a complete surrender of the rights of
+the United States so far as the German Government is concerned.</p>
+
+<p>"A treaty of peace was signed at Versailles on the twenty-eighth of June
+last which did seek to accomplish the objects which we had declared to
+be in our minds, because all the great Governments and peoples which
+united against Germany had adopted our declarations of purpose as their
+own and had in solemn form embodied them in communications to the German
+Government preliminary to the armistice of November 11, 1918. But the
+treaty, as signed at Versailles, has been rejected by the Senate of the
+United States, though it has been ratified by Germany. By that rejection
+and by its methods we had in effect declared that we wish to draw apart
+and pursue objects and interests of our own, unhampered by any
+connections of interest or of purpose with other Governments and
+peoples.</p>
+
+<p>"Notwithstanding the fact that upon our entrance into the war we
+professed to be seeking to assist in the maintenance of common
+interests, nothing is said in this resolution about the freedom of
+navigation upon the seas, or the reduction of armaments, or the
+vindication of the rights of Belgium, or the rectification of wrongs
+done to France, or the release of the Christian populations of the
+Ottoman Empire from the intolerable subjugation which they have had for
+so many generations to endure, or the establishment of an independent
+Polish State, or the continued maintenance of any kind of understanding
+among the great powers of the world which would be calculated to prevent
+in the future such outrages as Germany attempted and in part
+consummated.</p>
+
+<p>"We have now, in effect, declared that we do not care to take any
+further risks or to assume any further responsibilities with regard to
+the freedom of nations or the sacredness of international obligations or
+the safety of independent peoples. Such a peace with Germany&mdash;a
+peace in which none of the essential interests which we had at heart
+when we entered the war is safeguarded&mdash;<em>is</em>, or ought to be,
+inconceivable, as inconsistent with the dignity of the United States,
+with the rights and liberties of her citizens, and with the very
+fundamental conditions of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope that in these statements I have sufficiently set forth the
+reasons why I have felt it incumbent upon me to withhold my signature."</p>
+
+<p class="smcapright">Woodrow Wilson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The White House</span>, <em>May 27, 1920.</em></p></div>
+
+<p>Next day, May 28th, the resolution was brought before the House in an
+attempt to repass it over the veto, but the vote, 219 to 152, lacked
+twenty-nine of the necessary two-thirds majority. On the original House
+resolution, passed April 9th, the vote had been 242 to 150, and on the
+Knox resolution, passed by the House on May 21st, 228 to 139. A few days
+later Congress adjourned until the winter session in December.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>THE MAP OF EUROPE REMADE<br />
+Proposed Form of Government, Countries from Which Formed and Ethnic or
+Racial Stock of Newly Established Political Units Resulting from the World
+War.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">(From a paper prepared in January, 1920, by O. P. Austin,
+Statistical Department, National City Bank.)</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+  <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Countries of Europe">
+    <tr>
+      <td></td><th><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>Area</th>
+      <th><a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33"
+            class="fnanchor">[33]</a>Population</th>
+      <th>Date established</th><th>Form of Government</th>
+      <th>Countries from which formed</th><th>Ethnic or Racial Stock</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Poland</td><td class="numeric">141,854</td><td class="numeric">36,000,000</td>
+      <td>Nov., 1916</td><td>Republic</td><td>Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary</td>
+      <td>Slavic, Semitic</td></tr> <tr><td>Czecho-Slovakia</td>
+      <td class="numeric">60,000</td><td class="numeric">13,000,000</td>
+      <td>Oct., 1918</td><td>Republic</td><td>Austria-Hungary</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+     <td>Jugo-Slavia</td><td class="numeric">85,000</td>
+     <td class="numeric">10,500,000</td><td>Oct., 1918</td><td>Kingdom</td>
+     <td>Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro</td>
+      <td>Slavic, Serbs, Croats</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Ukrainia</td><td class="numeric">215,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">30,000,000</td><td>Nov., 1917</td><td>Republic</td>
+      <td>Russia, Austria-Hungary</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Esthonia</td><td class="numeric">7,300</td><td class="numeric">1,750,000</td>
+      <td>Apr., 1918</td><td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Livonia</td><td class="numeric">17,000</td><td class="numeric">1,650,000</td>
+      <td>Apr., 1918</td><td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Courland</td><td class="numeric">10,000</td><td class="numeric">600,000</td>
+      <td>Apr., 1918</td><td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Letvia</td><td class="numeric">9,000</td><td class="numeric">1,500,000</td>
+      <td>Apr., 1918</td><td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Letts (Balto- Slavs)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Lithuania</td><td class="numeric">90,000</td><td class="numeric">10,000,000</td>
+      <td>Apr., 1918</td><td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic, Germania</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>White Russia</td><td class="numeric">140,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">5,000,000</td><td>May, 1918</td><td>Republic</td>
+      <td>Russia</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>North Russia</td><td class="numeric">275,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">400,000</td><td>Nov., 1918</td>
+      <td>Military Gov</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic, Finns</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Rus. Fed. Soviet Rep</td><td class="numeric">Undet'd</td>
+      <td class="numeric">Undet'd</td><td>Nov., 1917</td>
+      <td>Soviet Rep</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Don Rep</td><td class="numeric">63,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">4,000,000</td><td>Jan., 1918</td>
+      <td>Military Gov</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic, Cossack</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Kuban Rep</td><td class="numeric">36,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">3,000,000</td><td>Nov., 1918</td>
+      <td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Tauride Rep</td><td class="numeric">23,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">1,800,000</td><td>Mar., 1918</td>
+      <td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Slavic, Tartar</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Terek Rep</td><td class="numeric">28,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">1,300,000</td><td>Sept., 1918</td>
+      <td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Turko-Tartar</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Tatar-Bashkir Rep</td><td class="numeric">175,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">9,000,000</td><td>Oct., 1918</td>
+      <td>Military</td><td>Russia</td><td>Turko- Tartar</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Yakutsk Rep</td><td class="numeric">1,000,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">400,000</td><td>May, 1918</td>
+      <td>Military</td><td>Siberian Russia</td><td>Yakuts, Cossack</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Rep. of Siberia</td><td class="numeric">Undet'd</td>
+      <td class="numeric">Undet'd</td><td>Dec., 1917</td>
+      <td>Military</td><td>Siberian Russia</td><td>Slav, Mongol, Tartar</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Rep. of Georgia</td><td class="numeric">40,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">2,500,000</td><td>Jan., 1918</td>
+      <td>Republic</td><td>Russia, Turkey</td><td>Georgian, Armenian</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Rep. of Turkestan</td><td class="numeric">400,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">6,500,000</td><td>Jan., 1918</td>
+      <td>Military</td><td>Russia</td><td>Turko-Tartar</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Eastern Karelia</td><td class="numeric">68,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">250,000</td><td>May, 1919</td>
+      <td>Military</td><td>Russia</td><td>Balto-Slavic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Finland</td><td class="numeric">125,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">3,500,000</td><td>Dec., 1917</td>
+      <td>Republic</td><td>Russia</td><td>Finns</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Murman Region</td><td class="numeric">35,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">100,000</td><td>July, 1918</td>
+      <td>Military</td><td>Russian</td><td>Finns</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>German Rep</td><td class="numeric">175,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">60,000,000</td><td>Nov., 1918</td>
+      <td>Republic</td><td>Germany</td><td>Germanic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Rep of German Austria</td><td class="numeric">28,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">10,000,000</td><td>Oct., 1918</td>
+      <td>Republic</td><td>Austria</td><td>Germanic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Hungarian Rep</td><td class="numeric">32,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">9,000,000</td><td>Nov., 1918</td>
+      <td>Soviet Rep</td><td>Hungary</td><td>Magyar</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a>
+        <a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>Rumania</td>
+      <td class="numeric">110,000</td><td class="numeric">12,500,000</td>
+      <td>1919</td><td>Kingdom</td><td>Rumania, Hungary, Bessarabia</td>
+      <td>Rumanian, Magyar</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Turkey in Europe</td><td class="numeric">10,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">1,900,000</td><td></td><td>Undet'd</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Turkish</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Anatolia, Asia Minor</td><td class="numeric">145,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">5,000,000</td><td></td><td>Undet'd</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Turkish</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Armenia, Asia Minor</td><td class="numeric">75,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">2,500,000</td><td>Aug., 1918</td>
+      <td>Undet'd</td><td>Turkey</td><td>Armenians</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Mesopotamia, Asia Minor</td><td class="numeric">143,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">2,000,000</td><td>1917</td>
+      <td>British Admin.</td><td>Turkey</td><td>Turks, Arabs, Persian</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Syria, Asia Minor</td><td class="numeric">37,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">1,000,000</td><td>1919</td><td>Undet'd</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Syrian, Turkish</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Palestine, Asia Minor</td><td class="numeric">16,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">500,000</td><td>1917</td><td>British Admin.</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Turks, Arabs, Jews</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Kingdom of Hejaz</td><td class="numeric">96,500</td>
+      <td class="numeric">300,000</td><td>June, 1916</td><td>Kingdom</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Arabs, Turks</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Nejd &amp; Hasa, Arabia</td><td class="numeric">No data</td>
+      <td class="numeric">No data</td><td>1913</td><td>Emirate</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Arabs</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Jebel Shammar, Arabia</td><td class="numeric">No data</td>
+      <td class="numeric">No data</td><td>1918</td><td>Emirate</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Bedouin</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Asir, Arabia</td><td class="numeric">No data</td>
+      <td class="numeric">No data</td><td>1918</td><td>Principate</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Arabs</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Yemen, Arabia</td><td class="numeric">No data</td>
+      <td class="numeric">No data</td><td>1918</td><td>Imamate</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Arabs</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Koweit, Arabia</td><td class="numeric">No data</td>
+      <td class="numeric">No data</td><td>1918</td><td>Sultanate</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Arabs</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Oman, Arabia</td><td class="numeric">82,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">500,000</td><td>1913</td>
+      <td>G. Brit &amp; France</td><td>Turkey</td><td>Arabs</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr><td>Egypt</td><td class="numeric">350,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">12,000,000</td><td>1914</td><td>Great Britain</td>
+      <td>Turkey</td><td>Egyptian</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>German East Africa</td><td class="numeric">384,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">8,000,000</td><td>1918</td>
+      <td>Great Britain</td><td>German Colony</td><td>Bantu</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>German S. W. Africa</td><td class="numeric">322,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">200,000</td><td>1915</td><td>British S. Africa</td>
+      <td>German Colony</td><td>Hottentots</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Kamerun</td><td class="numeric">191,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">2,500,000</td><td>1916</td>
+      <td>British &amp; French</td><td>German Colony</td><td>Sudanese</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Togo</td><td class="numeric">33,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">1,000,000</td><td>1914</td><td>Allied Mil</td>
+      <td>German Colony</td><td>Hamitic</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Kaiser Wilhelm Land</td><td class="numeric">70,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">250,000</td><td>1918</td><td>Australia</td>
+      <td>German Colony</td><td>Malay</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Ger. Samoan Islands</td><td class="numeric">1,200</td>
+      <td class="numeric">40,000</td><td>1918</td><td>Australia</td>
+      <td>German Colony</td><td>Samoan</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Nauru Islands</td>
+      <td class="numeric"><a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a>
+        <a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></td>
+      <td></td><td>1918</td><td>Mandate&mdash;British</td>
+      <td>German Colony</td><td>Samoan</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Ger. S. Pacific Islands</td><td class="numeric">15,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">350,000</td><td>1918</td><td>Australia</td>
+      <td>German Colony</td><td>Malay</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Ger. N. Pacific Islands</td><td class="numeric">5,000</td>
+      <td class="numeric">600,000</td><td>1918</td><td>Mandate&mdash; Japan</td>
+      <td>German Colony</td><td>Malay</td></tr> <tr><td>Kiau Chau</td>
+      <td class="numeric">200</td><td class="numeric">200,000</td>
+      <td>1918</td><td>Mandate&mdash; Japan</td><td>German Colony</td><td>Chinese</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a>Latest available estimate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a>Enlarged by absorption of Hungarian territory.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a>A small island in the Marshall Group occupied as a wireless station; also known as Pleasant Island.</p></div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>OUR PART IN WINNING THE WAR<br />
+Official Figures That Reveal the Enormous Contribution of This Country
+in Men, Money and Supplies</h2>
+
+<div id="contribution">
+  <p class="centerbig">FIGURES OF AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR
+    <a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a>
+    <a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+  </p>
+  <p class="center">Revised to August 1, 1919</p>
+
+  <hr class="minor" />
+  <table class="nobrdr" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="U.S. contribution">
+    <tr>
+      <td>Total armed forces, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps, etc.</td>
+      <td class="numeric">4,800,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Total men in the Army</td><td class="numeric">4,000,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Men who went overseas</td><td class="numeric">2,086,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Men who fought in France</td><td class="numeric">1,390,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Greatest number sent in one month</td><td class="numeric">306,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Greatest number returning in one month</td><td class="numeric">333,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Tons of supplies shipped from America to France</td><td class="numeric">7,500,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Total registered in draft</td><td class="numeric">24,234,021</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Total draft inductions</td><td class="numeric">2,810,296</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+     <td>Greatest number inducted in one month</td><td class="numeric">400,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Graduates of Line Officers' Training Schools</td><td class="numeric">80,568</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Cost of war to April 30, 1919</td><td class="numeric">$21,850,000,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Cost of Army to April 30, 1919</td><td class="numeric">$13,930,000,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Battles fought by American troops</td><td class="numeric">13</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Months of American participation in the war</td><td class="numeric">19</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Days of battle</td><td class="numeric">200</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Days of duration of Meuse-Argonne battle</td><td class="numeric">47</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Americans in Meuse-Argonne battle</td><td class="numeric">1,200,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>American casualties in Meuse-Argonne battle</td><td class="numeric">120,000</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>American battle deaths in war</td><td class="numeric">50,300</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>American wounded in war</td><td class="numeric">205,690</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>American deaths from disease</td><td class="numeric">57,500</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Total deaths in the Army</td><td class="numeric">115,500</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <p class="footnote">
+    <a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a>
+    <a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a>
+      From the <em>War with Germany</em>&mdash;<span class="smcap">A
+      Statistical Summary</span>, by Leonard P. Ayres, Colonel,
+      General Staff, U. S. A. (For statistics of American casualties
+      revised to the end of 1919, see Vol. III, pp. 403-6.)
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The part played by the United States in the war is statistically and
+graphically summarized in a compact little book prepared by Colonel
+Leonard P. Ayres of the Statistical Staff of the War Department.
+Attentively as the public may have followed the published reports of the
+many progressive steps and stages of our preparation for and
+participation in the war, much of the matter in <em>The War With
+Germany&mdash;A Statistical Summary</em> will have surprising interest. It
+is the first time a comprehensive view of the character and magnitude of
+our war activities has been made possible through anything so concrete
+and authoritative. The data were obtained from official reports, during
+the war, to the President, Secretary of War and Chief-of-Staff from the
+American Peace Commission in Paris, from the files of the Supreme War
+Council in Versailles, and other sources; and though, as Colonel Ayres
+states, it was still impossible to get final figures on some points or
+wholly reliable ones on others, care was taken to insure the degree of
+reliability reasonably practicable. The diagrams, figures and other
+information presented here and elsewhere in this volume are reproduced
+from Colonel Ayres' <em>Summary</em>, second edition, revised to August 1,
+1919.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/ill-281.png" width="400" height="406"
+alt="Male Population Registered and Not Registered"
+title="Male Population Registered and Not Registered" />
+<p class="credit">Official Government Statistics.</p>
+<p class="caption">Male Population Registered and Not Registered</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE SELECTIVE SERVICE</h3>
+
+<p>"The willingness," Colonel Ayres says, "with which the American people
+accepted the universal draft was the most remarkable feature in the
+history of our preparation for war. It is a noteworthy evidence of the
+enthusiastic support given the war program that, despite the previous
+hostility to the principle of universal liability for military service,
+a few months after the selective service law was passed, the standing of
+the drafted soldier was fully as honorable in the estimation of his
+companions and of the country in general as was that of the man who
+enlisted voluntarily. Moreover, the record of desertions from the Army
+shows that the total was smaller than in previous wars and a smaller
+percentage occurred among drafted men than among those who volunteered.
+The Selective Service Law was passed on May 19, 1917, and as
+subsequently amended, it mobilized all the man power of the nation from
+the ages of 18 to 45 inclusive. Under this act, 24,234,021 men were
+registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the
+military service on the first draft. But during the war, from April 6,
+1917, to November 11, 1918, about 4,000,000 served in the Army of the
+United States." The total number serving the armed forces of the
+country, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps and other services, amounted
+to 4,800,000. Approximately five men out of every 100 citizens were in
+arms. Of these, 2,086,000, constituting the American Expeditionary
+Force, were in service on the Western front. Those who saw actual
+fighting were 1,390,000.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting in this connection to record the fact that in our
+greatest previous war, the Civil War, 2,400,000 men served in the
+Northern Armies and in the Navy. In that struggle 10 men in each 100
+inhabitants of the Northern States served as soldiers or sailors.</p>
+
+<p>The fact is pointed out by Colonel Ayres that though the British sent to
+France more men in their first year than we did in our first year, it
+took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 men in France
+whereas the United States reached that strength in France in a year and
+a half. But as an offset, it must be borne in mind that the British had
+to use men from the beginning to fill terrible casualty gaps, which was
+not the case with the American steadily building forces, and that the
+British also were sending men to several other battle fronts than those
+of France.</p>
+
+<h3>HOW THE DRAFT WAS MADE UP</h3>
+
+<p>Under the draft, registrants were subjected to a preliminary examination
+by the local boards to determine who were not of sufficient soundness
+and vigor for military life. Those accepted as qualified for service
+were sent to training camps where they underwent a second examination
+and rejections were made of those in any serious way defective. The not
+surprising result of the examinations was the demonstration that men
+representing the highest order of physical condition came from
+agricultural districts, the country bred boys far excelling those reared
+in the city. Taken by States it is noteworthy that men from the Middle
+West and those from Kentucky and Arkansas of the Southern States had the
+highest record, their physical condition enabling 70 to 80 percent. to
+pass the two examinations. The lowest percentage was in the New England
+States, in New York, in Michigan and in Western States that have for
+years been health resorts, where subnormal persons from all over the
+country resort. The percentage of men from those states who passed the
+two examinations was but 50 to 59. The intermediate ranges were 60 to
+69.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>
+
+Under the two examinations not only did country boys make a
+better showing than city boys (100,000 country boys would furnish for
+military service 4,700 more soldiers than would an equal number of city
+boys), but the white registrants were better than the colored, the
+native-born better than the alien-born. Under the analysis 100,000
+whites would furnish 1,240 more soldiers than would an equal number of
+colored; and 100,000 native-born would yield 3,500 more soldiers than
+would the like number of foreign-born. As 3,500 men are equivalent to an
+infantry regiment at full war strength, the value of these differences
+can be appreciated.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/ill-282.png" width="400" height="387"
+alt="Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War"
+title="Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War" />
+<p class="credit">Official Government Statistics.</p>
+<p class="caption">Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War</p></div>
+
+<p>About 200,000 commissioned officers were required for the Army. Less
+than 9,000 were in the Federal Service at the beginning of the
+war,&mdash;5,791 were Regulars and 3,199 were officers of the National
+Guard in Federal Service. Thus out of every six officers one had had
+previous training in the army, Guard or ranks; three trained for their
+commissions in officers' training camps; two went from civil life into
+the army with little or no military training&mdash;the latter being in
+the majority physicians, ministers or technical men.</p>
+
+<h3>CAMPS AND TRAINING</h3>
+
+<p>Shelter was constructed in a few months for the accommodation of
+1,800,000 men under training. For the National Guard and National Army
+divisions there were 16 camps and 16 cantonments, chiefly in the North.
+For National Guard Units organized during the summer of 1917 there were
+canvas camps in the South. One division, the Rainbow, required no
+training field, as it was assembled directly at Camp Mills for early
+transportation to France. The average American soldier who went to
+France received six months' training before he sailed and two months
+more in a quiet sector after reaching France, before entering the battle
+line.</p>
+
+<p>The infantry soldier was trained in the division, the American typical
+unit, composed of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Before the
+signing of the armistice there had been trained and sent overseas 42
+divisions, the training of 12 more was well advanced and 4 others were
+being organized. Had the war continued this country would have had 80
+divisions overseas before July, 1919, and 100 by the end of that year.</p>
+
+<p>This country had the benefit in its training camps of 547 of the ablest
+French and English officers who had seen service on the Western front
+and were sent over to bring to the training of our men the approved
+methods developed in the experiences of the war. There were besides 226
+non-commissioned British officers detailed as instructors. Colonel Ayres
+says they rendered services out of all proportion to their number, being
+a significant contribution to our training program.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>GETTING THE TROOPS OVER</h3>
+
+<p>Especially impressive are the figures dealing with troop movements:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"During our nineteen months of war more than 2,000,000 American soldiers
+were carried to France. Half a million of these went over in the first
+thirteen months, the others in the last six months.</p>
+
+<p>"The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918, when
+306,000 soldiers were carried to Europe, and June, 1919, when 364,000
+were brought home to America.</p>
+
+<p>"Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York. Half of
+them landed in England and the other half landed in France.</p>
+
+<p>"Among every 100 Americans who went over forty-nine went in British
+ships, forty-five in American ships, three in Italian, two in French,
+and one in Russian shipping under English control.</p>
+
+<p>"Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every seventy days and our
+troopships one complete trip every thirty-five days.</p>
+
+<p>"The cargo fleet was almost exclusively American. It reached the size of
+2,700,000 dead-weight tons and carried to Europe about 7,500,000 tons of
+cargo.</p>
+
+<p>"The greatest troopship among all the ships has been the <cite>Leviathan</cite>,
+which landed 12,000 men (the equivalent of a German division) in France
+every month.</p>
+
+<p>"The fastest transports have been the <cite>Great Northern</cite> and the <cite>Northern
+Pacific</cite>, which have made complete turn-arounds, taken on new troops and
+started back again in nineteen days."</p></div>
+
+<h3>TRANSPORTATION EXTRAORDINARY</h3>
+
+<p><span lang="fr">Apropos</span> of the rapid transportation Colonel Ayres says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In June (1918) with the German drives in full swing, the Allies called
+on us to continue the extraordinary transportation of troops begun in
+April. The early movement had been met by filling up the divisions that
+sailed with the best trained men wherever they could be found. Divisions
+embarked after July 1 had to meet shortages with men called to the
+colors in the spring. By November the average period of training in the
+United States had been shortened to close to four months, and the
+average for the period July 1 to Nov. 11 was probably five months.</p>
+
+<p>"In the last months of the war, the induction of men was carried forward
+at top speed and every device was used for hastening training. The
+result fully justified the effort. Into the great Meuse-Argonne
+offensive we were able to throw a force of 1,200,000 men, while we had
+many thousands of troops engaged in other parts of the line. Our
+training camp officers stood up to the test; our men with their
+intensive drilling in open-order fighting, which has characterized
+American training, routed the best of the German divisions from the
+Argonne Forest and the Valley of the Meuse."</p></div>
+
+<h3>FEEDING AND CLOTHING PROBLEMS</h3>
+
+<p>When an army is 3,000 or 4,000 miles from its sources of supply the
+amounts of supplies in reserve and in transit are enormous as compared
+with the quantities actually consumed each month. As an example the army
+purchases of blankets in 1918 were two and one-quarter times as great as
+the entire American production in 1914. Put differently, the blankets
+bought in one year for the use of 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 soldiers would
+have been sufficient to make good the normal consumption of blankets by
+100,000,000 American civilians for two and a quarter years. So
+proportionately with other things, the rule for clothing was that for
+every man at the front there must be a three months' reserve in France,
+another two or three months' reserve in the United States and a third
+three months' supply continuously in transit.</p>
+
+<p>The same thing was true of other supplies and munitions. The need for
+reserves and the time required for transportation called for the supply
+of enormous quantities and called for it at once.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An indication of the quartermaster problem may be obtained from the fact
+that between April 6, 1917, and May 31, 1918, there was delivered to the
+army 131,800,000 pairs of wool stockings, 85,000,000 undershirts,
+83,600,000 drawers, 30,700,000 pairs of shoes, 26,500,000 flannel
+shirts, 21,700,000 blankets, 21,700,000 wool breeches, 13,900,000 wool
+coats, and 8,300,000 overcoats. When the troop movement was speeded up
+in 1918 Colonel Ayres states that the margin of woolen clothing was
+dangerously narrow, and to secure these and other articles in sufficient
+quantity it was found necessary to take control of all states of the
+manufacturing process, from assembling the raw material to inspecting
+the finished product.</p>
+
+<p>At no time was there a shortage of food in the expeditionary forces.
+Soldiers sometimes went hungry in this as in all other wars, but the
+condition was local and temporary. It occurred because of transportation
+difficulties during periods of active fighting or rapid movement when
+the units outran their rolling kitchens.</p>
+
+<p>In France American engineers built seventeen new ship berths and 1,000
+miles of standard and 125 miles of narrow gauge railroads. The Signal
+Corps strung 100,000 miles of telephone wires, and 40,000 American made
+motor trucks were shipped overseas. In this country army
+construction
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>
+
+projects cost twice as much as the Panama Canal and were on nearly as
+large a scale overseas.</p></div>
+
+<p>The storage space constructed in France was more than nine-tenths as
+large as that built at home. The amount of food on hand from the time
+the American troops entered active fighting never fell below a 45 days'
+supply, and at the time of the submarine scare, was kept at 59 to 72
+days' supply.</p>
+
+<p>Likewise the supply of clothing arose to the emergency of combat.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The records of the quartermaster show that during the six months of
+hard fighting, from June to November, the enlisted man in the A. E. F.
+received on the average:</p>
+
+<p>"Slicker and overcoat, every 5 months; blanket, flannel shirt, and
+breeches, every 2 months; coat, every 79 days; shoes and puttees, every
+51 days; drawers and undershirt, every 34 days; woolen socks, every 23
+days."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GUNS AND MUNITIONS</h3>
+
+<p>When war was declared we had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield rifles.
+The American Enfield rifle was designed and manufactured. The total
+production of the two up to the signing of the armistice was over
+2,500,000. The production of rifle ammunition amounted to 3,500,000,000,
+of which half was shipped overseas, in addition to the 200,000,000
+rounds secured from the French and British.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>During the war the Browning automatic rifle and the Browning machine gun
+were developed, put into quantity production and used in large numbers
+in the final battles in France. Before the war the allowance of machine
+guns in the American Army was four guns to a regiment; the allowance now
+is 336 to a regiment, testimony to the demonstrated importance in war of
+that effective weapon. The Browning machine guns are believed to be more
+effective than the corresponding weapons used in any other army.</p>
+
+<p>The total number of machine guns produced in America up to the end of
+1918 was 226,557, of these 69,960 being of the light Browning and 56,612
+of the heavy Browning type. The Vickers field machine guns produced
+totaled 12,125, the other field guns 6,366, the Lewis aircraft guns,
+39,200, the Browning aircraft 580, the Marlin aircraft 38,000, and the
+Vickers aircraft 3,714. Before Nov. 1, 1918, 29,000 light Brownings,
+27,000 heavy Brownings, and 1,500,000,000 rounds of rifle and
+machine-gun ammunition were shipped.</p>
+
+<p>When war was declared the United States had sufficient light artillery
+to equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found itself confronted
+with the problem of preparing to equip 5,000,000 men. To meet the
+situation, it was decided in June, 1917, to allot our guns to training
+purposes and to equip our forces in France with artillery conforming to
+the French and British standard calibers. It was arranged that we should
+purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for our first
+divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts of steel, copper
+and other raw materials so that they could either manufacture guns for
+us in their own factories or give us guns out of their stocks and
+replace them by new ones made from our materials.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery units
+produced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal to all those
+purchased from the French and British during the war. The number of
+rounds of complete artillery ammunition produced in American plants was
+in excess of 20,000,000, as compared with 10,000,000 rounds secured from
+the French and British. In the first twenty months after the declaration
+of war by each country, the British did better than we did in the
+production of light artillery, and we excelled them in producing heavy
+artillery and both light and heavy shells.</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE ARTILLERY SUPPLY</h3>
+
+<p>Colonel Ayres says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The most important single fact about our artillery in France is that we
+always had a sufficient supply of light artillery for the combat
+divisions that were ready for front-line service. This does not mean
+that when the divisions went into the battle line they always had their
+artillery with them, for in a number of cases they did not.</p>
+
+<p>"The result of the compilation is to show that in every 100 days that
+our combat divisions were in line they were supported by their own
+artillery for seventy-five days, by British artillery for five days, by
+French for one and one-half days, and were without artillery for
+eighteen and one-half days out of the 100. Of these eighteen and
+one-half days, however, eighteen days were in quiet sectors and only
+one-half of one day in each hundred was in active sectors. There are
+only three records of American divisions being in an active sector
+without artillery support. The total of these three cases amounts to
+one-half of 1 per cent., or about fourteen hours out of the typical 100
+days just analyzed.</p>
+
+<p>"The facts can be summarized in round numbers with approximate accuracy
+by saying that we had in France 3,500 pieces of artillery of which
+nearly 500 were made in America, and we used on the firing line 2,250,
+of which over 100 were made in America."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE CAMPAIGN OF 1919</h3>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of his chapter on rifles and machine guns Colonel
+Ayres has an interesting
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
+
+bit of semi-critical comment on the question of foresight, of which some
+desk-experts have been inclined to doubt the United States authorities
+were possessed. He says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"At this point it is appropriate to comment on the fact that there are
+many articles of munitions in which American production reached great
+amounts by the fall of 1918 but which were not used in large quantities
+at the front because the armistice was signed before big supplies of
+them reached France. In the main, these munitions are articles of
+ordnance and aviation equipment, involving such technical difficulties
+of manufacture that their production could not be improvised or even
+greatly abbreviated in time.</p>
+
+<p>"As the production figures are scrutinized in retrospect, and it is
+realized that many millions of dollars were spent on army equipment that
+was never used at the front, it seems fair to question whether prudent
+foresight could not have avoided some of this expense.</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps the best answer to the question is to be found in the record of
+a conference that took place in the little French town of Trois
+Fontaines on October 4, 1918, between Marshal Foch and the American
+Secretary of War.</p>
+
+<p>"In that conference the Allied Commander-in-Chief made final
+arrangements with the American Secretary as to the shipment of American
+troops and munitions in great numbers during the fall and winter
+preparatory for the campaign of 1919.</p>
+
+<p>"This was one day before the first German peace note and 38 days before
+the end of the war, but Marshal Foch was then calling upon America to
+make her great shipments of munitions and her supreme contribution of
+man-power for the campaign of the following year."</p></div>
+
+<h3>GAS AND EXPLOSIVES</h3>
+
+<p>One of the striking contributions to the cause of the Allies was the
+enormous quantity of smokeless powder and high explosives produced. From
+April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918, the production of smokeless powder
+in the United States was 632,000,000 pounds, which was almost equal to
+the combined production of France and Great Britain. But by the time the
+war ended the production of smokeless powder in this country was 45 per
+cent. greater than that of France and Great Britain combined.</p>
+
+<p>The output of high explosives, T.N.T. and others, increased rapidly from
+its pre-war status to a quantity 40 percent. greater than that of Great
+Britain, and nearly double the French production at the close of the
+war.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The result of the high rate of production of both smokeless powder and
+high explosives was that the artillery ammunition program was never
+held up for lack of either the powder which hurls the bullet or the
+shell from the gun, or the high explosive which makes the shell
+effective when it reaches its destination."</p></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Ayres says of toxic gases:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When the clouds of chlorine suddenly enveloped the British and French
+lines in the Ypres salient, early in 1915, a new weapon was introduced
+into the war. That it was a powerful weapon is evidenced by the fact
+that during the year 1918 from 20 to 30 percent. of all our battle
+casualties were due to gas.</p>
+
+<p>"At the time we entered the war we had practically no experience in
+manufacturing toxic gases, and no existing facilities which could be
+readily converted to such use. At the signing of the armistice we were
+equipped to produce gas at a more rapid rate than France, England, or
+Germany."</p></div>
+
+<h3>THE AIR SERVICE</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the declaration of war the United States had fifty-five training
+airplanes, of which fifty-one were classified as obsolete and the other
+four as obsolescent. When we entered the war the Allies made the designs
+of their planes available to us and before the end of hostilities
+furnished us from their own manufacture 3,800 service planes.</p>
+
+<p>"Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602 men from
+elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses. More than 5,000
+pilots and observers were sent overseas. The total personnel of the Air
+Service, officers, students, and enlisted men, increased from 1,200 at
+the outbreak of the war to nearly 200,000 at its close.</p>
+
+<p>"There were produced in the United States to Nov. 30, 1918, more than
+8,000 training planes and more than 16,000 training engines.</p>
+
+<p>"The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the only plane
+the United States put into quantity production. Before the signing of
+the armistice 3,227 had been completed and 1,885 shipped overseas. The
+plane was successfully used at the front for three months.</p>
+
+<p>"The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's chief
+contribution to aviation. Before the armistice 13,574 had been
+completed, 4,435 shipped to the expeditionary forces, and 1,025
+delivered to the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>"The first fliers in action wearing the American uniforms were members
+of the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to the American
+service in December, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>"The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in April to
+45 in November, 1918. On Nov. 11 the 45 squadrons had an equipment of
+740 planes.</p>
+
+<p>"Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American aviators
+667, or nearly one-fourth, were of American manufacture.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"American air squadrons played important r&ocirc;les in the battles of
+Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought
+down in combat 755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes
+numbered only 357."</p>
+
+<p>"The squadrons were of four types: Observation squadrons, whose business
+it is to make observations, take photographs, and direct artillery fire;
+pursuit squadrons, using light fighting planes to protect the
+observation planes at their work, to drive the enemy from the air, or to
+<em>strafe</em> marching columns by machine-gun fire; the day bombers, whose
+work was the dropping of bombs on railways or roads; and the night
+bombers, carrying heavier bomb loads for the destruction of strategic
+enemy works."</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/ill-286.png" width="800" height="726"
+alt="Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month"
+title="Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month" />
+<p class="credit">Official Government Statistics</p>
+<p class="caption">Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month</p></div>
+
+<p>At the armistice there were on the front 20 pursuit squadrons, 18
+observation squadrons and 7 bomber squadrons with 1,238 flying officers
+and 740 service planes, in addition to which there were 23 balloon
+companies.</p>
+
+<h3>CARGO SHIPMENTS</h3>
+
+<p>Altogether, from our entrance into the war through April, 1919, the Army
+shipped from this side of the Atlantic nearly seven and a half million
+tons (7,500,000) of cargo.</p>
+
+<p>Included in the cargo shipment were 1,791 consolidation locomotives of
+the 100-ton type. Of these, 650 were shipped, set up on their own wheels
+so that they could be unloaded in France and run off in a few hours
+under their own steam.</p>
+
+<p>The Army also shipped 26,994 standard-gauge freight cars; motor car
+trucks to the number of 47,018, and rails and fittings for the
+reinforcing of French railways and for the construction of our own lines
+of communications to the aggregate of 423,000 tons. The Army also
+shipped 68,694 horses and mules.</p>
+
+<h3>SIGNAL CORPS STATISTICS</h3>
+
+<p>In order to operate the transportation of supplies in France the Signal
+Corps strung its wires over nearly every part of that country. At the
+end of the war the Signal Corps was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>
+
+operating 282 telephone exchanges and 133 complete telegraph stations.
+The telephone lines numbered 14,956, reaching 8,959 stations. More than
+100,000 miles of wire had been strung. The peak load of operation
+reached was 47,555 telegrams a day, averaging 60 words each.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/ill-287.png" width="800" height="825"
+alt="Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice"
+title="Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice" />
+<p class="credit">Official Government Statistics</p>
+<p class="caption">Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice</p></div>
+
+<h3>CONSTRUCTION STATISTICS</h3>
+
+<p>In building factories and storage warehouses for supplies as well as
+housing for troops, 200,000 workmen in the United States were kept
+continuously occupied for the period of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The operations of the Construction Division constituted what was
+probably the largest contracting business ever handled in one office.
+The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were
+about $800,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Construction projects were conducted in France by the Corps of Engineers
+under the services of supplies. Up to the signing of the armistice these
+projects had been undertaken to the number of 831, distributed all over
+France. To economize tonnage, materials were obtained in Europe as far
+as possible. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries, and its own
+logging camps and saw-mills. The labor force consisted largely of
+American soldiers and German prisoners, though French and English
+civilians and Chinese coolies were used wherever available.</p>
+
+<h3>TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE</h3>
+
+<p>Of our combat forces Colonel Ayres says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part
+in battle. The number who reached France was 2,086,000, and of these
+1,390,000 saw active service in the front line.</p>
+
+<p>"American combat forces were organized into divisions, which consisted
+of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were the largest on the
+Western front, since the British division numbered about 15,000 and
+those of the French and Germans about 12,000 each. There were sent
+overseas 42 American divisions and several hundred thousand
+supplementary artillery and service of supply troops.</p>
+
+<p>"Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active combat
+service, while the others were used for replacements or were just
+arriving during the last month of hostilities. The battle record of the
+United States Army in this war is largely the history of these 29 combat
+divisions. Seven of them were Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized
+from the National Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops.</p>
+
+<p>"American combat divisions were in battle for 200 days, from the 25th of
+April, 1918, when the first Regular division after long training in
+quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the Picardy front, until the
+signing of the armistice. During these 200 days they were engaged in 13
+major operations, of which 11 were joint enterprises
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>
+
+with the French, British, and Italians, and 2 were distinctively
+American.</p>
+
+<p>"At the time of their greatest activity in the second week of October
+all 29 American divisions were in action. They then held 101 miles of
+front, or 23 percent. of the entire allied battle line. From the middle
+of August until the end of the war they held, during the greater part of
+the time a front longer than that held by the British. Their strength
+tipped the balance of man-power in favor of the Allies, so that from the
+middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the Allied forces were
+superior in numbers to those of the enemy."</p></div>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-288.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-288thumb.jpg" width="400" height="269"
+alt="Our Flag in Alsace"
+title="Our Flag in Alsace " />
+</a>
+<p class="caption">Our Flag in Alsace</p>
+<p class="description">A scene in Alsace after the armistice when American doughboys occupied a
+small town. They were welcomed there by the inhabitants.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-288.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The total battle advances of the American divisions amounted to 782
+kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17
+miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They
+captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench
+mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter
+the enemy advance toward Paris, and to turn retreat into a triumphant
+offensive.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated in reference to the part played by the American divisions
+in the Argonne-Meuse that it was the 77th Division of New York selective
+draft men that achieved the greatest advance against the
+enemy&mdash;71&frac12; kilometers, or nearly 45 miles.</p>
+
+<p>In that battle the American Army captured 16,059 prisoners, liberated
+150 French towns and villages, and as an army penetrated 34 miles into
+territory previously held by the Germans.</p>
+
+<h3>THE DEADLIEST WAR</h3>
+
+<p>In his chapter on "Health and Casualties," Colonel Ayres reminds us that
+"the war was undoubtedly the bloodiest that has ever been fought." The
+total battle deaths is given as 7,450,200. Russia led the death list
+with 1,700,000; Germany came next with 1,600,000; France next with
+1,385,300; Great Britain next with 900,000; Austria, 800,000; Italy,
+364,000; Turkey, 250,000; Serbia and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>
+
+Montenegro, 125,000; Belgium, 102,000; Rumania and Bulgaria 100,000
+each; the United States, 50,300; Greece, 7,000; Portugal, 2,000.</p>
+
+<p>Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part, 2 were killed
+or died of disease during the period of hostilities. Among the other
+nations between 20 and 25 in every 100 were killed or died.</p>
+
+<p>The total deaths were greater than all the deaths in all wars for more
+than one hundred years previous. In the above figures only deaths
+resulting directly from action are included. The total deaths from all
+causes is very much larger. Some of the armies lost more heavily through
+disease and privation than from battle. With regard to civilians' deaths
+due to the war, see Volume XII.</p>
+
+<div class="thumbbox">
+<a href="images/ill-289.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill-289thumb.jpg" width="400" height="344"
+alt="Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers"
+title="Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers" />
+</a>
+<p class="credit">National Service Magazine</p>
+<p class="caption">Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers</p>
+<p class="description">The head of the War Department is drawing for the first capsule after
+the registration of young men who have become of age in the past year.
+All told 24,000,000 names were registered in the draft.</p>
+<p class="click"><a href="images/ill-289.jpg">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+<table style="width:75%;" border="1" summary="index">
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Ain">A</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Bin">B</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Cin">C</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Din">D</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Ein">E</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Fin">F</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Gin">G</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Hin">H</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Iin">I</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Jin">J</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Kin">K</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Lin">L</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Min">M</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Nin">N</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Oin">O</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Pin">P</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Qin">Q</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Rin">R</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Sin">S</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Tin">T</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Uin">U</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Vin">V</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Win">W</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Xin">X</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Yin">Y</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Zin">Z</a></th>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Ain" id="Ain">A</a></li>
+<li>Abbas Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.</li>
+<li>Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct, 4, '18, v: 239.</li>
+<li>Abbeville agreement,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on U. S. military participation in War, v: I28, 284;</li>
+  <li>text, v: 378.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.</li>
+<li><cite>Aboukir</cite>, British cruiser, sunk by <cite>U-9</cite>, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.</li>
+<li>Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>Acceleration, in projectiles viii: 111.</li>
+<li>Achi Baba,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Acre taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.</li>
+<li>Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.</li>
+<li>Adana, British objective in Turkish Campaigns, ii: 90.</li>
+<li>Adler, Friedrich, kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Sturgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.</li>
+<li>Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal ofHonor, x: 395.</li>
+<li><cite>Admiral Charner</cite>, French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.</li>
+<li>Adramyti Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.</li>
+<li>Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.</li>
+<li>Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.</li>
+<li>Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, <a href="#Page_71">xii: 71</a>.</li>
+<li>A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.</li>
+<li>Aerial photography,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14;</li>
+  <li>gun cameras, description, viii: 216;</li>
+  <li>value, viii: 226, 331;</li>
+  <li>diffculties, viii: 228;</li>
+  <li>U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235;</li>
+  <li>future, viii: 234;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Photography.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aeronautics:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Airplanes,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123;</li>
+    <li>use of depth bombs by, iv: 332;</li>
+    <li>torpedo planes, iv: 335;</li>
+    <li>number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;</li>
+    <li>as war weapon, viii: <em>Intro.</em>, xi: 214;</li>
+    <li>detection by sounds rangers, viii: 20;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216;</li>
+    <li>Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189;</li>
+    <li>Farman plane, viii: 189;</li>
+    <li>utility in scouting, viii: 189;</li>
+    <li>albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192;</li>
+    <li>Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192;</li>
+    <li>Allied and German types compared, viii: 194;</li>
+    <li>Spad biplanes, viii: 194;</li>
+    <li>General utility planes, viii: 196;</li>
+    <li>Gotha biplanes, viii: 196;</li>
+    <li>Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223;</li>
+    <li>aero engines, development of, vii: 198-200;</li>
+    <li>Liberty motor, viii: 199;</li>
+    <li>construction, essentials in, viii: 200;</li>
+    <li>maneuvering, types of, viii: 200;</li>
+    <li>Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201;</li>
+    <li>French types, viii: 202, 206;</li>
+    <li>British types, viii: 203-206;</li>
+    <li>British planes, viii: 203;</li>
+    <li>D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204;</li>
+    <li>German equipment, viii: 206;</li>
+    <li>Pre-War record flights, viii: 206;</li>
+    <li>National supremacy, viii: 207;</li>
+    <li>Machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208;</li>
+    <li>aerial marksmanship, viii: 210;</li>
+    <li>&quot;C. C. Gear,&quot; for timing gunfire through propeller blades, viii: 214-216;</li>
+    <li>navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;</li>
+    <li>bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224;</li>
+    <li>A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221;</li>
+    <li>Gotha bombers, viii: 221;</li>
+    <li>Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222;</li>
+    <li>Caproni triplanes, viii: 223;</li>
+    <li>Caudron bombers, viii: 223;</li>
+    <li>Letord bombers, viii: 223;</li>
+    <li>Voisin bombers, viii: 223;</li>
+    <li>Breguet bombers, viii: 224;</li>
+    <li>spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308;</li>
+    <li>signals for landing in dark, viii: 335;</li>
+    <li>value in directing artillery fire, viii 337, xi: 277;</li>
+    <li>ambulance planes, viii: 379;</li>
+    <li>U. S., in War, xi: 218;</li>
+    <li>development, xi: 219;</li>
+    <li>Use against submarine, xi: 239;</li>
+    <li>commercial uses <a href="#Page_103">xii: 103</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Aviators,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>duties, iii: 392;</li>
+    <li>kinds of patrol, iii: 392;</li>
+    <li>fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358;</li>
+    <li>qualifications, xi: 215.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Balloons,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>development for war use, iv: 288;</li>
+    <li>in naval operations, iv: 289;</li>
+    <li>number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;</li>
+    <li>functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;</li>
+    <li>parachutes use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263;</li>
+    <li>hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Dirigibles, use in coast patrol, iv: 290;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;</li>
+    <li>in long-distance transportation, Pg531 243-245;</li>
+    <li>British types, viii: 245;</li>
+    <li><cite>R-34</cite>, description, viii: 245, 254;</li>
+    <li><cite>R-34</cite>, crosses Atlantic, viii: 2445;</li>
+    <li>U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257;</li>
+    <li>U. S. &quot;Blimps,&quot; viii: 245, 255-257;</li>
+    <li>U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257;</li>
+    <li>mooring masts, viii: 245;</li>
+    <li>development in different countries, iii: 254;</li>
+    <li><cite>R-33</cite>, sister ship of <cite>R-34</cite>, viii: 254;</li>
+    <li>Zeppelins, <em>see below</em> under Aeronautics.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navigation, rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, <a href="#Page_246">xii: 246</a>.</li>
+  <li>Observation,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 337, xi: 277;</li>
+    <li>uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;</li>
+    <li>utility in War, xi: 216.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Seaplanes,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in battle of Jutland, iv: 107;</li>
+    <li>for submarine spotting, iv: 285;</li>
+    <li>U. S. <cite>N-C-4</cite> first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240;</li>
+    <li>N-C flying boats, desription, viii: 236-240.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Zeppelins, progress in construction, '14&mdash;'18, viii: 241;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>use during War, viii: 24-246-248;</li>
+    <li>description, viii: 248-254;</li>
+    <li>number in crew, viii: 254.</li>
+    <li><em>See also</em> under each country.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Airplane see Aeronautics, Airplane.</li>
+<li>Afghanistan,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104;</li>
+  <li>friendly to England during War, vi: 78;</li>
+  <li>changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80;</li>
+  <li>border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Africa,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dark continent, i: 10;</li>
+  <li>European pennetration, i: 48;</li>
+  <li>&quot;spheres of influence,&quot; i: 96.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>African campaigns, iii: 250-256;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>tropical peculiarities, iii: 250;</li>
+  <li>German handicaps, iii: 252;</li>
+  <li>Operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252;</li>
+  <li>in Togoland, iii: 252;</li>
+  <li>in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253;</li>
+  <li>in Gernan East Africa, iii: 255.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Agirdir incident, Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.</li>
+<li><cite>Agamemnon</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>hit by gun fire, iv: 43.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Agram, suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Ahmed Fevzi Trurkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.</li>
+<li>Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.</li>
+<li>Air raids,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333;</li>
+  <li>use of Zeppelins in vii: 246;</li>
+  <li>success of xi: 216;</li>
+  <li>on:
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>England,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Aug. 9, '15, i: 381;</li>
+      <li>Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;</li>
+      <li>Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;</li>
+      <li>Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;</li>
+      <li>Jan. 31, '16, i: 384;</li>
+      <li>Mar. 1, '16, i: 384;</li>
+      <li>Mar. 5, '16, i: 384;</li>
+      <li>Mar. 19, '16, i: 384;</li>
+      <li>Apr. 1&mdash;3, '16, i: 385;</li>
+      <li>Apr. 24, '16, i: 385;</li>
+      <li>Aug. 9, '16, i: 386;</li>
+      <li>Sept. 23, '16, i: 388;</li>
+      <li>Sept. 25, '16, i: 388;</li>
+      <li>Oct. 1, '16, i: 388;</li>
+      <li>attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4;</li>
+      <li>first attack on London, iii: 41.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Paris,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Jan. 30, '16, i: 384;</li>
+      <li>Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.</li>
+<li>Aircraft, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li>Aire valley,
+ <ul class="index">
+ <li>description, v: 73;</li>
+ <li>scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.</li>
+ </ul></li>
+<li>Airships, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li>Aisne, battles of:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36.</li>
+  <li>Apr.&mdash;Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>French start offensive, iii: 73;</li>
+    <li>early French success, iii: 73;</li>
+    <li>battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;</li>
+    <li>Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>May 27&mdash;June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>situation before German offensive, iii: 92;</li>
+    <li>Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93;</li>
+    <li>Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93;</li>
+    <li>Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93;</li>
+    <li>Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93;</li>
+    <li>Germans reach Marne, iii: 93;</li>
+    <li>American troops check enemy, iii: 94.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>artillery, important feature, v: 171;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aisne-Meuse sector, Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1&mdash;11, '18, iii: 103.</li>
+<li>Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.</li>
+<li>Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, &quot;Y&quot; work in, vii: 269.</li>
+<li>Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.</li>
+<li>Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.</li>
+<li>Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.</li>
+<li>Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.</li>
+<li>Albania,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>primitiveness of people, i: 92;</li>
+  <li>William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206;</li>
+  <li>Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397;</li>
+  <li>Serbians retreat into, iii: 160;</li>
+  <li>Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120;</li>
+  <li>promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.</li>
+<li>Albert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.</li>
+<li>Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.</li>
+<li><cite>Albert of Belgium</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228;</li>
+  <li>by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Albion</cite>, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.</li>
+<li>Albrecht, Grand Duke of W&uuml;rttemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.</li>
+<li><cite>Alcantara</cite>, British armed liner, sinks German <cite>Greif</cite>, iv: 200.</li>
+<li><cite>Alcedo</cite>, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.</li>
+<li>Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.</li>
+<li>Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.</li>
+<li>Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;</li>
+  <li>foreign policy, vi: 355;</li>
+  <li>head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Alexanderson alternator, for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.</li>
+<li>Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.</li>
+<li>Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 238.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.</li>
+<li>Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.</li>
+<li><cite>Algonquin</cite>, American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.</li>
+<li>All-American (82nd) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates, convention of, '17, vi: 164.</li>
+<li>All-Russian Government of Siberia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>formation, vi: 191;</li>
+  <li>collapse, vi: 193.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 90th Div., v: 196;</li>
+  <li>in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193;</li>
+  <li>defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213;</li>
+  <li>captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48;</li>
+  <li>strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93;</li>
+  <li>at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171;</li>
+  <li>commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 194-199.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Allenstein,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Russians, iii: 111.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Alliances,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Holy Alliance,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>formation, i: 33;</li>
+    <li>conflict of European, i: 93-101;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Three Emperors' League, i: 95;</li>
+  <li>Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115;</li>
+  <li>Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98;</li>
+  <li>Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2;</li>
+  <li>Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107;</li>
+  <li>Balkan League, i: 204;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under name of alliance.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.</li>
+<li>Allies,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>superiority in inventiveness, i: <em>Intro. ix</em>;</li>
+  <li>agree not to make separate peace, i: 146;</li>
+  <li>defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1;</li>
+  <li>lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55;</li>
+  <li>unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50;</li>
+  <li>unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214;</li>
+  <li>man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Will to win&quot; <em>vs.</em> German efficiency, ii: 100;</li>
+  <li>underestimate German strength, ii: 101;</li>
+  <li>propaganda among German troops, ii: 321;</li>
+  <li>plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8;</li>
+  <li>Balkan blunder, iii: 156;</li>
+  <li>fail to support Rumania, iii: 214;</li>
+  <li>casualties, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>war aims, iv: 6;</li>
+  <li>military position, '17, iv: 10;</li>
+  <li>lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13;</li>
+  <li>gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206;</li>
+  <li>make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213;</li>
+  <li>appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378;</li>
+  <li>secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;</li>
+  <li>send troops to Russia, vi: 187;</li>
+  <li>intervene in Siberia, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320;</li>
+  <li>occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325;</li>
+  <li>secret treaties, '16&mdash;'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334;</li>
+  <li>overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36;</li>
+  <li>war cost, <a href="#Page_27">xii: 27</a>, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>plan of economic boycott against Germany, <a href="#Page_102">xii: 102</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in national debts, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>list of &quot;Allied and Associated Powers&quot; against Germany, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.</li>
+<li>Almereyda, traitorous editor of <cite>Bonnet Rouge</cite>, vi: 105.</li>
+<li><cite>Alnwick Castle</cite>, British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.</li>
+<li>Alpini, description, ii: 242.</li>
+<li>Alsace-Lorraine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, i: 210-212;</li>
+  <li>annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212;</li>
+  <li>formed into <cite>Reichsland</cite>, i: 213;</li>
+  <li>German dictatorship in, i: 213;</li>
+  <li>fidelity to France during War, i: 215;</li>
+  <li>German immigration into, i: 215;</li>
+  <li>German constitution for, '11, i: 215;</li>
+  <li>French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, <a href="#Page_194">xii: 194-197</a>;</li>
+  <li>exempt from share in German national debt, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.</li>
+<li>Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.</li>
+<li>Alvensleben, G. C. A. von, German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></p></li>
+
+<li><cite>Amalfi</cite>, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat, July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.</li>
+<li>Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.</li>
+<li>Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.</li>
+<li>Ambulance,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>first use, vii: 9;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31;</li>
+  <li>difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376;</li>
+  <li>improved types of stretchers, viii: 377;</li>
+  <li>drawn by dogs, viii: 379;</li>
+  <li>airplane ambulances, viii: 379;</li>
+  <li>hospital trains, viii: 380;</li>
+  <li>perils of driving, x: 92.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.</li>
+<li>American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.</li>
+<li>American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88.</li>
+<li>American Escadrille, <em>see</em> Lafayette Escadrille.</li>
+<li>A. E. F., <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.</li>
+<li>American Jewish Committee,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>relief for Belgium, vii: 350;</li>
+  <li>relief for Palestine, vii: 350;</li>
+  <li>organization, vii: 354.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>American Relief Administration,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for feeding newly liberated peoples, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>;</li>
+  <li>Herbert Hoover director-general, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>American Students' Committee of &Eacute;cole des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.</li>
+<li>American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.</li>
+<li>Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.</li>
+<li>Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.</li>
+<li>Amiens,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>strategic importance, ii: 69;</li>
+  <li>German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389;</li>
+  <li>British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aminullah Khan, murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.</li>
+<li>Ammunition:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Bullets,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>component parts, viii: 1;</li>
+    <li>steel-piercing, viii: 60-64;</li>
+    <li>Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63;</li>
+    <li>advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93;</li>
+    <li>types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214;</li>
+    <li>U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Explosives,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>function, viii: 1;</li>
+    <li>detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1;</li>
+    <li>explosive <em>compound</em> and explosive <em>mixture</em> compared, viii: 2;</li>
+    <li>black powder, viii: 2;</li>
+    <li>guncotton, viii: 2;</li>
+    <li>nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2;</li>
+    <li>driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2;</li>
+    <li>smokeless powder, viii: 4;</li>
+    <li>primers, viii: 6;</li>
+    <li>composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6;</li>
+    <li>cordite, viii: 6;</li>
+    <li>trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6;</li>
+    <li>ballistic tests, viii: 7;</li>
+    <li>muzzle flash, viii: 7;</li>
+    <li>manufacture, xi: 282-284;</li>
+    <li>U. S. war production,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>of smokeless powder, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+      <li>of high explosives, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+      <li>of T.N.T., <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Shells,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288;</li>
+    <li>non-ricochet, iv: 333;</li>
+    <li>star, iv: 334, viii: 77;</li>
+    <li>gas, U. S. production, v: 324;</li>
+    <li>kinds, viii: 8;</li>
+    <li>used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23;</li>
+    <li>structure of &quot;Big Bertha&quot; shells, viii: 46;</li>
+    <li>illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74;</li>
+    <li>rifle lights, viii: 75;</li>
+    <li>reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110;</li>
+    <li>forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112;</li>
+    <li>computation of air resistance, viii: 113;</li>
+    <li>U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+    <li>shrapnel, <em>see below</em>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>invention, viii: 72;</li>
+    <li>description, viii: 72;</li>
+    <li>manufacture, viii: 72-74.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.</li>
+<li>Anatolia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.</li>
+<li><cite>Ancona</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking, summary, i: 361;</li>
+  <li>torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.</li>
+<li>Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Andrassy, Count Julius,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311;</li>
+  <li>statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.</li>
+<li>Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., <a href="#Page_111">xii: 111</a>.</li>
+<li>Annunzio, Gabriele D', <em>see</em> D'Annunzio.</li>
+<li>Anti-aircraft guns,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>range, ii: 264;</li>
+  <li>effectiveness, v: 308.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.</li>
+<li><cite>Antilles</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness account, iv: 337.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.</li>
+<li>Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Antwerp,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Belgian Government moves to, Aug. '17, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15;</li>
+  <li>strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Anzac Cove, landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.</li>
+<li>Anzacs, <em>see</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+<li>Apponyi, Count Albert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>advocates war, vi: 307;</li>
+  <li>leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Apr&eacute;mont,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;</li>
+  <li>captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.</li>
+<li><cite>Arabia</cite>, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.</li>
+<li><cite>Arabic</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20;</li>
+  <li>loss of life in sinking, i: 323;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Arbitration,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94;</li>
+  <li>international treaties of, i: 103.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Archangel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395;</li>
+  <li>limited value as port, iii: 161;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9&mdash;19, '15, iii: 204.</li>
+<li>Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3&mdash;4, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>Ardennes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>strategic importance, ii: 6;</li>
+  <li>topography, ii: 87, v: 73;</li>
+  <li>French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arditi, description, ii: 240.</li>
+<li><cite>Arethusa</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;</li>
+  <li>sinks German <cite>Bl&uuml;cher</cite> at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Argentine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German population of, i: 79;</li>
+  <li>ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>neutrality, vi: 389;</li>
+  <li>soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.</li>
+<li>Argonne Forest,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>military topography, v: 73, 217, 234;</li>
+  <li>battle of, <em>see</em> Meuse-Argonne Offensive.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Ariadne</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;</li>
+  <li>sunk, iv: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+<li><cite>Ark Royal</cite>, mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.</li>
+<li>Armaments,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>international movement for reduction, i: <em>Intro. xi</em>;</li>
+  <li>battleships, xi: 280-282.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armenia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>military operations in, iii: 260-263;</li>
+  <li>massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331;</li>
+  <li>early history, vi: 231;</li>
+  <li>fate under secret treaties of '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+  <li>independent government established. Aug., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Armenti&egrave;res,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armies, <em>see under</em> name of country.</li>
+<li>Armies of Occupation,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>;</li>
+  <li>conditions for withdrawal, <a href="#Page_261">xii: 261</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armistice,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;</li>
+  <li>with Germany, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;</li>
+  <li>false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400;</li>
+  <li>terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399;</li>
+  <li>with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400;</li>
+  <li>celebrations, iii: 402;</li>
+  <li>with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.</li>
+<li>Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.</li>
+<li>Army of Occupation, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Army schools, U. S., <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Arnim, Gen. von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14;</li>
+  <li>launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arras,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72;</li>
+  <li>Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70;</li>
+  <li>British capture &quot;Oppy Line,&quot; iii: 72;</li>
+  <li>German casualties, iii: 72;</li>
+  <li>results, iii: 72.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.</li>
+<li>Arsiero,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238;</li>
+  <li>retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.</li>
+<li>Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.</li>
+<li>Artillery:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Anti-aircraft, v: 308.</li>
+  <li>Bore,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>explained, viii: 7, 111;</li>
+    <li>bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7;</li>
+    <li>rifling, viii: 7, 111.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280.</li>
+  <li>Field,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287;</li>
+    <li>German and Austrian, viii: 22;</li>
+    <li>structure and operation, viii: 22;</li>
+    <li>U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25;</li>
+    <li>U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23;</li>
+    <li>U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24;</li>
+    <li>U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24;</li>
+    <li>development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140;</li>
+    <li>French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Heavy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>mobile German guns, ii: 287;</li>
+    <li>German superiority, ii: 288;</li>
+    <li>U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45;</li>
+    <li>use in offensive, v: 304;</li>
+    <li>French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308;</li>
+    <li>U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39;</li>
+    <li>U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39;</li>
+    <li>long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274;</li>
+    <li>structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46;</li>
+    <li>super-range guns impractical, viii: 47;</li>
+    <li>U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51;</li>
+    <li>British naval super-guns, viii: 53;</li>
+    <li>manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58;</li>
+    <li>shell velocity of, viii: 314;</li>
+    <li>destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336;</li>
+    <li>kinds used during War, xi: 274;</li>
+    <li>naval, xi: 280-282.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Howitzers,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278;</li>
+    <li>U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24;</li>
+    <li>U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39;</li>
+    <li>French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53;</li>
+    <li>use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131.</li>
+  <li>Mortars,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>limitations, viii: 30;</li>
+    <li>range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31;</li>
+    <li>German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36;</li>
+    <li>absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112;</li>
+    <li>device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112;</li>
+    <li>functions, viii: 118;</li>
+    <li>Stokes mortar, viii: 141;</li>
+    <li>trench mortars captured by A. E. F., <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Range-finding,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>muzzle velocity, viii: 7;</li>
+    <li>by sight, viii: 8-14;</li>
+    <li>telescopic range-finder, viii: 9;</li>
+    <li>problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13;</li>
+    <li>use of aircraft in, viii: 13;</li>
+    <li>by sound, viii: 14-16;</li>
+    <li>use of photography in, viii: 14;</li>
+    <li>direct and indirect fire, viii: 28;</li>
+    <li>zones of fire, viii: 32;</li>
+    <li>altering range by change of projectile and powder charge, viii: 32;</li>
+    <li>air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.</li>
+    <li><em>See also</em> under each country.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Artistic rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, <a href="#Page_244">xii: 244-246</a>.</li>
+<li>Artois,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46;</li>
+  <li>battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.</li>
+<li>Asir, Principate of, established, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+<li><cite>Askold</cite>, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.</li>
+<li>Asquith, Herbert Henry,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 30-35.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.</li>
+<li>Astor, Mrs. Vincent, &quot;Y&quot; worker in Paris, vii: 267.</li>
+<li><cite>Asturias</cite>, British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.</li>
+<li>Athletics, for A. E. F., <em>see</em> Sports.</li>
+<li>Atkins, Tommy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230;</li>
+  <li>fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Atrocities,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German, summary of crimes, i: 400;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346;</li>
+  <li>burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277;</li>
+  <li>in Marne district, iii: 297-300;</li>
+  <li>at Senlis, iii: 334-337;</li>
+  <li>in Belgium, vi: 84;</li>
+  <li>destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.</li>
+<li><cite>Audacious</cite>, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.</li>
+<li>Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.</li>
+<li>Auffenberg, Gen. von, commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.</li>
+<li>Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.</li>
+<li>Australia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war casualties, iii: 404, 405;</li>
+  <li>army strength, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>naval strength, iv: 58;</li>
+  <li>history prior to '14, vi: 37;</li>
+  <li>area and population, vi: 37;</li>
+  <li>pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39;</li>
+  <li>recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40;</li>
+  <li>conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42;</li>
+  <li>conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41;</li>
+  <li>labor unrest, '16, vi: 42;</li>
+  <li>Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42;</li>
+  <li>coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Commonwealth War Government&quot; takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42;</li>
+  <li>Australian Workers' Union, similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45;</li>
+  <li>&quot;One Big Union&quot; movement, vi: 45;</li>
+  <li>labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time, '17, vi: 45;</li>
+  <li>war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45;</li>
+  <li>soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46;</li>
+  <li>war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Mar., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in public debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Austria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;</li>
+  <li>Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, <a href="#Page_197">xii: 197</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Austria-Hungary:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;</li>
+    <li>pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105;</li>
+    <li>requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em> name of campaign.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Blockade of, vi: 253;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>food shortage due to, vi: 312.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Casualties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>battle deaths, v: 363;</li>
+    <li>Aug., '14&mdash;Aug., '15, vi: 311;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of manpower lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Coal, production, '13&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>.</li>
+  <li>Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, <em>Intro. x.</em></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;</li>
+    <li>on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375;</li>
+    <li>reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;</li>
+    <li>on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;</li>
+    <li>on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375;</li>
+    <li>by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386;</li>
+    <li>diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;</li>
+    <li>by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;</li>
+    <li>by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317;</li>
+    <li>cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Foreign policy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252;</li>
+    <li>not a colonizing nation, i: 37;</li>
+    <li>Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41;</li>
+    <li>world position in 1871, i: 47;</li>
+    <li>gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50;</li>
+    <li>subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133;</li>
+    <li>joins Triple Alliance, i: 95;</li>
+    <li>annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109;</li>
+    <li>ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;</li>
+    <li>during last days before War, i: 126;</li>
+    <li>unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;</li>
+    <li>reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;</li>
+    <li>antagonism to Russia, vi: 306;</li>
+    <li>antagonism to Italy, vi: 308;</li>
+    <li>ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355;</li>
+    <li>opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356;</li>
+    <li>anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;</li>
+    <li>suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Internal conditions,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306;</li>
+    <li>loyalty of German elements, vi: 307;</li>
+    <li>revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308;</li>
+    <li>effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309;</li>
+    <li>parliamentary disturbances, '15&mdash;'16, vi: 311;</li>
+    <li>labor troubles, vi: 311, 314;</li>
+    <li>revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313;</li>
+    <li>revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317;</li>
+    <li>Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;</li>
+    <li>Bolshevism, vi: 319.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>National anthem, xi: 332.</li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>development, iv: 364;</li>
+    <li>surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364;</li>
+    <li><cite>Monarch</cite> sunk, x: 290;</li>
+    <li><cite>Wien</cite> sunk, x: 290;</li>
+    <li><cite>Viribus Unitis</cite> sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace negotiations,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18, i: 397;</li>
+    <li>appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399;</li>
+    <li>asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27&mdash;29, '18, i: 399;</li>
+    <li>Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315;</li>
+    <li>asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252;</li>
+    <li>armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52;</li>
+    <li>Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321;</li>
+    <li>armistice terms, vi: 364.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Population,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in 1860, i: 40;</li>
+    <li>German, i: 79, vi: 306;</li>
+    <li>Hungarian, i: 79;</li>
+    <li>Slav, i: 79.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Press,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><cite>Tageblatt</cite> demands war, '14, vi: 306;</li>
+    <li>attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310;</li>
+    <li>attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314;</li>
+    <li><cite>Arbeiter Zeitung</cite> preaches radicalism, vi: 315;</li>
+    <li>comment on peace terms, vi: 322.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+    <li>average daily war cost, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>;</li>
+    <li>total war cost, July, '14&mdash;Oct., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: <em>Intro. x.</em></li>
+<li>Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.</li>
+<li>Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.</li>
+<li>Aviators, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li>Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.</li>
+<li>Avocourt Woods,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384;</li>
+  <li>scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Ayesha, S. S.</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>Emden's</em> landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191;</li>
+  <li>abandoned, iv: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aylmer, Gen., commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.</li>
+<li>Ayres, Col. Leonard P., extracts from <em>The War with Germany&mdash;a Statistical Summary</em>, by, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280-289</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Bin" id="Bin">B</a></li>
+<li>Babtie, Surg.-Gen. responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia, iii: 367.</li>
+<li>&quot;Babushka,&quot; pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.</li>
+<li>Baccarat sector,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>assigned to A. E. F., v: 11;</li>
+  <li>training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.</li>
+<li>Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.</li>
+<li>Bagdad,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British, Mar. 11, '17, i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48;</li>
+  <li>description, iii: 332.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bagdad Railway,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80;</li>
+  <li>Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295;</li>
+  <li>menaced by Serbia, ii: 33;</li>
+  <li>&quot;largest single factor in bringing on the War,&quot; ii: 290;</li>
+  <li>beginnings, 1871, ii: 291;</li>
+  <li>Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li>Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora, 1888, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li>British oppose German concessions, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li>German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li><span lang="fr">La Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Imp&eacute;riale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad</span>, terms of concession to, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li>Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li>clash of European interests, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li>compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294;</li>
+  <li>sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294;</li>
+  <li>Pan-German policy, ii: 296;</li>
+  <li>internationalization, ii: 297;</li>
+  <li>cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213;</li>
+  <li>opened, '15, vi: 258;</li>
+  <li>route, xi: 4.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W., commander of U. S. destroyer <cite>Jacob Jones</cite>, sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.</li>
+<li>Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.</li>
+<li>Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.</li>
+<li>Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.</li>
+<li>Baker, Newton D.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>biography, ix: 323-326;</li>
+  <li>conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.</li>
+<li>Bakhireff, Vice-Adm., commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.</li>
+<li>Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.</li>
+<li>Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>biography, ix: 40-44;</li>
+  <li>visits America, ix: 44.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Balkan League, i: 204.</li>
+<li>Balkan Wars,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>'12&mdash;'13, i: 109, 204;</li>
+  <li>unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110;</li>
+  <li>Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198;</li>
+  <li>London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204;</li>
+  <li>London Peace Conference, i: 204;</li>
+  <li>war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206;</li>
+  <li>Rumanian intervention, i: 206;</li>
+  <li>peace terms, i: 206;</li>
+  <li>German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Balkans,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89;</li>
+  <li>international position in '14, i: 62;</li>
+  <li>area, i: 90, 92;</li>
+  <li>independent states in, i: 92;</li>
+  <li>population in '14, i: 92;</li>
+  <li>racial mixtures, i: 92;</li>
+  <li>policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114;</li>
+  <li>German dynasties in, i: 96;</li>
+  <li>German designs on, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.</li>
+<li>Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.</li>
+<li>Ballistics, computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.</li>
+<li>Balloons, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li>Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.</li>
+<li>Baltic Provinces,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>Russian duplicity in, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>under domination of German landlords, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>revolt, '05, vi: 227;</li>
+  <li>form Lettish Legion, vi: 227;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228;</li>
+  <li>overrun by Germans, vi: 230;</li>
+  <li>ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></p></li>
+
+</ul></li>
+<li><cite>Baltimore</cite>, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.</li>
+<li>Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution, Mar.&mdash;May, '19, vi: 300.</li>
+<li>Bamford, Brig.-Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander 1st Div., v: 250;</li>
+  <li>of 26th Div., v: 252.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.</li>
+<li>Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.</li>
+<li>Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.</li>
+<li>Bapaume,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157;</li>
+  <li>British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;</li>
+  <li>captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.</li>
+<li>Barbed wire,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French use in trench defense, v: 13;</li>
+  <li>impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68;</li>
+  <li>value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152;</li>
+  <li>French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155;</li>
+  <li>Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152;</li>
+  <li>Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.</li>
+<li>Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.</li>
+<li>Barracks,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Adrian type, v: 8;</li>
+  <li>constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Barrage, North Sea,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied mine, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>, 324-330, viii: 274;</li>
+  <li>artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Barrett, Sir Arthur, commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.</li>
+<li>Barricourt Wood,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262;</li>
+  <li>heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Barrow, Sir Edmund, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.</li>
+<li>Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.</li>
+<li>Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.</li>
+<li>Bartlett, Brig.-Gen., commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.</li>
+<li>Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.</li>
+<li>Baruch, Bernard M.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, <a href="#Page_72">xii: 72</a>;</li>
+  <li>member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Base hospitals, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Hospitals;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.</li>
+<li>Basra,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180;</li>
+  <li>British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.</li>
+<li>Battles:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Aisne,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36;</li>
+    <li>Apr.&mdash;Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;</li>
+    <li>May 27&mdash;June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375.</li>
+  <li>Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389.</li>
+  <li>Ardahan, Jan. 3&mdash;4, '15, i: 378.</li>
+  <li>Argonne, <em>see</em> Meuse-Argonne Offensive.</li>
+  <li>Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72.</li>
+  <li>Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42.</li>
+  <li>Augustovo, iii: 118.</li>
+  <li>&quot;Battle of France,&quot; Sept.&mdash;Nov., '18, iii: 100-103.</li>
+  <li>Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43.</li>
+  <li>Cambrai,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Nov., '17, i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156;</li>
+    <li>Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Cantigny,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>May 28, '18, i: 395;</li>
+    <li>'18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Champagne,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46;</li>
+    <li>July 15&mdash;17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>May 31&mdash;June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132.</li>
+  <li>Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308.</li>
+  <li>Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384.</li>
+  <li>Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253.</li>
+  <li>Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308.</li>
+  <li>Flanders,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>June&mdash;July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Yser.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>.</li>
+  <li>Isonzo, <em>see</em> Italian Front.</li>
+  <li>Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.</li>
+  <li>Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29.</li>
+  <li>Kars, '15, iii: 260.</li>
+  <li>Kut-el-Amara, i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29.</li>
+  <li>Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23.</li>
+  <li>Li&eacute;ge, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9.</li>
+  <li>Lys, iii: 91.</li>
+  <li>Marne,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Sept., '14, i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258, iii: 30-34, xi: 12;</li>
+    <li>July&mdash;Aug., '18, ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326, iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130.</li>
+  <li>Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360.</li>
+  <li>Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21&mdash;23, '14, i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10.</li>
+  <li>Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375.</li>
+  <li>Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377.</li>
+  <li>Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116.</li>
+  <li>Ravaruska, Sept. 4&mdash;10, '14, iii: 122.</li>
+  <li>Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392.</li>
+  <li>St. Mihiel,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37;</li>
+    <li>Sept. 12, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>San, May 15&mdash;17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136.</li>
+  <li>Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18.</li>
+  <li>Somme,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314;</li>
+    <li>Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24;</li>
+    <li>Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116.</li>
+  <li>Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see also</em> Verdun.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Verdun, i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22.</li>
+  <li>Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349.</li>
+  <li>Ypres,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41;</li>
+    <li>Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320;</li>
+    <li>July&mdash;Sept., '17, ii: 128;</li>
+    <li>Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Yser,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40;</li>
+    <li>July, '17, iii: 77.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><em>See also</em> under name of engagement.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bauer, Herr Gustav, chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.</li>
+<li>Bauer, Otto,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314;</li>
+  <li>activities, '18, vi: 318;</li>
+  <li>becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.</li>
+<li>Bavaria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;</li>
+  <li>revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298;</li>
+  <li>soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300;</li>
+  <li>Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300;</li>
+  <li>Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.</li>
+<li>Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.</li>
+<li>Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.</li>
+<li>Beatty, Adm. Sir David,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at battle of Jutland, iv: 99;</li>
+  <li>British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;</li>
+  <li>at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246;</li>
+  <li>arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 283-287.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Beaucourt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388;</li>
+  <li>British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.</li>
+<li>Beaumont,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48;</li>
+  <li>Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64;</li>
+  <li>captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.</li>
+<li>Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.</li>
+<li>Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: <em>Intro. ix.</em></li>
+<li>Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.</li>
+<li>Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.</li>
+<li>Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.</li>
+<li>Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.</li>
+<li>Belfort,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215;</li>
+  <li>bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Belgian Relief, <em>see</em> Belgium; War Relief.</li>
+<li><cite>Belgian Prince, S. S.</cite>, sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.</li>
+<li><cite>Belgium, 1918</cite>, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.</li>
+<li>Belgium:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>increase in, '09&mdash;'12, i: 144;</li>
+    <li>dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234;</li>
+    <li>German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;</li>
+    <li>escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143;</li>
+    <li>pre-War organization, iii: 4;</li>
+    <li>mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378;</li>
+    <li>strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see under</em> name of campaign.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Casualties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total in War, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of manpower lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>battle deaths, <a href="#Page_289">xii: 289</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Coal production '13&mdash;'15, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>.</li>
+  <li>Food, <em>see</em> Relief, below.</li>
+  <li>Neutrality,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229;</li>
+    <li>British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224;</li>
+    <li>defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143;</li>
+    <li>German violation, Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4;</li>
+    <li>Bethmann-Hollweg's &quot;Scrap of paper&quot; statement, i: 146;</li>
+    <li>France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380;</li>
+    <li>King Albert appeals to England, i: 223;</li>
+    <li>violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224;</li>
+    <li>Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224;</li>
+    <li>German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380;</li>
+    <li>German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9;</li>
+    <li>Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229;</li>
+    <li>German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230;</li>
+    <li>German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381;</li>
+    <li>German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231;</li>
+    <li>British offer of help, i: 232;</li>
+    <li>appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233;</li>
+    <li>German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234;</li>
+    <li>evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234;</li>
+    <li>Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236;</li>
+    <li>German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4;</li>
+    <li>military topography of German border, ii: 6;</li>
+    <li>French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8;</li>
+    <li>effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346;</li>
+    <li>composition of invading forces, iii: 10;</li>
+    <li>French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20;</li>
+    <li>invasion creates national unity, vi: 84;</li>
+    <li>Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84;</li>
+    <li>deportation of civilian population, vi: 84;</li>
+    <li>for invasion and military operations, <em>see</em> name of engagement.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Conference, delegates, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>claims against Holland, vi: 89;</li>
+    <li>acquires Moresnet, <a href="#Page_188">xii: 188</a>;</li>
+    <li>acquires Eupen, <a href="#Page_188">xii: 188</a>;</li>
+    <li>acquires Malm&eacute;dy, <a href="#Page_188">xii: 188</a>;</li>
+    <li>reparation by Germany, <a href="#Page_218">xii: 218</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>Relief, Commission for,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in Belgium, vii: 116-144;</li>
+    <li>famine conditions, vii: 117;</li>
+    <li>early relief organization, vii: 118;</li>
+    <li>Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136;</li>
+    <li><span lang="fr">Comit&eacute; Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation</span>, vii: 120;</li>
+    <li>overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127;</li>
+    <li>care of children, vii: 134;</li>
+    <li>American contributions, vii: 139-144;</li>
+    <li>dependence on imports for existence, <a href="#Page_136">xii: 136</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145.</li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>debt to U.S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of manpower lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+    <li>war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Oct., '18, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Belgrade,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397;</li>
+  <li>retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6&mdash;8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.</li>
+<li>Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander 33rd Div., v: 144;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Belleau Wood, battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43;</li>
+  <li>strategic importance, v: 138;</li>
+  <li>renamed &quot;Bois de la Brigade Marine,&quot; v: 139;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.</li>
+<li>Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.</li>
+<li>Benedict XV, Pope,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 405.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Benes, Edward,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397;</li>
+  <li>member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.</li>
+<li>Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.</li>
+<li>Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.</li>
+<li>Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.</li>
+<li>Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.</li>
+<li>Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.</li>
+<li>Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.</li>
+<li>Berlin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284;</li>
+  <li>Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287;</li>
+  <li>Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289;</li>
+  <li>second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, <em>see</em> Bagdad Railway.</li>
+<li>Berlin Conference, '85, divides Africa into &quot;spheres of influence,&quot; i: 96.</li>
+<li>Berlin, Congress of, 1878,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93;</li>
+  <li>terms of settlement at, i: 93;</li>
+  <li>defects of settlement, i: 93.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>expounds German Kultur in <cite>Germany and the Next War</cite>, i: 67;</li>
+  <li>on desirability of a European war, i: 131;</li>
+  <li>striking quotations from, i: 179.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bernstein, Herr, German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: <em>Intro. xii.</em></li>
+<li>Bernstorff, Count Johann von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 133.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.</li>
+<li>Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.</li>
+<li>Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Bessarabia, Russian offensive in,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>B&eacute;thincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117;</li>
+  <li>&quot;scrap of paper&quot; statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146;</li>
+  <li>statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344;</li>
+  <li>proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262;</li>
+  <li>resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 121-126;</li>
+  <li>admission of German guilt, ix: 121;</li>
+  <li>opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Big Bertha,&quot; German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.</li>
+<li>Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.</li>
+<li>Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.</li>
+<li>Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.</li>
+<li>Bismarck, Prince Otto von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>builder of German Empire, i: 41;</li>
+  <li>Near East policy, i: 48;</li>
+  <li>forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359;</li>
+  <li>forms Triple Alliance, i: 95;</li>
+  <li>colonial policy, i: 97;</li>
+  <li>representative of Junker class, i: 258;</li>
+  <li>plan for universal empire, ii: 2;</li>
+  <li>publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bismarck, Major von, German military attach&eacute; in Switzerland, vi: 380.</li>
+<li>Bissell, Lieut., commands detachment defending bridge at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, May 31, '18, v: 134.</li>
+<li>Bissolati, Signor,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362;</li>
+  <li>against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.</li>
+<li>Bitlis,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.</li>
+<li>&quot;Black Cobra Bill,&quot; nickname of &quot;Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India,&quot; vi: 78.</li>
+<li><cite>Black Prince</cite>, British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.</li>
+<li>Black Sea,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47;</li>
+  <li>Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li>Blanc Mont, captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.</li>
+<li>Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.</li>
+<li>Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.</li>
+<li>&quot;Blimps,&quot; U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.</li>
+<li>Blind,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99;</li>
+  <li>Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259;</li>
+  <li>number blinded in War, vii: 260.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.</li>
+<li>Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.</li>
+<li>Blockade,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>of Allies by Germany, <em>see</em> Submarine Warfare;</li>
+  <li>of Germany by Allies, <em>see</em> Germany, Blockade of.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Bl&uuml;cher</cite>, German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.</li>
+<li>Blue and Gray (29th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Blue Ridge (80th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Bobo, Capt. Stephen N., story of his band of &quot;rough-neck&quot; weaklings, x: 49.</li>
+<li>Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.</li>
+<li>Boers,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>rebel against British, '14, vi: 49;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49;</li>
+  <li>aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50;</li>
+  <li><em>see</em> also South Africa, Union of.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bohemia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>early history, vi: 396;</li>
+  <li>oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396;</li>
+  <li>press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396;</li>
+  <li>formation of army, '17, vi: 398;</li>
+  <li>National Council, vi: 399;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Czechoslovakia.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Boirault tank, viii, 153.</li>
+<li>Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17&mdash;18, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>Bolivia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference, delegate to, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.</li>
+<li>Bolshevism,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fallacy of, i: <em>Intro. xi.</em>;</li>
+  <li>doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;</li>
+  <li>as product of high cost of living, <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>in:
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45.</li>
+    <li>Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319.</li>
+    <li>Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346.</li>
+    <li>Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400.</li>
+    <li>Finland,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198;</li>
+      <li>suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Germany, <em>see</em> Spartacides.</li>
+    <li>Hungary,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>riots, Jan.&mdash;Feb., '19, vi: 324;</li>
+      <li>success, Mar., '19, vi: 325.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77.</li>
+    <li>Poland, spread in, vi: 223.</li>
+    <li>Russia,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18, ii: 272, VI: 183;</li>
+      <li>propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322;</li>
+      <li>Russian troops incited to desert and revolt, iii: 269, vi: 155, 164;</li>
+      <li>doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;</li>
+      <li>navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164;</li>
+      <li>Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169;</li>
+      <li>movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173;</li>
+      <li>arguments used to win populace, vi: 175;</li>
+      <li>Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17, vi: 175;</li>
+      <li>increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177;</li>
+      <li>overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183;</li>
+      <li>Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179;</li>
+      <li>dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181;</li>
+      <li>Bolshevik land program, vi: 181;</li>
+      <li>opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181;</li>
+      <li>Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183;</li>
+      <li>Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185;</li>
+      <li>Red Army raised, vi: 185;</li>
+      <li>reign of terror, vi: 187;</li>
+      <li>state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187;</li>
+      <li>Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference, vi: 188;</li>
+      <li>Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198;</li>
+      <li>progress in Letvia, vi: 228;</li>
+      <li>financing German Spartacides, vi: 281;</li>
+      <li>connection with Maximalists, vi: 314;</li>
+      <li>Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115;</li>
+      <li>currency inflation, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii</em></a>.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bombs:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Aerial, viii: 221-225.</li>
+  <li>Depth,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>evolution of, iv: 307;</li>
+    <li>for combating U-boats, iv: 317;</li>
+    <li>development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;</li>
+    <li>launching mechanism, iv: 331;</li>
+    <li>invention of &quot;Y&quot; gun, iv: 332;</li>
+    <li>description, viii: 281, xi: 239.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bona, bombarded by <cite>Breslau</cite>, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.</li>
+<li>Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J., battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.</li>
+<li><cite>Bonnet Rouge</cite>, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.</li>
+<li>Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.</li>
+<li>Bordeaux,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Borden, Sir Robert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Premier of Canada, vi: 24;</li>
+  <li>urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Bore&quot; of gun, defined, viii: 111.</li>
+<li>Boris, Czar of Bulgaria, succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.</li>
+<li>Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Bosnia-Herzegovina,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;</li>
+  <li>devastated, '18, vi: 363.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>Botchkareva (Butchkareff), Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.</li>
+<li>Botha, Gen. Louis,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of British South African troops, iii: 253;</li>
+  <li>policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 191-193.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bott, Capt. Alan, British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.</li>
+<li>Bourassa, Henri,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30;</li>
+  <li>opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.</li>
+<li>Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>.</li>
+<li>Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.</li>
+<li><cite>Bouvet</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.</li>
+<li>Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attach&eacute; in U. S.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dismissed, i: 276;</li>
+  <li>share in passport frauds, i: 315;</li>
+  <li>German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Boy Scouts, war-time activities,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British, xi: 94;</li>
+  <li>Belgian, xi: 98;</li>
+  <li>French, xi: 98;</li>
+  <li>American, xi: 100-116.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, <a href="#Page_102">xii: 102</a>.</li>
+<li>Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.</li>
+<li>Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C., commander of British submarine <cite>E-14</cite>, iv: 209.</li>
+<li>Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+<li><cite>Braban&ccedil;onne, La</cite>, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.</li>
+<li>Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.</li>
+<li>Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.</li>
+<li>Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.</li>
+<li>Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.</li>
+<li>Brazil,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German population of, i: 79;</li>
+  <li>severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;</li>
+  <li>declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.</li>
+<li>Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.</li>
+<li>Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li><cite>Bremen</cite>, German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.</li>
+<li>Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.</li>
+<li>Breshkovsky, Catherine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;</li>
+  <li>prophecy on Russia, ix: 231;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 348.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Breslau</cite>, German cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14, i: 375, iv: 13;</li>
+  <li>sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.</li>
+<li>Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.</li>
+<li>Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, between Russia and Germany,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>a dictated &quot;German peace,&quot; ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268;</li>
+  <li>effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314;</li>
+  <li>abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><em>Bretelle</em>, definition of, v: 16.</li>
+<li>Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.</li>
+<li>Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.</li>
+<li>Bridges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>pontoons, viii: 299;</li>
+  <li>portable steel, viii: 301.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse, action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.</li>
+<li>Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.</li>
+<li><cite>Brilliant</cite>, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.</li>
+<li>Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.</li>
+<li><cite>Bristol</cite>, British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.</li>
+<li>Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.</li>
+<li><cite>Britannia</cite>, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.</li>
+<li><cite>Britannic</cite>, British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.</li>
+<li>British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.</li>
+<li>Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.</li>
+<li><cite>Broke</cite>, British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.</li>
+<li>Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E., head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.</li>
+<li>Browning machine-guns,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, viii: 84-87;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production figures, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.</li>
+<li>Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 232-235.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Brussels,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14;</li>
+  <li>German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Brussels</cite>, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.</li>
+<li>Bryan, William Jennings,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321;</li>
+  <li>resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.</li>
+<li>Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.</li>
+<li>Bucharest, Treaty of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352;</li>
+  <li>Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180;</li>
+  <li>promoted to major-general, v: 182;</li>
+  <li>commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Buckeye (37th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18&mdash;'19, vi:323.</li>
+<li>Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.</li>
+<li>Buffaloes (92nd Division), <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.</li>
+<li>Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.</li>
+<li>Bulgaria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German ruler of, i: 96;</li>
+  <li>defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48;</li>
+  <li>key to Balkan situation, ii: 28;</li>
+  <li>tool of Germany, ii: 28;</li>
+  <li>enmity for Serbia, ii: 32;</li>
+  <li>reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32;</li>
+  <li>enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329;</li>
+  <li>mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342;</li>
+  <li>invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>casualties, iii: 404, <a href="#Page_289">xii: 289</a>;</li>
+  <li>effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270;</li>
+  <li>racial characteristics, vi: 338;</li>
+  <li>desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339;</li>
+  <li>geographical position, vi: 341;</li>
+  <li>attitude toward Allies, vi: 341;</li>
+  <li>proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341;</li>
+  <li>terms for entering War, vi: 341;</li>
+  <li>antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342;</li>
+  <li>Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343;</li>
+  <li>result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344;</li>
+  <li>cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344;</li>
+  <li>friction with Germany, vi: 344;</li>
+  <li>attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344;</li>
+  <li>dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevism in, vi: 346;</li>
+  <li>terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347;</li>
+  <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>war cost, Oct., '15&mdash;Oct., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>for military operations, <em>see</em> name of campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18, v: 62,167, 189, 383;</li>
+  <li>of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390;</li>
+  <li>of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 218-221.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bullets, <em>see</em> Ammunition.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>B&uuml;low, Gen. von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10;</li>
+  <li>on Italian Front, iii: 247.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>B&uuml;low, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.</li>
+<li>Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.</li>
+<li><cite>Bulwark</cite>, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.</li>
+<li>Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.</li>
+<li>Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 223-226.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Burdick, &quot;Ma,&quot; Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.</li>
+<li>Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.</li>
+<li><cite>Buresk, S. S.</cite>, <cite>Emden's</cite> collier, iv: 188.</li>
+<li>Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.</li>
+<li>Burnham, Gen., commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.</li>
+<li>Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.</li>
+<li>Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.</li>
+<li>Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.</li>
+<li>Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.</li>
+<li>Byng, Gen. Sir Julian,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371;</li>
+  <li>fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142;</li>
+  <li>personal traits, iii: 376.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Cin" id="Cin">C</a></li>
+<li><cite>Cabinga, S. S.</cite>, prize of German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 172.</li>
+<li>Cables, German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>.</li>
+<li>Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.</li>
+<li>Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.</li>
+<li>Cadorna, Gen. Luigi,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;</li>
+  <li>Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 225-229.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Caillaux, Joseph,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393;</li>
+  <li>accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Calais,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German drive for, iii: 40;</li>
+  <li>Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.</li>
+<li>Callaghan, Adm. Sir George, commander of British Grand Fleet, relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.</li>
+<li>Cambrai,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German base in France, ii: 86;</li>
+  <li>first battle of, Nov., '17, Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280;</li>
+  <li>Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, viii: 142, 156;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340 ,</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>American engineers at, iii: 82;</li>
+  <li>German prisoners captured, iii: 82;</li>
+  <li>German counter-offensive, iii: 82;</li>
+  <li>&quot;best-kept secret of War,&quot; iii: 337;</li>
+  <li>adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338;</li>
+  <li>Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340;</li>
+  <li>second battle of, Sept. 27&mdash;Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213;</li>
+  <li>captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.</li>
+<li>Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128;</li>
+  <li>commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;</li>
+  <li>commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cameroons (Kamerun),
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>conquered by Allies, Aug., '14&mdash;Feb., '16, iii: 252, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, '16, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Camilla, S. S.</cite>, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.</li>
+<li>Camouflage,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241;</li>
+  <li>for masking machine-guns, v: 287;</li>
+  <li>development, viii: 136;</li>
+  <li>in nature, viii: 336;</li>
+  <li>war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.</li>
+<li><cite>Campbells Are Coming</cite>, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.</li>
+<li>Canada,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43;</li>
+  <li>army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343;</li>
+  <li>characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343;</li>
+  <li>war casualties, iii: 404, 405;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>strength of army, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23;</li>
+  <li>enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24;</li>
+  <li>political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25;</li>
+  <li>war donations by provinces, vi: 25;</li>
+  <li>Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25;</li>
+  <li>Premier Borden's view of Canada as a &quot;participating nation&quot; of British Empire, vi: 25;</li>
+  <li>Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26;</li>
+  <li>voluntary enlistments, vi: 26;</li>
+  <li>increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26;</li>
+  <li>increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26;</li>
+  <li>bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28;</li>
+  <li>Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30;</li>
+  <li>failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36;</li>
+  <li>conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36;</li>
+  <li>Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31;</li>
+  <li>labor against conscription, vi: 32;</li>
+  <li>Liberals support conscription, vi: 32;</li>
+  <li>Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32;</li>
+  <li>Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33;</li>
+  <li>War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34;</li>
+  <li>Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34;</li>
+  <li>results of election, '17, vi: 35;</li>
+  <li>pro-conscriptionists form &quot;Unionist&quot; coalition, vi: 35;</li>
+  <li>secessionist talk, vi: 36;</li>
+  <li>Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36;</li>
+  <li>loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14&mdash;Jan., '17, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2</a>;</li>
+  <li>coal production, '13&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>;</li>
+  <li>nationalization plans for railroads, <a href="#Page_90">xii: 90</a>;</li>
+  <li>war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Aug., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in public debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Great Britain.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.</li>
+<li><cite>Canadians</cite>, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.</li>
+<li>Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.</li>
+<li>Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.</li>
+<li>Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.</li>
+<li>Cannon, <em>see</em> Artillery.</li>
+<li><cite>Canopus</cite>, British battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 33;</li>
+  <li>in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cantigny,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124;</li>
+  <li>American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141;</li>
+  <li>significance of capture, v: 34;</li>
+  <li>Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cantonments, U. S.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, xi: 155;</li>
+  <li>soldiers' life at, xi: 159;</li>
+  <li>construction of, <a href="#Page_125">xii: 125</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Cap Trafalgar</cite>, armed German liner, battle with British <cite>Carmania</cite>, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.</li>
+<li>Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.</li>
+<li>Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.</li>
+<li>Caporetto,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Italian disaster at, Oct. 21&mdash;Nov. 1, '17,</li>
+  <li>effect on Western Front, ii: <em>Intro. xx</em>;</li>
+  <li>Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246;</li>
+  <li>wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246;</li>
+  <li>army demoralized, iii: 247;</li>
+  <li>causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129;</li>
+  <li>retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250;</li>
+  <li>effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.</li>
+<li>Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.</li>
+<li>Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166;</li>
+<li>Carbon monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.</li>
+<li>Carbonyl chloride, <em>see</em> Phosgene.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Carden, Vice-Adm.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28;</li>
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Carency, French attack at, May 11&mdash;12, '15, i: 380.</li>
+<li>Carignan-Sedan-M&eacute;zi&egrave;res railroad,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>vital importance to Germans, v: 387;</li>
+  <li>threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Carmania</cite>, armed British liner, battle with German <cite>Cap Trafalgar</cite>, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.</li>
+<li><cite>Carnarvon</cite>, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.</li>
+<li><cite>Carnetta, S. S.</cite>, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.</li>
+<li>Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.</li>
+<li>Carpathian Mts.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360;</li>
+  <li>topography, iii: 108;</li>
+  <li>Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124;</li>
+  <li>Austrian attacks, Jan.&mdash;Mar., '15, iii: 132;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Russian Front.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Carpenter, Capt.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of <cite>Vindictive</cite> at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263;</li>
+  <li>account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Carrel, Dr. Alexis,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds, viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289;</li>
+  <li>wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 310-313.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.</li>
+<li>Carso Plateau,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, ii: 244, iii: 239;</li>
+  <li>Italian advance across, June, '15&mdash;Oct., '17, ii: 245;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Italian Front.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Carson, Sir Edward,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 50-53.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cary, Gen. Langle de, commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.</li>
+<li>Casement, Sir Roger,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53;</li>
+  <li>negotiations with Germany, vi: 57;</li>
+  <li>captured, vi: 58.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Cassin</cite>, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.</li>
+<li>Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.</li>
+<li>Castelnau, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16;</li>
+  <li>stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38;</li>
+  <li>appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46;</li>
+  <li>at Verdun, iii: 304.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Casualties,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284;</li>
+  <li>total in War, iii: 403;</li>
+  <li>classified by belligerents, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64;</li>
+  <li>in World War compared with all other wars, 1800&mdash;1913, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>total battle deaths, by countries, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under campaign, battle, and country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.</li>
+<li>Caucasus,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>military operations in, Oct., '14&mdash;Jan., '15, ii: 91-92; iii: 260-263, xi: 29;</li>
+  <li>early history, vi: 231;</li>
+  <li>conflict of racial interests, vi: 231;</li>
+  <li>Russian misrule in, vi: 231;</li>
+  <li>demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231;</li>
+  <li>effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232;</li>
+  <li>rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.</li>
+<li>Causes, of War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: <em>Intro. vii</em>;</li>
+  <li>complexity of, i: 2;</li>
+  <li>conflict of political systems, i: 4;</li>
+  <li>conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5;</li>
+  <li>element of individual responsibility, i: 5;</li>
+  <li>German desire for war, i: 8;</li>
+  <li>colonial rivalry, i: 14;</li>
+  <li>Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121;</li>
+  <li>German ambitions for world power, i: 83;</li>
+  <li>murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii;</li>
+  <li>Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117;</li>
+  <li>Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119;</li>
+  <li>Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120;</li>
+  <li>statement of German &quot;Intellectuals&quot; on, i: 120;</li>
+  <li>racial element in, i: 120;</li>
+  <li>German territorial ambitions, i: 122;</li>
+  <li>German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139;</li>
+  <li>German statement of English responsibility, i: 193;</li>
+  <li>Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Germany, Responsibility for War.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cavalry,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93;</li>
+  <li>Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120;</li>
+  <li>German military critic on importance of, ii: 260;</li>
+  <li>use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under armies of each country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cavell, Edith,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>story of, x: 172;</li>
+  <li>betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;C. C. Gear,&quot; for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 214-216.</li>
+<li>Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>.</li>
+<li>Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.</li>
+<li>Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War, vii: 352;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see also</em> Jews.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.</li>
+<li>Central Powers,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>unity of command established, ii: 330;</li>
+  <li>general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110;</li>
+  <li>mobilized strength, iii: 430;</li>
+  <li>war casualties, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313;</li>
+  <li>Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;</li>
+  <li>war cost, <a href="#Page_27">xii: 27</a>, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in national debts, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also,</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Austria-Hungary;</li>
+    <li>Bulgaria;</li>
+    <li>Germany;</li>
+    <li>Turkey.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.</li>
+<li>Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_37">xii: 37</a>.</li>
+<li>Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.</li>
+<li>Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.</li>
+<li>Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.</li>
+<li>Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Ch&acirc;lons,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>system of trench defenses, v: 44.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chamberlain, Austen, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.</li>
+<li>Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm., commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.</li>
+<li>Champagne,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46;</li>
+  <li>as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67;</li>
+  <li>German offensive checked, July 15&mdash;17, '18, v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15&mdash;17, '18, v: 148-158.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.</li>
+<li>Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Chanak,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>town on Dardanelles, iv: 24;</li>
+  <li>bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Channel ports,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>importance to Allies, ii: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359;</li>
+  <li>opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of, ii: 172;</li>
+  <li>Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Chant du D&eacute;part, Le</cite>, French patriotic song, xi: 333.</li>
+<li>Chapman, Victor, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.</li>
+<li>Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.</li>
+<li><cite>Charge of the Tank Brigade</cite>, poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.</li>
+<li><cite>Charlemagne</cite>, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.</li>
+<li>Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21&mdash;23, '14, i: 375.</li>
+<li>Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388;</li>
+  <li>secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315;</li>
+  <li>conciliatory policy, vi: 313;</li>
+  <li>overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317;</li>
+  <li>letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317;</li>
+  <li>leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 371-373.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.</li>
+<li>Chart&egrave;ves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.</li>
+<li>Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320;</li>
+  <li>re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184;</li>
+  <li>German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F., May 31&mdash;June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43;</li>
+  <li>location and importance, v: 133;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Marne, battles of, July, '18.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ch&acirc;teauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.</li>
+<li>Ch&acirc;tel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.</li>
+<li>Ch&acirc;tillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.</li>
+<li>Ch&acirc;tillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.</li>
+<li>Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.</li>
+<li>Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.</li>
+<li>Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.</li>
+<li>Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.</li>
+<li>Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.</li>
+<li>Chemical warfare,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+  <li>first use against Russians, iii: 288-292;</li>
+  <li>Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322;</li>
+  <li>German projector batteries, v: 28;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401;</li>
+  <li>gas warfare development, v: 321;</li>
+  <li>kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172;</li>
+  <li>mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321;</li>
+  <li>phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325;</li>
+  <li>invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: <em>Intro. ix</em>;</li>
+  <li>methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165;</li>
+  <li>gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316;</li>
+  <li>gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320;</li>
+  <li>poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167;</li>
+  <li>carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166;</li>
+  <li>nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166;</li>
+  <li>carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168;</li>
+  <li>chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170;</li>
+  <li>vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172;</li>
+  <li>diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170;</li>
+  <li>xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170;</li>
+  <li>chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;</li>
+  <li>sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;</li>
+  <li>Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172;</li>
+  <li>methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179;</li>
+  <li>oxygen helmets, viii: 173;</li>
+  <li>gas masks, viii: 174-178;</li>
+  <li>use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176;</li>
+  <li>fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178;</li>
+  <li>use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178;</li>
+  <li>wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178;</li>
+  <li>U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+  <li>gas gangrene, xi: 287;</li>
+  <li>international law on, xi: 313;</li>
+  <li>general description, xi: 313-323.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chemin des Dames,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle and capture of, by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132;</li>
+  <li>Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76;</li>
+  <li>training area for 26th Div., v: 117.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Chemung, S. S.</cite>, American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.</li>
+<li>Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.</li>
+<li>Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.</li>
+<li>Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.</li>
+<li>Children in the War, xi: <em>Intro. ix-xiii</em>, 56-84;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>letters of, xi: 60, 74-84;</li>
+  <li>brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67;</li>
+  <li>Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69;</li>
+  <li>&quot;The Little Serbian Sergeant,&quot; xi: 69;</li>
+  <li>American relief for European, xi: 84-93.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chile,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>neutral during War, vi: 390;</li>
+  <li>Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li>China,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>under foreigners' yoke, i: 18;</li>
+  <li>defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>forced to accept &quot;open door&quot; policy, i: 38;</li>
+  <li>U. S. policy of &quot;open door&quot; in, i: 57;</li>
+  <li>special Japanese interests in, recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;</li>
+  <li>international position of, '14, i: 63;</li>
+  <li>severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389;</li>
+  <li>declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>coolie labor in France, ii: 377, <a href="#Page_80">xii: 80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">xii: 85</a>;</li>
+  <li>siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257;</li>
+  <li>Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259;</li>
+  <li>origin of phrase &quot;yellow peril,&quot; vi: 248;</li>
+  <li>Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385;</li>
+  <li>coal production, '13&mdash;'15, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>;</li>
+  <li>refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, <a href="#Page_167">xii: 167</a>;</li>
+  <li>delegates to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_206">xii: 206</a>;</li>
+  <li>Kiao-Chau (Shantung) transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209</a>;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see also</em> Kiau-Chau; Shantung.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Chinese Citizen Boy,&quot; letter from, xi: 179.</li>
+<li>Chipilly Ridge, 33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.</li>
+<li>Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.</li>
+<li>Chlorine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+  <li>poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168;</li>
+  <li>use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chlorpicrin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description of, v: 321;</li>
+  <li>use in chemical warfare, viii: 171;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Choising, S. S.</cite>, <cite>Emdens's</cite> survivors transfer from <cite>Ayesha</cite> to, iv: 192.</li>
+<li>Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.</li>
+<li>Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.</li>
+<li>Chunuk Bair,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172;</li>
+  <li>Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Churchill, Winston Spencer,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: <em>Intro. x, xiv.</em>, 29, 200;</li>
+  <li>responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;</li>
+  <li>member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;</li>
+  <li>defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 44-47.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.</li>
+<li>Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.</li>
+<li>Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li>Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.</li>
+<li>Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.</li>
+<li>Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of, compared with World War, ii: <em>Intro. xiii.</em></li>
+<li>Civilian deaths,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>due to War, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>money value of, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.</li>
+<li>Clarkson, Grosvenor B.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_115">xii: 115</a>;</li>
+  <li>on causes of high cost of living, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142-148</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von, influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.</li>
+<li>Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.</li>
+<li>Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.</li>
+<li>Clemenceau, Georges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>makes <cite>Bonnet Rouge</cite> disclosures, vi: 105;</li>
+  <li>forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106;</li>
+  <li>disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108;</li>
+  <li>publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus offering to make peace, vi: 315;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125;</li>
+  <li>record as Premier, ix: 12;</li>
+  <li>view of &quot;Fourteen Points,&quot; ix: 13;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 13;</li>
+  <li>faith in Foch, ix: 151;</li>
+  <li>at the Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149-163</a>;</li>
+  <li>excludes Germans from, <a href="#Page_162">xii: 162</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.</li>
+<li>Cl&eacute;ry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.</li>
+<li>Cl&eacute;ry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Clifford, Rev. J. H., &quot;Doc of the Fifth,&quot; chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.</li>
+<li>Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.</li>
+<li>Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.</li>
+<li>Coal,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abundance secret of German power, i: 267;</li>
+  <li>German production, 1880&mdash;1913, i: 267;</li>
+  <li>seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20;</li>
+  <li>consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331;</li>
+  <li>Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production, '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_46">xii: 46</a>;</li>
+  <li>production by chief countries, '13&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+  <li>war-time price of, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, <a href="#Page_224">xii: 224</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.</li>
+<li>&quot;Coastals,&quot; type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.</li>
+<li>Coblenz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392;</li>
+  <li>bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394;</li>
+  <li>conditions for Allied withdrawal from, <a href="#Page_261">xii: 261</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cochin, Lieut., French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.</li>
+<li>Codes, detection of, v: 319.</li>
+<li>Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.</li>
+<li>Coffin, H. E.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, <a href="#Page_69">xii: 69</a>;</li>
+  <li>views on industrial preparedness, <a href="#Page_69">xii: 69</a>;</li>
+  <li>member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cohalan, Justice, leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.</li>
+<li>Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.</li>
+<li>Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.</li>
+<li>Cologne, bridgehead at,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400;</li>
+  <li>conditions for Allied withdrawal from, <a href="#Page_261">xii: 261</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.</li>
+<li>Colonies,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>important share of British, in winning War, i: 13;</li>
+  <li>loss of German, i: 13;</li>
+  <li>German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14;</li>
+  <li>share of French, in final victory, i: 14;</li>
+  <li>European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14;</li>
+  <li>era of colonization by European nations, i: 26;</li>
+  <li>influence on development of naval power, i: 28;</li>
+  <li>colonization during 19th century, i: 37;</li>
+  <li>in Far East, i: 38;</li>
+  <li>expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Columbia, S. S.</cite>, American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.</li>
+<li>Combles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Allies, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><span lang="fr">Comit&eacute; Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation</span>, organization, vii: 120.</li>
+<li>Commerce,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>national rivalries, i: 262;</li>
+  <li>English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Trade, under name of country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Commerce raiders,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German, exploits of <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 166-194;</li>
+  <li><cite>K&ouml;nigsberg</cite>, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195;</li>
+  <li><cite>Karlsruhe</cite>, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196;</li>
+  <li><cite>K&ouml;nigin Luise</cite>, operations in English Channel, iv: 197;</li>
+  <li><cite>Meteor</cite>, activities in Baltic, iv: 197;</li>
+  <li><cite>Moewe</cite>, converted merchantman, iv: 197;</li>
+  <li><cite>Seeadler</cite>, iv: 198;</li>
+  <li><cite>Wolf</cite>, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Commissaries, political, in Russia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>demoralize army, iii: 268;</li>
+  <li>Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Russia.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.</li>
+<li>Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Communication, lines of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;</li>
+  <li>between France and Germany, v: 214.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Compass,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for airplanes, viii: 220;</li>
+  <li>Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Comrades in Service, vii: 284.</li>
+<li><cite>Conduct of War, The</cite>, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.</li>
+<li><span lang="fr">Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration G&eacute;n&eacute;rale du Travail</span>, French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.</li>
+<li>Congo,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Belgian exploitation of, i: 50;</li>
+  <li>creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Congo Conference, '84&mdash;'85, i: 16.</li>
+<li>Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.</li>
+<li>Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.</li>
+<li>Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.</li>
+<li>Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60;</li>
+  <li>Commandant-General of &quot;Irish Republic,&quot; ix: 53.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.</li>
+<li>Conscription, <em>see under</em> name of country.</li>
+<li>Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.</li>
+<li>Constantine, King of Greece,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 380-382.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Constantinesco, M., inventor of &quot;C. C. Gear&quot; for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.</li>
+<li>Constantinople,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian ambitions for, i: 63;</li>
+  <li>captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90;</li>
+  <li>Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>key to early ending of War, ii: 29;</li>
+  <li>early history, iv: 18;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Gallipoli Campaign;</li>
+    <li>Turkey.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.</li>
+<li>Constanza,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221;</li>
+  <li>bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Constituent Assembly, Russian, dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.</li>
+<li>Contraband, <em>see</em> Germany, Blockade.</li>
+<li>Contracts, between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge, <a href="#Page_240">xii: 240-243</a>.</li>
+<li>Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.</li>
+<li>Cook, Lieut. S. W., co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.</li>
+<li>Co-operative Societies, Siberia, organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.</li>
+<li>Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.</li>
+<li>Corfu,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160;</li>
+  <li>meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Cormoran, S. S.</cite>, converted into auxiliary cruiser by <cite>Emden's</cite> crew, vi: 169.</li>
+<li><cite>Cornwall</cite>, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.</li>
+<li>Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.</li>
+<li><cite>Cornwallis</cite>, British battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389;</li>
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Coronel, battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308;</li>
+  <li>comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65;</li>
+  <li>Von Spee's account of, iv: 66;</li>
+  <li>British account of, iv: 67;</li>
+  <li>losses, iv: 68;</li>
+  <li>Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.</li>
+<li>Cossacks,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>origin, vi: 146;</li>
+  <li>fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cost of living,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em> Prices;</li>
+  <li><em>also</em> under each country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cost of War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>importance of money as war weapon, <a href="#Page_1">xii: 1</a>;</li>
+  <li>compared with previous wars, <a href="#Page_24">xii: 24</a>;</li>
+  <li>value of property destroyed, <a href="#Page_24">xii: 24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>economic loss in man-power, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>value of production loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+  <li>value of tonnage sunk, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+  <li>cost to Allies and Central Powers, <a href="#Page_27">xii: 27</a>, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>meaning of &quot;cost of war,&quot; <a href="#Page_105">xii: 105</a>;</li>
+  <li>difficulties of computing money equivalent, <a href="#Page_105">xii: 105</a>;</li>
+  <li>range of expenditures, <a href="#Page_105">xii: 105</a>;</li>
+  <li>expenditures of different belligerents, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106-107</a>;</li>
+  <li>methods used to raise war funds, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107-114</a>;</li>
+  <li>taxation <em>vs.</em> borrowing, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in national debts of belligerents, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under each belligerent.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.</li>
+<li>C&ocirc;te de Ch&acirc;tillon, capture of, by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.</li>
+<li>C&ocirc;tes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12&mdash;13, '18, v: 69.</li>
+<li>Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.</li>
+<li>Coulommiers, Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.</li>
+<li>Council of National Defense, U. S.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em> United States, Council of National Defense.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Courland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>Republic of, established Apr., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, Apr., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Baltic Provinces.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.</li>
+<li><cite>Covington</cite>, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.</li>
+<li>Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.</li>
+<li>Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel, iv: 63, ix: 308.</li>
+<li>Crandell, Miss Marion G., American &quot;Y&quot; worker with French, killed vii: 313.</li>
+<li><cite>Cressy</cite>, British cruiser, sunk by <cite>U-9</cite>, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.</li>
+<li>Crile, Col. George W., first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as an&aelig;sthetic, vii: 68.</li>
+<li>Croats,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vi: 354;</li>
+  <li>antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Croix de Guerre, awards to American &quot;Y&quot; workers, vii: 275, 313.</li>
+<li>Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.</li>
+<li>Cromer, Lord, chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.</li>
+<li>Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander 80th Div., v: 144;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.</li>
+<li>Crown Prince of Germany, <em>see</em> Frederick William.</li>
+<li>Crown Prince of Prussia, <em>see</em> Frederick William.</li>
+<li>Ctesiphon,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182;</li>
+  <li>description of Arch of, iii: 331;</li>
+  <li>collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cuba,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>revolt against Spain, i: 56;</li>
+  <li>declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389;</li>
+  <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegate, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.</li>
+<li>Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.</li>
+<li>Cumi&egrave;res, captured and lost by Germans, May 23&mdash;27, '16, iii: 54, 312.</li>
+<li>Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.</li>
+<li>Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li><cite>Cushing</cite>, American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.</li>
+<li>Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.</li>
+<li>Custer (85th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S. Army.</li>
+<li>Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_229">xii: 229</a>.</li>
+<li>Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.</li>
+<li><cite>Cyclops</cite>, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.</li>
+<li>Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.</li>
+<li>Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Czar of Russia, <em>see</em> Nicholas II.</li>
+<li>Czechoslovakia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192;</li>
+  <li>capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>attack on Hungary, April&mdash;May, '19, vi: 326;</li>
+  <li>antagonism to Italy, vi: 362;</li>
+  <li>independence recognized, vi: 399;</li>
+  <li>German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399;</li>
+  <li>Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400;</li>
+  <li>against Bolshevism, vi: 400;</li>
+  <li>claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400;</li>
+  <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, <a href="#Page_197">xii: 197</a>;</li>
+  <li>use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, <a href="#Page_253">xii: 253</a>;</li>
+  <li>Republic established, Oct., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, Oct., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Bohemia.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>appointment as, vi: 313;</li>
+  <li>peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314;</li>
+  <li>resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Czernowitz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122;</li>
+  <li>abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Russians, June 17&mdash;18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Din" id="Din">D</a></li>
+<li><cite>Daffodil</cite>, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.</li>
+<li>Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.</li>
+<li>Dalmatia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Italian claims for, vi: 361;</li>
+  <li>conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.</li>
+<li>Damascus, captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.</li>
+<li>Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.</li>
+<li>Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.</li>
+<li>&quot;Danger Zone,&quot; in rifle fire, viii: 93.</li>
+<li>Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.</li>
+<li>Dankl, Gen., commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.</li>
+<li>Dannevoux, scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.</li>
+<li>D'Annunzio, Gabriele,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality, ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343;</li>
+  <li>manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368;</li>
+  <li>claims Fiume, vi: 369;</li>
+  <li>seizes Fiume, vi: 370;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 343-345;</li>
+  <li>author of <cite>Song of the Dardanelles</cite>, ix: 343;</li>
+  <li>message to America, ix: 344.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Danton</cite>, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.</li>
+<li>Danube River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214;</li>
+  <li>bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221;</li>
+  <li>internationalized by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Danzig,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>demanded by Poland, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, <a href="#Page_203">xii: 203</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dardanelles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161;</li>
+  <li>closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28;</li>
+  <li>strategic importance, ii: 29;</li>
+  <li>Narrows, critical point, ii: 29;</li>
+  <li>topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;</li>
+  <li>modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;</li>
+  <li>early history, iv: 18-22;</li>
+  <li>early fortifications, iv: 19;</li>
+  <li>closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20;</li>
+  <li>forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20;</li>
+  <li>fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20;</li>
+  <li>forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21;</li>
+  <li>importance to Turkey, iv: 23;</li>
+  <li>importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26;</li>
+  <li>description, xi: 14;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dardanelles Expedition, <em>see</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+<li>Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.</li>
+<li>Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.</li>
+<li>Davis, Richard Harding,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273;</li>
+  <li>description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Davison, Henry P.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 339.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>De Valera, Prof. Eamonn,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>elected to Parliament, vi: 62;</li>
+  <li>arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65;</li>
+  <li>elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55;</li>
+  <li>address to America, ix: 55.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun, battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.</li>
+<li>Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.</li>
+<li>Debts, national,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>of belligerents, <a href="#Page_111">xii: 111-114</a>;</li>
+  <li>between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232-236</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.</li>
+<li><cite>Deductions from the World War</cite>, by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.</li>
+<li><cite>Defender</cite>, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.</li>
+<li><cite>Defense</cite>, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.</li>
+<li>Defense,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>elements in, iv: 4;</li>
+  <li>French trench system of, v: 12;</li>
+  <li>Gouraud's method of, against infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Tactics.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Defense of the Realm Act, British,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14;</li>
+  <li>used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.</li>
+<li>Delcass&eacute;, Th&eacute;ophile,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99;</li>
+  <li>resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.</li>
+<li>Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.</li>
+<li>Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.</li>
+<li>Democracy, in Europe,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as result of the War, i: <em>Intro. x</em>;</li>
+  <li>rise of, during 19th century, i: 29;</li>
+  <li>among American colonists, i: 29;</li>
+  <li>development in France, i: 30;</li>
+  <li>European reaction, 1814&mdash;40, i: 32;</li>
+  <li>failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32;</li>
+  <li>growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04&mdash;'14, i: 293.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Demotika,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344;</li>
+  <li>Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Denikin, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270;</li>
+  <li>leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Denmark,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war with Prussia, 1864, i: <em>Intro. vii</em>;</li>
+  <li>neutral during War, vi: 393;</li>
+  <li>popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393;</li>
+  <li>war-time increase in shipping, <a href="#Page_101">xii: 101</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Depth bomb,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>evolution of, iv: 307;</li>
+  <li>use in fighting submarines, iv: 317;</li>
+  <li>development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;</li>
+  <li>launching mechanism, iv: 331;</li>
+  <li>invention of &quot;Y&quot; gun, iv: 332;</li>
+  <li>for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332;</li>
+  <li>description, viii: 281, xi: 239.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Der Kampf</cite>, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.</li>
+<li><cite>Der Tag</cite>, the German &quot;millennium,&quot; xi: 195.</li>
+<li><cite>Derflinger</cite>, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+<li>Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>justifies German war policy, i: 120;</li>
+  <li>heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316;</li>
+  <li>character sketch of, ix: 353.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Derri&egrave;re Chez Mon P&egrave;re</cite>, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.</li>
+<li>D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31;</li>
+  <li>commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347;</li>
+  <li>signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Destroyers, effectiveness against submarines, viii: <em>Intro. viii.</em></li>
+<li>Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.</li>
+<li><cite>Deutschland</cite>, German merchant submarine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214;</li>
+  <li>Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215;</li>
+  <li>feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Devastation of France,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67;</li>
+  <li>French protest to neutrals, iii: 68;</li>
+  <li>German excuses for, iii: 68.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Devoir, Le</cite>, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.</li>
+<li>D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.</li>
+<li>D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.</li>
+<li><cite>Dhair Hissar</cite>, Turkish torpedo-boat in &AElig;gean, iv: 49.</li>
+<li>Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.</li>
+<li>Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.</li>
+<li>Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes, defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.</li>
+<li>Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51;</li>
+  <li>commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386;</li>
+  <li>commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132;</li>
+  <li>commands 3rd Div. at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, v: 132;</li>
+  <li>commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.</li>
+<li>Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas), use in chemical warfare, v: 322.</li>
+<li>Dinant, Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.</li>
+<li>Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.</li>
+<li>Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.</li>
+<li>Dirigibles, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li>Disarmament,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194;</li>
+  <li>German answer to British proposals, i: 195.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Disease,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;</li>
+  <li>early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177;</li>
+  <li>preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248;</li>
+  <li>results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195;</li>
+  <li>sanitation, vii: 253;</li>
+  <li>inoculation against, vii: 253;</li>
+  <li>prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397;</li>
+  <li>anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Infection;</li>
+    <li>Medical Science;</li>
+    <li>Sanitation.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to &quot;Y&quot; workers, vii: 272.</li>
+<li>&quot;Divine right of kings,&quot; Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.</li>
+<li>Dixmude,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29&mdash;30, '18, i: 397;</li>
+  <li>German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dixmude-Ypres sector, Allied offensive, Sept. 28&mdash;Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.</li>
+<li>Djemal Pasha, commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.</li>
+<li>Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.</li>
+<li>Dniester River, Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.</li>
+<li>Dobrudja,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German conquest of, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221;</li>
+  <li>description of, iii: 215;</li>
+  <li>disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220;</li>
+  <li>dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344;</li>
+  <li>overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.</li>
+<li>Dogger Bank, battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250;</li>
+  <li>Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dogs in War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as ambulance drawers, viii: 379;</li>
+  <li>varied activities, xi: 340-347;</li>
+  <li>story of &quot;Cap,&quot; the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367;</li>
+  <li>story of &quot;Pat,&quot; Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402;</li>
+  <li>effect of food shortage on, <a href="#Page_40">xii: 40</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dommartin-la-Montagne, captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12&mdash;13, '18, v: 69, 212.</li>
+<li>Don Republic,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>established Jan., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dormans,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53;</li>
+  <li>location, v: 133.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.</li>
+<li>Douaumont Fort, at Verdun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Feb. 25&mdash;26, '16, i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305;</li>
+  <li>French recapture and lose, May 22&mdash;25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310;</li>
+  <li>retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Doughboys,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.</li>
+<li>Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.</li>
+<li>Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li>Draft, <em>see</em> Conscription under name of country.</li>
+<li><cite>Drake</cite>, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.</li>
+<li><cite>Dresden</cite>, German cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70;</li>
+  <li>sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.</li>
+<li>Drop bombs, viii: 76.</li>
+<li>Drummond, Sir James Eric, first Secretary-General of League of Nations, <a href="#Page_186">xii: 186</a>.</li>
+<li>Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.</li>
+<li>Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.</li>
+<li>Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.</li>
+<li>Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.</li>
+<li>Duds, deloading of, v: 326.</li>
+<li>Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Duff, Sir Beauchamp, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.</li>
+<li>Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.</li>
+<li>Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.</li>
+<li>Duma, Russian,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;</li>
+  <li>struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144;</li>
+  <li>forces dismissal of St&uuml;rmer as Premier, vi: 142;</li>
+  <li>Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144;</li>
+  <li>refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146;</li>
+  <li>activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155;</li>
+  <li>establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Russia.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dumba, Dr. Constantin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275;</li>
+  <li>dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dun-sur-Meuse,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;</li>
+  <li>bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dunant, Henri, influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.</li>
+<li>Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;</li>
+  <li>commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dunkirk,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380;</li>
+  <li>bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380;</li>
+  <li>German drive for, '14, iii: 40.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.</li>
+<li>Dunne, Edw. F., member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.</li>
+<li>Durazzo,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384;</li>
+  <li>naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399;</li>
+  <li>retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.</li>
+<li>Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.</li>
+<li>Duval,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>traitorous owner of <cite>Bonnet Rouge</cite>, vi: 105;</li>
+  <li>found guilty and shot, vi: 106.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.</li>
+<li>Dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, <a href="#Page_224">xii: 224</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Ein" id="Ein">E</a></li>
+<li><cite>E-7</cite>, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.</li>
+<li><cite>E-9</cite>, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.</li>
+<li><cite>E-11</cite>, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.</li>
+<li><cite>E-14</cite>, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.</li>
+<li><cite>E-50</cite>, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.</li>
+<li><cite>E-54</cite>, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.</li>
+<li>Eagle Hut, American &quot;Y&quot; center in London, vii: 288, 300.</li>
+<li>East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: <em>Intro. vii-xxiv.</em></li>
+<li>East Africa, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>conquered by Allies, iii: 255;</li>
+  <li>acquired by Great Britain, '18, <a href="#Page_271">xii: 271</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_271">xii: 271</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>East Prussia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116;</li>
+  <li>battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;</li>
+  <li>effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227;</li>
+  <li>German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357;</li>
+  <li>plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110;</li>
+  <li>importance, iii: 112;</li>
+  <li>Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113;</li>
+  <li>strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113;</li>
+  <li>decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113;</li>
+  <li>Russian withdrawal, iii: 116;</li>
+  <li>plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_200">xii: 200</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Eastern Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fortifications of, iii: 109;</li>
+  <li>strategic aspects, iii: 110;</li>
+  <li>Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>East Prussia;</li>
+    <li>Galicia;</li>
+    <li>Mazurian Lakes;</li>
+    <li>Poland.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Eastern Karelia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>military government established, May, '19, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ebert, Friedrich,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: <em>Intro. xiii</em>, 292;</li>
+  <li>appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273;</li>
+  <li>establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;</li>
+  <li>states government's determination to put down Spartacides, Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287;</li>
+  <li>outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292;</li>
+  <li>German press comment on personality, vi: 293;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 135-138.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Economic strategy, in war,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>theory and example of, ii: 16;</li>
+  <li>Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, <a href="#Page_102">xii: 102</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ecuador,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>proletarian unrest, vi: 392;</li>
+  <li>delegates to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.</li>
+<li>Education,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. becomes &quot;College in Khaki,&quot; vii: 280;</li>
+  <li>A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281;</li>
+  <li>Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281;</li>
+  <li>demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282;</li>
+  <li>work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282;</li>
+  <li>U. S. soldier students at French and British universities, vii: 282, 290;</li>
+  <li>Army Educational Committee, vii: 282;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282;</li>
+  <li>Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.</li>
+<li>Edwards, Maj.-Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;</li>
+  <li>relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.</li>
+<li>Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.</li>
+<li>Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.</li>
+<li>Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service, tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.</li>
+<li>Egypt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48;</li>
+  <li>British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99;</li>
+  <li>anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188;</li>
+  <li>political unrest, iii: 188;</li>
+  <li>operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189;</li>
+  <li>Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190;</li>
+  <li>Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191;</li>
+  <li>tribesmen suppressed, '16&mdash;'17, iii: 191;</li>
+  <li>resentment against British domination, vi: 67;</li>
+  <li>popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330;</li>
+  <li>Nationalist cry against &quot;British oppression,&quot; vi: 69;</li>
+  <li>Great Britain declares protectorate over, Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70;</li>
+  <li>insurrection, '19, vi: 71;</li>
+  <li>German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, '14, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.</li>
+<li>Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.</li>
+<li>Eisner, Kurt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;</li>
+  <li>appeals to German national government on behalf of Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;</li>
+  <li>assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>El Arish,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189;</li>
+  <li>taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Elbe, internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>.</li>
+<li>Electric drive,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description and advantages of, iv: 322;</li>
+  <li>successfully applied in <cite>U. S. S. New Mexico</cite>, iv: 322.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Electric welding,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319;</li>
+  <li>use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.</li>
+<li>Elliott, Col., leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.</li>
+<li>Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.</li>
+<li>Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124;</li>
+  <li>assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Emden</cite>, German commerce raider,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>exploits of, iv: 166-194;</li>
+  <li>method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173;</li>
+  <li>bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174;</li>
+  <li>attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178;</li>
+  <li>lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184;</li>
+  <li>attacked by <cite>Sydney</cite> off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185;</li>
+  <li>destruction of, report of captain of <cite>Sydney</cite>, iv: 187;</li>
+  <li>summary of raiding activities, iv: 189;</li>
+  <li>landing force at Keeling escapes on <cite>Ayesha</cite>, iv: 190-194.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Li&eacute;ge, iii: 10.</li>
+<li>Emont Wood,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;</li>
+  <li>37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Emplacements, duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.</li>
+<li><cite>Empress Maria</cite>, Russian dreadnought, blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.</li>
+<li>Enfield rifle,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347;</li>
+  <li>standard British service rifle, viii: 95;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production figures, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Engineering,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319;</li>
+  <li>relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>.</li>
+<li>England, <em>see</em> Great Britain.</li>
+<li>Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.</li>
+<li>Entertainment,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299;</li>
+  <li>Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343;</li>
+  <li>for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277;</li>
+  <li>at Winchester camp, vii: 287;</li>
+  <li>for Army of Occupation, vii: 292;</li>
+  <li>for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Y&quot; program for Navy, vii: 299;</li>
+  <li>by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Enver Pasha,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270;</li>
+  <li>commander of Turkish army, iii: 164;</li>
+  <li>in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 270-274.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.</li>
+<li>Epieds, German stand at,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184;</li>
+  <li>General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.</li>
+<li>Ersatz, German, i: 72.</li>
+<li>Erskine, Prof. John,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282;</li>
+  <li>educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.</li>
+<li>Erzberger,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leader of German Center Party, vi: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: <em>Intro. xiii.</em></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Erzerum, captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.</li>
+<li>Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.</li>
+<li>Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.</li>
+<li>Esnes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location of, v: 217;</li>
+  <li>4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.</li>
+<li>Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1&mdash;3, '18, v: 254.</li>
+<li>Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.</li>
+<li>Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.</li>
+<li>Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10&mdash;11, '18, i: 395.</li>
+<li>Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.</li>
+<li>Esthonia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Baltic Provinces.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.</li>
+<li>Etraye,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82;</li>
+  <li>ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86;</li>
+  <li>captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, <a href="#Page_188">xii: 188</a>.</li>
+<li>Europe,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9;</li>
+  <li>race rivalries in, i: 21;</li>
+  <li>alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2;</li>
+  <li>general conditions, winter '17&mdash;'18, v: 1, 113;</li>
+  <li>military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh, commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.</li>
+<li>Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.</li>
+<li>Exermont Valley,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;</li>
+  <li>heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.</li>
+<li>Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.</li>
+<li>Explosives, <em>see</em> Ammunition.</li>
+<li>Extraterritoriality,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>explained, i: 17;</li>
+  <li>Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18;</li>
+  <li>Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Fin" id="Fin">F</a></li>
+<li><cite>Falaba, S. S.</cite>, British steamer, sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.</li>
+<li>Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sent to regain Bagdad, ii: <em>Intro. xx</em>, iii: 196;</li>
+  <li>invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218;</li>
+  <li>replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg, iii: 61;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 262.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Falkland Islands, battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308;</li>
+  <li>strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70;</li>
+  <li>von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70;</li>
+  <li>Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71;</li>
+  <li>German cruiser <cite>Dresden</cite> escapes, iv: 74;</li>
+  <li>British casualties, iv: 74;</li>
+  <li>German loss in men and ships, iv: 74;</li>
+  <li>importance of victory, iv: 74;</li>
+  <li>Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.</li>
+<li><cite>Falmouth</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.</li>
+<li><cite>Fanning</cite>, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Fanning Island, Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.</li>
+<li>Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.</li>
+<li><cite>Farewell</cite>, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.</li>
+<li>Farman airplane, viii: 189.</li>
+<li>Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145;</li>
+  <li>in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.</li>
+<li>Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.</li>
+<li>Fayolle, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18, ii: 152;</li>
+  <li>decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Fearless</cite>, British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.</li>
+<li>Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.</li>
+<li>Ferdinand, Archduke Francis,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em> Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;</li>
+  <li>proclamation to army, vi: 340;</li>
+  <li>appeals to Germany, vi: 347;</li>
+  <li>character, ix: 378;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 378-380.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Ferdinand of Bulgaria</cite>, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.</li>
+<li>Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.</li>
+<li>F&egrave;re Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.</li>
+<li>Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism, ii: 365-372;</li>
+  <li>sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.</li>
+<li>Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.</li>
+<li>Finland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393;</li>
+  <li>political history, 1809&mdash;1914, vi: 196;</li>
+  <li>granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196;</li>
+  <li>autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196;</li>
+  <li>threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196;</li>
+  <li>socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196;</li>
+  <li>nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196;</li>
+  <li>German aid against Russification, vi: 196;</li>
+  <li>declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198;</li>
+  <li>base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198;</li>
+  <li>Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198;</li>
+  <li>Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198;</li>
+  <li>White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198;</li>
+  <li>General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199;</li>
+  <li>Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200;</li>
+  <li>new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200;</li>
+  <li>origin of inhabitants, vi: 200;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Finland</cite>, U. S. transport,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392;</li>
+  <li>torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Firedrake</cite>, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+<li>First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.</li>
+<li>Fisher, Adm. Lord John,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;</li>
+  <li>views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 288-290.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fisher, Prof. Irving, analysis of high cost of living, <em>Intro.</em></li>
+<li>Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.</li>
+<li>Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B., Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.</li>
+<li>Fismes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61;</li>
+  <li>taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 189;</li>
+  <li>General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18, v: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.</li>
+<li>Fiume,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365;</li>
+  <li>arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366;</li>
+  <li>Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference in controversy over, vi: 368-370, <a href="#Page_159">xii: 159</a>;</li>
+  <li>occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370;</li>
+  <li>awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Five Souls</cite>, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.</li>
+<li>Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.</li>
+<li>Flanders, battles of:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Oct., '14,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299;</li>
+    <li>extent of battle line, iii: 38;</li>
+    <li>Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40;</li>
+    <li>Germans repulsed, iii: 40.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Aug., '17,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>failure of British offensive, ii: 56;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343;</li>
+    <li>description of, iii: 78-80;</li>
+    <li>duration, iii: 78;</li>
+    <li>objects, iii: 78;</li>
+    <li>Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79;</li>
+    <li>Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79;</li>
+    <li>Allied gains, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '17, iii: 79;</li>
+    <li>results, iii: 79.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Sept., '18,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.</li>
+<li>Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Fleury, at Verdun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+<li><em>Florence H.</em>, cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.</li>
+<li>Florina,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Flying Dutchman,&quot; name applied to <em>Emden</em>, iv: 187.</li>
+<li>Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213;</li>
+  <li>at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154;</li>
+  <li>theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137;</li>
+  <li>takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130;</li>
+  <li>as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at &Eacute;cole de Guerre, ii: 103, 137, 220;</li>
+  <li>share in victory at first Marne battle, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220;</li>
+  <li>author of <cite>Principles of War</cite>, summary, ii: 104;</li>
+  <li>conception of <em>mind</em> as determining factor in victory, ii: 138;</li>
+  <li>on functions of a general, ii: 138;</li>
+  <li>theories on battle tactics, ii: 138;</li>
+  <li>commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138;</li>
+  <li>organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138;</li>
+  <li>famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33;</li>
+  <li>given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14, ii: 143, iii: 38;</li>
+  <li>floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145;</li>
+  <li>stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220;</li>
+  <li>commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148;</li>
+  <li>appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148;</li>
+  <li>appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148;</li>
+  <li>sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149;</li>
+  <li>French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149;</li>
+  <li>appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41;</li>
+  <li>analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154;</li>
+  <li>made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97;</li>
+  <li>Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170;</li>
+  <li>General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220;</li>
+  <li>commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18;</li>
+  <li>repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33;</li>
+  <li>member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;</li>
+  <li>text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 148-153;</li>
+  <li>Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151;</li>
+  <li>pronunciation of name, ix: 151;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 153;</li>
+  <li>members of family killed in War, ix: 153;</li>
+  <li>military commandments, xi: 55;</li>
+  <li>conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18, <a href="#Page_277">xii: 277</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.</li>
+<li>Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.</li>
+<li>Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.</li>
+<li>Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Food,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sent to Europe from U. S., '16&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_36">xii: 36</a>;</li>
+  <li>importance in winning War, <a href="#Page_40">xii: 40</a>, <a href="#Page_135">xii: 135</a>;</li>
+  <li>War's effect on neutrals, <a href="#Page_42">xii: 42</a>;</li>
+  <li>European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, <a href="#Page_42">xii: 42</a>;</li>
+  <li>situation in Europe after armistice, <a href="#Page_43">xii: 43</a>;</li>
+  <li>world's requirements and supply, '19, <a href="#Page_44">xii: 44</a>;</li>
+  <li>use of potatoes as, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+  <li>U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, <a href="#Page_135">xii: 135</a>;</li>
+  <li>problem of national self-sufficiency, <a href="#Page_135">xii: 135</a>;</li>
+  <li>war-time sugar shortage, <a href="#Page_138">xii: 138</a>;</li>
+  <li>national tastes in, <a href="#Page_138">xii: 138</a>;</li>
+  <li>scientific rations <em>vs.</em> personal taste, <a href="#Page_139">xii: 139</a>;</li>
+  <li>scientific rations as conservation measure, <a href="#Page_139">xii: 139</a>;</li>
+  <li>Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, <a href="#Page_139">xii: 139</a>;</li>
+  <li>war-time government control, <a href="#Page_140">xii: 140</a>;</li>
+  <li>U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17&mdash;July 1, '18, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under each country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Foreign Legion,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American enlistments in, '14&mdash;'17, iii: 391;</li>
+  <li>in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168;</li>
+  <li>heroic story of, x: 27-32;</li>
+  <li>history, xi: 193.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.</li>
+<li>Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.</li>
+<li>For&ecirc;t Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.</li>
+<li>Forges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306;</li>
+  <li>captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Formidable</cite>, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.</li>
+<li>Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.</li>
+<li>Fortescue, Granville, description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.</li>
+<li>Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li>&quot;Fourteen Points,&quot; President Wilson's basis for peace, <a href="#Page_163">xii: 163-165</a>.</li>
+<li>&quot;Foyers du Marin,&quot; &quot;Y&quot; huts for French sailors, vii: 313.</li>
+<li>&quot;Foyers du Soldats,&quot;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310;</li>
+  <li>number, vii: 311;</li>
+  <li>locations, vii: 313.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.</li>
+<li>France:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Air Service,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>strength at end of War, viii: 201;</li>
+    <li>personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>increase in, for '14, i: 132;</li>
+    <li>German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;</li>
+    <li>military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12;</li>
+    <li>German military critic on, ii: 256;</li>
+    <li>uniform, ii: 286;</li>
+    <li>pre-War organization, iii: 3;</li>
+    <li>morale, '17, iv: 10;</li>
+    <li>relations with A. E. F., v: 22;</li>
+    <li>type of service rifle, viii: 95;</li>
+    <li>medical service, viii: 362-365;</li>
+    <li>Chasseurs, xi: 189;</li>
+    <li>Spahi, xi: 189;</li>
+    <li>Zouaves, xi: 189;</li>
+    <li>Tirailleurs, xi: 191;</li>
+    <li>Foreign Legion, xi: 193;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Foreign Legion;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em> name of campaign.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Artillery,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>famous &quot;75's,&quot; efficiency of, ii: 287;</li>
+    <li>plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14;</li>
+    <li>520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>total battle deaths, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, <em>Intro. x.</em></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140;</li>
+    <li>on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;</li>
+    <li>on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;</li>
+    <li>on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382;</li>
+    <li>popular reception of, '14, vi: 95.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Food,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>potato crop, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time sugar shortage, <a href="#Page_138">xii: 138</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>world position, 1871, i: 47;</li>
+    <li>world position, '14, i: 59;</li>
+    <li>Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain, i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2;</li>
+    <li>Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98;</li>
+    <li>Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99;</li>
+    <li>Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;</li>
+    <li>Anglo-French agreement for united action against &quot;third Power,&quot; '12, i: 107, 220;</li>
+    <li>Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220;</li>
+    <li>pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223;</li>
+    <li>French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382;</li>
+    <li>Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315;</li>
+    <li>claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+    <li>Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.</li>
+  <li>Frontiers,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>topography of German border, ii: 6;</li>
+    <li>defenses, iii: 2;</li>
+    <li>natural gateways on, v: 214.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Industries,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war-time disorganization, <a href="#Page_79">xii: 79</a>;</li>
+    <li>economic value of A. E. F. to, <a href="#Page_86">xii: 86</a>;</li>
+    <li>German destruction in invaded territory, <a href="#Page_87">xii: 87</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Internal politics,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>development of democracy, i: 30;</li>
+    <li>organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97;</li>
+    <li>fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100;</li>
+    <li>nation united in War aims, vi: 101;</li>
+    <li>mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102;</li>
+    <li>Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103;</li>
+    <li>fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103;</li>
+    <li>effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103;</li>
+    <li>Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103;</li>
+    <li><cite>Bonnet Rouge</cite> disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17, vi: 104;</li>
+    <li>Painlev&eacute; forms new Cabinet, vi: 105;</li>
+    <li>Painlev&eacute; ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106;</li>
+    <li>Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106;</li>
+    <li>Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106;</li>
+    <li>growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109;</li>
+    <li>class war, '19, vi: 110;</li>
+    <li>Jaur&egrave;s parade, '19, vi: 110;</li>
+    <li>significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110;</li>
+    <li>French peace aims, vi: 111;</li>
+    <li>May Day riots, '19, vi: 111;</li>
+    <li>class war intensified, vi: 113.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Labor,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war achievements, ii: 373-382;</li>
+    <li>shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373;</li>
+    <li>skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374;</li>
+    <li>women as munition workers, ii: 376;</li>
+    <li>foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377;</li>
+    <li>importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377;</li>
+    <li>use of colonials, ii: 377;</li>
+    <li>use of prisoners of war, ii: 377;</li>
+    <li>size of labor army, ii: 377;</li>
+    <li>housing of war workers, ii: 377;</li>
+    <li>co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378;</li>
+    <li>protection for women workers, ii: 379;</li>
+    <li>war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379;</li>
+    <li>state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380;</li>
+    <li>growth of syndicalism, ii: 381;</li>
+    <li>demand for share in management, ii: 381;</li>
+    <li>selective assignment to industries, <a href="#Page_79">xii: 79</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Minerals,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>German plans for seizure of iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20;</li>
+    <li>coal production, '13&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Morale,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>of people during War, i: <em>Intro. xiii</em>, ii: 383-392;</li>
+    <li>war-time unity, ii: 385;</li>
+    <li>factors in war-time unity, ii: 392;</li>
+    <li>depression, '17&mdash;'18, v: 2.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Munitions,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373;</li>
+    <li>immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>strength in '06, i: 101;</li>
+    <li>increase in, for '14, i: 132;</li>
+    <li>entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12;</li>
+    <li>strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373;</li>
+    <li>war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373;</li>
+    <li>work in Dardanelles, iv: 375;</li>
+    <li><span lang="fr">Fusiliers marins</span>, French naval gunners, on Western Front, iv: 376;</li>
+    <li>protection of French coast, iv: 377;</li>
+    <li>anti-submarine activities, iv: 378.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Conference,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>delegates to, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Peace Conference.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>ratified, Oct. 13, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Peace Treaty.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Population,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in 1860, i: 40;</li>
+    <li>in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;</li>
+    <li>in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;</li>
+    <li>growth since 1870 compared with that of Germa
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></p></li>
+
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>Railroads,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>unprecedented war-time demands on, <a href="#Page_91">xii: 91</a>;</li>
+    <li>equipment shipped to France by U. S., <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Reconstruction, material needs, <a href="#Page_87">xii: 87</a>.</li>
+  <li>Shipping, war losses, <a href="#Page_87">xii: 87</a>.</li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14&mdash;Jan., '17, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2</a>;</li>
+    <li>income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., <a href="#Page_4">xii: 4</a>;</li>
+    <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>, <a href="#Page_31">xii: 31</a>;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+    <li>Andr&eacute; Tardieu's estimate, <a href="#Page_86">xii: 86</a>;</li>
+    <li>average daily war cost, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>;</li>
+    <li>total war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Mar., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>taxation, <a href="#Page_109">xii: 109</a>;</li>
+    <li>loans, <a href="#Page_111">xii: 111</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_111">xii: 111-113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>War relief, <em>see</em> War relief.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Francis Ferdinand, Archduke,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>heir to Austrian throne, i: 111;</li>
+  <li>murdered with consort at Sarajevo, June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4;</li>
+  <li>responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112;</li>
+  <li>responsibility disclaimed, i: 246;</li>
+  <li>causes and results of murder, vi: 135;</li>
+  <li>national policy, vi: 356.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313;</li>
+  <li>tragedies of reign, vi: 305;</li>
+  <li>proclamation against Italy, vi: 310;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 370-373.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier, vii: 101.</li>
+<li>Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.</li>
+<li>Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.</li>
+<li>Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.</li>
+<li>Frantz, Gen. von, protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.</li>
+<li><cite>Frauenlob</cite>, German cruiser, torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.</li>
+<li>Frederick William, German Crown Prince,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13;</li>
+  <li>commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;</li>
+  <li>renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340;</li>
+  <li>commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10;</li>
+  <li>commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303;</li>
+  <li>detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 367-369.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Free Milk for France,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fund started, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>object, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>French testimonials, vii: 379.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Freedom of the seas,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324;</li>
+  <li>Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>definition, xi: 18.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.</li>
+<li>French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9;</li>
+  <li>first British commander-in-chief in France, ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180;</li>
+  <li>publishes <cite>1914</cite>, account of military operations of year, ii: 159;</li>
+  <li>summary of <cite>1914</cite>, ii: 160-174;</li>
+  <li>arrival in France, ii: 161;</li>
+  <li>dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France, ii: 164, 169;</li>
+  <li>expos&eacute; of British shell shortage, ii: 173;</li>
+  <li>overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports, ii: 174;</li>
+  <li>commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184;</li>
+  <li>official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24;</li>
+  <li>relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 177-181;</li>
+  <li>Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.</li>
+<li>French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.</li>
+<li>Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Fresnes-en-Woevre, taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.</li>
+<li>Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.</li>
+<li>Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War, ii: 10;</li>
+  <li>summary of his <cite>Deductions from the World War</cite>, ii: 254;</li>
+  <li>exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.</li>
+<li>Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.</li>
+<li>Fryatt, Capt. Chas.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269;</li>
+  <li>attempts to ram <cite>U-33</cite>, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265;</li>
+  <li>Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen., German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.</li>
+<li>Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Fyfe, Hamilton, defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Gin" id="Gin">G</a></li>
+<li><cite>G-13</cite>, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.</li>
+<li>G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.</li>
+<li>Gaba Tepe. <em>see</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+<li>Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo, for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.</li>
+<li>G&auml;dke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.</li>
+<li>Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.</li>
+<li>Galicia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, iii: 135-138;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, ii: 360;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124;</li>
+  <li>General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120;</li>
+  <li>Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121;</li>
+  <li>rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121;</li>
+  <li>last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147;</li>
+  <li>Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Galli&eacute;ni, Gen. Joseph-Simon,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 161-164;</li>
+  <li>Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gallipoli Campaign,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles, ii: <em>Intro. x, xii</em>, 29, 200;</li>
+  <li>reasons for, ii: <em>Intro. xii</em>, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57;</li>
+  <li>failure of initial naval attack, ii: <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+  <li>reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+  <li>weakness, ii: <em>Intro. xvi</em>;</li>
+  <li>strategy, ii: 27-31;</li>
+  <li>Feb.&mdash;Dec., '15, ii: 27-31;</li>
+  <li>Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173;</li>
+  <li>Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure, appointment and personnel, ii: 197;</li>
+  <li>persons named as responsible, ii: 198;</li>
+  <li>summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200;</li>
+  <li>British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200;</li>
+  <li>campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200;</li>
+  <li>Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203;</li>
+  <li>Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53;</li>
+  <li>Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56;</li>
+  <li>military operations, Apr. 25, '15&mdash;Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177;</li>
+  <li>Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15, iii: 162;</li>
+  <li>composition of Allied forces, iii: 162;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32;</li>
+  <li>Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164;</li>
+  <li>composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164;</li>
+  <li>topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;</li>
+  <li>defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;</li>
+  <li>British plans for landing attack, iii: 167;</li>
+  <li>Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, x: 35-40;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Adm. de Robeck's official report, iv: 36-42 ;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Masefield's description, iii: 352;</li>
+    <li>official report, iv: 36;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355;</li>
+  <li>Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170;</li>
+  <li>Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May&mdash;June, '15, iii: 170;</li>
+  <li>&quot;war of attrition&quot; on Anzac sector, iii: 171;</li>
+  <li>Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173;</li>
+  <li>Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171;</li>
+  <li>Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173;</li>
+  <li>last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Masefield's description, iii: 355-358;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355;</li>
+  <li>last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357;</li>
+  <li>last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173;</li>
+  <li>obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174;</li>
+  <li>evacuation, Nov., '15&mdash;Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358;</li>
+  <li>casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51;</li>
+  <li>reasons for failure, iii: 177;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, iii: 177;</li>
+  <li>Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343;</li>
+  <li>Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341;</li>
+  <li>Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350;</li>
+  <li>soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356;</li>
+  <li>Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28;</li>
+  <li>initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28;</li>
+  <li>British plan of operations, iv: 30;</li>
+  <li>preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15&mdash;Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30;</li>
+  <li>bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42;</li>
+  <li>Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32;</li>
+  <li>Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 32;</li>
+  <li>Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49;</li>
+  <li>number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33;</li>
+  <li>Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, 47;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>official report, iv: 34;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34;</li>
+  <li>French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;</li>
+  <li>heroic minesweeping, iv: 43;</li>
+  <li>Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45;</li>
+  <li>analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War, iv: 51;</li>
+  <li>cost of expedition, iv: 51;</li>
+  <li>lessons of, iv: 52;</li>
+  <li>mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56;</li>
+  <li>Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330;</li>
+  <li>Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Dardanelles.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.</li>
+<li>Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.</li>
+<li>Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.</li>
+<li>Gardens,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131;</li>
+  <li>by A. E. F., v: 330.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.</li>
+<li>Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.</li>
+<li><cite>Garibaldi</cite>, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.</li>
+<li><cite>Garibaldi Hymn</cite>, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.</li>
+<li>Garrisons, use of small <span lang="fr">groupes de combat</span> by French, v: 13.</li>
+<li>Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.</li>
+<li>Gas, <em>see</em> Chemical warfare.</li>
+<li>Gas gangrene, <em>see</em> Gangrene.</li>
+<li>Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.</li>
+<li>Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.</li>
+<li><cite>Gaulois</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gaza,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26&mdash;27, '17, iii: 192;</li>
+  <li>captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.</li>
+<li>Generalship, British, in the War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378;</li>
+  <li>physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371;</li>
+  <li>mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371;</li>
+  <li>personal gallantry, iii: 371;</li>
+  <li>as great &quot;English gentlemen,&quot; iii: 371;</li>
+  <li>mental characteristics, iii: 371;</li>
+  <li>mostly conservative men, iii: 372;</li>
+  <li>no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374;</li>
+  <li>personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373;</li>
+  <li>ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373;</li>
+  <li>faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374;</li>
+  <li>desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374;</li>
+  <li>efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374;</li>
+  <li>Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375;</li>
+  <li>faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375;</li>
+  <li>tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375;</li>
+  <li>final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378;</li>
+  <li>success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378;</li>
+  <li>inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378;</li>
+  <li>chief shortcoming, iii: 378.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, <a href="#Page_183">xii: 183</a>.</li>
+<li>Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.</li>
+<li>Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.</li>
+<li>George V, King of England,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 392-395.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Georgia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history of people, vi: 231;</li>
+  <li>Republic established, Jan., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.</li>
+<li>German-Americans,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>distribution and characteristics, i: 278;</li>
+  <li>Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.</li>
+<li><cite>Germania, To</cite>, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.</li>
+<li>Germany:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Air Service,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>passing of supremacy, vii: 201;</li>
+    <li>strength at end of War, viii: 202;</li>
+    <li>pre-War record flights, viii: 206;</li>
+    <li>equipment and strength, viii: 206;</li>
+    <li>supremacy over Allies, viii: 207;</li>
+    <li>bombing planes, viii: 221-222;</li>
+    <li>A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221;</li>
+    <li>Gotha bombers, viii: 221;</li>
+    <li>Lizenz bombers, viii: 222;</li>
+    <li>Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248;</li>
+    <li>Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254;</li>
+    <li>military service abolished under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_214">xii: 214</a>;</li>
+    <li>surrendered to Allies, <a href="#Page_215">xii: 215</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Area, of Republic, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>aristocratic character, i: 69;</li>
+    <li>system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6;</li>
+    <li>tradition of efficiency, i: 72;</li>
+    <li>conception of duties, i: 72;</li>
+    <li>increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131;</li>
+    <li>dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21;</li>
+    <li>loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47;</li>
+    <li>manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65;</li>
+    <li>loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18, ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270;</li>
+    <li>German critic's opinion of, ii: 257;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun equipment, ii: 275;</li>
+    <li>heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282;</li>
+    <li>invisibility of uniform, ii: 286;</li>
+    <li>recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318;</li>
+    <li>desertions, ii: 309;</li>
+    <li>punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333;</li>
+    <li>agitators undermine morale, ii: 320;</li>
+    <li>reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61;</li>
+    <li>best equipped, iii: 272;</li>
+    <li>infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17;</li>
+    <li>construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37;</li>
+    <li>sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274;</li>
+    <li>return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282;</li>
+    <li>Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79;</li>
+    <li>trench systems, viii: 124-129;</li>
+    <li>adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134;</li>
+    <li>method of attack, viii: 137;</li>
+    <li>&quot;holding&quot; troops, viii: 144;</li>
+    <li>&quot;shock&quot; troops, viii: 144;</li>
+    <li>training, xi: 195-204;</li>
+    <li>cavalry, xi: 196;</li>
+    <li>discipline, xi: 202;</li>
+    <li>reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">xii: 211</a>;</li>
+    <li>reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_210">xii: 210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">xii: 212</a>;</li>
+    <li>table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_212">xii: 212</a>;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em> Western Front;</li>
+    <li><em>also</em> name of campaign or engagement.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Artillery,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36;</li>
+    <li>guns captured by Allies, July&mdash;Nov., '18, iii: 103;</li>
+    <li>development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22;</li>
+    <li>11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36;</li>
+    <li>long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47;</li>
+    <li>structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></p></li>
+
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Bagdad Railway, interest in, <em>see</em> Bagdad Railway.</li>
+  <li>Belgian neutrality, violation of, <em>see</em> Belgium, Neutrality.</li>
+  <li>Blockade of,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>German view, <a href="#Page_97">xii: 97</a>;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377;</li>
+    <li>controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;</li>
+    <li>British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318;</li>
+    <li>Allied trade blacklist, i: 335;</li>
+    <li>controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;</li>
+    <li>measures to starve Germany, i: 358;</li>
+    <li>objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16;</li>
+    <li>food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294;</li>
+    <li>report of German scientists on, ii: 17;</li>
+    <li>estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17;</li>
+    <li>meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18;</li>
+    <li>statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18;</li>
+    <li>shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18;</li>
+    <li>increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18;</li>
+    <li>reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254;</li>
+    <li>increase in tilled land, ii: 19;</li>
+    <li>international law on, ii: 21;</li>
+    <li>difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86;</li>
+    <li>German isolation, ii: 21;</li>
+    <li>value of, ii: 22;</li>
+    <li>effect on civilian population, ii: 99;</li>
+    <li>use of dog flesh as food, <a href="#Page_41">xii: 41</a>;</li>
+    <li>after-War food conditions, <a href="#Page_45">xii: 45</a>;</li>
+    <li>U. S. export license system, <a href="#Page_99">xii: 99</a>;</li>
+    <li>German trade with neutrals, <a href="#Page_100">xii: 100</a>;</li>
+    <li>smuggling, <a href="#Page_100">xii: 100</a>;</li>
+    <li>Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, <a href="#Page_102">xii: 102</a>;</li>
+    <li>pre-War food production, <a href="#Page_136">xii: 136-138</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time food problems, <a href="#Page_136">xii: 136</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_186">xii: 186</a>.</li>
+  <li>Casualties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>princes killed in battle, ix: 237;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>total battle deaths, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_206">xii: 206</a>.</li>
+  <li>Coal,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>production, 1880&mdash;1913, i: 267;</li>
+    <li>secret of power, i: 267;</li>
+    <li>production, '13&mdash;'15, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Colonies,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>loss of, i: 13;</li>
+    <li>acquisition of African, i: 50, 95;</li>
+    <li>acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81;</li>
+    <li>acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82;</li>
+    <li>South American settlements, i: 84;</li>
+    <li>area and population of African, i: 96, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+    <li>understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200;</li>
+    <li>necessity as outlet for population, i: 262;</li>
+    <li>important motive in war policy, ii: 13;</li>
+    <li>conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256;</li>
+    <li>New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38;</li>
+    <li>Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38;</li>
+    <li>surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_206">xii: 206</a>;</li>
+    <li>Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209</a>, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+    <li>distribution among Allies, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+    <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> name of colony.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, <em>Intro. x.</em></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;</li>
+    <li>on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375;</li>
+    <li>by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375;</li>
+    <li>on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;</li>
+    <li>by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;</li>
+    <li>on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;</li>
+    <li>by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35;</li>
+    <li>diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;</li>
+    <li>diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;</li>
+    <li>Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390;</li>
+    <li>by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Defeat, causes of,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: <em>Intro. ix</em>;</li>
+    <li>underestimate of British, ii: <em>Intro, viii</em>;</li>
+    <li>strategic, ii: 15;</li>
+    <li>faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221;</li>
+    <li>collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329;</li>
+    <li>analysis of, ii: 99;</li>
+    <li>German efficiency <em>vs.</em> Allies' &quot;will to win,&quot; ii: 100;</li>
+    <li>Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120;</li>
+    <li>failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221;</li>
+    <li>Russian campaigns, ii: 221;</li>
+    <li>adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222;</li>
+    <li>forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222;</li>
+    <li>miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224;</li>
+    <li>launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225;</li>
+    <li>failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255;</li>
+    <li>not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government, ii: 301-304, 310;</li>
+    <li>Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under Germany, Strategy;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em> Western Front,</li>
+    <li><em>also</em> campaign or engagement.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>.</li>
+  <li>Food, <em>see</em> Blockade.</li>
+  <li>Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>influence of industrialism on, i: 77;</li>
+    <li>domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133;</li>
+    <li>Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;</li>
+    <li>ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13;</li>
+    <li>expansion in South America, i: 84;</li>
+    <li>Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86;</li>
+    <li>jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87;</li>
+    <li>plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;</li>
+    <li>ambition for &quot;place in the sun,&quot; i: 95, ii: 27;</li>
+    <li>enters Triple Alliance, i: 95;</li>
+    <li>dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96;</li>
+    <li>sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192;</li>
+    <li>Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;</li>
+    <li>hatred of Great Britain, i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264;</li>
+    <li>Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat <cite>Panther</cite> to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;</li>
+    <li>negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197;</li>
+    <li>dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258;</li>
+    <li>von B&uuml;low's statement of policy, i: 173;</li>
+    <li>Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190;</li>
+    <li>ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192;</li>
+    <li><cite>Hymn of Hate</cite>, i: 194;</li>
+    <li>negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;</li>
+    <li>Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207;</li>
+    <li>unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;</li>
+    <li>Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209;</li>
+    <li>hatred of France, i: 215;</li>
+    <li>Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23&mdash;Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;</li>
+    <li>refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223;</li>
+    <li>Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229;</li>
+    <li>Russian policy, i: 239;</li>
+    <li>statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14;</li>
+    <li>plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15;</li>
+    <li>anti-British plans in East, ii: 27;</li>
+    <li>&quot;Gott strafe England,&quot; vi: 251;</li>
+    <li>Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251;</li>
+    <li>desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322;</li>
+    <li>friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344;</li>
+    <li>attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376;</li>
+    <li>relations with Japan, vi: 382;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Fortifications, demolition under Peace Treaty terms, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>, <a href="#Page_211">xii: 211</a>, <a href="#Page_214">xii: 214</a>.</li>
+  <li>Health, effect of War on, iii: 406.</li>
+  <li>Industries,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>rise as industrial power, i: 75-78;</li>
+    <li>state aid, i: 76;</li>
+    <li>influence on foreign policy, i: 77;</li>
+    <li>industrial mobilization, <a href="#Page_80">xii: 80</a>;</li>
+    <li>effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, <a href="#Page_97">xii: 97</a>;</li>
+    <li>use of potash boycott against U. S., <a href="#Page_98">xii: 98</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Internal politics,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26;</li>
+    <li>failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32;</li>
+    <li>unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1;</li>
+    <li>political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156;</li>
+    <li>strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: <em>Intro. xi, xv;</em>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156;</li>
+    <li>William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97;</li>
+    <li>Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155;</li>
+    <li>composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156;</li>
+    <li>composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156;</li>
+    <li>powers of Emperor, i: 156;</li>
+    <li>dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258;</li>
+    <li>social classes, i: 258;</li>
+    <li>Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258;</li>
+    <li>change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260;</li>
+    <li>struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260;</li>
+    <li>basis of national strength, i: 260;</li>
+    <li>social legislation, i: 264;</li>
+    <li>Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties, vi: <em>Intro. ix-xvi</em>;</li>
+    <li>party principles compared, vi: <em>Intro. ix, xii</em>;</li>
+    <li>Social-Democratic leaders, vi: <em>Intro. ix</em>;</li>
+    <li>Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: <em>Intro. x</em>;</li>
+    <li>leaders of the Revolution, vi: <em>Intro. x</em>;</li>
+    <li>strength of Center Party, vi: <em>Intro. xi, xv</em>;</li>
+    <li>strength of Conservatives, vi: <em>Intro. xi, xiv, xv</em>;</li>
+    <li>Conservative principles, vi: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+    <li>principles of Social-Democrats, vi: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+    <li>principles of National-Liberals, vi: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+    <li>policies of Center Party, vi: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+    <li>National-Liberal strength, vi: <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+    <li>strength of Democratic Party, vi: <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+    <li>Germany politically undeveloped, vi: <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+    <li>city governments non-partisan, vi: <em>Intro. xvi</em>;</li>
+    <li>public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250;</li>
+    <li>anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250;</li>
+    <li>Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262;</li>
+    <li>Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260;</li>
+    <li>beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260;</li>
+    <li>&quot;preventive arrests&quot; for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262;</li>
+    <li>Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;</li>
+    <li>Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 268;</li>
+    <li>labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17, vi: 268;</li>
+    <li>strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260;</li>
+    <li>reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270;</li>
+    <li>Germany faces defeat, vi: 270;</li>
+    <li>Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;</li>
+    <li>Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government, vi: 270;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's r&eacute;gime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271;</li>
+    <li>revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271;</li>
+    <li>Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272;</li>
+    <li>establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280;</li>
+    <li>revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277;</li>
+    <li>Ebert, as Chancellor, establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277;</li>
+    <li>radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278;</li>
+    <li>Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279;</li>
+    <li>spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280;</li>
+    <li>Independents demand immediate social reconstruction before political reform, vi: 280;</li>
+    <li>Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280;</li>
+    <li>Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280;</li>
+    <li>return of &quot;victorious&quot; army to Berlin strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282;</li>
+    <li>Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283;</li>
+    <li>Central Council votes for election of National Assembly, Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283;</li>
+    <li>Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283;</li>
+    <li>Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283;</li>
+    <li>Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved, Dec., '18, vi: 283;</li>
+    <li>Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution, Dec., '18, vi: 283;</li>
+    <li>Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist r&eacute;gime, vi: 284;</li>
+    <li>hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298;</li>
+    <li>Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;</li>
+    <li>Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;</li>
+    <li>Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;</li>
+    <li>National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290;</li>
+    <li>National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291;</li>
+    <li>Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies, vi: 292;</li>
+    <li>Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292;</li>
+    <li>Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;</li>
+    <li>composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292;</li>
+    <li>German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293;</li>
+    <li>middleclass &quot;counter strikes&quot; against extremists, vi: 294;</li>
+    <li>Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298;</li>
+    <li>Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300;</li>
+    <li>Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299;</li>
+    <li>second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299;</li>
+    <li>Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet, Apr.&mdash;May, '19, vi: 300-301;</li>
+    <li>forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;</li>
+    <li>press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;</li>
+    <li>Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304;</li>
+    <li>National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms, June 22, '19, vi: 305.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>International concessions, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_228">xii: 228</a>.</li>
+  <li>Iron,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>plans for annexation of French ore lands, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15;</li>
+    <li>importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267;</li>
+    <li>seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Kultur,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160;</li>
+    <li>great men of, i: 64;</li>
+    <li>significance, i: 64;</li>
+    <li>manifestations, i: 64;</li>
+    <li>spokesmen of, i: 66;</li>
+    <li>gospel of conquest, i: 66;</li>
+    <li>educational program for dissemination of, i: 67;</li>
+    <li>supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148;</li>
+    <li>doctrine of &quot;divine right of kings,&quot; i: 68;</li>
+    <li>relation to militarism, i: 69;</li>
+    <li>German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149;</li>
+    <li>strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals, i: 149;</li>
+    <li>Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152;</li>
+    <li>transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152;</li>
+    <li>materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154;</li>
+    <li>national egoism, i: 154;</li>
+    <li>contributions to world culture, i: 154;</li>
+    <li>definition and exposition of, i: 158;</li>
+    <li>compared with <em>culture</em>, i: 158;</li>
+    <li>Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160;</li>
+    <li>right to conquest, i: 161;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under Germany, Militarism.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>.</li>
+  <li>Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, <em>see</em> Luxemburg.</li>
+  <li>Militarism,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war as national policy, i: <em>Intro. vii</em>, 70;</li>
+    <li>basic conception, i: 69;</li>
+    <li>glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69;</li>
+    <li>Henri Bergson on, i: 152;</li>
+    <li>Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155;</li>
+    <li>Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162;</li>
+    <li>Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162;</li>
+    <li>Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171;</li>
+    <li>German pride in, i: 163;</li>
+    <li>compared with Christianity, i: 165;</li>
+    <li>compared with British policy, i: 165;</li>
+    <li>force in place of diplomacy, i: 166;</li>
+    <li>&quot;World power or downfall,&quot; i: 170;</li>
+    <li>von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171;</li>
+    <li>German statement of policy, i: 171-173;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179;</li>
+    <li>Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181;</li>
+    <li>German denial of, i: 182;</li>
+    <li>compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1;</li>
+    <li>statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14;</li>
+    <li>explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260;</li>
+    <li>compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;</li>
+    <li>pre-War preparedness, vi: 249;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>under Germany,</li>
+      <li>Foreign policy,</li>
+      <li>Kultur,</li>
+      <li>Pan-Germanism.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Morale,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>demands of War on nation, ii: 302;</li>
+    <li>fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311;</li>
+    <li>change between '17 and '18, v: 2.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>.</li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>strength in '06, i: 101;</li>
+    <li>negotiations with British for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197;</li>
+    <li>increase in &quot;peace strength&quot; for '14, i: 131;</li>
+    <li>strength threat to British security, i: 196;</li>
+    <li>surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18, i: 400, iv: 142-144;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>list and description of major units, iv: 383-384;</li>
+      <li>German eye-witness account, iv: 385-387;</li>
+      <li>American eye-witness account, iv: 387-390;</li>
+      <li>British eye-witness account, iv: 390-394;</li>
+      <li>Peace Treaty terms, <a href="#Page_213">xii: 213</a>;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>hemmed in by British, ii: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+    <li>efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256;</li>
+    <li>strength of China Squadron, iv: 58;</li>
+    <li>operations in Pacific, iv: 60;</li>
+    <li>strategy of defense, iv: 86;</li>
+    <li>operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91;</li>
+    <li>superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94;</li>
+    <li>use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94;</li>
+    <li>High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96;</li>
+    <li>North Sea raids, iv: 136;</li>
+    <li>mission during War, iv: 138;</li>
+    <li>development, iv: 362;</li>
+    <li>Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380;</li>
+    <li>revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283;</li>
+    <li>morale, iv: 294;</li>
+    <li>mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266;</li>
+    <li>Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, <a href="#Page_212">xii: 212-214</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Submarine warfare.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Occupation by Allies,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>expense to be paid by Germany, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>;</li>
+    <li>conditions for withdrawal, <a href="#Page_261">xii: 261</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Pan-Germanism,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe, i: 78, xi: 4;</li>
+    <li>Pan-German League, objects, i: 79;</li>
+    <li>propaganda in U. S., i: 79;</li>
+    <li>policy in South America, i: 84;</li>
+    <li>Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152;</li>
+    <li>Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2;</li>
+    <li>first steps toward under William II, ii: 2;</li>
+    <li>goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13;</li>
+    <li>Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296;</li>
+    <li>compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;</li>
+    <li>expounded by Friedrich Naumann in <cite>Mitteleuropa</cite>, vi: 258;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under Germany,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Foreign policy,</li>
+      <li>Militarism.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace negotiations,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18, i: 399, vi: 271;</li>
+    <li>armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;</li>
+    <li>war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14;</li>
+    <li>condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;</li>
+    <li>Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335;</li>
+    <li>drive for &quot;mental armistice,&quot; ii: 387-390;</li>
+    <li>armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;</li>
+    <li>Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183;</li>
+    <li>Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258;</li>
+    <li>Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260;</li>
+    <li>Bethmann-Hollweg proposes &quot;peace of compromise,&quot; '17, vi: 262-264;</li>
+    <li>Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266;</li>
+    <li>Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;</li>
+    <li>forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;</li>
+    <li>Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302;</li>
+    <li>press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;</li>
+    <li>National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19, vi: 304;</li>
+    <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>, <a href="#Page_182">xii: 182</a>;</li>
+    <li>Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Peace, moves for.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Population,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in 1860, i: 40;</li>
+    <li>compared with France, 1874&mdash;1914, i: 61;</li>
+    <li>emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277;</li>
+    <li>emigration to South America, i: 79;</li>
+    <li>growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262;</li>
+    <li>relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262;</li>
+    <li>rapid increase, i: 277;</li>
+    <li>of Republic, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>Propaganda,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in U. S. before War, i: 79;</li>
+    <li>activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133;</li>
+    <li>artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149;</li>
+    <li>preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181;</li>
+    <li>appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268;</li>
+    <li>von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273;</li>
+    <li>activities of German agents in U. S., i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348;</li>
+    <li>Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274;</li>
+    <li>instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317;</li>
+    <li>Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347;</li>
+    <li>on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128;</li>
+    <li>following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123;</li>
+    <li>in Spain, <a href="#Page_101">xii: 101</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Railroads,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war-time deterioration, viii: 283;</li>
+    <li>efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285;</li>
+    <li>Peace Treaty regulations, <a href="#Page_253">xii: 253</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Reparation, views of U. S. press on, <a href="#Page_24">xii: 24</a>;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>estimates of capacity to pay, <a href="#Page_159">xii: 159</a>;</li>
+    <li>cession of Sarre coalfields to France, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189</a>;</li>
+    <li>Peace Treaty provisions, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217-225</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Responsibility for War,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138;</li>
+    <li>unwillingness to co&ouml;perate to prevent World War, i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250;</li>
+    <li>responsibility denied, i: 116-120;</li>
+    <li>Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117;</li>
+    <li>Hellferich's justification, i: 119;</li>
+    <li>statement by German &quot;Intellectuals,&quot; i: 120;</li>
+    <li>Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120;</li>
+    <li>German case against Great Britain, i: 121;</li>
+    <li>evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131;</li>
+    <li>complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252;</li>
+    <li>Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250;</li>
+    <li>statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139;</li>
+    <li>Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War, July 23&mdash;Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;</li>
+    <li>Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War, i: 246, 250;</li>
+    <li>Dr. M&uuml;hlon's disclosures, i: 250-254;</li>
+    <li>Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Causes of the War.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Royal family, xi: 149;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>William II;</li>
+      <li>Frederick William.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Shipping,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>increase in tonnage, 1880&mdash;1913, compared with British, i: 77;</li>
+    <li>increase in tonnage, '00&mdash;'04, i: 263;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264;</li>
+    <li>German resourcefulness, i: 264;</li>
+    <li>tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264;</li>
+    <li>tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264;</li>
+    <li>tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264;</li>
+    <li>tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>.</li>
+  <li>Strategy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>seizure of French coal and iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20;</li>
+    <li>general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8;</li>
+    <li>estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4;</li>
+    <li>conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10;</li>
+    <li>topography of German western frontier, ii: 6;</li>
+    <li>invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9;</li>
+    <li>mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14, ii: 11;</li>
+    <li>probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13;</li>
+    <li>destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, <a href="#Page_23">xii: 23</a>;</li>
+    <li>defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22;</li>
+    <li>East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24;</li>
+    <li>invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25;</li>
+    <li>failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31;</li>
+    <li>military plans for '17, ii: 53;</li>
+    <li>necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65;</li>
+    <li>at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66;</li>
+    <li>selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67;</li>
+    <li>plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149;</li>
+    <li>retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86;</li>
+    <li>causes of failure, ii: 99;</li>
+    <li>faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215;</li>
+    <li>Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233;</li>
+    <li>Col. G&auml;dke on German war plans and results, ii: 270;</li>
+    <li>underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272;</li>
+    <li>fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304;</li>
+    <li>Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion through Belgium, ii: 345;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346;</li>
+    <li>alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17&mdash;'18, v: 3;</li>
+    <li>general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under Germany, Defeat, causes of;</li>
+    <li><em>also</em> Western Front;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>campaign or engagement.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Submarine warfare, <em>see</em> Submarine warfare.</li>
+  <li>Trade, 1880&mdash;1914, compared with British, i: 77;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>tariff policy, i: 78;</li>
+    <li>production and import of grains, ii: 17;</li>
+    <li>dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20;</li>
+    <li>war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, <a href="#Page_100">xii: 100</a>;</li>
+    <li>anti-German toy boycott in New York, <a href="#Page_99">xii: 99</a>;</li>
+    <li>Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, <a href="#Page_102">xii: 102</a>;</li>
+    <li>customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_229">xii: 229</a>;</li>
+    <li>suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_230">xii: 230</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Treaties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_231">xii: 231</a>;</li>
+    <li>with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+    <li>with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+    <li>with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Brest-Litovsk Treaty;</li>
+      <li>Bucharest, Treaty of;</li>
+      <li>Peace Treaty;</li>
+      <li>Triple Alliance.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>War booty, value, <a href="#Page_22">xii: 22</a>.</li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>financial mobilization, ii: 265, <a href="#Page_21">xii: 21</a>;</li>
+    <li>gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265;</li>
+    <li>loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14&mdash;Jan., '17, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2</a>;</li>
+    <li>method of raising war funds, <a href="#Page_21">xii: 21</a>;</li>
+    <li>system of loans, <a href="#Page_21">xii: 21</a>, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>;</li>
+    <li>estimate of expenditures, <a href="#Page_21">xii: 21</a>;</li>
+    <li>currency inflation, <a href="#Page_22">xii: 22</a>;</li>
+    <li>war finance system compared with British, <a href="#Page_22">xii: 22</a>;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+    <li>average daily war cost, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>;</li>
+    <li>total war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Oct. '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>taxation, <a href="#Page_109">xii: 109</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, <a href="#Page_214">xii: 214</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Germany and the Next War</cite>, book by General von Bernhardi, striking quotations from, i: 179.</li>
+<li>Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Gesnes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location, v: 217;</li>
+  <li>captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.</li>
+<li>Gibbons, Floyd, account of <cite>Laconia</cite> sinking, iv: 226-229.</li>
+<li>Gibbs, Philip,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221;</li>
+  <li>account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337;</li>
+  <li>description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360;</li>
+  <li>analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Gifford, Walter S., Director U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+<li>Ginchy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;</li>
+  <li>description of battle, x: 147-155.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Giolitti, Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.</li>
+<li>Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.</li>
+<li><cite>Glasgow</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;</li>
+  <li>hit by gunfire, iv: 68;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gleaves, Adm., convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.</li>
+<li><cite>Glenart Castle</cite>, British hospital ship, sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.</li>
+<li>Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.</li>
+<li><cite>Glory of War, The</cite>, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.</li>
+<li>Glossop, Capt. John C. T., commands <cite>Sydney</cite> in engagement with <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 187.</li>
+<li><cite>Gloucester Castle</cite>, British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.</li>
+<li>Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.</li>
+<li><cite>Gneisenau</cite>, German cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;</li>
+  <li>sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>God Save the King</cite>, English national anthem, xi: 326.</li>
+<li>Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+<li><cite>Goeben</cite>, German battle cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters, Aug., '14, iv: 13-16;</li>
+  <li>far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16;</li>
+  <li>sold to Turkey, iv: 16;</li>
+  <li>damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gold,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>;</li>
+  <li>deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_228">xii: 228</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.</li>
+<li><cite>Goliath</cite>, British battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 33;</li>
+  <li>sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.</li>
+<li>Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164;</li>
+  <li>commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 268.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.</li>
+<li>Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>reactionary government of, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144;</li>
+  <li>issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gompers, Samuel, member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+<li>Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.</li>
+<li><cite>Good-by-ee</cite>, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.</li>
+<li><cite>Good Hope</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64;</li>
+  <li>hit by gunfire, iv: 66;</li>
+  <li>sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.</li>
+<li>Gorizia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244;</li>
+  <li>captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;</li>
+  <li>life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244;</li>
+  <li>key to Isonzo, iii: 239.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Goshawk</cite>, British destroyer, in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.</li>
+<li>Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.</li>
+<li>Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.</li>
+<li>G&ouml;ttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.</li>
+<li>Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at first Ypres battle, ii: 171;</li>
+  <li>responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army, Mar., '18, ii: 190-197;</li>
+  <li>decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gouraud, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18, ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;</li>
+  <li>famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45;</li>
+  <li>qualities as leader, v: 46.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.</li>
+<li>Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.</li>
+<li>Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.</li>
+<li>Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Grand Fleet, British, <em>see</em> Great Britain, Navy.</li>
+<li>Grand Pr&eacute;, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.</li>
+<li>Granger, Dr. Am&eacute;d&eacute;e, invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.</li>
+<li>Graves, war,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for care of, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Great Britain:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Air Service,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202;</li>
+    <li>strength at end of War, viii: 202;</li>
+    <li>types of airplanes, viii: 203-206;</li>
+    <li>Bristol planes, viii: 203;</li>
+    <li>Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223;</li>
+    <li>D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204;</li>
+    <li>types of dirigibles, viii: 245;</li>
+    <li>dirigible <cite>R-34</cite> crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;</li>
+    <li>dirigibles <cite>R-33</cite> and <cite>R-34</cite>, description, viii: 254.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>German contempt for, i: 191;</li>
+    <li>lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;</li>
+    <li>ammunition shortage, '14, ii: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Viscount French's expos&eacute;, xiii: 173;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>deficiency in trained men, ii: 113;</li>
+    <li>deficiency in material, ii: 114;</li>
+    <li>Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275;</li>
+    <li>artillery equipment, ii: 125;</li>
+    <li>Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125;</li>
+    <li>artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126;</li>
+    <li>ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.&mdash;Nov., '18, ii: 130;</li>
+    <li>military hospitals in France, ii: 131;</li>
+    <li>total strength in France, ii: 131;</li>
+    <li>service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132;</li>
+    <li>Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133;</li>
+    <li>Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134;</li>
+    <li>changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135;</li>
+    <li>Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136;</li>
+    <li>opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256;</li>
+    <li>pre-War organization, iii: 3;</li>
+    <li>Intelligence service, iii: 383;</li>
+    <li>strength, '14&mdash;'18, iii: 404, 405;</li>
+    <li>strength in Italy, iii: 405;</li>
+    <li>strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405;</li>
+    <li>&quot;Pal&quot; regiments, vi: 6;</li>
+    <li>slackers driven into service, vi: 6;</li>
+    <li>origin of nickname &quot;Tommy,&quot; vi: 230;</li>
+    <li>types of rifles used, viii: 95;</li>
+    <li>Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85;</li>
+    <li>Senegalese troops, x: 116;</li>
+    <li>British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em> campaign or engagement.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Blockade by Germany, <em>see</em> Submarine warfare.</li>
+  <li>Blockade of Germany, <em>see</em> Germany, Blockade of.</li>
+  <li>Casualties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405;</li>
+    <li>causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118;</li>
+    <li>at Gallipoli, iii: 177;</li>
+    <li>in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364;</li>
+    <li>in '17, iii: 382;</li>
+    <li>in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>total battle deaths, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> campaign or engagement.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Coal,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>production, '13&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time fuel control, <a href="#Page_51">xii: 51</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Cost of living,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: <em>Intro. xxii</em>;</li>
+    <li>price movements in England and U. S. since 1780, <em>Intro. viii-x</em>;</li>
+    <li>criticism of government policy, <a href="#Page_28">xii: 28</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of, i: 145, 375;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Sir Edward Grey's statement, i: 218-227;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;</li>
+    <li>on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;</li>
+    <li>on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Food,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10;</li>
+    <li>police prevent hoarding, vi: 11;</li>
+    <li>government control of, <a href="#Page_34">xii: 34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">xii: 59</a>;</li>
+    <li>Food Control Committee established, <a href="#Page_34">xii: 34</a>;</li>
+    <li>sugar shortage, <a href="#Page_34">xii: 34</a>, <a href="#Page_138">xii: 138</a>;</li>
+    <li>meat control, <a href="#Page_34">xii: 34</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time fish supply, <a href="#Page_34">xii: 34</a>;</li>
+    <li>wheat control, <a href="#Page_35">xii: 35</a>;</li>
+    <li>increase in crop production, '16&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_40">xii: 40</a>;</li>
+    <li>work of women in production of, <a href="#Page_40">xii: 40</a>;</li>
+    <li>effect of food shortage on dogs, <a href="#Page_40">xii: 40</a>;</li>
+    <li>potato crop, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time problems, <a href="#Page_138">xii: 138</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Foreign policy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>value of U. S. good-will, i: 35;</li>
+    <li>world position, 1871, i: 44;</li>
+    <li>Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48;</li>
+    <li>acquires control of Egypt, i: 48;</li>
+    <li>extent of colonial empire, i: 59;</li>
+    <li>international position, '14, i: 59;</li>
+    <li>policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218;</li>
+    <li>Anglo-French good-will, i: 98;</li>
+    <li>treaty with France, '04, i: 99;</li>
+    <li>agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104;</li>
+    <li>Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104;</li>
+    <li>negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197;</li>
+    <li>statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106;</li>
+    <li>agreement with France for united action against &quot;third Power,&quot; '12, i: 107, 220;</li>
+    <li>negotiations to prevent World War, July&mdash;Aug., '14, i: 115, 124,;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Sir Edward Grey's account, i: 218-227;</li>
+      <li>Prince Lichnowsky's account, i: 247-249;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224;</li>
+    <li>arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06, i: 143, 231;</li>
+    <li>promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220;</li>
+    <li>statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189;</li>
+    <li>negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;</li>
+    <li>Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198;</li>
+    <li>agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200;</li>
+    <li>agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200;</li>
+    <li>question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218;</li>
+    <li>freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218;</li>
+    <li>Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of Belgian neutrality, i: 224;</li>
+    <li>offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232;</li>
+    <li>influence in the East, ii: 27;</li>
+    <li>claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+    <li>Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Triple Entente.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Industries during War,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>peace and war productivity compared, <a href="#Page_19">xii: 19</a>, <a href="#Page_77">xii: 77-79</a>;</li>
+    <li>women in, xiii: 25;</li>
+    <li>bonuses to labor, <a href="#Page_28">xii: 28</a>;</li>
+    <li>provisions for settlement of labor disputes, <a href="#Page_79">xii: 79</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Internal politics,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Imperial unity through war, i: <em>Intro. xiv</em>;</li>
+    <li>political philosophy compared with German, i: 165;</li>
+    <li>members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198;</li>
+    <li>political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1;</li>
+    <li>industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2;</li>
+    <li>labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6;</li>
+    <li>Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6;</li>
+    <li>treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8;</li>
+    <li>pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12;</li>
+    <li>Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13;</li>
+    <li>Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14;</li>
+    <li>Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14;</li>
+    <li>conditions at close of War, vi: 15;</li>
+    <li>general elections, '18, vi: 16-17;</li>
+    <li>industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17;</li>
+    <li>ship-builders' strike, vi: 19;</li>
+    <li>Glasgow riots, vi: 19;</li>
+    <li>strike in electrical trades prevented by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20;</li>
+    <li>Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20;</li>
+    <li>commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed, Feb., '19, vi: 20;</li>
+    <li>truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22;</li>
+    <li>after-War problems, vi: 23.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Munitions,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>expos&eacute; of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173;</li>
+    <li>production compared with that of Central Empires, <a href="#Page_78">xii: 78</a>;</li>
+    <li>work of Ministry of Munitions, <a href="#Page_78">xii: 78</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>protector of lines of supply, i: 15;</li>
+    <li>rise to world supremacy, i: 28;</li>
+    <li>strength in '06, i: 101;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197;</li>
+    <li>general strategy during War, ii: <em>Intro. vii</em>, iv: 85-93;</li>
+    <li>ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13;</li>
+    <li>squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58;</li>
+    <li>ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58;</li>
+    <li>problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86;</li>
+    <li>Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88;</li>
+    <li>minesweeping operations, iv: 91;</li>
+    <li>convoy of troopships, iv: 92;</li>
+    <li>bases, iv: 92;</li>
+    <li>extracts from Jellicoe's <cite>The Grand Fleet, 1914&mdash;1916</cite>, iv: 93-97;</li>
+    <li>unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93;</li>
+    <li>lack of destroyers, iv: 94;</li>
+    <li>Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96;</li>
+    <li>Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96;</li>
+    <li>make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97;</li>
+    <li>make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119;</li>
+    <li>Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140;</li>
+    <li>statistics on transport of troops, '15&mdash;'18, iv: 239;</li>
+    <li>18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>battle or engagement;</li>
+      <li>Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Conference,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Peace Conference.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>press views, vi: 22;</li>
+    <li>ratified, July 25&mdash;31, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Peace Treaty with Germany.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>Railroads, system of war-time government control, <a href="#Page_89">xii: 89</a>.</li>
+  <li>Royal family, xi: 150-152;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see also</em> George V.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Shipping,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>tonnage, 1880&mdash;1913, compared with German, i: 77;</li>
+    <li>government control of ship-building, <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>;</li>
+    <li>tonnage in '14, <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>;</li>
+    <li>yearly tonnage production, '14&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_96">xii: 96</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time shortage of, <a href="#Page_96">xii: 96</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Strategy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice, ii: <em>Intro. vii-xxiv</em>;</li>
+    <li>naval, iv: 85-93.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Trade, 1880&mdash;1913,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>compared with German, i: 77;</li>
+    <li>pre-War position, <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18-19</a>;</li>
+    <li>pre-War and war-time compared, <a href="#Page_78">xii: 78</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>financial position at start of War, <a href="#Page_1">xii: 1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+    <li>loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14&mdash;Jan., '17, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2</a>;</li>
+    <li>income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, <a href="#Page_4">xii: 4</a>;</li>
+    <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+    <li>exchange rates with U. S., <a href="#Page_19">xii: 19</a>;</li>
+    <li>extravagance in expenditure of war funds, <a href="#Page_19">xii: 19-20</a>;</li>
+    <li>taxes, <a href="#Page_20">xii: 20</a>, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">xii: 108</a>, 111;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of manpower lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+    <li>currency inflation, <a href="#Page_27">xii: 27-28</a>;</li>
+    <li>average daily war cost, <a href="#Page_105">xii: 105</a>;</li>
+    <li>total war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Mar., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>war loans, <a href="#Page_111">xii: 111</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_111">xii: 111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Great Northern, S. S.</cite>, speed record as army transport, v: 358.</li>
+<li>Greece,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34;</li>
+  <li>breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17, i: 390, vi: 345;</li>
+  <li>anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206;</li>
+  <li>Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16, iii: 210;</li>
+  <li>Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210;</li>
+  <li>King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245;</li>
+  <li>war casualties, iii: 404, <a href="#Page_289">xii: 289</a>;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+  <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Salonika Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.</li>
+<li>Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li><cite>Greif</cite>, German armed liner, sunk in fight with British <cite>Alcantara</cite>, iv: 200.</li>
+<li>Grenades,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;</li>
+  <li>ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119;</li>
+  <li>Germans first to use, viii: 119;</li>
+  <li>Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119;</li>
+  <li>nature, viii: 119;</li>
+  <li>technique of throwing, viii: 120;</li>
+  <li>kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Grenfell, Capt. Francis O., first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.</li>
+<li>Gresham, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.</li>
+<li>Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247;</li>
+  <li>mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198;</li>
+  <li>efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198;</li>
+  <li>negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia, '12&mdash;'14, i: 200;</li>
+  <li>speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War, Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 35-40;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 40;</li>
+  <li>advocate of League of Nations, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Grierson, Gen. Sir James, commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.</li>
+<li>Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.</li>
+<li>Grimm, Swiss Socialist, expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.</li>
+<li>Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.</li>
+<li>Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.</li>
+<li><span lang="fr">Groupes de Combat</span>, function in French defensive, v: 12.</li>
+<li>Guatemala,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>delegate to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Gu&eacute;pratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.</li>
+<li>Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.</li>
+<li><cite>Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne</cite>, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.</li>
+<li>Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li>Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.</li>
+<li><cite>Gulflight</cite>, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15, i: 319, 380, iv: 218.</li>
+<li>Gumbinnen,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16&mdash;24, '14, iii: 111;</li>
+  <li>retaken by Germans, iii: 116.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Guncotton,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>composition and detonating properties, viii: 2;
+  <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see also</em> Ammunition.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gunpowder, black,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>composition and explosive properties, viii: 2;</li>
+  <li>smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4;</li>
+  <li>muzzle flash, viii: 7;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Ammunition.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.</li>
+<li>Guns, <em>see</em> Artillery.</li>
+<li><cite>Guns of Verdun</cite>, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.</li>
+<li>Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.</li>
+<li>Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French &quot;miracle ace,&quot; x: 202, xi: 231.</li>
+<li>Gyles, Midshipman Donald, heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.</li>
+<li>Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Hin" id="Hin">H</a></li>
+<li>Haase, Herr,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+  <li>in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278;</li>
+  <li>advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.</li>
+<li>Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.</li>
+<li>Hague Conference,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94;</li>
+  <li>convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103;</li>
+  <li>accomplishments, i: 103.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.</li>
+<li>Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.</li>
+<li>Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136;</li>
+  <li>theories on warfare, ii: 118;</li>
+  <li>on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120;</li>
+  <li>on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120;</li>
+  <li>on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123;</li>
+  <li>on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics, ii: 123, 126;</li>
+  <li>on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133;</li>
+  <li>on British military organization, ii: 134;</li>
+  <li>appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force, Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46;</li>
+  <li>famous &quot;Our backs to the wall&quot; appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120;</li>
+  <li>personal traits, iii: 373;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 181-184.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+<li>Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.</li>
+<li>Haldane, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371;</li>
+  <li>personal traits, iii: 377.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.</li>
+<li>Halicz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380;</li>
+  <li>captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.</li>
+<li>Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li>Haller, Gen., leads revolt of Polish &quot;Iron Brigade&quot; against Austria, vi: 216.</li>
+<li>Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.</li>
+<li>Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, <em>see</em> Bagdad Railway.</li>
+<li>Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.</li>
+<li>Hamel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395;</li>
+  <li>work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281;</li>
+  <li>share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.</li>
+<li>Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32;</li>
+  <li>succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174;</li>
+  <li>despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Hampshire</cite>, British cruiser, sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.</li>
+<li>Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.</li>
+<li>Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, <a href="#Page_152">xii: 152</a>.</li>
+<li>Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.</li>
+<li>Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.</li>
+<li>Hapsburgs,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>rise and downfall, vi: 305;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Austria-Hungary;</li>
+    <li>Charles Francis;</li>
+    <li>Francis Joseph.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, <em>see</em> Kei Hara.</li>
+<li>Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.</li>
+<li>Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403;</li>
+  <li>commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167;</li>
+  <li>commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Harden, Maximilian,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on sordid nature of World War, i: 123;</li>
+  <li>on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274;</li>
+  <li>on American war prosperity, i: 311;</li>
+  <li>optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254;</li>
+  <li>on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hardinge, Lord, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.</li>
+<li>Harington, Sir John, &quot;brain of British armies in the field,&quot; iii: 375.</li>
+<li>Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.</li>
+<li>Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.</li>
+<li>Hart, Prof. Albert B., summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings, i: 358-362.</li>
+<li>Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.</li>
+<li>Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Mar. 25, '15, i: 378;</li>
+  <li>Dec., '15, iii: 46.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hartwell, William, first officer of <cite>S. S. Brussels</cite>, report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.</li>
+<li>Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.</li>
+<li>Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.</li>
+<li>Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.</li>
+<li>Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Hausen, Gen. von, commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.</li>
+<li>Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.</li>
+<li>Havre,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376;</li>
+  <li>embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Hawke</cite>, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.</li>
+<li>Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.</li>
+<li>Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.</li>
+<li>Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.</li>
+<li>Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by, of his colored regiment of &quot;bell-hops and waiters,&quot; x: 135-137.</li>
+<li>Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.</li>
+<li>Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.</li>
+<li>Hedjaz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199;</li>
+  <li>kingdom established under secret treaties, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>delegate to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Heeringen, Gen. von, commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.</li>
+<li><cite>Hela</cite>, German cruiser torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.</li>
+<li>Helfferich, Karl,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119;</li>
+  <li>director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252;</li>
+  <li>German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 353.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Helgoland</cite>, German battleship, mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.</li>
+<li>Heligoland, Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>.</li>
+<li>Heligoland Bight, naval battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243;</li>
+  <li>Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Helmets, steel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>devised by French, viii: 64;</li>
+  <li>process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64;</li>
+  <li>rate of production, viii: 65;</li>
+  <li>efficiency as protection, viii: 65;</li>
+  <li>process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68;</li>
+  <li>bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.</li>
+<li><cite>Henri IV</cite>, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+<li>Henry, Prince, of Prussia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>visits U. S., '02, i: 80;</li>
+  <li>escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.</li>
+<li>Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li>Hermannstadt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29&mdash;30, '16, i: 388.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15&mdash;18, '18, v: 158;</li>
+  <li>retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hertzog, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50;</li>
+  <li>heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19, vi: 52.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Herzegovina,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Bosnia-Herzegovina.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Hesperian, S. S.</cite>, torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.</li>
+<li>Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.</li>
+<li>Hickory (30th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>High Sea Fleet, <em>see</em> Germany, Navy.</li>
+<li>Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li>Hill 60, at Ypres,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.</li>
+<li>Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.</li>
+<li>Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.</li>
+<li>Hill 190, near Ronch&egrave;res, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.</li>
+<li>Hill 204, near Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56;</li>
+  <li>dominating situation, v: 133;</li>
+  <li>captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hill 223, near Ch&acirc;tel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.</li>
+<li>Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+<li>Hill 242, near C&ocirc;te de Ch&acirc;tillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.</li>
+<li>Hill 244, near Ch&acirc;tel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.</li>
+<li>Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.</li>
+<li>Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.</li>
+<li>Hill 269,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240;</li>
+  <li>held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hill 288, near C&ocirc;te de Ch&acirc;tillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.</li>
+<li>Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.</li>
+<li>Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.</li>
+<li>Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li>Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 353, iii: 112;</li>
+  <li>destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26&mdash;31, '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116, ix: 242;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, iii: 353;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300;</li>
+  <li>appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61;</li>
+  <li>made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331;</li>
+  <li>proclamation against &quot;unconditional surrender,&quot; Oct. 24, '18, ii: 335;</li>
+  <li>first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 242-249;</li>
+  <li>nicknamed &quot;Old Man of the Swamps,&quot; ix: 242;</li>
+  <li>decorated for valor, ix: 246;</li>
+  <li>popularity, ix: 249.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hindenburg Line,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70;</li>
+  <li>Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100;</li>
+  <li>extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301;</li>
+  <li>strategic purpose, iii: 66;</li>
+  <li>devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67;</li>
+  <li>reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70;</li>
+  <li>27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British, break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393;</li>
+  <li>Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69;</li>
+  <li>Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218;</li>
+  <li>First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>promotion, v: 182;</li>
+  <li>commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;</li>
+  <li>commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219;</li>
+  <li>commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan, German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.</li>
+<li>Hipper, Rear-Adm. von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246;</li>
+  <li>commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.</li>
+<li>Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.</li>
+<li>Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.</li>
+<li>Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A., work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.</li>
+<li><cite>Hogue</cite>, British cruiser, torpedoed by <cite>U-9</cite>, Sept. 22, '14,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280;</li>
+  <li>as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D., blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.</li>
+<li>&quot;Holding&quot; troops, German, viii: 144.</li>
+<li>Holland, <em>see</em> Netherlands.</li>
+<li><cite>Holland No. 9</cite>, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.</li>
+<li>Holy Alliance,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>formation of, i: 33;</li>
+  <li>defects of, i: 35.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Holy War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330;</li>
+  <li>to destroy British control in East, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>failure of, ii: 31;</li>
+  <li>response to, in India, vi: 74.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Home Rule, Irish, <em>see</em> Ireland.</li>
+<li>Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.</li>
+<li>Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.</li>
+<li>Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+<li>Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 117;</li>
+  <li>lost with sinking of <cite>Invincible</cite>, iv: 120.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine, report on American relief work, vii: 366.</li>
+<li>Hoover, Herbert C.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85;</li>
+  <li>organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119;</li>
+  <li>organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 119, <a href="#Page_136">xii: 136</a>;</li>
+  <li>account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 316-323;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 323;</li>
+  <li>work as U. S. Food Administrator, <a href="#Page_35">xii: 35</a>;</li>
+  <li>report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, <a href="#Page_42">xii: 42</a>;</li>
+  <li>director-general of American Relief Administration, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Horn, Lieut. Werner, German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border, i: 316, x: 368.</li>
+<li>Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.</li>
+<li>Horne, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai, Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213;</li>
+  <li>characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.</li>
+<li>Horses,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>utility in the War, viii: 397;</li>
+  <li>hospitals for, viii: 398;</li>
+  <li>number shipped to France by U. S., <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>, <a href="#Page_278">xii: 278</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max, exploit in command of submarine <cite>E-9</cite>, iv: 207.</li>
+<li>Horvath, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>resigns from government, vi: 193.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hospitals:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British, in France, ii: 131.</li>
+  <li>French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365.</li>
+  <li>United States, <em>see</em> U. S. Army, Medical Service.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.</li>
+<li>House, Col. E. M.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 70-76.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Howitzers, <em>see</em> Artillery.</li>
+<li>Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40;</li>
+  <li>for vigorous war policy, vi: 40;</li>
+  <li>delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40;</li>
+  <li>forms &quot;Hughesite&quot; Liberal government supporting conscription, vi: 42.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.</li>
+<li><cite>Humber</cite>, British monitor, description, iv: 281.</li>
+<li>Humbert, Charles, French Senator, implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Hungary,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war sentiment, '14, vi: 306;</li>
+  <li>parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Independence and 1848&quot; Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312;</li>
+  <li>effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313;</li>
+  <li>&quot;bloodless&quot; revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18, vi: 322;</li>
+  <li>National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322;</li>
+  <li>Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323;</li>
+  <li>armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323;</li>
+  <li>Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328;</li>
+  <li>military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325;</li>
+  <li>Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326;</li>
+  <li>the Red Army, vi: 326;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Austria-Hungary.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Hunley</cite>, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.</li>
+<li>Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.</li>
+<li>&quot;Hush&quot; ships, description of, iv: 303.</li>
+<li>Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Kh&eacute;dive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.</li>
+<li>Hutier, Gen. von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149;</li>
+  <li>new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41, viii: 143-145.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, &quot;Paris Group,&quot; A. E. F., v: 346.</li>
+<li>Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.</li>
+<li>Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.</li>
+<li>Hydroplanes, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li><cite>Hymn of Hate</cite>, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.</li>
+<li><cite>Hymn of the Lusitania</cite>, German, i: 365.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Iin" id="Iin">I</a></li>
+<li><cite>I Want to Be an Angel</cite>, aviators' song, xi: 338.</li>
+<li>Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;</li>
+<li>Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.</li>
+<li>Immelmann, Capt., German ace, death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.</li>
+<li>Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.</li>
+<li><cite>Imperatritsa</cite>, Russian battleship, burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li><cite>Implacable</cite>, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+<li><cite>In Flanders Fields</cite>, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.</li>
+<li>Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.</li>
+<li><cite>Indefatigable</cite>, British battle cruiser, sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.</li>
+<li>Indemnity, <em>see</em> Reparation.</li>
+<li>Index numbers, for measuring price changes, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii</em></a>.</li>
+<li>India,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns, ii: <em>Intro. xxiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74;</li>
+  <li>casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405;</li>
+  <li>strength of army, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>agitation for autonomy, vi: 72;</li>
+  <li>response to British war needs, vi: 72;</li>
+  <li>reasons for loyalty, vi: 73;</li>
+  <li>Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74;</li>
+  <li>political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75;</li>
+  <li>caste system, description of, vi: 75;</li>
+  <li>influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76;</li>
+  <li>suffering from famine, '18&mdash;'19, vi: 76;</li>
+  <li>Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevism in, vi: 77;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Black Cobra Bill,&quot; for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78;</li>
+  <li>coal production, '13&mdash;'16, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>;</li>
+  <li>War cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Mar. '19, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.</li>
+<li>Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.</li>
+<li><cite>Indomitable</cite>, British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+<li>Industrial rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, <a href="#Page_244">xii: 244-246</a>.</li>
+<li>Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.</li>
+<li>Infection,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;</li>
+  <li>causes, viii: 369;</li>
+  <li>Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289;</li>
+  <li>prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Disease;</li>
+    <li>Medical science;</li>
+    <li>Sanitation.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Infiltration,&quot;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Inflexible</cite>, British battle cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35;</li>
+  <li>at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.</li>
+<li>Insterburg, important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.</li>
+<li>Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany, funds to be transferred to Allies, <a href="#Page_246">xii: 246</a>.</li>
+<li>Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.</li>
+<li>Inter-Allied Commissions of Control, to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_215">xii: 215</a>.</li>
+<li>Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16, decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.</li>
+<li>Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.</li>
+<li>Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.</li>
+<li>Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, <a href="#Page_139">xii: 139</a>.</li>
+<li>Inter-Allied War Council, <em>see</em> Supreme War Council.</li>
+<li>International law,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26;</li>
+  <li>German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139;</li>
+  <li>Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328;</li>
+  <li>comment of London <cite>Times</cite> on Lansing proposal, i: 282;</li>
+  <li>German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;</li>
+  <li>U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 329-335, 339;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>chronological summary; i: 357-361;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>U. S. note to Germany on &quot;Freedom of the seas,&quot; July 21, '15, i: 323;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare, i: 326;</li>
+  <li>President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution, i: 327;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;</li>
+  <li>on blockades, ii: 21;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Germany, Blockade of;</li>
+    <li>Submarine warfare.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>International rivalries, factors in, 1890&mdash;1914, i: 58-63.</li>
+<li>International Sanitary Commission, for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.</li>
+<li><cite>Intrepid</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;</li>
+  <li>sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Inventions, displace importance of strategy in war, viii: <em>Intro. vii.</em></li>
+<li><cite>Invincible</cite>, British battle cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>armament, iv: 70;</li>
+  <li>blown up at Jutland, iv: 119;</li>
+  <li>at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.</li>
+<li><cite>Iphigenia</cite>, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ireland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53;</li>
+  <li>Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50;</li>
+  <li>situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53;</li>
+  <li>loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55;</li>
+  <li>Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55;</li>
+  <li>spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57;</li>
+  <li>Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57;</li>
+  <li>Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57;</li>
+  <li>Irish Volunteers, vi: 57;</li>
+  <li>sympathy with Germany, vi: 57;</li>
+  <li>German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58;</li>
+  <li>Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53;</li>
+  <li>Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58;</li>
+  <li>proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60;</li>
+  <li>Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53;</li>
+  <li>collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60;</li>
+  <li>leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53;</li>
+  <li>Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61;</li>
+  <li>Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18, vi: 61-63;</li>
+  <li>De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61;</li>
+  <li>De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62;</li>
+  <li>Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62;</li>
+  <li>government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64;</li>
+  <li>struggle over conscription, vi: 64;</li>
+  <li>Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64;</li>
+  <li>Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18, vi: 64;</li>
+  <li>delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64;</li>
+  <li>movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65;</li>
+  <li>Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66;</li>
+  <li>Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52;</li>
+  <li>De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.</li>
+<li><cite>Iris</cite>, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.</li>
+<li>Irish-Americans,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65;</li>
+  <li>Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65;</li>
+  <li>delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.</li>
+<li>Iron,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267;</li>
+  <li>importance in war, i: 268;</li>
+  <li>French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15;</li>
+  <li>French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Irresistible</cite>, British battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Isherwood, Lieut.-Com., co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.</li>
+<li>Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.</li>
+<li>Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.</li>
+<li>Isonzo Front, <em>see</em> Italian Front.</li>
+<li>Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.</li>
+<li>Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply, iii: 83, v: 11, 330.</li>
+<li>Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.</li>
+<li><em>Italia Irredenta</em>, definition, xi: 18.</li>
+<li>Italian Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: <em>Intro. xx</em>;</li>
+  <li>most difficult theater of War, ii: 48;</li>
+  <li>general military topography, ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25;</li>
+  <li>general strategy at start of War, ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241;</li>
+  <li>topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239;</li>
+  <li>Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248;</li>
+  <li>topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230;</li>
+  <li>Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239;</li>
+  <li>Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240;</li>
+  <li>results of '15 campaign, ii: 51;</li>
+  <li>Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;</li>
+  <li>Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.&mdash;Dec., '17, ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37;</li>
+  <li>Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17, ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248;</li>
+  <li>last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249;</li>
+  <li>victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18, ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249;</li>
+  <li>Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244;</li>
+  <li>Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244;</li>
+  <li>Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244;</li>
+  <li>casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian, during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248;</li>
+  <li>Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247;</li>
+  <li>Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247;</li>
+  <li>Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat, Oct.&mdash;Dec., '17, ii: 248;</li>
+  <li>Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249;</li>
+  <li>American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, iii: 249;</li>
+  <li>aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Italian Front, On the</cite>, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.</li>
+<li>Italy:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;</li>
+    <li>Arditi, description of, ii: 240;</li>
+    <li>Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240;</li>
+    <li>Alpini, description of, ii: 242;</li>
+    <li>Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242;</li>
+    <li>Granatieri, description of, ii: 242;</li>
+    <li>pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226;</li>
+    <li>effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em> Italian Front.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Casualties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>total battle deaths, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>on Austria, May 23, '15, i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18;</li>
+    <li>on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;</li>
+    <li>on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;</li>
+    <li>on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;</li>
+    <li>belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Foreign policy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>international position, '14, i: 61;</li>
+    <li>ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61;</li>
+    <li>member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114;</li>
+    <li>war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114;</li>
+    <li>neglected by Germany, i: 255;</li>
+    <li>Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256;</li>
+    <li>refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6;</li>
+    <li>Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48;</li>
+    <li>parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists, ii: 236, vi: 123-126;</li>
+    <li>Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 123;</li>
+    <li>Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;</li>
+    <li>attitude toward U. S., ii: 245;</li>
+    <li>public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116;</li>
+    <li>pro-German sentiment, vi: 118;</li>
+    <li>pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119;</li>
+    <li>territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120;</li>
+    <li>Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120;</li>
+    <li>secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War, vi: 122, 361;</li>
+    <li>occupation of Austrian territories following armistice, vi: 129, 364;</li>
+    <li>unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308;</li>
+    <li>claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+    <li>hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370;</li>
+    <li>Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361;</li>
+    <li>Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127.</li>
+  <li>Internal politics,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>unification, i: 39;</li>
+    <li>parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party, ii: 236, vi: 123-126;</li>
+    <li>Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;</li>
+    <li>Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;</li>
+    <li>D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124;</li>
+    <li>strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128;</li>
+    <li>political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114;</li>
+    <li>popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116;</li>
+    <li>pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119;</li>
+    <li>attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117;</li>
+    <li>pro-German sympathies, vi: 118;</li>
+    <li>King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125;</li>
+    <li>obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126;</li>
+    <li>fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127;</li>
+    <li>coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16, vi: 127;</li>
+    <li>pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128;</li>
+    <li>fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129;</li>
+    <li>Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129;</li>
+    <li>Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368;</li>
+    <li>War record, iv: 368;</li>
+    <li>blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Conference, delegates to, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>.</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>.</li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>Royal family, xi: 141-143;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see also</em> Victor Emmanuel.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130;</li>
+    <li>relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131;</li>
+    <li>financial position at start of War, <a href="#Page_1">xii: 1</a>;</li>
+    <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of property destroyed, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+    <li>average daily war cost, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>;</li>
+    <li>total war cost, May, '15&mdash;Oct., '18, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>taxation, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">xii: 109</a>;</li>
+    <li>loans, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></p></li>
+
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Jin" id="Jin">J</a></li>
+<li>Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li><cite>Jacob Jones</cite>, U. S. destroyer,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393;</li>
+  <li>report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Jador, battle of, Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.</li>
+<li>Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194.</li>
+<li>Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128.</li>
+<li>Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Japan,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18;</li>
+  <li>acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>rise as world power, '05, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>adopts &quot;open door&quot; policy, 1854, i: 38;</li>
+  <li>Root-Takahira agreement on &quot;open door&quot; in China, '08, i: 57;</li>
+  <li>Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest in China, '17, i: 58;</li>
+  <li>international position in '14, i: 63;</li>
+  <li>Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357;</li>
+  <li>siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau), Aug. 23&mdash;Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;</li>
+  <li>total casualties, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>naval strength, iv: 58;</li>
+  <li>naval service to Allies, iv: 367;</li>
+  <li>motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382;</li>
+  <li>sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193;</li>
+  <li>the &quot;Yellow Peril,&quot; origin of phrase, vi: 248;</li>
+  <li>ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau, Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382;</li>
+  <li>declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382;</li>
+  <li>internal politics during War, vi: 384;</li>
+  <li>forces China to accede to &quot;Group Demands,&quot; '15, vi: 385;</li>
+  <li>summary of concessions obtained under &quot;Group Demands,&quot; vi: 385;</li>
+  <li>ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386;</li>
+  <li>treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386;</li>
+  <li>imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386;</li>
+  <li>Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388;</li>
+  <li>Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388;</li>
+  <li>opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388;</li>
+  <li>separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388;</li>
+  <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>coal production, '13&mdash;'16, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>;</li>
+  <li>delegates to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li>Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209</a>;</li>
+  <li>ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Kiau-Chau;</li>
+    <li>Shantung.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Jaroslav, fortress on San,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123;</li>
+  <li>retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389.</li>
+<li>Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr., discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297.</li>
+<li>Jaulgonne,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location, v: 133;</li>
+  <li>captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Jaur&eacute;guiberry</cite>, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+<li>Jaur&egrave;s, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95.</li>
+<li>Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+<li>Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88;</li>
+  <li>analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 275-282;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 282.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196.</li>
+<li>Jerusalem,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326;</li>
+  <li>Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325;</li>
+  <li>work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Jeszcze Polska</cite>, Polish national anthem, xi: 331.</li>
+<li>Jews,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>distress in war areas, vii: 349;</li>
+  <li>number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Germany, vii: 349;</li>
+  <li>number in Turkey, vii: 349, 376;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>outside of Palestine, vii: 368;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376;</li>
+  <li>American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368;</li>
+  <li>American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350;</li>
+  <li>organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354;</li>
+  <li>American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354;</li>
+  <li>funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16&mdash;'17, vii: 355-356;</li>
+  <li>American relief for destitute in Russian Poland, vii: 356-358, 360-363;</li>
+  <li>refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for, vii: 356, 363-365;</li>
+  <li>conditions in Galicia, vii: 358;</li>
+  <li>number dependent on war relief, by countries, vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376;</li>
+  <li>work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360;</li>
+  <li>American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368;</li>
+  <li>contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368;</li>
+  <li>aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369;</li>
+  <li>relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374;</li>
+  <li>reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376;</li>
+  <li>extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375;</li>
+  <li>number in Lithuania, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Russia, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Serbia, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Rumania, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Bulgaria, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Greece, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Hungary, vii: 376;</li>
+  <li>number in Persia, vii: 376.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Jihad, <em>see</em> Holy War.</li>
+<li>Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques C&eacute;sar,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30;</li>
+  <li>controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports, ii: 172;</li>
+  <li><cite>General Joffre and His Battles</cite>, book by Raymond Recouly, summary of, ii: 182-189;</li>
+  <li>appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46;</li>
+  <li>technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 154-161;</li>
+  <li>visit to U.S., ix: 161;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 161;</li>
+  <li>intimate anecdote of, ix: 269.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196;</li>
+  <li>at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Joint Distribution Committee, for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354.</li>
+<li>Jonc de Mer Ridge, Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296.</li>
+<li>Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197.</li>
+<li>Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119.</li>
+<li>Jugoslavs,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249;</li>
+  <li>Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306;</li>
+  <li>attack Hungarian Republic, April&mdash;May, '19, vi: 326;</li>
+  <li>racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354;</li>
+  <li>Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363;</li>
+  <li>clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359;</li>
+  <li>meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359;</li>
+  <li>conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 359-363, 364-370;</li>
+  <li>Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363;</li>
+  <li>establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364;</li>
+  <li>seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364;</li>
+  <li>armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18, vi: 364;</li>
+  <li>struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia, vi: 365-370;</li>
+  <li>establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia, Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366;</li>
+  <li>recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366;</li>
+  <li>President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume, vi: 369;</li>
+  <li>claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399;</li>
+  <li>area and population of united kingdom, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Serbia.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90.</li>
+<li>Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.</li>
+<li>Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136;</li>
+  <li>outline in brief, iv: 99-104;</li>
+  <li>opposing commanders, iv: 99;</li>
+  <li>British ships and men lost, iv: 100;</li>
+  <li>German ships and men lost, iv: 100;</li>
+  <li>moral victory for Germans, iv: 100;</li>
+  <li>criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101;</li>
+  <li>greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102;</li>
+  <li>conditions influencing, iv: 102;</li>
+  <li>strength and composition of fleets engaged, iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119;</li>
+  <li>disposition of British forces, iv: 104;</li>
+  <li>first phase, iv: 106-113;</li>
+  <li>Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110;</li>
+  <li>Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108;</li>
+  <li>accuracy of German fire, iv: 108;</li>
+  <li><cite>Indefatigable</cite> sunk, iv: 108;</li>
+  <li>fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109;</li>
+  <li><cite>Queen Mary</cite> blown up, iv: 110;</li>
+  <li>critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113;</li>
+  <li>second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115;</li>
+  <li>weather conditions, iv: 113;</li>
+  <li>critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115;</li>
+  <li>third phase, iv: 115-130;</li>
+  <li>Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129;</li>
+  <li>Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty, iv: 117;</li>
+  <li>British miscalculate position, iv: 117;</li>
+  <li>Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119;</li>
+  <li>Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129;</li>
+  <li><cite>Invincible</cite> blows up, iv: 119;</li>
+  <li>Adm. Hood lost with <cite>Invincible</cite>, iv: 119-120;</li>
+  <li><cite>Shark</cite>, <cite>Defence</cite>, and <cite>Black Prince</cite> sunk, iv: 121;</li>
+  <li>low visibility, iv: 121-123;</li>
+  <li>British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125;</li>
+  <li>German destroyers sunk, iv: 126;</li>
+  <li>Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126;</li>
+  <li>Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127;</li>
+  <li>critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129;</li>
+  <li>fourth phase, iv: 131-136;</li>
+  <li>night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131;</li>
+  <li>Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133;</li>
+  <li>critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136;</li>
+  <li>effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135;</li>
+  <li>lessons taught by, iv: 135;</li>
+  <li>account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156;</li>
+  <li>authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146;</li>
+  <li>British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156;</li>
+  <li>German eye-witness account, iv: 256;</li>
+  <li>British eye-witness account, iv: 258.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Juvigny,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F., Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384;</li>
+  <li>32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Kin" id="Kin">K</a></li>
+<li><cite>K-13</cite>, British submarine, account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315.</li>
+<li>&quot;Kahkos,&quot; description, viii: 257.</li>
+<li>Kaiser, <em>see</em> William II.</li>
+<li>Kaiser Wilhelm Land,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>acquired by Australia, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204.</li>
+<li>Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29.</li>
+<li>Kaledin, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142;</li>
+  <li>leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Kambana</cite>, Bulgarian newspaper,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kamerun, <em>see</em> Cameroons.</li>
+<li>Kamio, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206.</li>
+<li>Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380.</li>
+<li><cite>Karlsruhe</cite>, German sea-raider,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle with British cruiser <cite>Bristol</cite>, Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63;</li>
+  <li>career in Atlantic, iv: 196.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Karolyi, Count Michael,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307;</li>
+  <li>leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>forms &quot;Independence and 1848&quot; Party, '16, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323;</li>
+  <li>resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 144-147.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260.</li>
+<li>Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li>Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.</li>
+<li>Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader, opposes war, vi: <em>Intro. xii.</em></li>
+<li>Kavala,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Kawachi</cite>, Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.</li>
+<li>Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from <cite>Emden</cite>, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190.</li>
+<li><cite>Keep the Home Fires Burning</cite>, American soldiers' song, xi: 336.</li>
+<li><cite>Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy</cite>, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.</li>
+<li>Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388.</li>
+<li>Keirsbilk, Alois Van, Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360.</li>
+<li>Kellermann, Bernhard, German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286.</li>
+<li>Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.</li>
+<li>Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397.</li>
+<li>Kemmel, Mount,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397;</li>
+  <li>key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381;</li>
+  <li>27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.</li>
+<li><cite>Kent</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70;</li>
+  <li>sinks <cite>N&uuml;rnberg</cite>, iv: 74.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144;</li>
+  <li>leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;</li>
+  <li>pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151;</li>
+  <li>Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155;</li>
+  <li>character sketch, vi: 155;</li>
+  <li>abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;</li>
+  <li>Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;</li>
+  <li>member of &quot;Group of Toil,&quot; vi: 160;</li>
+  <li>becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165;</li>
+  <li>struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171;</li>
+  <li>declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171;</li>
+  <li>struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179;</li>
+  <li>overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 104-109;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 109.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331.</li>
+<li>Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220.</li>
+<li>Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255.</li>
+<li>Keystone (28th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191.</li>
+<li><cite>Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa</cite>, Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.</li>
+<li>Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior, removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140.</li>
+<li>Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau),
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82;</li>
+  <li>siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24&mdash;Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;</li>
+  <li>German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Shantung.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, <a href="#Page_255">xii: 255</a>.</li>
+<li>Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372.</li>
+<li>Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393.</li>
+<li>Kilid-Bahr,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45;</li>
+  <li>objective of British landing forces, iii: 167;</li>
+  <li>bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359.</li>
+<li><cite>Kimigayo</cite>, Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.</li>
+<li><cite>King Edward VII</cite>, British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>drowned in sinking of cruiser <cite>Hampshire</cite>, June 5, '16, i: 385, ix: 168;</li>
+  <li>attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+  <li>dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169;</li>
+  <li>member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;</li>
+  <li>responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202;</li>
+  <li>influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 168-176;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 176;</li>
+  <li>military commandments, xi: 55.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>K-K-K-Katy</cite>, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.</li>
+<li>Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14, ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10;</li>
+  <li>occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21;</li>
+  <li>defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34;</li>
+  <li>strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168;</li>
+  <li>avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 266-268.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Knights of Columbus,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war-time activities of, vii: 328-339;</li>
+  <li>organizing for war work, vii: 330;</li>
+  <li>funds raised, vii: 331;</li>
+  <li>war work expenditures, vii: 332;</li>
+  <li>War Activities Committee, vii: 334;</li>
+  <li>employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287.</li>
+<li>Knox peace resolution,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end, passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles, <a href="#Page_273">xii: 273-277</a>;</li>
+  <li>text of original resolution asking the President to make separate peace, <a href="#Page_273">xii: 273-274</a>;</li>
+  <li>text of amended resolution, <a href="#Page_277">xii: 277</a>;</li>
+  <li>vetoed by President Wilson, <a href="#Page_277">xii: 277</a>;</li>
+  <li>President's veto message, <a href="#Page_278">xii: 278</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.</li>
+<li>Koenig, Paul,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317;</li>
+  <li>German spy in U. S., x: 347.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Koenig, Capt. Paul, commander of German commerce submarine <cite>Deutschland</cite>, personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274.</li>
+<li>Koja Chemen Tepe,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172;</li>
+  <li>Anzac assault on, iii: 173;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188;</li>
+  <li>declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194;</li>
+  <li>leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 239-241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.</li>
+<li><cite>K&ouml;ln</cite>, German cruiser sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+<li><cite>K&ouml;nigin Luise</cite>, German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.</li>
+<li>K&ouml;nigsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111.</li>
+<li><cite>K&ouml;nigsberg</cite>, German sea-raider, sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.</li>
+<li>Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>.</li>
+<li>Korea,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>acquired by Japan, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>struggle for independence, vi: 388.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kornilov, Gen. Laurus,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky, vi: 164;</li>
+  <li>rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171;</li>
+  <li>imprisoned, vi: 171;</li>
+  <li>leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 235-237.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189.</li>
+<li>Kovel, military importance, ii: 42.</li>
+<li>Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138.</li>
+<li>Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+<li>Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Meuse-Argonne Offensive.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Krithia, at Gallipoli,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Kronprinz Wilhelm</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378;</li>
+  <li>interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kronstadt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220;</li>
+  <li>military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352.</li>
+<li>Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265;</li>
+  <li>husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kuban Republic,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>established, Nov., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214.</li>
+<li>Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kultur, German, <em>see</em> Germany, Kultur.</li>
+<li>Kum Kale,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;</li>
+  <li>Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42;</li>
+  <li>Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180.</li>
+<li>Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.</li>
+<li>Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134.</li>
+<li>Kut-el-Amara,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181;</li>
+  <li>siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15&mdash;Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 318-320;</li>
+  <li>number of British surrendered, iii: 318;</li>
+  <li>conditions in, during siege, iii: 364.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Lin" id="Lin">L</a></li>
+<li>La Bass&eacute;e, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378.</li>
+<li>La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Labor,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>anti-war spirit, <a href="#Page_65">xii: 65</a>;</li>
+  <li>importance in winning the War, <a href="#Page_68">xii: 68</a>;</li>
+  <li>floating, <a href="#Page_68">xii: 68</a>;</li>
+  <li>women in war industries, <a href="#Page_83">xii: 83-85</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty charter for international organization, <a href="#Page_255">xii: 255-261</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under each country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20.</li>
+<li>&quot;Labyrinth,&quot;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380;</li>
+  <li>designation for German trenches between Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Laconia, S. S.</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness account, iv: 225-229.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68.</li>
+<li><cite>Lafayette</cite>, poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.</li>
+<li>Lafayette Escadrille,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>formation, iii: 391;</li>
+  <li>first members, iii: 391;</li>
+  <li>Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391;</li>
+  <li>first casualties, iii: 391;</li>
+  <li>equipment of fliers, iii: 392;</li>
+  <li>propaganda among Germans, iii: 392;</li>
+  <li>total casualties, iii: 392;</li>
+  <li>story of, x: 196-202.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>La F&egrave;re,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52;</li>
+  <li>German base in France, ii: 86;</li>
+  <li>French attacks on, '17, iii: 68.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384.</li>
+<li>Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.</li>
+<li>Lamont, Thomas W.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>financial adviser to U. S. delegation to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149</a>;</li>
+  <li>account of Peace Conference at work, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149-163</a>;</li>
+  <li>member of Reparations Commission, <a href="#Page_158">xii: 158</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lamprecht, Prof. Karl, German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155.</li>
+<li>Landres-St. Georges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263;</li>
+  <li>bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.</li>
+<li>Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277.</li>
+<li>Landsturm, German, i: 72.</li>
+<li>Landwehr, German, i: 72.</li>
+<li>Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367.</li>
+<li>Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336.</li>
+<li>Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314.</li>
+<li>Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162.</li>
+<li>Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12.</li>
+<li>Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386.</li>
+<li>Laon,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>German base in France, ii: 86;</li>
+  <li>captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>La Peyr&egrave;re, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12.</li>
+<li>La Pulti&egrave;re Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.</li>
+<li><cite>Lars Kruse</cite>, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.</li>
+<li>La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.</li>
+<li><span lang="fr">La Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Imp&eacute;riale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad</span>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>formation, ii: 292;</li>
+  <li>terms of concession to, ii: 292.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Last Long Mile, The</cite>, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.</li>
+<li>Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.</li>
+<li>Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389.</li>
+<li>Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Laurier, Sir Wilfrid,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24;</li>
+  <li>speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24;</li>
+  <li>against Imperial federation, vi: 26;</li>
+  <li>declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>League of Nations,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Charles W. Eliot on, i: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>international co-operation during War, i: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>summary of provisions, i: <em>Intro. xiv</em>;</li>
+  <li>proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369;</li>
+  <li>spirit of, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>;</li>
+  <li>prominent advocates, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>;</li>
+  <li>drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>;</li>
+  <li>analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, <a href="#Page_170">xii: 170-178</a>;</li>
+  <li>text of Covenant in full, <a href="#Page_182">xii: 182-185</a>;</li>
+  <li>countries invited to join, <a href="#Page_186">xii: 186</a>;</li>
+  <li>original members, <a href="#Page_186">xii: 186</a>;</li>
+  <li>Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, <a href="#Page_186">xii: 186</a>;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Senate opposition to, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264-270</a>;</li>
+  <li>first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, <a href="#Page_270">xii: 270</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, <a href="#Page_53">xii: 53</a>.</li>
+<li>Leave areas, &quot;Y&quot; service at, vii: 269;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see also</em> Y. M. C. A.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334.</li>
+<li>Le Cateau,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle of, Aug. 26, '14,</li>
+  <li>criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 162, 174;</li>
+  <li>account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Le Charmel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Le Ch&ecirc;ne Tondu,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;</li>
+  <li>captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lee service rifle, viii: 95.</li>
+<li><cite>Leelanaw, S. S.</cite>, American steamship sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.</li>
+<li><cite>Leipzig</cite>, German cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;</li>
+  <li>sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lejeune, Gen., commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.</li>
+<li>Leman, Gen., defender of Li&eacute;ge, iii: 11.</li>
+<li>Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395.</li>
+<li>Lemberg,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1&mdash;3, '14, i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137;</li>
+  <li>military importance, ii: 42;</li>
+  <li>seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169.</li>
+<li>Lenin, Nicolai,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140;</li>
+  <li>leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163;</li>
+  <li>overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181;</li>
+  <li>becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 181;</li>
+  <li>policies of government, vi: 181;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 109-115;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 115.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lens,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42;</li>
+  <li>objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70;</li>
+  <li>held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>L&eacute;on Gambetta</cite>, French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15, iv: 373.</li>
+<li><cite>Leonardo da Vinci</cite>, Italian dreadnought blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li>Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138.</li>
+<li>L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.</li>
+<li>Le Pr&ecirc;tre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.</li>
+<li>Lescarboura, Austin C.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on trench warfare, viii: 133;</li>
+  <li>opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251;</li>
+  <li>on use of dogs in War, xi: 340.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295.</li>
+<li>Les Eparges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;</li>
+  <li>captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223.</li>
+<li>Letts,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>early history, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>rebellion of '05, vi: 227;</li>
+  <li>form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227;</li>
+  <li>join Bolsheviki, vi: 228.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Letvia, Republic of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>established, Apr., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Leviathan</cite>, work as U. S. transport, <a href="#Page_275">xii: 275</a>.</li>
+<li>Levicu, Dr., leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.</li>
+<li>Lewis machine-gun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, viii: 81;</li>
+  <li>rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82;</li>
+  <li>use on airplanes, viii: 87;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production figures for aircraft, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Liberty Loans,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S., popularity, <a href="#Page_10">xii: 10</a>;</li>
+  <li>selection of drive periods, <a href="#Page_11">xii: 11</a>;</li>
+  <li>influence on national thrift, <a href="#Page_11">xii: 11-16</a>;</li>
+  <li>subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, <a href="#Page_12">xii: 12</a>;</li>
+  <li>New York City subscriptions, by borough, <a href="#Page_12">xii: 12</a>;</li>
+  <li>compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, <a href="#Page_16">xii: 16</a>;</li>
+  <li>amounts raised, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>;</li>
+  <li>effect on German morale, <a href="#Page_126">xii: 126</a>;</li>
+  <li>number of subscribers, <a href="#Page_127">xii: 127</a>;</li>
+  <li>methods used in selling campaigns, <a href="#Page_127">xii: 127-134</a>;</li>
+  <li>sales psychology, <a href="#Page_132">xii: 132</a>;</li>
+  <li>Victory Way, <a href="#Page_133">xii: 133</a>;</li>
+  <li>number of persons engaged in drives, <a href="#Page_134">xii: 134</a>;</li>
+  <li>statistics, <a href="#Page_134">xii: 134</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> U. S., War cost.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Liberty motor,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, viii: 199;</li>
+  <li>production figures, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.</li>
+<li>Libyan Desert, military operations in '16&mdash;'17, iii: 191.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12&mdash;'14, i: 196, 250;</li>
+  <li>account of events leading to World War, i: 246;</li>
+  <li>author of <cite>Memorandum</cite>, account of diplomatic experiences in England, i: 250;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 131-133.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338.</li>
+<li>&quot;Liebau Employment Agency,&quot; center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338.</li>
+<li>Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: <em>Intro. x</em>;</li>
+  <li>votes against war credits, vi: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+  <li>protest against War, '14, vi: 249;</li>
+  <li>imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141;</li>
+  <li>freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272;</li>
+  <li>leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142;</li>
+  <li>organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283;</li>
+  <li>killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 138-143;</li>
+  <li>elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140;</li>
+  <li>expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 142.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Li&eacute;ge,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>forts constructed, 1890, i: 143;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375, iii: 10, xi: 9.
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, ii: 348;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18, v: 56;</li>
+  <li>commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386;</li>
+  <li>appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390;</li>
+  <li>in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109;</li>
+  <li>commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390;</li>
+  <li>commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 218.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lightning (78th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Lille,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Lille, Laon and St. Di&eacute;</cite>, poem by John Finley, vi: 82.</li>
+<li>Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.</li>
+<li>Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.</li>
+<li>Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319.</li>
+<li>Linsingen, Gen. von, commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132.</li>
+<li>Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.</li>
+<li><cite>Lion</cite>, British battle cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241;</li>
+  <li>disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Liquid fire,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381;</li>
+  <li>how used, viii: 120;</li>
+  <li>story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171.</li>
+<li>Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Listening device,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Hydrophones;</li>
+    <li>Microphone.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, <a href="#Page_244">xii: 244-246</a>.</li>
+<li>Lithuania,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>struggle for independence, vi: 234-236;</li>
+  <li>opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234;</li>
+  <li>fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236;</li>
+  <li>Cabinet of '18, vi: 236;</li>
+  <li>fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236;</li>
+  <li>Republic established, Apr., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Little Russia, <em>see</em> Ukraine.</li>
+<li>Livonia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vi: 226;</li>
+  <li>Republic established, Apr., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Baltic Provinces.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222.</li>
+<li><cite>Llandovery Castle</cite>, torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.</li>
+<li>Lloyd George, David,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>advocates aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: <em>Intro. x, xx</em>;</li>
+  <li>becomes British Prime Minister, ii: <em>Intro. xx</em>, vi: 10, ix: 28;</li>
+  <li>military policy, ii: <em>Intro, xxi</em>;</li>
+  <li>becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, <a href="#Page_78">xii: 78</a>;</li>
+  <li>appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27;</li>
+  <li>speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10;</li>
+  <li>statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12;</li>
+  <li>indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14;</li>
+  <li>conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 21-30;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 30;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Peace Conference.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, <a href="#Page_111">xii: 111</a>.</li>
+<li>Locomotives,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>number shipped to France from U. S., <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Railroads.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leads opposition to Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, <a href="#Page_265">xii: 265</a>;</li>
+  <li>revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, <a href="#Page_269">xii: 269</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129.</li>
+<li>Logan, Col. James A., Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101.</li>
+<li>Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li>Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252.</li>
+<li>London,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>air raids on,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;</li>
+    <li>Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;</li>
+    <li>Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;</li>
+    <li>Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;</li>
+  <li>American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>London</cite>, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+<li>London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107.</li>
+<li><cite>Long, Long Trail</cite>, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.</li>
+<li>Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Longwy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Loos,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25;</li>
+  <li>captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46;</li>
+  <li>faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Lord Nelson</cite>, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.</li>
+<li>Lorraine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>value of iron deposits, i: 267;</li>
+  <li>French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151.</li>
+<li>Losses,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em></li>
+  <li>Casualties;</li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Lost Battalion,&quot; under Major Whittlesey,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239;</li>
+  <li>attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242;</li>
+  <li>rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;</li>
+  <li>units composing, v: 363.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322.</li>
+<li>Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.</li>
+<li>Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>&quot;Lousy Champagne,&quot; location, v: 43.</li>
+<li>Louvain,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;</li>
+  <li>burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;</li>
+  <li>description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration by Germany of books destroyed, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>.</li>
+<li>Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116.</li>
+<li>Lowestoft, attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385.</li>
+<li>Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376.</li>
+<li>Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381.</li>
+<li>Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138.</li>
+<li>Lubomirsky, Prince, appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214.</li>
+<li>&quot;Lucky Bag,&quot; explanation of term, iv: 171.</li>
+<li>Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, v: 132.</li>
+<li>Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>War account, ii: 298-365;</li>
+  <li>estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300;</li>
+  <li>appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61;</li>
+  <li>denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333;</li>
+  <li>resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271;</li>
+  <li>opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337;</li>
+  <li>war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344;</li>
+  <li>brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345;</li>
+  <li>share in capture of Li&eacute;ge, ii: 348;</li>
+  <li>appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 351;</li>
+  <li>account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;</li>
+  <li>appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front, Sept., '14, ii: 357;</li>
+  <li>failure of &quot;Spring Drive&quot; loses War, '18, vi: 270;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 250-257.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254.</li>
+<li>Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196.</li>
+<li>Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American aviator, story of, x: 211-214;</li>
+  <li>gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191.</li>
+<li><cite>Lullaby for a Baby Tank</cite>, poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.</li>
+<li>Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309.</li>
+<li>Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.</li>
+<li>Lun&eacute;ville,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug. 21&mdash;23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20;</li>
+  <li>retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.</li>
+<li><em>Lurcher</em>, British destroyer at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+<li><em>Lusitania, S. S.</em>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319;</li>
+  <li>sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, 380, xi: 20, 237;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Lord Mersey's official report, i: 362-365;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>loss of life, i: 319, 362;</li>
+  <li>U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320;</li>
+  <li>Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320;</li>
+  <li>Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320;</li>
+  <li>U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323;</li>
+  <li>summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking, i: 358;</li>
+  <li>dimensions, i: 362;</li>
+  <li>number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362;</li>
+  <li>number in crew, i: 362;</li>
+  <li>not armed, i: 363;</li>
+  <li>German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222;</li>
+  <li>Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222;</li>
+  <li>Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lutsk,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><em>L&uuml;tzow</em>, German battle cruiser sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.</li>
+<li>Luxemburg, Duchess of, <em>see</em> Marie Adelaide.</li>
+<li>Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10;</li>
+  <li>annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions concerning, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Luxemburg, Rosa,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249;</li>
+  <li>imprisoned, '16, vi: 262;</li>
+  <li>leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278;</li>
+  <li>killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;</li>
+  <li>views on social revolution, ix: 147.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lvov, Prince George E.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155;</li>
+  <li>manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159;</li>
+  <li>forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 100-102;</li>
+  <li>President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, <a href="#Page_82">xii: 82</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lynch, George, inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68.</li>
+<li>Lys, battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91;</li>
+  <li>Portuguese troops flee under German attack, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;</li>
+  <li>Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91;</li>
+  <li>Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116.</li>
+<li><cite>Lynx</cite>, British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Min" id="Min">M</a></li>
+<li>Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199.</li>
+<li>Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.</li>
+<li>MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2&mdash;3, '18, v: 61;</li>
+  <li>commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14&mdash;16, '18, v: 84;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 213-217.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386.</li>
+<li>Macdonald, Ramsay,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;</li>
+  <li>defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Macdowell, Major T. W., wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.</li>
+<li>Macedonia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32;</li>
+  <li>occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344;</li>
+  <li>military operations in, <em>see</em> Salonika Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Machine-guns, use of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in British Army, ii: 125;</li>
+  <li>British and German equipments, Aug., '14, ii: 275;</li>
+  <li>utility in trench warfare, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;</li>
+  <li>nests, construction of, v: 37;</li>
+  <li>pits, v: 287;</li>
+  <li>number on A. E. F. front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;</li>
+  <li>predecessors of modern types, viii: 78;</li>
+  <li>Hiram Maxim's invention, 1883, viii: 78;</li>
+  <li>German pre-War preparedness, viii: 78;</li>
+  <li>effectiveness, viii: 79, 136;</li>
+  <li>usefulness compared with rifle, viii: 79;</li>
+  <li>German Machine-Gun Corps, viii: 79;</li>
+  <li>principal types, viii: 80-87;</li>
+  <li>Maxim gun, viii: 80, 87;</li>
+  <li>Benet-Mercier gun, viii: 80;</li>
+  <li>Lewis gun, viii: 81-82;</li>
+  <li>Browning gun, viii: 84-87;</li>
+  <li>on airplanes, viii: 86-87, 189-192, 196, 208-216;</li>
+  <li>Hotchkiss gun, viii: 87;</li>
+  <li>German and Allied equipments compared, Aug., '14, viii: 134;</li>
+  <li>tank <em>vs.</em> machine-gun, viii: 150-151;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production figures, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+  <li>number captured by Americans, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mackensen, Field-Marshal August von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of Teuton forces conquering Serbia, ii: 34, iii: 156;</li>
+  <li>leads invasion of Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 222;</li>
+  <li>leader of offensive through Galicia and Poland, ii: 233, iii: 128;</li>
+  <li>commands Bulgarian forces, iii: 218;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 257-261.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Madeline Farm,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Germans resist attacks on, by 80th and 3rd Divs., Oct. 6, '18, v: 241;</li>
+  <li>captured by Americans, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Madelon, Le</cite>, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.</li>
+<li>Madras, bombarded by German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174.</li>
+<li><cite>Magdeburg</cite>, German cruiser sunk by Russians, Aug., '14, iv: 365.</li>
+<li>Maghdaba, British defeat Turks at, iii: 192.</li>
+<li>Magnes, Dr. Judah L., visits Europe for Jewish war relief, vii: 356, 360.</li>
+<li><cite>Magpies in Picardy</cite>, poem by &quot;Tipcuca,&quot; xi: 224.</li>
+<li>Magyars,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>predominance in Austria-Hungary, vi: 306;</li>
+  <li>loyalty to Empire, vi: 306;</li>
+  <li>rebel against new Czechoslovak government, vi: 399;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Austria-Hungary;</li>
+    <li>Hungary.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mahon, Gen., commands British at Salonika, iii: 202.</li>
+<li>Maidos, defenses of Gallipoli at, iv: 24.</li>
+<li><cite>Mainz</cite>, German cruiser, sunk in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+<li>Mainz, occupation by Allies and conditions for withdrawal from, <a href="#Page_261">xii: 261</a>.</li>
+<li>Maize, imports of, by Germany, ii: 17.</li>
+<li><cite>Majestic</cite>, British battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>sunk by submarine at Gallipoli, May 27, '15, iv: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Malancourt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Mar., '16, iii: 51;</li>
+  <li>location, v: 217;</li>
+  <li>4th Engrs. build artillery road from, to Esnes, Sept., '18, v: 226.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Malborghetto, captured by Italians, iii: 244.</li>
+<li><cite>Mali Journal</cite>, Serbian newspaper, on antagonism to Austria-Hungary, vi: 356.</li>
+<li>Malingering, devices for detection of, viii: 358-361.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Malinov,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>succeeds Radoslavov as Bulgarian Premier, vi: 346;</li>
+  <li>statement on circumstances of Bulgarian surrender, vi: 347.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Malleterre, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>discussion of Allied victory, ii: 206;</li>
+  <li>Professor of Military Geography at &Eacute;cole de Guerre, ii: 220;</li>
+  <li>eulogy of Foch and P&eacute;tain, ii: 220.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mallon, Capt. George H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li>Malm&eacute;dy, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, <a href="#Page_188">xii: 188</a>.</li>
+<li>Malm&ouml;, meeting of Scandinavian rulers at, and pledge of mutual neutrality, vi: 393.</li>
+<li>Malvy, French Minister of Interior,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>tried for criminal neglect, iv: 10;</li>
+  <li>implicated in <cite>Bonnet Rouge</cite> case, vi: 105;</li>
+  <li>exiled from France, vi: 106.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mametz, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Manchuria, Japanese penetration of, i: 20.</li>
+<li>Mangin, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>attacks Germans on Villers-Cotterets and Soissons line, July, '18, ii: 210, v: 159;</li>
+  <li>appointed commander of Verdun sector, iii: 62;</li>
+  <li>successful attack at Verdun, Dec., '16, iii: 62.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mann, Maj.-Gen. William A., relieved of command of 42nd Div., '17, v: 109.</li>
+<li>Mannerheim, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands Finnish White Guards, vi: 198;</li>
+  <li>dictator of Finnish de facto Republic, '18, vi: 200.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Manning, Corp. Sidney E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.</li>
+<li>Manoury, Gen., commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 182, 184.</li>
+<li>Mantou, Prof., interpreter to Supreme Peace Council, <a href="#Page_152">xii: 152</a>.</li>
+<li><cite>Maple Leaf Forever, The</cite>, Canadian national hymn, xi: 330.</li>
+<li>March, Gen. Peyton C., Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, biography, ix: 210-212.</li>
+<li>Margate, bombed by German airmen, Oct. 22, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Marie, Queen of Rumania, appeal for American aid, vi: 349.</li>
+<li>Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>resigns in favor of sister, vi: 94;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 383-384.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Marina, S. S.</cite>, British freighter sunk by German submarine, Oct. 28, '16, i: 335, 388.</li>
+<li>Marines, U. S., <em>see</em> U. S., Marines.</li>
+<li>Maritz, Col., rebel Boer leader, joins Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, iii: 254, vi: 50.</li>
+<li><cite>Markomannia</cite>, auxiliary to German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 170, 172.</li>
+<li>Marlin aircraft guns,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. production figures, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Machine-guns.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Marne,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied retreat to the, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '14, iii: 20-30;</li>
+  <li>topography of salient, v: 42, 133.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Marne, battles of:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Sept., '14,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>report of Field-Marshal French on preliminary action, ii: 9;</li>
+    <li>outline of maneuvers, ii: 9;</li>
+    <li>Foch's generalship at, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 220, iii: 31-34;</li>
+    <li>described by French participant, ii: 182;</li>
+    <li>Gen. Manoury's share in victory, ii: 182;</li>
+    <li>military situation preceding, ii: 183;</li>
+    <li>Allied generals under Joffre at, ii: 184;</li>
+    <li>German commanders at, ii: 184;</li>
+    <li>effect of Russian invasion of East Prussia on, ii: 227;</li>
+    <li>analysis of, by a German military critic, ii: 258;</li>
+    <li>detailed account of, iii: 30-36;</li>
+    <li>casualties at, iii: 35.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>July, '18,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li> Foch's strategy, ii: 77, ii: 154;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, ii: 322-324;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's comment on casualties, ii: 326;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's comment on A. E. F. fighting, ii: 326;</li>
+    <li>general account of battle, iii: 95-97, v: 129;</li>
+    <li>detailed account of A. E. F. participation, v: 47-61, 148-192, 382;</li>
+    <li>reasons for failure of German offensive, v: 54;</li>
+    <li>German artillery captured by Americans, v: 56;</li>
+    <li>stand of 38th Inf. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 150-153, x: 381-387;</li>
+    <li>Pershing's message to troops, v: 191;</li>
+    <li>Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192;</li>
+    <li>work of tanks at, viii: 148;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Aisne-Marne Offensive;</li>
+      <li>Champagne.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Marne District, German destruction in, iii: 297-300.</li>
+<li>Marne (3rd) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Mars, A. E. F. base hospital at, v: 400.</li>
+<li><cite>Marseillaise</cite>, French national anthem,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>an Alsatian song, i: 211;</li>
+  <li>effect on French audience, i: 211;</li>
+  <li>words, xi: 326.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Marseilles, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.</li>
+<li>Marshal, Gen., commander of British capturing Bagdad, xi: 48.</li>
+<li>Marshall, Louis, President American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354.</li>
+<li>Martin, Miss Winona C., American &quot;Y&quot; worker killed in France, vii: 313.</li>
+<li>Martin, Dr. Franklin, member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+<li>Martinpuich, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Mary, Queen of England, biography, ix: 392-395.</li>
+<li>Masaryk, T. G., leader of movement for Czech independence, vi: 397.</li>
+<li>Masefield, John,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description of British embarkation for Gallipoli, iii: 350;</li>
+  <li>account of Gallipoli fighting, iii: 352, 355-358;</li>
+  <li>description of soldier's life at Gallipoli, iii: 353.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mata-Hari, woman spy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>executed by French, Oct. 15, '17, i: 392;</li>
+  <li>discloses tank secret to Germans, x: 360.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Matz Valley, German attacks during '18 offensive, ii: 76.</li>
+<li>Maubeuge, Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103.</li>
+<li>Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Mesopotamian successes, '16&mdash;'17, ii: <em>Intro. xviii</em>, 90, iii: 185;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 194-199.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Maurepas, captured by French during battle of the Somme, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick, on general strategy of the War, ii: <em>Intro. vii-xxiv.</em></li>
+<li>Mauser rifle, description, viii: 95.</li>
+<li>Max, Burgomaster of Brussels, demand of concessions from Germans, iii: 14.</li>
+<li>Maxim, Hiram, invents machine-gun, 1883, viii: 78.</li>
+<li>Maxim machine-gun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, viii: 80;</li>
+  <li>modified type used by Germans and Austrians, viii: 87.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Maximilian of Baden, Prince,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>appointed German Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;</li>
+  <li>appeals to Wilson for armistice, vi: 270.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, biography, ix: 296.</li>
+<li>Mazurian Lakes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>topography of district, iii: 108;</li>
+  <li>difficulty of military operations in, iii: 113;</li>
+  <li>Russian armies annihilated by Hindenburg, Aug., '14, iii: 113-116;</li>
+  <li>second battle, Feb., '15, iii: 130;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Tannenberg, battle of.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>McAdoo, William G.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>biography, ix: 329-331;</li>
+  <li>Director General, U. S. Railroad Administration, <a href="#Page_88">xii: 88</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. U. G.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as colonel commands 38th Inf. Regt. in second battle of the Marne, July, '18, v: 152;</li>
+  <li>commands 180th Inf. Brig, at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12&mdash;15, '18, v: 209;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 216.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>succeeds Gen. Harbord as Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Aug., '17, v: 102;</li>
+  <li>Pershing's appreciation, v: 403-404;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 216.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>McCaw, Brig.-Gen. Walter D., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 346.</li>
+<li>McLemore Resolution,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>warning to Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327;</li>
+  <li>President Wilson opposes, i: 327;</li>
+  <li>defeated, i: 328.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>McLeod, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle, German spy, discloses tank secret, x: 360.</li>
+<li>McMahon, Maj.-Gen. James E.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in command of 5th Div., May, '18, v: 128;</li>
+  <li>at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202;</li>
+  <li>relieved of command of 5th Div., Oct., '18, v: 252.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>McMurtry, Capt. George C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.</li>
+<li>McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in command of 78th Div., June, '18, v: 144;</li>
+  <li>at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Meat packers, profits before and during War, <a href="#Page_56">xii: 56</a>.</li>
+<li>Mecca, captured by Arabs, July 15, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li>Medeah Farm, captured by 67th French Div., Oct. 3, '18, v: 256.</li>
+<li>Medical Corps, U. S., <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Medical science,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use of X-ray, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;</li>
+  <li>development under war needs, viii: 361-365, xi: 286-291;</li>
+  <li>rifle and shell wounds, relative dangers of, viii: 361;</li>
+  <li>French medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365;</li>
+  <li>danger of infection in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;</li>
+  <li>treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;</li>
+  <li>treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of nerve cord lesions, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of fractures, viii: 367;</li>
+  <li>new method of amputation, viii: 367;</li>
+  <li>prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367, xi: 287;</li>
+  <li>prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287-288;</li>
+  <li>treatment of shell shock, viii: 368;</li>
+  <li>causes of infection, viii: 369;</li>
+  <li>Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 288-289;</li>
+  <li>mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;</li>
+  <li>artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;</li>
+  <li>artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;</li>
+  <li>reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;</li>
+  <li>use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;</li>
+  <li>artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;</li>
+  <li>prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;</li>
+  <li>anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;</li>
+  <li>making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;</li>
+  <li><em>see also:</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Disease;</li>
+    <li>Infection;</li>
+    <li>Reconstruction of disabled;</li>
+    <li>Sanitation;</li>
+    <li>Surgery.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Medwa, Turks defeated at, by British, Jan., '16, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Mehun, U. S. Ordnance repair shop at, v: 350.</li>
+<li>Memel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Russians, Mar. 19, '15, i: 378;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Russians, Mar. 21, '15, i: 378;</li>
+  <li>raided by Russian fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 365;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions concerning, <a href="#Page_203">xii: 203</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Men of Harlech</cite>, Welsh national hymn, xi: 330.</li>
+<li>Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles T.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander 42nd Div., '17, v: 109;</li>
+  <li>at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mensheviki, Russian political party, doctrines of, vi: 148.</li>
+<li>Menshikov, Russian imperialist, outlines plan of conquest, '14, vi: 134.</li>
+<li>Merchant marine, <em>see</em> Shipping.</li>
+<li>Mercier, Cardinal D&eacute;sir&eacute;, biography and war-time activities, ix: 341-343.</li>
+<li><cite>Mersey</cite>, British monitor, in Flanders and East Africa, iv: 281.</li>
+<li>Mersey, Lord, official report on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 362-365.</li>
+<li>Merville salient, evacuation of, by Germans, iii: 98.</li>
+<li>Mesopotamia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German dream of acquisition, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>British irrigation schemes in, ii: 295;</li>
+  <li>terrain and climate, iii: 178;</li>
+  <li>historic background of modern battlefields, iii: 329-334;</li>
+  <li>disposition under secret treaties of '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mesopotamian Campaign,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>strategic importance and Allied plan of operations, ii: <em>Intro. xvi</em>, 87-91, iii: 178-180;</li>
+  <li>British land troops at Fao to protect oil fields, Nov., '14, ii: <em>Intro. xvi</em>, iii: 180;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Nixon pursues Turks and threatens Bagdad, '15, ii: <em>Intro. xvi</em>, 91, iii: 180-182;</li>
+  <li>British defeated at Ctesiphon and driven into Kut-el-Amara, Dec., '15, ii: <em>Intro. xvi</em>, 91, 182-183;</li>
+  <li>siege of Kut and Gen. Townshend's surrender, Dec. 7, '15&mdash;Apr. 29, '16, ii: <em>Intro. xvii</em>, 91, iii: 183-185, 363, 364;</li>
+  <li>British reorganize campaign after Kut disaster, ii: <em>Intro. xviii</em>, 92, iii: 185;</li>
+  <li>British capture Bagdad, Mar. 11, '17, ii: <em>Intro. xviii</em>, 92, iii: 187;</li>
+  <li>British landing force advances to Basra and Kurna, Dec., '14, iii: 180;</li>
+  <li>British capture Kut-el-Amara, Sept., '15, iii: 181;</li>
+  <li>unsuccessful attempts to relieve siege of Kut, iii: 184-185;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Maude placed in command of British, '16, iii: 185;</li>
+  <li>causes of and responsibility for British disaster, report of Royal Commission, iii: 185, 363-370;</li>
+  <li>battle of Sannyat, iii: 185-187;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, iii: 187;</li>
+  <li>personnel of Commission of inquiry, iii: 363;</li>
+  <li>conditions in Kut during siege, iii: 364;</li>
+  <li>casualties in attempts to relieve Kut, iii: 364.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Messines Ridge,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British mine and blow up German positions, June, '17, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;</li>
+  <li>nature of German defenses, iii: 77;</li>
+  <li>casualties, British and German, iii: 77;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 360.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Messudiyeh</cite>, Turkish warship, blown up in Dardanelles, Dec. 13, '14, i: 376, x: 317.</li>
+<li>Mestrovitch, Sgt. James I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.</li>
+<li><cite>Meteor</cite>, German raider in Baltic, iv: 197.</li>
+<li>Metternich, Prince, theory of government, i: 33.</li>
+<li>Metz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bombarded by British airmen, Jan. 14, '18, i: 393;</li>
+  <li>entered by French, Nov. 19, '18, i: 400;</li>
+  <li>Allied plan for capture of, Nov., '18, v: 274.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Meurer, Vice-Adm., German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.</li>
+<li>Meurthe River, line of defense before Nancy, iii: 19.</li>
+<li>Meuse River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French forced to retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20;</li>
+  <li>German attempt to invade France through valley of, '14, v: 199.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>concentration of A. E. F. for, Sept., '18, ii: 84, v: 75, 218, 388;</li>
+  <li>objectives, ii: 84, 214, 387;</li>
+  <li>topography of battleground, ii: 214, v: 73-74, 90, 217-218;</li>
+  <li>strategic importance, ii: 215, v: 214-216, 387;</li>
+  <li>breakdown of A. E. F. supply service, ii: 215;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 334;</li>
+  <li>detailed account of battle, Sept. 25&mdash;Nov. 11. '18, iii: 100, v: 72-95, 213-253, 260-279;</li>
+  <li>extent of A. E. F. front, v: 72-73, 217, 390;</li>
+  <li>Allied plan of campaign, v: 73, 75, 216, 218;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. divisions participating, with positions in line, v: 74, 219-222, 388;</li>
+  <li>German defenses, position and strength, v: 74, 217-218, 388;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. advance to Kriemhilde position, v: 78-82;</li>
+  <li>Allies break through Kriemhilde line, v: 83-88;</li>
+  <li>Germans dislodged and thrown across the Meuse, Nov., '18, v: 88-95;</li>
+  <li>number of French troops participating, v: 220, 388;</li>
+  <li>German strength, v: 220, 388;</li>
+  <li>day by day account of operations, Sept. 25&mdash;Oct. 3, v: 222-233;</li>
+  <li>number of Allied airplanes, v: 223, 388;</li>
+  <li>day by day account, Oct. 4&mdash;31, v: 234-253;</li>
+  <li>day by day account of last phase, Nov. 1&mdash;11, v: 260-279;</li>
+  <li>Argonne Forest cleared of Germans, Nov. 3, '18, v: 266;</li>
+  <li>number of Allied tanks used, v: 315, 388;</li>
+  <li>sector assigned to A. E. F., v: 385;</li>
+  <li>Pershing's official report, v: 386-393;</li>
+  <li>Allies' artillery strength, v: 388;</li>
+  <li>strength of First Army, A. E. F., v: 390, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>;</li>
+  <li>desperate nature of fighting, v: 390-391;</li>
+  <li>Germans appeal for Armistice, Nov. 6, '18, v: 391;</li>
+  <li>German guns captured, v: 393;</li>
+  <li>German prisoners captured, v: 393;</li>
+  <li>casualties of First Army, v: 393, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>;</li>
+  <li>magnitude of operations, v: 393.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mexico, German plot to involve in war with U. S., i: 347.</li>
+<li>Meyer-Waldeck, Capt., German governor of Tsing-Tau, iii: 257.</li>
+<li>M&eacute;zi&egrave;res,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103;</li>
+  <li>captured by French, Nov. 9,. '18, iii: 103;</li>
+  <li>fortified French frontier town, v: 215.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>M&eacute;zi&egrave;res-Sedan railroad, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387.</li>
+<li>Mezy, Germans force passage of Marne at, July 15, '18, v: 150.</li>
+<li>Mice, uses in war, vii: 229.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Michael, Grand Duke,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>designated as successor by Czar on abdication, vi: 156;</li>
+  <li>renounces succession to Russian throne Mar., '17, vi: 156.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Michaelis, Georg,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>statement of German war aims, ii: 14;</li>
+  <li>appointment as German Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Michel position, section of Hindenburg Line on St. Mihiel Front, v: 69.</li>
+<li>Michitch, Gen., Serbian commander, stops advance of Austrian invaders, Dec., '14, iii: 394.</li>
+<li>Michler, Gen., decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.</li>
+<li>Microphone,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>instrument for detection of U-boats, iv: 308, xi: 241;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Hydrophones.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Milan, bombarded by Austrian airmen, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Miles, Capt. Wardlaw L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.</li>
+<li>Militarism, German, <em>see</em> Germany, Militarism.</li>
+<li>Military commandments, by Kitchener and Foch, xi: 55.</li>
+<li>Military training, universal,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>advocated by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+  <li>German system of, i: 71;</li>
+  <li>Bernhardi's defense of, i: 162;</li>
+  <li>Roosevelt's advocacy of, for U. S., i: 326;</li>
+  <li>abolition of, in Germany under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_211">xii: 211</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Milk supply, German, ii: 18.</li>
+<li>Miller, Lieut. John Q., observation pilot, story of, x: 232-235.</li>
+<li>Miller, Major Oscar F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.</li>
+<li>Millicent Sutherland Ambulance, vii: 107.</li>
+<li>Milne, Adm., commander of British fleet in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.</li>
+<li>Milne, Pvt. W. J., awarded Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.</li>
+<li>Milyukov, Paul M., Russian statesman,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>exposes treachery of St&uuml;rmer, Nov., '16, vi: 142;</li>
+  <li>assails Government distribution of food, Feb., '17, vi: 144;</li>
+  <li>Minister of Foreign Affairs in Provisional Government, Mar., '17, vi: 158;</li>
+  <li>statement of loyalty to Allied cause, vi: 158, 159;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 102-103.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mines, submarine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>North Sea mine barrage, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>, 324, viii: 274;</li>
+  <li>use of trawlers for sweeping, iv: 292;</li>
+  <li>use in fighting U-boats, iv: 312;</li>
+  <li>use of Paravanes as protection against, iv: 313;</li>
+  <li>methods of laying, iv: 326.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mining, in land operations,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>blowing up of Messines Ridge by British, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;</li>
+  <li>of Austrian positions in Alps by Italians, viii: 311.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Minkler, C. T., inventor of depth bomb, iv: 330.</li>
+<li>Miraumont, evacuated by Germans, iii: 64.</li>
+<li>Mirbach, Count von, assassinated by Bolsheviki, vi: 187.</li>
+<li>Missionaries, European, as colonial pioneers in East, i: 17.</li>
+<li>Missions, German Christian, continuity guaranteed by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_263">xii: 263</a>.</li>
+<li>Missy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>scene of hard fighting by 1st Div., July, '18, v: 55;</li>
+  <li>1st Div. makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., v: 174.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mitau, captured by Germans, Aug. 2, '15, i: 381.</li>
+<li>Mitrovitza, captured by Germans, Nov. 23, '15, i: 382.</li>
+<li>Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_243">xii: 243</a>.</li>
+<li>Mkwawa, Sultan, skull of, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>.</li>
+<li>Mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, viii: 294-298.</li>
+<li><cite>Moewe</cite>, German raider, activities, iv: 197.</li>
+<li>Moffat, John,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>systematizes American war relief, vii: 87;</li>
+  <li>decorated for relief work, vii: 87.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Moffett, Capt. Wm. A., commander of Great Lakes Naval Training Station, iv: 318.</li>
+<li><cite>Moltke</cite>, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+<li>Moltke, Field-Marshal von, views on German strategy, ii: 14.</li>
+<li>Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, biography, ix: 264.</li>
+<li><cite>Monarch</cite>, Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians at Trieste, x: 290.</li>
+<li>Monastir,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>evacuated by Serbs, Dec. 3, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>retaken by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, i: 388, iii: 208.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Moncy Wood, captured by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+<li>Mondement, Germans driven back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 33.</li>
+<li>Mondragon, Gen., of Mexico, designer of self-loading rifle, viii: 90.</li>
+<li>Money,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>effect of unsecured paper money on prices, <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>inflation chief cause of high prices, <em>Intro. xii</em>, 27;</li>
+  <li>war-time inflation in U. S., <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+  <li>inflation throughout world, <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>functions, <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+  <li>standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuating cost of living, <em>Intro. xv</em>;</li>
+  <li>inflation defined, <a href="#Page_28">xii: 28</a>;</li>
+  <li>effects of inflation, <a href="#Page_29">xii: 29</a>;</li>
+  <li>revaluation of gold standard, <a href="#Page_31">xii: 31</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Prices.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Monfalcone, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.</li>
+<li><cite>Monge</cite>, French submarine, rammed by Austrian warship, x: 295.</li>
+<li>Monitors,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>revival of discarded naval type, iv: 280;</li>
+  <li>description of British type, iv: 281;</li>
+  <li>service at Dardanelles, iv: 282;</li>
+  <li>service at Trieste, iv: 283;</li>
+  <li>service in Serbia, iv: 283;</li>
+  <li>construction of, iv: 284.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Monmouth</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;</li>
+  <li>struck during battle, iv: 66;</li>
+  <li>sunk by <cite>N&uuml;rnberg</cite>, iv: 67, ix: 308.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Monneaux, location, v: 133.</li>
+<li>Monro, Gen., Sir Charles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sent to India to develop military resources, ii: <em>Intro. xviii</em>;</li>
+  <li>succeeds Gen. Hamilton at Gallipoli, iii: 174;</li>
+  <li>conducts evacuation of Gallipoli, iii: 174.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Monroe Doctrine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>barrier against European expansion in America, i:37;</li>
+  <li>interpretation under Roosevelt, i: 84;</li>
+  <li>upheld by Roosevelt against German coercion of Venezuela, i: 86.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mons,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug. 21&mdash;23, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>British retreat from, Aug., '14,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Viscount French's account, ii: 162;</li>
+    <li>John Buchan's description, iii: 277-281;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British gallantry at, xi: 10.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Monsard, taken by Fourth Corps, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206.</li>
+<li>Mont Blanc, captured by 2nd Div., v: 393.</li>
+<li>Mont Mare Wood, passage by 89th Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 210.</li>
+<li>Mont St. P&egrave;re-Chart&egrave;ves, location, v: 133.</li>
+<li>Mont St. Quentin, captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.</li>
+<li>Mont Sec, dominating position on St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 199.</li>
+<li>Mont Wood, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.</li>
+<li>Montauban, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Montblainville, captured by 28th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 325.</li>
+<li>Montdidier,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by French, Aug. 11, '18, i: 397;</li>
+  <li>1st Div. relieves French near, v: 29.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Montdidier-Noyon defensive,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>by Allies, June 9&mdash;15, '18, iii: 94, v: 129, 139-141;</li>
+  <li>conditions leading to German attack, v: 139;</li>
+  <li>Allied use of artillery during, v: 139.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Monte Nero, captured by Italians, iii: 244.</li>
+<li>Montecuccoli, Adm., responsible for development of Austrian navy, iv: 364.</li>
+<li>Montenegro,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>declares war on Austria, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>declares war on Germany, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>forced to surrender to Austria, Feb., '16, vi: 358-359;</li>
+  <li>joins Jugoslav union, vi: 366;</li>
+  <li>battle deaths, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Montfaucon,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German stronghold in Meuse-Argonne sector, v: 78, 218;</li>
+  <li>captured by 79th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 224-225.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Montfaucon Wood, captured by 37th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.</li>
+<li>Montm&eacute;dy, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375.</li>
+<li>Montmirail,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German objective in last drive on Paris, v: 36;</li>
+  <li>headquarters of 28th Div., June, '18, v: 143.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Montrebeau Wood, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 237.</li>
+<li>Montrieul-aux-Lions, headquarters of 2nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.</li>
+<li>Moore, Rear-Adm. Sir Archibald, second in command of British in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+<li>Morale,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied and German during winter, '17&mdash;'18, v: 1;</li>
+  <li>German, weakened by failure of great offensive, July, '18, v: 53;</li>
+  <li>American, under hardships of Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 87, 232;</li>
+  <li>Allied and German, Sept., '18, v: 213.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Moranville, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 9, '18, v: 277.</li>
+<li>Morava-Maritza Valley, approach to Constantinople through Serbia, iii: 150.</li>
+<li>Moravia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vi: 396;</li>
+  <li>nationalistic aspirations, vi: 396.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Moresnet, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, <a href="#Page_188">xii: 188</a>.</li>
+<li>Moreuil salient,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>military operations in, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '18, iii: 98;</li>
+  <li>Allied attack on Albert-Montdidier line, iii: 98;</li>
+  <li>Albert captured by British, Aug., '18, iii: 98;</li>
+  <li>British attack on the Scarpe, Sept., '18, iii: 98.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Morgan, Miss Anne, war relief activities, vii: 92.</li>
+<li>Morine Wood, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.</li>
+<li>Morocco,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French control of, recognized by Great Britain, '04, i: 99, 202;</li>
+  <li>Kaiser's famous speech at Tangier on German policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;</li>
+  <li>European crisis on dispatch of German gunboat <cite>Panther</cite> to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;</li>
+  <li>storm center of European diplomacy, i: 202;</li>
+  <li>Prince Lichnowsky's views on German policy, i: 204;</li>
+  <li>German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mort Homme,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Dead Man's Hill;</li>
+    <li>Verdun.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mortars, <em>see</em> Artillery.</li>
+<li>Morton, Maj.-Gen. Charles G.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 29th Div., June, '18, v: 146;</li>
+  <li>takes command of sector on right bank of Meuse, Oct. 10, '18, v: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Moscow,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>municipal elections annulled by reactionary Protopopov, '17, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>Conference called by Kerensky, '17, vi: 167;</li>
+  <li>meeting of Soviet Congress, Mar., '18, vi: 185.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Moselle River, German attempt to enter France through valley of, '14, v: 199.</li>
+<li>Mosley, Brig.-Gen. G. Van H., Chief of Co-ordination, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.</li>
+<li>Motors,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>airplane, production in U. S., <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+  <li>Liberty, production figures, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Motor Transport Corps, U. S., <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Motor trucks,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>important function in Verdun defense, iii: 50, viii: 289-291;</li>
+  <li>mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, v: 294-298;</li>
+  <li>armored cars, viii: 286;</li>
+  <li>Paris buses as war transports, viii: 286;</li>
+  <li>use as ambulances, viii: 287;</li>
+  <li>number in use by belligerents, Aug., '14, viii: 288;</li>
+  <li>number in use at front, June, '15, viii: 288;</li>
+  <li>number shipped to France from U. S., viii: 288, <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>;</li>
+  <li>Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mott, Dr. John R., General Secretary, Y. M. C. A. War Work Council, vii: 261.</li>
+<li><cite>Mount Vernon</cite>, U. S. transport torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337.</li>
+<li><cite>Mousquet</cite>, French destroyer sunk by <cite>Emden</cite>, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 181.</li>
+<li>Mouzay, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;cke, Lieut. Hellmuth von, account of exploits of German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 167-187, 190-194.</li>
+<li>Mudros, British advance base for Gallipoli campaign, iii: 164, iv: 30.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;hlon, Dr. William, disclosures of German complicity in forcing War, i: 133-136, 250-254.</li>
+<li>Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 28th Div., May, '18, v: 128;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mules, number shipped to France by U. S., <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;lhausen, captured by French, Aug. 8, '14, iii: 16.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;ller, Capt. Karl von, commander of German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 166.</li>
+<li>Munich,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>murder of Kurt Eisner and Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 298;</li>
+  <li>Spartacides establish Soviet, vi: 300;</li>
+  <li>Soviet overthrown by Noske, May, '19, vi: 301.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>M&uuml;nsterberg, Prof. Hugo, on &quot;Russian Peril,&quot; vi: 250.</li>
+<li>Murfin, Capt. O. G., in charge of U. S. Navy mine bases, iv: 325.</li>
+<li>Murman Region,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Military Government of, established, July, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Murmansk, fighting between Allies and Bolsheviki at, vi: 187.</li>
+<li>Murray, Gen., commands British troops defending Suez, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Mush,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Russians, Feb. 18, '16, i: 384, iii: 263;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mushi, captured by British, Mar. 13, '16, i: 384.</li>
+<li>Mustard gas,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 171-172, xi: 321;</li>
+  <li>use of &quot;Sag Paste,&quot; as protection against, v: 324;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 186.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Nin" id="Nin">N</a></li>
+<li>Namazieh Battery, at Gallipoli, iv: 45.</li>
+<li>Namur, forts of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>constructed, 1890, i: 143;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug., '14, i: 375, iii: 14-15.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nancy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German advance on, checked, Aug., '14, iii: 19;</li>
+  <li>important frontier fortress, v: 199, 215.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nantillois, captured by 315th Inf., Sept. 28, '18, v: 228.</li>
+<li>Napier, Rear-Adm. T. D. W., commander of British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at Jutland, iv: 120.</li>
+<li>Naples, bombed by German aviators, Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.</li>
+<li>Napoleon, Fort, at Gallipoli, bombarded by French battleship <cite>Gaulois</cite>, Mar. 2, '15, iv: 43.</li>
+<li>Narew, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 111.</li>
+<li><cite>Narodna Odbrana</cite>, Serbian patriotic society, accused of responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112.</li>
+<li><cite>Narodni Savet</cite>z, Bulgarian patriotic organization, vi: 341.</li>
+<li>Narrows, at Dardanelles, defenses of bombarded by Allies, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45.</li>
+<li>Narva, captured by Germans, Mar. 5, '18, i: 393.</li>
+<li>Nasarie, taken by British, '15, iii: 181.</li>
+<li>Nasmith, Lieut.-Com., captain of British submarine <cite>E-11</cite> in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.</li>
+<li>Nasrullah Khan, instigator of Habibullah Khan's assassination, vi: 80.</li>
+<li>National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see also</em> War relief.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>National anthems, words and histories of, xi: 325-332.</li>
+<li>National Council of Austrian Women, peace appeals, '17, vi: 314.</li>
+<li>National Guard,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S., federalized, Aug. 5, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>National Volunteers, Irish organization enlisted to aid British, vi: 57.</li>
+<li>National War Work Council,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>of American Y. M. C. A., formation, vii: 262;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Y. M. C. A.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nationalism,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>problems of, i: 23;</li>
+  <li>development in Europe since 1648, i: 26;</li>
+  <li>factor in racial unification, v: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>growth during 19th century, v: <em>Intro. ix</em>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under name of country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nations of the world, political positions in 1871, i: 44-60.</li>
+<li>Naumann, Friedrich, author of <cite>Mittel Europa</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>statement of German war aims, vi: 258;</li>
+  <li>views on trench frontiers, viii: 126.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Nautilus</cite>, submarine invented by Robert Fulton, 1800, iv: 202.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Naval Batteries, U. S., on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45.</li>
+<li>Naval power,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>influence on result of War, i: 13;</li>
+  <li>function as protector of supply routes, i: 15;</li>
+  <li>development as adjunct to colonization, i: 28.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Naval raids, German bombardment of English coast towns, iv: 244-246.</li>
+<li>Naval stations, British, around the world, i: 15.</li>
+<li>Navarino, battle of, 1827, i: 34.</li>
+<li>Navies, <em>see</em> under each country.</li>
+<li>Navigation, freedom of, for Allies,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>over German waterways, Peace Treaty provisions, <a href="#Page_247">xii: 247-253</a>;</li>
+  <li>Elbe, Oder, Niemen, and Danube internationalized under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Navy Hut,&quot; American &quot;Y&quot; center at Brest, vii: 302.</li>
+<li>Nazareth, captured by British, Sept. 21, '18, iii: 198.</li>
+<li>N-C Flying Boats,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>development and description, viii: 236-240;</li>
+  <li><cite>N-C-4</cite> first airplane to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Near East,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>European rivalries in, i: 38;</li>
+  <li>German policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Balkans;</li>
+    <li>Germany, Foreign policy.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Near victories,&quot; of the War, ii: 206.</li>
+<li><cite>Nebraskan, S. S.</cite>, American steamer attacked by German submarine, May 25, '15, i: 320.</li>
+<li>Neibaur, Pvt. Thomas C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.</li>
+<li><cite>Nembo</cite>, Italian destroyer, battle with Austrian U-boat, Oct. 16, '16, iv: 369.</li>
+<li>Nesle, occupied by French cavalry Mar., '17, iii: 68.</li>
+<li>Netherlands,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>international position in '14, i: 61;</li>
+  <li>refuses to cede Dutch Flanders to Belgium, vi: 89;</li>
+  <li>strength of army, '14, vi: 375, 378;</li>
+  <li>maintains armed neutrality, vi: 375-377;</li>
+  <li>neutrality condemned by British press, vi: 376;</li>
+  <li>effect of submarine warfare on, vi: 377-378;</li>
+  <li>merchant marine seized by Allies, Mar., '18, vi: 378;</li>
+  <li>claims Scheldt and <del>Maestricht</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Maestricht">Maastricht</ins> area, '18, vi: 378;</li>
+  <li>generous host to Belgian refugees, vii: 168-175;</li>
+  <li>war-time increase in shipping, <a href="#Page_101">xii: 101</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Netherlands Overseas Trust,&quot; vi: 377.</li>
+<li>Neufchateau, training area for 26th and 42nd Divs., v: 6.</li>
+<li>Neutrals,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>increase in shipping, <a href="#Page_100">xii: 100</a>;</li>
+  <li>trade with Germany, <a href="#Page_100">xii: 100</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Neuve Chapelle,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British, Mar. 9&mdash;10, '15, i: 378, iii: 41;</li>
+  <li>faulty British generalship at, iii: 375.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Neuve Eglise, captured by British, Sept. 2, '18, i: 397.</li>
+<li>Newbolt, Sir Henry, account of Smith-Dorrien's battle at Le Cateau, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 176-182.</li>
+<li>New Guinea, German, captured by Australians, '14, vi: 38.</li>
+<li><cite>New Mexico</cite>, U. S. battleship, propelled by electricity, iv: 322.</li>
+<li>New Zealand,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war casualties, iii: 404, 405;</li>
+  <li>strength of army, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>area and population, vi: 37;</li>
+  <li>loyalty to Great Britain, vi: 46;</li>
+  <li>war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Mar., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>New Zealand</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv 241;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Niblack, Rear-Adm. Albert P., biography, ix: 295.</li>
+<li>Nicaragua, delegate to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicholas, Grand Duke,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies, iii: 119;</li>
+  <li>removed as Commander-in-Chief and sent to Caucasus, Sept., '15, iii: 140, 262;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 229-231.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nicholas, King of Montenegro,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>surrenders to Austrians, Feb., '16, vi: 359;</li>
+  <li>deposed, vi: 366.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nicholas II, Czar of Russia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>takes personal command of army, Sept., '15, iii: 140, vi: 141;</li>
+  <li>influence of Rasputin over court, vi: 141;</li>
+  <li>issues undated order for dismissal of Duma, '17, vi: 144;</li>
+  <li>abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 374-376.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Nicholson</cite> U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.</li>
+<li>Niemen, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 110.</li>
+<li>Niemen River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>.</li>
+<li>Nietzsche, Friedrich,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German apostle of gospel of force, i: 67, ii: 2;</li>
+  <li>striking quotations from, i: 179-180.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nieuport, captured by Germans, Oct. 24, '14, i: 376.</li>
+<li>Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192.</li>
+<li>Nightingale, Florence, pioneer army nurse, vii: 11.</li>
+<li><cite>1914</cite>, by Viscount French, account of military operations of year, summary with extracts, ii: 159-174.</li>
+<li>Nish, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 5, '15, i: 382, iii: 158; retaken by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, iii: 213.</li>
+<li>Nish-Salonika Railroad, cut by Bulgarians, iii: 158.</li>
+<li>Nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166.</li>
+<li>Nitti, Francesco S., Italian minister, opposes policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.</li>
+<li>Nivelle, Gen. Robert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>succeeds Joffre as French Commander-in-Chief, ii: <em>Intro. xx</em>, iii: 62;</li>
+  <li>in supreme command of Allied forces on Western Front, '16, ii: 54;</li>
+  <li>plans campaign of '17, ii: 54;</li>
+  <li>defends Verdun, '16, iii: 54, 61, 310;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 167-168.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nixon, Gen. Sir John,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 182;</li>
+  <li>responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 367.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;No Man's Land,&quot; definition, v: 17.</li>
+<li>Nolan, Brig.-Gen. D. E.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Chief of Intelligence (G-2), G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 221.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nonsard, captured by 1st Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.</li>
+<li>Norman Compensating Foresight, use in range-finding, viii: 211.</li>
+<li>North German Confederation, formation, i: 43, ii: 1.</li>
+<li>North German Lloyd Line, tonnage and capital, i: 264.</li>
+<li>North Pacific Islands,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German, acquired by Japan, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>North Sea,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied mine barrage, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>, 324-330, viii: 274;</li>
+  <li>problem of belligerents in, iv: 86, 91;</li>
+  <li>German naval raids, iv: 136.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Northern Pacific, S. S.</cite>, speed record as transport, v: 358.</li>
+<li>Norway, pro-Ally sympathies, vi: 394.</li>
+<li>Noske, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>suppresses Berlin Spartacides, vi: 289;</li>
+  <li>overthrows Munich Soviet, vi: 300-301.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Nottingham</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nouart, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.</li>
+<li>Novo Georgievsk,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian attack at, Oct., '14, iii: 126;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, Aug., '15, iii: 138.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Noyon,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by French, Aug. 28, '18, i: 397, ii: 158;</li>
+  <li>occupied by French, March 18, '17, iii: 68;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Montdidier-Noyon defensive.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nugent, Gen., commander of 36th Ulster Div., iii: 377.</li>
+<li><cite>Nur-el-Bahr</cite>, British cruiser sunk off Sollum, Nov. 6, '15, ii: 190.</li>
+<li><cite>N&uuml;rnberg</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;</li>
+  <li>sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 74.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nurses,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. Army Nurse Corps, vii: 203;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Red Cross;</li>
+    <li>War relief.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Oin" id="Oin">O</a></li>
+<li><cite>O Patria, O Rei, O Povo</cite>, Portuguese national hymn, xi: 329.</li>
+<li>Obrenovatz, captured by Austrians, Oct. 18, '15, i: 382.</li>
+<li>O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, escape from German prison, x: 257.</li>
+<li>Observation balloons, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li><cite>Ocean</cite>, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31, 35, 48.</li>
+<li>Oches, taken by 77th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Oder River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Odessa, importance as military base, iii: 161.</li>
+<li>Ogons Wood, captured by A. E. F., Oct. 5, '18, v: 230, 237, 239.</li>
+<li><cite>Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning</cite>, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.</li>
+<li>O'Kelly, J. T., Irish representative to Peace Conference, vi: 65.</li>
+<li>Okuma, Count,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>influence on Japanese foreign policy, vi: 384;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 87.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Old Dutch Cleansers,&quot; nickname for 9.2-in. British howitzers, v: 308.</li>
+<li>Old Hickory (30th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>O'Leary, Jeremiah, pro-German propagandist in U. S., x: 345.</li>
+<li>O'Leary, Sgt. Michael, wins Victoria Cross, x: 71.</li>
+<li>Oman,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>acquired by Allies, '13, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Omsk, capital of All-Russian Government, vi: 191.</li>
+<li><cite>Onslow</cite>, British destroyer at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.</li>
+<li>&quot;Open Door&quot; policy in China, i: 57;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see also</em> China.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Opium Convention, Jan. 23, '12, put into force by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>.</li>
+<li>Opium War, against China, 1840, i: 38.</li>
+<li>&quot;Oppy Line,&quot; captured by British in Arras battle, iii: 72.</li>
+<li>Optical glasses, for A. E. F., viii: 326.</li>
+<li>Orange Free State,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>becomes part of Union of South Africa, 1899, vi: 47;</li>
+  <li>opposition to Great Britain, vi: 50-52;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> South Africa, Union of.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Orders in Council,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British, establish blockade of Germany, i: 312, 318, ii: 16, 21;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Germany, Blockade of.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.</li>
+<li>Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Italian statesman, forms coalition cabinet, Oct., '17, vi: 129;</li>
+  <li>foreign policy, vi: 362, 366;</li>
+  <li>demands Fiume for Italy, vi: 368;</li>
+  <li>withdraws from Peace Conference on Fiume crisis, vi: 368;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 85-87.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Orly, U. S., aircraft factory at, v: 313.</li>
+<li>Ornes, captured by Germans, '16, iii: 48.</li>
+<li>Orphans, <em>see</em> War relief.</li>
+<li>Orsova,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Rumanians, Sept. 7, '16, i: 386, iii: 218;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Rumanians, Nov. 24, '16, i: 389, iii: 222.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Orsova Railway, captured by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221.</li>
+<li>O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander, 27th Div., v: 196, 281;</li>
+  <li>account of history of 27th Div., v: 281-300.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>O'Shea, Corp. Thomas E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.</li>
+<li>Ossowetz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>besieged by Germans, iii: 118, 130;</li>
+  <li>captured, Aug., '15, iii: 138.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ostend,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>seat of Belgian government moved to, Oct. 5, '14, i: 376;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Germans, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376, iii: 38;</li>
+  <li>raided by British May, '18, iv: 279;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Germans, xi: 52.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ostrovo, Lake, Allied counter-attack against Bulgars at, Sept., '16, iii: 208.</li>
+<li><cite>Otranto</cite>, British auxiliary cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65.</li>
+<li>Ourcq River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>crossed by 42nd Div. in pursuit of Germans, July, '18, v: 50, 187;</li>
+  <li>course and topography of region, v: 133;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. fighting at, commended by Gen. Degoutte, v: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Over There</cite>, American soldier song, xi: 336.</li>
+<li>Over-There Theater League, organization and activities, vii: 277, 339-342.</li>
+<li>Ovillers, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Oxygen, for gas victims, iii: 320.</li>
+<li>Oxygen helmets as defense against poison gas, viii: 173.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Pin" id="Pin">P</a></li>
+<li>Paderewski, Ignace Jan,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>returns to Poland as popular hero, vi: 220;</li>
+  <li>becomes Prime Minister, vi: 223;</li>
+  <li>defeated for presidency, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 95-98.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pa&euml;s, Dr. Sidonio, President of Portugal, assassinated, Dec., '18, vi: 374.</li>
+<li>Paget, Sir Ralph, Chairman, International Sanitary Commission for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.</li>
+<li>Painlev&eacute;, Paul, succeeds Ribot as French premier, '17, vi: 105.</li>
+<li>&quot;Pal&quot; regiments, British recruiting device, vi: 6.</li>
+<li>Palestine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>strategic importance, ii: <em>Intro. xviii, xxi</em>, 87-90;</li>
+  <li>conquered by Gen. Allenby, ii: <em>Intro. xx</em>, 92-94, 218, iii: 192-200, 322-326;</li>
+  <li>capture of Gaza, Mar. 26&mdash;27, '17, ii: 92, iii: 192;</li>
+  <li>capture of Jerusalem, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 193-196;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>description of Allenby's entry, iii: 322-326;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British and Turkish manpower, ii: 93, iii: 200;</li>
+  <li>destruction of Turkish army, Sept., '18, ii: 94, 218, iii: 198;</li>
+  <li>Damascus captured, Oct. 1, '18, iii: 199;</li>
+  <li>Aleppo captured, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, iii: 200;</li>
+  <li>disposition under secret treaties, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+  <li>Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 322;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Palmer, Frederick,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>comment on Marne fighting, July, '18, v: 158;</li>
+  <li>tribute to 1st Div., v: 234.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pan-Germanism, <em>see</em> Germany.</li>
+<li>Pan-Slavism, aspirations, i: 244;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>&quot;Greater Serbia&quot; propaganda, i: 244;</li>
+  <li>fight for control of Ukraine by Russia, vi: 241;</li>
+  <li>Russia aims at annexation of Ruthenia, '14, vi: 241;</li>
+  <li>Bulgaria's attitude toward, vi: 340;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Slavs.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Panama,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>declares war on Germany, Apr, 7. '17, i: 389;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegate, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Panama Canal, U. S. gains control of, i: 84.</li>
+<li>Pannes, captured by 42nd Div., v: 211.</li>
+<li><cite>Panther</cite>, German gunboat sent to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203.</li>
+<li>Paolucci, Dr., helps Lieut.-Col. Rossetti to sink Austrian warship <cite>Viribus Unitis</cite>, x: 297-303.</li>
+<li>Papacy, relation to Italian government, i: 61.</li>
+<li>Papeete, bombarded by German fleet, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 62.</li>
+<li>Papen, Capt. Franz von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German Military Attach&eacute; in U. S., dismissed for unneutral conduct, i: 276;</li>
+  <li>share in passport frauds, i: 314;</li>
+  <li>activities as arch-spy in U. S., x: 328-329.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263.</li>
+<li>Parades,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>first American troops in Paris, July 4, '17, v: 107;</li>
+  <li>Allied troops on Bastille Day in Paris, July 14, '18, v: 147;</li>
+  <li>27th Div. in New York City, Mar. 25, '19, v: 299.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Parajd, captured by Rumanians, Oct. 5, '16, i: 388.</li>
+<li>Paravane, protective device against submarine mine, iv: 313.</li>
+<li>Paris,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>air raids on,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Jan. 29&mdash;30, '16, i: 384;</li>
+    <li>Mar. 11, '18, i: 395;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German advance on, '14, ii: 6, iii: 28, vi: 97;</li>
+  <li>bombarded by long-range gun from St. Gobain Forest, ii: 154, iii: 88, viii: 45-47;</li>
+  <li>welcome to Gen. Pershing, June 13, '17, v: 97;</li>
+  <li>German drive on, May 27&mdash;Aug. 6, '18, battles in Marne salient, v: 129-139, 141, 147;</li>
+  <li>parade of Allies, July 14, '18, v: 147;</li>
+  <li>panic in, during German drive, '18, v: 378;</li>
+  <li>May Day rioting, May, '19, vi: 111.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Paris Conference, 1856, guarantees Turkish power in Europe, i: 39.</li>
+<li>&quot;Paris Group,&quot; organization of, Medical Department, A. E. F., v: 346.</li>
+<li>Pasha Dagh,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Australian objective in Gallipoli attack, iii: 170;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pashitch, Nicholas, Premier of Serbia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>negotiations with Italy for settling Adriatic rivalry, vi: 362;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 120.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Passchendaele Ridge,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '17, ii: 56, 79;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 377.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Passenheim, Russians defeated at, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iii: 116.</li>
+<li>Passport frauds, German activities in U. S., i: 314, x: 333.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Patriotic songs, xi: 332-335.</li>
+<li>Patrol boats, work in combating submarines, iv: 292.</li>
+<li>Patrolling, training A. E. F. in, v: 117.</li>
+<li>Patrols, German system of, in the Vosges, v: 26.</li>
+<li>Patterson, Miss Hannah J., awarded D. S. M. for work on Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_125">xii: 125</a>.</li>
+<li>Pau, Gen. Paul, commands French forces invading Alsace, Aug. 14, '14, iii: 16.</li>
+<li>Peace Conference, Paris,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;</li>
+  <li>conciliatory attitude of Austrian delegates, vi: 321;</li>
+  <li>negotiation with Hungarian Soviet, Apr., '19, vi: 326;</li>
+  <li>Fiume crisis, vi: 366-370, <a href="#Page_159">xii: 159</a>;</li>
+  <li>prestige of Japanese delegation, vi: 388;</li>
+  <li>dispute over Teschen district, vi: 400;</li>
+  <li>inside story of, by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149-163</a>;</li>
+  <li>complexity of task, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149</a>;</li>
+  <li>rapidity of work, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149</a>;</li>
+  <li>open diplomacy, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149</a>;</li>
+  <li>Supreme Council, members and method of evolving Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_150">xii: 150-153</a>;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Big Four,&quot; <a href="#Page_150">xii: 150</a>, <a href="#Page_152">xii: 152</a>;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Big Three,&quot; <a href="#Page_150">xii: 150</a>;</li>
+  <li>Conference procedure, <a href="#Page_156">xii: 156</a>;</li>
+  <li>commissions, <a href="#Page_156">xii: 156</a>;</li>
+  <li>delays, <a href="#Page_156">xii: 156</a>;</li>
+  <li>language difficulties, <a href="#Page_157">xii: 157</a>;</li>
+  <li>Reparations Commission, organization and work, <a href="#Page_158">xii: 158</a>, <a href="#Page_219">xii: 219-221</a>;</li>
+  <li>Shantung controversy, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>;</li>
+  <li>Germans excluded from negotiation, <a href="#Page_161">xii: 161</a>;</li>
+  <li>Belgian demands, <a href="#Page_161">xii: 161</a>;</li>
+  <li>signing of Peace Treaty with Germany, ceremonies, <a href="#Page_165">xii: 165-169</a>;</li>
+  <li>list of delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179-182</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Peace moves,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 335;</li>
+  <li>response to Wilson's note, i: 336;</li>
+  <li>Wilson's &quot;Peace without victory&quot; speech, i: 336;</li>
+  <li>Pope Benedict's appeal, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390, ix: 405;</li>
+  <li>Germany accepts Pope's offer, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>text of letter from Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary to Prince Sixtus making secret offer of peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63;</li>
+  <li>German attempts in '16 and '17 fail, ii: 270, 316, vi: 263;</li>
+  <li>German moves condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;</li>
+  <li>Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;</li>
+  <li>Russian Provisional Government urges Allies to revise peace aims, May, '17, vi: 161;</li>
+  <li>German Socialists demand peace without annexations, '15, vi: 258;</li>
+  <li>Bethmann-Hollweg proposes peace of understanding, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 262;</li>
+  <li>German popular demand for &quot;peace without annexations or indemnities,&quot; vi: 266-268;</li>
+  <li>Emperor Charles forces offer by Teutonic allies, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313;</li>
+  <li>demonstrations in Sofia, vi: 346;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Armistice;</li>
+    <li>and under each country.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Peace Treaty with Germany,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Versailles, '19, criticism by British liberal press, vi: 22;</li>
+  <li>terms presented to Germans, May 7, '19, vi: 302, <a href="#Page_161">xii: 161</a>;</li>
+  <li>condemned by German press, vi: 302-304;</li>
+  <li>Germany consents to sign, June 22, '19, vi: 304, <a href="#Page_163">xii: 163</a>;</li>
+  <li>how drafted, described by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, <a href="#Page_149">xii: 149-161</a>;</li>
+  <li>text, work of technicians, <a href="#Page_150">xii: 150</a>;</li>
+  <li>French demands, <a href="#Page_153">xii: 153</a>;</li>
+  <li>evolution of Covenant of League of Nations, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>;</li>
+  <li>Belgian demands, <a href="#Page_161">xii: 161</a>;</li>
+  <li>ceremonies of signing, <a href="#Page_165">xii: 165-169</a>;</li>
+  <li>analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, <a href="#Page_170">xii: 170-178</a>;</li>
+  <li>signed June 28, '19, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>;</li>
+  <li>text in full, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179-263</a>;</li>
+  <li>preamble, giving list of nations allied against Germany, and their delegates to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179-182</a>;</li>
+  <li>League of Nations, text of Covenant, <a href="#Page_182">xii: 182-185</a>;</li>
+  <li>boundaries of Germany, <a href="#Page_186">xii: 186</a>;</li>
+  <li>provisions concerning Luxemburg, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189</a>;</li>
+  <li>demolition of German fortifications, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>, <a href="#Page_211">xii: 211</a>, <a href="#Page_214">xii: 214</a>;</li>
+  <li>Sarre Basin settlement, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189-194</a>;</li>
+  <li>Alsace-Lorraine, provisions for return to France, <a href="#Page_194">xii: 194-197</a>;</li>
+  <li>Germany acknowledges independence of Austria, <a href="#Page_197">xii: 197</a>;</li>
+  <li>provisions for independence of Czechoslovak State, <a href="#Page_197">xii: 197</a>;</li>
+  <li>independence and boundaries of Poland, <a href="#Page_198">xii: 198-200</a>;</li>
+  <li>plebiscite for East Prussia, <a href="#Page_200">xii: 200</a>;</li>
+  <li>provisions concerning Memel, <a href="#Page_203">xii: 203</a>;</li>
+  <li>Danzig made free city, <a href="#Page_203">xii: 203</a>;</li>
+  <li>plebiscite provisions for Schleswig, <a href="#Page_204">xii: 204</a>;</li>
+  <li>Heligoland, destruction of fortifications on, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>;</li>
+  <li>provisions concerning Russo-German relations, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>;</li>
+  <li>Brest-Litovsk Treaties abrogated, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>;</li>
+  <li>German colonies surrendered to Allies, <a href="#Page_206">xii: 206</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in China surrendered, <a href="#Page_206">xii: 206</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in Siam surrendered, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in Liberia surrendered, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in Morocco surrendered, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in Egypt surrendered, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>;</li>
+  <li>Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to Japan, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209</a>;</li>
+  <li>reduction of German army and military equipment, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209-212</a>;</li>
+  <li>universal military service abolished in Germany, <a href="#Page_211">xii: 211</a>;</li>
+  <li>new German army, table of organization for, <a href="#Page_212">xii: 212</a>;</li>
+  <li>German navy, surrender and reduction, <a href="#Page_212">xii: 212-214</a>;</li>
+  <li>German wireless stations, regulation by Allies, <a href="#Page_214">xii: 214</a>;</li>
+  <li>German military air service abolished, <a href="#Page_214">xii: 214</a>;</li>
+  <li>existing German air service surrendered to Allies, <a href="#Page_215">xii: 215</a>;</li>
+  <li>Interallied Commissions of Control to supervise execution of military terms, <a href="#Page_215">xii: 215</a>;</li>
+  <li>repatriation of prisoners of war, <a href="#Page_216">xii: 216</a>;</li>
+  <li>war graves, care of, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217</a>;</li>
+  <li>punishment of Germans guilty of war crimes, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217</a>;</li>
+  <li>reparation terms imposed on Germany, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217-225</a>;</li>
+  <li>Reparation Commission, formation and functions, <a href="#Page_219">xii: 219-221</a>;</li>
+  <li>shipping, restitution for Allied shipping sunk, <a href="#Page_222">xii: 222</a>;</li>
+  <li>reconstruction, German obligations, <a href="#Page_223">xii: 223</a>;</li>
+  <li>coal, German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, <a href="#Page_224">xii: 224</a>;</li>
+  <li>dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, <a href="#Page_224">xii: 224</a>;</li>
+  <li>submarine cables, German, surrendered to Allies, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>;</li>
+  <li>trophies of war, return of, to France by Germany, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>;</li>
+  <li>Koran of Caliph Othman, return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>;</li>
+  <li>Sultan Mkwawa, skull of, return by Germany to Great Britain, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>;</li>
+  <li>Louvain, University of, restoration by Germany of books destroyed, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>;</li>
+  <li>art objects, carried by Germans from Belgium, restoration of, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>;</li>
+  <li>gold, restriction on German export of, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>;</li>
+  <li>Armies of Occupation, Allied, in Germany, expense to be borne by Germany, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>;</li>
+  <li>ceded territories, share in German national debt, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>;</li>
+  <li>Alsace-Lorraine, exempt from share in German national debt, <a href="#Page_226">xii: 226</a>;</li>
+  <li>Poland, share in German national debt, <a href="#Page_227">xii: 227</a>;</li>
+  <li>international concessions, surrender by Germany of rights in, <a href="#Page_228">xii: 228</a>;</li>
+  <li>gold, deliveries of, by Germany to Allies, <a href="#Page_228">xii: 228</a>;</li>
+  <li>customs duties, regulations imposed on Germany, <a href="#Page_229">xii: 229</a>;</li>
+  <li>privileges for Allied shipping to be granted by Germany, <a href="#Page_230">xii: 230</a>;</li>
+  <li>trade competition, Germany to suppress unfair methods, <a href="#Page_230">xii: 230</a>;</li>
+  <li>Allied nationals, treatment of, by Germany, <a href="#Page_230">xii: 230</a>;</li>
+  <li>pre-War treaties between Allies and Germany revived, <a href="#Page_231">xii: 231</a>;</li>
+  <li>treaties among Teutonic allies abrogated, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li>treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li>treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li>Opium Convention, Jan, 23, '12, put into force, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li>debts, between German and Allied nationals, methods of payment, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232-236</a>;</li>
+  <li>property rights of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, methods of restitution, <a href="#Page_236">xii: 236-240</a>;</li>
+  <li>contracts, between German and Allied nationals, status and methods of discharge, <a href="#Page_240">xii: 240-243</a>;</li>
+  <li>Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions, <a href="#Page_243">xii: 243</a>;</li>
+  <li>literary rights, provisions for re-establishment of, <a href="#Page_244">xii: 244-246</a>;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>artistic rights, provisions for re-establishment of, <a href="#Page_244">xii: 244-246</a>;</li>
+  <li>industrial rights, provisions for re-establishment of, <a href="#Page_244">xii: 244-246</a>;</li>
+  <li>ceded territories, social insurance funds of, to be transferred to Allies by Germany, <a href="#Page_246">xii: 246</a>;</li>
+  <li>aerial navigation, rules for, <a href="#Page_246">xii: 246</a>;</li>
+  <li>freedom of transit, for Allied goods and nationals through Germany, <a href="#Page_247">xii: 247</a>, <a href="#Page_253">xii: 253</a>;</li>
+  <li>ports, Allied, discrimination against, by Germany forbidden, <a href="#Page_247">xii: 247</a>;</li>
+  <li>navigation, Allied, over German waterways, <a href="#Page_247">xii: 247-253</a>;</li>
+  <li>Elbe, internationalized, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>;</li>
+  <li>Oder, internationalized, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>;</li>
+  <li>Niemen, internationalized, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>;</li>
+  <li>Danube, internationalized, <a href="#Page_248">xii: 248</a>;</li>
+  <li>Rhine, international control and rules for navigation, <a href="#Page_250">xii: 250-253</a>;</li>
+  <li>use of northern German ports by Czechoslovak State, <a href="#Page_253">xii: 253</a>;</li>
+  <li>German railways, provisions relating to, <a href="#Page_253">xii: 253</a>;</li>
+  <li>Kiel Canal, rules of navigation through, <a href="#Page_255">xii: 255</a>;</li>
+  <li>labor, international organization for improving conditions of, <a href="#Page_255">xii: 255-261</a>;</li>
+  <li>guarantees for execution, exacted from Germany, <a href="#Page_261">xii: 261</a>;</li>
+  <li>Armies of Occupation, conditions for withdrawal, <a href="#Page_261">xii: 261</a>;</li>
+  <li>Savoy, neutralized zone of, provisions concerning, <a href="#Page_262">xii: 262</a>;</li>
+  <li>German Christian missions, continuity guaranteed, <a href="#Page_263">xii: 263</a>;</li>
+  <li>prize courts, provision concerning decisions of, <a href="#Page_263">xii: 263</a>;</li>
+  <li>signed, June 28, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>ratified by Germany, July 10, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>ratified by Great Britain, July 25&mdash;31, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>ratified by King of Italy, Oct. 7, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>ratified by France, Oct. 13, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>ratified by Japan, Oct. 27, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Senate opposition to, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264-278</a>;</li>
+  <li>Fall amendments to, defeated in U. S. Senate, Oct. 2, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>original Lodge reservations defeated in U. S. Senate, Nov. 19, '19, <a href="#Page_265">xii: 265-266</a>;</li>
+  <li>original Lodge reservations, text, <a href="#Page_265">xii: 265</a>;</li>
+  <li>defeated in U. S. Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, <a href="#Page_266">xii: 266-269</a>;</li>
+  <li>Pres. Wilson's opinion on Lodge reservations, <a href="#Page_267">xii: 267</a>;</li>
+  <li>revised Lodge reservations, text, <a href="#Page_269">xii: 269</a>;</li>
+  <li>efforts of Congress to declare peace by joint resolution in substitution for, <a href="#Page_271">xii: 271-278</a>;</li>
+  <li>Knox Resolution, <a href="#Page_273">xii: 273</a>, <a href="#Page_277">xii: 277</a>;</li>
+  <li>President Wilson's message vetoing Knox Resolution, <a href="#Page_278">xii: 278</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pearce, Padraic, Provisional President of Irish Republic, vi: 60, ix: 53.</li>
+<li>Peck, Pvt. Archie A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.</li>
+<li>Penang harbor, attacked by <cite>Emden</cite>, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178.</li>
+<li>People's Relief Committee, for Jewish relief, formation, vii: 354.</li>
+<li>Pepper Hill, at Verdun, attacked by Germans, Apr. 18, '16, iii: 52, 304.</li>
+<li>Periscope, description, viii: 165, xi: 245.</li>
+<li>Perkins, Pvt. Michael J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.</li>
+<li>Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, organization and activities, vii: 255-259.</li>
+<li>P&eacute;ronne,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;</li>
+  <li>captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>P&eacute;ronne-Ham sector, Allied drive on, Sept., '18, ii: 158.</li>
+<li>Pershing, Gen. John J.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>offers A. E. F. to Foch, Mar. 28, '18, v: 30, 120, 380, ix: 153;</li>
+  <li>sails for Europe, May, '17, v: 97;</li>
+  <li>reception in England, June, '17, v: 97;</li>
+  <li>reception in France, June, '17, v: 97;</li>
+  <li>reasons for selection of American Army zone, '18, v: 110;</li>
+  <li>farewell speech to 1st Div., Chaumont-en-Vixen, Apr., '18, v: 121;</li>
+  <li>urges attack with A. E. F., July, '18, v: 158;</li>
+  <li>extract from report on Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 182;</li>
+  <li>assumes tactical command of American forces in battle area, v: 192, 384, ix: 205;</li>
+  <li>extract from report on St. Mihiel attack, v: 212;</li>
+  <li>starts Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 213;</li>
+  <li>extract from report on preparation for Meuse-Argonne attack, v: 218;</li>
+  <li>divides A. E. F. combat units into two Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 246, 390;</li>
+  <li>personal message to each soldier in A. E. F., v: 353;</li>
+  <li>official report on A. E. F., v: 373-404;</li>
+  <li>appeal to War Dept. for troops, Dec., '17, v: 373;</li>
+  <li>insists on independent American Army in France, v: 385;</li>
+  <li>Alsatian ancestry, ix: 166;</li>
+  <li>origin of name, ix: 166;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 199-210.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.</li>
+<li>Persia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>divided into &quot; spheres of influence&quot; by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104, vi: 335;</li>
+  <li>sympathy with Turkey, vi: 330;</li>
+  <li>pro-German sentiment, vi: 336-337;</li>
+  <li>Great Britain in control, '19, vi: 338.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Persia, S. S.</cite>, British merchantman,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk in Mediterranean, Dec. 30, '15, i: 384;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness account, iv: 224.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Peru,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dispute with Chile over Tacna-Arica district, vi: 390;</li>
+  <li>delegate to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>P&eacute;tain, Marshal Henri Philippe,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>defender of Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 50, 54, 304, xi: 22;</li>
+  <li>eulogy of, by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 220;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 164-166.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Peter I, King of Serbia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>accompanies his nation in retreat, iii: 281, 284;</li>
+  <li>re&euml;nters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;</li>
+  <li>foreign policy, vi: 355;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix. 398-399.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Petrograd,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>food shortage in, vi: 141;</li>
+  <li>workmen's delegates on War Industrial Committee arrested, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>during the Revolution, vi: 144-153.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Petroseny, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386.</li>
+<li>Peuvillers, captured by 128th Inf. Regt., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Peyton, Maj.-Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Pflanzer, Gen. von, Austrian commander in Bukovina, iii: 132.</li>
+<li>Philippines, acquired by U. S., i: 56.</li>
+<li>Phillipeville, bombarded by <cite>Goeben</cite>, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.</li>
+<li>Phonotelemeter, description of, viii: 20.</li>
+<li>Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride),
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 168-170;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 184.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Photography in war,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>work of U. S. Signal Corps, v: 319;</li>
+  <li>use in artillery range-finding, viii: 14;</li>
+  <li>value of aerial photography, viii: 226, 331;</li>
+  <li>types of aerial cameras, viii: 228, 332-334;</li>
+  <li>De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333;</li>
+  <li>work of U. S. aerial photographers, viii: 228, 235;</li>
+  <li>personnel of Photographic Section, U. S. Air Service, viii: 234;</li>
+  <li>future, viii: 234;</li>
+  <li>making pictorial history of War, viii: 329-331;</li>
+  <li>production of photographic supplies by U. S., viii: 355;</li>
+  <li>mobile developing laboratories, viii: 335;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Aerial photography.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Piave River, Italian stand at, after Caporetto rout, ii: 58, 250, iii: 248.</li>
+<li>Picardy Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German choice for final drive, '18, ii: 69;</li>
+  <li>advantages of, for German offensive, '18, ii: 69.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pichon, Stephen, French Foreign Minister, speech before Chamber of Deputies on secret Entente agreements of '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334.</li>
+<li>Pigeons, war uses, v: 239, 319, viii: 328.</li>
+<li>Pike, Lieut.-Col. Emory J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.</li>
+<li>Pill-boxes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, iii: 79, viii: 130;</li>
+  <li>battle tactics in use of, viii: 130-133.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pilsudski,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Gen. Joseph, leads Polish troops against Russia, vi: 202;</li>
+  <li>jailed by Germans, vi: 214;</li>
+  <li>assumes dictatorship of Poland, vi: 219;</li>
+  <li>dictatorship not recognized by Allies, vi: 222;</li>
+  <li>Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paderewski cabinet, vi: 223;</li>
+  <li>becomes president of Polish Republic, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 92-95.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pirot, occupied by Bulgars, Oct. 28, '15, i: 382.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Pistols,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Schwarzlose automatic pistol, mechanism, viii: 90;</li>
+  <li>use as military weapon, viii: 116-117.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Place in the sun,&quot;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>speech by Kaiser, '01, i: 95;</li>
+  <li>definition of phrase, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>German control of Balkans as means of attaining, ii: 27.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Plava, captured by Italians June 10, '15, i: 380, iii: 244.</li>
+<li><cite>Players, The</cite>, poem by Francis Bickley, ix: 290.</li>
+<li>Pleinchamps Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.</li>
+<li>Ploechti, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.</li>
+<li>Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of British Second Army, ii: 214;</li>
+  <li>a great military chief, iii: 375;</li>
+  <li>offensive in Flanders, Sept., '18, v: 213.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Plunkett, Rear-Adm. Chas. P., commander of U. S. Naval Railway Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 45.</li>
+<li>Plunkett, Sir Horace, Irish leader, chairman of Irish Convention, '18, vi: 62.</li>
+<li>Plymouth, England, U. S. subchaser base, iv: 359.</li>
+<li>Poincar&eacute;, Raymond,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>President of French Republic, biography, ix: 14-19;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 19.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Points d'Appui</cite>, definition, v: 13.</li>
+<li>Pola,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Italian naval raid on, Nov. 2, '16, iv: 369;</li>
+  <li>Italians sink Austrian dreadnought at, May 14, '18, iv: 372;</li>
+  <li>Austrian dreadnought <cite>Viribus Unitis</cite> blown up by Italians at, Nov. 1, '18, x: 297-303.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Poland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>topography, iii: 106-108;</li>
+  <li>German invasion of, and unsuccessful attacks on Warsaw,</li>
+  <li>Sept., '14&mdash;Feb., '15, iii: 116-118, 124-127, 128-132;</li>
+  <li>Austrian invasion of, iii: 118-120;</li>
+  <li>conquered by Austro-German forces, July&mdash;Sept., '15, iii: 137-141, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>battle of the Salients, July, '15, iii: 138;</li>
+  <li>Warsaw captured by Germans, Aug. 4, '15, iii: 138;</li>
+  <li>civilian deaths due to war-time privation, iii: 406;</li>
+  <li>early history and pre-War condition, vi: 201;</li>
+  <li>Russian promise of autonomy, '14, vi: 201;</li>
+  <li>Austrian Poles support Central Powers, vi: 202;</li>
+  <li>Poles under Pilsudski fight against Russia, vi: 202;</li>
+  <li>war-time destitution in, vi: 204-210;</li>
+  <li>German reforms in, vi: 208;</li>
+  <li>German policy, vi: 210-213;</li>
+  <li>Germany promises re&euml;stablishment of Polish Kingdom, Nov. 5, '16, vi: 210;</li>
+  <li>Germany demands Polish troops, vi: 213;</li>
+  <li>freed by Russian Revolution, vi: 213;</li>
+  <li>Germany sets up Regency, vi: 214;</li>
+  <li>denied representation at Brest-Litovsk by Germany, vi: 214;</li>
+  <li>revolt against Teuton domination, '18, vi: 216;</li>
+  <li>capture of Lemberg from Ruthenians, Nov. 5, '18, vi: 217;</li>
+  <li>proclamation of Republic, vi: 218-219;</li>
+  <li>Pilsudski becomes dictator, Nov., '18, vi: 219;</li>
+  <li>Germans expelled, Dec., '18, vi: 220;</li>
+  <li>political struggle between classes, vi: 220;</li>
+  <li>Conservatives support Paderewski, vi: 220;</li>
+  <li>Warsaw Revolt against Pilsudski fails, vi: 220-222;</li>
+  <li>war against Bolsheviki, vi: 222-224;</li>
+  <li>war with Ukraine over Cholm, vi: 222, 248;</li>
+  <li>dispute with Czechs over Teschen, vi: 222, 400;</li>
+  <li>compromise cabinet of Paderewski and Pilsudski, Feb. 9, '19, vi: 223;</li>
+  <li>Provisional Government recognized by Allies, Feb., '19, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>Pilsudski elected President, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>claims for Danzig, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for independence and boundaries of, vi: 226, <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18-200</a>;</li>
+  <li>American war relief for Jews in, vii: 356-358, 360-363, 375;</li>
+  <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li>share in German national debt, Peace Treaty provisions, <a href="#Page_227">xii: 227</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Political parties, <em>see</em> under countries.</li>
+<li><cite>Pommern</cite>, German battleship torpedoed by British submarine <cite>E-9</cite>, July 2, '15, iv: 208.</li>
+<li>Pont-&agrave;-Mousson, on Toul-St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 119.</li>
+<li>Pontoons, viii: 299-300.</li>
+<li><cite>Pontoporros</cite>, auxiliary to German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 172.</li>
+<li>Pope, <em>see</em> Benedict XV.</li>
+<li>Pope, Corp. Thomas A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397;</li>
+<li>Poperinghe line, British-American line of defense in Flanders, v: 287, 289.</li>
+<li>Population,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>decrease in births due to War, iii: 406;</li>
+  <li>effects of War on, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Port Arthur,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>seized by Russia from China, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>acquired by Japan, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>11-in. siege guns first used by Japanese at, viii: 34.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ports, French,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>selected for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;</li>
+  <li>Allied, Peace Treaty provisions against discrimination by Germany, <a href="#Page_247">xii: 247</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Portugal,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>international position in '14, i: 62;</li>
+  <li>rout of army before German offensive, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;</li>
+  <li>war casualties, iii: 404, v: 364;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>internal strife, vi: 372-375;</li>
+  <li>enters War as British ally, vi: 373;</li>
+  <li>President Pa&euml;s assassinated, Dec. '18, vi: 374;</li>
+  <li>Royalist uprising suppressed, '19, vi: 375;</li>
+  <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Posen,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>revolt of Polish population against Germany, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>awarded to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Potash, German boycott of U. S., <a href="#Page_98">xii: 98</a>.</li>
+<li>Potatoes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>world production by countries, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+  <li>as food, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+  <li>German system of drying and crushing, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Potsdam Conference of German war leaders,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>July 5, '14, i: 136;</li>
+  <li>decision for war, i: 249.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Potts, Pvt. Frederick, wins Victoria Cross at Gallipoli, x: 138.</li>
+<li>Powder, <em>see</em> Ammunition.</li>
+<li>Power plants, built by A. E. F. Engineer Corps, v: 333.</li>
+<li>Pozi&egrave;res, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>Prague, meeting of Czechoslovak representatives at, Apr. 2, '18, vi: 398.</li>
+<li>Prauthory, Haute-Marne, headquarters, 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.</li>
+<li><cite>President Lincoln</cite>, U. S. transport,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk, May 31, '18, i: 395, iv: 337;</li>
+  <li>eye-witness account, iv: 340.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Press:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Austria-Hungary,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><cite>Tageblatt</cite> demands war, '14, vi: 306;</li>
+    <li>Hungarian journals support war, vi: 307;</li>
+    <li><cite>Pester Lloyd</cite> for war, '14, vi: 308;</li>
+    <li><cite>Oesterreichische Rundschau</cite> attacks Italy, '15, vi: 310;</li>
+    <li><cite>Vossische Zeitung</cite> on strikes, Jan., '18, vi: 314;</li>
+    <li><cite>Arbeiter Zeitung</cite>, radical organ, vi: 315;</li>
+    <li><cite>Arbeiter Zeitung</cite> on peace terms, vi: 322;</li>
+    <li><cite>Has Haroda</cite> on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Bulgaria,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>statement against Russia by <cite>Kambana</cite>, June, '15, vi: 342.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Germany,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li> <cite>Milit&auml;rische Rundschau</cite> advocates immediate war, '14, vi: 249;</li>
+    <li>Socialist organ <cite>Vorw&auml;rts</cite> supports Kaiser, vi: 249;</li>
+    <li><cite>Liller Kriegszeitung</cite> preaches hate of England, vi: 252;</li>
+    <li>optimistic attitude of <cite>Frankfurter Zeitung</cite>, Nov., '14, vi: 253;</li>
+    <li>Maximilian Harden ridicules in <cite>Zukunft</cite> talk of German starvation, vi: 254;</li>
+    <li>alarm over prospects of starvation, '15, vi: 255;</li>
+    <li>submarine warfare urged, vi: 256, 265;</li>
+    <li>on German successes, '15, vi: 258;</li>
+    <li><cite>Vorw&auml;rts</cite> demands statement of peace aims, vi: 258;</li>
+    <li><cite>Frankfurter Zeitung</cite> on seriousness of Allied blockade, '15&mdash;'16, vi: 261;</li>
+    <li><cite>Vorw&auml;rts</cite> on food shortage, vi: 261;</li>
+    <li>demand war to finish, '17, vi: 264;</li>
+    <li>gospel of hate against England, vi: 264-265;</li>
+    <li><cite>Taglische Rundschau</cite> on German demoralization, Dec., '18, vi: 284;</li>
+    <li><cite>Vorw&auml;rts</cite> on industrial unrest, Dec., '18, vi: 286;</li>
+    <li>comments on Ebert as President, vi: 293;</li>
+    <li>on peace terms, vi: 302-304;</li>
+    <li>Maximilian Harden on peace terms, vi: 303.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Great Britain,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>condemns Dutch neutrality, vi: 376.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Italy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><cite>Corriere della Sera</cite> and <cite>Secolo</cite> advocate conciliation with Jugoslavs, vi: 362.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Serbia,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>expressions of hatred for Austria-Hungary by <cite>Politika</cite>, <cite>Mali Journal</cite>, <cite>Balkan</cite>, <cite>Zastava,</cite> vi: 356;</li>
+    <li><cite>Samouprava</cite> denounces Italian treaty, '15, vi: 361.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Turkey,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li> <cite>Ikdam</cite>for war, vi: 330;</li>
+    <li><cite>Tanine</cite>on Dardanelles expedition vi: 330;</li>
+    <li><cite>Hillal</cite>acclaims victory, '15, vi: 331.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>United States,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>attitude on U. S. neutrality, i: 308;</li>
+    <li>on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 319;</li>
+    <li>on <cite>Arabic</cite> torpedoing, i: 322;</li>
+    <li>on German indemnity, <a href="#Page_24">xii: 24</a>.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></p></li>
+
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pressel, Dr. Wilhelm von, builds first spur of Bagdad railway, 1871, ii: 291.</li>
+<li>Pressure gauges, on airplanes, viii: 220.</li>
+<li>"Preventive arrests," for suppressing pacifist agitation in Germany, vi: 262.</li>
+<li>Prices,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>analysis of, by Prof. Irving Fisher, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii-xvii</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>high cost of living as result of War, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii</em></a>, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;</li>
+  <li>index numbers, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in U. S., '13&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii-viii</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>influence of unsecured paper money on, <a href="#Page_viii">xii: <em>Intro. viii</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, xii: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>before and after great wars of history, <a href="#Page_ix">xii: <em>Intro. ix</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>percent. rise in warring countries, <a href="#Page_x">xii: <em>Intro. x</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>present high level not due to scarcity, <a href="#Page_x">xii: <em>Intro. x</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>inflation as cause of high prices,<a href="#Page_xii"> xii: <em>Intro. xii</em></a>, <a href="#Page_27">xii: 27</a>;</li>
+  <li>countries arranged in order of high prices, <a href="#Page_xii">xii: <em>Intro. xii-xiii</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>extent of currency inflation, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>high cost of living as breeder of Bolshevism, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii-xiv</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>purchasing power of wages, '13&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_xiv">xii: <em>Intro. xiv</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>remedies for high cost of living, <a href="#Page_xiv">xii: <em>Intro. xiv-xv</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuation in, <a href="#Page_xv">xii: <em>Intro. xv</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>effect of wars on, <a href="#Page_27">xii: 27</a>;</li>
+  <li>reduced production as cause of high prices, <a href="#Page_27">xii: 27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">xii: 38-40</a>;</li>
+  <li>&quot;fair price&quot; lists, <a href="#Page_54">xii: 54</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in U. S., '14&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_56">xii: 56-59</a>;</li>
+  <li>present, compared with Civil War days, <a href="#Page_57">xii: 57</a>, <a href="#Page_75">xii: 75</a>;</li>
+  <li>effects of government control in Great Britain, <a href="#Page_59">xii: 59</a>;</li>
+  <li>government control in U. S., <a href="#Page_59">xii: 59</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Cost of living, under name of country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Prilep,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Bulgars, Nov. 17, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Primers, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.</li>
+<li><cite>Prince George</cite>, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+<li>Prince, Norman, member Lafayette Escadrille, death, iii: 391.</li>
+<li>Princes' Island, conference of Russian factions at, fails, vi: 188.</li>
+<li><cite>Princess Royal</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in Battle of Jutland, iv: 108;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Principles of War</cite>, treatise by Marshal Foch, ii: 80, 104, ix: 152.</li>
+<li><cite>Prinz Eitel Friedrich</cite>, German raider,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>puts into Hampton Roads for repairs, Mar. 10, '15, i: 378;</li>
+  <li>interned by U. S., Apr. 7, '15, i: 378.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Priority system, among U. S. industries during War, <a href="#Page_73">xii: 73-75</a>.</li>
+<li>Pripet marshes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian offensive against Austria, June, '16, ii: 42;</li>
+  <li>description, iii: 108.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Prisoners of war,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>classified by countries, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>work of Swiss Red Cross for, vi: 380;</li>
+  <li>work of American Y. M. C. A. for, vii: 302-310;</li>
+  <li>Crown Princess of Sweden's work for, vii: 308;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for repatriation of, <a href="#Page_216">xii: 216</a>.</li>
+  <li>Austria-Hungary,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>captured by Serbs,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>description of, iii: 395;</li>
+      <li>humane treatment by Serbs, iii: 400;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>total lost in War, iii: 404.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>diary describing life in German prison, iii: 300;</li>
+    <li>total lost in War, iii: 404.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>captured in Somme battle, iii: 60;</li>
+    <li>in battle of Cambrai, iii: 82;</li>
+    <li>in St. Mihiel drive, iii: 99, v: 71, 207;</li>
+    <li>during Allied drive, July&mdash;Nov., '18, iii: 103;</li>
+    <li>total in War, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>at Cantigny, v: 33;</li>
+    <li>taken by A. E. F. in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56;</li>
+    <li>first capture by A. E. F., v: 113;</li>
+    <li>clothed by U. S. Salvage Service, v: 331;</li>
+    <li>captured in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 394;</li>
+    <li>total captured by A. E. F., <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Russian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>sufferings of, in German prison camp, iii: 300;</li>
+    <li>total lost in War, iii: 404.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Turkish,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>captured by British in Palestine campaign, ii: 94, iii: 199;</li>
+    <li>total lost in War, iii: 404.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>United States,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>first captured by Germans, iii: 84;</li>
+    <li>total lost in War, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>work of American Red Cross for, vii: 37-39, 71.</li>
+    <li><em>See also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>under battle or campaign;</li>
+      <li>countries.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Prize courts, Peace Treaty provision for decisions of, <a href="#Page_263">xii: 263</a>.</li>
+<li>Profiteering, <a href="#Page_55">xii: 55</a>;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. meat-packers' profits before and during War, <a href="#Page_56">xii: 56</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Prohibition,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. war-time act passed, July 7, '17, i: 390;</li>
+  <li>Russian government forbids sale of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;</li>
+  <li>voluntary abstention urged in England by Lloyd George, '14, vi: 2-3;</li>
+  <li>use of vodka substitutes in Russia, vi: 138;</li>
+  <li>imposed by Bela Kun's government in Hungary, vi: 325.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Propaganda, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allies;</li>
+  <li>Germany.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Property rights, of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions for restitution of, <a href="#Page_236">xii: 236-240</a>.</li>
+<li>Protopopoff, Russian Minister of Interior,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in German employ, ii: 59, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>causes Rumanian entry into War for German interest, ii: 59;</li>
+  <li>gains power at court through Rasputin, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>reactionary policy, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>surrenders to Duma during Revolution, March, '17, vi: 153.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Provence II</cite>, French cruiser sunk by U-boat, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376.</li>
+<li>Pruitt, Corp. John H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.</li>
+<li>Prussia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war with Denmark, 1864, i: <em>Intro. vii</em>, 41;</li>
+  <li>autocratic form of government, i: 29;</li>
+  <li>assumes leadership of German states under Bismarck, i: 40;</li>
+  <li>population in 1860, i: 40;</li>
+  <li>Seven Weeks' War against Austria, 1866, i: 41;</li>
+  <li>representation in Imperial Bundesrat, ii: 71;</li>
+  <li>traditional policy of force, i: 150;</li>
+  <li>controlling share in government of German Empire, i: 156;</li>
+  <li>King of, powers as German Emperor, i: 156;</li>
+  <li>relations with Great Britain, stages in evolution of, i: 168;</li>
+  <li>Prussianization of Germany, i: 258;</li>
+  <li>plan of imperial development, ii: 1;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Germany.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Przasnyz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '15, i: 378, iii: 131;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Russians, Feb. 27, '15, i: 378.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Przemysl,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>invested by Russians, Sept. 16, '14, i: 376, iii: 123-124;</li>
+  <li>Russians forced to raise siege, Oct. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 125;</li>
+  <li>reinvested by Russians, Nov. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 127, xi: 16;</li>
+  <li>captured by Russians, Mar. 22&mdash;23, '15, i: 378, iii: 134, 292-293, xi: 16;</li>
+  <li>number of Austrians surrendering, i: 378, iii: 134, 293;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Austro-German forces, June 1&mdash;2, '15, i: 380, ii: 234, iii: 136.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pskov, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.</li>
+<li>Psychological tests, for gauging intelligence of army recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351.</li>
+<li>Psycho-physiological tests, for determining fitness of recruits for specific duties, viii: 351-356.</li>
+<li>Putnik, Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of Serbian army, iii: 150.</li>
+<li>Pys, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Qin" id="Qin">Q</a></li>
+<li>&quot;Q&quot; ships, British decoys for U-boats, iv: 296.</li>
+<li>Quebec,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>not enthusiastic for War, vi: 26;</li>
+  <li>failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 30;</li>
+  <li>move for secession from Dominion, vi: 33, 36;</li>
+  <li>Draft Boards defeat conscription by blanket exemptions, vi: 36;</li>
+  <li>draft riots, vi: 36;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Canada.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Queen</cite>, British battleship at Dardanelles, iv: 33.</li>
+<li><cite>Queen Elizabeth</cite>, British dreadnought at Dardanelles, ii: <em>Intro. xv</em>, iv: 31.</li>
+<li><cite>Queen Mary</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British cruiser blown up at Jutland, iv: 110, 258;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Queenstown, Ireland, base for U. S. destroyer and subchaser detachment, iv: 357.</li>
+<li>Quennemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.</li>
+<li>Quien, Gaston, betrayer of Edith Cavell, x: 352.</li>
+<li>Quinn, Jim, citation for D. S. C., July 18, '18, v: 171.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Rin" id="Rin">R</a></li>
+<li><cite>R-34</cite>, British dirigible,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;</li>
+  <li>similarity to Zeppelin, viii: 254.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Races, European rivalries, i: 21.</li>
+<li>Rada, Central Council of Ukraine, formed after Russian revolution, vi: 243.</li>
+<li>Radio, <em>see</em> Wireless.</li>
+<li>Radoslavov, Vassil, Bulgarian Premier,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>heads patriotic organization, <cite>Narodni Savet</cite>z, vi: 341;</li>
+  <li>statement of Bulgarian war demands, vi: 341;</li>
+  <li>German sympathies, vi: 343;</li>
+  <li>resigns, June 17, '18, vi: 346.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Raemakers, Louis, Dutch cartoonist of the War, ix: 190.</li>
+<li>Rafa, Turks defeated by British at, Jan., '17, iii: 192.</li>
+<li>Raids,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Air raids;</li>
+    <li>Naval raids.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Raikes, Lieut.-Com. Robert H. T.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of British submarine <cite>E-54</cite>,</li>
+  <li>battle with German U-boats, iv: 212.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Railroads,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German ambition for Calais-Persia route, ii: 2;</li>
+  <li>Russian military, iii: 105;</li>
+  <li>Petrograd-Berlin, iii: 111;</li>
+  <li>Transylvanian, cut by Rumanians, iii: 218;</li>
+  <li>Orsova, taken by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221;</li>
+  <li>Cernavoda-Constanza, captured by Teuton allies, Oct., '16, iii, 221;</li>
+  <li>in Trentino, iii: 230;</li>
+  <li>in Isonzo sector, iii: 239;</li>
+  <li>in Uganda, iii: 255;</li>
+  <li>in Transcaucasia, iii: 260;</li>
+  <li>number of troop trains needed to move a U. S. division, v: 20;</li>
+  <li>French, available for A. E. F. use, v: 110;</li>
+  <li>St. Mihiel-Metz, cut, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206;</li>
+  <li>German lines of communication in occupied territory, v: 215;</li>
+  <li>M&eacute;zi&egrave;res-Sedan, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387;</li>
+  <li>built by Engineer Corps, A. E. F., in France, v: 333, 334, 403, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>;</li>
+  <li>equipment sent to France from U. S., v: 403, <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>;</li>
+  <li>war functions, viii: 283;</li>
+  <li>collapse of Russian system, under war stress, viii: 283;</li>
+  <li>work of German railroads during War, viii: 283-285;</li>
+  <li>narrow-gauge, at the front, viii: 302;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Bagdad Railway.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Railway Artillery Reserve,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S., formation, v: 305;</li>
+  <li>units composing, v: 305;</li>
+  <li>engagements on Western Front, v: 306-308;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> U. S. Army, Artillery.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rainbow (42nd) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Rambucourt, on Toul sector, v: 116.</li>
+<li>Ramscappelle, German success at, Oct. 30, '14, iii: 40.</li>
+<li><cite>Ramsey</cite>, British patrol boat, sunk by German auxiliary cruiser <cite>Meteor</cite>, iv, 197.</li>
+<li>Ramsgate, bombarded by German destroyers, Nov. 25, '16, i: 389.</li>
+<li>Range-finder, telescopic, structure and use of, viii: 9.</li>
+<li>Range-finding, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Artillery;</li>
+  <li>Hydrophones;</li>
+  <li>Microphone;</li>
+  <li>Phonotelemeter.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rapallo Conference, iii: 84.</li>
+<li>Rappes, Bois des, captured by 3rd Div., Oct., '18, v: 85.</li>
+<li>Rasputin, Gregory,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>influence over Czarina and Russian court, vi: 141;</li>
+  <li>assassinated, '16, vi: 141;</li>
+  <li>influence places Protopopov in power, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 345-347.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ravaruska,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian success in battle of, Sept. 4&mdash;10, '14, iii: 122;</li>
+  <li>captured by Austro-German forces, June 20, '15, iii: 136.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rawlinson, Gen., commander of British Fourth Army, ii: 214, iii: 371.</li>
+<li>Raynal, Major, defender of Fort Vaux, iii: 55, 313.</li>
+<li>Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., commander,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>30th Div., June, '18, v: 146;</li>
+  <li>commands 2nd Corps, v: 290, 382, 394;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 223-224.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Read, Lieut.-Com., pilots <cite>N-C-4</cite>, first airplane across Atlantic, viii: 240.</li>
+<li>Rebais, Germans beaten back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 32.</li>
+<li>Reconstruction of devastated war areas, German obligations under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_223">xii: 223</a>.</li>
+<li>Reconstruction of disabled,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American help for vocational training of French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95;</li>
+  <li>program of European belligerents, vii: 175;</li>
+  <li>in U. S. Army, vii: 175-186, 210-216, 222, 233-239;</li>
+  <li>importance of first aid, vii: 178;</li>
+  <li>treatment of shell-shock, vii: 179;</li>
+  <li>percent. of injured returned to service, vii: 180;</li>
+  <li>system of vocational training for U. S. service men, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;</li>
+  <li>educational personnel for training of U. S. service men, vii: 180, 185;</li>
+  <li>care of blinded U. S. service men, vii: 182, 213;</li>
+  <li>correcting speech defects in U. S. military hospitals, vii: 182, 213;</li>
+  <li>work of U. S. dental officers, vii: 210;</li>
+  <li>in civilian industries, vii: 240-245;</li>
+  <li>mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;</li>
+  <li>artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;</li>
+  <li>artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;</li>
+  <li>remaking shell-torn faces, viii: 390;</li>
+  <li>artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Medical science;</li>
+    <li>Surgery.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Recouly, Raymond,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>account of first Marne battle, ii: 182-186;</li>
+  <li>account of Verdun battle, ii: 186-189.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Recreation, for service men, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Entertainment;</li>
+  <li>Sports.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Recruiting, <em>see</em> under country.</li>
+<li>Red Army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in Russia, organized by Trotzky, vi: 185;</li>
+  <li>in Munich, raised by Munich Soviet, vi: 300;</li>
+  <li>in Hungary, under Communist Government, vi: 326.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Red Cross:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>relief work in Italy, ii: 250, vii: 42, 82;</li>
+    <li>Henry P. Davison, Chairman of War Council, vii: 1;</li>
+    <li>war-time activities, summary, vii: 1;</li>
+    <li>amount of contributions to, vii: 1;</li>
+    <li>increase in membership, vii: 1;</li>
+    <li>personnel in France, vii: 1;</li>
+    <li>Clara Barton, mother of, vii: 12;</li>
+    <li>peace time activities, vii: 14;</li>
+    <li>war organization, vii: 15-27;</li>
+    <li>raising war funds, vii: 15-27;</li>
+    <li>total relief expenditures, vii: 27;</li>
+    <li>range of activities, vii: 29;</li>
+    <li>location of base hospitals, vii: 30;</li>
+    <li>location of ambulance companies, vii: 30-31;</li>
+    <li>sanitary service, vii: 31-32;</li>
+    <li>nursing personnel, vii: 33;</li>
+    <li>canteen service, vii: 33, 42, 47-49, 54, 57;</li>
+    <li>auxiliary activities for service men's comfort, vii: 34;</li>
+    <li>recruiting services of nation's womanhood, vii: 34;</li>
+    <li>home service work, vii: 35;</li>
+    <li>services abroad, vii: 35-40;</li>
+    <li>hospital work in France, vii: 37, 45;</li>
+    <li>work for American prisoners in Germany, vii: 37-39, 71;</li>
+    <li>relief activities in England, vii: 40, 45;</li>
+    <li>with the Navy, vii: 41;</li>
+    <li>relief work among belligerents during U. S. neutrality, vii: 43-46;</li>
+    <li>hospital work in Germany, vii: 45;</li>
+    <li>hospital work in Austria-Hungary, vii: 45;</li>
+    <li>relief for Serbia, vii: 45, 84;</li>
+    <li>stories of overseas service with fighting men, vii: 47-72;</li>
+    <li>work for wounded, vii: 49-54, 56, 60-64;</li>
+    <li>ambulance service at the front, vii: 49-51;</li>
+    <li>tales of wounded, vii: 51-54;</li>
+    <li>hotels for service men in Paris, vii: 54;</li>
+    <li>supplying delicacies to wounded, vii: 56;</li>
+    <li>huts, vii: 59;</li>
+    <li>entertainment, vii: 60;</li>
+    <li>as bureau of information, vii: 62-64;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>helping doughboys shop in France, vii: 64;</li>
+    <li>department store for overseas service men, vii: 66;</li>
+    <li>production of surgical dressings, vii: 67;</li>
+    <li>production of nitrous oxide, vii: 68;</li>
+    <li>baths and laundries behind the lines, vii: 70;</li>
+    <li>Children's Bureau, activities for welfare of child war sufferers, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;</li>
+    <li>relief among Allied civilians, vii: 73-85;</li>
+    <li>relief among French refugees, vii: 73;</li>
+    <li>fight against tuberculosis in France, vii: 75;</li>
+    <li>education of French disabled, vii: 79;</li>
+    <li>relief for Belgian refugees, vii: 82;</li>
+    <li>relief in Rumania, vii: 84;</li>
+    <li>work in Palestine, vii: 84;</li>
+    <li>Institute for the Blind, vii: 259;</li>
+    <li>letters of appreciation from refugee children, xi: 60;</li>
+    <li>Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90-93;</li>
+    <li>help by Boy Scouts, xi: 108;</li>
+    <li>letter from &quot;Chinese citizen boy,&quot; xi: 179.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>International, in Switzerland, vi: 380;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>World League of, vii: 3;</li>
+    <li>history of development, vii: 4-14;</li>
+    <li>Florence Nightingale, first field nurse, vii: 11;</li>
+    <li>U. S. becomes member, vii: 14.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Red Cross Nurse</cite>, poem by Edith Thomas, vii: 279.</li>
+<li>&quot;Red Monday,&quot; during Russian Revolution, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150.</li>
+<li>&quot;Red Week,&quot; rioting during, in Italy, June, '14, vi: 114.</li>
+<li>&quot;Reds,&quot; <em>see</em> Bolshevism.</li>
+<li>Reeves, Col. Ira L., mlitary superintendent, A. E. F. University at Beaune, vii: 283.</li>
+<li>Refrigerating plants, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 403.</li>
+<li>Refugees, <em>see</em> War relief.</li>
+<li>Regan, 2nd Lieut. Patrick, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.</li>
+<li>Reichstag, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>limitations as legislative body, i: 71;</li>
+  <li>composition and powers, i: 156.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Reims (Rheims),
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>re-occupied by French, Sept. 15, '14, i: 376;</li>
+  <li>Cathedral bombarded by Germans, iii: 74, vi: 97;</li>
+  <li>attacked by Crown Prince, June, '18, iii: 95;</li>
+  <li>description of surrounding country, v: 43;</li>
+  <li>gateway between Germany and France, v: 215.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Reiter's Morganlied</cite>, German air, xi: 335.</li>
+<li>Relief, <em>see</em> War relief.</li>
+<li>Religion,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>diversity of, obstacle to world federation, i: 25;</li>
+  <li>work of Y. M. C. A. with troops overseas, vii: 283-285.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Remington self-loading rifle,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, viii: 89;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Rifles.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Remonville,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location, v: 217;</li>
+  <li>captured by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Remounts,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>construction of depots for, by A. E. F., v: 333;</li>
+  <li>procuring of, for A. E. F., v: 399.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Renault tank,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description, viii: 156;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Tanks.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rennenkampf, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110;</li>
+  <li>driven out of East Prussia by Hindenburg, ii: 25, 229, iii: 116;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's account of retreat, ii: 355;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>East Prussia;</li>
+    <li>Tannenberg, battle of.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Renner, Dr.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>becomes Austrian Chancellor, '19, vi: 319;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevik uprising against, vi: 321;</li>
+  <li>conciliatory attitude at Peace Conference, vi: 321.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Renwick, George, description of Munich under Red Terror, vi: 301.</li>
+<li>Repair shops, U. S. Ordnance, in France, v: 350.</li>
+<li>Reparation, by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217-225</a>.</li>
+<li>Reparation Commission, formation and functions, <a href="#Page_158">xii: 158</a>, <a href="#Page_219">xii: 219-221</a>.</li>
+<li>Repatri&eacute;s, returned French exiles, xi: 75.</li>
+<li>Repington, Colonel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>military correspondent of <cite>London Times</cite>,</li>
+  <li>exposes British shell shortage, May, '15, ii: 174.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Replacement system, plan for A. E. F., '17, v: 102, 399.</li>
+<li>Respirators,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324;</li>
+  <li>utility as defense against poison gas, viii: 174-178;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Chemical warfare.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Responsibility for the War, <em>see</em> Germany, Responsibility for War.</li>
+<li>Retreats, famous examples of, in history, iii: 280.</li>
+<li><cite>Return, The</cite>, poem by John Freeman, ix: 331.</li>
+<li>Reval, seized by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.</li>
+<li>Reventlow, Count Ernst Zu, condemnation of democratic rule in Germany, vi: 284.</li>
+<li>Reville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Revolver, use as military weapon, viii: 117.</li>
+<li>Reynolds, Col. C. R., Chief Surgeon, Second Army, v: 346.</li>
+<li>Rheims, <em>see</em> Reims.</li>
+<li>Rhine River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French strategy in regard to, ii: 8;</li>
+  <li>German fortifications on, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for international control and navigation, <a href="#Page_250">xii: 250-253</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ribot, Alexandre, succeeds Briand as French Premier, '17, vi: 103.</li>
+<li>Rice, Brig.-Gen. John H., Chief Ordnance Officer, A. E. F., v: 350.</li>
+<li>Richthofen, Capt. Baron Manfred Freiherr von, career as aviator, x: 253-255.</li>
+<li>Rickenbacker, Capt. Eddie, career as aviator, x: 259-264.</li>
+<li>Rieka, Slav name of Fiume, vi: 365.</li>
+<li>Rifles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>type used by A. E. F., description and reasons for adoption, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production figures, v: 347, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+  <li>types, viii: 84, 88-105;</li>
+  <li>Browning automatic, viii: 84;</li>
+  <li>automatic, difference from machine-gun, viii: 88;</li>
+  <li>importance of rapid fire, viii: 88;</li>
+  <li>self-loading, compared with machine-gun, viii: 88;</li>
+  <li>principal self-loading types, viii: 89-91;</li>
+  <li>Remington, viii: 89;</li>
+  <li>Sjorgen, viii: 89;</li>
+  <li>Winchester, viii: 89;</li>
+  <li>rifle fire and artillery compared, viii: 92;</li>
+  <li>range of military rifle, viii: 92;</li>
+  <li>&quot;danger zone&quot; in rifle fire, viii: 93;</li>
+  <li>advantages of sharp-nosed bullet, viii: 93;</li>
+  <li>comparison to gas engine, viii: 94;</li>
+  <li>British service rifles, description, viii: 95;</li>
+  <li>Lee type, viii: 95;</li>
+  <li>Enfield-M type, viii: 95;</li>
+  <li>French service rifle, description, viii: 95;</li>
+  <li>German Mauser, description, viii: 95;</li>
+  <li>sighting devices, viii: 96-102;</li>
+  <li>definition of &quot;bore,&quot; viii: 111;</li>
+  <li>definition and purpose of &quot;rifling,&quot; viii: 111.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rifle lights, viii: 75.</li>
+<li>&quot;Rifling&quot; of gun, definition and purpose, viii: 111-112.</li>
+<li>Riga, occupied by Germans, Sept. 3, '17, i: 390, iii: 147, iv: 136.</li>
+<li>Riga,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Gulf of, description, iv: 136-137;</li>
+  <li>German naval operations in, '15&mdash;'17, iv: 137-138;</li>
+  <li>battle of, and capture of dominating islands by Germans, Oct. 12&mdash;18, '17, iv: 137-138.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rintelen, Capt. Franz von, German agent in U. S., i: 315.</li>
+<li>Ritchings, Lieut.-Col. Arthur, rise from constable to lieutenant-colonel, x: 378.</li>
+<li><cite>River Clyde</cite>, British transport at Gallipoli, iii: 168, iv: 39.</li>
+<li>Riviera, A. E. F. leave area, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 269.</li>
+<li>Rizzo, Commander Luigi,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sinks Austrian battleships in motor-boat attack, iv: 370;</li>
+  <li>sinks Austrian battleships, <cite>Wien</cite> and <cite>Monarch</cite>, in Trieste harbor, x: 290.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Road to France, The</cite>, poem by Daniel M. Henderson, vi: 131.</li>
+<li>Roads, construction by A. E. F. in France, v: 334, 403.</li>
+<li>Robb, 1st Lieut. George S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.</li>
+<li>Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, succeeds Vice-Adm. Carden in command of Allied fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 32.</li>
+<li>Roberts, Lieut. E. M., record as aviator, x: 249-252.</li>
+<li>Roberts, Corp. Harold W., American tank driver, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402, xi: 386.</li>
+<li>Robertson, Gen. Sir William,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>appointed British Chief of General Staff, ii: <em>Intro. xviii</em>;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 184-186.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., commander U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Rockwell, Kiffin, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed in Vosges, iii: 391.</li>
+<li>Rodman, Admiral, biography, ix: 293-295.</li>
+<li>Rodzianko, Michael V., President of Russian Duma, vi: 150.</li>
+<li>Rogers, Maj.-Gen. H. L., Chief Quartermaster of A. E. F., v: 332.</li>
+<li>Rohrbach, Paul, German publicist, on Anglo-German rivalry, vi: 251.</li>
+<li>Romagne, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 14, '18. v: 250.</li>
+<li>Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, American cemetery at, v: 403.</li>
+<li>Romani, Turks defeated by British at, Aug., '16, iii: 192.</li>
+<li>Romanoffs,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Nicholas II;</li>
+    <li>Russia, Royal family.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Romorantin, U. S., aircraft plant at, v: 313.</li>
+<li>Ronch&egrave;res, captured by 3rd Div., July 28, '18, v: 188.</li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, war record, x: 238.</li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, war record, x: 241.</li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>record as aviator, x: 241-249;</li>
+  <li>killed in air fight, x: 245-249.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Theodore,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fight against &quot;big business,&quot; i: 293;</li>
+  <li>against U. S. neutrality, i: 299;</li>
+  <li>temperament contrasted with that of Pres. Wilson, i: 299;</li>
+  <li>probable course of action if President during War, i: 302;</li>
+  <li>pro-German sentiments in '14, i: 309;</li>
+  <li>statement on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 320;</li>
+  <li>statement on universal military training, Nov., '15, i: 326;</li>
+  <li>attacks Pres. Wilson's note asking belligerents for statement of war aims, i: 337.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore, Jr.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands 26th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 126;</li>
+  <li>at Sedan, Nov. 7, '18, v: 269;</li>
+  <li>war record, x: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, Jr.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>&quot;Y&quot; worker in Bordeaux, vii: 267;</li>
+  <li>in charge of Aix-les-Bains leave area, vii: 269.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57.</li>
+<li>Rosenwald, Julius, member, Advisory Commission of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+<li>Rossetti, Lieut.-Col. R.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sinks Austrian warship <cite>Viribus Unitis</cite> in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rosyth,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>advance base for British battle cruisers, iv: 91, 94;</li>
+  <li>meeting place for arranging surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roulers, German base in France, ii: 86.</li>
+<li>Rowlatt, Justice, author of &quot;Black Cobra Bill&quot; of India, '18, vi: 78.</li>
+<li>Royal Air Force, British, <em>see</em> Great Britain, Air Service.</li>
+<li><cite>Royal Edward</cite>, British transport sunk, Aug. 13, '15, i: 381.</li>
+<li>Royal families, <em>see</em> country.</li>
+<li>Roye, captured by Allies, Aug. 27, '18, i: 397, ii: 157.</li>
+<li>Rozyshche, captured by Russians, June, '16, iii: 144.</li>
+<li>Rue, training area for 27th Div., '18, v: 286.</li>
+<li>Ruggles orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.</li>
+<li>Ruhleben, German prison camp, American &quot;Y&quot; work at, vii: 303.</li>
+<li><cite>Rule Britannia</cite>, British patriotic song, xi: 333.</li>
+<li>Rumania,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>gains independence from Turkey, i: 92;</li>
+  <li>intervention in Second Balkan War, '13, i: 206;</li>
+  <li>declares war on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>Germany declares war on, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>Turkey declares war on, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>Bulgaria declares war on, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386;</li>
+  <li>reasons for entry into War, ii: 59, iii: 214, vi: 348-349;</li>
+  <li>betrayed by Russia, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;</li>
+  <li>natural resources, ii: 59;</li>
+  <li>invades Transylvania, ii: 60, iii: 217, vi: 313, xi: 28;</li>
+  <li>conquered by Teuton forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn, ii: 60, iii: 218-224, vi: 349, xi: 29;</li>
+  <li>topography, iii, 214;</li>
+  <li>failure of Allied support, iii: 214;</li>
+  <li>army, training and equipment, iii: 215;</li>
+  <li>strategy of campaigns, iii: 216;</li>
+  <li>Bucharest captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222;</li>
+  <li>government moved to Jassy, Nov., '16, iii: 223, vi: 349;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>total casualties, iii: 404, vi: 353, <a href="#Page_289">xii: 289</a>;</li>
+  <li>civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>attacks Hungarian republic, '19, vi: 326;</li>
+  <li>race problems, vi: 348;</li>
+  <li>policy of neutrality, vi: 348;</li>
+  <li>secret treaty with Allies as war price, iii: 349;</li>
+  <li>suffering under Teuton invasion, vi: 349, 353;</li>
+  <li>struggle with Russian Bolsheviki in Bessarabia, vi: 350-352;</li>
+  <li>signs peace treaty with Central Powers, May 7, '17, vi: 352;</li>
+  <li>peace terms imposed by Germany, vi: 352;</li>
+  <li>conditions after armistice, Nov., '18, vi: 353;</li>
+  <li>royal family, ix: 399-402;</li>
+  <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+  <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+  <li>war cost, Aug., '16&mdash;Oct., '18, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Conference delegates, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li>former treaties with Germany abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li>area, '19, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>population, '19, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Rumania</cite>, poem by George Edward Woodberry, vi: 347.</li>
+<li>Rumanian National Hymn, xi: 329.</li>
+<li>Rumanian Relief Committee of America, vii: 109.</li>
+<li>Rumeli Medjidieh Battery,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Fort at Gallipoli, iv: 45;</li>
+  <li>bombarded by Allied fleet, iv: 45.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rupel, Greek fortress, seized by Bulgars, May, '16, iii: 207.</li>
+<li><cite>Rupert Brooke</cite>, poem by Moray Dalton, vii: 285.</li>
+<li>Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, army commands, iii: 10, 61.</li>
+<li>Ruroede, Carl, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.</li>
+<li>Russell, Bertrand, British philosopher,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dismissed from Cambridge University for supporting conscientious objectors, vi: 8;</li>
+  <li>on effects of War, vi: 11.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Russell</cite>, British battleship sunk in Mediterranean, Apr. 27, '16, i: 385.</li>
+<li>Russia:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>mobilization, July 31, '14, i: 375, iii: 264;</li>
+    <li>German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;</li>
+    <li>man-power available, ii: 27;</li>
+    <li>lack of resources to equip manpower, ii: 27-28;</li>
+    <li>shortage of ammunition, ii: 231, iii: 264;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun equipment, ii: 232;</li>
+    <li>artillery equipment deficient, ii: 232;</li>
+    <li>collapse of, v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Ludendorff on, ii: 340;</li>
+      <li>Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 146, 267-270;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>organization and strength, iii: 104;</li>
+    <li>weaknesses, iii: 105;</li>
+    <li>Czar takes personal command, Sept. 8, '16, iii: 140;</li>
+    <li>leading commanders pledge support to Republican Government, Mar., '17, iii: 145;</li>
+    <li>vice in, iii: 267;</li>
+    <li>causes of demoralization, iii: 268;</li>
+    <li>balloting substituted for fighting, iii: 268;</li>
+    <li>desertions, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;</li>
+    <li>Bolshevist propaganda in, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;</li>
+    <li>Cossack cavalry, strength, vi: 146;</li>
+    <li>fraternization with enemy, vi: 157, 161;</li>
+    <li>Kerensky abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;</li>
+    <li>Red Army raised by Trotzky, vi: 185;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Russian Front;</li>
+      <li>battle or campaign.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Casualties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total in War, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 406;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>battle deaths, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Coal, production, '13&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>.</li>
+  <li>Cost of living, percent. rise during War, <em>Intro. x.</em></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;</li>
+    <li>by Germany against, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;</li>
+    <li>by Austria against, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;</li>
+    <li>on Bulgaria by, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;</li>
+    <li>on Turkey by, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;</li>
+    <li>reception by populace, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;</li>
+    <li>ultimatum to Bulgaria, Oct. 4, '15, vi: 343.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Food,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>shortage, vi: 141, 144, 145;</li>
+    <li>potato crop, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>Foreign policy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Asiatic expansion, i: 20;</li>
+    <li>seizure of Port Arthur from China, i: 20;</li>
+    <li>gains freedom of action in Black Sea, 1871, i: 47;</li>
+    <li>world position in '14, i: 62;</li>
+    <li>ambitions in Near East checked by Congress of Berlin, i: 93;</li>
+    <li>German influence, i: 95, 240;</li>
+    <li>Entente Cordiale with France, 1891, i: 98;</li>
+    <li>member of Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106;</li>
+    <li>settlement of Persian question with Great Britain, '07, i: 104;</li>
+    <li>Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;</li>
+    <li>Balkan policy, i: 114;</li>
+    <li>pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;</li>
+    <li>negotiations in attempt to prevent the War, i: 126-129;</li>
+    <li>hatred of Germany, i: 242;</li>
+    <li>German view of, i: 242;</li>
+    <li>betrayal of Rumania by German agents in Government, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;</li>
+    <li>imperialistic ambitions, vi: 132;</li>
+    <li>treachery of Government exposed by Milyukov, Nov., '16, vi: 142;</li>
+    <li>secret treaties made public by Trotzky, vi: 183;</li>
+    <li>Soviet Government makes peace with Germany, vi: 183-185;</li>
+    <li>relations of Soviet with Allies, vi: 187-188;</li>
+    <li>hostility to Ukrainian nationalistic aspirations, vi: 241;</li>
+    <li>treaty with Japan, '16, vi: 386;</li>
+    <li>for relations with Finland, <em>see</em> Finland.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Industries,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>inadequate for war needs, ii: 27-28;</li>
+    <li>hampered by lack of port facilities, iii: 161;</li>
+    <li>chaotic condition during War, <a href="#Page_82">xii: 82</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Internal politics,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war enthusiasm, Aug., '14, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;</li>
+    <li>prohibition of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;</li>
+    <li>revolutionary outbreaks before War, vi: 132-134;</li>
+    <li>Socialists oppose War, vi: 134;</li>
+    <li>attack of Duma on War Office for inefficiency, Aug., '15, vi: 136;</li>
+    <li>Minister of War Sukhomlinov arrested and disgraced, vi: 136;</li>
+    <li>request for new ministry refused by Czar, '15, vi: 136;</li>
+    <li>Duma dissolved, Sept., '15, vi: 136;</li>
+    <li>peace sentiment, '15, vi: 138;</li>
+    <li>Lenin advocates defeat of Russia, vi: 140;</li>
+    <li>St&uuml;rmer succeeds Goremykin as Prime Minister, vi: 140;</li>
+    <li>Duma reconvenes, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;</li>
+    <li>attack of Socialist Cheidze on Government, vi: 140;</li>
+    <li>influence of Rasputin at Court, vi: 141;</li>
+    <li>Rasputin murdered, vi: 141;</li>
+    <li>St&uuml;rmer becomes Foreign Minister, July, '16, vi: 142;</li>
+    <li>St&uuml;rmer dismissed under accusations of corruption and treachery, vi: 142;</li>
+    <li>repressive policy of Protopopov, Minister of Interior, '17, vi: 143;</li>
+    <li>Golytsin succeeds to Premiership, '17, vi: 143;</li>
+    <li>threats of revolt in Duma, Feb., '17, vi: 144;</li>
+    <li>Revolution starts in Petrograd, Mar., '17, vi: 145;</li>
+    <li>Duma disobeys Czar's order of dismissal, Mar., '17, vi: 146;</li>
+    <li>leaders and policies at start of Revolution, vi: 148;</li>
+    <li>revolutionary scenes in Petrograd, Mar. 11&mdash;15, '17, vi: 148-156;</li>
+    <li>Czar disregards appeals for liberal ministry, vi: 150, 151;</li>
+    <li>Red Monday, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150-153;</li>
+    <li>arrest of ministers of old r&eacute;gime, vi: 153;</li>
+    <li>reform <em>vs.</em> revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 153-157;</li>
+    <li>Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates formed, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 155;</li>
+    <li>Provisional Government under Prince Lvov formed by Duma, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155;</li>
+    <li>Czar abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;</li>
+    <li>struggle between Provisional Government and Soviet on war policy, vi: 158-160;</li>
+    <li>fall of Liberal ministry and formation of coalition cabinet, vi: 160;</li>
+    <li>peasant societies, vi: 160;</li>
+    <li>statement of policy by coalition Government, vi: 161;</li>
+    <li>Bolshevist uprising suppressed, July, '17, vi: 161-165;</li>
+    <li>Kerensky becomes virtual dictator, vi: 165;</li>
+    <li>rivalry between Kerensky and Kornilov for power, vi: 167-171;</li>
+    <li>Moscow Conference, vi: 167;</li>
+    <li>Kornilov rebellion fails, vi: 169;</li>
+    <li>Kerensky declares Russia a Republic, Sept. 15, '17, vi: 171;</li>
+    <li>Bolshevist revolution overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 171-181;</li>
+    <li>Lenin becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, vi: 181;</li>
+    <li>Trotzky becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs, vi: 181;</li>
+    <li>Bolshevist program, vi: 181;</li>
+    <li>opposition of middle classes to Bolshevik rule, vi: 181;</li>
+    <li>Constituent Assembly dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185;</li>
+    <li>Congress of Soviets substituted for Constituent Assembly, vi: 185;</li>
+    <li>reign of terror under Bolshevist r&eacute;gime, vi: 187.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Black Sea fleet bombards Bosphorus forts, iv: 49;</li>
+    <li>strength of Black Sea fleet, iv: 50;</li>
+    <li>development, iv: 364;</li>
+    <li>strength of Baltic fleet, iv: 364;</li>
+    <li>war record, iv: 364-366;</li>
+    <li>part in Revolution, iv: 366, vi: 164.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace negotiations,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Brest-Litovsk Treaty ends war with Central Powers, Mar., '18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183;</li>
+    <li>armistice with Germany signed, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;</li>
+    <li>movement for peace by radicals and conservatives, '15, vi: 138;</li>
+    <li>Soviet demands immediate Socialist peace conference, vi: 161;</li>
+    <li>nature of Bolshevik peace propaganda, vi: 171-175;</li>
+    <li>Versailles Treaty, provisions on, Russo-German relations, <a href="#Page_205">xii: 205</a>;</li>
+    <li>treaties with Germany abrogated by Versailles Treaty, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>Railroads,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>military, iii: 105;</li>
+    <li>Petrograd-Berlin line, iii: 111;</li>
+    <li>importance of Warsaw as junction, iii: 138;</li>
+    <li>Brest-Litovsk line, military importance, iii: 138;</li>
+    <li>collapse under war stress, viii: 283.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Royal family, xi: 145-149;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see also</em> Nicholas II.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>currency inflation by Bolsheviki, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>financial position at start of War, <a href="#Page_1">xii: 1</a>;</li>
+    <li>loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14&mdash;Jan., '17, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2</a>;</li>
+    <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+    <li>average daily cost, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>;</li>
+    <li>total cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Oct., '17, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>taxation, <a href="#Page_109">xii: 109</a>;</li>
+    <li>loans, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113-114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Russian Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German analysis of strength and strategic importance, Aug., '14, ii: 12-16;</li>
+  <li>strategic plans of Russia and Central Powers, ii: 22, iii: 109-110;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Gen. Gourko's explanation, ii: 225;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Russian invasion of Galicia, '14&mdash;'15, ii: 22-24, 26, iii: 118-124, 127, 132-134;</li>
+  <li>Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, ii: 23, iii: 121;</li>
+  <li>operations in East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, iii: 110-116;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 227-229;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;</li>
+  <li>campaigns in Poland, ii: 25, 26, 229, iii: 116-120, 124-127, 128-132, 137-141;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff's account,ii: 361-365;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Przemysl, siege and capture by Russians, ii: 26, iii: 123, 125, 127, 134, 292, xi: 16;</li>
+  <li>successful Teuton counter-offensive in Galicia under Mackensen, May, '15, ii: 26, 233, iii: 135-137, 294-296, vi: 258, 311;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, ii: 360;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Warsaw, German attacks on and capture, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138;</li>
+  <li>Brusiloff's offensive in Galicia, '16, ii: 42-44, 235, iii: 141-145;</li>
+  <li>Russian collapse, '17, ii: 54, iii: 146, v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff on, ii: 340;</li>
+    <li>Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 267-270;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>campaigns in Caucasus and Armenia, ii: 91-92, iii: 260-263, vi: 331, xi: 29;</li>
+  <li>capture of Erzerum, Feb. 16, '16, ii: 91, iii: 262-263;</li>
+  <li>effect of invasion of East Prussia on first Marne battle, ii: 227;</li>
+  <li>reasons for weakness of Russian fortresses, ii: 230;</li>
+  <li>Przemysl recaptured by Teuton forces, June 1&mdash;2, '15, ii: 234, iii: 136;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>Lemberg recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, ii: 234, iii: 137;</li>
+  <li>topography, iii: 106-109;</li>
+  <li>last Russian offensive in Galicia, July, '17, iii: 146;</li>
+  <li>battle experiences on, iii: 316;</li>
+  <li>activities of A. E. F. against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;</li>
+  <li>description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>East Prussia;</li>
+    <li>Galicia;</li>
+    <li>Mazurian Lakes;</li>
+    <li>Poland.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Russky, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading Galicia, iii: 119.</li>
+<li>Ruthenians,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>clash with Poles for control of eastern Galicia, vi: 217, 248;</li>
+  <li>cultural freedom under Austrian rule, vi: 241;</li>
+  <li>attempts at forced Russification during Russian occupation of Galicia, vi: 243.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ryan, Michael J., Irish-American delegate to Peace Conference vi: 66.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Sin" id="Sin">S</a></li>
+<li>Saarbr&uuml;cken, British air raid on, Oct. 25, '17, i: 392.</li>
+<li>Saarburg, occupied by French, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375.</li>
+<li>&quot;Sacred Egoism,&quot; Italian foreign policy of, vi: 120.</li>
+<li>&quot;Sacred Way, The,&quot; highway to Verdun, iii: 50.</li>
+<li>Sag paste, developed by U. S. Chemical Warfare Service as protection against mustard gas, v: 324.</li>
+<li>Sa&iuml;d Pasha Zagloul, Egyptian Nationalist leader, vi: 70.</li>
+<li>Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.</li>
+<li>St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211.</li>
+<li>St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259.</li>
+<li>St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257.</li>
+<li>St. Gobain,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German defensive system captured by Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52;</li>
+  <li>Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>St. Louis</cite>, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+<li>St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.</li>
+<li>St. Mihiel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199;</li>
+  <li>recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12&mdash;15, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, xi: 46;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Pershing's report, v: 384-386;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>strategic importance of A. E. F. operations, ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386;</li>
+  <li>strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386;</li>
+  <li>German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386;</li>
+  <li>German artillery captured at, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386;</li>
+  <li>Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386;</li>
+  <li>topography of salient, v: 65, 199;</li>
+  <li>list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;</li>
+  <li>strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208;</li>
+  <li>strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386;</li>
+  <li>effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>St. Nazaire, debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396.</li>
+<li>St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.</li>
+<li>St. Quentin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German base in France, ii: 86;</li>
+  <li>Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Philip Gibbs's account, iii:381-390;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68;</li>
+  <li>captured by British, iii: 101.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301.</li>
+<li>St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212.</li>
+<li>Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388;</li>
+  <li>personal sketch, ix: 92.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sakharoff, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142;</li>
+  <li>sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany, ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126;</li>
+  <li>Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Salonika Campaign,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of, ii: <em>Intro. xix</em>;</li>
+  <li>Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62;</li>
+  <li>Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202;</li>
+  <li>attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory, iii: 202, 206;</li>
+  <li>strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213;</li>
+  <li>Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202;</li>
+  <li>Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202;</li>
+  <li>Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '15, iii: 204-205;</li>
+  <li>Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204;</li>
+  <li>Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205;</li>
+  <li>Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207;</li>
+  <li>Allies increase forces, May&mdash;Aug., '16, iii: 207;</li>
+  <li>Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210;</li>
+  <li>Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies, iii: 212;</li>
+  <li>Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212;</li>
+  <li>final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, iii: 212-213.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Salvage service,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British, activities of, ii: 131;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348;</li>
+  <li>general functions, xi: 308-313.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Salvation Army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war work, vii: 379-400;</li>
+  <li>tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Ma&quot; Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384;</li>
+  <li>care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391;</li>
+  <li>home service, vii: 393;</li>
+  <li>huts and hostel service, vii: 395;</li>
+  <li>clothing bureau, vii: 397;</li>
+  <li>work with A. E. F., vii: 397;</li>
+  <li>as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399;</li>
+  <li>employment bureaus, vii: 399;</li>
+  <li>finances, vii: 400.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Samoa, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48.</li>
+<li><cite>Samouprava</cite>, Serbian journal, denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.</li>
+<li>Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li>Samsonoff, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Tannenberg, battle of.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>San, battle of the, May 15&mdash;17, '15, iii: 136.</li>
+<li><cite>San Diego</cite>, U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.</li>
+<li><cite>San Francisco</cite>, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.</li>
+<li>San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284.</li>
+<li>Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164.</li>
+<li>Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li>Sanitation,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32;</li>
+  <li>Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps, war-time activities, vii: 191, 253;</li>
+  <li>prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;</li>
+  <li>making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;</li>
+  <li>taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Disease;</li>
+    <li>Infection.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sanniyat, British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185.</li>
+<li>Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223.</li>
+<li>Sapieha, Prince Eustace, attempted <span lang="fr">coup d'&eacute;tat</span> against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222.</li>
+<li>Sarajevo, <em>see</em> Serajevo.</li>
+<li>Sarrail, Gen.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;</li>
+  <li>defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303;</li>
+  <li>commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, <a href="#Page_189">xii: 189-194</a>.</li>
+<li>Save River, Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151.</li>
+<li>Savoy, neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, <a href="#Page_262">xii: 262</a>.</li>
+<li>Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.</li>
+<li>Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299.</li>
+<li>Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15, i: 381.</li>
+<li>Sazonov, Serge,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16, vi: 142;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 98-99.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392.</li>
+<li>Scapa Flow,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British naval base, iv: 93;</li>
+  <li>German warships interned at, iv: 143.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.</li>
+<li>Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158.</li>
+<li><cite>Scharnhorst</cite>, German cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;</li>
+  <li>sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 72, xi: 308;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>eye-witness account, iv: 82.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Scheidemann, Philip,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+  <li>member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;</li>
+  <li>elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 135-138.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Scheldt River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89;</li>
+  <li>strategic position, vi: 375.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Schleswig,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Danish attitude toward, vi: 393;</li>
+  <li>plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, <a href="#Page_204">xii: 204</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Schlieffen, Gen. Count von, author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345.</li>
+<li>Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.</li>
+<li>Scholz, Walter, accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371.</li>
+<li>School,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>of the soldier, xi: 159;</li>
+  <li>of the squad, xi: 161.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Schools, general educational program,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;</li>
+  <li>for children in war zones, xi: 65-66;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Army training schools, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334.</li>
+<li>Science, in the War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124;</li>
+  <li>displaces importance of military strategy, viii: <em>Intro. vii.</em></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled</cite>, Scottish national song, xi: 331.</li>
+<li>Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101.</li>
+<li>&quot;Scrap of paper,&quot; Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146.</li>
+<li>Seaplanes, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li>Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94.</li>
+<li>Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272.</li>
+<li>Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28.</li>
+<li>Secours National,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American Committee of the, organization and activities, vii: 105;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> War relief.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sector, defined, v: 14.</li>
+<li>Sedan,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> M&eacute;zi&egrave;res-Sedan railroad.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sedd-el-Bahr,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Seeadler</cite>, career as German raider, iv: 198.</li>
+<li><cite>Seed-Time</cite>, poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.</li>
+<li>Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142.</li>
+<li>Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.</li>
+<li>Seicheprey, German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43.</li>
+<li>Seitz, Karl, Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322.</li>
+<li>Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331.</li>
+<li>&quot;Self-determination,&quot; not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16.</li>
+<li>Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, <a href="#Page_105">xii: 105-114</a>.</li>
+<li>Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132.</li>
+<li>Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18.</li>
+<li>Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192.</li>
+<li>Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181.</li>
+<li><cite>Send Out the Army</cite>, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.</li>
+<li>Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116.</li>
+<li>Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337.</li>
+<li>Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Septsarges Wood, fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.</li>
+<li>Serajevo,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at, i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4;</li>
+  <li>attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Serbia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Balkan ambitions in conflict with Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363;</li>
+  <li>Austria charges with responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246;</li>
+  <li>Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375;</li>
+  <li>conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113;</li>
+  <li>Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;</li>
+  <li>Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375;</li>
+  <li>Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33;</li>
+  <li>anti-Austrian societies, i: 244;</li>
+  <li>declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375;</li>
+  <li>Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>conquest of, by Teutonic allies, ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18;</li>
+  <li>Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers, ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400;</li>
+  <li>Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156;</li>
+  <li>unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146;</li>
+  <li>lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393;</li>
+  <li>size, organization, and fighting qualities of army, iii: 148, vii: 144;</li>
+  <li>topography, iii: 150;</li>
+  <li>generalship during War, iii: 150;</li>
+  <li>typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148;</li>
+  <li>retreat into Albania, '15, iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158;</li>
+  <li>army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286;</li>
+  <li>effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160;</li>
+  <li>casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358;</li>
+  <li>American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168;</li>
+  <li>prisoners of war, iii: 404;</li>
+  <li>total war casualties, iii: 404, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>;</li>
+  <li>early history, vi: 354;</li>
+  <li>Austrophile policy, vi: 355;</li>
+  <li>Russophile policy, vi: 355;</li>
+  <li>anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356;</li>
+  <li>clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 360-363, 364-370;</li>
+  <li>statement of war aims, vi: 363;</li>
+  <li>letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166;</li>
+  <li>debt to U. S., <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+  <li>money equivalent of man-power lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>value of property loss, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+  <li>war cost, July, '14&mdash;Oct., '18, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>delegates to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Jugoslavs.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Serbia</cite>, poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.</li>
+<li>Sergy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.</li>
+<li>Seringes-et-Nesles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.</li>
+<li>Services of Supply (S. O. S.), <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41.</li>
+<li><cite>Severn</cite>, British monitor,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in attack on German cruiser <cite>K&ouml;nigsberg</cite>, iv: 195, 282;</li>
+  <li>description, iv: 281.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Seydlit</cite>z, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151.</li>
+<li>Shantung,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82;</li>
+  <li>Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385;</li>
+  <li>Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_209">xii: 209</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Kiau-Chau.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369.</li>
+<li>Shells, <em>see</em> Ammunition.</li>
+<li>Shipping,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;</li>
+  <li>German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;</li>
+  <li>U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;</li>
+  <li>list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356;</li>
+  <li>list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;</li>
+  <li>list of sinkings by German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, iv: 189;</li>
+  <li>tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324;</li>
+  <li>value of tonnage sunk, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+  <li>statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14&mdash;Dec., '17, <a href="#Page_91">xii: 91</a>;</li>
+  <li>statistics on losses, Aug., 14&mdash;Dec., '17, <a href="#Page_92">xii: 92</a>;</li>
+  <li>neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, <a href="#Page_98">xii: 98</a>;</li>
+  <li>war-time increase in neutral, <a href="#Page_100">xii: 100</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for replacement by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, <a href="#Page_222">xii: 222</a>;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions on privileges to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, <a href="#Page_230">xii: 230</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Germany, Blockade of; Submarine Warfare.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Shock&quot; troops, German, viii: 144.</li>
+<li>Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116.</li>
+<li>Shrapnel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8;</li>
+  <li>invention, viii: 72;</li>
+  <li>description, viii: 72;</li>
+  <li>manufacture, viii: 72-74;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Ammunition.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Siam,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>delegates to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>;</li>
+  <li>German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_208">xii: 208</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Siberia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian expansion in, i: 20;</li>
+  <li>early history, vi: 189;</li>
+  <li>relations with Russia, vi: 189;</li>
+  <li>movement for autonomy, vi: 189;</li>
+  <li>Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189;</li>
+  <li>anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk, vi: 191;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Co&ouml;peratives,&quot; nature of, vi: 191;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193;</li>
+  <li>reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193;</li>
+  <li>Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194;</li>
+  <li>anarchy and civil war, vi: 194;</li>
+  <li>Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386;</li>
+  <li>American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L., commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106.</li>
+<li>Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.</li>
+<li>Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373.</li>
+<li>Siegfried Line, <em>see</em> Hindenburg Line.</li>
+<li>Signalling,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>means of, viii: 322;</li>
+  <li>work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329;</li>
+  <li>use of pigeons in, viii: 328;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> U. S. Army, Signal Corps.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Silesia, Upper, awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226.</li>
+<li>Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344.</li>
+<li>Silver, rise in value, due to War, <a href="#Page_32">xii: 32</a>.</li>
+<li>Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293.</li>
+<li>Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Sinn Fein, <em>see</em> Ireland.</li>
+<li><cite>Sirius</cite>, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.</li>
+<li>Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma, letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315.</li>
+<li>Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.</li>
+<li>Skinker, Capt. Alexander R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li>Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.</li>
+<li>Skoda howitzers, viii: 22;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see also</em> Artillery.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247.</li>
+<li>Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362.</li>
+<li>Slavs,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>distribution and culture, i: 238;</li>
+  <li>in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307;</li>
+  <li>antagonism to Latins, vi: 359;</li>
+  <li>antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Jugoslavs;</li>
+    <li>Pan-Slavism;</li>
+    <li>Russia;</li>
+    <li>Serbia.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Slovaks, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Bohemia;</li>
+  <li>Czechoslovakia.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Smile, Smile, Smile</cite>, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.</li>
+<li>Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.</li>
+<li>Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196.</li>
+<li>Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174;</li>
+  <li>Viscount French's criticism of, for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174;</li>
+  <li>Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182;</li>
+  <li>Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311.</li>
+<li>Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126.</li>
+<li>Smokeless powder, <em>see</em> Ammunition.</li>
+<li>Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, <a href="#Page_100">xii: 100</a>.</li>
+<li>Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 187-190;</li>
+  <li>advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, <a href="#Page_155">xii: 155</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171.</li>
+<li>Snowden, Philip,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;</li>
+  <li>defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Socialism,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fallacy of, i: <em>Intro. xi</em>;</li>
+  <li>Socialists, <em>see</em> under country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Soissons,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;</li>
+  <li>Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive, July 18&mdash;21, '18, v: 130, 158-183;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Soldau,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Soldier, The</cite>, poem by Rupert Brooke, x: <em>facing p</em>. 1.</li>
+<li>Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283;</li>
+  <li>dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization, iii: 268.</li>
+<li>Soldiers' Councils, of Austria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320;</li>
+  <li>seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Soldier's creed, xi: 170.</li>
+<li>Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Somme, battles of:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>July&mdash;Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55;</li>
+    <li>battle line at start, ii: 46;</li>
+    <li>results, iii: 56, 61, 63;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Haig's report, ii: 46-47;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>loss of German morale, ii: 47;</li>
+    <li>effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;</li>
+    <li>British artillery at, ii: 126;</li>
+    <li>Foch in command of French, ii: 148;</li>
+    <li>Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16, iii: 55;</li>
+    <li>Allied man-power, iii: 55;</li>
+    <li>amount of ammunition used, iii: 56;</li>
+    <li>description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16, iii: 57;</li>
+    <li>Allies' first objectives, iii: 58;</li>
+    <li>Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58;</li>
+    <li>Pozi&egrave;res captured by British, iii: 59;</li>
+    <li>Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59;</li>
+    <li>Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59;</li>
+    <li>works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64;</li>
+    <li>Germans captured, iii: 60;</li>
+    <li>extent of battle area, iii: 61;</li>
+    <li>casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61;</li>
+    <li>a &quot;blood-bath&quot; for Germans, iii: 63;</li>
+    <li>effect on Germany, iii: 63;</li>
+    <li>importance, iii: 63.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Mar.&mdash;Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines, iii: 381-390;</li>
+    <li>German method of attack, iii: 88;</li>
+    <li>Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89;</li>
+    <li>results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch, iii: 89;</li>
+    <li>British casualties, iii: 390.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.</li>
+<li>Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111.</li>
+<li><cite>Song of the Dardanelles</cite>, poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.</li>
+<li>Sonnino, Baron Sidney,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;</li>
+  <li>becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120;</li>
+  <li>insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366;</li>
+  <li>policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 82-85.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.</li>
+<li>Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46.</li>
+<li>Souchon, Adm., Commander of German cruisers <cite>Goeben</cite> and <cite>Breslau</cite>, iv: 14.</li>
+<li>South Africa, Union of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14&mdash;'15, iii: 253-255, vi: 50;</li>
+  <li>strength of army, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>war casualties, iii: 405;</li>
+  <li>formation after Boer War, vi: 47;</li>
+  <li>British policy in, vi: 47;</li>
+  <li>political parties and policies, vi: 47-49;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47;</li>
+  <li>Unionists, vi: 47;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49;</li>
+  <li>Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49;</li>
+  <li>Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14, vi: 49-50;</li>
+  <li>parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment, vi: 50-52;</li>
+  <li>Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52;</li>
+  <li>Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference to plead for independence, vi: 52;</li>
+  <li>war cost, Aug., '14&mdash;Mar., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+  <li>rise in public debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+  <li>delegates to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>South Pacific Islands, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>acquired by Australia, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Southwest Africa, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Soviet, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Bavaria;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevism;</li>
+  <li>Hungary;</li>
+  <li>Russia;</li>
+  <li>Saxony;</li>
+  <li>Spartacides.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Spad biplane, viii: 194.</li>
+<li>Spahis, description, xi: 189.</li>
+<li>Spain,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as a naval power, i: 28;</li>
+  <li>loss of colonial empire, i: 35;</li>
+  <li>international position in '14, i: 62;</li>
+  <li>policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370;</li>
+  <li>growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371;</li>
+  <li>war-time prosperity, vi: 372;</li>
+  <li>German propaganda in, <a href="#Page_101">xii: 101</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Spartacides, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>beginnings, vi: 260;</li>
+  <li>leaders, vi: 278;</li>
+  <li>excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278;</li>
+  <li>urge social revolution, vi: 279;</li>
+  <li>allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281;</li>
+  <li>program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283;</li>
+  <li>plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283;</li>
+  <li>insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;</li>
+  <li>Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289;</li>
+  <li>defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290;</li>
+  <li>instigate labor strikes, vi: 294;</li>
+  <li>establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301;</li>
+  <li>establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299;</li>
+  <li>second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299-300;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Germany, Internal politics.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations, iv: 59-62;</li>
+  <li>defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 306-309.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.</li>
+<li>Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18.</li>
+<li>Spies,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350;</li>
+  <li>in England, x: 348;</li>
+  <li>the &quot;spy mill,&quot; x: 355;</li>
+  <li>disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360;</li>
+  <li>dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368;</li>
+  <li>plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377;</li>
+  <li>within French lines, x: 379.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Spires of Oxford</cite>, poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.</li>
+<li>Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279.</li>
+<li>Sports, in A. E. F.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Winchester Camp, vii: 288;</li>
+  <li>in Army of Occupation, vii: 293;</li>
+  <li>general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Springfield rifle,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347;</li>
+  <li>reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type, v: 347, viii: 96;</li>
+  <li>comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Rifles.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308.</li>
+<li><cite>Srpska Narodna Himna</cite>, Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.</li>
+<li>Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349.</li>
+<li>Stanislau,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334.</li>
+<li><cite>Star-spangled Banner</cite>, American national anthem, xi: 325.</li>
+<li>Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346.</li>
+<li>Stefanik, Gen., member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.</li>
+<li>Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G., share in development of tanks, viii: 155.</li>
+<li>Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, <a href="#Page_32">xii: 32</a>.</li>
+<li>Stokes, Anson Phelps, Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F., vii: 281.</li>
+<li>Stokes mortar, use as &quot;artillery of accompaniment,&quot; viii: 141.</li>
+<li>Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J., inventor of &quot;Y&quot; gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.</li>
+<li>Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.</li>
+<li>Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334.</li>
+<li><cite>Storstad, S. S.</cite>, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.</li>
+<li><cite>Strassburg</cite>, German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.</li>
+<li>Strategy, of the War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: <em>Intro. vii-xxiv</em>;</li>
+  <li>Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14, ii: <em>Intro. vii</em>;</li>
+  <li>British policy of combined land and naval attack, ii: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>factors in formation of British military policy, ii: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared, ii: <em>Intro. x-xxiii</em>, 11-14, 87-90;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Field-Marshal French's opinion, ii: 171-172;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: <em>Intro. x, xx</em>;</li>
+  <li>comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles and Austrian campaigns, ii: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+  <li>advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War, ii: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: <em>Intro. xvi</em>, 87-90;</li>
+  <li>reasons for British campaign in Palestine, ii: <em>Intro. xviii, xxi</em>, 87-90;</li>
+  <li>British position in secondary theaters of war, '17, ii: <em>Intro. xix</em>;</li>
+  <li>advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: <em>Intro. xix</em>;</li>
+  <li>Allies' problem, ii: <em>Intro. xxi</em>;</li>
+  <li>Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: <em>Intro. xxiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133;</li>
+  <li>French plans, '14, ii: 6-11;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first, Aug., '14, ii: 11-16;</li>
+  <li>probable results of a vigorous German offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13;</li>
+  <li>economic strategy, Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22;</li>
+  <li>absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40;</li>
+  <li>German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41;</li>
+  <li>Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41;</li>
+  <li>German plans for '17, ii: 53;</li>
+  <li>Allied plans for '17, ii: 54;</li>
+  <li>reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front, ii: 63-69, 288;</li>
+  <li>object of war, ii: 68;</li>
+  <li>choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69;</li>
+  <li>importance of Amiens, ii: 69;</li>
+  <li>German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97;</li>
+  <li>Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77;</li>
+  <li>theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137;</li>
+  <li>destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80;</li>
+  <li>of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July&mdash;Nov., '18, ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213;</li>
+  <li>Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94;</li>
+  <li>causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99;</li>
+  <li>German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115;</li>
+  <li>necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116;</li>
+  <li>Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120;</li>
+  <li>war of position on Western Front, ii: 148;</li>
+  <li>task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151;</li>
+  <li>Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225;</li>
+  <li>Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290;</li>
+  <li>importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290;</li>
+  <li>defined, iv: 1;</li>
+  <li>relation of naval, to land, iv: 2;</li>
+  <li>offensive defined, iv: 4;</li>
+  <li>essentials of naval, iv: 4;</li>
+  <li>criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13;</li>
+  <li>British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86;</li>
+  <li>Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140;</li>
+  <li>German alternatives, '17&mdash;'18, v: 3;</li>
+  <li>old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>campaign, engagement, or front;</li>
+    <li>Foch;</li>
+    <li>Germany;</li>
+    <li>Tactics.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph, in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328.</li>
+<li>Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377.</li>
+<li>Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S., commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.</li>
+<li>Strong, Dr. Richard P., in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148.</li>
+<li>Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204.</li>
+<li>Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136.</li>
+<li>Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144.</li>
+<li>Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick, British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308.</li>
+<li>St&uuml;rgkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312.</li>
+<li>St&uuml;rmer, Boris,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59;</li>
+  <li>succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140;</li>
+  <li>becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142;</li>
+  <li>dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.</li>
+<li>Sub-chaser <cite>No. 28</cite>, experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354.</li>
+<li>Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90.</li>
+<li>Submarines,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245;</li>
+  <li>voyage of German commerce submarine <cite>Deutschland</cite> across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274;</li>
+  <li>life aboard, iv: 235-239;</li>
+  <li>greatest achievement of War, viii: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>description, viii: 264-266;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> name of submarine.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Submarine warfare,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327;</li>
+  <li>comment of London <cite>Times</cite> on Lansing proposal, i: 282;</li>
+  <li>German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;</li>
+  <li>Germany announces blockade of Great Britain, effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Germany over, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, iv: 223;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>chronological summary, with list of ships sunk, Aug., '14&mdash;Apr., '16, i: 357-361;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>President Wilson's &quot;Strict accountability&quot; note, i: 317;</li>
+  <li>American ship <cite>William P. Frye</cite> sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319;</li>
+  <li><cite>Falaba</cite> sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;</li>
+  <li>American tanker <cite>Gulflight</cite> torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;</li>
+  <li>German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships, May 1, '15, i: 319;</li>
+  <li><cite>Lusitania</cite> sunk, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 220;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Lord Mersey's official report, i: 362-365;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Germany on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;</li>
+  <li>American steamer <cite>Nebraskan</cite> attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320;</li>
+  <li><cite>Arabic</cite> sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223;</li>
+  <li>Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361;</li>
+  <li><cite>Hesperian</cite> torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325;</li>
+  <li>controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking of <cite>Ancona</cite>, Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223;</li>
+  <li>Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16, i: 327;</li>
+  <li>British passenger steamer <cite>Sussex</cite> sunk, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>survivor's description, x: 281-288;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over <cite>Sussex</cite> sinking, i: 329-331, 361;</li>
+  <li>German apology for <cite>Sussex</cite> sinking, i: 333;</li>
+  <li>activities of <cite>U-53</cite> off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334;</li>
+  <li>freighter <cite>Marina</cite> sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334;</li>
+  <li><cite>Arabia</cite> sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334;</li>
+  <li>Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17, i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272, iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff's account of decision, ii: 306-307;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare, i: 344;</li>
+  <li>U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345;</li>
+  <li>U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347;</li>
+  <li>American steamer <cite>Algonquin</cite> sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348;</li>
+  <li>influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War, i, 348, 368, ii: 53;</li>
+  <li>President Wilson's speech before Congress, stating case against Germany and asking for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;</li>
+  <li>list of American ships attacked, i: 356;</li>
+  <li>list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;</li>
+  <li><cite>Persia</cite> sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224;</li>
+  <li>effectiveness, ii: <em>Intro. xvii</em>, 22, 54, iv: 239;</li>
+  <li>German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140;</li>
+  <li>British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308;</li>
+  <li>efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318;</li>
+  <li>methods of combating, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>, 284-287, 304-317, 324-334, viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239;</li>
+  <li>North Sea mine barrage, iv, <em>Intro. xi</em>, 324-330, viii: 274;</li>
+  <li><cite>Aboukir</cite>, <cite>Cressy</cite>, and <cite>Hogue</cite> sunk by <cite>U-9</cite>, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280;</li>
+  <li>exploits of British submarine <cite>E-9</cite>, iv: 207;</li>
+  <li>exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212;</li>
+  <li><cite>Laconia</cite> sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225;</li>
+  <li>Belgian Relief ship <cite>Storstad</cite> torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229;</li>
+  <li><cite>Alnwick Castle</cite> sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230;</li>
+  <li>hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232;</li>
+  <li><cite>Belgian Prince</cite> sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232;</li>
+  <li>use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287;</li>
+  <li>net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274;</li>
+  <li>torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248;</li>
+  <li>depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon, iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239;</li>
+  <li>nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274;</li>
+  <li>use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats, iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281;</li>
+  <li>zigzagging, iv: 310;</li>
+  <li>smoke screen, iv: 311;</li>
+  <li>camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278;</li>
+  <li>U. S. transport <cite>Tuscania</cite> torpedoed, iv: 336;</li>
+  <li>U. S. transport <cite>Covington</cite> sunk, July, '17, iv: 337;</li>
+  <li>U. S. transport <cite>Mount Vernon</cite> torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337;</li>
+  <li>U. S. transport <cite>Antilles</cite> torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337;</li>
+  <li>U. S. transport <cite>Finland</cite> torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337;</li>
+  <li>U. S. transport <cite>President Lincoln</cite> sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340;</li>
+  <li>U. S. destroyer <cite>Cassin</cite> torpedoed, iv: 343;</li>
+  <li>U. S. destroyer <cite>Jacob Jones</cite> sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346;</li>
+  <li>Italian cruisers <cite>Amalfi</cite> and <cite>Garibaldi</cite> sunk, iv: 369;</li>
+  <li>French cruiser <cite>L&eacute;on Gambetta</cite> sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373;</li>
+  <li>French cruiser <cite>Provence II</cite> sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376;</li>
+  <li>French battleship <cite>Danton</cite> sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376;</li>
+  <li>French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378;</li>
+  <li>first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107;</li>
+  <li>effect on British food supply, vi: 10;</li>
+  <li>effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: <em>Intro. viii</em>;</li>
+  <li>fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278;</li>
+  <li>account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297;</li>
+  <li>value of tonnage sunk, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Germany, Blockade of;</li>
+    <li>Shipping.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Suez Canal,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>neutralized, 1888, i: 16;</li>
+  <li>construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48;</li>
+  <li>Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48;</li>
+  <li>importance, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>German designs on, ii: 27;</li>
+  <li>Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Suffolk</cite>, Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.</li>
+<li><cite>Suffren</cite>, French battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>mysterious disappearance, iv: 376.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sugar,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>shortage in England, <a href="#Page_34">xii: 34</a>;</li>
+  <li>method of war-time distribution in U. S., <a href="#Page_46">xii: 46</a>;</li>
+  <li>war-time shortage, <a href="#Page_138">xii: 138</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, <a href="#Page_46">xii: 46</a>.</li>
+<li>Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War, arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136.</li>
+<li>Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391;</li>
+  <li>as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18, v: 167;</li>
+  <li>at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202;</li>
+  <li>tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sunshine (40th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69.</li>
+<li>Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12.</li>
+<li>Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393.</li>
+<li>Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84.</li>
+<li>Surgery,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vii: 4-6;</li>
+  <li>in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224;</li>
+  <li>use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;</li>
+  <li>war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365;</li>
+  <li>treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;</li>
+  <li>treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366;</li>
+  <li>treatment of fractures, viii: 367;</li>
+  <li>new method of amputation, viii: 367;</li>
+  <li>prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367;</li>
+  <li>prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367;</li>
+  <li>Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289;</li>
+  <li>artificial arms, viii: 384-388;</li>
+  <li>artificial legs, viii: 388-390;</li>
+  <li>use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;</li>
+  <li>reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;</li>
+  <li>artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Infection;</li>
+    <li>Medical Science;</li>
+    <li>Reconstruction of disabled;</li>
+    <li>U. S. Army, Medical Service.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12.</li>
+<li><cite>Sussex</cite>, British passenger steamer,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>survivor's description, x: 281-288;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361;</li>
+  <li>German apology for sinking, i: 333.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Gallipoli Campaign.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Suwalki,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111;</li>
+  <li>captured by Germans, iii: 116;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90.</li>
+<li>Sweden,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>international position in, '14, i: 62;</li>
+  <li>policy of neutrality, vi: 394;</li>
+  <li>relations with Finland, vi: 395;</li>
+  <li>Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Swierzynski, Joseph,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219;</li>
+  <li>declares Poland republic, vi: 219.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Swift</cite>, British destroyer, account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.</li>
+<li>Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.</li>
+<li><cite>Swiftsure</cite>, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.</li>
+<li>Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290;</li>
+  <li>conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Switch position, defined, v: 16.</li>
+<li>Switzerland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>system of citizen army, i: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+  <li>international position, '14, i: 62;</li>
+  <li>policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379;</li>
+  <li>antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380;</li>
+  <li>implication of Intelligence Dept. of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380;</li>
+  <li>Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380;</li>
+  <li>Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross activities, vi: 380;</li>
+  <li>Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, <a href="#Page_183">xii: 183</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Sydney</cite>, Australian cruiser, destroys German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.</li>
+<li>Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214.</li>
+<li>Syria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>placed under French control by secret treaties of '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Tin" id="Tin">T</a></li>
+<li>Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218.</li>
+<li>Tactics,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108;</li>
+  <li>new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208;</li>
+  <li>trench warfare and &quot;war of movement,&quot; compared by German military critic, ii: 259;</li>
+  <li>German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19;</li>
+  <li>French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17;</li>
+  <li>parallel of resistance, v: 12;</li>
+  <li>line of resistance, v: 12;</li>
+  <li>line of surveillance, v: 12;</li>
+  <li>line of support, v: 12;</li>
+  <li>center of resistance, v: 14;</li>
+  <li>adaptation of American divisional organization to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21;</li>
+  <li>elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23;</li>
+  <li>American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117;</li>
+  <li>use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28;</li>
+  <li>value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31;</li>
+  <li>method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39;</li>
+  <li>von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114;</li>
+  <li>new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161;</li>
+  <li>use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Strategy;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Trench warfare;</li>
+    <li>battle or campaign.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Taft, William Howard, statement on U. S. action on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 320.</li>
+<li>Tagliamento River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17, ii: 58, iii: 248;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Italian Front.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior, responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332.</li>
+<li>Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li><cite>Tanine</cite>, Turkish newspaper, comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.</li>
+<li>Tanks,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124;</li>
+  <li>use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281;</li>
+  <li>development, description, and battle uses, v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Maj.-Gen. Swinton on, ii: 273-290;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German opinion of value, ii: 273-274;</li>
+  <li>invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256;</li>
+  <li>purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256;</li>
+  <li>Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256;</li>
+  <li>fore-runners of idea, ii: 276;</li>
+  <li>British experimentation, '15&mdash;'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257;</li>
+  <li>origin of word &quot;tank,&quot; ii: 277;</li>
+  <li>first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277;</li>
+  <li>first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16, ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253;</li>
+  <li>successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17, ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, viii: 142,156;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>use in Allied retreat, Mar.&mdash;June, '18, ii: 280;</li>
+  <li>British &quot;Whippets,&quot; ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;</li>
+  <li>use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282;</li>
+  <li>lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281;</li>
+  <li>use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27&mdash;Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281;</li>
+  <li>first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281;</li>
+  <li>development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257;</li>
+  <li>German type, ii: 282, viii: 159;</li>
+  <li>effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283;</li>
+  <li>saving of war material in use, ii: 284;</li>
+  <li>casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284;</li>
+  <li>in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177;</li>
+  <li>number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388;</li>
+  <li>number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350;</li>
+  <li>value as infantry support, viii: 141-143;</li>
+  <li>tank <em>vs.</em> machine gun, viii: 150-151;</li>
+  <li>decisive factor in smashing German trench system, viii: 150-152, xi: 261;</li>
+  <li>uses in peace times, viii: 151;</li>
+  <li>French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153;</li>
+  <li>Boirault machine, viii: 153;</li>
+  <li>French electric tank, viii: 155;</li>
+  <li>French &quot;baby&quot; Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260;</li>
+  <li>British and French types compared, viii: 156;</li>
+  <li>U. S. types, viii: 158;</li>
+  <li>requirements for successful tank, viii: 158;</li>
+  <li>future possibilities, viii: 160;</li>
+  <li>account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62;</li>
+  <li>German method of defense against, xi: 264;</li>
+  <li>account of battle between, xi: 265-266;</li>
+  <li>sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270;</li>
+  <li>for U. S. Tank Corps, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.</li>
+<li>Tannenberg, battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Hindenburg crushes Russian armies invading East Prussia, Aug., '18, ii: 24-25, iii: 112-116.</li>
+  <li>Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 228-229;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's comments on,ii: 353-354;</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tardenois salient,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>strategic aspects, with description of terrain, ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Marne, battles of, July, '18.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120.</li>
+<li>Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204.</li>
+<li>Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206.</li>
+<li>Taxation,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in paying for cost of War, <a href="#Page_108">xii: 108-114</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under each country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187.</li>
+<li>Tear gas,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Chemical warfare;</li>
+    <li>Chlorpicrin;</li>
+    <li>Zylyl bromide.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306.</li>
+<li>Telegraphy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Telephones,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 316-320;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>militarist policy, vi: 386-388;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 90.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.</li>
+<li>Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia for possession of, vi: 400.</li>
+<li>Tetanus, causes and treatment of, in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287.</li>
+<li>Teutonic Allies, <em>see</em> Central Powers.</li>
+<li>Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.</li>
+<li>Theatricals, for service men, <em>see</em> Entertainment.</li>
+<li>Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391.</li>
+<li><cite>There Will Come Soft Rains</cite>, poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.</li>
+<li><cite>These Be the Days That Call for Men</cite>, poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: <em>Intro. x.</em></li>
+<li><cite>Thetis</cite>, British cruiser blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264.</li>
+<li>&quot;They shall not pass,&quot; French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21.</li>
+<li>Thiaucourt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210;</li>
+  <li>American cemetery at, v: 400.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Thiaumont,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Thiepval,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;</li>
+  <li>stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Thomas, Albert, French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382.</li>
+<li>Thomas, J. H., British labor leader, conference with Lloyd George on strike by &quot;Triple Alliance,&quot; vi: 22.</li>
+<li>Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of <cite>Falaba</cite> by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319.</li>
+<li>Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95.</li>
+<li><cite>Thuringen</cite>, German battleship, crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.</li>
+<li><cite>Tiger</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108;</li>
+  <li>in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111.</li>
+<li>Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309.</li>
+<li>Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191.</li>
+<li>Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221.</li>
+<li>Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 298-306;</li>
+  <li>submarine policy, ix: 302.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tisza, Count Stephan,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306;</li>
+  <li>political opposition to, '16, vi: 311;</li>
+  <li>Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 144-147.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>T. N. T., <em>see</em> Trinitrotoluol.</li>
+<li>Togoland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Tommy Atkins,&quot; nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Torcy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location, v: 37, 133;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192;</li>
+  <li>captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Torpedoes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258;</li>
+  <li>device for launching from air, iv: 335.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Toul,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193;</li>
+  <li>important fortified city, v: 199.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115.</li>
+<li>Tours,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313;</li>
+  <li>headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Towers, Commander, in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240.</li>
+<li>Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29;</li>
+  <li>forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 194.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tracer bullets, viii: 211.</li>
+<li>Tractors, artillery,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S., number in use in France, v: 350;</li>
+  <li>supplant horses, viii: 40.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66.</li>
+<li>Transports,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 317-318;</li>
+  <li>account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162;</li>
+  <li>list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic for first time, June,'17, iv: 160;</li>
+  <li>equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165;</li>
+  <li>transportation of A. E. F. overseas, with statistics on number of troops carried and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used, iv: 162-165 , v: 285, 379, <a href="#Page_94">xii: 94-95</a>, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>;</li>
+  <li>British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239;</li>
+  <li>U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Transvaal, <em>see</em> South Africa, Union of.</li>
+<li>Transylvania,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218;</li>
+  <li>desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War, iii: 214, vi: 349;</li>
+  <li>topography of frontier, iii: 214;</li>
+  <li>Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn, Sept.&mdash;Oct.,'16, iii: 220;</li>
+  <li>attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trawlers,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292;</li>
+  <li>battle with submarine, iv: 294.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Treaties,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146;</li>
+  <li>treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268;</li>
+  <li>Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies, price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;</li>
+  <li>Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118;</li>
+  <li>secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey, '16&mdash;'17, vi: 334;</li>
+  <li>agreement between Rumania and Allies as price for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349;</li>
+  <li>treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers, May,'17, vi: 352;</li>
+  <li>pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies revived by Treaty of Versailles, <a href="#Page_231">xii: 231</a>;</li>
+  <li>agreements among Central Powers abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li>treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li>treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, <a href="#Page_232">xii: 232</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Alliances;</li>
+    <li>Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263.</li>
+<li>Treitschke, Heinrich von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66;</li>
+  <li>theory of supremacy of State, i: 148;</li>
+  <li>biography, i: 174;</li>
+  <li>philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175;</li>
+  <li>theory of German greatness, i: 175;</li>
+  <li>hatred for England, i: 175;</li>
+  <li>summary of political philosophy, i: 177;</li>
+  <li>American student's recollection of, i: 178.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Trench Duty</cite>, poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.</li>
+<li>Trench feet, viii: 396.</li>
+<li>Trench warfare,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14, ii: <em>Intro. vii</em>, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;</li>
+  <li>opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171;</li>
+  <li>compared with &quot;war of movement&quot; by German military critic, ii: 259;</li>
+  <li>description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130;</li>
+  <li>use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152;</li>
+  <li>value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161;</li>
+  <li>use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;</li>
+  <li>life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173;</li>
+  <li>French defensive system, v: 12-17;</li>
+  <li>night fighting, viii: 74;</li>
+  <li>reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123;</li>
+  <li>kinds of trenches, viii: 123;</li>
+  <li>description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;</li>
+  <li>disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129;</li>
+  <li>&quot;pill-boxes,&quot; viii: 130-132;</li>
+  <li>use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Barbed wire;</li>
+    <li>Machine gun;</li>
+    <li>Tanks.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trentino, <em>see</em> Italian Front.</li>
+<li>Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143.</li>
+<li>Treves,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Trevier</cite>, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.</li>
+<li>Trieste,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16&mdash;'17, ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26;</li>
+  <li>promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361;</li>
+  <li>American troops landed at, to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366;</li>
+  <li>sinking of Austrian battleships <cite>Wien</cite> and <cite>Monarch</cite> in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.),
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>composition and explosive properties, viii: 6;</li>
+  <li>American output of, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>formation, 1882, i: 95;</li>
+  <li>terms, i: 95;</li>
+  <li>military strength, i: 95;</li>
+  <li>solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208;</li>
+  <li>Italian position in, i: 255;</li>
+  <li>French estimate of, ii: 4;</li>
+  <li>repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Foreign policy, under name of country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain, formation, i: 98, 106;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218;</li>
+  <li>Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107;</li>
+  <li>Anglo-French agreement for united action against &quot;third power,&quot; Nov., '12, i: 107, 220;</li>
+  <li>attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129;</li>
+  <li>agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146;</li>
+  <li>German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Foreign policy, under name of country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tripoli,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109;</li>
+  <li>town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tritton, Sir William, share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257.</li>
+<li><cite>Triumph</cite>, British battleship.
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Gallipoli, iv: 31;</li>
+  <li>sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker at, Oct. 4, '18, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>.</li>
+<li>Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.</li>
+<li>Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of, by Germany, to France, <a href="#Page_225">xii: 225</a>.</li>
+<li>Trotzky, Leon,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia, Nov., '17, vi: 181;</li>
+  <li>publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183;</li>
+  <li>as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 116-119;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 119.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Troubridge, Adm.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284;</li>
+  <li>in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186.</li>
+<li>Tsing Tau, <em>see</em> Kiau-Chau.</li>
+<li>Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252.</li>
+<li>Turkestan, Republic of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>established, Jan., '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Turkey:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207;</li>
+    <li>organization, iii: 164;</li>
+    <li>Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330;</li>
+    <li>for military operations, <em>see</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Caucasus;</li>
+      <li>Gallipoli Campaign;</li>
+      <li>Mesopotamian Campaign;</li>
+      <li>Palestine;</li>
+      <li>Suez Canal.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Casualties,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total in War, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of manpower lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>battle deaths, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11;</li>
+    <li>by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;</li>
+    <li>by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378;</li>
+    <li>Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14;</li>
+    <li>by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;</li>
+    <li>on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;</li>
+    <li>strategic victory for Germany, ii: <em>Intro. viii</em>, 27-28;</li>
+    <li>welcomed by Russia, vi: 134;</li>
+    <li>welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Foreign relations,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18;</li>
+    <li>continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856, i: 39;</li>
+    <li>international position, '14, i: 63;</li>
+    <li>subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18;</li>
+    <li>settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93;</li>
+    <li>pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330;</li>
+    <li>strategic importance as Germanic ally, ii: <em>Intro. viii</em>, 27-28, 87-90;</li>
+    <li>Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28;</li>
+    <li>escape of German cruisers <cite>Goeben</cite> and <cite>Breslau</cite> into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey, iv: 14-17, vi: 330;</li>
+    <li>Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334;</li>
+    <li>Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344;</li>
+    <li>dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Internal affairs,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>form of government, i: 90;</li>
+    <li>constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92;</li>
+    <li>Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109;</li>
+    <li>Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333;</li>
+    <li>war sentiment, vi: 330;</li>
+    <li>Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>purchase of German cruisers <cite>Goeben</cite> and <cite>Breslau</cite>, iv: 16-17, vi: 330;</li>
+    <li>strength, iv: 50.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies, Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334.</li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, iii: 404.</li>
+  <li>War cost,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Nov., '14&mdash;Oct., '19, <a href="#Page_107">xii: 107</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in national debt, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li>Turner, 1st Lieut. William S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.</li>
+<li>Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed <cite>Lusitania</cite>, i: 362.</li>
+<li><cite>Turtle</cite>, submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.</li>
+<li><cite>Tuscania</cite>, U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18, i: 393, iv: 336.</li>
+<li>Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218.</li>
+<li>Typhoid,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195;</li>
+  <li>immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148.</li>
+<li><cite>Tyulen</cite>, Russian submarine, captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Uin" id="Uin">U</a></li>
+<li><cite>U-9</cite>, German submarine, sinks British cruisers <cite>Aboukir</cite>, <cite>Cressy</cite>, <cite>Hogue</cite>, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.</li>
+<li><cite>U-15</cite>, first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.</li>
+<li><cite>U-29</cite>, German submarine, rammed by British battleship <cite>Dreadnought</cite>, Mar., '15, iv: 305.</li>
+<li><cite>U-53</cite>, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.</li>
+<li><cite>U-58</cite>, German submarine, captured by U. S. destroyers <cite>Fanning</cite> and <cite>Nicholson</cite>, iv: 349.</li>
+<li><cite>U-117</cite>, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.</li>
+<li>U-boats,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Submarines;</li>
+    <li>Submarine warfare.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Udine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382;</li>
+  <li>captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196.</li>
+<li>Ukraine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early history, vi: 239-241;</li>
+  <li>pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243;</li>
+  <li>Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243;</li>
+  <li>autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243;</li>
+  <li>movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244;</li>
+  <li>struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248;</li>
+  <li>conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 246-247;</li>
+  <li>revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248;</li>
+  <li>war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248;</li>
+  <li>population and area, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ulianov, Vladimir, <em>see</em> Lenin, Nicolai.</li>
+<li>Ulster, <em>see</em> Ireland.</li>
+<li>Uniforms, military,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>invisibility of French, ii: 286;</li>
+  <li>invisibility of German, ii: 286;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>description by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 272.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>United Kingdom, <em>see</em> Great Britain.</li>
+<li>United States:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>morale, i: 369, v: <em>Intro. xii</em>, 9, 71-72;</li>
+    <li>National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390;</li>
+    <li>strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380;</li>
+    <li>nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98;</li>
+    <li>A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 152, v: 120, 380;</li>
+    <li>transportation overseas,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>with statistics on rate and means of, iv: 10-12, v: 106, 128, 284, <a href="#Page_94">xii: 94-95</a>, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 317;</li>
+        <li>Adm. Gleaves' account of first convoy across Atlantic, iv: 157-165;</li>
+        <li>Pershing's report, v: 373-379;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities, ii: 326;</li>
+    <li>first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17, iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106;</li>
+    <li>first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;</li>
+    <li>first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;</li>
+    <li>on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394;</li>
+    <li>total strength, iii: 403, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280-282</a>;</li>
+    <li>strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280-282</a>, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+    <li>combat value, v: 4;</li>
+    <li>training in France, v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312, 314, 325, 327, xi: 171-173,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Pershing's report on arrangements with French and British, v: 373-378;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under each Division;</li>
+    <li>living conditions in France, v: 8;</li>
+    <li>first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10;</li>
+    <li>supplies for,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement, v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283-284</a>,</li>
+      <li><em>see also</em> under U. S. Army, Services of Supply;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, <a href="#Page_282">xii: 282</a>, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+    <li>size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163;</li>
+    <li>adaptation of American divisional organization to French system of trench warfare, v: 21;</li>
+    <li>offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29;</li>
+    <li>patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117;</li>
+    <li>distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area, June, '18, v: 41, 141-147;</li>
+    <li>combat units in France organized into First Army under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384;</li>
+    <li>Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97;</li>
+    <li>General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102;</li>
+    <li>training of officers, with statistics, v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>, <a href="#Page_282">xii: 282</a>;</li>
+    <li>general educational program for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;</li>
+    <li>organization of corps, v: 109;</li>
+    <li>number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Sept., '18, v: 197;</li>
+    <li>number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253;</li>
+    <li>divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393;</li>
+    <li>American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288;</li>
+    <li>air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas, v: 312, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+    <li>tank schools, v: 314;</li>
+    <li>gas warfare training, v: 325, 327;</li>
+    <li>statistics on health and disease in v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195,</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under U. S. Army, Medical Service;</li>
+    <li>rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;</li>
+    <li>Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353;</li>
+    <li>list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372;</li>
+    <li>replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399;</li>
+    <li>Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;</li>
+    <li>return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395;</li>
+    <li>procuring of remounts, v: 399;</li>
+    <li>A. E. F. mail service, v: 402;</li>
+    <li>system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402;</li>
+    <li>military justice in, v: 403;</li>
+    <li>punishments in, v: 403;</li>
+    <li>intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;</li>
+    <li>training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction, xi: 155-165, <a href="#Page_282">xii: 282</a>;</li>
+    <li>soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168;</li>
+    <li>pay, xi: 168;</li>
+    <li>cantonment construction, <a href="#Page_125">xii: 125</a>, <a href="#Page_282">xii: 282</a>;</li>
+    <li>statistics on participation in War, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280-289</a>;</li>
+    <li>total battles fought by A. E. F., <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+    <li>total days in battle, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+    <li>number of troops in battle, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+    <li>total of ordnance and prisoners captured, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>;</li>
+    <li>for branches and units, <em>see</em> below;</li>
+    <li>for detail of military operations, <em>see</em> name of battle or campaign.</li>
+    <li>Adjutant General's Department, functions, v: 402.</li>
+    <li>Air Service,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>record in France, v: 309-313, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285-286</a>;</li>
+      <li>losses, v: 309;</li>
+      <li>number of enemy planes and balloons shot down by, v: 309;</li>
+      <li>strength at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 309, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285-286</a>;</li>
+      <li>strength and activities of balloon companies, v: 311-312;</li>
+      <li>growth, v: 312, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+      <li>total personnel, v: 312, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+      <li>training schools, v: 312, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+      <li>dependence on Allies, Pershing's report, v: 401;</li>
+      <li>types of aerial navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;</li>
+      <li>work of aerial photographers, viii: 228-235;</li>
+      <li>airplane production, <a href="#Page_285">xii: 285</a>;</li>
+      <li>types of aero squadrons, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>;</li>
+      <li>for N-C flying boats and dirigibles, <em>see</em> U. S., Navy.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Artillery,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>first shot of War fired by A. E. F., Oct.27, '17, i: 392, iii: 84, v: 112;</li>
+      <li>dependence of A. E. F. on French and British for, v: 111, 348, 401, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+      <li>heavy artillery (Coast Artillery Corps), battle activities in France, v: 303-308;</li>
+      <li>organization and units of Railway Artillery Reserve, v: 305;</li>
+      <li>Naval Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45;</li>
+      <li>anti-aircraft batteries, v: 308;</li>
+      <li>trench mortar battalions, v: 308;</li>
+      <li>number of cannon and trench mortars at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;</li>
+      <li>description of types of field guns, viii: 22-28;</li>
+      <li>description of types of heavy guns, viii: 36-42;</li>
+      <li>description of prospective 121-mile range gun, viii: 48-51;</li>
+      <li>production figures, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+      <li>captured by A. E. F., <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Chemical Warfare Service,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>organization and activities, v: 321-327, viii: 179-187;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>Pershing's report, v: 401;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>poison gases used, v: 321-322;</li>
+      <li>experimentation and development, v: 323-324;</li>
+      <li>gas masks and other defense equipment issued to A. E. F., v: 324;</li>
+      <li>gas shell production, v: 325, viii: 186;</li>
+      <li>gas defense training, v: 325;</li>
+      <li>duties of gas officer, v: 325;</li>
+      <li>deloading and examination of unexploded German shells, v: 325-326;</li>
+      <li>use of poison gas by artillery and infantry, v: 326;</li>
+      <li>activities of A. E. F. gas troops, v: 327;</li>
+      <li>invention of Lewisite, deadliest poison gas, viii: 172;</li>
+      <li>poison gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187;</li>
+      <li>daily output compared with German, French, British, viii: 179.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Dental Corps, organization and activities, vii: 209-210.</li>
+    <li>Engineer Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>heroic stand by A. E. F. engineer troops against German break through British lines, Mar., '18, iii: 89, v: 123;</li>
+      <li>organization and activities overseas, v: 332-336, 399-400, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+      <li>construction of barracks, v: 332, 400;</li>
+      <li>construction of hospitals, v: 332, 400;</li>
+      <li>construction of docks, v: 332, 400, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>;</li>
+      <li>railroad construction, v: 333, 334, 400, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>;</li>
+      <li>insuring clean water supply for A. E. F., v: 333;</li>
+      <li>construction of refrigerating plants, v: 333, 400;</li>
+      <li>construction of bakeries, v: 333, 400;</li>
+      <li>activities of Forestry Division, v: 334, 400, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+      <li>work with combat troops, v: 335;</li>
+      <li>Pershing's tribute to, v: 336;</li>
+      <li>road construction in France, v: 400.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Graves Registration Service, <em>see</em> U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.</li>
+    <li>Inspector General's Department, functions of, v: 402-403.</li>
+    <li>Judge Advocate General's Department, functions of, v: 403.</li>
+    <li>Medical Service,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>war-time organization and activities, v: 336-347, 402, vii: 175-239, 245-254;</li>
+      <li>field hospitals and medical work at the front, v: 337-338, vii: 178, 230-233, 249-254;</li>
+      <li>evacuation hospitals, v: 338, vii: 178, 251;</li>
+      <li>hospital trains, v: 339, vii: 199, 251, viii: 380;</li>
+      <li>hospital construction in France, 340-342;</li>
+      <li>A. E. F. base hospitals, v: 340, 400;</li>
+      <li>&quot;Hospital Centers,&quot; v: 341, 400;</li>
+      <li>capacity of A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342;</li>
+      <li>statistics on patients treated in A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342, 352, 402;</li>
+      <li>statistics on personnel, v: 343-344, vii: 177, 201-203;</li>
+      <li>statistics on disease and wounded, v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;</li>
+      <li>procurement of supplies for use overseas, v: 344, vii: 222-224;</li>
+      <li>volunteer organizations co-operating with, v: 344, vii: 187-189, 219, <em>see also</em> Red Cross;</li>
+      <li>organization in France, v: 345-346;</li>
+      <li>letter of commendation from Pershing, v: 346;</li>
+      <li>total number of hospital patients treated during War, v: 352;</li>
+      <li>number of hospitals and patients treated in U. S., v: 352, vii: 201;</li>
+      <li>venereal disease, statistics on, and methods of combating, v: 402, vii: 208-209;</li>
+      <li>physical reconstruction of disabled and mutilated, vii: 175-176, 180-186, 210-216, 233-239,</li>
+      <li><em>see also</em> Reconstruction of disabled;</li>
+      <li>war-time mobilization of medical profession of U. S., vii: 187-189, 203, 219-222;</li>
+      <li>Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteer Medical Service Corps, vii: 187, 203;</li>
+      <li>work of women physicians, vii: 188;</li>
+      <li>system of war-time organization, vii: 191, 203;</li>
+      <li>activities of Division of Sanitation, vii: 191-196;</li>
+      <li>construction of hospitals in U. S., vii: 196-198;</li>
+      <li>number of patients returned from overseas for treatment in U. S., vii: 200;</li>
+      <li>army nurses, number and organization, vii: 203;</li>
+      <li>work of Division of Laboratories and Infectious Diseases in control of communicable diseases, vii: 203-209;</li>
+      <li>functions of Division of Medicine, vii: 216-219;</li>
+      <li>testing mentality of recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;</li>
+      <li>classification of soldiers by vocations, vii: 216-217;</li>
+      <li>physical examination of drafted men, vii: 217, <a href="#Page_281">xii: 281</a>;</li>
+      <li>treatment of special diseases and injuries, vii: 218, 222;</li>
+      <li>training of personnel, vii: 222, 225.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Military Police, <em>see</em> U. S. Army, Provost Marshal General's Department.</li>
+    <li>Motor Transport Corps, organization and functions, v: 328, 351, 401.</li>
+    <li>Nurse Corps, organization and personnel, vii: 203.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>Ordnance Department,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>functions and war-time activities, v.: 347-351, 401 <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284-285</a>;</li>
+      <li>size of personnel at start of War, v: 347;</li>
+      <li>reasons for adoption of type of rifle used by A. E. F., v: 347, viii: 96, 102;</li>
+      <li>rifle production figures, v: 347, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+      <li>statistics of ammunition and explosive production, v: 350, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284-285</a>;</li>
+      <li>artillery production figures, v: 350, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+      <li><em>see also</em> under U. S. Army, Artillery;</li>
+      <li>machine-gun production, v: 350, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>;</li>
+      <li>number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;</li>
+      <li>mobile repair shops, v: 350, viii: 294-298;</li>
+      <li>supply bases and workshops, v: 350;</li>
+      <li>strength of A. E. F. personnel, v: 350;</li>
+      <li>letter of praise from Pershing, v: 351.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Provost Marshal General's Department, functions, v: 403.</li>
+    <li>Quartermaster Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>organization and functions, v: 328-332, 400, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>;</li>
+      <li>growth of personnel in France, June, '17&mdash;Dec., '18, v: 328;</li>
+      <li>scope of duties, v: 328, 400;</li>
+      <li>methods of procuring supplies, v: 328;</li>
+      <li>supply depots in France, v: 329-330;</li>
+      <li>amount of bread consumed by A. E. F., v: 330;</li>
+      <li>statistics on oil and fuel for A. E. F., v: 331;</li>
+      <li>Salvage Service, activities of, v: 331, 400, viii: 345-348;</li>
+      <li>delousing facilities for A. E. F., v: 331;</li>
+      <li>acquisition of burial grounds for A. E. F. dead and care of graves (Graves Registration Service), v: 331, 400;</li>
+      <li>A. E. F. expenditures, v: 332;</li>
+      <li>statistics on issue of blankets and clothing, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Salvage Service, <em>see</em> U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.</li>
+    <li>Services of Supply (S. O. S.),
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>establishment and functions, iii: 83, v: 328-352;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>Pershing's report on, iii: 396-401;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>co&ouml;rdination of procurement and distribution of supplies for A. E. F., v: 396-397;</li>
+      <li>purchasing activities overseas, v: 397;</li>
+      <li>reclassification system for A. E. F., v: 399;</li>
+      <li>personnel, Nov. 11, '18 v: 401;</li>
+      <li><em>see also</em> under U. S. Army,
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>Engineer Corps,</li>
+        <li>Motor Transport Corps,</li>
+        <li>Ordnance Department,</li>
+        <li>Quartermaster Corps,</li>
+        <li>Transportation Corps.</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Signal Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>activities in France, v: 317-320, 401, viii: 322-331, xi: 303-308, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286-287</a>;</li>
+      <li>A. E. F. telephone and telegraph system at the front and behind the lines,
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>with statistics on number of exchanges, miles of wire, etc., v: 317, 318, 320, 401, viii: 322-326, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>, <a href="#Page_287">xii: 287</a>;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>statistics on personnel, v: 317;</li>
+      <li>American women operators with A. E. F., v: 317;</li>
+      <li>organization of field signal battalions, v: 317;</li>
+      <li>devices for communication used at the front, v: 318, viii: 322;</li>
+      <li>&quot;listening-in&quot; and detection of enemy codes, v: 319;</li>
+      <li>work of Photographic Division in making moving-pictures of War, v: 319-320, viii: 329-331;</li>
+      <li>laying of cable across English Channel, v: 320, 401;</li>
+      <li>supplying A. E. F. with field glasses, viii: 326;</li>
+      <li>supplying A. E. F. with wrist-watches, viii: 327;</li>
+      <li>use of pigeons as messengers, viii: 328-329.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Tank Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>man British tanks in action for first time, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281;</li>
+      <li>organization, v: 314;</li>
+      <li>tank schools overseas, v: 314;</li>
+      <li>American tanks in action, v: 315-316, 401;</li>
+      <li>number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;</li>
+      <li>dependence on French and British, v: 401.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Transportation Corps, functions, v: 400.</li>
+    <li>Veterinary Corps, activities, vii: 225-227.</li>
+    <li>First Army, formation, Aug. 10, '18, v: 64, 192-195, 384;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>reorganized and divided into First and Second Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 83, 246, 274;</li>
+      <li>drive against and reduction of St. Mihiel salient, Sept. 12&mdash;15, <em>see</em> St. Mihiel;</li>
+      <li>Meuse-Argonne drive, <em>see</em> Meuse-Argonne Offensive.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Second Army, formation, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 274;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>operations in direction of Briey Iron Basin and Metz, v: 274-279, 390, 393;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 279.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Third Army (Army of Occupation),
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>formation, Nov. 14, '18, v: 280, 395;</li>
+      <li>occupation of Coblenz bridgehead, v: 394-395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>First Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>operations in Allied counter-offensive in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56, 383;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>commendations from Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>shifted to Toul sector, Aug. 13, '18, v: 62;</li>
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12&mdash;15, '18, v: 65, 202, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 91, 92, 220, 388, 390, 391;</li>
+      <li>reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92;</li>
+      <li>formation, Jan., '18, v: 109.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Second Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>breaks through Hindenburg Line in co-operation with British, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 87, 393;</li>
+      <li>prisoners captured, v: 87, 393;</li>
+      <li>formation, v: 382.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Third Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>operations in valley of the Vesle in Allied counter-offensive, Aug., '18, v: 62, 383;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>commendations from Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>transferred to Verdun region, Sept., '18, v: 62, 384;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 219, 260, 388, 390, 391;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Fourth Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 206, 386;</li>
+      <li>co-operation in Meuse-Argonne attack, Sept., '18, v: 220;</li>
+      <li>forms part of Second Army, v: 275;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Fifth Corps,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 69, 202, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 74, 90, 92, 219, 388, 390, 391.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Sixth Corps, part of Second Army, v: 275.</li>
+    <li>Seventh Corps, in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+    <li>1st Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>training in France, v: 6-12, 106-108, 111-117;</li>
+      <li>transferred from Lorraine to relieve French on Montdidier front, Apr., '18, v: 29, 121, 380;</li>
+      <li>captures Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 31-34, 124-128, 380;</li>
+      <li>in drive on Soissons flank in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18&mdash;22, '18, v: 53-56, 130, 158-182, 382;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>Pershing's commendation, v: 191;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>casualties during operations in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 55, 181;</li>
+      <li>captures Berzy-le-Sec, July 21, '18, v: 55, 180, 383;</li>
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12&mdash;15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 211, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 88, 91-92, 231, 234, 237, 240-246, 248-250, 268-270;</li>
+      <li>relieved in Meuse-Argonne by 42nd Div., Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 248;</li>
+      <li>record march for relief of 80th Div. and advance on Sedan, Nov. 5&mdash;7, '18, v: 91, 92, 269;</li>
+      <li>arrival and organization in France, v: 106-108, 109;</li>
+      <li>enters front-line trenches for first time, Oct., '17, v: 111;</li>
+      <li>artillery unit fires first shot of War for A. E. F., Oct. 23, '17, v: 112;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Cantigny sector, Apr. 25&mdash;July 7, '18, v: 128, 141;</li>
+      <li>in support of French in Montdidier-Noyon defensive, June, '18, v: 129, 139;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></p></li>
+
+      <li>makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., July 18, '18, v: 174;</li>
+      <li>casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 211;</li>
+      <li>tribute to bravery from a German colonel, v: 246;</li>
+      <li>captures Sommerance, Oct. 11, '18, v:248;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 248;</li>
+      <li>citation for record in Meuse-Argonne by Pershing, v: 248;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and war material captured, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>2nd Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>training in France, v: 6-12, 119;</li>
+      <li>goes into front line position on Marne salient, June 4, '18, v: 37, 132, 136;</li>
+      <li>in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6&mdash;26, '18, v: 39, 129, 135-139, 192, 382;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>account of Marines in action, x: 1-10;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>captures Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;</li>
+      <li>in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18&mdash;22, '18, v: 55, 130, 158-182, 382;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>Pershing's commendation, v: 191;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>captures Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174;</li>
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12&mdash;15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 210, 386;</li>
+      <li>operations in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct. 1&mdash;6, '18, v: 79, 241, 254-258, 393;</li>
+      <li>captures Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79, 241, 257, 393;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 88, 90, 92, 95, 262-270, 274, 391;</li>
+      <li>capture of and drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 262-263;</li>
+      <li>arrival and organization in France, v: 108;</li>
+      <li>captures Vaux, July 1, '18, v: 138, 382;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Marne offensive, July, '18, v: 179;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured in Marne offensive, v: 179;</li>
+      <li>captures Beaumont, v: 266;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 355;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>3rd Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>repulses German attempts to cross Marne at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, May 31&mdash;June 3, '18, v: 35, 132-135, 381, xi: 43;</li>
+      <li>in second battle of the Marne, July 15&mdash;29, '18, v: 52-53, 56, 143, 148-153, 183-186, 187-188, 382, 383, x: 381-387;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>tributes of Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>stand of 38th Inf. Regt. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 2, 150-153, x: 381-387;</li>
+      <li>captures <del>Jaulognne</del>
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads Jaulognne">Jaulgonne</ins> and Chart&egrave;ves during second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 56, 383;</li>
+      <li>in reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 211;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 85, 231, 233-234, 237, 239, 241, 245, 247-248, 250-252, 389;</li>
+      <li>arrival in France, v: 128;</li>
+      <li>occupies Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, July 21, '18, v, 184;</li>
+      <li>casualties during battles in Marne salient, June&mdash;July, '18, v: 188;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>4th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in Aisne-Marne Allied counter-offensive, July 18&mdash;Aug. 12, '18, v: 60, 61-62, 130, 168, 183, 184, 191, 383;</li>
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 69, 202, 212, 386;</li>
+      <li>reaches Vesle River in pursuit of Germans, Aug., '18, v: 62, 191;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 236, 239, 245, 246, 248, 250, 252, 388;</li>
+      <li>arrival in France, v: 128;</li>
+      <li>training in France, v: 143;</li>
+      <li>casualties during Aisne-Marne offensive, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 191;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>5th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 210, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 85, 90, 92-95, 248, 250, 262, 264, 270-272, 391;</li>
+      <li>captures Cl&eacute;ry-le-Grand, Nov. i, '18, v: 90, 262;</li>
+      <li>captures Cl&eacute;ry-le-Petit and Doulcon, Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264;</li>
+      <li>forces crossing of Meuse in Meuse-Argonne battle, Nov. 3&mdash;5, '18, v: 92-94, 264, 270;</li>
+      <li>captures Mouzay, Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272;</li>
+      <li>captures Dun-sur-Meuse, Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 128;</li>
+      <li>enters trenches in the Vosges, June, '18, v: 128, 381;</li>
+      <li>casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 210;</li>
+      <li>captures Cunel and clears Bois de la Pulti&egrave;re, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250;</li>
+      <li>position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 272;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>6th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>arrival and training overseas, v: 197;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 357.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>7th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 198;</li>
+      <li>starts first offensive as part of Second Army, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277, 279;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 357;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 358.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>8th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 368;</li>
+      <li>in Siberia, v: 368;</li>
+      <li>in Germany, v: 368;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 368.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>26th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 108, 117-118;</li>
+      <li>raided by Germans at Seicheprey, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122;</li>
+      <li>goes into position on Marne sector, July 9, '18, v: 46, 138;</li>
+      <li>in second battle of the Marne, July 15&mdash;24, '18, v: 56, 58, 130, 155, 168, 183, 184-186, x: 76-78;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>tributes from Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 86-87, 220, 252, 270-272, x: 78-79;</li>
+      <li>goes into Toul sector, Apr., '18, v: 120;</li>
+      <li>casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 186;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 358;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 358;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 358;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>27th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>organization and training in U. S., v: 196, 281-284, 358;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 196, 284-286;</li>
+      <li>war record, v: 358, 393;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>by Maj.-Gen. O'Ryan, v: 281-300;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>with Gen. Byng's Third British Army, July, '18, v: 286;</li>
+      <li>operations with British in Flanders, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 286-290;</li>
+      <li>breaks through Hindenburg Line with British Fourth Army, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 290-297, 393;</li>
+      <li>casualties in assault of Hindenburg Line, v: 295;</li>
+      <li>return to U. S., v: 299;</li>
+      <li>commendation from Field-Marshal Haig, v: 299;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 358;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></p></li>
+
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>28th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in second battle of the Marne and pursuit of Germans across Vesle River, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 53, 56, 60, 62, 130, 153-154, 183-184, 188, 190, 383;</li>
+      <li>praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;</li>
+      <li>drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 218, 220-221, 225, 227, 229, 231, 237-239, 241, 243, 388;</li>
+      <li>arrival in France, v: 128;</li>
+      <li>training in France, v: 143;</li>
+      <li>sent to Marne sector as reserve to French army defending road to Paris, June, '18, v: 143, 153;</li>
+      <li>casualties in second Marne battle, July 15&mdash;21, '18, v: 184;</li>
+      <li>captures Apr&eacute;mont, Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;</li>
+      <li>captures Le Ch&ecirc;ne Tondu, Oct. 4, '18, v: 239;</li>
+      <li>captures Ch&acirc;tel Chehery, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;</li>
+      <li>operations as part of Second Army in direction of Metz and Briey, Nov., '18, v: 274-279;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 358;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 359;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 359;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>29th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,</li>
+      <li>Sept.&mdash;Oct. '18, v: 74, 86, 244, 246, 252;</li>
+      <li>captures Etraye ridge, Oct. 23, '18, v: 86, 252;</li>
+      <li>organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 359;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Meuse-Argonne battles, v: 253;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 359;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 359;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 359;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>30th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 146, 300;</li>
+      <li>with British in Belgium, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 286, 300;</li>
+      <li>summary of organization, v: 300, 359;</li>
+      <li>breaks through St. Quentin Tunnel sector of Hindenburg Line, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 301-303, 393; casualties, v: 359;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 360;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>31st Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>history, v: 368;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 368.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>32nd Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>drives Germans to Vesle in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 60-61, 62, 130, 188-190, 383;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>captures Cierges, July 31, '18, v: 60, 188;</li>
+      <li>captures Fismes, Aug. 6, '18, v: 61, 189;</li>
+      <li>captures Juvigny, Aug. 30, '18, v: 62, 258-259, 384;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 74, 80, 83-85, 231, 237, 240-241, 245, 247-248, 250, 252, 389;</li>
+      <li>captures Gesnes, Oct. 5, '18, v: 81, 240;</li>
+      <li>captures Bantheville, Oct. 18, '18, v: 84-85, 252;</li>
+      <li>arrival in France, v: 119, 360;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Marne offensive, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 190;</li>
+      <li>captures Romagne, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 360;</li>
+      <li>units composing, casualties, v: 360;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, 360, 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>33rd Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 219, 224-225, 228, 230, 234, 236, 244, 246, 388;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France under British, v: 144, 260;</li>
+      <li>attack on Hamel with Australians, July 4, '18, v: 144, 260;</li>
+      <li>with British in attack near Amiens, Aug., '18, v: 260;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 360;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 360;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 360;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>34th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 368;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 369.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>35th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in First Army reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 388;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 128, 197;</li>
+      <li>captures Charpentry and Baulny, Sept. 27, '18, v: 227;</li>
+      <li>unsuccessful attack on Exermont, Sept. 29, '18, v: 231;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 361;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 361;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 361;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>36th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>arrival in France, v: 196;</li>
+      <li>operations with French Fourth Army in Champagne, Oct., '18, v: 254, 257-258, 393;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Champagne, v: 258;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 361;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 361;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 361;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>37th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 78-79, 219, 224, 227, 229-231, 388;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>operations in Belgium, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 83, 279-280, 393;</li>
+      <li>arrival in France, v: 145;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Belgian campaign, v: 280;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 361;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 362;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 362;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 362.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>38th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>organization and summary of history, v: 369;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 369.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>39th Division (5th Depot),
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>organization and summary of history, v: 198, 369;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 369.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>40th Division (6th Depot),
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>organization and summary of history, v: 197, 369;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 370.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>41st Division (1st Depot),
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>organization and summary of history, v: 109, 370;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 370.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>42nd Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 21, 109, 118, 142;</li>
+      <li>in the Vosges (Baccarat) sector, v: 21, 28, 118, 142;</li>
+      <li>joins French Fourth Army in Champagne defensive, July, '18, v: 44-51, 129-130, 142-143, 155-158;</li>
+      <li>in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 25&mdash;Aug. 2, '18, v: 56, 58-61, 130, 186-189, 383;
+        <ul class="index">
+        <li>praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;</li>
+        </ul></li>
+      <li>takes For&ecirc;t de F&egrave;re and crosses Ourcq in pursuit of Germans, July 26&mdash;28, '18, v: 58-59, 187, 383;</li>
+      <li>captures Sergy, Seringes-et-Nesles, and Hill 212, July 28, '18, v: 59, 188;</li>
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 83-84, 88, 91-92, 220, 248, 250-252, 262, 269, 390;</li>
+      <li>capture of C&ocirc;te de Ch&acirc;tillon, Oct. 14&mdash;16, '18, v: 84, 250-252;</li>
+      <li>reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92, 269;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Marne offensive, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 189;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 362;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 362;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 362;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 362;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 395.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>76th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 196, 370;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 370.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>77th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne after second Marne battle, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '18, v: 62, 190, 260, 383-384;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26&mdash;Nov. 11, '18, v: 74, 78-79, 81, 85, 88, 90-92, 95, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231-234, 239, 241-243, 246-247, 250, 252, 262-266, 268-270, 388, 391, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>;</li>
+      <li>outflanks German positions at Champigneulle in Meuse-Argonne drive, Nov. 1&mdash;2, '18, v: 88, 263;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 141;</li>
+      <li>isolation and rescue of &quot;Lost Battalion,&quot; Oct. 2&mdash;7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241-243;</li>
+      <li>capture of St. Juvin, Oct. 12, '18, v: 250;</li>
+      <li>attack on Grand Pr&eacute;, Oct. 16, '18, v: 252;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 362;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 363;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 363;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 363.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></p></li>
+
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>78th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 210;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 85, 91, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 391;</li>
+      <li>captures Briquenay, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 144;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 363;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 363;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 363;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 363.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>79th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 74, 78-80, 219, 224-226, 228, 230-231, 262, 265, 270-272, 388;</li>
+      <li>captures stronghold of Montfaucon, Sept. 27, '18, v: 78-79, 225;</li>
+      <li>organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 363;</li>
+      <li>captures Nantillois, Sept. 28, '18, v: 228;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 363, casualties, v: 363;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 364;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>80th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 88, 91, 219, 224, 226-227, 230, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245-246, 248, 262-268, 388, 391;</li>
+      <li>captures Buzancy, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 144;</li>
+      <li>battle for Brieulles-sur-Meuse, Sept. 27&mdash;28, '18, v: 226-227;</li>
+      <li>capture of Bois des Ogons, Oct. 4&mdash;5, '18, v: 237, 239;</li>
+      <li>repulsed in attacks on Madeleine Farm, Oct. 6, '18, v: 241;</li>
+      <li>Madeleine Farm captured, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245;</li>
+      <li>unsuccessful attacks on Cunel, Oct. 10&mdash;11, '18, v: 246, 248;</li>
+      <li>captures Beaumont with 2nd Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266;</li>
+      <li>casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 364;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 364;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 364;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>81st Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 197;</li>
+      <li>operations in direction of Briey and Metz as part of Second Army, v: 274-278;</li>
+      <li>captures Grimancourt, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277;</li>
+      <li>position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 278;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 364;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 364;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 364;</li>
+      <li>prisoners captured, v: 364.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>82nd Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 65, 68, 71, 202, 208, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18,</li>
+      <li>v: 74, 83, 241-242, 246-248, 251-252, 390;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 143;</li>
+      <li>composite character, v: 143;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 143, 365;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 365;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 365;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 365.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>83rd Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 146, 371, 399;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 371.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>84th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 198, 371, 399;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 371.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>85th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 197, 371;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 371.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>86th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 372;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 372.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>87th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>summary of history, v: 198, 372;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 372.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>88th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 365;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>units composing, v: 365;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 365.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>89th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 70, 202, 210, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 391;</li>
+      <li>organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 365;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 365;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 366;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 366;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>90th Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 208-210, 386;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 272, 274, 391;</li>
+      <li>arrival and training in France, v: 196;</li>
+      <li>casualties in St. Mihiel drive, v: 210;</li>
+      <li>captures Stenay, Nov. 10, '18, v: 272;</li>
+      <li>in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 366;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 366;</li>
+      <li>total casualties, v: 366;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>91st Division,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203;</li>
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.&mdash;Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 232, 246, 388;</li>
+      <li>transferred to Belgium under French Sixth Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 279, 393;</li>
+      <li>operations in Belgium, Oct.&mdash;Nov., '18, v: 83, 279, 393;</li>
+      <li>organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 366;</li>
+      <li>captures Spitaals-Bosschen, Oct. 31, '18, v: 279;</li>
+      <li>captures Audenarde, Nov. 2, '18, v: 279;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 366;</li>
+      <li>units composing, 367;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 367;</li>
+      <li>prisoners and guns captured, v: 367.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>92nd Division (colored),
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 233;</li>
+      <li>organization and arrival in France, v: 145, 367;</li>
+      <li>summary of history, v: 367;</li>
+      <li>units composing, v: 367;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 367.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>93rd Division (colored), summary of history, v: 367;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>units composing, v: 367;</li>
+      <li>casualties, v: 368.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Casualties, in submarine warfare during neutrality, i: 357;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>first time in War, Nov., '17, i: 392, v: 113;</li>
+    <li>total in War, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>total dead, iii: 404, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>;</li>
+    <li>number wounded, iii: 404, v: 344, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>;</li>
+    <li>prisoners or missing, iii: 404;</li>
+    <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 71, 212, 386;</li>
+    <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26&mdash;Nov. 11, '18, v: 393, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>;</li>
+    <li>on Russian Front, v: 394;</li>
+    <li>total deaths overseas, classified according to cause, v: 402;</li>
+    <li>battle deaths, v: 402, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>, <a href="#Page_289">xii: 289</a>;</li>
+    <li>deaths from disease, v: 402, vii: 179, 195, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280</a>;</li>
+    <li>money equivalent of manpower lost, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> U. S. Army, Medical Service.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Coal, production, '13&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war-time shortage, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48</a>;</li>
+    <li>conservation measures under Fuel Administration, <a href="#Page_48">xii: 48-50</a>;</li>
+    <li>extent of mining operations, <a href="#Page_50">xii: 50</a>;</li>
+    <li>production compared with other staples, <a href="#Page_50">xii: 50</a>;</li>
+    <li>waste in use, <a href="#Page_51">xii: 51</a>;</li>
+    <li>Fuel Administration priority list, <a href="#Page_75">xii: 75</a>;</li>
+    <li>production for '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_146">xii: 146</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Conscription, Franklin Lane on lessons taught by, i: 370;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Conscription Act passed, Apr. 28&mdash;May 18, '17, i: 390, iii: 83, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280-281</a>;</li>
+    <li>health statistics of drafted men, vii: 217, <a href="#Page_281">xii: 281-282</a>;</li>
+    <li>total number of registrants, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280-281</a>;</li>
+    <li>number inducted into service, <a href="#Page_280">xii: 280-281</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Cost of living,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>high prices most striking economic effect of War, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>&quot;index numbers&quot; as measure of price changes, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>comparison of index numbers, '13&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_vii">xii: <em>Intro. vii-viii</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, <a href="#Page_viii">xii: <em>Intro. viii-x</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in, '14&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_x">xii: <em>Intro. x</em></a>, <a href="#Page_56">xii: 56-59</a>;</li>
+    <li>existing high prices not due to scarcity, <a href="#Page_x">xii: <em>Intro. x-xi</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>currency inflation, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii</em></a>, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>chart showing relation of, to money in circulation, '14&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>high prices as breeder of Bolshevism, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii-xiv</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>purchasing power of wages, '13&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_xiv">xii: <em>Intro. xiv</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>remedies proposed for reducing high cost of living, <a href="#Page_xiv">xii: <em>Intro. xiv-xv</em></a>, <a href="#Page_147">xii: 147</a>;</li>
+    <li>standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuations in, <a href="#Page_xv">xii: <em>Intro. xv</em></a>;</li>
+    <li>scarcity as cause of high prices, <a href="#Page_39">xii: 39</a>, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142</a>;</li>
+    <li>&quot;fair price&quot; lists, <a href="#Page_54">xii: 54</a>;</li>
+    <li>profiteering, <a href="#Page_55">xii: 55</a>, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;</li>
+    <li>meat-packers' profits before and during War, <a href="#Page_56">xii: 56</a>;</li>
+    <li>present, compared with Civil War prices, <a href="#Page_57">xii: 57</a>, <a href="#Page_75">xii: 75</a>;</li>
+    <li>rise in clothing prices, <a href="#Page_58">xii: 58</a>, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">xii: 145</a>;</li>
+    <li>government price-fixing, <a href="#Page_59">xii: 59</a>;</li>
+    <li>monthly price changes, '12&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_60">xii: 60</a>;</li>
+    <li>analysis of, by Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142-148</a>;</li>
+    <li>relation between wages and prices in estimating, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142</a>;</li>
+    <li>housing problem, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142</a>;</li>
+    <li>curtailed production since Armistice, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142</a>;</li>
+    <li>food consumption statistics, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142</a>;</li>
+    <li>influence of War on prices, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;</li>
+    <li>food supply statistics, '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143-144</a>;</li>
+    <li>reasons for high food prices, <a href="#Page_144">xii: 144</a>;</li>
+    <li>reduction in shoe output for '19, <a href="#Page_146">xii: 146</a>;</li>
+    <li>coal production, '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_146">xii: 146</a>;</li>
+    <li>reduction in iron and steel production, '19, <a href="#Page_147">xii: 147</a>;</li>
+    <li>reasons for high cost of living, summarized by Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_147">xii: 147</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Prices;</li>
+      <li>U. S., Food.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Council of National Defense,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>activities of General Medical Board of, vii: 187-189;</li>
+    <li>creation by Congress, '16, <a href="#Page_115">xii: 115</a>;</li>
+    <li>duties, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>;</li>
+    <li>members, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>;</li>
+    <li>Advisory Commission of, pre-War activities, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>;</li>
+    <li>committees, <a href="#Page_122">xii: 122</a>;</li>
+    <li>distinguished membership of committees, <a href="#Page_122">xii: 122</a>;</li>
+    <li>non-partisanship of, <a href="#Page_124">xii: 124</a>;</li>
+    <li>expenses, <a href="#Page_124">xii: 124</a>;</li>
+    <li>work of Field Division, <a href="#Page_124">xii: 124</a>;</li>
+    <li>results of activities, <a href="#Page_124">xii: 124</a>;</li>
+    <li>War Industries Board established, <a href="#Page_125">xii: 125</a>;</li>
+    <li>cantonment construction, <a href="#Page_125">xii: 125</a>;</li>
+    <li>share in victory, <a href="#Page_126">xii: 126</a>;</li>
+    <li>analysis of causes of and remedies for high cost of living,<a href="#Page_142">xii: 142-148</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Declarations of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;</li>
+    <li>impelling causes for, i: 301, 341, 348, 368, ii: 53;</li>
+    <li>effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;</li>
+    <li>diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389;</li>
+    <li>text of President Wilson's speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;</li>
+    <li>text of declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 6, '17, i: 355;</li>
+    <li>Franklin Lane on effects of entry into War on American life, i: 366-373;</li>
+    <li>diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary severed, Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;</li>
+    <li>diplomatic relations with Turkey severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;</li>
+    <li>declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393;</li>
+    <li>effect on final result of War, ii: 220, iii: 83;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>a German military critic's view, ii: 273;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's comments on, ii: 341;</li>
+    <li>effect on French, ii: 387;</li>
+    <li>effect on British, vi: 11;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under Submarine warfare.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Employment Service, war-time activities, <a href="#Page_67">xii: 67</a>.</li>
+  <li>Food,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Herbert Hoover appointed Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;</li>
+    <li>position of U. S. as producer, '17, <a href="#Page_35">xii: 35</a>;</li>
+    <li>wheat production <em>vs.</em> consumption, 1890&mdash;1914, <a href="#Page_35">xii: 35</a>;</li>
+    <li>corn production <em>vs.</em> consumption, 1890&mdash;1914, <a href="#Page_35">xii: 35</a>;</li>
+    <li>voluntary rationing, <a href="#Page_35">xii: 35</a>;</li>
+    <li>exports to Europe before and during War, <a href="#Page_36">xii: 36</a>, <a href="#Page_135">xii: 135</a>;</li>
+    <li>conservation, <a href="#Page_37">xii: 37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">xii: 40</a>, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time increase in production, statistics, <a href="#Page_37">xii: 37</a>;</li>
+    <li>increased production more important than conservation, <a href="#Page_38">xii: 38</a>;</li>
+    <li>crop acreage, '10&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_38">xii: 38</a>;</li>
+    <li>crop yields, '10&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_39">xii: 39</a>;</li>
+    <li>Hoover's report on European relief, <a href="#Page_42">xii: 42</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time government control, <a href="#Page_46">xii: 46</a>, <a href="#Page_59">xii: 59</a>, <a href="#Page_140">xii: 140</a>;</li>
+    <li>Sugar Equalization Board, functions, <a href="#Page_46">xii: 46</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time sugar distribution, <a href="#Page_46">xii: 46</a>;</li>
+    <li>potato crop, <a href="#Page_47">xii: 47</a>;</li>
+    <li>&quot;fair price&quot; lists, <a href="#Page_54">xii: 54</a>;</li>
+    <li>functions of Food Administration, <a href="#Page_59">xii: 59</a>, <a href="#Page_140">xii: 140</a>;</li>
+    <li>statistics on quantity and prices, June, '18&mdash;June, '19, <a href="#Page_61">xii: 61-65</a>;</li>
+    <li>price comparisons, '13&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_64">xii: 64</a>;</li>
+    <li>wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17&mdash;July 1, '18, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>;</li>
+    <li>consumption statistics, <a href="#Page_142">xii: 142</a>;</li>
+    <li>production statistics, '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;</li>
+    <li>wheat production, '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;</li>
+    <li>meat production, '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_144">xii: 144</a>;</li>
+    <li>corn crop, '18, <a href="#Page_144">xii: 144</a>;</li>
+    <li>reasons for high prices, <a href="#Page_144">xii: 144</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under U. S., Cost of living.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Food Administration, <em>see</em> under U. S., Food.</li>
+  <li>Foreign relations,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>policy of isolation, i: 50;</li>
+    <li>abandonment of policy of isolation, i: 52-58;</li>
+    <li>early relations with China and Japan, i: 53;</li>
+    <li>African interests, i: 54;</li>
+    <li>Congo policy, i: 54;</li>
+    <li>armed expeditions sent beyond borders, 1836&mdash;1861, i: 54;</li>
+    <li>intervention in Cuba, i: 56;</li>
+    <li>&quot;open door&quot; policy in China, i: 57;</li>
+    <li>Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57;</li>
+    <li>Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;</li>
+    <li>policy in Venezuelan controversy with Germany, '02, i: 86;</li>
+    <li>participation in European conferences, i: 86;</li>
+    <li>participation in Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86;</li>
+    <li>German plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;</li>
+    <li>arbitration treaties, i: 103;</li>
+    <li>emergence from War as World Power, i: 371;</li>
+    <li>after-War mission, i: 372.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Fuel Administration, <em>see</em> under U. S., Coal.</li>
+  <li>German-owned property, extent, <a href="#Page_33">xii: 33-34</a>.</li>
+  <li>Industries during War,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>regulations for conservation of leather by War Industries Board, <a href="#Page_53">xii: 53</a>;</li>
+    <li>duties and powers of War Industries Board, <a href="#Page_72">xii: 72</a>;</li>
+    <li>priority system, <a href="#Page_73">xii: 73-75</a>;</li>
+    <li>distribution of war contracts, <a href="#Page_74">xii: 74</a>;</li>
+    <li>response to war needs, <a href="#Page_115">xii: 115</a>;</li>
+    <li>creation of Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_115">xii: 115</a>;</li>
+    <li>duties of Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>;</li>
+    <li>pre-War movement for industrial preparedness, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>;</li>
+    <li>pre-War activities of Advisory Commission, Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_118">xii: 118</a>;</li>
+    <li>committees of Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_122">xii: 122</a>;</li>
+    <li>organization and personnel of War Industries Board, <a href="#Page_125">xii: 125</a>;</li>
+    <li>share in final victory, <a href="#Page_126">xii: 126</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under U. S., Council of National Defense, Labor.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Labor,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>women in war industries, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time safeguards for workers, <a href="#Page_66">xii: 66</a>;</li>
+    <li>organizing for war production, <a href="#Page_67">xii: 67</a>;</li>
+    <li>Employment Service of Department of Labor, war-time activities, <a href="#Page_67">xii: 67</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time strikes, <a href="#Page_68">xii: 68</a>;</li>
+    <li>importance in winning War, <a href="#Page_68">xii: 68-69</a>;</li>
+    <li>size of working population, <a href="#Page_71">xii: 71</a>;</li>
+    <li>immigration as source of labor supply, <a href="#Page_71">xii: 71</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time dislocation, <a href="#Page_71">xii: 71</a>;</li>
+    <li>Mediation Commission for settling labor unrest, <a href="#Page_71">xii: 71</a>;</li>
+    <li>activities of Advisory Labor Council, <a href="#Page_71">xii: 71</a>;</li>
+    <li>Gen. Crowder's &quot;Work or fight&quot; order, <a href="#Page_72">xii: 72</a>;</li>
+    <li>women as railway workers during War, <a href="#Page_84">xii: 84</a>;</li>
+    <li>settlement of war-time disputes in shipyards, <a href="#Page_94">xii: 94</a>;</li>
+    <li>attitude to War, <a href="#Page_121">xii: 121</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Marine Corps, strength, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 403;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6&mdash;26, '18, v: 39, 130, 135-139, 382, x: 1-10;</li>
+    <li>capture of Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;</li>
+    <li>in second battle of the Marne, July 18&mdash;19, '18, v: 55, 130, 159, 167-170, 174-175, 178-179;</li>
+    <li>capture of Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174-175;</li>
+    <li>in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct., '18, v: 79, 241, 255-257;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>capture of Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79-80, 241, 257;</li>
+    <li>in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 95, 262-263, 266, 270, 274;</li>
+    <li>arrival in France, v: 106, 108;</li>
+    <li>incorporated in 2nd Div., v: 108;</li>
+    <li>not in Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry battle of May 31&mdash;June 3, '18, as popularly supposed, v: 130, 135;</li>
+    <li>casualties at Belleau Wood, June, '18, v: 139;</li>
+    <li>name of Belleau Wood changed by French to <span lang="fr">Bois de la Brigade de Marine</span>, v: 139;</li>
+    <li>casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 179;</li>
+    <li>in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 210;</li>
+    <li>in drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 262-263;</li>
+    <li>force crossing of Meuse, Nov. 10, '18, v: 270, 274;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> under U. S. Army, 2nd Division.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Rear-Adm. Mayo on war-time accomplishments of, iv: <em>Intro. vii-xiii</em>;</li>
+    <li>supplying guns and gun crews for merchant ships, iv: <em>Intro. viii</em>, 314;</li>
+    <li>laying of North Sea mine barrage, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>, 324-330;</li>
+    <li>anti-submarine coast patrol, iv: <em>Intro. xii</em>;</li>
+    <li>Naval gunners on Western Front, iv: <em>Intro. xii</em>, 323, v: 306, viii: 42-45;</li>
+    <li>transportation of A. E. F. to France, iv: <em>Intro. xii</em>, <a href="#Page_94">xii: 94-95</a>, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>account of first expedition across Atlantic, June, '17, by Adm. Gleaves, iv: 157-165;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>lessons of the War, iv: <em>Intro. xiii</em>;</li>
+    <li>destroyer flotilla on anti-submarine patrol duty in war zone, iv: 157, 315-317, 343;</li>
+    <li>development of depth bomb by, iv: 307, 330;</li>
+    <li>strength of personnel before War and at armistice, iv: 317;</li>
+    <li>training of new personnel, iv: 317;</li>
+    <li>war-time expansion in ships and equipment, iv: 318-319;</li>
+    <li>repair of damaged interned German liners, iv: 319-321;</li>
+    <li>laying of oil pipe line across Scotland, iv: 322;</li>
+    <li>invention of &quot;Y&quot; gun for discharge of depth bombs, iv: 331;</li>
+    <li>development of aerial bombs for use by seaplanes against U-boats, iv: 332;</li>
+    <li>development of star shells for illuminating enemy positions in dark, iv: 334;</li>
+    <li>invention of torpedo plane, iv: 335;</li>
+    <li>adventures of transports in war zone, iv: 335-343;</li>
+    <li>capture of German submarine <cite>U-58</cite>, Nov. 18, '17, iv: 349;</li>
+    <li>Secretary Daniels' report on activities in European waters, iv: 356-359;</li>
+    <li>co-operation with British,
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Secretary Daniels on, iv: 356;</li>
+      <li>tributes by Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Beatty, iv: 359-361;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>development and description of N-C flying boats, viii: 236-240;</li>
+    <li><cite>N-C-4</cite> first airplane to cross Atlantic, viii: 240;</li>
+    <li>types of dirigibles used by, viii: 245, 255-257.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Neutrality,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Dr. Eliot's summary of reasons for pro- and anti-German feeling, i: 270-273;</li>
+    <li>von Jagow's defense against anti-German criticisms, i: 273;</li>
+    <li>Maximilian Harden's views on, i: 274;</li>
+    <li>German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;</li>
+    <li>position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;</li>
+    <li>French opinion of, i: 287;</li>
+    <li>unpopular with all belligerents, i: 288;</li>
+    <li>British opinion of, i: 289;</li>
+    <li>Gabriel Hanotaux's views on, i: 290;</li>
+    <li>conflict of sympathies, i: 297;</li>
+    <li>psychology of, i: 297;</li>
+    <li>increasing pro-Ally sentiment, i: 299;</li>
+    <li>attitudes of Wilson and Roosevelt compared, i: 299, 302;</li>
+    <li>German violations against, i: 300;</li>
+    <li>transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;</li>
+    <li>effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;</li>
+    <li>attitude of press, i: 309;</li>
+    <li>Austro-Hungarian protest of unfairness of, i: 309;</li>
+    <li>Maximilian Harden's views on American war prosperity, i: 310;</li>
+    <li>Bryan's statement on, Jan. 20, '15, i: 311;</li>
+    <li>controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;</li>
+    <li>controversy with Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>chronological summary with list of ships sunk, i: 357-361;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>President Wilson's &quot;Strict accountability&quot; note to Germany, i: 317;</li>
+    <li>President Wilson's &quot;Too proud to fight&quot; statement, i: 320, v: 372;</li>
+    <li>controversy with Germany on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;</li>
+    <li>statements of Taft and Roosevelt on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 320;</li>
+    <li>note to Germany on &quot;Freedom of the seas,&quot; July 21, '15, i: 322;</li>
+    <li>attitude of press on torpedoing of <cite>Arabic</cite>, i: 323;</li>
+    <li>controversy with Austria-Hungary on torpedoing of <cite>Ancona</cite>, i: 326, 361;</li>
+    <li>McLemore Resolution warning Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327;</li>
+    <li>McLemore Resolution defeated, i: 328;</li>
+    <li>note threatening severance of diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of <cite>Sussex</cite>, Apr. 18, '16, i: 329-331;</li>
+    <li>issues of '16 Presidential campaign, i: 334;</li>
+    <li>controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;</li>
+    <li>President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 336;</li>
+    <li>Lansing's statement of problems of, i: 339;</li>
+    <li>diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389;</li>
+    <li>President Wilson orders U. S. merchantmen armed, i: 347;</li>
+    <li>American casualties from submarine warfare during, i: 357;</li>
+    <li>President Wilson issues proclamation of, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Germany, Blockade of;</li>
+      <li>Submarine warfare.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Conference,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;</li>
+    <li>list of delegates, <a href="#Page_179">xii: 179</a>;</li>
+    <li>for work of delegates at, <em>see</em> Peace Conference;</li>
+    <li><em>also</em> under name of delegate.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>fight against, in Senate, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264-278</a>;</li>
+    <li>Fall amendments to, defeated, Oct. 2, '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+    <li>ratification with original Lodge reservations defeated, Nov. 19, '19, <a href="#Page_265">xii: 265-266</a>;</li>
+    <li>text of original Lodge reservations, <a href="#Page_265">xii: 265</a>;</li>
+    <li>defeated in Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, <a href="#Page_266">xii: 266-269</a>;</li>
+    <li>President Wilson's opinion of Lodge reservations, <a href="#Page_267">xii: 267</a>;</li>
+    <li>text of revised Lodge reservations, <a href="#Page_269">xii: 269</a>;</li>
+    <li>efforts to declare peace by Congressional resolution, <a href="#Page_271">xii: 271-278</a>;</li>
+    <li>text of peace resolution introduced in House of Representatives, Apr. 1, '20, <a href="#Page_271">xii: 271</a>;</li>
+    <li>Knox resolution declaring peace with Germany passed by Congress, May 15&mdash;21, '20, <a href="#Page_273">xii: 273-277</a>;</li>
+    <li>text of original Knox resolution proposing separate peace with Germany and successors of Austria-Hungary, <a href="#Page_273">xii: 273</a>;</li>
+    <li>text of amended Knox resolution, <a href="#Page_277">xii: 277</a>;</li>
+    <li>President Wilson vetoes Knox resolution, <a href="#Page_277">xii: 277</a>;</li>
+    <li>text of President Wilson's veto message, <a href="#Page_278">xii: 278</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Population,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>European immigration, i: 37;</li>
+    <li>German immigration in 1882 and 1910, i: 75;</li>
+    <li>size, characteristics, and distribution of German element in, i: 79, 277-279;</li>
+    <li>ratio of increase in urban and rural, 1890&mdash;1910, <a href="#Page_35">xii: 35</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Press,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>attitude on neutrality, i: 309;</li>
+    <li>attitude on <cite>Lusitania</cite> sinking, i: 320;</li>
+    <li>attitude on torpedoing of <cite>Arabic</cite>, i: 323;</li>
+    <li>views on German indemnity, <a href="#Page_24">xii: 24</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Prisoners of war, first captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>total lost in War, iii: 404.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Railroads, war-time operation under government control, <a href="#Page_87">xii: 87-90</a>;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>reasons for government control, <a href="#Page_88">xii: 88</a>;</li>
+    <li>defects in management, <a href="#Page_89">xii: 89</a>;</li>
+    <li>equipment sent to France, <a href="#Page_95">xii: 95</a>;</li>
+    <li>pledge of maximum war-time service by, <a href="#Page_121">xii: 121</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Shipping, war-time building program, with statistics, <a href="#Page_92">xii: 92-94</a>;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war losses, <a href="#Page_94">xii: 94</a>;</li>
+    <li>neutral tonnage chartered for war service, <a href="#Page_98">xii: 98</a>;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>war-time cargo fleet, statistics on tonnage and shipments, <a href="#Page_283">xii: 283</a>, <a href="#Page_286">xii: 286</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Trade, with Germany through neutrals, ii: 21;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>increase in exports, '12&mdash;'17, <a href="#Page_1">xii: 1</a>;</li>
+    <li>luxury imports, <a href="#Page_8">xii: 8-9</a>;</li>
+    <li>decrease in luxury imports, '14&mdash;'18, <a href="#Page_58">xii: 58</a>;</li>
+    <li>hostility to trade with Germany, <a href="#Page_99">xii: 99</a>;</li>
+    <li>War Trade Board export license system, <a href="#Page_99">xii: 99</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>War cost, currency inflation, <a href="#Page_xiii">xii: <em>Intro. xiii</em></a>, <a href="#Page_28">xii: 28-31</a>, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>loans floated in U. S. by foreign countries, Aug., '14&mdash;Jan., '17, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2</a>;</li>
+    <li>sources and amounts of war-time taxation, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2-9</a>, <a href="#Page_109">xii: 109-111</a>;</li>
+    <li>income taxes, with comparison of rates in England and France, <a href="#Page_2">xii: 2-6</a>;</li>
+    <li>criticisms of war tax law, <a href="#Page_5">xii: 5-6</a>;</li>
+    <li>President Wilson's tax program, <a href="#Page_6">xii: 6-7</a>;</li>
+    <li>luxury taxes, <a href="#Page_7">xii: 7-9</a>;</li>
+    <li>war-time prosperity, <a href="#Page_9">xii: 9-10</a>;</li>
+    <li>loans in early U. S. history, <a href="#Page_10">xii: 10</a>;</li>
+    <li>Liberty Loans, floating of, with statistics on amounts raised and number of subscribers, <a href="#Page_10">xii: 10-16</a>, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>, <a href="#Page_126">xii: 126-135</a>;</li>
+    <li>repayment of loans made to Allies, <a href="#Page_11">xii: 11</a>;</li>
+    <li>Liberty Loan subscriptions by Federal Reserve Districts, <a href="#Page_12">xii: 12</a>;</li>
+    <li>Liberty Loan subscriptions in New York City, <a href="#Page_12">xii: 12</a>;</li>
+    <li>comparison of war debt with pre-War national debt, <a href="#Page_16">xii: 16</a>, <a href="#Page_113">xii: 113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>;</li>
+    <li>hourly war expenditures, <a href="#Page_16">xii: 16</a>;</li>
+    <li>comparison of war cost with previous expenditures, <a href="#Page_16">xii: 16</a>;</li>
+    <li>distribution of war expenditures, <a href="#Page_16">xii: 16</a>;</li>
+    <li>amount of loans to Allies, <a href="#Page_16">xii: 16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>, <a href="#Page_31">xii: 31</a>;</li>
+    <li>short-term certificates of indebtedness, <a href="#Page_16">xii: 16</a>;</li>
+    <li>War Savings Stamps, amount raised by, <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>, <a href="#Page_134">xii: 134</a>;</li>
+    <li>problem of liquidating national debt, <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>;</li>
+    <li>accumulation of Europe's gold supply in U. S., <a href="#Page_29">xii: 29</a>;</li>
+    <li>credit expansion, <a href="#Page_30">xii: 30</a>;</li>
+    <li>pre-War cash reserves, <a href="#Page_30">xii: 30</a>;</li>
+    <li>transition from debtor to creditor nation, with statistics, <a href="#Page_31">xii: 31</a>;</li>
+    <li>daily, monthly, and total war cost, Apr., 17&mdash;June, '19, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106-108</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>War Industries Board, <em>see</em> under U. S., Industries during War.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Uruguay,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>failure of soviet plot in, vi: 392;</li>
+  <li>delegate to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_180">xii: 180</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Uskub,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Bulgarians, Oct., '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Allies, Sept., '18, iii: 213.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Vin" id="Vin">V</a></li>
+<li><cite>V-187</cite>, German destroyer sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.</li>
+<li>Vaccine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>manufacture of anti-typhoid, viii: 393;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Disease.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vacuum tubes, in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320.</li>
+<li>Valenciennes, Germans use as gateway into France, v: 215.</li>
+<li>Valley, Count Arco, assassin of Kurt Eisner, vi: 298.</li>
+<li>Van, occupied by Russians, May 23, '15, iii: 262.</li>
+<li>Van Iersal, Sgt. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.</li>
+<li>Vanquois, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.</li>
+<li>Varennes, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.</li>
+<li>Vaux,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>town in Marne salient, location, v: 133;</li>
+  <li>captured by 2nd Div., July 1, '18, v: 138, 382.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vaux,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, June 7, '16, i: 385, iii: 54, 313;</li>
+  <li>evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, i: 388, iii: 62;</li>
+  <li>German efforts at capture repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>description by French officer participating in defense, iii: 327-329;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Major Raynal, defender of, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Verdun.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Veles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Bulgarians, Oct. 28&mdash;29, '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204;</li>
+  <li>recaptured by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Velocity of projectiles, viii: 111.</li>
+<li>Vencheres Wood, captured by 179th Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.</li>
+<li>Vendieres, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.</li>
+<li>Venereal diseases, statistics on, and methods of combating in U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 208-209.</li>
+<li>Venezuela, pro-German attitude during War, vi: 392.</li>
+<li><cite>Vengeance</cite>, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.</li>
+<li>Venizelos, Eleutherios,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>pro-Ally policy during Greek neutrality, iii: 202;</li>
+  <li>establishes revolutionary government in Crete, Sept., '16, iii: 210;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 76-82;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 81.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Verdun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>strategic value and reasons for German campaigns against, i: 268, ii: 6, 13, 36-39, 188, 189, iii: 46, 302, v: 199, 215, xi: 21;</li>
+  <li>effect of battle of the Somme on German offensive against, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;</li>
+  <li>eliminated by Germans as scene of '18 offensive, ii: 67;</li>
+  <li>battles of, Feb., '16&mdash;Sept., '17, ii: 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61-62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 21-22;</li>
+  <li>comparison of German attack, Feb., '16, with tactics at first battle of the Marne, ii: 186;</li>
+  <li>&quot;They shall not pass,&quot; French watchword of defense at, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21;</li>
+  <li>P&eacute;tain commands defenders, Feb.&mdash;May, '16, ii: 189, iii: 50, 304;</li>
+  <li>Germans capture Fort Douaumont, Feb. 25, '16, ii: 189, iii: 48, 304-305;</li>
+  <li>German attacks on Fort Vaux repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306,;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>described by French officer taking part in defense, iii: 327-329;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German Crown Prince in command of attacking forces, iii: 47, 48, 303;</li>
+  <li>use of motor transports in defense of, iii: 50, viii: 289-291;</li>
+  <li>battles for Dead Man's Hill (Le Mort Homme), Mar.&mdash;May, '16, iii: 51, 53-54, 306-307, 308, 310-313;</li>
+  <li>Cumi&egrave;res captured and lost by Germans, May, '16, iii: 54, 312;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Nivelle appointed to command of French defenders, May, '16, iii: 54, 310;</li>
+  <li>Fort Vaux captured by Germans, June 7, '16, iii: 54, 313;</li>
+  <li>German efforts to capture Fort Souville defeated, iii: 55;</li>
+  <li>Thiaumont captured by Germans, June 23&mdash;24, '16, and recaptured by French, iii: 55, 313;</li>
+  <li>Nivelle's surprise attack, Oct., '16, iii: 61;</li>
+  <li>Fort Douaumont recaptured by French, Oct., '16, iii: 61;</li>
+  <li>Fort Vaux evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, iii: 62;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Mangin succeeds Nivelle as French commander at, Dec., '16, iii: 62;</li>
+  <li>Mangin launches successful offensive, Dec., '16, iii: 62;</li>
+  <li>final French victories regain all important positions, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '17, iii: 79;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's comment on German blunder at, iii: 302;</li>
+  <li>description of intensity of fighting at, by French participant, iii: 308;</li>
+  <li>Major Raynal, defender of Fort Vaux, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313;</li>
+  <li>freed from threat of further German attacks by suppression of St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 208.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Verrieres, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.</li>
+<li>Versailles Treaty, <em>see</em> Peace Treaty with Germany.</li>
+<li>Very, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.</li>
+<li>Very pistol, use in signalling, v: 319.</li>
+<li>Vesle River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Germans driven across, in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July&mdash;Aug., '18, v: 60-62, 188-191, 383;</li>
+  <li>Germans driven from, to the Aisne, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vesnitch, Dr. M. R., Serbian diplomat, statement of Jugoslav attitude toward Italian aggrandizement, vi: 366.</li>
+<li>Veterinary, treatment of sick and injured animals in War, vii: 225-227, viii: 397-399.</li>
+<li>Vickers machine-gun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use on airplanes, viii: 87;</li>
+  <li>U. S. production figures, <a href="#Page_284">xii: 284</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, biography, ix: 395-398.</li>
+<li>Victory Way, in New York City, <a href="#Page_133">xii: 133</a>.</li>
+<li>Vienna,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war-time privation in, vi: 312;</li>
+  <li>riots, '18, vi: 316;</li>
+  <li>after-War distress, vi: 318;</li>
+  <li>Bolshevik uprising suppressed, Apr., '19, vi: 320-321.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vierstaat Ridge,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by British and 27th Div., A. E. F., Sept. 1&mdash;2, '18, v: 290.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vierzy, captured by 2nd Div., July 18, '18, v: 55, 174.</li>
+<li>Vigneulles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>junction of 1st and 26th Divs. at, closes St. Mihiel salient,</li>
+  <li>Sept., '18, v: 69, 211, 212.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ville-devant-Chaumont, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.</li>
+<li>Villepigue, Corp. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Villers Wood, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 15, '18, v: 210.</li>
+<li>Villers-Cotterets, concentration of Allied forces near, for Marne counter-offensive, July, '18, ii: 154, v: 161.</li>
+<li>Villers-devant-Dun, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.</li>
+<li>Villers-sous-Preney, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.</li>
+<li>Vilna, captured by Germans, Sept., '15, iii: 141.</li>
+<li>Vilosnes-sur-Meuse captured by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271.</li>
+<li>Vimy Ridge,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by Canadians, Apr. 9, '17, iii: 70, 343-349;</li>
+  <li>strategic importance, iii: 343;</li>
+  <li>London <cite>Times'</cite> account of battle, iii: 346-348;</li>
+  <li>decorations for gallantry at, iii: 349.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Vindictive</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262;</li>
+  <li>sunk in Ostend Channel, iv: 279;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Zeebrugge Raid.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Viribus Unitis</cite>, Austrian battleship sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, May 15, '18, i: 395, x: 297-303.</li>
+<li><cite>Vive La France!</cite> poem by Charlotte H. Crawford, vi: 94.</li>
+<li>Viviani, Ren&eacute;, French statesman, biography, ix: 19-21.</li>
+<li>Vladivostok,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>seized by Czechoslovak troops, June, '18, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>Allies send troops to, vi: 193;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Siberia.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vocational training,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for war cripples, American help for French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95;</li>
+  <li>for American disabled, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;</li>
+  <li>modern attitude on, viii: 387;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Reconstruction of disabled.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vodka,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>war-time prohibition of, in Russia, iii: 265, vi: 135;</li>
+  <li>use of harmful substitutes for, vi: 138.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Voisin bombing planes, viii: 223.</li>
+<li>Voldemaras, Prof., forms first independent Lithuanian cabinet, vi: 236.</li>
+<li>Vologodsky, Peter, head of liberal Siberian government at Omsk, vi: 191.</li>
+<li>Voormezeele, captured by 30th Div., Aug. 31&mdash;Sept. 1, '18, v: 300.</li>
+<li>Vosges Mountains,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>military importance, ii: 6;</li>
+  <li>place in scheme of general French strategy, ii: 9;</li>
+  <li>French occupy passes of, Aug., '14, iii: 16;</li>
+  <li>French offensive in, Dec., '15, iii: 46;</li>
+  <li>as training area for A. E. F., v: 118, 197, <em>see also</em> under each Division.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Win" id="Win">W</a></li>
+<li>Waalker, Sgt. Reider, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.</li>
+<li><cite>Wacht am Rhine, Die</cite>, German national song, xi: 332.</li>
+<li>Wales, Prince of, personal sketch, ix: 395, xi: 150-152.</li>
+<li>Walker, Col. William H., head of U. S. poison-gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 181.</li>
+<li>Wallace, Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.</li>
+<li>Wallachia, German offensive in, iii: 221.</li>
+<li>Walsh, Frank P.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 337-339.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as a simple art, iii: 137;</li>
+  <li>definition of, iv: 1;</li>
+  <li>desirability, v: <em>Intro. x</em>;</li>
+  <li>extent of modern, v: <em>Intro. x</em>;</li>
+  <li>German policy of, <em>see</em> Germany, Kultur, Militarism.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>War Babies' Cradle, organization and relief activities of, vii: 107, xi: 56.</li>
+<li>War Committee (or Council) of British Cabinet,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>members, Nov., '14, ii: 198;</li>
+  <li>responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 200;</li>
+  <li>responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>War Industries Board, U. S., <em>see</em> U. S., Industries during War.</li>
+<li>War relief:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>plan of <cite>Stars and Stripes</cite> for adoption of French orphans, vii: 72, xi: 80;</li>
+    <li>Children's Bureau of American Red Cross, relief activities for Allied children, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;</li>
+    <li>vocational training for French war cripples, vii: 79, 92-95;</li>
+    <li>beginnings of American relief work, vii: 85;</li>
+    <li>Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 85, 119, <a href="#Page_136">xii: 136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>;</li>
+    <li>Lafayette Fund, vii: 85;</li>
+    <li>Committee of Mercy, vii: 87;</li>
+    <li>American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 87, 91;</li>
+    <li>National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87-90;</li>
+    <li>John Moffat's activities in early development of, vii: 87;</li>
+    <li>American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88, 96;</li>
+    <li>Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 88, 108;</li>
+    <li>French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116;</li>
+    <li>benefit bazaars, vii: 90;</li>
+    <li>&quot;Hero Land&quot; bazaar, vii: 90;</li>
+    <li>American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 91, xi: 85;</li>
+    <li>American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92;</li>
+    <li>American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92;</li>
+    <li>War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies, vii: 95;</li>
+    <li>Le Bien-&Ecirc;tre du Bless&eacute;, vii: 96;</li>
+    <li>French Tuberculosis War Victims' Fund, vii: 97;</li>
+    <li>American Committee of the Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98;</li>
+    <li>for war blind, Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 99, 255-260;</li>
+    <li>Franco-American Committee for the Protection of Children of the Frontier, vii: 101, xi: 85;</li>
+    <li>American Committee of the Secours National, vii: 105;</li>
+    <li>Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;</li>
+    <li>aid for French victims of shell-shock and nervous derangements, vii: 106;</li>
+    <li>War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56;</li>
+    <li>relief work of American alumni of &Eacute;cole des Beaux Arts, vii: 108;</li>
+    <li>relief for Serbia, vii: 109, 144-168;</li>
+    <li>relief for Rumania, vii: 109;</li>
+    <li>Commission for Relief in Belgium, organization and activities, vii: 116-144;</li>
+    <li>Millard Shaler, early organizer of Belgian relief, vii: 119;</li>
+    <li>Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343-349;</li>
+    <li>for Jewish war sufferers, vii: 349-376;</li>
+    <li>Free Milk for France fund, vii: 376-379;</li>
+    <li>American Relief Administration for feeding newly liberated peoples, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Belgian, Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98.</li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in Serbia, iii: 398;</li>
+    <li>Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, vii: 95;</li>
+    <li>British and Canadian Patriotic Fund, vii: 99;</li>
+    <li>British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99;</li>
+    <li>Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101;</li>
+    <li>Chelsea War Refugees Fund for Belgian refugees in England, vii: 106;</li>
+    <li>London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107;</li>
+    <li>St. Dunstan's Home for blind, vii: 259.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Dutch, for Belgian refugees and interned soldiers, vii: 168-175.</li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>vocational training for disabled, vii: 92-95;</li>
+    <li>Le Bien-&ecirc;tre du Bless&eacute;, vii: 96;</li>
+    <li>Secours National, vii: 105;</li>
+    <li>Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;</li>
+    <li>relief for victims of shell-shock and nervous derangement, vii: 106;</li>
+    <li>War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56.</li>
+    <li><em>See also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Knights of Columbus;</li>
+      <li>Red Cross;</li>
+      <li>Salvation Army;</li>
+      <li>Young Men's Christian Association.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>War Risk Insurance, Bureau of, for U. S. fighting men, vii: 176.</li>
+<li>War Savings Stamps, U. S., amount sold, <a href="#Page_18">xii: 18</a>, <a href="#Page_134">xii: 134</a>.</li>
+<li>War terms and soldier slang, definitions of, xi: 359-362.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>War Trade Board, U. S., <em>see</em> U. S., Trade.</li>
+<li>War Zone, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Germany, Blockade of;</li>
+  <li>Submarine warfare.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Warburg, Felix M., treasurer American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354.</li>
+<li>Ward, Pvt. Calvin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.</li>
+<li>Warehouses,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>location of great A. E. F. supply depots in France, v: 330;</li>
+  <li>construction of, by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Warfare,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Strategy;</li>
+    <li>Tactics;</li>
+    <li>Trench warfare.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Warneford, Flight Sub-Lieut. R. A. J., brings down first Zeppelin, ii: 269, x: 223.</li>
+<li><cite>Warrior</cite>, British cruiser sunk at Jutland, iv: 260.</li>
+<li>Warsaw, German attacks on and capture of, Aug. 5, '15, i: 381, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138.</li>
+<li><cite>Warspite</cite>, British warship at battle of Jutland, iv: 260.</li>
+<li>Washington Inn, for American officers in London, vii: 288.</li>
+<li><cite>Wasted</cite>, poem, xi: 100.</li>
+<li>Watches, for A. E. F., viii: 327.</li>
+<li>Water supply,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for A. E. F., construction of facilities for, v: 333;</li>
+  <li>modern methods for making safe for use of armies, viii: 394-396.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>We Are Fred Karno's Army</cite>, British soldiers' song, xi: 338.</li>
+<li><cite>Wearing of the Green</cite>, Irish patriotic air, xi: 334.</li>
+<li>Weather forecasting, importance of, in war, xi: 296-303.</li>
+<li>Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, commander of <cite>U-9</cite>, sinks British cruisers <cite>Aboukir, Cressy</cite>, and <cite>Hogue</cite>, iv: 205, x: 274-280.</li>
+<li>Wedell, Hans von, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.</li>
+<li>Weimar, meeting place of German National Assembly, Feb., '19, vi: 291.</li>
+<li>Wekerle, Dr.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>succeeds Count Tisza as Premier of Hungary, vi: 314;</li>
+  <li>suppresses Jugoslav congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Welland Canal, German plot for destruction of, i: 318.</li>
+<li>Wellborn, Col., director of U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.</li>
+<li>Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, succeeds Jellicoe as British First Sea Lord, Dec. 26, '17, i: 393.</li>
+<li>West, Sgt. Chester H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.</li>
+<li>West Prussia, award to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.</li>
+<li>Western Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>establishment by Germans of trench lines from North Sea to Swiss border following first Marne battle, Sept., '14, ii: <em>Intro. vii</em>, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;</li>
+  <li>relative importance compared with Eastern theatre of war, ii: 11-14, 87-89;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>opinion of Field-Marshal French, ii: 171;</li>
+    <li>Gen. Maurice on, ii: <em>Intro. x-xxiv</em>;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>the <em>vital</em> front, ii: <em>Intro. xxiii</em>;</li>
+  <li>Allied retreat to the Marne, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '18, ii: 9, 166, 183, iii: 20-30;</li>
+  <li>German &quot;strategic&quot; retreat to Hindenburg Line, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70;</li>
+  <li>reasons for German offensive of Mar.&mdash;July, '18, ii: 65-67;</li>
+  <li>German strength, Mar., '18, ii: 65, 75, iii: 383, v: 120;</li>
+  <li>Allied strength Mar., '18, ii: 66;</li>
+  <li>choice of sector by Germans for great offensive of Mar., '18, ii: 67-69, 311, iii: 86;</li>
+  <li>great German offensive begun, Mar. 21, '18, ii: 70, 150, iii: 86, 359, v: 23, 120, 130, 380, vi: 270;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, iii: 308-316;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>break through Allied line and rout of British Fifth Army near St. Quentin in great German drive, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-152, 190-197, iii: 86-91, v: 373;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>account by Philip Gibbs, iii: 381-390;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German drive against Channel ports, Apr., '18, ii: 75, 153, iii: 91, 359-363;</li>
+  <li>German casualties in offensive of Mar.&mdash;Apr., '18, ii, 75;</li>
+  <li>German drive to the Marne, May&mdash;July, '18, ii: 76-79, 154, 320, iii: 92-96, v: 35, 41-53, 129, 130;</li>
+  <li>Allied counter-offensive and retreat of Germans out of France and Belgium, July 18&mdash;Nov. 11, '18, ii: 80-87, 154, 156-159, iii: 96-104, v: 72, 192, 213;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>r&eacute;sume by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 209-216;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, ii: 324-326;</li>
+    <li>Ludendorff's account, ii: 331-340;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>battle line, July 18, '18, ii: 82;</li>
+  <li>German bases in France captured in Allied counter-offensive, July&mdash;Nov., '18, ii: 86;</li>
+  <li>campaigns on, first phase, maneuvering for position, ii: 112;</li>
+  <li>second phase, war of attrition, ii: 112;</li>
+  <li>third phase, final stroke, ii: 113;</li>
+  <li>necessity for frontal attack on, ii: 116;</li>
+  <li>Foch's analysis of weakness of German position, July, '18, ii: 154;</li>
+  <li>Allied and German man-power, Oct., '18, ii: 159;</li>
+  <li>British man-power, Aug., '18, ii: 214;</li>
+  <li>British shell supply, Aug., '18, ii: 214;</li>
+  <li>military situation, Nov., '18, ii: 215;</li>
+  <li>general topography, iii: 2;</li>
+  <li>battle line, Jan., '15, iii: 41;</li>
+  <li>German prisoners and guns captured by Allies, July&mdash;Nov., '18, iii: 104;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. deciding factor in last campaigns on, v: 23-25;</li>
+  <li>first American sector established, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192-193, 384;</li>
+  <li>American front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 95;</li>
+  <li>five major German offensives on, v: 96;</li>
+  <li>effect of Russian withdrawal from War on, v: 113;</li>
+  <li>German lines of defense and communications, v: 214-216;</li>
+  <li>for details of engagements or sectors, <em>see</em> name of battle, campaign, or sector.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wet, Gen. Christian de, leader of Boer rebellion against British, '14, vi: 50.</li>
+<li>Wettig, Carl, discloses German plot to blow up ships, x: 374.</li>
+<li>Wexford, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.</li>
+<li>Wheat,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>production and imports by Germany, ii: 17;</li>
+  <li>government price-fixing in U. S., <a href="#Page_59">xii: 59</a>;</li>
+  <li>U. S. exports to Allies, July, '17&mdash;July,'18, <a href="#Page_141">xii: 141</a>;</li>
+  <li>statistics on production in U. S., '18&mdash;'19, <a href="#Page_143">xii: 143</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Food.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Where Do We Go From Here, Boys?</cite>, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.</li>
+<li>Whiddy Island, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.</li>
+<li>Whippets,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British baby tanks, ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Tanks.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Whitby, bombarded by German fleet, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.</li>
+<li>White Russia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Republic of, established, May, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Whittlesey, Major Charles W., commander of &quot;Lost Battalion,&quot; isolation and rescue in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 2&mdash;7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Why Did We Join the Army?</cite>, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.</li>
+<li>Wickersham, Geo. W., analysis of Peace Treaty with Germany, <a href="#Page_170">xii: 170-178</a>.</li>
+<li>Wickersham, 2nd Lieut. J. Hunter, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.</li>
+<li><cite>Wien</cite>, Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians in Trieste harbor, i: 393, x: 290.</li>
+<li>Wieringen, German Crown Prince's home at, after flight from Germany, vi: 278.</li>
+<li>Wilhelm, Kaiser, <em>see</em> William II.</li>
+<li>Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, biography, ix: 401-405.</li>
+<li>Wilhelmshaven, revolt of German navy at, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.</li>
+<li>Willard, Daniel, chairman of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_116">xii: 116</a>.</li>
+<li>William I, becomes first German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871, i: 44.</li>
+<li>William II, of Germany,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>abdicates throne, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399, ii: 340, vi: 273;</li>
+  <li>conception of powers as Emperor, i: 73;</li>
+  <li>becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97, 185, ix: 358;</li>
+  <li>arrogance, i: 97;</li>
+  <li>visits Turkey, i: 98, 207;</li>
+  <li>famous speech at Tangier, Mar., '05, i: 99;</li>
+  <li>complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, July, '14, i: 133-136, 252;</li>
+  <li>interview in London <cite>Daily Telegraph</cite> declaring friendship for England, Oct. 28, '18, i: 186;</li>
+  <li>advice to troops to be &quot;terrible as Huns,&quot; i: 186;</li>
+  <li>reprimanded by Reichstag and Bundesrat for <cite>Daily Telegraph</cite> interview, i: 189;</li>
+  <li>Lloyd George's opinion of, i: 189;</li>
+  <li>Kruger telegram supporting cause of Boers against Great Britain, Jan. 3, 1898, i: 192;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>statement about &quot;sharpness of German sword,&quot; ii: 161;</li>
+  <li>Ludendorff's estimate of weakness, ii: 317;</li>
+  <li>Supreme War Lord, ii: 331;</li>
+  <li>author of phrase &quot;Yellow peril,&quot; vi: 248;</li>
+  <li>retirement to Amerongen after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 277;</li>
+  <li>biography and sketch of personality, ix: 355-367, xi: 139-141;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 367;</li>
+  <li>Peace Treaty provisions for trial for war guilt, <a href="#Page_217">xii: 217</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>William of Wied, becomes ruler of Albania, i: 206.</li>
+<li><cite>William P. Frye</cite>, American ship sunk by Germans, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319, 378.</li>
+<li>Wilson, Adm. Henry B., biography, ix: 295-296.</li>
+<li>Wilson, Gen., British representative on Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84.</li>
+<li>Wilson, Major, develops idea of tank as fighting machine, viii: 155.</li>
+<li>Wilson, William B., U. S. Secretary of Labor, on anti-war spirit of laboring classes, <a href="#Page_65">xii: 65</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilson, Woodrow,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>assumes leadership of liberal Democrats, i: 295;</li>
+  <li>temperament contrasted with Roosevelt's, i: 299;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Strict accountability&quot; note to Germany on U-boat warfare, i: 317;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Too proud to fight&quot; statement, i: 320, v: 372, ix: 62;</li>
+  <li>opposition to McLemore Resolution, i: 327;</li>
+  <li>note to belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18,. '16, i: 336;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Peace without victory&quot; speech, Jan., '17, i: 337, ix: 64;</li>
+  <li>speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;</li>
+  <li>effects of diplomacy, ii: 390;</li>
+  <li>position in Fiume dispute, vi: 369;</li>
+  <li>biography and personal sketch, ix: 55-69, xi: 131-135;</li>
+  <li>&quot;Fourteen Points,&quot; ix: 67, <a href="#Page_163">xii: 163-165</a>;</li>
+  <li>bibliography, ix: 69;</li>
+  <li>stricken ill during tour for ratification of Peace Treaty, Sept., '19, <a href="#Page_264">xii: 264</a>;</li>
+  <li>opinion of Lodge reservations, <a href="#Page_267">xii: 267</a>;</li>
+  <li>message vetoing Knox Resolution, <a href="#Page_278">xii: 278</a>;</li>
+  <li>for relations with belligerents during neutrality,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li><em>see</em> Germany, Blockade of;</li>
+    <li>Submarine warfare;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>for work at Peace Conference, <em>see</em> Peace Conference.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Winchester self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.</li>
+<li>Windhoek, captured by British, May 12, '15, i: 380, iii: 255.</li>
+<li>Wire entanglements, <em>see</em> Barbed wire.</li>
+<li>Wireless,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>use by A. E. F. Signal Corps, v: 317, 318-319;</li>
+  <li>development under war needs, viii: 315;</li>
+  <li>apparatus for generation and transmission of radio waves, viii: 315-318;</li>
+  <li>Goldschmidt alternator, viii: 316;</li>
+  <li>Alexanderson alternator, viii: 316-318;</li>
+  <li>use of vacuum tubes in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320;</li>
+  <li>types of aerials, viii: 320;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Navy wireless stations, location and method of operation, viii: 320-322.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wisloka River, battle between Germans and Russians on banks of, May, '15, iii: 136.</li>
+<li>Woevre River, Germans driven into plains of, by A. E. F. advance in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 94.</li>
+<li>Wold, Pvt. Nels, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.</li>
+<li><cite>Wolf</cite>, seaplane-carrier German raider, activities, iv: 198.</li>
+<li>Women in War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French munition workers, ii: 376;</li>
+  <li>Pershing's tribute, v: 404;</li>
+  <li>as Y. M. C. A. workers in Europe, vii: 267-271;</li>
+  <li>Russian Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205-210;</li>
+  <li>British, in war industries, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li>American, in war industries, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>, <a href="#Page_84">xii: 84-85</a>;</li>
+  <li>British, as farm laborers, <a href="#Page_40">xii: 40</a>;</li>
+  <li>effects of entry into industries on social organization, <a href="#Page_83">xii: 83-84</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Nurses;</li>
+    <li>Red Cross;</li>
+    <li>Salvation Army;</li>
+    <li>War relief;</li>
+    <li>Young Men's Christian Association.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on lessons of the War, iii: <em>Intro. vii-x</em>;</li>
+  <li>in command of 89th Div., during training period, v: 146, 365.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Woodfill, 1st Lieut. Samuel, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.</li>
+<li>World empires,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>development toward, before War, i: 23;</li>
+  <li>rivalry of ambitions for, i: 25.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>World federation,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ideal of, i: 25;</li>
+  <li>religious diversity an obstacle to, i: 25.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>World League of Red Cross Societies, organization and objects, vii: 3.</li>
+<li>World War,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>results,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>summary by Dr. Eliot, i: <em>Intro. ix-xiv</em>;</li>
+    <li>Dr. Manning on spiritual, vii: <em>Intro. ix</em>;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>areas involved, i: 9;</li>
+  <li>effect on population, <a href="#Page_25">xii: 25</a>;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Causes of War;</li>
+    <li>Cost of War;</li>
+    <li>Germany, Responsibility for War.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wounded, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Ambulance;</li>
+  <li>Carrel-Dakin treatment;</li>
+  <li>Hospitals;</li>
+  <li>Infection;</li>
+  <li>Medical Science;</li>
+  <li>Reconstruction of disabled;</li>
+  <li>Surgery;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Army, Medical Service.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>commander of 35th Div., v: 128, 361;</li>
+  <li>commander of 89th Div., v: 146, 365;</li>
+  <li>commander of Seventh Corps, v: 395;</li>
+  <li>biography, ix: 221-223.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>W&uuml;rttemberg, Duke of, in command of German Northern Armies, iii: 61.</li>
+<li>Wynne, Mrs. Hilda, experiences as ambulance driver, vii: 105, x: 186-188.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Xin" id="Xin">X</a></li>
+<li>Xivray, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.</li>
+<li>X-ray, use in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376.</li>
+<li>Xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Yin" id="Yin">Y</a></li>
+<li>&quot;Y&quot; gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 331.</li>
+<li>Yachts, converted, work in anti-submarine patrol, iv: 292.</li>
+<li>Yakutsk Republic,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>established, May, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>;</li>
+  <li>area and population, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Yankee (26th) Division, <em>see</em> U. S., Army.</li>
+<li>Yarmouth, bombarded by German raiders, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 244.</li>
+<li>Yemen, Imamate of, established, '18, <a href="#Page_279">xii: 279</a>.</li>
+<li>York, Sgt. Alvin C.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>account of exploits as fighter, x: 13-18;</li>
+  <li>gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Young, Lt.-Com. E. Hilton, account of Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 269-279.</li>
+<li>Young, Lieut. I. E. R., account of air battle against German raiders over London, x: 215.</li>
+<li>Young Men's Christian Association:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American, organization for war work and program of activities, vii: 261-266;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>recognition by War Department as welfare agency, vii: 262;</li>
+    <li>personnel, number and character, vii: 266;</li>
+    <li>casualties in overseas service, vii: 267;</li>
+    <li>women's work with, overseas, vii: 267-271;</li>
+    <li>Work in A. E. F. leave areas, vii: 269;</li>
+    <li>at the front with combat troops, vii: 271-277;</li>
+    <li>award of Distinguished Service Crosses to workers, vii: 272;</li>
+    <li>with the &quot;Lost Battalion,&quot; vii: 273;</li>
+    <li>huts used as targets by Germans, vii: 274;</li>
+    <li>awards of <span lang="fr">Croix de Guerre</span> to workers, vii: 275, 313;</li>
+    <li>hotels for service men, vii: 277;</li>
+    <li>entertainment for service men, vii: 277-279;</li>
+    <li>educational work for A. E. F., vii: 280-283, 290;</li>
+    <li>religious activities among troops, vii: 283-285;</li>
+    <li>activities for A. E. F. in United Kingdom, vii: 286-290;</li>
+    <li>Eagle Hut in London, vii: 288, 300; in Italy, vii: 290;</li>
+    <li>with Army of Occupation, vii: 291-293;</li>
+    <li>with A. E. F. in Russia and Siberia, vii: 293-298;</li>
+    <li>Navy service, vii: 298-302;</li>
+    <li>Navy Hut at Brest, vii: 302;</li>
+    <li>work among prisoners of war, Allied and Teuton, vii: 302-310;</li>
+    <li>care of American war prisoners in Germany, vii: 309;</li>
+    <li><span lang="fr">Foyers du Soldats</span> for French soldiers, vii: 310-313;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li><span lang="fr">Foyers du Marin</span> for French sailors, vii: 313;</li>
+    <li>athletics for A. E. F., vii: 313-317;</li>
+    <li>work for Russian army and civilians, vii: 318-319.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in Egypt, vii: 321, 322;</li>
+    <li>at Gallipoli, vii: 321;</li>
+    <li>in Sudan, vii: 322;</li>
+    <li>in Palestine and Jerusalem, vii: 322-323;</li>
+    <li>in Mesopotamia, vii: 324.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Indian, welfare work in India, vii: 327.</li>
+  <li>International,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in Egypt, vii: 322;</li>
+    <li>in Mesopotamia, vii: 324-327.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Young Turks, force constitutional government in Turkey, '08, i: 109.</li>
+<li>Ypres, battles of:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Oct.&mdash;Nov., '14, ii: 144, iii: 41;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Field-Marshal French's account, ii: 170-171.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Apr., '15, first use of gas in warfare by Germans, ii: 222, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316.</li>
+  <li>July&mdash;Oct., '17, iii: 78-79;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Haig's account of use of artillery in, ii: 128.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Apr., '18, ii: 153;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>description by Philip Gibbs, iii: 360-363.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Yser, battles of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Oct., '14, ii: 220, iii: 40;</li>
+  <li>July, '17, iii: 77-78.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Yudenitch, Gen., Russian commander, campaign against and capture of Erzerum, iii: 262-263.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Zin" id="Zin">Z</a></li>
+<li>Zabern incident, i: 72.</li>
+<li>Zeebrugge Raid,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British exploit in blocking German submarine base on Belgian coast, Apr., '18, iv: 261-279;</li>
+  <li>ships participating, iv: 262;</li>
+  <li>official Admiralty report, iv: 262-265;</li>
+  <li>Capt. Carpenter's account, iv: 266-268;</li>
+  <li>British casualties, iv: 268;</li>
+  <li>account of Lieut.-Com. Young of <cite>Vindictive</cite>, iv: 269-279.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Zemstvos, Russian, congress of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>prohibited by Protopopov, vi: 143;</li>
+  <li>succeeded by local &quot;soviets,&quot; vi: 164;</li>
+  <li>war-time activities, <a href="#Page_82">xii: 82</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Zemtchug</cite>, Russian cruiser sunk by German raider <cite>Emden</cite>, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 179.</li>
+<li>Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, inventor of Zeppelin dirigible airships, biography, ix: 250-252.</li>
+<li>Zeppelins,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>description of structural features, with discussion of utility during war and peace, ii: 262-269, viii: 241-254;</li>
+  <li>raids on England, ii: 266, iii: 41, viii: 246, <em>see also</em> Air raids;</li>
+  <li>exploit of Sub-Lieut. Warneford in bringing down first Zeppelin of War, ii: 269, x: 223-225;</li>
+  <li>development in construction, '14&mdash;'18, viii: 241;</li>
+  <li>compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;</li>
+  <li>flight of <cite>L-59</cite> to Egypt, viii: 243.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Zigzagging, as defense against U-boat attack, iv: 310.</li>
+<li>Zimmermann, Dr. Alfred F. M., German Foreign Secretary,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>attempt to force from Ambassador Gerard guarantees for German-owned property in U. S., i: 345;</li>
+  <li>text of note attempting to involve Mexico and Japan in war against U. S., i: 347.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Zouaves, description, xi: 189.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<h2>I.&mdash;PORTRAITS</h2>
+
+<table style="width:75%;" border="1" summary="index">
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Ailp">A</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Bilp">B</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Cilp">C</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Dilp">D</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Eilp">E</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Filp">F</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Gilp">G</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Hilp">H</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Iilp">I</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Jilp">J</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Kilp">K</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Lilp">L</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Milp">M</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Nilp">N</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Oilp">O</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Pilp">P</a></th>
+<td></td>
+<th><a href="#Rilp">R</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Silp">S</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Tilp">T</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Uilp">U</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Vilp">V</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Wilp">W</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Xilp">X</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Yilp">Y</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Zilp">Z</a></th>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Ailp" id="Ailp">A</a></li>
+<li>Adams, Sgt, Harry J., x: 42.</li>
+<li>Ador, Gustave, President of Switzerland, with President Poincar&eacute; of France, <a href="#Page_154">xii: 154</a>.</li>
+<li>Ahmed, Sultan, Shah of Persia, i: 104.</li>
+<li>Albert, King of the Belgians,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at the front, ii: 5;</li>
+  <li>with Queen Elizabeth, ii: 157, vii: 140;</li>
+  <li>inspecting British tank, ii: 278;</li>
+  <li>equestrian statue, iii: 379;</li>
+  <li>portrait studies, vii: 121, ix: 386;</li>
+  <li>symbolic painting of (in color), ix: <em>facing p.</em> 386;</li>
+  <li>entry into Bruges, ix: 390;</li>
+  <li>inspecting U. S. sailors, xi: 129.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Albert, Prince, of England, xi: 150;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as aviator, xi: 151.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Alexander, King of Greece, iii: 206.</li>
+<li>Alexander I, Czar of Russia, i: 35.</li>
+<li>Alexander, Prince Regent of Serbia, vi: 357, vii: 147.</li>
+<li>Alexander, Maj.-Gen. Robert, v: 221.</li>
+<li>Alexandra,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>former Czarina of Russia, ix: 377;</li>
+  <li>with royal family, xi: 146.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England, ix: 394.</li>
+<li>Alexandrina Irene, Princess, daughter of German Crown Prince, xi: 149.</li>
+<li>Alexis, Czarevitch, of Russia, ii: 227, xi: 145, 146;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>last photograph, 148 xi:.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Alfonso, King of Spain, with son, vi: 371.</li>
+<li>Allen, B. S., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., v: 201.</li>
+<li>Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H., ii: 89, 177, ix: 197;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>entering Jerusalem, iii: 323.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Allied Food Council, members of, ix: 322.</li>
+<li>Ames, Winthrop, vii: 340.</li>
+<li>Anastasia, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.</li>
+<li>Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., v: 93.</li>
+<li>Aonzo, Lieut., iv: 365.</li>
+<li>Aosta, Duke of, iii: 240.</li>
+<li>Armenian Patriarch, of Jerusalem, vi.: 332.</li>
+<li>Arnim, Count von, ii: 222.</li>
+<li>Arnim, Gen. Sixt von, iii: 88.</li>
+<li>Arthur, Julia, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Asquith, Herbert H., ix: 31.</li>
+<li>Astor, Mrs. Vincent, as Y. M. C. A. canteen worker, vii: 270.</li>
+<li>Atkinson, Sgt. Ralph M., x: 61.</li>
+<li>Averescu, Gen., iii: 216.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Bilp" id="Bilp">B</a></li>
+<li>Bailey, Maj.-Gen. C. J., v: 275.</li>
+<li>Bain, H. F., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Baker, Newton D., v: 375, ix: 324;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Gen. Pershing, v: 39;</li>
+  <li>with members of Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>;</li>
+  <li>drawing first draft number, <a href="#Page_289">xii: 289</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Baldwin, Dr. E. R., vii: 69.</li>
+<li>Balfour, Arthur James, ix: 41;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Barker, Col. William, vii: 391.</li>
+<li>Barton, Clara, vii: 12.</li>
+<li>Baruch, Bernard M., <a href="#Page_119">xii: 119</a>;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of U.S. Council of National Defense, cii: 119.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bates, Blanche, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Bauer, Gustav, vi: 304.</li>
+<li>Beatty, Adm. Sir David, iv: 102, ix: 284;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>coming on board U. S. battleship <cite>New York</cite>, iv: 11;</li>
+  <li>with King George, ix: 149.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Belgian royal children, xi: 130.</li>
+<li>Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., v: 219.</li>
+<li>Belrose, L., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Benedict XV, Pope, i: 164.</li>
+<li>Benson, Adm.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>;</li>
+  <li>with Secretary Daniels and Sir Eric Geddes, iv: 357.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Benson, 1st Lieut. Philip, x: 210.</li>
+<li>Berchtold, Count, i: 137, ix: 143.</li>
+<li>Bergmann, Gen., ix: 267.</li>
+<li>Bernhardi, Gen, Frederick von, i: 169.</li>
+<li>Bernstorff, Count Johann von, ix: 134, x: 327.</li>
+<li>Bertle, Sir Francis L., ii: 131.</li>
+<li>Bethel, Brig.-Gen. Walter A., v: 38.</li>
+<li>Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, iii: 2, vi: 265, ix: 123;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bigelow, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.</li>
+<li>Biggs, Dr. H. M., vii: 69.</li>
+<li>Binkley, Sgt. David U., x: 97.</li>
+<li>Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, iii: 375.</li>
+<li>Bishop, Col. William A., x: 216, 219.</li>
+<li>Bismarck, Prince Otto von, i: 43;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Napoleon III, i: 44;</li>
+  <li>at Congress of Berlin, i: 49;</li>
+  <li>at proclamation of German Empire, i: 55;</li>
+  <li>dictating surrender of French in Franco-Prussian War, i: 163;</li>
+  <li>dictating terms of peace to French after Franco-Prussian War, i: 212.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bissing, Gen. von, ii: 99.</li>
+<li>Bliss, Gen, Tasker H., v: 110;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bohlen, Krupp von, i: 135.</li>
+<li>Bonstelle, Jessie, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Booth, Miss Evangeline, vii: 392.</li>
+<li>Boothby, George, vii: 335.</li>
+<li>Borden, Sir Robert, vi: 25.</li>
+<li>Botchkareva, Marie, x: 184.</li>
+<li>Botha, Gen. Louis, vi: 49, ix: 192.</li>
+<li>Brent, Bishop, xi: 250.</li>
+<li>Breshkovsky, Catherine, vi: 150, ix: 348.</li>
+<li>Briand, Aristide, ii: 386;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>presiding at first Allied Conference, Mar., '16, i: 398.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count, ix: 137, <a href="#Page_169">xii: 169</a>.</li>
+<li>Brown, Brig.-Gen. Preston, v: 86.</li>
+<li>Brunswick, Duke and Duchess of, i: 168.</li>
+<li>Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei, iii: 143, ix: 233.</li>
+<li>Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee, ix: 220;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in color, v: <em>facing p.</em> 396;</li>
+  <li>with staff, x: 17.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>B&uuml;low, Prince Bernhard von, ix: 129.</li>
+<li>Bunch, Maj. Henry E., x: 83.</li>
+<li>Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, v: 249, ix: 226.</li>
+<li>Bunsen, Sir Maurice de, i: 126.</li>
+<li>Burdick, &quot;Mother,&quot; vii: 385.</li>
+<li>Burr, Sgt. George E. (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 102.</li>
+<li>Butterfield, Sgt. William M., x: 343.</li>
+<li>Byng, Sir Julian, iii: 338.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Cilp" id="Cilp">C</a></li>
+<li>Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, iii: 229, 231, 233, ix: 228.</li>
+<li>Caillaux, M., vi: 104.</li>
+<li>Cambon, Jules, i: 128.</li>
+<li>Cambon, Paul, ii: 384.</li>
+<li>Cameron, Pvt. Charles, x: 144.</li>
+<li>Campbell, Capt. Douglass (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 152.</li>
+<li>Canterbury, Archbishop of, vii: 299.</li>
+<li>Carden, Vice-Adm., iii: 174.</li>
+<li>Carney, Pvt. Fred, x: 53.</li>
+<li>Carpenter, Capt., iv: 266, 267.</li>
+<li>Carpentier, Georges, as airman, x: 207.</li>
+<li>Carranza, Gen. Venustiano, i: 320.</li>
+<li>Carrel, Dr. Alexis, ix: 311, xi: 289.</li>
+<li>Carson, Sir Edward, vi: 66, ix: 51.</li>
+<li>Carty, Col., x: 48.</li>
+<li>Casement, Sir Roger, vi: 56, ix: 54;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on trial for treason, vi: 57.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Castelnau, Gen. de, with Gen. d'Esperey, ii: 141.</li>
+<li>Castlereagh, Lord, i: 29.</li>
+<li>Cavour, Count Camillo, i: 43.</li>
+<li>Cecil, Lord Robert, <a href="#Page_207">xii: 207</a>.</li>
+<li>Chamberlain, Austen, ii: 90.</li>
+<li>Chapman, Victor, x: 170.</li>
+<li>Charles I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ii: 65, ix: 373;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in Warsaw, iii: 140.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Charles Theodore, Prince, son of King Albert of Belgium, xi: 130.</li>
+<li>Churchill, Winston Spencer, vi: 10;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with wife, ix: 45.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Churchill, Mrs. Winston Spencer, ix: 45.</li>
+<li>Clarkson, Grosvenor B., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Clausewitz, Carl von, i: 166.</li>
+<li>Clayburgh, Mme., vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Clemenceau, Georges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>near the front, iii: 35;</li>
+  <li>decorating a priest, iii: 85;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, ix: 3;</li>
+  <li>leaving Peace Conference, ix: 6;</li>
+  <li>in his study, ix: 11;</li>
+  <li>in uniform of a poilu, ix: 12;</li>
+  <li>visiting a liberated French village, xi: 126;</li>
+  <li>at Somme battle front, xi: 127;</li>
+  <li>presiding at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Clementel, French Minister of Commerce, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>.</li>
+<li>Clifford, Rev. J. H., x: 33.</li>
+<li>Coffin, Howard E., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Colmar, Mayor of, i: 328.</li>
+<li>Commission for Relief in Belgium, members of, vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Connaught, Duke of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with King George, i: 124;</li>
+  <li>inspecting troops, vi: 33;</li>
+  <li>with Archbishop of Canterbury at a Y. M. C. A. hut, vii: 299.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, v: 104.</li>
+<li>Constantine, former King of Greece, iii: 203;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with family, ix: 381.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Council of National Defense, U. S., with Advisory Commission, members of, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Cozens, W. J., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, iv: 63.</li>
+<li>Craig, Capt., vi: 66.</li>
+<li>Craig, Brig.-Gen. Malin, v: 80.</li>
+<li>Crile, Dr. George W., vii: 68.</li>
+<li>Cronkhite, Maj.-Gen. Adelbert (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 146.</li>
+<li>Currie, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Arthur, 377, vi: 28;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Pershing, iii: 346.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Czar of Russia, <em>see</em> Nicholas II.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Dilp" id="Dilp">D</a></li>
+<li>D'Amade, Gen., ii: 163.</li>
+<li>Daniels, Josephus,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Franklin Roosevelt, i: 359;</li>
+  <li>with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>;</li>
+  <li>with Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Benson, iv: 357;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, x: 327;</li>
+  <li>with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Danilo Alexander, Prince, of Montenegro, iii: 153.</li>
+<li>D'Annunzio, Gabriele, vi: 121.</li>
+<li>Dasch, Pvt. Carl W., x: 50.</li>
+<li>Davis, Brig.-Gen. Robt. C., v: 291.</li>
+<li>Davison, Henry P., vii: 3, 17.</li>
+<li>Dawson, Sgt. Clarence W., x: 310.</li>
+<li>De La Ray, Gen., vi: 49.</li>
+<li>Derby, Dr. Richard, x: 242.</li>
+<li>Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, vi: 297.</li>
+<li>D'Esperey, Gen., with Gen. Castelnau, ii: 141.</li>
+<li>Devereaux, Pvt. Harold J., x: 134.</li>
+<li>De Wet, Gen. Christian, vi: 49.</li>
+<li>Diaz, Gen., ii: 367.</li>
+<li>Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., v: 52.</li>
+<li>Disraeli, Benjamin, i: 50.</li>
+<li>Djavid Bey, ii: 28.</li>
+<li>Djevad Bey, Col., iii: 356.</li>
+<li>Dmitrieff, Gen. Radko, iii: 136.</li>
+<li>Dougherty, Color Sgt. Hardy C, x: 110.</li>
+<li>Doumergue, French Minister of Colonies, vi: 104, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>.</li>
+<li>Drummond, Sir Eric, <a href="#Page_202">xii: 202</a>.</li>
+<li>Dubail, Gen. and Madame, xi: 47.</li>
+<li>Duffy, Father, vii: 335.</li>
+<li>Dugan, Maj.-Gen. Thomas B., v: 226.</li>
+<li>Dumba, Dr. Constantin, x: 328.</li>
+<li>Dunant, Henri, vii: 10.</li>
+<li>Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., v: 10.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Eilp" id="Eilp">E</a></li>
+<li>Earle, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+<li>Ebert, Friedrich, ix: 136;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>delivering speech of acceptance to election as German President, vi: 293.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Edward VII, of England,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser, i: 188;</li>
+  <li>with son (present King George V) and grandson (present Prince of Wales), ii: 3.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Edwards, Maj.-Gen. Clarence R., v: 253;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Gen. Liggett, v: 66.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Eggeman, Judge, vii: 335.</li>
+<li>Eggers, Sgt., x: 105.</li>
+<li>Einem, Gen. von, with Kaiser and other leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+<li>Eisner, Kurt, vi: 289.</li>
+<li>Eitel, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168.</li>
+<li>Eitel Friedrich, Princess, of Prussia, i: 168.</li>
+<li>Elena, Queen of Italy, xi: 142.</li>
+<li>Elizabeth, Queen of Belgium, ii: 157, vii: 140, ix: 389;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with her children, xi: 130.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ellis, Pvt. M. B., x: 119.</li>
+<li>Eltinge, Brig.-Gen. Leroy, x: 283.</li>
+<li>Ely, Maj.-Gen. Hanson E., v: 123.</li>
+<li>Enver Pasha, iii: 262, ix: 271.</li>
+<li>Erzberger, Mathias, meeting with Foch to arrange armistice, v: 392.</li>
+<li>Eugene, Archduke, of Austria, with staff, i: 139.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Filp" id="Filp">F</a></li>
+<li>Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich von, iii: 223, ix: 262;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with other leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Fallow, Capt. Thomas H., x: 161.</li>
+<li>Feng Kuo-Chang, Gen., i: 58.</li>
+<li>Ferdinand, former Czar of Bulgaria, iii: 156, 211, ix: 379.</li>
+<li>Ferdinand, King of Rumania, 221, ix: 400;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>decorating troops, iii: 219.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ferguson, Sgt. Dugald E., x: 77.</li>
+<li>Ferguson, Elsie, vii: 341.</li>
+<li>Fernandez, Bijou, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Fisher, Adm. Lord John, ix: 289.</li>
+<li>Fiske, Brig.-Gen. Harold B., v: 103.</li>
+<li>Fitzgerald, John, vii: 335.</li>
+<li>Flagler, Maj.-Gen. Clement A. F., v: 209.</li>
+<li>Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, ii: 139, ix: 148, xi: 47, 136;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>inspecting Rhine fortifications with Gen. Mangin, ii: 86;</li>
+  <li>reviewing guards at St. Germain-en-Laye, ii: 142;</li>
+  <li>meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392;</li>
+  <li>an early portrait, ix: 151.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Forstner, Lieut. von, i: 73.</li>
+<li>Foulois, Brig.-Gen Benjamin D., v: 310.</li>
+<li>Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, of Austria, i: 111;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with family, i: 3;</li>
+  <li>shortly before assassination, i: 113;</li>
+  <li>with Kaiser, vi: 360.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Francis Joseph I, late Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ix: 371.</li>
+<li>Frederick, Archduke, of Austria, ii: 24.</li>
+<li>Frederick, King of Denmark, vi: 393.</li>
+<li>Frederick the Great, i: 22.</li>
+<li>Frederick III, German Emperor, i: 183.</li>
+<li>Frederick William, former Crown Prince of Prussia and of Germany,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Crown Princess, i: 117;</li>
+  <li>with leading German generals, i: 130;</li>
+  <li>with members of royal family, i: 168;</li>
+  <li>bestowing decorations, ii: 38;</li>
+  <li>portrait studies, ii: 311, 339,</li>
+  <li>with one of his children ix: 368;</li>
+  <li>on Verdun front, iii: 48, 307;</li>
+  <li>with staff, iii: 304;</li>
+  <li>with father and son, vi: 263.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Frederick William III, King of Prussia, i: 34.</li>
+<li>French, Field-Marshal Viscount John, iii: 24, ix: 178, xi: 360.</li>
+<li>French cabinet, members of, '13, vi: 304.</li>
+<li>Freytag-Loringhoven, Baron von, ii: 255.</li>
+<li>Fritz, Pvt. Albert, x: 80.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Gilp" id="Gilp">G</a></li>
+<li>Galli&eacute;ni, Gen. Joseph Simon, ix: 162.</li>
+<li>Galopin, Gen., xi: 47.</li>
+<li>Garfield, Harry A., <a href="#Page_49">xii: 49</a>.</li>
+<li>Garibaldi, Capt., x: 64.</li>
+<li>Garibaldi, Gen., x: 64.</li>
+<li>Gasette, Miss Grace, vii: 190.</li>
+<li>Gaultney, Corp. Walter E. (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 200.</li>
+<li>Gay, G. I., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Geddes, Sir Eric, ix: 314;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Josephus Daniels and Adm. Benson, iv: 357.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>George, Prince, of England, xi: 151.</li>
+<li>George V, King of England,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Duke of Connaught, i: 124;</li>
+  <li>with father (Edward VII) and Prince of Wales, ii: 3;</li>
+  <li>aboard U. S. battleship <cite>New York</cite>, iv: 11, 85;</li>
+  <li>with Adm. Beatty, iv: 149;</li>
+  <li>inspecting gun on a U. S. battleship, iv: 346;</li>
+  <li>decorating a U. S. soldier, v: 383;</li>
+  <li>bust presented to American Y. M. C. A. in London, vii: 286;</li>
+  <li>with Lloyd George, ix: 29;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, ix: 393;</li>
+  <li>at baseball game between U. S. service teams in London, xi: 153;</li>
+  <li>on tour of inspection, xi: 314.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gerard, James W.,i: 322;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with embassy staff in Berlin, i: 303.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>German Crown Princess,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Crown Prince, i: 117;</li>
+  <li>with members of royal family, i: 168;</li>
+  <li>with daughter and German Empress, xi: 149.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gibbons, Cardinal James, vii: <em>Intro. vi.</em></li>
+<li>Gibson, Harvey D., vii: 103.</li>
+<li>Gibson, Hugh, vi: 88, vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Gifford, Walter S., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Giovanna, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.</li>
+<li>Gleaves, Vice-Adm. Albert, iv: 159.</li>
+<li>Glossop, Capt. John C. T., iv: 186.</li>
+<li>Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, ix: 269.</li>
+<li>Gompers, Samuel P., <a href="#Page_87">xii: 87</a>.</li>
+<li>Gordon, Maj.-Gen. Walter H., v: 223.</li>
+<li>Gorgas, Surgeon-General William C., vii: 192.</li>
+<li>Gori, Lieut., with Commander Rizzo and Lieut. Aonzo, iv: 365.</li>
+<li>Gortchakoff, Prince, i: 181.</li>
+<li>Goschen, Sir Edward, i: 125.</li>
+<li>Gough, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Hubert de la Poer, iii: 376.</li>
+<li>Gouraud, Gen. Henri, ii: 122, 210, iii: 229, v: 44.</li>
+<li>Gourko, Gen. Basil, ii: 226.</li>
+<li>Graham, Sgt. Clyde, x: 166.</li>
+<li>Grayson, Rear-Adm., <em>Intro. xvii.</em></li>
+<li>Greek delegates to Paris Peace Conference, ix: 80.</li>
+<li>Greek royal family, ix: 381.</li>
+<li>Grey, Sir Edward, ix: 36.</li>
+<li>Griffin, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+<li>Grismer, Mrs. Joseph, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Grouitch, Madame Slavko, vii: 145.</li>
+<li>Guendele, Gen. von, with German armistice delegates, meeting Foch, v: 392.</li>
+<li>Gustav, King of Sweden, vi: 395.</li>
+<li>Guynemer, Capt. Georges, x: 203.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Hilp" id="Hilp">H</a></li>
+<li>Haakon VII, King of Norway, i: 133.</li>
+<li>Haan, Maj.-Gen. William G., v: 24.</li>
+<li>Haeseler, Gen. von, with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+<li>Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, ii: 113, 114, iii: 374, ix: 182.</li>
+<li>Haldane, Lord, i: 108.</li>
+<li>Hall, Capt. James Norman, x: 201.</li>
+<li>Hamill, Dr. Samuel M., vii: 69.</li>
+<li>Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, ii: 30, iii: 162.</li>
+<li>Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G. (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 36.</li>
+<li>Harden, Maximilian, vi: 303.</li>
+<li>Hartman, Sgt. William A., x: 167.</li>
+<li>Hartz, Gen. William W., v: 255.</li>
+<li>Hay, Maj.-Gen. William H., v: 279.</li>
+<li>Helfferich, Dr. Karl, iii: 2, ix: 354.</li>
+<li>Helmick, Maj.-Gen. Eli, v: 268.</li>
+<li>Heming, Violet, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Henderson, Arthur, ix: 48.</li>
+<li>Herren, Sgt. William, x: 323.</li>
+<li>Hertling, Count von, i: 273;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>addressing Prussian Chamber of Deputies, vi: 259.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hill, R. F., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von, ii: 207, 361, iii: 113, vi: 291, ix: 243;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and other leading German generals, i: 130;</li>
+  <li>with Ludendorff, ii: 299;</li>
+  <li>with Ludendorff, ii: 325;</li>
+  <li>wooden statue of, ix: 248;</li>
+  <li>with Kaiser and Ludendorff, ix: 364.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hinds, Maj.-Gen. Ernest, v: 320.</li>
+<li>Hines, Maj.-Gen. John L., v: 182.</li>
+<li>Hines, Walker D., <a href="#Page_90">xii: 90</a>.</li>
+<li>Hinkle, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.</li>
+<li>Hohenberg, Duchess of, i: 111;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with husband, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, and family, i: 3;</li>
+  <li>with husband, shortly before assassination, i: 113.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Holt, Dr. L. Emmett, vii: 69.</li>
+<li>Honnold, W. L., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace, iv: 120.</li>
+<li>Hoover, Sgt. Charles S., x: 126.</li>
+<li>Hoover, Herbert C., vii: 115, 122, ix: 317.</li>
+<li>Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max K., iv: 207.</li>
+<li>House, Col. Edward M., ix: 74;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Mrs. House, ix: 71;</li>
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Houston, David F., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Howe, Capt. Maurice W., x: 312.</li>
+<li>Howze, Maj.-Gen. Robert L., v: 185.</li>
+<li>Hsa&uuml;n Tung, ex-Emperor of China, i: 17.</li>
+<li>Hughes, Sir Sam, vi: 35.</li>
+<li>Hughes, William Morris, vi: 39.</li>
+<li>Hurley, Edward N., with Charles M. Schwab, ix: 336.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Iilp" id="Iilp">I</a></li>
+<li>Ingenohl, Vice-Adm., iv: 68.</li>
+<li>Ireland, Maj.-Gen. Merritt A., vii: 194.</li>
+<li>Ishii, Viscount, ix: 89.</li>
+<li>Italian royal children, xi: 142.</li>
+<li>Italian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 118.</li>
+<li>Ivanoff, Gen., iii: 127.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Jilp" id="Jilp">J</a></li>
+<li>Jagow, Gottliev von, iii: 2, ix: 127.</li>
+<li>Janeway, Dr. Theodore C., vii: 250.</li>
+<li>Janis, Elsie, vii: 294.</li>
+<li>Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John, v: 100, ix: 276.</li>
+<li>Joan of Arc (in color), i: <em>frontispiece</em>.</li>
+<li>Joffre, Marshal Joseph Jacques C&eacute;sar,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Gen. Nivelle, ii: 12;</li>
+  <li>in trenches with Kitchener, ii: 164;</li>
+  <li>examining German prisoners, ii: 173;</li>
+  <li>at Verdun, iii: 50;</li>
+  <li>with Gen. Pershing, v: 57;</li>
+  <li>painting in color, ix: <em>facing p.</em> 154;</li>
+  <li>decorating French officer, ix: 158;</li>
+  <li>at West Point, ix: 160;</li>
+  <li>at Lafayette statue in Brooklyn, xi: 7;</li>
+  <li>portrait studies, xi: 11, 268;</li>
+  <li>with other leading French generals and Pershing, xi: 47.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Jones, R. H., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Jutta, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Kilp" id="Kilp">K</a></li>
+<li>Kaiser, <em>see</em> William II.</li>
+<li>Karolyi, Count, ix: 146.</li>
+<li>Kei Hara, vi: 387.</li>
+<li>Kenney, Maj., with Maj. Whittlesey, v: 238.</li>
+<li>Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch, vi: 145, ix: 105.</li>
+<li>Key, Francis Scott, xi: 325.</li>
+<li>Kitchener, Field-Marshal Earl Horatio Herbert, ii: 165, 203, ix: 169, 171;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in trenches with Joffre, ii: 164.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Klotz, Louis, at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+<li>Kluck, Gen. Alexander von, i: 377, ii: 9;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and group of German generals, i: 130;</li>
+  <li>with staff, ix: 267.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Koenig, Capt. Paul, iv: 214.</li>
+<li>Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich, ix: 240.</li>
+<li>Korniloff, Gen., ii: 235, vi: 168.</li>
+<li>Korth, Sgt. Herman (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 254.</li>
+<li>Krauss, Gen. F. M. C., with Archduke Eugene of Austria, i: 139.</li>
+<li>Kreger, Brig.-Gen. Edward A., v: 230.</li>
+<li>Krobatin, Austrian Minister of War, with Archduke Eugene, i: 139.</li>
+<li>Kropotkin, Prince Peter, vi: 136.</li>
+<li>Kruger, Oom Paul, i: 192.</li>
+<li>Krupp, Alfred, i: 160.</li>
+<li>Krupp, Bertha, ix: 353.</li>
+<li>Krupp von Bohlen, i: 135.</li>
+<li>Kuhl, Gen. von, ix: 267.</li>
+<li>Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., v: 224.</li>
+<li>Kuropatkin, Gen., iii: 269.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Lilp" id="Lilp">L</a></li>
+<li>Lafayette, Marquis de, xi: 6.</li>
+<li>Lafayette Escadrille, members, x: 197, 200.</li>
+<li>Lane, Franklin K., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. W. C., v: 343.</li>
+<li>Langham, Pvt. George W., x: 99.</li>
+<li>Lansing, Robert, at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+<li>Lassiter, Maj.-Gen. William, v: 145.</li>
+<li>Latham, Sgt., x: 105.</li>
+<li>Lathrop, Mrs. Benjamin G., vii: 94.</li>
+<li>Laurier, Sir Wilfred, vi: 26.</li>
+<li>Law, Andrew Bonar,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>conferring with French cabinet members, <a href="#Page_106">xii: 106</a>;</li>
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Le Jeune, Maj.-Gen. John A., v: 256.</li>
+<li>Leman, Gen., i: 144.</li>
+<li>Lenihan, Brig.-Gen. Michael J., vii: 335.</li>
+<li>Lenin, Nicolai, ix: 111.</li>
+<li>Leonard, Benny, viii: 108.</li>
+<li>Leopold, Crown Prince of Belgium, xi: 130, 145.</li>
+<li>Leopold, Prince, of Bavaria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with group of German generals, i: 130;</li>
+  <li>in Warsaw, iii: 140.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lepley, Sgt. James B., x: 251.</li>
+<li>Lewis, Sgt. Stacy A., x: 302.</li>
+<li>Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, i: 196, ix: 132.</li>
+<li>Liebknecht, Karl, ix: 139.</li>
+<li>Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter, ix: 219;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in color, v: <em>facing p.</em> 108;</li>
+  <li>with Maj.-Gen. Edwards,v: 66.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lincoln, Tribitsch, x: 345.</li>
+<li>Lipton, Sir Thomas, with Duchess of Westminster and her Red Cross nurses on board the yacht <cite>Erin</cite>, vii: 136.</li>
+<li>Li Yuan-Hung, Gen., i: 57.</li>
+<li>Lloyd George, David,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>addressing a crowd, vi: 5;</li>
+  <li>return to London from Peace Conference, vi: 21;</li>
+  <li>portrait studies, ix: 22, <a href="#Page_151">xii: 151</a>;</li>
+  <li>with King George, ix: 29;</li>
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lloyd George, Mrs. David, ix: 24.</li>
+<li>Lloyd George, Miss, xi: 121.</li>
+<li>Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, <a href="#Page_239">xii: 239</a>.</li>
+<li>Lohvitsky, Gen., vi: 144.</li>
+<li>Londonderry, Lord, vi: 66.</li>
+<li>Lovett, Judge Robert S., vii: 90.</li>
+<li>Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and group of German generals, i: 130;</li>
+  <li>with Hindenburg, ii: 299, 325;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, ix: 251;</li>
+  <li>with wife, ix: 253;</li>
+  <li>with Kaiser and Hindenburg, ix: 364.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, x: 192, 197, xi: 228, 229.</li>
+<li>Luke, Lieut. Frank, x: 212.</li>
+<li>Luxemburg, Rosa, vi: 281.</li>
+<li>Lvoff (Lvov), Prince George E., vi: 159, ix: 101.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Milp" id="Milp">M</a></li>
+<li>MacArthur, Maj.-Gen. Douglas, v: <em>Intro. viii</em>, ix: 213.</li>
+<li>MacDonald, Ramsay, vi: 3.</li>
+<li>Mackensen, Field-Marshal August Anton Ludwig von, iii: 137, 222, ix: 258;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and group of leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mafalda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.</li>
+<li>Maja Vajiravudth, King of Siam, vi: 80.</li>
+<li>Malvy, M., vi: 104.</li>
+<li>Mangin, Gen., inspecting Rhine fortifications with Foch, ii: 86.</li>
+<li>Manning, Corp. Sidney E., x: 122.</li>
+<li>Manning, Rev. Dr. William T., vii: <em>Intro. viii.</em></li>
+<li>Mapes, L. D., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>March, Gen. Peyton C., ix: 211.</li>
+<li>Maria, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.</li>
+<li>Marie, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.</li>
+<li>Marie, Queen of Rumania, vii: 111, ix: 402.</li>
+<li>Marie Adelaide, Grand-Duchess of Luxemburg, i: 78, ix: 383.</li>
+<li>Marie Jos&eacute;, Princess, of Belgium, xi: 130, 144.</li>
+<li>Marlborough, Duchess of, vii: 131.</li>
+<li>Marshall, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William R., iii: 333.</li>
+<li>Martin, Dr. Franklin, ith members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+<li>Mary, Princess, of England, xi: 150.</li>
+<li>Mary, Queen of England, ix: 394.</li>
+<li>Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley, iii: 184, ix: 195.</li>
+<li>Maudhuy, Gen. de, ii: 144.</li>
+<li>Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick B., ii: <em>Intro. ix.</em></li>
+<li>Max, Burgomaster, of Brussels, iii: 272.</li>
+<li>Max, Prince, of Baden, vi: 302.</li>
+<li>Mayhew, 2nd Lieut. Carl C., x: 136.</li>
+<li>Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, iv: <em>Intro. ix</em>, ix: 297.</li>
+<li>McAdoo, Eleanor, xi: 133.</li>
+<li>McAdoo, William G., ix: 330, <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+<li>McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. Ulysses G., v: 389, ix: 217.</li>
+<li>McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W., v: 101, ix: 215.</li>
+<li>McGlachlin, Maj.-Gen. Edward F., v: 228.</li>
+<li>McGowan, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+<li>McIntrye, Miss Gladys and Irene,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>being decorated for distinguished service at the front, vii: 395;</li>
+  <li>collecting funds for Salvation Army, vii: 398.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>McKaig, Corp. F. H., x: 300.</li>
+<li>McKeogh, Lieut. Arthur, x: 140.</li>
+<li>McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H., v: 251.</li>
+<li>Meissner, Maj. James A., x: 231.</li>
+<li>Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., v: 190.</li>
+<li>Mercier, Cardinal D&eacute;sir&eacute;, i: 235, ix: 342;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in color, ix: <em>facing p.</em> 340.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Metternich, Count von, i: 34.</li>
+<li>Michaelis, Georg, ii: 302.</li>
+<li>Millerand, Alexandre, i: 333, ii: 388.</li>
+<li>Milyukov, Paul, v: 158.</li>
+<li>Minkiewicz, Secretary of Provisions for Poland, vii: 355.</li>
+<li>Mishich, Gen. Voivode, with staff, ii: 35.</li>
+<li>Mitchel, Col., vii: 335.</li>
+<li>Moffat, John, vii: 86.</li>
+<li>Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey, iii: 357.</li>
+<li>Moltke, Field-Marshal von, i: 48, 55.</li>
+<li>Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, ix: 265;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Montenegro, royal family, iii: 153.</li>
+<li>Moore, Mast.-Sig.-Elect. E. J. (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 304.</li>
+<li>Morgan, Miss Anne, vii: 93.</li>
+<li>Morgan, John Pierpont, <em>Intro. xiv.</em></li>
+<li>Mosley, Brig.-Gen. George V. H., v: 341.</li>
+<li>Mueller, Commander Karl von, iv: 168, 173.</li>
+<li>Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., v: 205.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;nsterberg, Prof. Hugo, vi: 268.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Nilp" id="Nilp">N</a></li>
+<li>Napoleon I, Emperor of France, ii: 88;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>retreating after Waterloo, i: 7.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Napoleon III, Emperor of France, i: 36, 44.</li>
+<li>Nash, J. A., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Nellmond, Earl Edler von, with Archduke Eugene of Austria and staff, i: 139.</li>
+<li>Netherlands, royal family, vii: 172.</li>
+<li>Neville, Gen., decorating colors of 6th Marine Regt., x: 199.</li>
+<li>Nicholas, Grand-Duke, Nicolaevitch,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>of Russia, with Czar, iii: 112, vi: 154;</li>
+  <li>portrait studies, iii: 115, ix: 230.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nicholas, former King of Montenegro, i: 114                                                    .</li>
+<li>Nicholas II, former Czar of Russia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Grand-Duke Nicholas, iii: 112, vi: 154;</li>
+  <li>inspecting Red Cross workers, vii: 359;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, ix: 375;</li>
+  <li>with royal family, xi: 146;</li>
+  <li>last photograph, xi: 148.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Nightingale, Florence, vii: 11.</li>
+<li>Nivelle, Gen., with Marshal Joffre, ii: 12.</li>
+<li>Nolan, Brig.-Gen. Dennis E., v: 105.</li>
+<li>Northcliffe, Lord, vi: 12.</li>
+<li>Nourey Bey, Capt., iii: 356.</li>
+<li>Nugent, Sgt. John F., x: 23.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Oilp" id="Oilp">O</a></li>
+<li>Oberndorff, Count von, German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.</li>
+<li>O'Brien, Corp. John J. (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 354.</li>
+<li>O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, x: 256.</li>
+<li>Okuma, Count, i: 19, vi: 385;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with wife, ix: 88.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Olga, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.</li>
+<li>O'Neil, Peggy, vii: 342.</li>
+<li>Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, ix: 86.</li>
+<li>O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., v: 282.</li>
+<li>Oscar, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168, vi: 221.</li>
+<li>Oshima, Gen., vi: 385.</li>
+<li>Owen, H., vii: 115.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Pilp" id="Pilp">P</a></li>
+<li>Paderewski, Ignace, ix: 97;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Polish Mission in New York, vi: 206.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Painlev&eacute;, Paul, iii: 83.</li>
+<li>Palmer, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Papen, Capt. Franz von, x: 328.</li>
+<li>Parrish, Sgt. Grady, x: 25.</li>
+<li>Pashitch, N., iii: 151.</li>
+<li>Passard, Jean, xi: 74.</li>
+<li>Patriquin, Jean, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Pelltier, Gen., xi: 47.</li>
+<li>Pendleton, Lieut. George H., x: 154.</li>
+<li>Pershing, Gen. John J.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Gen. Currie, iii: 346;</li>
+  <li>painting in color, v: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+  <li>with Secretary of War Baker, v: 39;</li>
+  <li>with Joffre, v: 57, ix: 208;</li>
+  <li>with Marshal P&eacute;tain, v: 98;</li>
+  <li>at tomb of Lafayette, v: 99;</li>
+  <li>with U. S. nurses in France, vii: 78;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, ix: 200;</li>
+  <li>on Mexican border, ix: 206;</li>
+  <li>with group of French generals, xi: 47;</li>
+  <li>as a boy, xi: 123;</li>
+  <li>in the field, xi: 124.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>P&eacute;tain, Marshal Henri Philipp,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ii: 149, iii: 52 ix: 165;</li>
+  <li>on Verdun front, iii: 186;</li>
+  <li>with Pershing, v: 99.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Peter, King of Serbia, iii: 149.</li>
+<li>Pichon, Stephen, <a href="#Page_233">xii: 233</a>;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, ix: 93, 95.</li>
+<li>Pius X, Pope, i: 27.</li>
+<li>Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert. C. O., ii: 162.</li>
+<li>Poincar&eacute;, Raymond,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>visiting the front, ii: 218;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, ix: 15;</li>
+  <li>with President Ador of Switzerland, <a href="#Page_154">xii: 154</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Poincar&eacute;, Mme. Raymond, ix: 16.</li>
+<li>Poland, W. B., vii: 15.</li>
+<li>Polish Military Mission to U. S., vi: 206.</li>
+<li>Politis, Nicholas, ix: 80.</li>
+<li>Popes, <em>see</em>
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Benedict XV;</li>
+  <li>Pius X.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Porro, Gen., iii: 229.</li>
+<li>Prince, Norman, x: 170.</li>
+<li>Princip, slayer of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand, arrest following crime, i: 5.</li>
+<li>Pringle, Capt., with Vice-Adm. Wemyss, iv: 323.</li>
+<li>Prussian royal family, i: 168.</li>
+<li>Puryear, 1st Lieut. George W., x: 179.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Rilp" id="Rilp">R</a></li>
+<li>Rasputin, ix: 346;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>surrounded by female admirers, vi: 142.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rathenau, Dr. Walter, vi: 275.</li>
+<li>Rawlinson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 171, iii: 88.</li>
+<li>Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., ix: 224.</li>
+<li>Reading, Lord Rufus, <a href="#Page_110">xii: 110</a>.</li>
+<li>Rennenkampf, Gen., ii: 25, iii: 110.</li>
+<li>Rickard, E., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Rickenbacker, Capt. &quot; Eddie,&quot; with mother and sister, x: 260.</li>
+<li>Rizzo, Com., with Lieuts. Aonzo and Gori, iv: 365.</li>
+<li>Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, iv: 35.</li>
+<li>Roberts, Field-Marshal Earl, i: 315, iii: 371, vi: 2.</li>
+<li>Robertson, Gen. Sir William R., iii: 373, ix: 185.</li>
+<li>Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 315.</li>
+<li>Rodman, Rear-Adm. Hugh,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>welcoming King George on U. S. battleship <cite>New York</cite>, iv: 11;</li>
+  <li>with Adm. Sims on <cite>New York</cite>, iv: 95;</li>
+  <li>portrait study, ix: 294.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Romanos, Athos, ix: 80.</li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, x: 245.</li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Franklin D.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Josephus Daniels, i: 359;</li>
+  <li>with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, x: 243.</li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, x: 244.</li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Theodore, x: 239;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser at military maneuvers, i: 161;</li>
+  <li>with family, x: 240;</li>
+  <li>reviewing Boy Scouts at Sagamore Hill, xi: 114;</li>
+  <li>with grandchild, xi: 400.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore Jr., x: 241, 247.</li>
+<li>Root, Elihu, in Moscow, vi: 166.</li>
+<li>Rosenfelt, Henry H., vii: 350.</li>
+<li>Rosenwald, Julius,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Rubinstein, Madam Ida, vii: 374.</li>
+<li>Ruprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, ii: 217, iii: 382;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Russell, Brig.-Gen. Edgar, v: 318.</li>
+<li>Russell, Col. F. F., vii: 69.</li>
+<li>Russian Princesses, as war nurses, xi: 147.</li>
+<li>Russian royal family, xi: 146;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>last photograph, xi: 148.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Russian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 174.</li>
+<li>Russky, Gen., iii: 105.</li>
+<li>Ryan, John D., <a href="#Page_125">xii: 125</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Silp" id="Silp">S</a></li>
+<li>Salisbury, Lord, i: 56.</li>
+<li>Samsonoff, Gen., ii: 223, iii: 111.</li>
+<li>Sanders, Gen. Liman von, vi: 286.</li>
+<li>Sarrail, Gen., iii: 207.</li>
+<li>Sazonov, Serge, i: 119, vi: 141.</li>
+<li>Scheidemann, Philipp, ix: 136;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of cabinet, ix: 137.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Schurz, Carl, i: 53.</li>
+<li>Schwab, Charles M., ix: 333;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Edward N. Hurley, ix: 336.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Seeger, Alan, x: 142.</li>
+<li>Sengier, E., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Shaler, M. K., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Sherman, Corp. Whitney D., x: 66.</li>
+<li>Shimamura, Adm., vi: 385.</li>
+<li>Sims, Adm. William S., i: 391;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in color, iv: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+  <li>on board battleship <cite>New York</cite> with Adm. Rodman, iv: 95;</li>
+  <li>with family, ix: 292.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Skinner, Mrs. Otis, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Smith, Brig.-Gen. Harry A., v: 45.</li>
+<li>Smith, Margaret, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Smith, Capt. Richard T., x: 69.</li>
+<li>Smith, Maj.-Gen. William R., v: 207.</li>
+<li>Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace, ii: 175.</li>
+<li>Smuts, Gen. Jan Christiaan, iii: 256, ix: 188.</li>
+<li>Snow, Maj. William A., x: 320.</li>
+<li>Sonnino, Baron Sidney, ix: 83.</li>
+<li>Sothern, E. H., vii: 340.</li>
+<li>Soukhomlinoff, Gen., iii: 122.</li>
+<li>Sparks, Rear-Adm.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sparrows, Com.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Spee, Adm. Count von, iv: 60, ix: 307.</li>
+<li>Stage Women's War Relief Committee, members of, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Stebbins, Miss Katherine, vii: 276.</li>
+<li>Steidl, Sgt. August, x: 93.</li>
+<li>Stein, Corp. Fred C., x: 182.</li>
+<li>Stewart, Lieut.-Col. John W., x: 163.</li>
+<li>Stowers, Sgt. Joseph H., x: 90.</li>
+<li>Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick C. D., iv: 79.</li>
+<li>Sturgis, Maj.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 194.</li>
+<li>Sultans, of Turkey, iii: 357, vi: 331.</li>
+<li>Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P., v: 85.</li>
+<li>Sutherland, Duchess of, at her hospital in France, vii: 109.</li>
+<li>Swinton, Maj.-Gen., ii: 274.</li>
+<li>Symington, 1st Lieut. James M., x: 88.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Tilp" id="Tilp">T</a></li>
+<li>Taft, William Howard, <a href="#Page_175">xii: 175</a>.</li>
+<li>Talbot, Dr. F. B., vii: 69.</li>
+<li>Talleyrand, i: 32.</li>
+<li>Tardieu, Andr&eacute;, i: 286;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tatiana, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.</li>
+<li>Taylor, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+<li>Terauchi, Count, ix: 91.</li>
+<li>Thaw, Maj. William, x: 197.</li>
+<li>Thenault, Capt., x: 197.</li>
+<li>Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von, ii: 261, iv: 2, 221, ix: 299;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Townshend, Gen., iii: 365.</li>
+<li>Treitschke, Prof. Heinrich von, i: 174.</li>
+<li>Trotzky, Leon, ii: 232, ix: 111.</li>
+<li>Turkish Crown Prince, iii: 356.</li>
+<li>Turkish Sultans, iii: 357, vi: 331.</li>
+<li>Turner, Lieut. Benjamin E., x: 159.</li>
+<li>Turner, Pvt. Robert I., x: 159.</li>
+<li>Tyrwhitt, Commodore, 1v: 259;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with officers of <cite>Arethusa</cite>, iv: 251.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Uilp" id="Uilp">U</a></li>
+<li>Uehara, Gen., vi: 385.</li>
+<li>Umberto, Crown Prince, of Italy, xi: 143.</li>
+<li>Usher, Rear-Adm. Nathaniel R., iv: 320.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Vilp" id="Vilp">V</a></li>
+<li>Venizelos, Eleutherios, iii: 202, ix: 77, 80.</li>
+<li>Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, iii: 229, vi: 122, ix: 396;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with Prince of Wales, xi: 152.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Victoria, former Empress of Germany, i: 187, ix: 366, xi: 149.</li>
+<li>Vincent, Mrs. Walter, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>Viviani, Ren&eacute;, ii: 161, vi: 104, ix: 20.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Wilp" id="Wilp">W</a></li>
+<li>Wadehouse, British Commissioner, at Cyprus, i: 176.</li>
+<li>Wales, Prince of, xi: 149;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with father and grandfather, ii: 3;</li>
+  <li>at age of sixteen, xi: 150;</li>
+  <li>with King of Italy; xi: 152.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Walker, Brig.-Gen. Meriweather I., v: 353.</li>
+<li>Wallace, Maj.-Gen., iii: 372.</li>
+<li>Walsh, Frank P., ix: 338.</li>
+<li>Walsh, Sgt. Patrick, x: 101.</li>
+<li>Watson, Lieut.-Col. George L., x: 151.</li>
+<li>Watts, Capt., with members of Navy War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi.</em></li>
+<li>Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, iv: 305.</li>
+<li>Weigel, Maj.-Gen. William (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 308.</li>
+<li>Welch, Dr. W. H., vii: 69.</li>
+<li>Wemyss, Adm. Sir Rosslyn,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on board a U. S. battleship, iv: 323;</li>
+  <li>meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Westminster, Duchess of, with her nurses, vii: 136.</li>
+<li>Weygand, Gen., meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.</li>
+<li>Wharton, Mrs. Edith, vii: 100.</li>
+<li>Wheeler, Margaret, vii: 344.</li>
+<li>White, Henry, <a href="#Page_167">xii: 167</a>;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>White, J. B., vii: 115.</li>
+<li>Whitlock, Brand, vi: 83, x: 175;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with wife, vii: 117.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Whittlesey, Maj. Charles, with Maj. Kenney, v: 238.</li>
+<li>Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, ix: 404;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with heir and Prince Consort, vii: 172.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Willard, Daniel, <a href="#Page_122">xii: 122</a>;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>William I,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Emperor of Germany, portrait study, i: 45;</li>
+  <li>entry into Versailles, 1871, i: 46;</li>
+  <li>being proclaimed German Emperor, 1871, i: 55;</li>
+  <li>triumphal return to Berlin after Franco-Prussian War, i: 150.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>William II,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>former Emperor of Germany, at age of nineteen, i: 70;</li>
+  <li>entering Jerusalem, 1898, i: 97;</li>
+  <li>with leading German generals, i: 130;</li>
+  <li>with Theodore Roosevelt, watching military maneuvers, i: 161;</li>
+  <li>in coronation robes, i: 185;</li>
+  <li>with Edward VII of England, i: 188;</li>
+  <li>statue as monk in Metz Cathedral, i: 211;</li>
+  <li>watching troop movements in France, i: 217;</li>
+  <li>parading with sons in Berlin, ii: 258;</li>
+  <li>on way to memorial service with family, ii: 261;</li>
+  <li>portrait studies, ii: 306, ix: 359;</li>
+  <li>on visit to the front, ii: 330;</li>
+  <li>with Gen. von Einem, iii: 117;</li>
+  <li>on Eastern Front, vi: 221, ix: 356;</li>
+  <li>with Crown Prince and grandson, vi: 263;</li>
+  <li>with six sons, vi: 298;</li>
+  <li>with Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, vi: 360;</li>
+  <li>with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, ix: 364;</li>
+  <li>in conversation with a German officer, ix: 365;</li>
+  <li>with the Empress, ix: 366;</li>
+  <li>at age of six, xi: 140;</li>
+  <li>at age of sixteen, xi: 141.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 71.</li>
+<li>Wilson, William B.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_117">xii: 117</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wilson, Woodrow,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>addressing Congress, i: 329;</li>
+  <li>portrait studies (in color), ix: <em>frontispiece</em>, 57, 59, xi: 132, <a href="#Page_181">xii: 181</a>;</li>
+  <li>delivering speech of acceptance of renomination for Presidency, '16, ix: 61;</li>
+  <li>delivering second inaugural address, ix: 65;</li>
+  <li>marching with service men, xi: 134;</li>
+  <li>with Adm. Grayson in Brussels, <a href="#Page_xii">xii: <em>Intro. xvii</em></a>;</li>
+  <li>on board <cite>George Washington</cite> on way to Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_187">xii: 187</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, ix: 63;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on board <cite>George Washington</cite> on way to France, <a href="#Page_187">xii: 187</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wines, Sgt. Pearl J., x: 236.</li>
+<li>Winn, Maj.-Gen. Frank L., v: 187.</li>
+<li>Winterfeld, Gen. von, German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.</li>
+<li>Witenmeyer, Maj.-Gen. Edmund, v: 215.</li>
+<li>Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard, iii: <em>Intro. ix</em>;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at West Point with Joffre, ix: 160.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Woyrsch, Gen. von, iii: 140.</li>
+<li>Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., v: 127, ix: 222.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Xilp" id="Xilp">X</a></li>
+<li>Xenia, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Yilp" id="Yilp">Y</a></li>
+<li>Yankoff, Gen., vi: 341.</li>
+<li>Yanushkevitch, Gen., ii: 231.</li>
+<li>Yolanda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 143.</li>
+<li>York, Sgt. Alvin C., x: 14, 15.</li>
+<li>Yuan Shih-k'ai, i: 57.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Zilp" id="Zilp">Z</a></li>
+<li>Zeppelin, Count von, ii: 263.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>II.&mdash;GENERAL</h2>
+
+<table style="width:75%;" border="1" summary="index">
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Ailg">A</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Bilg">B</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Cilg">C</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Dilg">D</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Eilg">E</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Filg">F</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Gilg">G</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Hilg">H</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Iilg">I</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Jilg">J</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Kilg">K</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Lilg">L</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Milg">M</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Nilg">N</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Oilg">O</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Pilg">P</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Qilg">Q</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Rilg">R</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Silg">S</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Tilg">T</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Uilg">U</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Vilg">V</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Wilg">W</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Xilg">X</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Yilg">Y</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Zilg">Z</a></th>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Ailg" id="Ailg">A</a></li>
+<li><cite>Aboukir</cite>, British cruiser, iv: 206.</li>
+<li>Aden, harbor of, vi: 330.</li>
+<li>Aerial photographs, being assembled to form map of enemy country, viii: 235.</li>
+<li>Aeronautics:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Airplanes,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Wright-Martin reconnaissance plane, ii: 124;</li>
+    <li>directing artillery fire, ii: 129;</li>
+    <li>in Palestine (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 220;</li>
+    <li>target as seen from height, ii: 354;</li>
+    <li>Italian fighting plane, iii: 243;</li>
+    <li>British airplanes in mass formation, iii: 383;</li>
+    <li>attacking submarine, iv: 83, 198, 285;</li>
+    <li>mechanism for launching from deck of battleship, iv: 141;</li>
+    <li>construction of, viii: 218;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in color, iv: <em>facing p.</em> 286;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>torpedo-plane, iv: 306;</li>
+    <li>aviator &quot;true-ing&quot; plane, v: 311;</li>
+    <li>assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313;</li>
+    <li>British flyer dropping wreath on comrade's grave inside German lines, vii: 188;</li>
+    <li>aviator dropping bombs,viii: 219;</li>
+    <li>in color, viii: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+    <li>plane starting flight (in color), viii: <em>facing p.</em> 188;</li>
+    <li>Spad plane, viii: 190;</li>
+    <li>Richthofen's &quot;Traveling Circus,&quot; viii: 191;</li>
+    <li>De Haviland-4, viii: 192, xi: 217;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun mountings on, viii: 193, 209, 211;</li>
+    <li>German armored plane, showing detail of construction, viii: 195;</li>
+    <li>German night bomber, viii: 202;</li>
+    <li>German hydroplane, viii: 203;</li>
+    <li>Handley-Page bomber, viii: 204, 220;</li>
+    <li>manufacture of propellers, viii: 205, 239;</li>
+    <li>Leoning monoplane, viii: 207;</li>
+    <li>Curtis triplane, viii: 210;</li>
+    <li>British seaplanes, viii: 213, 237;</li>
+    <li>camouflaged carrier-ship for, viii: 215;</li>
+    <li>bomb-carrying devices on, viii: 219, 224, 227;</li>
+    <li>German Albatross, viii: 222;</li>
+    <li>Caproni triplane, viii: 223;</li>
+    <li>Martin bomber, viii: 234;</li>
+    <li>a U. S. two-seater (in color), viii: <em>facing p.</em> 348;</li>
+    <li>airplane ambulance, viii: 368;</li>
+    <li>A. E. F. hangar in France, x: 124;</li>
+    <li>an air duel, x: 204;</li>
+    <li>in battle formation, x: 217, 228;</li>
+    <li>Burgess tractor, x: 392;</li>
+    <li>patrolling over A. E. F. sector, xi: 138;</li>
+    <li>Curtiss biplane, xi: 215;</li>
+    <li>Wright warplane, xi: 218;</li>
+    <li>inspection before flight, xi: 220;</li>
+    <li>testing engine before installation, xi: 221;</li>
+    <li>circling above U. S. battleship <cite>Connecticut</cite>, xi: 223;</li>
+    <li>U. S. pursuit plane, xi: 225;</li>
+    <li>skeleton of airplane body, xi: 227;</li>
+    <li>planes used for carrying Pershing's mail, xi: 348.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Balloons, French sausage type, iii: 305, viii: 260;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>operating with naval convoy, iv: 289;</li>
+    <li>uses of hydrogen vs. helium for inflation of, viii: 244;</li>
+    <li>U. S. sausage type, viii: 258;</li>
+    <li>French spherical type, viii: 261;</li>
+    <li>cable reel of kite balloon, viii: 262.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></p></li>
+
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Dirigibles, Zeppelin being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>interior of a Zeppelin, ii: 269;</li>
+    <li>British dirigible convoying U. S. troopship, iv: 291;</li>
+    <li>French type, viii: 242;</li>
+    <li>repairing a French type, viii: 245;</li>
+    <li>early type of Zeppelin, viii: 247;</li>
+    <li>Zeppelin <cite>L-49</cite> shot down by French, viii: 249;</li>
+    <li>interior of British <cite>R-34</cite>, viii: 251;</li>
+    <li>fuel tanks on Zeppelin <cite>L-49</cite>, viii: 253;</li>
+    <li><cite>R-34</cite> being filled with gas at Mineola, viii: 255;</li>
+    <li>U. S. type, viii: 256;</li>
+    <li>pilot's gondola on a Zeppelin, x: 226;</li>
+    <li>Zeppelin <cite>L-15</cite> sinking, x: 361.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aeroplanes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em> Aeronautics, Airplanes.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Africa,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle scene in, iii: 251;</li>
+  <li>scene in German East Africa, iii: 255;</li>
+  <li>natives, vi: 48.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Agadir, i: 106.</li>
+<li>Airplanes, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li>Air raids,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>funeral of English victims, ii: 300;</li>
+  <li>London school children seeking shelter under desks, vii: 361;</li>
+  <li>protection of French works of art against, x: 364.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Airships, <em>see</em> Aeronautics, Balloons, Dirigibles.</li>
+<li>Aisne River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>A. E. F. advance trenches near, v: 259;</li>
+  <li>airplane view of French hospital on, vii: 63.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Albatross airplane, viii: 222.</li>
+<li>Albert,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ruins of, in color, i: <em>facing p.</em> 300;</li>
+  <li>ruins of Church of Notre Dame, xi: 23.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Algeciras Conference, i: 99.</li>
+<li><cite>Alnwick Castle</cite>, British liner, iv: 231.</li>
+<li>Alpini, iii: 228.</li>
+<li>Alps,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>scene on Austro-Italian border, ii: 237;</li>
+  <li>Austrian stronghold on, ii: 241.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Alsace,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>a valley in, iii: 21;</li>
+  <li>forest behind trenches, iii: 47;</li>
+  <li>American troops entering, May 27, '18, v: 267.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Alsace-Lorraine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German lookout tower, i: 221;</li>
+  <li>reunion with France symbolized, ii: 391.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ambulances,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>group of American drivers and cars, vii: 31, 213;</li>
+  <li>French, mounted on auto trucks, vii: 202;</li>
+  <li>American, at Verdun, vii: 207, 251;</li>
+  <li>improvised British, in Mesopotamia, vii: 260;</li>
+  <li>gathering wounded after battle, vii: 400, xi: 209;</li>
+  <li>dog-drawn, viii: 378;</li>
+  <li>woman driver, x: 186;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>under country, Army;</li>
+    <li>Hospitals;</li>
+    <li>Wounded.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;America,&quot; painting by Ren&eacute; Mal, v: 50.</li>
+<li>American Fund for French Wounded,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>a Paris f&ecirc;te for, vii: 59;</li>
+  <li>distributing clothing to refugees, vii: 102;</li>
+  <li>surgical dressing department, vii: 221;</li>
+  <li>packing kits for soldiers, vii: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>American Jewish War Relief, bureau of information, vii: 351.</li>
+<li>Amerongen, former German Kaiser's residence at, after abdication, ix: 358.</li>
+<li><cite>Amethyst</cite>, British cruiser, iv: 255.</li>
+<li>Amherst College, Army Training Corps at drill, xi: 170.</li>
+<li>Amiens, protecting art treasures from German bombardment, ii: 68.</li>
+<li>Amsterdam, a food riot, vi: 377.</li>
+<li><cite>Anglia</cite>, British hospital ship, vii: 253.</li>
+<li>Annapolis, U. S. Naval Academy students, xi: 165.</li>
+<li>Anti-aircraft guns, v: 11, viii: 10, 13, 16, xi: 188.</li>
+<li>Antwerp,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>town hall, ii: 169;</li>
+  <li>barbed-wire entanglements in streets, ii: 345;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross trains at, vii: 118.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Arabic</cite>, sinking of, iv: 224.</li>
+<li>Arabs,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>iii: 332;</li>
+  <li>gun dance, iii: 368.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Arethusa</cite>, British destroyer, officers of, iv: 251.</li>
+<li>Argonne Forest,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>territory lying before A. E. F. to advance through, v: 75;</li>
+  <li>U. S. infantrymen advancing through, v: 82, 247;</li>
+  <li>inside German trenches, v: 214;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. officers' headquarters, v: 217;</li>
+  <li>captured German dugout, v: 235;</li>
+  <li>men of 77th Div. in, v: 244;</li>
+  <li>concealed German artillery, xi: 53.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Arkansas</cite>, U. S. battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>close-up, showing gun fire, iv: 361;</li>
+  <li>cleared for action, iv: 392.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armenians, murdered by Turks, vii: 96.</li>
+<li>Armenti&egrave;res, British clearing ruins of, i: 240.</li>
+<li>Armies,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see</em> name of country;</li>
+  <li><em>also</em> Battle scenes.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armistice,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German delegates passing through French lines on way to meet Foch, ii: 390, <a href="#Page_251">xii: 251</a>;</li>
+  <li>first meeting of Allied and German delegates, v: 392;</li>
+  <li>Paris celebration, vi: 107.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armor, breast-plate for soldier as protection against bullet, viii: 68.</li>
+<li>Armor plate, forging of, viii: 62, <a href="#Page_70">xii: 70</a>.</li>
+<li>Arras,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>town hall, ii: 85;</li>
+  <li>ruins of Cathedral, ii: 351, iii: 67;</li>
+  <li>ruins of, iii: 279.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Artificial hands and arms for war cripples,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>eating with mechanical hands, vii: 234;</li>
+  <li>doing farm work, vii: 235;</li>
+  <li>doing carpenter work, viii: 383;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of artificial arms and legs, viii: 385;</li>
+  <li>doing mechanical work, xi: 290.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Artillery,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>manufacturing 16-in. guns at Watervliet Arsenal, i: 304;</li>
+  <li>line of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159;</li>
+  <li>heavy guns on way to front, ii: 147;</li>
+  <li>ricochet and non-ricochet shells, i: 333;</li>
+  <li>disappearing gun, v: 307;</li>
+  <li>mortar battery, viii: 3;</li>
+  <li>railway-mount guns, viii: 29, xi: 278;</li>
+  <li>big gun in position for action, viii: 31;</li>
+  <li>8-in. howitzer with caterpillar mount, viii: 40;</li>
+  <li>tractor for hauling, viii: 42;</li>
+  <li>breech-block and bore of big gun, viii: 44;</li>
+  <li>construction of long-range gun, viii: 47, 55;</li>
+  <li>field guns, old and new types, viii: 56;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of shells, viii: 73;</li>
+  <li>path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74;</li>
+  <li>huge naval gun, xi: 273;</li>
+  <li>shrapnel exploding, xi: 275;</li>
+  <li>heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279;</li>
+  <li>camouflaged gun and gunners, xi: 292, 293;</li>
+  <li>construction of howitzers, <a href="#Page_73">xii: 73</a>;</li>
+  <li>of different belligerents, <em>see</em> name of country;</li>
+  <li>in action, <em>see</em> Battle scenes;</li>
+  <li><em>also</em> Shells.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Assouan, vi: 78.</li>
+<li>Astronomical instruments, Chinese, carried by Germans from Peking, vi: 255.</li>
+<li><cite>Asturias</cite>, hospital ship, i: 293.</li>
+<li>Athens, war-time crowds, iii: 155.</li>
+<li>Australia, army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>embarking for overseas, ii: 201, vi: 38, 40;</li>
+  <li>landing at Gallipoli, iii: 167, iv: 40;</li>
+  <li>charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Austria-Hungary, army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>reservists in New York reporting for service, i: 281;</li>
+  <li>Alpine defenses, ii: 241;</li>
+  <li>artillery captured by Italians, ii: 287;</li>
+  <li>cavalry entering Polish village, iii: 123;</li>
+  <li>in Carpathian trenches, iii: 142;</li>
+  <li>on Isonzo front overlooking Italian positions, iii: 236;</li>
+  <li>resting, vi: 211;</li>
+  <li>at field mass, vi: 308;</li>
+  <li>in Tyrol stronghold, vi: 309;</li>
+  <li>siege gun, viii: 26.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Auteuil,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>tent hospital at, vii: 205, 206;</li>
+  <li>hospital workers serving coffee to convalescents, vii: 243.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Ayesha</cite>, schooner used by crew of <cite>Emden</cite> to escape in, iv: 191.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Bilg" id="Bilg">B</a></li>
+<li><cite>B-2</cite>, British submarine, iv: 58.</li>
+<li>Badges and medals of American Red Cross (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 50.</li>
+<li>Badonville, raid on German trenches near, v: 232.</li>
+<li>Bagdad,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>iii: 186;</li>
+  <li>Arabs in, iii: 332.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bairnsfather, Capt. Bruce,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>cartoons by, ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Balloons, <em>see</em> Aeronautics.</li>
+<li><cite>Baltic</cite>, life-boats, iv: 234.</li>
+<li><cite>Baltimore</cite>, U. S. cruiser, iv: 329.</li>
+<li>Barbed-wire,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as trench protection, ii: 284;</li>
+  <li>entanglements of, in Antwerp streets, ii: 345;</li>
+  <li>in Tsing-Tau defenses, iv: 61;</li>
+  <li>cutting device, viii: 154;</li>
+  <li>cutting entanglements by hand, xi: 254.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Barcy, battlefield of, iii: 25.</li>
+<li>Baseball,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>U. S. army men playing, vii: 315;</li>
+  <li>King George at game between U. S. Army and Navy teams in London, xi: 153.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Battalion of Death,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Russian women's, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208;</li>
+  <li>Polish women's, vi: 218.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Battle scenes,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>charge by Prussian cuirassiers in Franco-Prussian War, i: 214;</li>
+  <li>French soldiers in the Vosges charging on skis, i: 216;</li>
+  <li>Belgians behind street barricades repulsing Germans, i: 312;</li>
+  <li>French machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43;</li>
+  <li>night bombardment by artillery, ii: 102;</li>
+  <li>airplane view during action on Western Front, ii: 105;</li>
+  <li>the dead after battle in Flanders, ii: 117;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>British charge at Montaubon, ii: 121;</li>
+  <li>holes shot by shell fire, ii: 133, v: 236;</li>
+  <li>fight for Kemmel Hill, ii: 152;</li>
+  <li>poilus charging, ii: 185;</li>
+  <li>Allied dead on battlefield, ii: 194;</li>
+  <li>Highlanders attacking near Ypres, ii: 213;</li>
+  <li>Belgians on skirmish duty, ii: 347;</li>
+  <li>killed and debris on Marne battlefield, iii: 27, 94;</li>
+  <li>Germans crossing Marne River, iii: 32;</li>
+  <li>flash-light photograph at night, iii: 44;</li>
+  <li>British charging during battle of the Somme, iii: 57;</li>
+  <li>German charge at Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;</li>
+  <li>British bombardment of Passchendaele Ridge, iii: 78;</li>
+  <li>in Meuse-Argonne, iii: 101;</li>
+  <li>on Russo-German front, iii: 119;</li>
+  <li>in African jungle, iii: 251;</li>
+  <li>fight for Erzerum, iii: 263;</li>
+  <li>heap of Serbian dead, iii: 283;</li>
+  <li>cavalry charge, iii: 289;</li>
+  <li>killed German outposts, iii: 291;</li>
+  <li>directing battle by telephone, iii: 314;</li>
+  <li>Australians charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353;</li>
+  <li>at Messines Ridge, iii: 360;</li>
+  <li>battle wreckage, iii: 361, vi: 367, xi: 302, 309;</li>
+  <li>British blowing up ammunition dumps, iii: 384;</li>
+  <li>wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385;</li>
+  <li>Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389;</li>
+  <li>naval action, iv: 17;</li>
+  <li>warship struck by torpedo, iv: 55;</li>
+  <li>British landing party at Zeebrugge, iv: 265;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Marines at Belleau Wood, v: 137;</li>
+  <li>Russian retreat from Galicia, vi: 180;</li>
+  <li>Russians charging through barbed wire, vi: 186;</li>
+  <li>Italian killed, vi: 310;</li>
+  <li>vision of Christ on battlefield, vii: 5;</li>
+  <li>ambulance men gathering wounded, vii: 400, xi: 209;</li>
+  <li>effect of howitzer fire on fort, viii: 135;</li>
+  <li>British Rifle Brigade at Neuve Chapelle, x: 11;</li>
+  <li>liquid fire attack, x: 19;</li>
+  <li>attack with grenades, x: 21;</li>
+  <li>night naval attack at Dardanelles, x: 36;</li>
+  <li>British meeting Turk attack at Gallipoli, x: 39;</li>
+  <li>charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45;</li>
+  <li>tanks advancing, x: 59;</li>
+  <li>Italians hard pressed by enemy, x: 63;</li>
+  <li>winning a Victoria Cross, x: 72;</li>
+  <li>British artillery in action, x: 107, 129;</li>
+  <li>Highlanders fighting through Loos, x: 157;</li>
+  <li>long-range bombardment of Austrian positions by Italians, x: 359;</li>
+  <li>hand-to-hand fight on destroyer <cite>Broke</cite>, x: 370;</li>
+  <li>Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192;</li>
+  <li>tanks in action, xi: 252, 256, 263;</li>
+  <li>shrapnel explosion, xi: 275;</li>
+  <li>gas attack, xi: 319;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Dead;</li>
+    <li>Wounded.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Battleship in process of construction (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 126.</li>
+<li><cite>Bayern</cite>, German battleship, iv: 389.</li>
+<li>Beersheba, iii: 199.</li>
+<li>Belgium,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>triumphant, symbolic painting (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 380.</li>
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>cavalry troops after defense of Li&eacute;ge, i: 208;</li>
+    <li>at mess with French soldiers, i: 241;</li>
+    <li>behind street barricade fighting Germans, i: 312;</li>
+    <li>cavalryman, ii: 160;</li>
+    <li>scouting, ii: 286;</li>
+    <li>on skirmish duty, ii: 347;</li>
+    <li>a &quot;fighting priest&quot; in trenches, iii: 15;</li>
+    <li>cavalry in trenches, iii: 19;</li>
+    <li>a sentry, iii: 285;</li>
+    <li>snipers, iii: 287;</li>
+    <li>anti-aircraft gun, viii: 13;</li>
+    <li>field gun, viii: 24.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Neutrality, facsimile of signatures to Treaty of 1839 guaranteeing, i: 147.</li>
+  <li>Relief,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>supply ship on way from U. S., vii: 120;</li>
+    <li>relief packages, vii: 126;</li>
+    <li>making cradles for babies, vii: 141;</li>
+    <li>warehouse full of supplies, vii: 143;</li>
+    <li>relief workers in New York packing clothing for, vii: 165;</li>
+    <li>home return of refugees (in color), ix: <em>facing p.</em> 368;</li>
+    <li>Queen Elizabeth medal for workers, ix: 391.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Benet-Mercier machine gun, viii: 82.</li>
+<li>Berlin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>victorious entry of William I, 1871, i: 150;</li>
+  <li>royal palace, i: 158;</li>
+  <li>soldiers leaving for the front, i: 191;</li>
+  <li>wreckage after food riots, vi: 256;</li>
+  <li>a public square, Nov., '18, vi: 257;</li>
+  <li>Brandenburger Gate, vi: 272;</li>
+  <li>Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3;</li>
+  <li>proclamation of German Republic, Nov. 8, '18, vi: 277;</li>
+  <li>barricaded streets during revolution, vi: 279;</li>
+  <li>transporting food by tram, vi: 282;</li>
+  <li>Spartacan demonstration, Feb., '19, vi: 290;</li>
+  <li>fighting between government troops and radicals, vi: 299;</li>
+  <li>demonstrations against Peace Treaty, vi: 301, <a href="#Page_214">xii: 214</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Berlin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Congress of, 1878, i: 49;</li>
+  <li>British caricature of, i: 51.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bethlehem, Pa., a steel plant at, <a href="#Page_67">xii: 67</a>.</li>
+<li>Bethune, airplane view of, ii: 127.</li>
+<li>Bibles, for U. S. service men, vii: 284.</li>
+<li>&quot;Big Bertha,&quot; German long-range gun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fragment of shell used in bombarding Paris, viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;</li>
+  <li>diagram of shell, viii: 53;</li>
+  <li>prepared base for, viii: 61.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Black Watch Regiment, British, x: 56.</li>
+<li>Blind,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>learning modelling in clay, vii: 256;</li>
+  <li>benefit entertainment in New York for aid of, vii: 258;</li>
+  <li>learning basketry, vii: 259.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Bl&uuml;cher</cite>, German cruiser, iv: 247;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sinking of, in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 249.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Blue Cross, care of horses wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.</li>
+<li>&quot;Blue Devils,&quot; French, iii: 49, v: 151.</li>
+<li>Bolsheviki,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>agitator addressing troops, vi: 165;</li>
+  <li>Madrid demonstration, vi: 372.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bombs,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bomb-room in a British fuse factory, ii: 119;</li>
+  <li>illuminating bombs exploding, v: 133;</li>
+  <li>aviator dropping (in color), viii: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+  <li>apparatus for, on German plane, viii: 219;</li>
+  <li>devices for carrying, on airplanes, viii: 224, 227;</li>
+  <li>French women manufacturing, xi: 283;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Depth charge.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bosphorus, i: 12, iii: 369.</li>
+<li>Bouillonville, street scene, v: 160.</li>
+<li><cite>Bouvet</cite>, French battleship, iv: 48.</li>
+<li>Boy Scouts,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Red Cross men of future (in color), xi: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+  <li>daily good turn (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 96;</li>
+  <li>pledging allegiance to flag, xi: 97;</li>
+  <li>at salute, xi: 98;</li>
+  <li>wounded scout, xi: 99;</li>
+  <li>as war gardeners, xi: 101, 115, 116;</li>
+  <li>on visit to White House, xi: 102;</li>
+  <li>bridging stream, xi: 103;</li>
+  <li>learning co&ouml;peration, xi: 104;</li>
+  <li>camping, xi: 105;</li>
+  <li>as town cleaners, xi: 106;</li>
+  <li>as wireless operators, xi: 107;</li>
+  <li>in hiking outfit, xi: 108;</li>
+  <li>Third Liberty Loan poster, xi: 109;</li>
+  <li>field map making, xi: 110;</li>
+  <li>signalling (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 224;</li>
+  <li>signalling, xi: 111;</li>
+  <li>encampment, xi: 112;</li>
+  <li>emergency coast guards, xi: 113;</li>
+  <li>on review before Theodore Roosevelt, xi: 114;</li>
+  <li>as wood cutters, xi: 117;</li>
+  <li>listening to scoutmaster around the camp-fire (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 118.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Brandenburger Gate, Berlin, vi: 272.</li>
+<li>Bread tickets, German, vi: 261.</li>
+<li>Brest, debarkation of A. E. F., v: 3.</li>
+<li>Breton peasant, v: 160.</li>
+<li>Breton-Pretot machine, for cutting barbed wire, viii: 153.</li>
+<li>Brialmont type of fort, ii: 350.</li>
+<li><cite>Britannia</cite>, British tank in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142.</li>
+<li>Brown University, Army Training Corps, xi: 163.</li>
+<li>Browning machine-gun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>light type, viii: 85;</li>
+  <li>heavy type, viii: 85.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bruges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>airplane view, viii: 232;</li>
+  <li>entry of King Albert into, ix: 390.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Brussels,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>town hall, i: 140;</li>
+  <li>bird's-eye view, i: 201;</li>
+  <li>during German occupation, i: 253;</li>
+  <li>Senate chamber used as church by Germans, i: 311;</li>
+  <li>German soldiers visiting Art Museum, ii: 344;</li>
+  <li>Palace of Justice, iii: 271;</li>
+  <li>King Albert's palace, ix: 387.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bucharest,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>royal palace, ii: 62;</li>
+  <li>bird's-eye view, vi: 352.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Buckingham Palace, London, i: 127;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>on night of declaration of war, i: 138.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Budapest, the quay, vi: 325.</li>
+<li>Bulgaria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>mountain village, vi: 339;</li>
+  <li>peasant women, vi: 340;</li>
+  <li>army, supply train behind the lines, vi: 343.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Bullets,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>diagram showing path of, viii: 93;</li>
+  <li>types of, used by airmen, viii: 212.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Burgess tractor, in flight, x: 392.</li>
+<li>Burmese troops, vi: 6.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Cilg" id="Cilg">C</a></li>
+<li>Cambrai, Canadians in, iii: 80.</li>
+<li>Camels,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as cavalry mounts, iii: 192;</li>
+  <li>caravan resting, iii: 367;</li>
+  <li>use by British in Egyptian campaign, vi: 68;</li>
+  <li>for carrying wounded, vi: 71;</li>
+  <li>as transport train in Asia Minor, vi: 333.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cameroons,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle scene, iii: 251;</li>
+  <li>native market, vi: 52.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Camouflage,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>concealed British guns, ii: 123, 128;</li>
+  <li>wooden cannon, vi: 238;</li>
+  <li>screened railroad tracks, vi: 247, viii: 337;</li>
+  <li>over roadway, vi: 368;</li>
+  <li>example of need for, viii: 338;</li>
+  <li>soldier disguised by, viii: 339, 342;</li>
+  <li>for railway-mount guns, viii: 343, 347;</li>
+  <li><cite>Mauretania</cite> in &quot;dazzle&quot; paint, viii: 344;</li>
+  <li>protected gun and gunners, xi: 292;</li>
+  <li>camouflaged mortar, xi: 293.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Canada,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>army recruiting by phonograph, i: 314;</li>
+  <li>veterans of second battle of Ypres, i: 379;</li>
+  <li>being reviewed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 114;</li>
+  <li>forestry unit, ii: 130;</li>
+  <li>presentation of colors, ii: 342;</li>
+  <li>going over top at Vimy Ridge, iii: 69;</li>
+  <li>in Cambrai, iii: 80;</li>
+  <li>in Flanders, iii: 345;</li>
+  <li>on hike, iii: 346;</li>
+  <li>artillery at the front, iii: 348;</li>
+  <li>90th Winnipeg Rifles, vi: 24;</li>
+  <li>1st Battalion, vi: 29;</li>
+  <li>guarding International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34;</li>
+  <li>encamped at Toronto, viii: 305;</li>
+  <li>digging trenches, viii: 140.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Canteens,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for service men, scenes in, vii: 7, 56, 268, 270, 394;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in color, vii: <em>facing p.</em> 96;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Red Cross automobile canteen, vii: 248;</li>
+  <li>group of Y. M. C. A. women workers, vii: 269.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cantigny,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>men of 1st Div., A. E. F., advancing at, ii: 271;</li>
+  <li>French flame throwers after the attack, v: 32;</li>
+  <li>French sappers at ruins of, v: 33;</li>
+  <li>French and American veterans of, v: 125.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cape Town,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>parade to aid recruiting, i: 383;</li>
+  <li>bird's-eye view, vi: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Caproni triplane, viii: 223.</li>
+<li>Carbon monoxide producer, viii: 187.</li>
+<li>Carrel-Dakin treatment ward in a war hospital, xi: 288.</li>
+<li>Cartoons:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American, civilization obscured by war, i: 87;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>burning of American manufacturing plants, i: 275;</li>
+    <li>response to Europe's appeal for aid, i: 276;</li>
+    <li>on preparedness, i: 280, 297, 335, iv: 315;</li>
+    <li>German submarine warfare, i: 300, iv: 227;</li>
+    <li>responsibility of rulers for war, i: 314;</li>
+    <li>futility of diplomacy, i: 325, 326;</li>
+    <li>German hatred of U. S., i: 330;</li>
+    <li>barbarian's contempt for warring Europe, i: 335;</li>
+    <li>war debt for future generations, ii: 297;</li>
+    <li>German intrigue with Mexico, ii: 341;</li>
+    <li>disregard of international law by belligerents, iv: 230;</li>
+    <li>Iron Cross, v: 23;</li>
+    <li>Red Cross, vii: 28;</li>
+    <li>effect of U. S. loans to Allies, <a href="#Page_10">xii: 10</a>;</li>
+    <li>Europe's dependence on American food supply, <a href="#Page_144">xii: 144</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Austrian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>conception of hatred, i: 149;</li>
+    <li>Zeppelin attacks on England, i: 302.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Belgian, on German brutality, vii: 129.</li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Kaiser's project of Mittel-Europa, i: 10;</li>
+    <li>Bismarck's resignation from Chancellorship, from <cite>Punch</cite>, i: 74;</li>
+    <li>German hypocrisy, <cite>Punch</cite>, Sept. 9, '14, i: 90;</li>
+    <li>U. S. indifference to German outrages, <cite>Punch</cite>, Sept. 23, '14, i: 91;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser as protector of Islam, <cite>Punch</cite>, Apr. 5, '15, i: 100;</li>
+    <li>Germany's naval aspirations, <cite>Punch</cite>, July 12, '05, i: 105;</li>
+    <li>German advances to Holland, <cite>Punch</cite>, Jan. 11, '11, i: 118;</li>
+    <li>French desire to revenge 1870, i: 121;</li>
+    <li>French alarm over Austrian defeat, 1866, from <cite>Punch</cite>, i: 123;</li>
+    <li>frightfulness of war, i: 195;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser's Eastern policy, <cite>Punch</cite>, May 10, 1890, i: 203;</li>
+    <li>German use of frightfulness, <cite>Punch</cite>, Feb. 17, '15, i: 284;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser world's enemy, <cite>Punch</cite>, Aug. 19, '14, i: 294;</li>
+    <li>U. S. protests at British maritime acts, <cite>Punch</cite>, Jan. 6, '15, i: 298;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser's attitude on peace, <cite>Punch</cite>, Sept. 23, '18, i: 316;</li>
+    <li>U. S. relations with Germany, <cite>Punch</cite>, Apr. 21, '15, i: 324;</li>
+    <li>German atrocities, i: 351;</li>
+    <li>Capt. Bruce Bairnsfather's caricatures of life at the front, ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26;</li>
+    <li>Belgium's defiance of Germany, <cite>Punch</cite>, Oct. 21, '14, iii: 9, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 275;</li>
+    <li>German military failures, <cite>Punch</cite>, Nov. 4, '14, iii: 29;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser outcast from civilization, Feb. 19, '15, iii: 299;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser's plan for invasion of England, <cite>Punch</cite>, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 3;</li>
+    <li>German alliance with Austria and Bulgaria, iv: 6;</li>
+    <li>Germany's attempted blockade of England, <cite>Punch</cite>, Feb. 17, '15, iv: 9;</li>
+    <li>loyalty of India, <cite>Punch</cite>, Sept. 9 '14, x: 341.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Dutch,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Raemaekers' conception of Kultur, i: 222;</li>
+    <li>Reims Cathedral as temple of war, i: 231;</li>
+    <li>Germany's decline in strength, '17, i: 307;</li>
+    <li>Raemaekers on German deportation of Belgian workmen, i: 363;</li>
+    <li>Flemish &quot;prosperity,&quot; Raemaekers' view of, vi: 85;</li>
+    <li>Raemaekers' conception of Kaiser haunted by sins, vi: 285.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>French, &quot;They shall not pass,&quot; i: 230.</li>
+  <li>German,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>British policy with regard to Asiatics, i: 54;</li>
+    <li>Hague Temple of Peace, i: 94;</li>
+    <li>British difficulties with India, i: 101;</li>
+    <li>caricature of Sir Edward Grey, i: 198;</li>
+    <li>influences forcing U. S. into war, i: 289;</li>
+    <li>injustice of U. S. war against Germany, i: 290;</li>
+    <li>Japanese menace against U. S., i: 290;</li>
+    <li>on Allied Somme offensive, '16, i: 301;</li>
+    <li>U. S. munition trade, i: 307;</li>
+    <li>British advances to Bulgaria, i: 310;</li>
+    <li>Dr. Karl Helfferich, i: 318;</li>
+    <li>U. S. difficulties with Mexico, i: 323;</li>
+    <li>mailed fist, ii: <em>Intro. xix</em>;</li>
+    <li>on British censorship, ii: 101;</li>
+    <li>on British slackers, ii: 180;</li>
+    <li>on spy scare in England, ii: 260;</li>
+    <li>on U. S. neutrality, ii: 304;</li>
+    <li>British failure to accomplish war aims, iv: 192;</li>
+    <li>on submarine success, iv: 217;</li>
+    <li>British indifference to American submarine losses, iv: 229;</li>
+    <li>frightfulness of war, iv: 232;</li>
+    <li>use of works of art as defense, v: 13.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Italian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>extent of British Empire, i: 122;</li>
+    <li>on U. S. entry into war, i: 299;</li>
+    <li>on Italian neutrality, ii: 359;</li>
+    <li>Germany's invasion of Belgium, iii: 274.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Japanese, German reverses, iv: 175.</li>
+  <li>Norwegian, German conception of freedom of the sea, i: 357.</li>
+  <li>Unidentified, intervention of Powers to save Turkey, 1878, i: 41.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cartridges, kinds, viii: 60.</li>
+<li>Casement, Sir Roger, German passport of, ix: 52.</li>
+<li>Castle, Vernon, flying, xi: 214.</li>
+<li>Catapult,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>used for launching airplanes, iv: 141;</li>
+  <li>use in hauling grenades, viii: 119.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cavell, Edith,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>funeral procession entering Westminster Abbey, x: 177;</li>
+  <li>Norwich memorial to, x: 180.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chamber of Deputies, French, xi: 2.</li>
+<li>Chasseur Alpin, in color, ii: <em>frontispiece</em>.</li>
+<li>Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>river front, ii: 82;</li>
+  <li>bird's-eye view, ii: 156, v: 34: x. 4;</li>
+  <li>ruins of, ii: 272;</li>
+  <li>street barricade, v: 61;</li>
+  <li>company of 26th Div. going out of action at, v: 153.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chaumont, Pershing's headquarters at, vii: 317.</li>
+<li>Chavaniac, Ch&acirc;teau of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Lafayette's birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 6;</li>
+  <li>interior view, vii: 113.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chemical warfare,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>gas mask adjusted for use, v: 140;</li>
+  <li>filling tanks with phosgene, v: 322;</li>
+  <li>filling shells with mustard gas, v: 323, viii: 165;</li>
+  <li>testing an American gas mask, v: 325;</li>
+  <li>American &quot;Model 1919&quot; gas mask, v: 326;</li>
+  <li>gas training for American troops, viii: 121;</li>
+  <li>poison gas in iron drums, viii: 163;</li>
+  <li>effect of gas on leather gloves, viii: 167;</li>
+  <li>filling shells with phosgene, viii: 169;</li>
+  <li>frozen cube of mustard gas, viii: 172;</li>
+  <li>early types of gas masks, viii: 174, 175;</li>
+  <li>French &quot;Model M-2&quot; gas mask, viii: 175;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>American &quot;Model K. T.&quot; gas mask, viii: 176;</li>
+  <li>types of gas masks used by different belligerents, viii: 177;</li>
+  <li>diagram of gas mask, viii: 178;</li>
+  <li>views of U. S. poison gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187;</li>
+  <li>gas masks for horses, xi: 315;</li>
+  <li>Germans under gas attack, xi: 317;</li>
+  <li>a gas attack before invention of masks, xi: 319.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Chemin des Dames, soldiers exploring captured territory, ii: 78.</li>
+<li>Children in war:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>cultivating war garden, ii: 17;</li>
+    <li>new commander-in-chief (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 368.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Armenian, refugees from Turkey at Salonika, vii: 369.</li>
+  <li>Belgian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>greeting British relief worker, vii: 134;</li>
+    <li>wounded, vii: 242;</li>
+    <li>under care of Red Cross, xi: 85;</li>
+    <li>refugees in France, xi: 86.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>London school-children in air raid drill, vii: 361;</li>
+    <li>as war gardeners, xi: 364, 367.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>making friends with American soldiers, v: 164, xi: 81;</li>
+    <li>outfitted with clothing by American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 102;</li>
+    <li>cared for by Red Cross, vii: 200, 201, 368;</li>
+    <li>war nurseries, vii: 211, 217;</li>
+    <li>going to school with gas masks, vii: 352;</li>
+    <li>being photographed with mothers by Germans for identification, xi: 59;</li>
+    <li>school in war zone, xi: 66;</li>
+    <li>little soldier asleep, xi: 70;</li>
+    <li>repatriated war refugees, xi: 75;</li>
+    <li>seeking safety in cellars, xi: 76;</li>
+    <li>offering prayers of thanksgiving, xi: 78;</li>
+    <li>treasuring presents of toys, xi: 79;</li>
+    <li>American Red Cross worker with little refugee, xi: 87;</li>
+    <li>Red Cross sketches used in educational campaign for proper care of, xi: 87-90;</li>
+    <li>refugees at La Jonch&egrave;re Sanatorium, xi: 91;</li>
+    <li>playing at war, xi: 120, 374, 376, 379, 381, 383, 385;</li>
+    <li>posing for doughboy (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 270;</li>
+    <li>tribute to marching U.S. soldiers (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 324;</li>
+    <li>school-girls waiting to welcome Gen. P&eacute;tain, <a href="#Page_114">xii: 114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German, day home for soldiers' children in Berlin, xi: 64.</li>
+  <li>Italian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>group of war refugees, xi: 67;</li>
+    <li>young hero, xi: 68;</li>
+    <li>in underground Venetian school, xi: 69;</li>
+    <li>refugees in London, xi: 92.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Russian, Archangel school-children, xi: 379.</li>
+  <li>Serbian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>war orphans, vii: 148;</li>
+    <li>the little sergeant, xi: 71;</li>
+    <li>war sufferers, xi: 73.</li>
+    <li><em>See also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Boy Scouts;</li>
+      <li>Refugees.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Christmas card for Kaiser from Uncle Sam (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 248.</li>
+<li><cite>City of Portland</cite>, U. S. motor ship, launching of, <a href="#Page_96">xii: 96</a>.</li>
+<li>Clemenceau, Georges,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>boyhood home, ix: 4;</li>
+  <li>scene of attempted assassination, ix: 9;</li>
+  <li>pen with which signed Peace Treaty, ix: 13.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Cleveland, view of docks and shipping, <a href="#Page_148">xii: 148</a>.</li>
+<li>Colmar, iii: 66.</li>
+<li>Cologne, bridge across Rhine at, i: 157.</li>
+<li>Colt machine-gun, viii: 80;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>mounted on motor cycle, viii: 81;</li>
+  <li>use against air craft, viii: 83.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Committee of Mercy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>caring for Belgian children, vii: 134;</li>
+  <li>helping refugees from Louvain, vii: 137.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Congress, U. S., President Wilson addressing, i: 329.</li>
+<li><cite>Connecticut</cite>, U. S. battleship, xi: 222.</li>
+<li>Constantinople,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>general view, i: 60, iii: 369, vi: 345;</li>
+  <li>Galata Bridge, iii: 165;</li>
+  <li>Golden Horn, iv: 29, vi: 337;</li>
+  <li>Mosque of St. Sophia, vi: 232;</li>
+  <li>Imperial Treasury, vi: 233.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Constanza, harbor of, i: 199.</li>
+<li>Convoy system, Allied, iv: 7.</li>
+<li>Copenhagen, bird's-eye view, i: 132.</li>
+<li>Cornell University, machine-gun squad, xi: 157.</li>
+<li><cite>Cornwallis</cite>, British, battleship in action at Dardanelles, iv: 42.</li>
+<li>Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195.</li>
+<li>Cracow,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Florian Gate, vi: 203;</li>
+  <li>Cathedral, vi: 204.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Craonne, ruins of French church after bombardment, i: 396.</li>
+<li>Crillon, Hotel, headquarters of American peace delegation at Paris, <a href="#Page_245">xii: 245</a>.</li>
+<li>Culebra Cut, Panama Canal, i: 85.</li>
+<li>Curtis triplane, viii: 210.</li>
+<li>Curtiss biplane, xi: 215.</li>
+<li>Cyprus, scene during ceremonies of British annexation of, i: 176.</li>
+<li>Czechoslovak girls in native dress, vi: 398.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Dilg" id="Dilg">D</a></li>
+<li><cite>Daffodil</cite>, British ferry boat, after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.</li>
+<li><cite>Danton</cite>, French battleship, iv: 377.</li>
+<li>Danube River, iii: 217.</li>
+<li>Danzig, vi: 296.</li>
+<li>Dardanelles, iv: 21, vi: 329;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>night bombardment at, by British warships, x: 36.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dartmouth College, student regiment at drill, xi: 157.</li>
+<li>De Haviland-4 airplane, viii: 192, xi: 217.</li>
+<li>De Wet, Gen., surrender to Gen. Botha, iii: 254.</li>
+<li>Dead,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>after a battle in Flanders, ii: 117;</li>
+  <li>field strewn with Allied dead, ii: 194;</li>
+  <li>poilu saluting grave of comrade (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 100;</li>
+  <li>Serbians killed in defending Belgrade, iii: 283;</li>
+  <li>German outposts killed on Galician front, iii: 291;</li>
+  <li>loading trawlers with the killed in Gallipoli fighting for burial at sea, iv: 52;</li>
+  <li>Italians killed in front of Austrian positions, vi: 310;</li>
+  <li>Armenians murdered by Turks, vii: 96;</li>
+  <li>gravestones for A. E. F. buried in France, x: 115;</li>
+  <li>cartload of, from battlefield, x: 349.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Decorations,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German Crown Prince bestowing Iron Cross, ii: 39;</li>
+  <li>first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;</li>
+  <li>Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85;</li>
+  <li>Rumanian King decorating troops, iii: 219;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Helmick awarding D. S. C. to colored troops, v: 268;</li>
+  <li>King George of England decorating U. S. soldier, v: 383;</li>
+  <li>badges and medals of American Red Cross (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 50;</li>
+  <li>Salvation Army girls being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395;</li>
+  <li>Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158;</li>
+  <li>honoring French war heroes (in color), x: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th U. S. Marine Regt., x: 199.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Delhi, vi: 74.</li>
+<li>Depth charge exploding, iv: 198, x: 307.</li>
+<li>Detroit, automobiles ready for shipment, <a href="#Page_17">xii: 17</a>.</li>
+<li><cite>Deutschland</cite>, German merchant submarine, iv: 215, xi: 236;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Baltimore, x: 270;</li>
+  <li>returning to Bremen, x: 273.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dinant,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fortress and town of, i: 143, ii: 349;</li>
+  <li>a ch&acirc;teau near, iii: 13.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dixmude, destruction of (in color), i: <em>facing p.</em> 198.</li>
+<li>Dogs in war,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>drawing Belgian artillery, ii: 196;</li>
+  <li>searching for Germans, iii: 18;</li>
+  <li>as Red Cross workers, vii: 156, 222;</li>
+  <li>pulling ambulance, viii: 378;</li>
+  <li>French war dogs, xi: 341;</li>
+  <li>Dutch war dogs pulling machine gun, xi: 343;</li>
+  <li>training French war dogs, xi: 345;</li>
+  <li>Italian despatch dogs, xi: 347;</li>
+  <li>Italian war dogs carrying supplies to Front, xi: 363.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Douaumont, Fort, view from air, viii: 228.</li>
+<li>Dublin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ruins of Sinn Fein Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61;</li>
+  <li>street fighting, '16, vi: 58.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Duma, Russian, meeting-place, vi: 173.</li>
+<li>Dynamos, carried away by Germans from French and Belgian factories, vi: 250.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Eilg" id="Eilg">E</a></li>
+<li>Eagle Hut, American Y. M. C. A. honor for service men in London, vii: 264, 288, 320.</li>
+<li>Eagle Hut, Y. M. C. A. house for service men in Bryant Park, New York City, vii: 265.</li>
+<li>East Africa, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Hindu shop, vi: 51;</li>
+  <li>native troops, vi: 253;</li>
+  <li>rural scene, vi: 254.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Echternach, vi: 92.</li>
+<li>Egypt,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>supply depot, vi: 67;</li>
+  <li>native troops, vi: 69;</li>
+  <li>laborers in France, vi: 70;</li>
+  <li>northern, vi: 81.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ehrenbreitstein, German fortress at, i: 156.</li>
+<li>Eiffel Tower, equipped with searchlight, ii: 267.</li>
+<li><cite>Emden</cite>, German cruiser, iv: 171;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>before the war, iv: 173;</li>
+  <li>ashore on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 182.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Enfield rifle, viii: 98, 100, 103, 104.</li>
+<li>Erzerum,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fight for, iii: 263;</li>
+  <li>general view of, iii: 268.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Essey, ruins of, v: 156.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Filg" id="Filg">F</a></li>
+<li><cite>Falaba</cite>, sinking of, by U-boat, x: 287.</li>
+<li>&quot;Fantom of Death,&quot; xi: 395.</li>
+<li>F&egrave;re-en-Tardenois, ruins of, ii: 323.</li>
+<li><cite>Feuta</cite>, Austrian cruiser, iv: 283.</li>
+<li>Fismes, H&ocirc;tel de Ville, ruins of, v: 191.</li>
+<li>Fiume, vi: 315.</li>
+<li>Flanders,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German trenches, ii: 109;</li>
+  <li>the killed after a battle, ii: 117;</li>
+  <li>French and Belgian ammunition trains on way to front, ii: 193;</li>
+  <li>German artillery in, iii: 36.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Flirey, ruins of, v: 151.</li>
+<li><cite>Florida</cite>, U. S. battleship, guns of, iv: 350.</li>
+<li>Food conservation,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>drying fruits and vegetables, <a href="#Page_52">xii: 52</a>;</li>
+  <li>municipal canning station, <a href="#Page_61">xii: 61</a>;</li>
+  <li>a community conference on, <a href="#Page_140">xii: 140</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ford baby tank, xi: 262.</li>
+<li>Foreign Legion, vi: 229, x: 28, xi: 194.</li>
+<li>France:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army, advancing in the Vosges on skis, i: 216;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>at mess with Belgian troops, i: 241;</li>
+    <li>on guard on Swiss border, i: 259;</li>
+    <li>Chasseur Alpin (&quot;Blue Devils&quot;), iii: 49, v: 151;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>in color, ii: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43;</li>
+    <li>scouts on the Meuse, ii: 45;</li>
+    <li>sappers at work, ii: 73;</li>
+    <li>poilu on guard in Alsace (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 136;</li>
+    <li>receiving instructions before going into trenches, ii: 153;</li>
+    <li>poilus charging, ii: 185;</li>
+    <li>grenadiers at Chemin des Dames, ii: 215;</li>
+    <li>on march with American soldiers, ii: 219;</li>
+    <li>soldiers' wives waiting in line to get government allowance, ii: 378;</li>
+    <li>poilu (in color), iii: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+    <li>first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;</li>
+    <li>Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85;</li>
+    <li>field kitchen, iii: 311;</li>
+    <li>flame throwers at Cantigny, v: 32;</li>
+    <li>sappers at Cantigny, v: 33;</li>
+    <li>wounded poilu being supported by doughboy, v: 50;</li>
+    <li>sketches of poilu types, v: 156;</li>
+    <li>supply train on way to front, v: 302;</li>
+    <li>wounded soldier being brought in by American comrade, v: 386;</li>
+    <li>North African trooper (in color), vi: <em>facing p.</em> 378;</li>
+    <li>wounded soldiers in Switzerland, vi: 381;</li>
+    <li>types of infantry equipment, viii: 71;</li>
+    <li>soldiers watching bombardment in the Vosges (in color), viii: <em>facing p.</em> 122;</li>
+    <li>testing fitness of soldiers, viii: 352, 353;</li>
+    <li>Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158;</li>
+    <li>decorating war heroes (in color), x: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+    <li>brave wounded, x: 112;</li>
+    <li>spahis, x: 117;</li>
+    <li>group of airmen, x: 207;</li>
+    <li>soldiers resting, x: 367, xi: 190;</li>
+    <li>cavalry on march, xi: 49;</li>
+    <li>sappers with tools, xi: 312;</li>
+    <li>war-dogs, xi: 341, 345;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Battle scenes.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Artillery,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>on Champagne front, ii: 66;</li>
+    <li>heavy guns on way to front, ii: iii, v: 349;</li>
+    <li>bringing shells to advanced positions, iii: 59;</li>
+    <li>big railway-mount guns, iii: 65, v: 166, viii: 35;</li>
+    <li>famous &quot;75's,&quot; iii: 93;</li>
+    <li>supply of shells, iii: 312;</li>
+    <li>155-mm. guns, v: 172;</li>
+    <li>biggest gun used in war, viii: 52;</li>
+    <li>a big shell, viii: 57.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Industry,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>ruined machinery of a manufacturing plant, ii: 77;</li>
+    <li>dynamos carried away by Germans, vi: 250.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>warship taking on provisions, iv: 177;</li>
+    <li>device for detection of U-boats, iv: 308;</li>
+    <li>battleships in battle order, iv: 374;</li>
+    <li>naval guns on Western Front, viii: 341, 343;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> name of war vessel.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Parliament, Chamber of Deputies, xi: 2.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;France Aroused,&quot; sculpture, i: 142.</li>
+<li>Free Milk for France,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>poster, vii: 377;</li>
+  <li>American girls raising funds for, vii: 378.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Freiburg, vi: 288.</li>
+<li>Fryatt, Capt. Charles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>body being escorted through Dover streets, x: 267;</li>
+  <li>funeral cortege entering St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 268;</li>
+  <li>grave, x: 269.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Furious</cite>, British floating aerodrome, iv: 287.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Gilg" id="Gilg">G</a></li>
+<li>Galicia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>oil wells, iii: 144;</li>
+  <li>ruined oil fields, iii: 265;</li>
+  <li>German soldiers marching through, xi: 17.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gallipoli,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British troops landing, iii: 167, iv: 37, 40;</li>
+  <li>wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172;</li>
+  <li>Anzac trenches, iii: 170, 171, 342;</li>
+  <li>Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, iii: 341;</li>
+  <li>Anzac camp, iii: 351;</li>
+  <li>Australians charging, iii: 353;</li>
+  <li>loading trawlers with Allied dead for burial at sea, iii: 354;</li>
+  <li>bombardment of fortifications by Allied warships, iv: 38;</li>
+  <li>signaling by heliograph at, vi: 228;</li>
+  <li>British meeting Turkish attack, x: 39;</li>
+  <li>scene behind Anzac lines, xi: 15.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gas masks, types of, v: 326, viii: 174, 175, 176, 177, 178.</li>
+<li>Geneva, interior of Victoria Hall, <a href="#Page_172">xii: 172</a>.</li>
+<li><cite>George Washington</cite>, U. S. transport,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>used by President Wilson for trip to France for Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_162">xii: 162</a>;</li>
+  <li>starting on first trip across with the President, <a href="#Page_187">xii: 187</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Germany:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Southwest African cavalry, i: 11;</li>
+    <li>Southwest African camel corps, i: 96;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun abandoned in Belgium, i: 237;</li>
+    <li>reservists reporting to colors, i: 248;</li>
+    <li>soldiers bivouacked in ballroom, i: 252;</li>
+    <li>infantry marching to Ostend, i: 349;</li>
+    <li>firing from behind defensive shelter, ii: 29;</li>
+    <li>signal corps at work, ii: 100;</li>
+    <li>in trenches in Flanders, ii: 109;</li>
+    <li>in underground quarters, ii: 256;</li>
+    <li>soldier surrendering, ii: 295, v: 48;</li>
+    <li>group of airmen, ii: 336;</li>
+    <li>at mess on Eastern Front, ii: 362;</li>
+    <li>in Poland, iii: 108, vi: 207;</li>
+    <li>entrenched machine-gun battery, iii: 131;</li>
+    <li>staff officers observing bombardment, iii: 134;</li>
+    <li>field telephone station, iii. 295;</li>
+    <li>struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399;</li>
+    <li>in trenches in Argonne, v: 214;</li>
+    <li>in a Russian forest, vi: 212;</li>
+    <li>building trenches, vi: 245;</li>
+    <li>war booty, vi: 250;</li>
+    <li>soldier harvesting, vi: 251;</li>
+    <li>East African troops, vi: 253;</li>
+    <li>pay-day, vi: 267;</li>
+    <li>wounded being gathered by ambulance men, vii: 208;</li>
+    <li>plan of underground village for troops, viii: 126;</li>
+    <li>first line trench shelters at Pleimont, viii: 131;</li>
+    <li>&quot;pill-boxes,&quot; viii: 132;</li>
+    <li>officer's underground bed-room, viii: 133;</li>
+    <li>a trench, viii: 134;</li>
+    <li>infantry resting, xi: 10, 199;</li>
+    <li>in Galicia, xi: 17;</li>
+    <li>bridging a river, xi: 27;</li>
+    <li>entering bombarded Russian town, xi: 34;</li>
+    <li>Uhlans, xi: 196;</li>
+    <li>troops returning to rear, xi: 197;</li>
+    <li>troops on church parade, xi: 201;</li>
+    <li>entering Lemberg, xi: 203;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Battle scenes.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Artillery,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>anti-aircraft gun, ii: 364;</li>
+    <li>in Flanders, iii: 36;</li>
+    <li>howitzers, iii: 128, viii: 32;</li>
+    <li>observation tower, viii: 15;</li>
+    <li>fragment of long-range shell used in bombarding Paris, viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;</li>
+    <li>diagram of long-range shell, viii: 53;</li>
+    <li>prepared position for &quot;Big Bertha,&quot; viii: 61.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>National Assembly, in session, vi: 274.</li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>naval base at Kiel, ii: 56;</li>
+    <li>battle cruisers, iv: 146;</li>
+    <li>submarine dry-dock in Kiel Canal, iv: 202;</li>
+    <li>coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212;</li>
+    <li>interior of a U-boat, iv: 237;</li>
+    <li>officers and men of captured U-boat, iv: 238;</li>
+    <li>captured U-boats in Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297;</li>
+    <li>surrender of fleet to Allies at Scapa Flow, iv: 381, 382, 383, 386, 390;</li>
+    <li>naval gun captured on Western Front, viii: 30;</li>
+    <li>details of U-boats, viii: 265, 267;</li>
+    <li>aboard a torpedo boat, x: 278;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> Submarines;</li>
+    <li><em>also</em> name of vessel.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3.</li>
+  <li>Ship-building yard, ii: 19.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Gibraltar, Rock of, ii: <em>Intro. xiv.</em></li>
+<li><cite>Gloucester Castle</cite>, British hospital ship, iv: 233.</li>
+<li><cite>Goeben</cite>, German cruiser, v: 15.</li>
+<li>Gold $5,000,000 in kegs on way from U. S. to Europe, i: 269.</li>
+<li>Golden Horn, Constantinople, iv: 29, vi: 337.</li>
+<li>Grand Pr&eacute;, ruins of, v: 263.</li>
+<li>&quot;Gratitude March,&quot; Polish school-boy's tribute to American children, xi: 390, 392.</li>
+<li>Great Britain:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in German East Africa, i: 14, iii: 252;</li>
+    <li>New Guinea colonials, i: 81;</li>
+    <li>railroad construction in France, ii: 44, v: 296;</li>
+    <li>machine-gun unit on Western Front, ii: 125;</li>
+    <li>regiment of Highlanders, ii: 172;</li>
+    <li>motor lorries on way to front, ii: 192, iii: 5;</li>
+    <li>street barricade against Germans in a French town, ii: 289;</li>
+    <li>assisting in recruiting, ii: 310;</li>
+    <li>descending Mount of Olives in Palestine (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 332;</li>
+    <li>cavalry in trenches, ii: 19;</li>
+    <li>on Italian Front, iii: 241;</li>
+    <li>in Cameroons, iii: 251;</li>
+    <li>supply train, iii: 317;</li>
+    <li>advance medical station in Palestine, iii: 326;</li>
+    <li>cavalry resting, iii: 362;</li>
+    <li>wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385, vii: 196, 238;</li>
+    <li>bringing up pontoons for use at front, iii: 387;</li>
+    <li>&quot;Die Hards,&quot; iii: 388;</li>
+    <li>Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389;</li>
+    <li>on Salonika Front, iii: 397;</li>
+    <li>going over the top, flash-light photo, v: 293;</li>
+    <li>recruiting posters, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334;</li>
+    <li>in trenches, vi: 62;</li>
+    <li>on march (in color), vi: <em>facing p.</em> 130;</li>
+    <li>supplies at Salonika, vi: 225;</li>
+    <li>bandaging wounded on Western Front, vii: 97;</li>
+    <li>&quot;Tommy&quot; making friends with Belgian children, vii: 134;</li>
+    <li>Sudanese troops in Egypt, vii: 323;</li>
+    <li>entering Bagdad, vii: 326;</li>
+    <li>troop train in France, vii: 388;</li>
+    <li>field oven viii: 291;</li>
+    <li>Rifle Brigade fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11;</li>
+    <li>charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45;</li>
+    <li>Black Watch Regiment, x: 56;</li>
+    <li>Scots fighting through Loos, x: 157;</li>
+    <li>soldiers with captured souvenirs, xi: 182;</li>
+    <li>cavalry camp, xi: 184;</li>
+    <li>smiling Tommies going to battle, xi: 185;</li>
+    <li>wounded soldiers at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187;</li>
+    <li>awaiting inspection, xi: 297;</li>
+    <li>Highlander with doughboy, xi: 361;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em>
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Australia;</li>
+      <li>Battle scenes;</li>
+      <li>Canada;</li>
+      <li>India;</li>
+      <li>New Zealand;</li>
+      <li>South Africa.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Artillery,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in action, ii: 128, 132, x: 107, 129;</li>
+    <li>returning from front, ii: 158;</li>
+    <li>big guns on way to front, vi: 65;</li>
+    <li>hauling big gun into position, vi: 90;</li>
+    <li>howitzer, viii: 33.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>on board a battleship, iv: 25;</li>
+    <li>on board a monitor, iv: 26;</li>
+    <li>gun and gun crew of monitor, iv: 34, 281;</li>
+    <li>mine-sweepers, iv: 51;</li>
+    <li>patrol boat on duty, iv: 73;</li>
+    <li>veterans of battle of Jutland, iv: 122, 155;</li>
+    <li>recruiting poster, iv: 139;</li>
+    <li>battle cruisers, iv: 151;</li>
+    <li>heroes of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 155;</li>
+    <li>submarine officer watching for target, iv: 236;</li>
+    <li>monitor in action, iv: 282;</li>
+    <li>destroyer on patrol duty, iv: 295;</li>
+    <li>treating wounded in Mesopotamia, vii: 327;</li>
+    <li>shell of super gun, viii: 4;</li>
+    <li>Grand Fleet, xi: 32;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> name of war vessel.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Parliament, Houses of, xi: 2.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Greek reservists in U. S. reporting for duty, i: 261.</li>
+<li>Grenades,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>filling, viii: 171;</li>
+  <li>throwing, x: 21.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Grosser Kurf&uuml;rst</cite>, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.</li>
+<li>Gurkhas,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at English entertainment, vi: 17;</li>
+  <li>at battle front, x: 87;</li>
+  <li>capturing German trench, xi: 192;</li>
+  <li>pipers, xi: 333.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Hilg" id="Hilg">H</a></li>
+<li>Hague, Peace Palace at, i: 102.</li>
+<li>Hamburg, river front, vi: 269.</li>
+<li><cite>Hamidieh</cite>, Turkish cruiser, officers and crew, iv: 46.</li>
+<li>Handley-Page bombing plane, viii: 204, 220.</li>
+<li>Heligoland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>harbor of, iv: 241;</li>
+  <li>street scene, iv: 242.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Heliograph, signalling by, vi: 228.</li>
+<li>Helmets,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>manufacture of, viii: 65;</li>
+  <li>use by war photographers, viii: 67;</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Helsingfors,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>market scene, vi: 197;</li>
+  <li>general view, vi: 199.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hermannstadt, iii: 220.</li>
+<li>Herzegovina, town scene, vi: 361.</li>
+<li><cite>Hindenburg</cite>, German battleship, iv: 385, 389.</li>
+<li>Hindenburg Line, tunnel entrance, v: 294.</li>
+<li>Hindu Maharajah, vi: 79.</li>
+<li>Hindu shop in East Africa, vi: 51.</li>
+<li>Hochoffen Company's smelters, L&uuml;beck, Germany, i: 364.</li>
+<li>Hohenzollern,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Castle, i: 33;</li>
+  <li>coat of arms, i: 153.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot;Home from France,&quot; in color, iii: <em>facing p.</em> 348.</li>
+<li>Horses, treatment of, wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.</li>
+<li>Hospitals:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>reading to sick and wounded, v: 339;</li>
+    <li>an evacuation hospital, v: 345;</li>
+    <li>at Neuilly, vii: 38, 77, 199;</li>
+    <li>on board battleship, vii: 41;</li>
+    <li>hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380;</li>
+    <li>Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, vii: 64;</li>
+    <li>tent hospital at Auteuil, vii: 205, 206, 243;</li>
+    <li>Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347;</li>
+    <li>gassed soldier at a field hospital, vii: 354;</li>
+    <li>hospital ship <cite>Mercy</cite>, viii: 370, 371, 374.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>American women's, in London, vii: 30;</li>
+    <li>bombarded by Germans, vii: 82;</li>
+    <li>home of Duke of Westminster as, vii: 89;</li>
+    <li>on Astor estate at Cliveden, vii: 106, 281;</li>
+    <li>Prince of Wales Hospital at Tottenham, vii: 108;</li>
+    <li>Duchess of Sutherland's, in France, vii: 109;</li>
+    <li>University College, Oxford, turned into, vii: 198;</li>
+    <li>hospital trains, vii: 241, viii: 379;</li>
+    <li>hospital ships, vii: 253, 396.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Dutch, German wounded being cared for at Maastricht, vii: 174.</li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>barges converted as, vii: 49, 236, 244;</li>
+    <li>near Soissons, airplane view, vii: 63;</li>
+    <li>box-car converted into, vii: 239.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German, hospital train, vii: 220.</li>
+  <li>Rumanian, anti-typus bath and disinfectant train, vii: 212.</li>
+  <li>Russian, scenes in, vii: 363, xi: 147.</li>
+  <li>Salonikan, bombarded by Germans, vii: 159.</li>
+  <li>Swiss, for treatment of tubercular patients, at Leysin, vii: 247.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Howitzers,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>path of trajectory and effect of fire, ii: 129, iii: 159, viii: 135;</li>
+  <li>German, iii: 128, viii: 32;</li>
+  <li>British, viii: 33;</li>
+  <li>8-in., with caterpillar mount, viii: 40;</li>
+  <li>construction of, <a href="#Page_73">xii: 73</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Hungary, celebrating establishment of Republic, vi: 323.</li>
+<li>Hydrophones, for detection of U-boats, viii: 17, 19.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Iilg" id="Iilg">I</a></li>
+<li><cite>Indefatigable</cite>, British battle cruiser, iv: 148.</li>
+<li>India, army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>behind the lines in France, i: 219;</li>
+  <li>sepoys, iii: 182;</li>
+  <li>at a listening post in the desert, iii: 190;</li>
+  <li>Gurkhas at English entertainment, vi: 17;</li>
+  <li>detachment standing at attention, vi: 73;</li>
+  <li>in desert trenches, vi: 75;</li>
+  <li>Hindu servants of British officers, vi: 77;</li>
+  <li>Gurkhas at battle front, x: 86;</li>
+  <li>Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192;</li>
+  <li>Gurkha pipers, xi: 333.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Indians, American, in U. S. Army, xi: 176, 177.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></p></li>
+
+<li><cite>Inflexible</cite>, British battleship, iv: 44.</li>
+<li>International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34.</li>
+<li><cite>Invincible</cite>, British battle cruiser, iv: 72, 145.</li>
+<li>Ireland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>recruiting scene, vi: 54;</li>
+  <li>ruins of Dublin Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61;</li>
+  <li>street fighting in Dublin, '16, vi: 58.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Iris</cite>, British ferry boat, returning after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.</li>
+<li>Isonzo valley, iii: 238.</li>
+<li>Italy:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>group of Italian and U. S. airmen, i: 257;</li>
+    <li>at Mass before battle, ii: 50;</li>
+    <li>machine gunners at front, ii: 95, 238;</li>
+    <li>in trenches, prepared to repulse attack, ii: 150;</li>
+    <li>mountain sentinel, ii: 237, vi: 318;</li>
+    <li>in first line trenches overlooking Austrian position, ii: 243;</li>
+    <li>Arditi shock troops in action, ii: 247;</li>
+    <li>climbing to mountain positions, ii: 251, iii: 242;</li>
+    <li>first line troops under bombardment, ii: 253;</li>
+    <li>digging trenches in the Alps, iii: 225;</li>
+    <li>Alpini, iii: 228;</li>
+    <li>an outpost visited by Cadorna, iii: 233;</li>
+    <li>sharpshooters on Mount Nero, iii: 237;</li>
+    <li>entrenched, vi: 115;</li>
+    <li>mobilization, vi: 125;</li>
+    <li>recruits, vi: 126;</li>
+    <li>directing artillery fire from a mountain crag, vi: 307;</li>
+    <li>in mountain dugout, vi: 314;</li>
+    <li>hard pressed in battle, x: 63;</li>
+    <li>fording mountain torrent, xi: 28.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Artillery,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>big guns, ii: 249, iii: 245;</li>
+    <li>hoisting guns up mountain, viii: 5;</li>
+    <li>anti-aircraft, viii: 10, 16;</li>
+    <li>a gun used against Austrian offensive, viii: 38;</li>
+    <li>long-range bombardment, x: 359;</li>
+    <li>artillery crossing mountains, xi: 40.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Declaration of war,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>symbolized (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 230;</li>
+    <li>crowds celebrating, vi: 116;</li>
+    <li>anti-German demonstration in Rome, vi: 117.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>motor boat sinking Austrian battleship, iv: 370;</li>
+    <li>sea tank breaking through enemy harbor defense, iv: 371;</li>
+    <li>mine layer, iv: 372.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Jilg" id="Jilg">J</a></li>
+<li>Japan,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>artillery advancing on Tsing Tao, ii: 358;</li>
+  <li>torpedo boats off Yokohama harbor, iv: 169;</li>
+  <li>state procession, vi: 383.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Jason</cite>, in Plymouth harbor, vii: 135.</li>
+<li>Jerusalem,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Kaiser's entry, 1898, i: 97;</li>
+  <li>British tank in streets of (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 280;</li>
+  <li>walls (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 370;</li>
+  <li>surrender of, iii: 195;</li>
+  <li>Gen. Allenby's entry, iii: 323.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Jutland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle of, British veterans of, iv: 122, 155;</li>
+  <li>British warships shelling German cruiser, iv: 130;</li>
+  <li>night action, iv: 132.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Juvigny, German machine gun nests at, v: 261.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Kilg" id="Kilg">K</a></li>
+<li>Kemmel Hill,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>fight for, ii: 152;</li>
+  <li>French post on, v: 289.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kiel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>harbor of, ii: 56;</li>
+  <li>U-boat dry dock in Canal, iv: 202.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Kiev,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>street scene, vi: 240;</li>
+  <li>history museum, vi: 244.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Knights of Columbus,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>serving members of &quot;Lost Battalion&quot; after rescue, vii: 329;</li>
+  <li>group of secretaries at Lafayette Monument, Paris, vii: 330;</li>
+  <li>providing music for troops on leave, vii: 332;</li>
+  <li>hut on Broadway, New York City, vii: 333;</li>
+  <li>group of workers in battle area, vii: 335;</li>
+  <li>helping wounded, vii: 336;</li>
+  <li>in Verdun, vii: 337;</li>
+  <li>in the Argonne, vii: 338.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Knitting,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in Central Park, New York, vii: 123;</li>
+  <li>New York firemen doing their bit, vii: 125.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>K&ouml;niggr&auml;tz,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>defeat of Austrians by Prussians in battle of, i: 42;</li>
+  <li>occupation by Prussians, 1866, i: 47.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>K&ouml;nigsberg, iii: 290.</li>
+<li>Kremlin, the, Moscow, ii: 234.</li>
+<li><cite>Kronprinz Wilhelm</cite>, German sea raider, iv: 196.</li>
+<li>Krupp works, Essen, ii: 106.</li>
+<li>Kut-el-Amara,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>native bazaar, iii: 181;</li>
+  <li>banks of Tigris at, iii: 183;</li>
+  <li>group of venerable inhabitants, iii: 318.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Lilg" id="Lilg">L</a></li>
+<li><cite>L-15</cite>, German Zeppelin, sinking, x: 361.</li>
+<li><cite>L-49</cite>, Zeppelin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>captured by French, viii: 249;</li>
+  <li>fuel tanks on, viii: 253.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lafayette, Marquis de,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>tomb, Pershing's visit to, v: 99;</li>
+  <li>birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 7;</li>
+  <li>Paris Monument, vii: 330;</li>
+  <li>Brooklyn Monument, xi: 7.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lafayette Fund, soldier's kit, vii: 88.</li>
+<li>Laundry, on wheels for army, viii: 288.</li>
+<li>Le Mans, Y. W. C. A. hostess house at, vii: 272.</li>
+<li><cite>Leipzig</cite>, German cruiser, iv: 75.</li>
+<li>Lemberg, iii: 121, vi: 160;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German troops entering, xi: 203.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Leoning monoplane, viii: 207.</li>
+<li><cite>Leviathan</cite>, U.S. transport,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bringing home 27th Div., v: 298;</li>
+  <li>entering N.Y. harbor, vii: 382.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lewis machine-gun, v: 240, viii: 86.</li>
+<li>Liberty Bell, vi: 227.</li>
+<li>Liberty Loan, posters, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, <a href="#Page_7">xii: 7</a>, <a href="#Page_14">xii: 14</a>, <a href="#Page_128">xii: 128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">xii: 131</a>.</li>
+<li>Liberty Motor, viii: 194, 197, 198, 199.</li>
+<li>Li&eacute;ge,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>bird's-eye view, i: 336;</li>
+  <li>Meuse bridge, iii: 6.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ligny, battle of, in Franco-Prussian War, i: 65.</li>
+<li>Lille,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German troops in, i: 172;</li>
+  <li>airplane view of, viii: 231.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Lion</cite>, flagship of Adm. Beatty,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at battle of Jutland, iv: 147;</li>
+  <li>after battle off Dogger Bank, iv: 252.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Liquid fire, x: 19.</li>
+<li>Lisbon, celebrating declaration of war, vi: 374.</li>
+<li>Locomotives, U. S.,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ready for shipment overseas, v: 195;</li>
+  <li>building of (in color), viii: <em>facing p.</em> 282;</li>
+  <li>being assembled in France x: 391.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Locust Point, ruins of fire suspected of German incendiary origin, i: 279.</li>
+<li>London,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Buckingham Palace and Queen Victoria's monument, i: 127;</li>
+  <li>scene in front of Buckingham Palace on night of declaration of war, i: 138;</li>
+  <li>crowd in front of Royal Exchange listening to King's reading of war proclamation, i: 145;</li>
+  <li>night illumination for search of German air raiders, i: 151;</li>
+  <li>mass meeting to urge internment of Germans, ii: 259;</li>
+  <li>view from Westminster Abbey, vi: 4;</li>
+  <li>anti-conscription demonstration, vi: 7;</li>
+  <li>recruiting scene, vi: 8;</li>
+  <li>Lord Mayor's Show, vi: 9;</li>
+  <li>Tower of, vi: 11;</li>
+  <li>anti-German riot, x: 334.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>London Scottish, charging at Messines, x: 45.</li>
+<li>&quot;Lost Battalion,&quot; members of, being fed at Knights of Columbus field kitchen, vii: 329.</li>
+<li>Louvain,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ruins of Library, i: 239;</li>
+  <li>refugees from, vii: <em>Intro. xii.</em></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Lucy-le-Bocage, ruins of, v: 134.</li>
+<li>Luresnes, American Cemetery at, vii: 224.</li>
+<li><cite>Lusitania</cite>,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sinking of, i: 291;</li>
+  <li>float representing sinking, i: 296;</li>
+  <li>facsimile of German warning against sailing on, i: 319;</li>
+  <li>attempt to save passengers while sinking, iv: 219;</li>
+  <li>popular German postcard depicting torpedoing, iv: 221;</li>
+  <li>German medal celebrating destruction, iv: 222;</li>
+  <li>appeal to revenge sinking of (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 222;</li>
+  <li>funeral procession of victims, iv: 225;</li>
+  <li>on last voyage, iv: 226, xi: 20.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Luxemburg, City of, vi: 93.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Milg" id="Milg">M</a></li>
+<li>Machine-guns,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Lewis, v: 240, viii: 86;</li>
+  <li>Colt, viii: 80, 81, 83;</li>
+  <li>Benet-Mercier, viii: 82;</li>
+  <li>German, viii: 85;</li>
+  <li>Browning, viii: 85;</li>
+  <li>on airplanes, viii: 193, 209, 211.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Madrid, Bolshevik demonstration, vi: 372.</li>
+<li>Mainz, vi: 295.</li>
+<li><cite>Mainz</cite>, German cruiser, sinking off Heligoland, iv: 243.</li>
+<li><cite>Majestic</cite>, British battleship, ii: 204.</li>
+<li>Matines, Cathedral, vi: 102.</li>
+<li>Malingering, tests for detection of, viii: 359, 363.</li>
+<li>Malmaison, Fort, German defenses at, ii: 41.</li>
+<li>Mancourt, French machine gunners repulsing German attacks, ii: 43.</li>
+<li>Marines, U. S., <em>see</em> U. S., Marines.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></p></li>
+
+<li><cite>Markgraf</cite>, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.</li>
+<li>Marne, battles of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dead and debris on battlefield, iii: 25, 94;</li>
+  <li>Germans forcing crossing of river, iii: 32;</li>
+  <li>French celebrating anniversary of, iii: 34.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Marne River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, ii: 82, x: 4;</li>
+  <li>Allied airplanes flying over, ii: 83;</li>
+  <li>Germans crossing, iii: 32;</li>
+  <li>U. S. troops resting near, v: 42.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Marseillaise</cite>, singing of, xi: 327.</li>
+<li>Marseilles, arrival of Russian troops at, i: 251.</li>
+<li>Martin bombing plane, viii: 234.</li>
+<li>Mascots,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>lion mascots of Maj. Lufberry, xi: 229;</li>
+  <li>baboon mascot of Royal Engineers, xi: 230.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Masks, for shell-torn faces, viii: 389, 391.</li>
+<li>Maubeuge, ruin of fort at, ii: 11.</li>
+<li>Maude, Gen., grave of, iii: 187.</li>
+<li>McPherson, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, v: 301.</li>
+<li>Melbourne,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Australian army embarking for Gallipoli, ii: 201;</li>
+  <li>Alexandra Gardens, vi: 43.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Mercy</cite>, U. S. hospital ship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>view of a ward, viii: 370;</li>
+  <li>operating room, viii: 371;</li>
+  <li>X-ray apparatus, viii: 374.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mesopotamia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>New Zealanders digging trenches, ii: 91;</li>
+  <li>bridge across Tigris, iii: 319;</li>
+  <li>native silver-smiths, iii: 330;</li>
+  <li>camel caravan, iii: 367;</li>
+  <li>bridge across Narin River destroyed by Turks, vi: 222.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Messines, battle of, iii: 360.</li>
+<li>Metz, i: 332.</li>
+<li>Meuse River,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ruins of bridge destroyed by Germans, i: 313;</li>
+  <li>at Verdun, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303;</li>
+  <li>French scouts reconnoitering on, ii: 45;</li>
+  <li>at Li&eacute;ge, iii: 6;</li>
+  <li>near Dinant, iii: 13;</li>
+  <li>passing through country north of Verdun, iii: 309;</li>
+  <li>wreckage on banks, iii: 328.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Milan, pro-war demonstration, vi: 119, 124.</li>
+<li>Mine-field, viii: 273, 275.</li>
+<li>Mine-layers, iv: 200, 329, 372;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>plan of German mine-laying submarine, viii: 267.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mine-laying, iv: 324, 326, 331.</li>
+<li>Mines, iv: 325, 327;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>floating, xi: 247.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Mine-sweepers, iv: 51, 260.</li>
+<li>Mobile repair shop, viii: 295.</li>
+<li><cite>Moltke</cite>, German battle cruiser, with crew, iv: 257.</li>
+<li>Monastir, vi: 355.</li>
+<li>Monitors, <em>see</em> Great Britain, Navy.</li>
+<li>Mortars, viii: 3, xi: 293.</li>
+<li>Moscow,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>the kremlin, ii: 234;</li>
+  <li>Red Square, vi: 167.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Moselle River, v: 81.</li>
+<li>&quot;Mothers of France,&quot; in color, vi: <em>frontispiece</em>.</li>
+<li>Motor truck, equipped with apparatus for crossing trenches, viii: 292.</li>
+<li>Motor boats, construction of, in New Jersey shipyard, <a href="#Page_102">xii: 102</a>.</li>
+<li>Mouilly, battlefield near, in St. Mihiel salient, v: 204.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;lhausen, street scene, ii: 183.</li>
+<li>Murat, Prince, palace of, President Wilson's Paris residence during Peace Conference, ix: 67, 68.</li>
+<li>Mustard gas,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>filling shells with, v: 323, viii: 165;</li>
+  <li>frozen cube of, viii: 172.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Nilg" id="Nilg">N</a></li>
+<li>Nancy, bird's-eye view, ii: 140.</li>
+<li>Napoleon, tomb of, x: 233.</li>
+<li><cite>Nautilus</cite>, Fulton's submarine, iv: 203.</li>
+<li>Naval scenes, general,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>firing a salvo, iv: 77;</li>
+  <li>lookout in crow's nest, iv: 163;</li>
+  <li>destroyer on patrol, iv: 193;</li>
+  <li>torpedo boat on patrol, x: 284;</li>
+  <li>target practice, xi: 281;</li>
+  <li>winter patrol, xi: 298;</li>
+  <li>battleship in rough sea, xi: 300;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under name of country, Navy;</li>
+  <li><em>also</em> particular references such as Submarines;</li>
+  <li>etc.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>N-C-I</cite>, U. S. seaplane, viii: 238.</li>
+<li><cite>Nebraska</cite>, U. S. battleship, crew preparing to sow mine field, iv: 326.</li>
+<li>Netherlands,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>mobilized soldiers reading war news, i: 263;</li>
+  <li>military maneuvers, ii: 181;</li>
+  <li>troops at machine-gun practice, vi: 376;</li>
+  <li>war refugees in, vii: 169;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross volunteers, vi: 170.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Neufmaisons, street scene, v: 54.</li>
+<li>Neuilly, American hospital at, vii: 38, 77, 199.</li>
+<li>New Guinea,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>native troops in British service, i: 81;</li>
+  <li>native women as plantation workers, i: 82.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>New York,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>parade of German-Americans, '14, i: 272;</li>
+  <li>Austrian reservists reporting at consulate at outbreak of war, i: 281;</li>
+  <li>display of flags on Armistice Day, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 401;</li>
+  <li>Victory Parade, iv: 138;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross Parade, vii: 2;</li>
+  <li>women of Motor Corps of America parading, vii: 57;</li>
+  <li>Victory Way, <a href="#Page_133">xii: 133</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>New York</cite>, U. S. battleship,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>visited by King George and Adm. Beatty, iv: 11, 85, 345;</li>
+  <li>airplane view, iv: 358;</li>
+  <li>in a storm, iv: 395.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>New Zealand, army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>digging trenches in Mesopotamia, ii: 91;</li>
+  <li>in Egypt, vi: 46.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>North Carolina</cite>, U. S. battleship, crew visiting Pyramids, iv: 353.</li>
+<li><cite>North Dakota</cite>, U. S. battleship, iv: 344.</li>
+<li>North Sea Allied patrol, x: 285, 294.</li>
+<li>Notre Dame, Church of, at Albert, after German bombardment, xi: 23.</li>
+<li>Noyon, French entering, '18, iii: 102.</li>
+<li>Nurses,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>French (in color), vii: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+  <li>reading to convalescent, vii: 21;</li>
+  <li>Japanese, vii: 44;</li>
+  <li>British, vii: 52;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross, treating Allied wounded, vii: 65;</li>
+  <li>reading last rites over the dead, vii: 76;</li>
+  <li>Polish, recruited in America, vii: 353;</li>
+  <li>Russian, vii: 362;</li>
+  <li>French Sister of Mercy (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 48;</li>
+  <li>writing letters for wounded, x: 380;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Red Cross.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Oilg" id="Oilg">O</a></li>
+<li>Observation tower, German collapsible type, viii: 15.</li>
+<li>Oglethorpe, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, ii: 319.</li>
+<li>Olives, Mount of (in color), ii. <em>facing p.</em> 332.</li>
+<li>Oppressed nations, representatives of, at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, vi: 227.</li>
+<li>Ostend,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>esplanade, ii: 224;</li>
+  <li>bird's-eye view of harbor, iv: 275;</li>
+  <li>British cruiser <cite>Vindictive</cite> being sunk at, iv: 276.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Pilg" id="Pilg">P</a></li>
+<li>Palestine,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British troops with captured Turkish plane, ii: 93;</li>
+  <li>Mount of Olives (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 332;</li>
+  <li>native market, iii: 194;</li>
+  <li>dressing-station for British wounded, iii: 326;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> name of towns in, as Jerusalem, etc.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Parachute, French type, viii: 263.</li>
+<li>Parades,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German-Americans in New York, '14, i: 272;</li>
+  <li>in Cape Town, to help recruiting, i: 383;</li>
+  <li>in London, recruits passing Whitehall, i: 387;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: <em>Intro. xxiv</em>;</li>
+  <li>in Petrograd celebrating capture of Lemberg, ii: 230;</li>
+  <li>in Berlin, on birthday of Kaiser, ii: 258;</li>
+  <li>in New York, Victory parade, iv: 138;</li>
+  <li>recruits at Chicago, v: 377;</li>
+  <li>Lord Mayor's Show, London, vi: 9;</li>
+  <li>women's, in London, '15, vi: 18;</li>
+  <li>Dominion Day in Winnipeg, vi: 27;</li>
+  <li>Anzac Day in Sydney, '18, vi: 44;</li>
+  <li>Allies in Vladivostok, vi: 193;</li>
+  <li>Red Cross in New York, vii: 2;</li>
+  <li>women of American Motor Corps, in New York, vii: 57;</li>
+  <li>Russian troops in Paris on Bastille Day, x: 376;</li>
+  <li>U. S. troops in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Paris,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>group of Americans stranded in, by outbreak of war, i: 277;</li>
+  <li>congestion at railroad station on declaration of war, i: 278;</li>
+  <li>interior of American embassy, i: 288;</li>
+  <li>Allied conference at French Foreign Ministry, March, '16, i: 398;</li>
+  <li>Eiffel Tower, ii: 267;</li>
+  <li>crowd outside Bank of France on outbreak of War, ii: 382;</li>
+  <li>bird's-eye view, v: 379, <a href="#Page_258">xii: 258</a>;</li>
+  <li>on watch for enemy with searchlights, vi: 97;</li>
+  <li>Bois de Boulogne, vi: 100;</li>
+  <li>Armistice celebration, vi: 107;</li>
+  <li>Joan of Arc anniversary celebration, vi: 108;</li>
+  <li>Bourse, vi: 109;</li>
+  <li>May Day riots, May 1, '19, vi: 111;</li>
+  <li>poor getting coal allotment, vi: 112;</li>
+  <li>theatre turned into relief warehouse, vii: 114;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></p></li>
+
+  <li>crowd in Place de la Concorde to greet President Wilson, <a href="#Page_164">xii: 164</a>;</li>
+  <li>crowd at Place de l'Etoile welcoming Wilson, <a href="#Page_193">xii: 193</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Parliament, British, Houses of, xi: 2.</li>
+<li>Passchendaele Ridge, British bombardment of, iii: 78.</li>
+<li>Peace Treaty,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Clemenceau's pen in signing, ix: 13;</li>
+  <li>table and chair used in signing, <a href="#Page_157">xii: 157</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Pegasus</cite>, British airplane carrier, iv: 81.</li>
+<li><cite>Pennsylvania</cite>, U. S. battleship, airplane view of, iv: 360.</li>
+<li>Periscope, land use, ii: 179.</li>
+<li>Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, Italian fiesta for, at New York Public Library, vii: 258.</li>
+<li>Persia, Christian inhabitants, vi: 336.</li>
+<li>Petrograd,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>celebrating capture of Lembery, ii: 230;</li>
+  <li>war-time crowds, vi: 137;</li>
+  <li>burning, vi: 146;</li>
+  <li>celebrating Kerensky revolution, vi: 152;</li>
+  <li>along the Canal, vi: 155;</li>
+  <li>view from St. Isaac's Cathedral, vi: 163;</li>
+  <li>street orators, vi: 165, 172;</li>
+  <li>Tauris Palace, vi: 173;</li>
+  <li>crowds awaiting food rations, vii: 372, 373.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Phosgene, filling shells with, viii: 169.</li>
+<li>Pigeons, as military messengers, viii: 327, 328.</li>
+<li>Pill-boxes, viii: 132, xi: 253.</li>
+<li>Place de la Concorde, Paris, welcoming President Wilson, <a href="#Page_164">xii: 164</a>.</li>
+<li>Place de l'Etoile, Paris crowds welcoming President Wilson, <a href="#Page_193">xii: 193</a>.</li>
+<li>Plymouth, England, harbor, vii: 135.</li>
+<li>&quot;Poilu,&quot; in color, iii: <em>frontispiece</em>.</li>
+<li>Pola, harbor, iv: 369, vi: 312.</li>
+<li>Poland,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German trenches in, iii: 108;</li>
+  <li>troops in Warsaw, vi: 205;</li>
+  <li>Women's Battalion of Death, vi: 218;</li>
+  <li>unloading food supplies from U. S. in Warsaw, vii: 355;</li>
+  <li>shipping kosher meat for Jewish war sufferers in, vii: 357.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Pontoons, iii: 387.</li>
+<li>Pope's palace, interior of, ix: 406.</li>
+<li>Port Said, i: 16, iii: 200.</li>
+<li>Posters:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>for Navy recruiting, iv: 316;</li>
+    <li>for Marine recruiting, v: 131, x: 316;</li>
+    <li>for Red Cross, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285;</li>
+    <li>for Free Milk for France fund, vii: 377;</li>
+    <li>for Liberty Loans, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, <a href="#Page_7">xii: 7</a>, <a href="#Page_14">xii: 14</a>, <a href="#Page_128">xii: 128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">xii: 131</a>;</li>
+    <li>War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>recruiting, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334;</li>
+    <li>for Women's Land Army, vi: 13;</li>
+    <li>for Belgian relief, vii: 128.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>War Loan, vi: 96, 98;</li>
+    <li>for soldiers' relief, vi: 99, 103;</li>
+    <li>war exposition, vi: 113.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Italian, War Loan, vi: 327.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Potsdam, throne room of royal palace at, i: 159.</li>
+<li>Prague, vi: 397.</li>
+<li><cite>Prinz Eitel Friedrich</cite>, German sea raider, iv: 196.</li>
+<li>Prisoners of war:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Austrian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in Italy ii: 97;</li>
+    <li>in Serbia, iii: 154;</li>
+    <li>captured by Russians, iii: 293, vi: 182.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Belgian, snipers on way to execution by Germans, i: 236.</li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>at G&ouml;ttingen, iii: 301;</li>
+    <li>condition on being released from German prison camp, vii: 39.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>captured in first Marne battle, ii: 143, 173;</li>
+    <li>on way to prison camp, ii: 328;</li>
+    <li>serving as stretcher bearers, ii: 334;</li>
+    <li>captured at Verdun, iii: 315;</li>
+    <li>U-boat crew captured by Americans, iv: 238;</li>
+    <li>captured by Russians, vi: 177;</li>
+    <li>being searched for concealed weapons, vi: 284;</li>
+    <li>group under British guard, vii: 104;</li>
+    <li>in prison camp, vii: 303;</li>
+    <li>at Fort McPherson, x: 373.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Russian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>having mess, vi: 139;</li>
+    <li>as street laborers, vi: 184, 217.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Serbian, on way to Austria, vii: 154.</li>
+  <li>Turkish, on march, vi: 232.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Propaganda,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>dropped by British in German lines, ii: 320;</li>
+  <li>device for releasing from aircraft, ii: 321.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Prussian Chamber of Deputies in session, vi: 259.</li>
+<li>Przemysl, vi: 135.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Qilg" id="Qilg">Q</a></li>
+<li><cite>Queen Elizabeth</cite>, British super-dreadnought, iii: 175, iv: 31.</li>
+<li>Queen Elizabeth Medal, Belgian, ix: 391.</li>
+<li>Quirinal Palace, Rome, vi: 128.</li>
+<li><cite>Quistconck</cite>, launching of, at Hog Island, <a href="#Page_26">xii: 26</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Rilg" id="Rilg">R</a></li>
+<li><cite>R-34</cite>, British dirigible, viii: 251, 255.</li>
+<li>Raemaekers, Louis, cartoons by, i: 222, 363, vi: 85, 285.</li>
+<li>Raines Foundation Schools, London, converting crates into baby cradles, vii: 141.</li>
+<li>Ramsgate, after an air raid, ii: 268.</li>
+<li>Red Cross:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>New York parade, vii: 2;</li>
+    <li>a large flag, vii: 13;</li>
+    <li>national headquarters, Washington, vii: 18;</li>
+    <li>posters, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285;</li>
+    <li>reading to convalescents, vii: 21, 204;</li>
+    <li>Kaiser's trophy donated to, vii: 25;</li>
+    <li>rolling kitchens, vii: 33;</li>
+    <li>knitting for soldiers, vii: 34;</li>
+    <li>Paris headquarters, vii: 36;</li>
+    <li>sightseeing with convalescent U. S. soldiers in London, vii: 40;</li>
+    <li>hospital ship <cite>Red Cross</cite>, vii: 45;</li>
+    <li>medal and badges of (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 50;</li>
+    <li>preparing Christmas packages for A. E. F., vii: 55, 279;</li>
+    <li>hospital train, vii: 58;</li>
+    <li>advance station in France, vii: 61;</li>
+    <li>sightseeing with U. S. sailors on leave in London, vii: 62;</li>
+    <li>distributing cigarettes to Russian wounded, vii: 79;</li>
+    <li>field canteen in France (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 96;</li>
+    <li>looking after Belgian refugees in Paris, vii: 112;</li>
+    <li>worker among refugees (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 158;</li>
+    <li>supplies at Brest, vii: 171;</li>
+    <li>making bandages (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 198;</li>
+    <li>caring for French children, vii: 200, 201;</li>
+    <li>distributing gifts to French children, vii: 229;</li>
+    <li>caring for wounded Belgian boy, vii: 242;</li>
+    <li>coffee and cakes for convalescent A. E. F. at Auteuil Hospital, vii: 243;</li>
+    <li>loading supplies for overseas (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 250, 350;</li>
+    <li>mailing letters for departing soldiers, vii: 297;</li>
+    <li>in Italy, in colors, vii: <em>facing p.</em> 300;</li>
+    <li>canteen at Trieste, vii: 301;</li>
+    <li>Red Cross men in the making, in colors, xi: <em>frontispiece</em>;</li>
+    <li>nurse visiting poor of Marseilles, xi: 83;</li>
+    <li>nurse bathing Belgian baby, xi: 85;</li>
+    <li>educational cartoons for child welfare in France, xi: 87-90.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Belgian, hospital trains, vii: 118.</li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>serving food to Germans, vii: 7;</li>
+    <li>wounded soldiers at Gift House, vii: 70;</li>
+    <li>in Mesopotamia, vii: 260.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Dutch, volunteers, vii: 170.</li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>canteen, vii: 48;</li>
+    <li>barge hospitals on the Seine, vii: 49, 236;</li>
+    <li>giving refreshments to soldiers on troop train, vii: 226;</li>
+    <li>hospital train, vii: 239;</li>
+    <li>motor canteen, vii: 248;</li>
+    <li>caring for wounded children, vii: 368.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Japanese, nurses assisting at operation, vii: 44.</li>
+  <li>Russian, group of nurses, vii: 362.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Red Cross</cite>, hospital ship, vii: 45.</li>
+<li>Refugees of war:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American, tourists fleeing from war zone, i: 271.</li>
+  <li>Belgian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>wives seeking news of deported husbands, i: 177;</li>
+    <li>fleeing before German invasion, i: 355, 356;</li>
+    <li>gathered in front of town hall, Antwerp, ii: 169;</li>
+    <li>fleeing from Antwerp, iii: 17, xi: 60;</li>
+    <li>Germans deporting women, vi: 86;</li>
+    <li>fleeing from Louvain, vii: <em>facing p.</em> 1;</li>
+    <li>assisted at Paris railroad station by Red Cross, vii: 112;</li>
+    <li>relief bundles for, vii: 126;</li>
+    <li>two aged refugees from Louvain, vii: 137;</li>
+    <li>finding food and shelter in Holland, vii: 169;</li>
+    <li>returning home (in color), ix: <em>facing p.</em> 368;</li>
+    <li>children in France, xi: 86.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>under escort of German guards, i: 205, x: 351;</li>
+    <li>going into Holland, i: 224;</li>
+    <li>fleeing out of war zone, i: 270, xi: 57, 58;</li>
+    <li>on road to Amiens, ii: 151;</li>
+    <li>in Marne district, iii: 298;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>among ruins of Termonde, vii: 74;</li>
+    <li>getting clothing in Paris from American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 102;</li>
+    <li>old peasant woman among ruins of home, vii: 150;</li>
+    <li>Red Cross relief worker among (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 158;</li>
+    <li>from Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, vii: 312;</li>
+    <li>children found at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry by Allied soldiers, xi: 61;</li>
+    <li>child seeking safety in barn, xi: 65;</li>
+    <li>repatriated French children, xi: 75;</li>
+    <li>children at La Jonch&egrave;re Sanatorium, xi: 91;</li>
+    <li>arriving in Paris with the family goat, xi: 178.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German, from East Prussia, arriving in Berlin, Aug., '14, ii: 23.</li>
+  <li>Italian, children, xi: 67, 69.</li>
+  <li>Rumanian, vi: 350.</li>
+  <li>Salonikan, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371.</li>
+  <li>Serbian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>tramping along railway tracks, vii: 158;</li>
+    <li>finding shelter in caves, vii: 160;</li>
+    <li>destitute children, xi: 73.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Reichstag Building, Berlin, vi: 277, xi: 3.</li>
+<li>Reims (Rheims),
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Cathedral, i: 76;</li>
+  <li>Cathedral being bombarded by Germans, i: 225, 245;</li>
+  <li>bird's-eye view, ii: 155;</li>
+  <li>ruins of, ii: 211.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Renault tank, viii: 159, xi: 260.</li>
+<li>&quot;Reunited,&quot; home return of soldier (in color), xi: <em>facing p.</em> 188.</li>
+<li>Rifle Brigade, British, fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11.</li>
+<li>Rifles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>diagram showing path of bullet, viii: 93;</li>
+  <li>U. S. types, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 104;</li>
+  <li>German anti-tank, viii: 139.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Riga castle, iii: 146.</li>
+<li>Rio de Janeiro, vi: 391.</li>
+<li>Riva, Porta San Marco, ii: 49.</li>
+<li>Road construction behind the lines in France, v: 398.</li>
+<li>Romagne, A. E. F. cemetery at, v: 233.</li>
+<li>Rome,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>anti-German demonstration, vi: 117;</li>
+  <li>crowds celebrating King's birthday, vi: 127;</li>
+  <li>Quirinal Palace, vi: 128.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Quentin,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>entrance card into &Eacute;cole de Tir Aerien, x: 242;</li>
+  <li>record card at &Eacute;cole de Tir Aerien, x: 245.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Theodore, Sagamore Hill home, x: 248.</li>
+<li>Rotterdam, harbor, vii: 139.</li>
+<li>Ruggles orientator, machine for testing aviation applicants, viii: 357.</li>
+<li>Rumania, artillery detachment passing in review before King Ferdinand, vi: 351.</li>
+<li>Russia:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>marching through Marseilles, i: 251;</li>
+    <li>entering burning town in Eastern Galicia, ii: 26;</li>
+    <li>Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195;</li>
+    <li>field guns, ii: 352, vi: 170;</li>
+    <li>outposts encountering Germans, ii: 356;</li>
+    <li>women's Battalion of Death, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208;</li>
+    <li>reserves on march, iii: 266;</li>
+    <li>at field Mass, iii: 270, vi: 144;</li>
+    <li>military funeral, vi: 133;</li>
+    <li>troops in panic, vi: 143;</li>
+    <li>reservists mobilizing, vi: 149;</li>
+    <li>greeting news of Czar's overthrow, vi: 157;</li>
+    <li>on way to front without rifles, vi: 176;</li>
+    <li>artillery retreating, vi: 209;</li>
+    <li>attacking with hand grenades, vi: 213;</li>
+    <li>riflemen, vi: 215;</li>
+    <li>an impromptu orchestra, vii: 152;</li>
+    <li>trenches on Eastern Front, viii: 127;</li>
+    <li>on parade in Paris, x: 376.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>General scenes,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>rural district, vi: 138;</li>
+    <li>children's procession demanding education, vi: 147;</li>
+    <li>group of radicals, vi: 178;</li>
+    <li>winter scene, vi: 191;</li>
+    <li>peasant gathering herbs, vii: 367.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Silg" id="Silg">S</a></li>
+<li><cite>S-126</cite>, German destroyer, torpedoing of, by British submarine, iv: 208.</li>
+<li>Sagamore Hill, Roosevelt home at, x: 248.</li>
+<li>St. Mark's, Venice, vi: 320.</li>
+<li>St. Mihiel sector,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>&quot; dead acres,&quot; iii: 98;</li>
+  <li>trenches, iii: 99;</li>
+  <li>tank in action at Mont Sec, v: 202;</li>
+  <li>battleground near Mouilly, v: 204.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>St. Nazaire, first A. E. F. camp at, v: 107.</li>
+<li>St. Paul's Cathedral, London, U. S. flag in, x: 30.</li>
+<li>St. Quentin, Germans in, xi: 51.</li>
+<li>St. Sophia, Mosque of, vi: 232.</li>
+<li>Salonika,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>withdrawal of Greek troops, iii: 205;</li>
+  <li>Greek troops camping in Turkish cemetery, iii: 209;</li>
+  <li>Alexander's Arch, iii: 394;</li>
+  <li>British supplies, vi: 225;</li>
+  <li>war refugees, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371;</li>
+  <li>rag-picker, xi: 62;</li>
+  <li>water-boy, xi: 63.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Salonika Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sandbag bridge, iii: 210;</li>
+  <li>British labor battalion at work, iii: 397.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Salvation Army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>the &quot; doughnut girl,&quot; vii: 380;</li>
+  <li>at the front with British, vii: 381;</li>
+  <li>soft drink bar for service men, vii: 384;</li>
+  <li>women workers cooking doughnuts near front lines, vii: 386, x: 189;</li>
+  <li>women workers being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395;</li>
+  <li>collecting funds in New York, vii: 398;</li>
+  <li>hut in Union Square, New York City, vii: 399.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Scarborough, England, after a German naval raid, iv: 244.</li>
+<li>Scheldt River, pontoon bridge across, ii: 167.</li>
+<li>Sea Scouts, British, boy signalmen, xi: 96.</li>
+<li>Searchlight, mounted on motor truck, viii: 76.</li>
+<li>Sedan, view of, v: 94.</li>
+<li>Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, after Allied bombardment, iii: 341, iv: 49.</li>
+<li>Senegalese soldier (in color), vi: <em>facing p.</em> 270.</li>
+<li>Senlis, Cathedral, iii: 335.</li>
+<li>Sepoys, iii: 182.</li>
+<li>Serajevo, view of, i: 4.</li>
+<li>Serbia:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>group of officers, i: 244, vi: 357;</li>
+    <li>type of soldier, ii: 33;</li>
+    <li>outposts on guard, iii: 282;</li>
+    <li>abandoned artillery, iii: 395;</li>
+    <li>artillery on way to front, iii: 396;</li>
+    <li>troops on march, vi: 246;</li>
+    <li>in camp, vi: 356;</li>
+    <li>artillery in action, vi: 358;</li>
+    <li>campaigning in winter, vii: 157;</li>
+    <li>lack of equipment, vii: 161.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>General,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Germans struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399;</li>
+    <li>relief boxes for, vii: 114;</li>
+    <li>war medal, vii: 146;</li>
+    <li>packing clothing for war sufferers of, at Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, vii: 165;</li>
+    <li>monument to mark where Serbs re&euml;ntered their country after exile, vii: 167;</li>
+    <li>group of peasants, vii: 370;</li>
+    <li>selling wood in market place, xi: 72.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Seydlit</cite>z, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.</li>
+<li>Shells,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>path of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159;</li>
+  <li>French, iii: 312, viii: 57;</li>
+  <li>ricochet and non-ricochet, iv: 333;</li>
+  <li>fragments of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;</li>
+  <li>line of flight of German, used in bombardment of Paris, viii: 49;</li>
+  <li>path of trajectory of 120-mile range U. S. gun, viii: 50;</li>
+  <li>construction of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 53;</li>
+  <li>manufacture of, viii: 73;</li>
+  <li>path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74;</li>
+  <li>shrapnel exploding, xi: 275;</li>
+  <li>heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sherman, Fort, U. S. soldiers on parade, xi: 36.</li>
+<li>Shrapnel,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>line of flight, viii: 74;</li>
+  <li>exploding, xi: 275.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Siberia, station on trans-Siberian railroad, vi: 190.</li>
+<li>Sirens, for warning of German air raids, viii: 216.</li>
+<li>Sister of Mercy (in color), x: <em>facing p.</em> 48.</li>
+<li>Smoke screens, ii: 198, iv: 57, viii: 269, 325, xi: 402.</li>
+<li>Soissons, ruins of Cathedral, iii: 92.</li>
+<li>Somme,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battlefield of, ii: 146, iii: 56;</li>
+  <li>British charging during battle of, iii: 57;</li>
+  <li>front visited by Clemenceau, xi: 127.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sound horns, for detection of airplanes, viii: 18.</li>
+<li>Sound-mirror, for detection of airplanes, viii: 21.</li>
+<li>South Africa, Union of, troops embarking for Gallipoli, iii: 176.</li>
+<li>Southwest Africa, German, native village, vi: 260.</li>
+<li>Spad airplane, viii: 190.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></p></li>
+
+<li>Spahis, x: 117.</li>
+<li>Spies, German,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>English mob attacking shop of suspect, i: 227;</li>
+  <li>under French guard, x: 332.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Springfield rifle, viii: 98, 99, 103, 105.</li>
+<li>Stage Women's War Relief,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>supplying service men with newspapers, vii: 345;</li>
+  <li>Service House in New York, vii: 346;</li>
+  <li>theatricals at New York Debarkation Hospital, vii: 347.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Stamboul</cite>, Turkish transport struck by torpedo, iv: 209.</li>
+<li>Stanford University, cadets at trench drill, xi: 167.</li>
+<li><cite>Star-spangled Banner</cite>, singing of, by U. S. service men, xi: 331.</li>
+<li>Stelvio Pass, in the Alps, xi: 42.</li>
+<li>Stockholm, bird's-eye view, i: 134.</li>
+<li>Strassburg, i: 306.</li>
+<li>Strassburg statue, Paris, vi: 105.</li>
+<li>Stretchers,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>types, v: 338, viii: 377;</li>
+  <li>struck by shell, vii: 51.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Submarines,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>rising to surface, iv: 56;</li>
+  <li>anti-submarine patrol, iv: 193, 379, xi: 30;</li>
+  <li>German dry-dock for, in Kiel Canal, iv: 202;</li>
+  <li>development of Holland submarines, 1895&mdash;1915, iv: 204;</li>
+  <li>British submarine sinking German destroyer, iv: 208;</li>
+  <li>interior, showing torpedo tubes and mechanisms, iv: 210, 237;</li>
+  <li>coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212;</li>
+  <li>U-boat being sunk by destroyer, iv: 213;</li>
+  <li>salvaging torpedoed merchantmen, iv: 218;</li>
+  <li>use of decoys to lure freighters, iv: 254, 276;</li>
+  <li>captured U-boats at Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297;</li>
+  <li>U. S. types, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240;</li>
+  <li>details of German U-boats, viii: 265, 267;</li>
+  <li>use of nets for trapping, viii: 268, 270, 272, xi: 238;</li>
+  <li>use of hinged plates on sides of ships for protection against, viii: 271;</li>
+  <li>mine fields for destruction of, viii: 273, 275;</li>
+  <li>detail of periscope, viii: 277, 282;</li>
+  <li>crew's quarters on board U-boat, x: 275;</li>
+  <li>British type, x: 296;</li>
+  <li>torpedoed ship settling into water, xi: 19;</li>
+  <li>U-boat submerged, xi: 234;</li>
+  <li>U-boat on surface, xi: 235;</li>
+  <li>close-up view of conning-tower, xi: 242;</li>
+  <li>submerged, with conning-tower and periscope projecting, xi: 244;</li>
+  <li>placing torpedo in tube, xi: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sudanese troops, in Egypt, vii: 323.</li>
+<li>Suez Canal,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British supply depot on, vi: 223;</li>
+  <li>launching of first British seaplane on, vi: 224.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Suffolk Coast</cite>, disguised British warship, iv: 301, 303.</li>
+<li><cite>Suffren</cite>, French battleship, iv: 22.</li>
+<li>Surgical dressing,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>making of, by volunteer women workers (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 198;</li>
+  <li>warehouse of, vii: 219.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Sussex</cite>, Channel ferryboat, torpedoed by U-boat, x: 281.</li>
+<li>Sweden, food riots, <a href="#Page_46">xii: 46</a>.</li>
+<li>Switzerland, medal cast in honor of President Wilson, ix: 69.</li>
+<li>Sydney, Australia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>town hall, vi: 37;</li>
+  <li>recruiting scene, vi: 41.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Tilg" id="Tilg">T</a></li>
+<li>Tanks,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>early type, ii: 276;</li>
+  <li>camouflaged, ii: 276;</li>
+  <li>in action, ii: 279, v: 157, xi: 252, 256, 263;</li>
+  <li>sketch drawing, iii: 339;</li>
+  <li>dragging camouflaged gun, v: 316;</li>
+  <li>German anti-tank rifle, viii: 139;</li>
+  <li>framework of first tank, viii: 156;</li>
+  <li>&quot; baby&quot; tank, xi: 270.</li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>being inspected by King Albert, ii: 278;</li>
+    <li>in Jerusalem (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 280;</li>
+    <li>approaching Gaza, ii: 282;</li>
+    <li>replica of first tank used, vii: 300;</li>
+    <li><cite>Britannia</cite> in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142;</li>
+    <li>a whippet, viii: 140;</li>
+    <li>in action, viii: 149, x: 59;</li>
+    <li>tank gun, viii: 150.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>St. Chamond type, ii: 275;</li>
+    <li>&quot; baby&quot; tanks, ii: 281, viii: 158;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>exterior view of Renault tank, xi: 260;</li>
+      <li>interior view of Renault tank, viii 159;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>supporting advancing U. S. troops, v: 193;</li>
+    <li>tractors for transporting Renaults, viii: 141;</li>
+    <li>interior views, viii: 144, 145, 147;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>Renault, viii: 159;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>predecessor of tank, viii: 155;</li>
+    <li>in action, viii: 157;</li>
+    <li>Renault type, xi: 260;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>interior view, viii: 159.</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>overturned, viii: 160;</li>
+    <li>miniature one-man tank, viii: 161.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>U. S.,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>supporting infantry attack, v: 181;</li>
+    <li>going over the top at St. Mihiel, v: 202;</li>
+    <li>tank troops training, v: 287;</li>
+    <li>largest in world, viii: 146;</li>
+    <li>first, xi: 258;</li>
+    <li>Ford &quot; baby&quot; tank, xi: 262.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Targets,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>range-finding on U. S. battleship, viii: 11;</li>
+  <li>for long-range, viii: 94;</li>
+  <li>for rapid fire, viii: 95;</li>
+  <li>for 200 and 300 yards, viii: 97;</li>
+  <li>for mid-range, viii: 101;</li>
+  <li>spotting disk, viii: 101.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tauris Palace, Petrograd, vi: 173.</li>
+<li>Teleferica, cableways used by Italians to cross chasms, viii: 304.</li>
+<li>Telegraph,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>field headquarters station, i: 353;</li>
+  <li>linesman repairing wires under fire, x: 148.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Telephone in war,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>first unit of U. S. women operators, ii: 309;</li>
+  <li>German field telephone, iii: 295;</li>
+  <li>central at French army headquarters, viii: 323;</li>
+  <li>&quot; listening in,&quot; x: 394.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Termonde, ruins of, i: 340, 341.</li>
+<li>Thiaucourt, street scene, v: 162.</li>
+<li><cite>Thomas</cite>, U. S. transport, at Vladivostok, vi: 188.</li>
+<li>Tigris, iii: 319.</li>
+<li><em>Tipperary</em> (in color), vi: <em>facing p.</em> 130.</li>
+<li>Tokyo, celebrating capture of Kiau Chau, vi: 384.</li>
+<li>Torpedo,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>at moment of discharge, iv: 16, 400, x: 330;</li>
+  <li>torpedo tubes being turned on target, iv: 153;</li>
+  <li>destroyer dodging, iv: 188;</li>
+  <li>torpedo tubes on submarine, iv: 210;</li>
+  <li>being placed in position on submarine, xi: 246.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Torpedoplane, iv: 306.</li>
+<li>Toul, Cathedral corner, v: 160.</li>
+<li>Tower of London, vi: 11.</li>
+<li>Tractors,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for hauling artillery, viii: 42;</li>
+  <li>for transporting tanks, viii: 141;</li>
+  <li>tractor motor truck, viii: 290;</li>
+  <li>use in plowing, <a href="#Page_76">xii: 76</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Treaty of 1839, facsimile of signatures to, guaranteeing Belgian neutrality, i: 147.</li>
+<li>Trench stoves, captured from Germans, vi: 87.</li>
+<li>Trenches,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>construction of, i: 360;</li>
+  <li>barbed-wire entrance to, ii: 284;</li>
+  <li>soldiers in entrance to dugout, v: 76;</li>
+  <li>diagram of, showing method of attack in reducing forts, viii: 125;</li>
+  <li>hallway of underground dwelling, viii: 129;</li>
+  <li>machinery used in digging, viii: 130;</li>
+  <li>communicating, viii: 330;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> under name of country, Army.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trent, river front, vi: 130.</li>
+<li>Trieste,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>water front, ii: 52;</li>
+  <li>market scene, ii: 245.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Troopship, religious service on board, iv: 228.</li>
+<li>Trudeau Sanitarium, French children under Red Cross care at, vii: 200.</li>
+<li>Tsing Tau,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>wireless station wrecked by Japanese fire, iii: 259;</li>
+  <li>barbed-wire entanglements outside walls of, iv: 61.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Turkey, army,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>leaving for the front, ii: 31;</li>
+  <li>infantry at attention, iii: 166;</li>
+  <li>artillery on way to Suez Canal, iii: 189;</li>
+  <li>putting up hospital tents, vii: 365.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Tyrol,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Italians advancing, iii: 242;</li>
+  <li>Austrian stronghold, vi: 309.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Uilg" id="Uilg">U</a></li>
+<li><cite>U-58</cite>, German submarine captured by U. S. destroyer, iv: 349.</li>
+<li><cite>U-65</cite>, German submarine, ii: 20.</li>
+<li><cite>U-105</cite>, German submarine, interior of, iv: 237.</li>
+<li>Uhlans, German, in Belgium, xi: 196.</li>
+<li>Ukrainian peasants, vi: 242.</li>
+<li>United States:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Agriculture, in war time, <a href="#Page_84">xii: 84</a>, <a href="#Page_137">xii: 137</a>, <a href="#Page_147">xii: 147</a>.</li>
+  <li>Army,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>setting-up exercises, i: 308, 365;</li>
+    <li>training for trench warfare, i: 338;</li>
+    <li>equipment, i: 352;
+      <ul class="index">
+      <li>with cost of each item, xi: 169;</li>
+      </ul></li>
+    <li>field headquarters telegraph station, i: 353;</li>
+    <li>student officers in training, i: 367, v: 285;</li>
+    <li>on Mexican border, i: 368;</li>
+    <li>Signal Corps men at work, i: 372, v: 319;</li>
+    <li>marching in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: <em>Intro. xxiv</em>;</li>
+    <li>on march over French roads, ii: 219;</li>
+    <li>advancing at Cantigny, ii: 271, x: 75;</li>
+    <li>on regimental parade, ii: 305;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>first unit of women telephone operators, ii: 309;</li>
+    <li>recruits drilling, ii: 313;</li>
+    <li>military lecture, ii: 315;</li>
+    <li>first troops reaching France, ii: 316, iii: 81, iv: 158, 162;</li>
+    <li>student officers at Fort Oglethorpe, ii: 319;</li>
+    <li>return from France (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 348;</li>
+    <li>debarking at Brest, v: 3;</li>
+    <li>machine gunners at rest, v: 20;</li>
+    <li>resting after march, v: 26;</li>
+    <li>an infantry-man, v: 30;</li>
+    <li>resting near Marne front, v: 42;</li>
+    <li>supporting wounded poilu, v: 50;</li>
+    <li>on way to front, v: 60, 63, 381;</li>
+    <li>marching through ruined town, v: 68;</li>
+    <li>territory to advance through in Meuse-Argonne region, v: 75;</li>
+    <li>advancing through Argonne forest, v: 82, 247;</li>
+    <li>officer's dugout, v: 89;</li>
+    <li>first camp in France, v: 107;</li>
+    <li>graves of first killed in France, v: 111;</li>
+    <li>hand grenade practice, v: 112;</li>
+    <li>boxing match for recreation, v: 114, vii: 314;</li>
+    <li>veterans of Cantigny, v: 125;</li>
+    <li>motorized machine-gun unit, v: 142;</li>
+    <li>infantry in firing trenches, v: 144;</li>
+    <li>washing day, v: 149;</li>
+    <li>sketches of A. E. F. types, v: 151;</li>
+    <li>troops coming out of action at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, v: 153;</li>
+    <li>passing through Thiaucourt, v: 162;</li>
+    <li>making friends with French children, v: 164;</li>
+    <li>advancing over open field, v: 169;</li>
+    <li>infantry advancing with tank protection, v: 181, 193;</li>
+    <li>billeted in French farmhouse, v: 189;</li>
+    <li>M. P. quarters, v: 200;</li>
+    <li>officers' quarters in the Argonne, v: 217;</li>
+    <li>advancing near Badonville, v: 232;</li>
+    <li>A. E. F. cemetery at Romagne, Argonne, v: 233;</li>
+    <li>men of 77th Div. in the Argonne, v: 244;</li>
+    <li>A. E. F. positions on the Aisne, v: 259;</li>
+    <li>marching into Alsace, v: 267, <a href="#Page_288">xii: 288</a>;</li>
+    <li>negro troops being decorated, v: 268;</li>
+    <li>N. Y. National Guardsmen in training at Camp Wadsworth, v: 283;</li>
+    <li>a tank unit in training, v: 287;</li>
+    <li>27th Div. returning home on <cite>Leviathan</cite>, v: 298;</li>
+    <li>student officers at Fort McPherson, v: 301;</li>
+    <li>aviator &quot; true-ing&quot; plane, v: 311;</li>
+    <li>assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313;</li>
+    <li>supplies for A. E. F. on Brest docks, v: 329;</li>
+    <li>field of auto trucks, v: 333;</li>
+    <li>salvage unit at work, v: 334, viii: 346;</li>
+    <li>assembling locomotives in France, v: 335;</li>
+    <li>reveille (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 354;</li>
+    <li>parade and inspection (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 358;</li>
+    <li>visitors' day at camp (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 362;</li>
+    <li>taps (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 366;</li>
+    <li>soldier saluting grave of poilu, v: 374;</li>
+    <li>off duty, v: 376;</li>
+    <li>Chicago recruits on way to training camp, v: 377;</li>
+    <li>bringing in wounded French soldier, v: 386;</li>
+    <li>in a bombarded village, v: 387;</li>
+    <li>in Genoa, v: 394;</li>
+    <li>group of ambulances and drivers, vii: 31;</li>
+    <li>convalescent soldiers sightseeing in London, vii: 40;</li>
+    <li>medical officers treating wounded on field, vii: 46;</li>
+    <li>hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380;</li>
+    <li>type of Scotch member, vii: 176;</li>
+    <li>type of Scandinavian member, vii: 177;</li>
+    <li>type of negro member, vii: 178;</li>
+    <li>type of English member, vii: 179;</li>
+    <li>type of Armenian member, vii: 180;</li>
+    <li>type of Greek member, vii: 181;</li>
+    <li>type of Irish member, vii: 183;</li>
+    <li>type of Italian member, vii: 184;</li>
+    <li>type of Jewish member, vii: 185;</li>
+    <li>in line for inoculation at training camp, vii: 195;</li>
+    <li>dental officers at work, vii: 210, 223;</li>
+    <li>convalescing wounded soldiers in workshop, vii: 214;</li>
+    <li>A. E. F. cemetery at Luresnes, vii: 224;</li>
+    <li>entertainment for wounded, vii: 231, 347;</li>
+    <li>wounded soldier under operation, vii: 257;</li>
+    <li>class of illiterate recruits being taught, vii: 280;</li>
+    <li>42nd Div. on march, vii: 292;</li>
+    <li>playing ball, vii: 315;</li>
+    <li>soldier-students at Eagle Hut, London, vii: 320;</li>
+    <li>type of Polish member, vii: 356;</li>
+    <li>wounded arriving in New York, vii: 390;</li>
+    <li>types of rifles, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 105;</li>
+    <li>bayonet practice, viii: 106, 107, 108, 109, xi: 162, 166;</li>
+    <li>gas training, viii: 121;</li>
+    <li>motorized kitchen, viii: 287;</li>
+    <li>in Vaux, x: 7;</li>
+    <li>machine gunners in action, x: 103;</li>
+    <li>gravestones of A. E. F. dead, x: 115;</li>
+    <li>bugler, x: 386;</li>
+    <li>parading in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389;</li>
+    <li>charging drill, x: 398;</li>
+    <li>National Army men in camp in winter, xi: 5;</li>
+    <li>on march at Fort Sherman, xi: 36;</li>
+    <li>training to go &quot; Over the top,&quot; xi: 38;</li>
+    <li>French soldiers instructing Americans, xi: 44;</li>
+    <li>National Army draftees arriving at camp, xi: 156;</li>
+    <li>recruits learning manual of arms, xi: 160;</li>
+    <li>army mule getting hair-cut, xi: 164;</li>
+    <li>cavalry stunts, xi: 171;</li>
+    <li>type of American Indian in, xi: 177;</li>
+    <li>firing practice, xi: 304;</li>
+    <li>repairing telephone lines in France, xi: 305;</li>
+    <li>field telephoning, xi: 307;</li>
+    <li>operating sawmill behind the lines in France, xi: 311;</li>
+    <li>group singing, xi: 336, 338;</li>
+    <li>drilling awkward squad, <a href="#Page_104">xii: 104</a>;</li>
+    <li>Secretary Baker drawing draft numbers, <a href="#Page_289">xii: 289</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Artillery, coast defense guns, i: 346, v: 307, viii: 27, 41;
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>mountain-guns, i: 371, viii: 25;</li>
+    <li>guns which took part in second Marne battle, iii: 95;</li>
+    <li>A. E. F. battery on way to front, v: 64;</li>
+    <li>heavy French gun manned by U. S. Coast Artillery gunners in action in France, v: 166;</li>
+    <li>Marine gunners with field piece, v: 171;</li>
+    <li>French guns for A. E. F. use, v: 172;</li>
+    <li>storing shells, v: 173;</li>
+    <li>gun which fired last shot of war, v: 276;</li>
+    <li>at practice, v: 304, xi: 162;</li>
+    <li>naval gun on caterpillar mount for use on Western Front, v: 306;</li>
+    <li>training artillery officers, viii: 9;</li>
+    <li>telescopic sight on field guns, viii: 12;</li>
+    <li>3-in. gun, viii: 23;</li>
+    <li>6-in. railway-mount gun, viii: 37;</li>
+    <li>16-in. railway-mount howitzer, viii: 39;</li>
+    <li>path of shell flight of proposed 121-mile range gun, viii: 50;</li>
+    <li>sketch of 121-mile range gun, viii: 51;</li>
+    <li>range-finding, x: 132;</li>
+    <li>type of heavy railway-mount gun, xi: 276.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Congress, President Wilson addressing, on relations with Germany, i: 329.</li>
+  <li>Declaration of war on Germany, facsimile copy, ii: 55.</li>
+  <li>Flag,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>presented to President Wilson by Frenchwomen, i: 394;</li>
+    <li>used by American ambulance workers in Franco-Prussian War, vii: 319;</li>
+    <li>in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 30;</li>
+    <li>original Star-spangled Banner, xi: 330.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Marines,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>embarking for overseas, ii: 223;</li>
+    <li>operating anti-aircraft gun on warship, iv: 338;</li>
+    <li>operating anti-aircraft machine gun on land, v: 11;</li>
+    <li>recruiting poster, v: 131, x: 316;</li>
+    <li>in Belleau Woods, v: 137;</li>
+    <li>with 3-in. field artillery, v: 171;</li>
+    <li>storing ammunition in dugout, v: 173;</li>
+    <li>advancing with hand grenades, v: 176;</li>
+    <li>in artillery contest, v: 304;</li>
+    <li>in bayonet drill, viii: 108;</li>
+    <li>scene of first stand against Germans, x: 3;</li>
+    <li>Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th Regt., x: 199;</li>
+    <li>advancing to Belleau Woods, xi: 45.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Navy,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>members of War Council, iv: <em>Intro. xi</em>;</li>
+    <li>sailors in Victory Parade, New York City, iv: 138;</li>
+    <li>battleships of Atlantic fleet, iv: 161, 336;</li>
+    <li>submarine chaser, iv: 293;</li>
+    <li>types of submarines, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240;</li>
+    <li>recruiting poster, iv: 316;</li>
+    <li>recruits learning to make knots, iv: 318;</li>
+    <li>returning from torpedo practice, iv: 321;</li>
+    <li>mine-laying, iv: 324, 325, 326, 327, 331, 332;</li>
+    <li>taps, iv: 334;</li>
+    <li>sailors dancing on board ship (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 334;</li>
+    <li>anti-aircraft guns on board ship manned by marines, iv: 338;</li>
+    <li>sailors washing clothes, iv: 339;</li>
+    <li>sailors in &quot; crow's nest,&quot; iv: 342;</li>
+    <li>supply ship taking on cargo for A. E. F., iv: 347;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>naval militiamen off for service, iv: 351;</li>
+    <li>sailor's Christmas box from home (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 366;</li>
+    <li>patrol boat in French waters, iv: 378;</li>
+    <li>signalling practice, iv: 402;</li>
+    <li>battleship taking on provisions, v: 330;</li>
+    <li>students at naval radio school at Harvard University, viii: 318;</li>
+    <li>fleet on high seas, xi: 30;</li>
+    <li>strong man of Norfolk Training Station, xi: 158;</li>
+    <li>dreadnaughts saluting President Wilson, <a href="#Page_227">xii: 227</a>;</li>
+    <li><em>see also</em> name of vessels.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Ship-building,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>at Camden, N. J., <a href="#Page_30">xii: 30</a>;</li>
+    <li>at Seattle, Wash., <a href="#Page_93">xii: 93</a>;</li>
+    <li>at Bayonne, N. J., <a href="#Page_102">xii: 102</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Utah</cite>, U. S. battleship, iv: 341.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Vilg" id="Vilg">V</a></li>
+<li>Vaux, Fort, at Verdun, ruins of, ii: 187.</li>
+<li>Vaux,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>village in Marne sector, airplane view, v: 36;</li>
+  <li>ruins of, x: 6;</li>
+  <li>American troops in, x: 7.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Venice,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>guarding art treasures against air attack, vi: 316;</li>
+  <li>Campanile of St. Mark's, vi: 319, 320.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Verdun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>views on banks of Meuse, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303;</li>
+  <li>German Crown Prince decorating troops at, ii: 38;</li>
+  <li>battlefield, ii: 39;</li>
+  <li>behind German lines at, ii: 46;</li>
+  <li>ruins of Fort Vaux, ii: 187;</li>
+  <li>trenches on Hill 304, ii: 188;</li>
+  <li>Cathedral, iii: 53;</li>
+  <li>main gateway, iii: 54;</li>
+  <li>captured German positions, iii: 315;</li>
+  <li>aviation camp near, viii: 233.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Versailles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>entry of King William of Prussia into, 1871, i: 46;</li>
+  <li>proclamation of German Empire at, 1871, i: 55;</li>
+  <li>Palace of, vi: 101;</li>
+  <li>Hall of Mirrors, <a href="#Page_157">xii: 157</a>;</li>
+  <li>signature of Peace Treaty, <a href="#Page_160">xii: 160</a>;</li>
+  <li>German press representatives at, <a href="#Page_220">xii: 220</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Victory Way, New York City, <a href="#Page_133">xii: 133</a>.</li>
+<li>Vienna, Congress of, i: 31.</li>
+<li><cite>Ville de Paris</cite>, French dirigible, viii: 242.</li>
+<li>Vilna, vi: 235.</li>
+<li>Vimy Ridge, Canadians going over top, iii: 69.</li>
+<li><cite>Vindictive</cite>, British cruiser,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278;</li>
+  <li>officers of, iv: 267;</li>
+  <li>crew of, iv: 271;</li>
+  <li>being sunk in Ostend harbor, iv: 276.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Viribus Unitis</cite>, Austrian dreadnought, x: 298.</li>
+<li>Vladivostok,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>A. E. F. base at, vi: 188;</li>
+  <li>U. S. consulate at, vi: 192;</li>
+  <li>Allied troops on parade, vi: 193.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Volunteer Motor Service, members of, vii: 32.</li>
+<li><cite>Von Der Tann</cite>, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.</li>
+<li>Vosges Mountains, French &quot; Blue Devils&quot; watching long-range bombardment (in color), viii: <em>facing p.</em> 122 in color,.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Wilg" id="Wilg">W</a></li>
+<li>War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346.</li>
+<li>Warneford, Lieut, R. A. J., death of, x: 224.</li>
+<li>Warsaw, iii: 126;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>unloading American relief supplies, vii: 355.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Water, canvas pipe-line for supplying troops in the field, viii: 395.</li>
+<li>Water-boy at Salonika, xi: 63.</li>
+<li>Waterloo, Napoleon's retreat from, i: 7.</li>
+<li>Watervliet Arsenal, U. S. gun shop, i: 304.</li>
+<li>Westminster, home of Duke of, transformed into war hospital, vii: 89.</li>
+<li>William II, former Emperor of Germany, residence at Amerongen, Holland, ix: 358.</li>
+<li>Wilson, Woodrow,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Princeton home, ix: 60;</li>
+  <li>Paris residence, ix: 67, 68;</li>
+  <li>Swiss medal cast in honor of, ix: 69.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wireless,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>talking from airplane to ground by means of, viii: 316;</li>
+  <li>U. S. Naval Radio School at Harvard, viii: 318;</li>
+  <li>German station at Metz, viii: 319;</li>
+  <li>arc transmitter at Metz wireless station, viii: 321.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wisconsin, University of, Army Training Corps on hike, xi: 172.</li>
+<li>Woevre, plain of the, iii: 309.</li>
+<li>Women in war industries:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>munition workers, <a href="#Page_3">xii: 3</a>;</li>
+    <li>raising hogs, <a href="#Page_54">xii: 54</a>;</li>
+    <li>farm workers, <a href="#Page_84">xii: 84</a>;</li>
+    <li>plowing with tractor, <a href="#Page_147">xii: 147</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Women's Land Army recruiting poster, vi: 13;</li>
+    <li>in iron foundry, vi: 15, 22;</li>
+    <li>as munition workers, vi: 16, 59, <a href="#Page_23">xii: 23</a>;</li>
+    <li>as war gardeners, vi: 19, <a href="#Page_41">xii: 41</a>;</li>
+    <li>building roads, <a href="#Page_20">xii: 20</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Canadian, making shell fuses, vi: 32.</li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>as farm laborers, ii: 375, iii: 276;</li>
+    <li>as munition workers, xi: 283.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Unidentified,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>girl munition worker, ii: 327;</li>
+    <li>as railroad workers, vii: 296.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>For women in war activities, <em>see</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>American Fund for French wounded;</li>
+    <li>Canteens;</li>
+    <li>Nurses;</li>
+    <li>Red Cross;</li>
+    <li>Salvation Army;</li>
+    <li>Young Men's Christian Association.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>&quot; Workshop for Working Girls,&quot; established by Edith Wharton in France, vii: 101.</li>
+<li>Wounded:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>loading on ambulance train for transportation to debarkation point, vii: 58;</li>
+    <li>visited by Red Cross worker on train, vii: 107;</li>
+    <li>wounded Scotch member, vii: 176;</li>
+    <li>wounded Scandinavian member, vii: 177;</li>
+    <li>wounded negro member, vii: 178;</li>
+    <li>wounded English member, vii: 179;</li>
+    <li>wounded Armenian member, vii: 180;</li>
+    <li>wounded Greek member, vii: 181;</li>
+    <li>wounded Irish member, vii: 183;</li>
+    <li>wounded Italian members, vii: 184;</li>
+    <li>wounded Jewish members, vii: 185;</li>
+    <li>being carried to first aid station, vii: 218;</li>
+    <li>at entertainment for, vii: 231;</li>
+    <li>in hospital car, vii: 252;</li>
+    <li>being helped by Knights of Columbus, vii: 336, 338;</li>
+    <li>at Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347;</li>
+    <li>wounded Polish member, vii: 356;</li>
+    <li>arriving at New York, vii: 390;</li>
+    <li>being carried on airplane ambulance, viii: 368;</li>
+    <li>on board hospital ship <cite>Mercy</cite>, viii: 370.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>being served food in France (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 190;</li>
+    <li>wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172;</li>
+    <li>at advance dressing-station in Palestine, iii: 326;</li>
+    <li>after a battle in Flanders, iii: 385;</li>
+    <li>being carried to dressing-station on Western Front, vii: 50;</li>
+    <li>being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65, 97;</li>
+    <li>making souvenirs at Red Cross Gift House, London, vii: 70;</li>
+    <li>at home of Duke of Westminster, vii: 89;</li>
+    <li>at Prince of Wales Hospital, Tottenham, vii: 108;</li>
+    <li>awaiting first aid, vii: 196;</li>
+    <li>being carried by French soldiers to dressing-station, vii: 232;</li>
+    <li>awaiting transportation, vii: 238;</li>
+    <li>method of transporting in Mesopotamia, vii: 260;</li>
+    <li>Canadians at home of Lady Astor, vii: 281;</li>
+    <li>at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>French,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;</li>
+    <li>being supported by American soldier, v: 50;</li>
+    <li>being brought in by American soldiers, v: 386;</li>
+    <li>being greeted in Switzerland, vi: 381;</li>
+    <li>being removed from field, vii: 8;</li>
+    <li>receiving first aid on field, vii: 53;</li>
+    <li>at a f&ecirc;te for, vii: 59;</li>
+    <li>being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65;</li>
+    <li>at Verdun, vii: 66;</li>
+    <li>promenading with their nurses, vii: 98;</li>
+    <li>in a hospital train, vii: 239;</li>
+    <li>resting, x: 112.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>German,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>being treated by A. E. F. medical officers, vii: 46;</li>
+    <li>too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80;</li>
+    <li>being brought in on improvised stretcher, vii: 88;</li>
+    <li>being nursed by Dutch nuns at Red Cross Hospital, Maastricht, vii: 174;</li>
+    <li>getting a smoke from British Tommy, vii: 186;</li>
+    <li>being removed from field, vii: 208;</li>
+    <li>awaiting transportation, vii: 238.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Italian, being cared for by American Red Cross workers (in color), vii: <em>facing p.</em> 300, <em>facing p.</em> 374.</li>
+  <li>Russian,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>in Siberian hospital, vii: 79;
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></p></li>
+
+    <li>too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80;</li>
+    <li>Cossack officer, vii: 363.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Unclassified,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>being helped by comrades, vi: 237;</li>
+    <li>being attended by medical unit men on field, vii: 182;</li>
+    <li>blind learning modelling, vii: 256;</li>
+    <li>blind learning basket-making, vii: 259;</li>
+    <li>being visited in hospitals by Y. M. C. A. workers, vii: 289, 311;</li>
+    <li>being brought to surface from dugout by windlass, vii: 304;</li>
+    <li>moved by means of trench trolley, vii: 306;</li>
+    <li>awaiting the stretcher bearers, vii: 309;</li>
+    <li>on board hospital ship, vii: 396;</li>
+    <li>being picked up by ambulance men, vii: 400.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><em>See also</em>
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>Ambulances;</li>
+    <li>Battle scenes;</li>
+    <li>Dead;</li>
+    <li>Hospitals;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><em>also</em> Army under country.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Wright warplane, xi: 218.</li>
+<li>Wright-Martin reconnaissance airplane, ii: 124.</li>
+<li><cite>Wyoming</cite>, U. S. battleship, iv: 397, x: 336.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Xilg" id="Xilg">X</a></li>
+<li>X-ray,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>apparatus on U. S. hospital ship <cite>Mercy</cite>, viii: 374;</li>
+  <li>use by custom inspectors to detect smuggling, <a href="#Page_99">xii: 99</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Yilg" id="Yilg">Y</a></li>
+<li>&quot;Y&quot; gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.</li>
+<li>Yarmouth, England, after German air raid, ii: 257.</li>
+<li>Young Men's Christian Association:
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>American,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>motor kitchen, vii: 216;</li>
+    <li>Chicago gymnasium turned into sleeping quarters for service men, vii: 262;</li>
+    <li>Brooklyn hospital unit in training, vii: 263, 278;</li>
+    <li>Eagle Hut, London, vii: 264, 288, 320;</li>
+    <li>Eagle Hut, New York City, vii: 265;</li>
+    <li>women canteen workers, vii: 269, 270;</li>
+    <li>ruins of hut blown by German mine, vii: 273;</li>
+    <li>in zone of German bombardment, vii: 274;</li>
+    <li>visiting wounded in hospitals, vii: 289, 311;</li>
+    <li>in Italy, vii: 291;</li>
+    <li>baths and beds for service men, vii: 295;</li>
+    <li>in dugouts, vii: 307;</li>
+    <li>sports for service men, vii: 315.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>British,
+    <ul class="index">
+    <li>leading party of service men sightseeing in London, vii: 285;</li>
+    <li>providing service men in London with over-night accommodation, vii: 287;</li>
+    <li>in Egypt, vii: 325.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>Canadian, at a Toronto camp, vii: 305.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Young Women's Christian Association, American,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Hostess House at Le Mans, France, vii: 272;</li>
+  <li>social center for negro troops, vii: 275;</li>
+  <li>Inter-Allied Club for Women at Le Havre, France, vii: 276;</li>
+  <li>vacation house for American women at Chaumont, France, vii: 317.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Ypres,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>ruins of (in color), i: <em>facing p.</em> 98;</li>
+  <li>ruins of, ii: 145, x: 356;</li>
+  <li>veterans of second battle of, i: 379;</li>
+  <li>Highlanders attacking at, ii: 213.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Yser River, a Belgian bridge across, iii: 77.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Zilg" id="Zilg">Z</a></li>
+<li>Zeebrugge raid,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>British cruiser <cite>Vindictive</cite> at, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278;</li>
+  <li>British landing party battling, iv: 265;</li>
+  <li>officers and men of <cite>Vindictive</cite>, iv: 266, 267, 273;</li>
+  <li>British ships sunk in canal to block channel, iv: 269;</li>
+  <li>British ferry-boats <cite>Iris</cite> and <cite>Daffodil</cite> after taking part in, iv: 270.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Zeppelins,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265;</li>
+  <li>interior, ii: 269;</li>
+  <li>early type, viii: 247;</li>
+  <li><cite>L-49</cite> brought down by French, viii: 249;</li>
+  <li>fuel tanks on <cite>L-49</cite>, viii: 253;</li>
+  <li>pilot's gondola, x: 226;</li>
+  <li><cite>L-15</cite> sinking, x: 361.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li><cite>Zrinyi</cite>, Austrian battleship, iv: 363.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>MAPS</h2>
+
+<table style="width:75%;" border="1" summary="index">
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Amap">A</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Bmap">B</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Cmap">C</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Dmap">D</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Emap">E</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Fmap">F</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Gmap">G</a></th>
+<th></th>
+<th><a href="#Imap">I</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Jmap">J</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Kmap">K</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Lmap">L</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Mmap">M</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th><a href="#Nmap">N</a></th>
+<th></th>
+<th><a href="#Pmap">P</a></th>
+<th></th>
+<th><a href="#Rmap">R</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Smap">S</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Tmap">T</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Umap">U</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Vmap">V</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Wmap">W</a></th>
+<th></th>
+<th><a href="#Ymap">Y</a></th>
+<th><a href="#Zmap">Z</a></th>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Amap" id="Amap">A</a></li>
+<li>Africa, European colonies in, iii: 253.</li>
+<li>Albania, ii: 34, 61, 239;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in color, iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Amiens,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German drive on, Mar., '18, ii: 191;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, '14&mdash;'18, ii: 312.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Armistice, Nov. 11, '18,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle lines on all fronts in Europe (in color), ii: <em>facing p. xxiv</em>;</li>
+  <li>battle line on Western Front (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 86, v: <em>facing p.</em> 372;</li>
+  <li>battle line on A. E. F. sector (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 72;</li>
+  <li>battle line on A. E. F. sector, v: 273.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Arras, area of British offensive, Apr., '17, iii: 71.</li>
+<li>Arras-Neuve Chapelle sector, iii: 45.</li>
+<li>Atlantic Ocean, area of German submarine blockade (in color), i: <em>facing p.</em>356;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>area of German submarine blockade, ii: 21.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Austro-Italian Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Alpine frontier, showing fortresses and mountain passes, iii: 227;</li>
+  <li>the Trentino, iii: 232;</li>
+  <li>Isonzo district, iii: 235;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, showing furthest Italian and Austrian advances, with topography and rail communications (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 246;</li>
+  <li>north of Venice, xi: 25;</li>
+  <li>Italian advance on Trieste, xi: 26.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Austro-Russian Front, iii: 120, 133;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Austro-Serbian frontier, iii: 152.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Bmap" id="Bmap">B</a></li>
+<li>Bagdad Railway, route of, ii: 293.</li>
+<li>Balkans,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>national boundaries in '14, ii: 34;</li>
+  <li>territorial adjustments resulting from Balkan Wars, ii: 61;</li>
+  <li>southeastern, and Dardanelles, topography of, ii: 199;</li>
+  <li>western, and Italy, ii: 239;</li>
+  <li>topography, boundaries, and railroads, '14 (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Belgian Front, June, '17, iii: 40;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>for particular sector or locality, <em>see</em> under name.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Belgium,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German and French frontiers, ii: 7;</li>
+  <li>concentration of German armies along border before invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 7;</li>
+  <li>and northern France, iii: 11.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Boy Scouts, distribution of, in U. S., xi: 95.</li>
+<li>Bulgaria,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in '14 (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212;</li>
+  <li>in '14, ii: 34,</li>
+  <li>boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Cmap" id="Cmap">C</a></li>
+<li>Cambrai, battle of, iii: 82.</li>
+<li>Cantigny, battle line near, v: 124.</li>
+<li>Carpathian passes, iii: 120, 133.</li>
+<li>Caucasus Front, iii: 261.</li>
+<li>Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry sector, v: 136.</li>
+<li>Coronel, battle of, with chart of position and movements of opposing warships, iv: 65.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Dmap" id="Dmap">D</a></li>
+<li>Dardanelles,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>with topography of shores, ii: 199;</li>
+  <li>showing mine fields, location of Allied ships sunk, and fortifications and roads on Gallipoli Peninsula, ii: 291;</li>
+  <li>with detail of southern Gallipoli, iii: 163;</li>
+  <li>with Sea of Marmora and Bosphorus, iv: 19;</li>
+  <li>with topography of shores, showing Turkish positions (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 38.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Dixmude-Ypres line, June, '17, iii: 40.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Emap" id="Emap">E</a></li>
+<li>East Prussia, iii: 107, 109.</li>
+<li>Europe, and Near East,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>showing projected German expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6;</li>
+  <li>areas of German occupation, '16, i: 10;</li>
+  <li>in '14, ii: <em>Intro. xi</em>;</li>
+  <li>armistice lines, Nov. 11, '18 (in color), ii: <em>Intro. facing p. xxiv</em>;</li>
+  <li>southeastern topography, boundaries, and railroads of (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212;</li>
+  <li>important battles and events of war, '14&mdash;'17, xi: 13;</li>
+  <li>food conditions after Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, <a href="#Page_43">xii: 43</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Fmap" id="Fmap">F</a></li>
+<li>Falkland Islands, battle of, with chart of position and movements of opposing fleets, iv: 71.</li>
+<li>France,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>German and Belgian frontiers, ii: 7;</li>
+  <li>Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10;</li>
+  <li>northern, and Belgium, iii: 11;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. supply depots and lines of communications, v: 5;</li>
+  <li>principal ports, v: 5;</li>
+  <li>for battle lines, <em>see</em> name of sector or locality;</li>
+  <li><em>also</em> Western Front.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Gmap" id="Gmap">G</a></li>
+<li>Gallipoli,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>topography, ii: 199;</li>
+  <li>with detail of elevations, roads, Turkish fortifications, and areas of Allied occupation, ii: 291, iii: 163;</li>
+  <li>and northwestern Turkey, iv: 19;</li>
+  <li>topography with Turkish lines and forts (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 38.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Germany,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>projected expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6;</li>
+  <li>Empire before war, i: 39;</li>
+  <li>Empire after war, i: 40;</li>
+  <li>Belgian and French frontiers, ii: 7;</li>
+  <li>Russian frontier, iii: 107, 109.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Great Britain,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>showing areas of German submarine blockade around (in color), i: <em>facing p.</em> 356;</li>
+  <li>showing areas of German submarine blockade around, ii: 21;</li>
+  <li>German sea raid on coast, Dec., '14, iv: 245.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Greece,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in '14, ii: 34,</li>
+  <li>in '14 (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212;</li>
+  <li>boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Imap" id="Imap">I</a></li>
+<li>Iceland, Allied patrol areas off coast of, iv: 90.</li>
+<li>Indian Ocean, showing trade routes and British possessions, iv: 179.</li>
+<li>Isonzo,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>region of (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 246;</li>
+  <li>region of, iii: 227, 235.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Italian Front, <em>see</em> Austro-Italian Front.</li>
+<li>Italy,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>and territories claimed under Treaty of London, ii: 239;</li>
+  <li>distribution of American Red Cross relief work in, vii: 83.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Jmap" id="Jmap">J</a></li>
+<li>Jutland, battle of,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>showing position of opposing fleets before start of engagement, iv: 103;</li>
+  <li>charts of movements of opposing fleets during course of battle, iv: 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Kmap" id="Kmap">K</a></li>
+<li>Keeling Island, iv: 185.</li>
+<li>Kiau-Chau, iii: 258.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Lmap" id="Lmap">L</a></li>
+<li>Luxemburg, ii: 7.</li>
+<li>Lys salient, iii: 90.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Mmap" id="Mmap">M</a></li>
+<li>Marne, first battle of, showing position of opposing armies, iii: 30, 31.</li>
+<li>Marne salient,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle lines, Jan.&mdash;June, '18, ii: 72;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, May 26&mdash;June 12, '18, ii: 79;</li>
+  <li>position of German armies, July, '18, ii: 322;</li>
+  <li>extent of German advance, July, '18, v: 43;</li>
+  <li>German retreat to the Vesle, July 18&mdash;Aug. 5, '18, v: 59;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, June 1&mdash;Aug. 4, '18, with position of French and A. E. F. divisions (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 184;</li>
+  <li><em>see also</em> Western Front.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10.</li>
+<li>Mediterranean Sea, area of German submarine blockade (in color), i: <em>facing p.</em> 356.</li>
+<li>Mesopotamia, iii: 179, xi: 50;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in color, <em>facing p.</em> 190.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Messines Ridge, iii: 76.</li>
+<li>Meuse-Argonne,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26&mdash;Nov. 11, '18, with positions of divisions participating, v: 72;</li>
+  <li>towns and roads of district, v: 77;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26&mdash;Oct. 4, '18, with positions of divisions participating (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 222;</li>
+  <li>A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26&mdash;Nov. 1, '18, with positions of divisions participating (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 260;</li>
+  <li>battle line, Nov. 11, '18, with positions of A. E. F., French, and German divisions, v: 273.
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></p></li>
+
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Montenegro,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in '14, ii: 34, iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212;</li>
+  <li>before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Nmap" id="Nmap">N</a></li>
+<li>Naval operations, of war, locations of (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 166.</li>
+<li>Neuve Chapelle-Arras sector, iii: 45.</li>
+<li>North Sea,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>area of German submarine blockade, in color i: <em>facing p.</em> 356;</li>
+  <li>area of German submarine blockade, ii: 21;</li>
+  <li>Allied mine barrage, German naval bases, and scenes of naval battles in (in color), iv: <em>facing p.</em> 86;</li>
+  <li>British cruising areas, iv: 89, 91.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Pmap" id="Pmap">P</a></li>
+<li>Palestine (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 190;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Palestine, iii: 193, 197, 198, 325, xi: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Rmap" id="Rmap">R</a></li>
+<li>Red Cross, American,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>sectional divisions of U. S., vii: 16;</li>
+  <li>distribution of relief work in Italy, vii: 83.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Reims (Rheims)-Soissons sector, iii: 75.</li>
+<li>Riga, Gulf of, iv: 137.</li>
+<li>Rumania,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in '14 (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212;</li>
+  <li>in '14, ii: 34, iii: 215;</li>
+  <li>before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Russia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>showing territories under German and Allied control, '18, ii: 67;</li>
+  <li>German frontier, iii: 107, 109;</li>
+  <li>Austrian frontier, iii: 120, 133;</li>
+  <li>Russo-Teuton battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Smap" id="Smap">S</a></li>
+<li>St. Mihiel salient,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>showing battle lines and course of A. E. F. advance against, Sept., '18, in color and giving positions of French and A.E.F. divisions, v: <em>facing p.</em> 210;</li>
+  <li>showing battle lines and course of A. E. F. advance against, Sept., '18, ii: 338, v: 70, 385;</li>
+  <li>detail of terrain, v: 69.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Salonika Front, iii: 204.</li>
+<li>Scapa Flow, iv: 93.</li>
+<li>Scotland, British cruising areas off coasts of, iv: 89, 90, 91.</li>
+<li>Serbia,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>in '14 (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212;</li>
+  <li>in '14, ii: 34;</li>
+  <li>boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61;</li>
+  <li>Austrian frontier, iii: 152;</li>
+  <li>encirclement by Teuton armies, iii: 157.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Sinai Peninsula, iii: 193.</li>
+<li>Soissons, and region to the south, v: 178.</li>
+<li>Soissons-Reims (Rheims) sector, iii: 75.</li>
+<li>Somme,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>first battle, '16, area of, iii: 60;</li>
+  <li>second battle, '18, area of, iii: 87.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Somme-Oise sector,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle lines during Allied offensive, Aug. 8&mdash;18, '18, ii: 332.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Suez Canal, iii: 193, xi: 50.</li>
+<li>Syria (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 190;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Syria, iii: 198, xi: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Tmap" id="Tmap">T</a></li>
+<li>Tonnenberg, battle of, showing maneuvers of opposing armies, iii: 114;
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li><em>see also</em> East Prussia.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Transylvania, iii: 215.</li>
+<li>Trentino (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 246.
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Trentino, iii: 227, 232.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Trieste, Italian advance on, xi: 26.</li>
+<li>Tsing Tau, iii: 258.</li>
+<li>Turkey,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>as part of German plan of Empire from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6;</li>
+  <li>with reference to Balkans (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 212;</li>
+  <li>with reference to Balkans, ii: 34;</li>
+  <li>territory in Europe before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61;</li>
+  <li>Dardanelles region, ii: 199, iv: 19;</li>
+  <li>route of Bagdad Railway, ii: 293;</li>
+  <li>route of British campaigns in (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 190;</li>
+  <li>in Asia, xi: 50.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Umap" id="Umap">U</a></li>
+<li>United States,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>Red Cross sectional divisions, vii: 16;</li>
+  <li>distribution of Boy Scouts, xi: 95.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Vmap" id="Vmap">V</a></li>
+<li>Verdun,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>perspective of battlefield with battle lines, Feb. 20&mdash;June 14, '16 (in color), iii: <em>facing p.</em> 50;</li>
+  <li>battle lines and positions of opposing armies, iii: 306.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Vimy Ridge, iii: 344.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Wmap" id="Wmap">W</a></li>
+<li>Western Front,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>battle line from North Sea to Reims, Apr., '17, ii: 54;</li>
+  <li>battle line, Mar., '18, compared with line of furthest German advance, Sept., '14, ii: 64;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, Sept., '14&mdash;June, '18, ii: 72;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, Sept. 19&mdash;Oct. 2, '18, ii: 81;</li>
+  <li>battle line at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, compared with line of furthest German advance (in color), ii: <em>facing p.</em> 86;</li>
+  <li>plan of German concentration, Aug., '14, iii: 7;</li>
+  <li>battle line, Nov. 11, '14, iii: 39;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, Sept., '14&mdash;Sept., '18, iii: 97;</li>
+  <li>German advance, Aug.&mdash;Sept., '14,</li>
+  <li>with positions of German armies, iii: 278;</li>
+  <li>battle line, July, '18, v: 5;</li>
+  <li>position of A. E. F. divisions at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 273;</li>
+  <li>battle lines, July 18, '18, and Nov. 11, '18, with dates and localities of principal operations and A. E. F. divisions participating (in color), v: <em>facing p.</em> 372;</li>
+  <li>for particular sectors or localities, <em>see</em> name.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>World,
+  <ul class="index">
+  <li>areas inhabited by peoples not self-governing, i: 24;</li>
+  <li>sources of coal and oil supply in '14, ii: 15;</li>
+  <li>centers of live-stock production, <a href="#Page_36">xii: 36</a>.</li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Ymap" id="Ymap">Y</a></li>
+<li>Ypres, and neighborhood, iii: 11.</li>
+<li>Ypres-Dixmude line, June, '17, iii: 40.</li>
+<li>Yser, battle of, iii: 43.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li><a name="Zmap" id="Zmap">Z</a></li>
+<li>Zeebrugge, German submarine base, iv: 262.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<table class="transcriber" summary="Transcriber's changes">
+<tr><th colspan="3">Transcriber's changes:</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3">The following are believed to be typos and have been corrected.</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Page</th><th>Changed from</th><th>Changed to</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">11</td><td>out</td><td>our</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">15</td><td>finanical</td><td>financial</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">17</td><td>the</td><td>be</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">17</td><td align="left">be</td><td>the</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">22</td><td>Reichbank</td><td>Reichsbank</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">24</td><td>statiticians</td><td>statisticians</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">24</td><td>ought to to</td><td>ought to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">25</td><td>soliders</td><td>soldiers</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">27</td><td>Jourial</td><td>Journal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">28</td><td>bonsuses</td><td>bonuses</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">31</td><td>311,070,250</td><td>60,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">31</td><td>50,000,000</td><td>60,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">31</td><td>Canadaian</td><td>Canadian</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">41</td><td>prorable</td><td>probable</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">53</td><td>Men't</td><td>Men's</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">54</td><td>offorded</td><td>afforded</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">56</td><td>there</td><td>their</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">56</td><td>pears'</td><td>years'</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">57</td><td>everage</td><td>average</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">59</td><td>sacrifce</td><td>sacrifice</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">59</td><td>drastice</td><td>drastic</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">75</td><td>exclusivevly</td><td>exclusively</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">77</td><td>accesible</td><td>accessible</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">77</td><td>comsumpton</td><td>consumption</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">80</td><td>somethink</td><td>something</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">81</td><td>rsesources</td><td>resources</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">82</td><td>beween</td><td>between</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">98</td><td>known</td><td>know</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">101</td><td>urpassed</td><td>surpassed</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">102</td><td>negotiatd</td><td>negotiated</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">114</td><td>743,556</td><td>74,556</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">126</td><td>oversea</td><td>overseas</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">130</td><td>ito</td><td>into</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">132</td><td>ecstacy</td><td>ecstasy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">146</td><td>show</td><td>shoe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">184</td><td>mmber</td><td>member</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">199</td><td>Asociated</td><td>Associated</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">204</td><td>givn</td><td>given</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">205</td><td>Asociated</td><td>Associated</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">215</td><td>space</td><td>spare</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">216</td><td>nutral</td><td>neutral</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">221</td><td>patricular</td><td>particular</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">235</td><td>of</td><td>if</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">254</td><td>line</td><td>lines</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">260</td><td>case</td><td>cast</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">263</td><td>occured</td><td>occurred</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">332</td><td>Maestricht</td><td>Maastricht</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="numeric">353</td><td>Jaulognne</td><td>Jaulgonne</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Pictorial Library of the
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Pictorial Library of the World
+War, Volume XII, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume XII
+       The Great Results of the War
+
+Author: Various
+
+Contributor: Irving Fisher
+
+Editor: W. L. Bevan
+        Hugo C. M. Wendel
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2013 [EBook #44213]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY, VOL XII ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Martin Mayer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY
+ OF THE WORLD WAR
+
+ _In Twelve Volumes
+ Profusely Illustrated_
+
+ VOLUME XII
+
+ THE GREAT RESULTS OF THE WAR
+
+ Economics and Finance, The Peace
+ Treaty, The League of Nations. Index
+
+
+[Illustration: Painting by Frank Stick A Soldier of the Soil]
+
+
+ =HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY
+ OF THE WORLD WAR=
+
+ _In Twelve Volumes
+ Profusely Illustrated_
+
+ FOREWORD BY CHARLES W. ELIOT, PhD.
+
+ _President Emeritus, Harvard University_
+
+ VOLUME XII
+
+ The Great Results of the War
+
+ _Economics and Finance, The Treaty of Versailles
+ and League of Nations----Index_
+
+ WITH INTRODUCTION BY PROFESSOR IRVING FISHER, YALE UNIVERSITY
+
+ _Edited by_
+
+ DR. W. L. BEVAN, KENYON COLLEGE
+ _and_
+ DR. HUGO C. M. WENDEL, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
+
+ GENERAL EDITORIAL BOARD
+
+    PROF. ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
+      Harvard University
+
+    GEN. DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, U.S.A.
+      Chief of Staff, 42nd Division
+
+    ADMIRAL ALBERT GLEAVES
+      U.S. Navy
+
+    PROF. W. O. STEVENS
+      U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis
+
+    GEN. ULYSSES G. MCALEXANDER
+      U.S. Army
+
+    JOHN GRIER HIBBEN
+      President of Princeton University
+
+    J. B. W. GARDINER
+      Military Expert, _New York Times_
+
+    COMMANDER C. C. GILL, U.S.N.
+      Lecturer at Annapolis and aide
+      to Admiral Gleaves
+
+    HENRY NOBLE MACCRACKEN
+      President of Vassar College
+
+    PROF. E. R. A. SELIGMAN
+      Columbia University
+
+    DR. THEODORE F. JONES
+      Professor of History, New York
+      University
+
+    CARL SNYDER
+
+    PROF. JOHN SPENCER BASSETT
+      Professor of History, Smith College
+
+    MAJOR C. A. KING, JR.
+      History Department, West Point
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ Established 1817
+
+Copyright, 1920, by Harper & Brothers Printed in the United States of
+America M-U
+
+
+
+
+             CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII                            PAGE
+
+  _Introduction_ Professor Irving Fisher                        vii
+
+             PART I
+
+  I. Economic Results of the War                                  1
+  II. Wartime Food and Price Problems                            34
+  III. Industry and Labor in Wartime                             65
+  IV. Government Control                                         87
+  V. The Money Cost of the War, Edwin R. A. Seligman            105
+  VI. American Business in the War, Grosvenor B. Clarkson       115
+  VII. The Liberty Loan Army, Guy Emerson                       126
+  VIII. Food and the War, Vernon Kellogg                        135
+  IX. The High Cost of Living, Director of the Council of       142
+      National Defense
+
+             PART II
+
+  I. The Peace Conference at Work, Thomas W. Lamont             149
+  II. Wilson's Fourteen Points                                  163
+  III. How the Peace Treaty Was Signed                          165
+  IV. The Peace Treaty--Its Meaning to America, George W.       170
+      Wickersham
+
+  THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
+
+  Preamble                                                      179
+  Part I. The Covenant of the League of Nations                 182
+  Part II. Boundaries of Germany                                186
+  Part III. Political Clauses for Europe                        188
+  Part IV. German Rights and Interests Outside Germany          206
+  Part V. Military, Naval, and Aerial Clauses                   209
+  Part VI. Prisoners of War and Graves                          216
+  Part VII. Penalties                                           217
+  Part VIII. Reparation                                         217
+  Part IX. Financial Clauses                                    226
+  Part X. Economic Clauses                                      229
+  Part XI. Aerial Navigation                                    246
+  Part XII. Ports, Waterways, and Railways                      247
+  Part XIII. Labor                                              255
+  Part XIV. Guarantees                                          261
+  Part XV. Miscellaneous Provisions                             262
+
+  Rejection of the Peace Treaty                                 264
+  The Reservations Which Failed                                 269
+  Peace by Congressional Enactment Fails                        271
+  The Map of Europe Remade                                      279
+  Our Part in Winning the War                                   280
+
+  Index
+  Text                                                          291
+  Illustrations
+  I. Portraits                                                  363
+  II. General                                                   368
+  Maps                                                          383
+
+  ILLUSTRATION IN COLOR
+  A Soldier of the Soil                               _Frontispiece_
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations in this volume
+
+
+  Price Movements of the United States and England from the Earliest
+  Index Numbers Through the First Years of the World War
+
+  Trend of Prices Before and After the Great Wars of History
+
+  William McAdoo
+
+  Money and the Price Level
+
+  John Pierpont Morgan
+
+  President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson Passing the Palace of the
+  King in Brussels
+
+  Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works
+
+  Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan
+
+  Dropping the First Bomb
+
+  A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign
+
+  Detroit--City of Automobiles
+
+  A Woman Doing Road Construction Work
+
+  A Woman Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English Shell
+  Factory
+
+  Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island
+
+  Ship-building at Camden, N. J.
+
+  Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of Stocks
+
+  Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World
+
+  Members of "The Women's Land Army" in England
+
+  A Map Issued by the Food Administration to Show Food Conditions in
+  Europe After the Signing of the Armistice
+
+  A Food Riot in Sweden
+
+  Harry A. Garfield
+
+  Drying Fruit and Vegetables to Save Tin and Glass
+
+  "Back on the Farm"
+
+  The Nations and Their Wheat Supply
+
+  A Municipal Canning Station
+
+  In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant
+
+  Forging Armor Plate
+
+  Building Howitzers
+
+  Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies
+
+  Plowing by Night
+
+  A War Time Warning
+
+  Women Workers in America
+
+  Samuel P. Gompers
+
+  Walker D. Hines
+
+  Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington
+
+  Hog Island Ship-building Yards
+
+  Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River, near Portland,
+  Oregon
+
+  Examining Cargoes for Contraband
+
+  An Antidote for the Submarine Pest
+
+  The Awkward Squad
+
+  The Economic Conference in Paris
+
+  Lord Reading
+
+  While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds
+
+  French School Children Waiting to Welcome General Petain
+
+  United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory
+  Commission
+
+  Bernard M. Baruch
+
+  Daniel Willard
+
+  John D. Ryan
+
+  A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign
+
+  A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign
+
+  Victory Way at Night
+
+  The Battle Scene at Home
+
+  A Community Conference on Food-Saving
+
+  Will There Be Enough to Go Around?
+
+  Women Doing Night Farming
+
+  The Ore Market--Cleveland
+
+  David Lloyd George
+
+  President Poincare With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador,
+  Driving to the Peace Conference in Paris
+
+  Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed
+
+  Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates.
+
+  The George Washington
+
+  Paris Crowds Greeting President Wilson
+
+  Henry White
+
+  Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau
+
+  Victoria Hall at Geneva
+
+  William Howard Taft
+
+  Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+
+  President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye
+
+  President Wilson's Welcome in Paris
+
+  Sir Eric Drummond
+
+  Lord Robert Cecil
+
+  Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty
+
+  German Press Representatives in Versailles
+
+  Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home
+
+  M. Stephen Pichon
+
+  Henry Cabot Lodge
+
+  America's Peace Capitol in Paris
+
+  The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German Cause and Marked
+  the Beginning of the End of the War
+
+  Paris in War Time
+
+  Senator Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania
+
+  Male Population Registered and Not Registered
+
+  Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War
+
+  Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month
+
+  Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the
+  Armistice
+
+  Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers
+
+  Our Flag in Alsace
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+By PROFESSOR IRVING FISHER
+
+Department of Political Economy, Yale University
+
+
+In various ways, as this volume shows, the war has profoundly affected
+our economic and political life. War has ever been a disturber and
+innovator, always leaving after it a different world from that which
+existed previous to it. On account of our tremendously complex economic
+organization--the specialization of industry among nations, and the
+network of commerce--war today causes more profound changes than ever
+before. There can not be a human being in the world today whose life is
+not altered by the war through which we have just passed.
+
+In trying, now that the war is over, to _stop drifting_, and to think
+our way out of the bent (or broken) remains of the _ante bellum_ life,
+the world is confronted by a maze of problems and a still greater maze
+of proffered solutions.
+
+Many of these proposals are, unfortunately, of the nature of treatment
+directed not at fundamental conditions, but merely at _symptoms_. We
+should be past the stage, in our social science, as we are in medicine,
+where we treat symptoms without a thorough diagnosis of the fundamental
+causes.
+
+And yet it is just this thorough diagnosis that we lack.
+
+What, then, are the changes brought about by the war which most deeply
+affect "the body politic," and by meeting which the most far reaching
+improvements can be made?
+
+
+HIGH COST OF LIVING A VITAL QUESTION
+
+I can not take up, or even touch on, all of them; but to one of them I
+wish to call especial attention--the High Cost of Living or, more
+generally, the high level of prices, which is the most striking economic
+effect of the war throughout the world. It is, as I see it, hard to
+over-emphasize the need for attacking this problem of the price level as
+a preliminary to attacking the other economic problems which the war has
+left us.
+
+We need only glance at a newspaper today, or step into a corner grocery,
+or fall into conversation with our neighbor in the train to have this
+topic come out as foremost in interest. It is, I believe, responsible
+for much more of our present uncertainty and confusion than is usually
+realized. In its ramifications it is chiefly this phase of the war's
+effects which, as I suggested above, touches every one of us at every
+point of our lives. A member of the Federal Reserve Board has called the
+price level problem _the_ central economic problem of reconstruction.
+
+Professor William Graham Sumner, who has inspired so many to the
+scientific study of social conditions, used to say: "In taking up the
+study of any social situation, divide your study into four
+questions--(1) What is it? (2) Why is it? (3) What of it? (4) What are
+you going to do about it?"
+
+Let us follow this outline, and look first at the facts of the case;
+secondly at their causes; thirdly at the evils involved; and lastly at
+the remedies.
+
+
+MEASURING CHANGES IN PRICES
+
+We now possess a device for measuring the average change in prices. This
+is what is known as an "index number."
+
+Thus, if one commodity has risen 4 per cent. since last month and
+another, 10 per cent., the average rise of the two is midway between the
+sum of 4 per cent., and 10 per cent., or 7 per cent. It is
+
+    4 + 10
+    ------ = 7
+      2
+
+If we call the price level of the two articles last month 100 per cent.,
+then 107 per cent. is the "index number" for the prices of the two
+articles this month. The same principle, of course, applies to any
+number of commodities.
+
+The index number of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
+best index number we have, shows an average price level in 1918 of 196
+for wholesale prices and 168 for retail prices of food on the basis of
+100 per cent. for 1913, the year before the war; showing that wholesale
+prices, on the average, almost exactly doubled. The latest index number
+for wholesale prices (May, 1919) is 206, and for retail (July, 1919),
+190.
+
+A look at the history of prices shows the interesting fact that, while
+prices have sometimes fallen, they have generally risen. The high cost
+of living has been for centuries a source of complaint. In the 16th
+century, people objected to the price of wheat, which was three to ten
+times what it cost during the preceding 300 years.
+
+
+WORTHLESS PAPER MONEY
+
+Where, through ignorance of monetary science, irredeemable paper money
+was used, prices have sometimes gone up quite "out of sight." This was
+the case with the famous assignats of the French Revolution, and the
+"Continental" paper money of our own Revolution. After the Revolution a
+barber in Philadelphia is said to have covered the walls of his shop
+with continental paper money, calling it the cheapest wallpaper he could
+get! Jokes were also heard of a housewife taking a market-basket full of
+this "money" to the butcher's shop and bringing home the meat in her
+purse! This money became a hissing and a byword; and, even to this day,
+one of the favorite expressions for worthlessness is "not worth a
+Continental." We see the same situation repeated again today with
+Russian paper money.
+
+But our first scientific measurement of price movements began with 1782,
+the beginning of Jevons' index number of wholesale prices in England.
+
+
+COMMENTS ON FIGURE 1
+
+Figure 1 shows the course of prices in England from that date, and also,
+for comparison, that in the U.S.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1
+
+Price Movements of the United States and England from the Earliest Index
+Numbers Through the First Years of the World War
+
+Showing, in general, a close similarity. England was on a paper basis,
+1801--1820; and the United States, 1862--78. The dotted lines for these
+periods show the prices as translated back into gold.]
+
+The conspicuous feature of these curves is their great irregularity.
+Practically never are they for any length of time at all horizontal.
+Sometimes, even in time of peace, a variation of over 10 per cent. is
+shown in one year. The curve for the U. S. shows, at the time of the
+Civil War, a very considerable rise (especially as measured in terms of
+paper), followed by a decline beginning in 1873 and continuing to 1896.
+The fall in the first part of this period was accentuated by the return
+from a paper to a gold standard. From an index number of 100 in 1873,
+the index number dropped to 51 in 1896. This decline resulted
+politically in the famous Bryan "Free Silver" campaign.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2
+
+Trend of Prices Before and After the Great Wars of History]
+
+Since that time, however, the course of prices has been steadily upward.
+Between 1896 and the outbreak of the war, the index number of the U. S.
+rose about 50 per cent. Substantially the same increase took place in
+Canada, while in the United Kingdom there was a rise of 35 per cent.
+This rise before the war amounted, in the United States, to about
+one-fifth of one per cent. per month. During the war, however, the rise
+amounted in this country to 1-1/2 per cent. per month, and abroad to much
+more--in Germany and Austria to 3 per cent. per month, and in Russia,
+apparently, to 4 or 5 per cent. per month. In the light of the
+excitement caused up to 1914 by the comparatively moderate increase in
+this country, we can better understand the Russian economic unrest when
+a far steeper ascent of prices got under way.
+
+The total effect can be summed up as follows: between 1914, before the
+war, and November, 1918, the price level in this country (as indicated
+by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food index
+number) rose 79 per cent.; that in England (according to the _Statist_
+index number), 133 per cent.; that in France, approximately 140 per
+cent.; that in western Europe probably at least three-fold; and in
+Russia perhaps ten or twenty-fold.
+
+The price level of the United States today is over three-fold that of
+1896. Expressing the same fact in terms of the purchasing power of
+money, our dollar of today is worth only 30 cents of the money in 1896,
+so that as contrasted with the dollar of 1896 our dollar literally
+"looks like thirty cents."
+
+
+COMMENTS ON FIGURE 2
+
+Now it is a common belief, and one which seems to be borne out by the
+present situation, that war raises prices whereas peace lowers them. The
+matter is, however, not so simple. Each case must be considered on its
+own merits. Figure 2 shows price curves for the various wars.
+
+In general prices have risen during wars. But there has not been any
+such uniformity of movement after wars. Moreover in most cases the price
+disturbances both during and after the wars had scarcely anything to do
+with the coming and going of the war. In only four of the cases on the
+chart is the rise of prices during the war really and clearly due to the
+war. In the Napoleonic Wars, the war of 1812, the Civil War, and the
+World War the rise of prices during the war was largely due to war
+inflation.
+
+As to the after effects on prices there are likewise only four clear
+cases. The fall of paper prices relatively to gold after the Napoleonic
+Wars, and the Civil War was, in each case, clearly due to resumption of
+specie payments. The fall of prices in the United States after the War
+of 1812 was doubtless due in large measure to the resumption of foreign
+trade. In one case there was a rise of prices as an aftermath; the war
+of 1871, which gave Germany a billion dollars of indemnity, created
+inflation in Germany and prices rose there between 1871 and 1873 faster
+than in any other country. This doubtless accentuated the crash in the
+crisis of 1873.
+
+In the other cases in the diagram the many instances of rise of prices
+after the wars were due primarily at least, to other causes, although
+the cessation of war and the undue optimism and spirit of speculation
+which often follow may, in several instances, have contributed to the
+boom period and the crisis which so often came a few years later, viz.,
+that of 1857 after the Crimean War, that of 1866 after the Civil War, as
+well as that of 1873 just mentioned.
+
+The only safe generalizations seem to be the following two: The first is
+that in so far as a war has been costly, _i. e._, has strained the
+economic resources of the belligerents, there has been recourse to
+inflation in some form and prices have risen. Besides the examples in
+the chart are those of the French Revolution, the American Colonial
+wars, the American Revolution and many others. The second generalization
+is that after a costly war the price level is affected up or down by the
+fiscal policy of the governments concerned.
+
+
+HIGH PRICES NOT DUE TO SCARCITY
+
+Most cherish the belief that high war prices today represent war
+scarcity. In the case of some countries like Belgium and some
+commodities like paper this is true and in such cases scarcity serves as
+a partial explanation of high prices. But in the case of most countries
+and most commodities there has been no general scarcity. The almost
+universal rise of prices cannot be ascribed to scarcity. Prices have
+risen of many goods not affected by the war or in countries remotest
+from the war.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+William McAdoo
+
+Secretary of the Treasury during the World War, and Director-General of
+the Railroads.]
+
+As Mr. O. P. Austin, statistician of the National City Bank, has said:
+
+     "Raw silk, for example, for which the war made no special
+     demand and which was produced on the side of the globe opposite
+     that in which the hostilities were occurring, advanced from
+     $3.00 per pound in the country of production in 1913 to $4.50
+     per pound in 1917, and over $6.00 per pound in the closing
+     months of the war. Manila hemp, also produced on the opposite
+     side of the globe and not a war requirement, advanced in the
+     country of production from $180 per ton in 1915 to $437 per ton
+     in 1918. Goat skins, from China, India, Mexico and South
+     America, advanced from 25 cents per pound in 1914 to over 50
+     cents per pound in 1918; and yet goat skins were in no sense a
+     special requirement of the war. Sisal grass produced in Yucatan
+     advanced from $100 per ton in 1914 at the place of production
+     to nearly $400 per ton in 1918; and Egyptian cotton, a
+     high-priced product and thus not used for war purposes, jumped
+     from 14 cents per pound in Egypt in 1914 to 35 cents per pound
+     in 1918. Even the product of the diamond mines of South Africa
+     advanced from 60 to 100 per cent. in price per karat when
+     compared with prices existing in the opening months of the war.
+
+     "The prices are in all cases those _in the markets of the
+     country in which the articles were produced_ and in most cases
+     at points on the globe far distant from that in which the war
+     was being waged. They are the product of countries having
+     plentiful supply of cheap labor and upon which there has been
+     no demand for men for service in the war. The advance in the
+     prices quoted is in no sense due to the high cost of ocean
+     transportation since they are those demanded and obtained in
+     the markets of the country of production.
+
+     "Why is it that the product of the labor of women and children
+     who care for silk worms in China and Japan, of the Filipino
+     laborer who produces the Manila hemp, the Egyptian fellah who
+     grows the high grade cotton, the native workman in the diamond
+     mines of South Africa, the Mexican peon in the sisal field of
+     Yucatan, the Chinese coolie in the tin mines of Malay, or the
+     goatherd on the plains of China, India, Mexico or South America
+     has doubled in price during the war period?"
+
+Mr. Austin goes on to show that the scarcity or "increased demand" for
+war goods has been greatly exaggerated. It is true that some 40 million
+men were at one time fighting in the war. But this is less than 2-1/2 per
+cent. of the world's population and it must not be forgotten that these
+40 million were also consumers before the war. Their withdrawal from
+industry did not really create a vacuum of even 1 per cent. of the
+world's productive power; as women, boys and old men took their places
+and others worked harder than in peace time.
+
+In addition to the 40 million soldiers, some 150 million people have
+been required to work on "war work" at home but they have simply been
+"switched" from other forms of production which have been
+correspondingly reduced. War supplies were demanded but these also
+largely "switched" the demand from former and industrial uses. Lord
+D'Abernon found that in England those objects of luxury "which would
+seem to be influenced not at all or only very remotely and to a very
+small degree by increased cost of labor and materials," such as old
+books, prints and coins, had, nevertheless, advanced, roughly speaking
+50 per cent., during the war. Thus "scarcity" and especial "war demands"
+do not go far toward explaining the high price level even in Europe and
+not at all, I believe, in this country.
+
+In the United States while certain things have become scarce, including
+certain foods, the general mass of goods has been actually increased as
+a consequence of war.
+
+The raw materials used in the United States in 1918 were 16 per cent.
+more than in 1913 and 2 per cent. more than in 1917. The physical volume
+of trade is estimated variously to be in 1918 from 22 per cent. to 41
+per cent. above that in 1913 and 8 per cent. above that in 1917.
+
+President Wilson, in his address to Congress, August 8, 1919, on the
+high cost of living, gave other impressive examples as to foods,
+especially eggs, frozen fowls, creamery butter, salt beef, and canned
+corn, showing that scarcity is not the cause of high prices.
+
+
+HIGH PRICES DUE TO MONETARY CAUSES
+
+The truth is that the chief causes of the rise of prices in war time are
+monetary causes.
+
+It is almost invariably true that the great price movements of history
+are chiefly monetary. This is shown, in the first place by the fact that
+countries of like monetary standards have like price movements. Thus--to
+consider gold-standard countries--there has usually been a remarkable
+family resemblance between the curves representing the rise and fall of
+the index numbers of the United States, Canada, England, France,
+Belgium, Holland, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and Italy. Again, the
+price movements in silver countries show a strong likeness, as in India
+and China between 1873 and 1893.
+
+On the other hand, we find a great contrast between gold and silver
+countries or between any countries which have different monetary
+standards. In the World War the data are still too meager to enable us
+to express all the relations in exact figures, but we may arrange the
+different countries in the approximate order in which their prices have
+risen. The order of the nations corresponds, in general, with the order
+in which the currency in those nations has been inflated by paper as
+well as with the order in which their monetary units have depreciated
+in the foreign exchange markets.
+
+This order--of ascending prices and of inflated currency--is as follows,
+beginning with the least rise and inflation: India, Australia, New
+Zealand, United States, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark,
+Italy, Holland, England, Norway, France, Germany, Austria and Russia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.
+
+Money and the Price Level
+
+Showing a correspondence between the quantity of money and the level of
+prices. Since the middle of 1915, when the quantity of money in the
+United States began to be greatly affected by the war, the
+correspondence has been close, changes in the price level seeming
+usually to follow changes in the quantity of money one to three months
+later.]
+
+The ups and downs of prices correspond with the ups and downs of the
+money supply. Throughout all history this has been so. For this general
+statement there is sufficient evidence even where we lack the index
+numbers by which to make accurate measurements. Whenever there have
+been new discoveries of gold and rapid outpourings from mines, prices
+have gone up with corresponding rapidity. This was observed in the 16th
+century, after great quantities of the precious metals had been brought
+to Europe from the Americas; and again in the 19th century, after the
+Californian and Australian gold finds of the fifties; and still again,
+in the same century after the South African, Alaskan and Cripple Creek
+mining of the nineties.
+
+Likewise when other causes than mining, such as paper money issues,
+produce violent changes in the quantity or quality of money, violent
+changes in the price level usually follow.
+
+
+COMMENTS ON FIGURE 3
+
+The World War furnishes important examples of this. In the United States
+the curve for the quantity of money in circulation and the curve for the
+index number of prices run continuously parallel, the price curve
+following the money curve after a lag of one to three months. It was in
+August, 1915, that the quantity of money in the United States began its
+rapid increase. One month later prices began to shoot upward, keeping
+almost exact pace with the quantity of money. In February, 1916, money
+suddenly stopped increasing, and two or three months later prices
+stopped likewise. As figure 3 shows, similar striking correspondences
+have continued to occur with an average lag between the money cause and
+the price effect of apparently about one and three-quarters months.
+
+On the whole, the money in circulation in the United States rose from
+three and one-third billions in 1913 to five and a half billions in
+1918, and bank deposits from thirteen to twenty-five billions, both
+approximately corresponding to the rise in prices.
+
+Taking a world-wide view, the money in circulation in the world outside
+of Russia has increased during the war from fifteen billions to
+forty-five billions and the bank deposits in fifteen principal countries
+from twenty-seven billions to seventy-five billions. That is both money
+and deposits have trebled; and prices, on the average have perhaps
+trebled also.
+
+The Bolsheviki are a law unto themselves. They have issued eighty
+billion dollars of paper money, or more than in all the rest of the
+world put together. Consequently prices in Russia have doubtless reached
+the sky, though no exact measure of them, since the Bolshevist regime,
+is at hand.
+
+The increase of over thirty billions in the money of the world (outside
+of Russia) is as Austin says "more, _in its face value_, than all the
+gold and all the silver turned out by all the mines of all the world in
+427 years since the discovery of America."
+
+The conclusion toward which the foregoing and other arguments lead is
+that, in this war as in general in the past, the great outstanding
+disturber of the price level has always been money. If this is the case,
+how fruitless, except as treatments of symptoms, are price-fixing, or
+campaigns aimed at profiteers! The cry of profiteering may hinder a real
+solution of the difficulty by diverting attention from the real issue
+and fanning and giving up an object to the spirit of revolt. Money is so
+much an accepted convenience in practice that it has become a great
+stumbling block in theory. Since we talk always in terms of money and
+live in a money atmosphere, as it were, we become as unconscious of it
+as we do of the air we breathe.
+
+
+ASSOCIATE EVILS OF HIGH PRICES
+
+We have now considered the cost of living situation under the two
+questions "What is it?" and "Why is it?"
+
+The third question, "What of it?"--_i. e._, what are the evils connected
+with it--is more easily answered today, when it comes home to all of us,
+that it might have been 10 years ago.
+
+If, for each one of us, the rise of income were to keep up exactly with
+the rise in cost of living, then the high cost of living would have no
+terrors; it would be merely on paper. But no such perfect adjustment
+ever occurs or can occur. Outstanding contracts and understandings in
+terms of money make this out of the question. The salaried men and the
+wage earners suffer--that is, the cost is borne by those with relatively
+"fixed" incomes.
+
+The truth is, the war was largely paid for, not by taxes or loans but by
+the High Cost of Living. The result is that the effort to avoid
+discontent of tax payers has created or rather aggravated the discontent
+over high prices. Every rise in the cost of living brings new recruits
+to the labor malcontents who feel victimized by society and have come to
+hate society. They cite, in their indictment, the high price of
+necessities and the high profits of certain great corporations both of
+which they attribute, not to the aberrations of our monetary yardstick
+but to deliberate plundering by "profiteers" or a social system of
+"exploitation." They grow continually more suspicious and nurse an
+imaginary grudge against the world. We are being threatened by more
+quack remedies--revolutionary socialism, syndicalism, and Bolshevism.
+Radicalism rides on the wave of high prices.
+
+As a matter of fact, the real wages in 1918, that is, their purchasing
+power, were only 80 per cent. of the real wages of 1913. That is, while
+the retail prices of food advanced 68 per cent., wages in money advanced
+only 30 per cent. The real wages of 1913 were in turn less than in
+earlier years.
+
+Lord D'Abernon, in a recent speech in the House of Lords said: "I am
+convinced and cannot state too strongly my belief that 80 per cent. of
+our present industrial troubles and our Bolshevism which is so great a
+menace to Europe are due to this enormous displacement in the value of
+money." In fact, before the war, rising costs of living were
+manufacturing socialists all over the world, including Germany, and the
+German Government may have weighed, as one of the expected dynastic
+advantages of war, the suppression of the growing internal class
+struggle which this high cost of living was bringing on apace.
+
+
+MANY SUGGESTED REMEDIES INADEQUATE
+
+We are now ready for the question, "What can be done about it?" So far
+as the past is concerned, comparatively little. Bygones must largely be
+bygones. So far as wages and salaries are concerned, the remedy must be
+to raise them rather than to lower the high cost of living. While some
+kinds of work have had excessive wages during the war, this has not been
+true in general, public opinion to the contrary notwithstanding. I quite
+agree with Mr. Gompers that the wage level should not be lowered even
+if it could be. On the contrary it should be raised to catch up with
+prices, just as was done after the Civil War. But in regard to contracts
+little relief for past injuries can be expected. We would best use the
+past as a lesson for the future. That is what I understand by
+"reconstruction."
+
+[Illustration: John Pierpont Morgan
+
+The banking house of Morgan was closely identified with international
+finance throughout the World War.]
+
+Many impracticable plans have been proposed. Secretary Redfield
+undertook to stabilize prices by arbitrarily fixing them. He failed,
+necessarily. We might as well try to fix the sea level by pressing on
+the ocean. The same, as I stated above, is true of a campaign against
+profiteers though proposed by so high an authority as President Wilson.
+
+
+PROPOSED REMEDY
+
+The plan I shall here outline has received the approval of a large
+number of leading economists, business men, and organizations,
+including President Hadley of Yale; a committee of economists appointed
+to consider the purchasing power of money in relation to the war; Frank
+A. Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of New York; George
+Foster Peabody, Federal Reserve banker of New York; John Perrin, Federal
+Reserve Agent of San Francisco; Henry L. Higginson, the veteran banker
+of Boston; Roger W. Babson, statistician; John Hays Hammond, mining
+engineer; John V. Farwell, of Chicago; Leo S. Rowe, Assistant Secretary
+of the Treasury: United States Senator, Robert L. Owen, one of the
+authors of the Federal Reserve Act; Ex-Senator Shafroth; the late
+Senator Newlands; Sir David Barbour, one of the originators of the
+Indian gold exchange standard; the Society of Polish Engineers; the New
+England Purchasing Agents' Association; and a few Chambers of Commerce.
+
+
+WANTED--A STANDARDIZED DOLLAR
+
+Our dollar is now simply a fixed weight of gold--a unit of weight,
+masquerading as a unit of value. It is almost as absurd to define a unit
+of value, or general purchasing power, in terms of weight as to define a
+unit of length in terms of weight. What good does it do us to be assured
+that our dollar weighs just as much as ever? We want a dollar which will
+always buy the same aggregate quantity of bread, butter, beef, bacon,
+beans, sugar, clothing, fuel, and the other essential things that we
+spend it for. What is needed is to stabilize or standardize the dollar
+just as we have already standardized the yardstick, the pound weight,
+the bushel basket, the pint cup, the horsepower, the volt, and, indeed,
+all the units of commerce except the dollar.
+
+Money today has two great functions. It is a medium of exchange and it
+is a standard of value. Gold was chosen because it was a good medium,
+not because it was a good standard. And so, because our ancestors found
+a good medium of exchange, we now find ourselves saddled with a bad
+standard of value!
+
+The problem before us is to retain gold as a good medium and yet to make
+it into a good standard; not to abandon the gold standard but to rectify
+it; not to rid ourselves of the gold dollar but to make it conform in
+purchasing power to the composite or goods-dollar. The method of
+rectifying the gold standard consists in suitably varying the weight of
+the gold dollar. The gold dollar is now fixed in weight and therefore
+variable in purchasing power. What we need is a gold dollar fixed in
+purchasing power and therefore variable in weight. I do not think that
+any sane man, whether or not he accepts the theory of money which I
+accept, will deny that the weight of gold in a dollar has a great deal
+to do with its purchasing power. More gold will buy more goods.
+Therefore more gold than 25.8 grains will, barring counteracting causes,
+buy more goods than 25.8 grains itself will buy. If today the dollar,
+instead of being 25.8 grains or about one-twentieth of an ounce of gold,
+were an ounce or a pound or a ton of gold it would surely buy more than
+it does now, which is the same thing as saying that the price level
+would be lower than it is now.
+
+A Mexican gold dollar weighs about half as much as ours and has less
+purchasing power. If Mexico should adopt the same dollar that we have
+and that Canada has, no one could doubt that its purchasing power would
+rise--that is, the price level in Mexico would fall. Since, then, the
+heavier or the lighter the gold dollar is the more or the less is its
+purchasing power, it follows that, if we add new grains of gold to the
+dollar just fast enough to compensate for the loss in the purchasing
+power of each grain, or vice versa take away gold to compensate for a
+gain, we shall have a fully "compensated dollar," a stationary instead
+of fluctuating dollar, when judged by its purchasing power.
+
+But how, it will be asked, is it possible, in practice, to change the
+weight of the gold dollar? The feat is certainly not impossible, for it
+has often been accomplished. We ourselves have changed the weight of our
+gold dollar twice--once in 1834, when the gold in the dollar was reduced
+7 per cent., and again in 1837, when it was increased one-tenth of 1 per
+cent. If we can change it once or twice a century, we can change it once
+or twice a month!
+
+
+HOW GOLD CIRCULATES
+
+In actual fact, gold now circulates almost entirely through
+"yellowbacks," or gold certificates. The gold itself, often not in the
+form of coins at all but of "bar gold," lies in the government vaults.
+The abolition of gold coin would make no material change in the present
+situation.
+
+If gold thus circulated only in the form of paper representatives it
+would evidently be possible to vary at will the weight of the gold
+dollar without any such annoyance or complication as would arise from
+the existence of coins. The government would simply vary the quantity of
+gold bullion which it would exchange for a paper dollar--the quantity it
+would give or take at a given time. As readily as a grocer can vary the
+amount of sugar he will give for a dollar, the government could vary the
+amount of gold it would give for a dollar.
+
+
+CRITERION OF STANDARDIZATION
+
+But, it will now be asked, what criterion is to guide the government in
+making these changes in the dollar's weight? Am I proposing that some
+government official should be authorized to mark the dollar up or down
+according to his own caprice? Most certainly not. A definite and simple
+criterion for the required adjustments is at hand--the now familiar
+"index number" of prices.
+
+If, for instance, the index number is found to be 1 per cent. above the
+ideal par, this fact will indicate that the purchasing power of the
+dollar has gone down; and this fact will be the signal and authorization
+for an increase of 1 per cent. in the weight of the gold dollar. What is
+thereby added to the purchasing power of the gold dollar will be
+automatically registered in the purchasing power of its circulating
+certificate. If the correction is not enough, or if it is too much, the
+index number next month will tell the story.
+
+Absolutely perfect correction is impossible, but any imperfection will
+continue to reappear and so cannot escape ultimate correction. Suppose,
+for instance, that next month the index number is found to remain
+unchanged at 101. Then the dollar is at once loaded an additional 1 per
+cent. And if, next month, the index number is, let us say, 100-1/2 (that
+is, one half of 1 per cent above par) this one-half of 1 per cent. will
+call for a third addition to the dollar's weight, this time of one-half
+of one per cent. And so, as long as the index number persists in
+staying even a little above par, the dollar will continue to be loaded
+each month, until, if necessary, it weighs an ounce--or a ton, for that
+matter. But, of course, long before it can become so heavy, the
+additional weight will become sufficient; so that the index number will
+be pushed back to par--that is, the circulating certificate will have
+its purchasing power restored. Or suppose the index number falls below
+par, say 1 per cent. below. This fact will indicate that the purchasing
+power of the dollar has gone up. Accordingly, the gold dollar will be
+reduced in weight 1 per cent., and each month that the index number
+remains below par the now too heavy dollar will be unloaded and the
+purchasing power of the certificate brought down to par.
+
+Thus by ballast thrown overboard or taken on, our dollar is kept from
+drifting far from the proper level. The result is that the price level
+would oscillate only slightly. Instead of there being any great price
+convulsions, such as we find throughout history, the index number would
+run, say 101, 100-1/2, 101, 100, 102, 101-1/2, 100, 98, 99, 99, 99-1/2, 100,
+etc., seldom getting off the line more than 1 or 2 per cent.
+
+
+A PROBLEM CALLING FOR URGENT ACTION
+
+With the question now before us, it is evident that the problem of our
+monetary standards has much more than theoretical significance. It is a
+practical problem, and, I submit, the most pressing which the war has
+left us. I do not offer the solution described above as the only answer
+to the problem. It is, however, a working basis, a starting point, from
+which we may be able to work out a better plan. _Some_ scientifically
+sound plan is essential, or we shall be the victims of quack remedies.
+
+Finally, _now_ is the time to take up the matter. Public interest is now
+focused on the cost of living and is very largely educated to the fact
+that the high prices have a monetary basis. Furthermore, the world is
+looking to us, as never before, for leadership. It is our golden
+opportunity to set _world_ standards. If we adopt a stable standard of
+value, it seems certain that other nations, as fast as they can
+straighten out their affairs, resume specie payments, and secure again
+stable pars of exchange, will follow our example.
+
+Let us, then, who realize the situation, act upon our knowledge; and
+secure a boon for all future generations, a true standard for contracts,
+a stabilized dollar.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+President Wilson and Rear Admiral Grayson Passing the Palace of the King
+in Brussels]
+
+
+
+
+The Great Results of the War
+
+
+
+
+The Great Results of the War
+
+_PART I_
+
+I--ECONOMIC RESULTS OF THE WAR
+
+Striking Changes Made by the European Conflict Upon the Economic Life of
+the Great Nations
+
+
+The paramount position of War Finance was brought vividly and
+continuously before the whole people of the United States by the Liberty
+Loan campaigns. This lesson was an old one though it was enforced by all
+the improved methods of modern publicity. To Napoleon Bonaparte is
+attributed the statement that three things are necessary to wage a
+successful war: money, more money, and still more money.
+
+FINDING THE MONEY FOR WAR
+
+It has been well said that:
+
+     "Perhaps the greatest surprise of the war to most people, even
+     to those who had studied political economy, has been the
+     enormous expenditure of money which a nation can incur, and the
+     length of time which it can go on fighting without complete
+     exhaustion. This should not have been in reality a surprise to
+     anyone who had studied past history, for all experience shows
+     that lack of money itself has never prevented a nation from
+     continuing to fight, if it were determined to fight. The
+     financial condition of Revolutionary France at the commencement
+     of Napoleon's career was wretched in the extreme, yet France
+     went on fighting for nearly twenty years after that. The Balkan
+     States can hardly be said ever to have had great financial
+     resources, and yet they fought, one after the other, two severe
+     wars, and are now fighting a third still more severe and
+     prolonged. The Boers in South Africa found no difficulty in
+     fighting the British Empire for three years with practically no
+     financial resources. The Mexicans recently managed to fight one
+     another for a good many years in the same way. Lastly, the
+     Southern states in our own Civil War fought for years a
+     desperate and losing fight and were ultimately beaten to the
+     ground, not so much by a lack of money, as by an actual lack of
+     things to live on and fight with. In fact, all history proves,
+     and this war proves over again, that if what the Germans call
+     'the will to fight' exists lack of money will never stop a
+     nation's fighting, provided it possesses or can obtain its
+     absolutely minimum requirements of food, clothing, and
+     munitions of war. It was Bismarck who said: 'If you will give
+     me a printing press, I will find you the money.' In finding the
+     money required for an exhausting war a nation is driven to all
+     sorts of desperate financial expedients which may very
+     seriously affect its economic life, but if a nation wants to
+     continue fighting and can produce, or be induced to produce,
+     the things that are absolutely necessary for life and warfare,
+     the government will get hold of those things somehow. If it
+     cannot get them in any other way, ultimately it will take
+     them."
+
+
+STRONG POSITION OF UNITED STATES
+
+When the war opened England was in the strongest position of any of the
+Allies. She was the greatest creditor nation in the world. That is, she
+was able to purchase goods from foreign countries on easier terms than
+her associates. Russia and Italy were debtor nations and had to borrow
+even before the war in order to balance their foreign accounts. So these
+members of the Entente had to be assisted in making purchases abroad.
+England was able for a long time to keep up her exchange rate in New
+York. This was done by the shipment of gold and by inducing the holders
+of American securities in England to sell or lend such securities to
+their government.
+
+England was forced to act as the agent of other Powers who were fighting
+with her. Until the United States came in, it was the greatest
+industrial arsenal among the Allies. Large imports were naturally a
+feature of this policy. The United States soon began to feel the result
+of the changes in international credit. Exports almost doubled between
+1912 and 1917, the figures being in millions, $2,399,000,000 and
+$6,231,000,000, respectively.
+
+Another side of the United States trade account to the world is
+indicated by the following classified list of loans to January, 1917:
+
+     "Between August 1, 1914, and December 31, 1916, the loans
+     raised in the United States by foreign countries were estimated
+     to reach $2,325,900,000, of which $175,000,000 had been repaid.
+     The net indebtedness on January 1, 1917, was therefore
+     $2,150,900,000. The loans may be classified geographically as
+     follows:
+
+    Europe                      $1,893,400,000
+    Canada                         270,500,000
+    Latin America                  157,000,000
+    China                            5,000,000
+                                --------------
+    Total foreign loans         $2,325,900,000
+    Less amount paid, estimated    175,000,000
+                                --------------
+    Net foreign indebtedness    $2,150,900,000
+
+     "The loans of the belligerent countries which were floated in
+     the United States up to the close of 1916 are divided as
+     follows:
+
+    Great Britain    $908,400,000
+    France            695,000,000
+    Russia            160,000,000
+    Germany            45,000,000[1]
+    Canada            270,500,000
+                   --------------
+    Total          $2,078,900,000[2]
+
+[1] Estimated.
+
+[2] Nearly $1,900,000,000 of this constituted war loans.
+
+
+NEW PACE IN WAR FINANCE
+
+A new pace in war finance was set by the United States when it became a
+belligerent. It had to provide for an increase of taxation ascending
+from the point of $3,000,000,000 in 1917 to over $8,000,000,000 in 1918.
+The largest source of estimated revenue was from taxes on excess
+profits, including war profits of $3,100,000,000, and the next was from
+taxes on incomes, $1,482,186,000 from individuals, and $828,000,000 from
+corporations. The New York _Journal of Commerce_ shows by the following
+table the difference between the old and the new system of taxation.
+Exemptions under the new law were the same as under the old: $1,000 for
+single persons and $2,000 for married, $200 additional allowed for each
+dependent child under eighteen years of age:
+
+      Incomes         Tax Under
+                    Old       New
+                    Law       Law
+       $2,500       $10       $30
+        3,000        20        60
+        3,500        30        90
+        4,000        40       120
+        4,500        60       150
+        5,000        80       180
+        5,500       105       220
+        6,000       130       260
+        6,500       155       330
+        7,000       180       400
+        7,500       205       470
+        8,000       235       545
+        8,500       265       620
+        9,000       295       695
+        9,500       325       770
+       10,000       355       845
+       12,500       530     1,320
+       15,000       730     1,795
+       20,000     1,180     2,895
+       25,000     1,780     4,240
+       30,000     2,380     5,595
+       35,000     2,980     7,195
+       40,000     3,580     8,795
+       45,000     4,380    10,645
+       50,000     5,180    12,495
+       55,000     5,980    14,695
+       60,000     6,780    16,895
+       70,000     8,880    21,895
+       80,000    10,980    27,295
+      100,000    16,180    39,095
+      150,000    31,680    70,095
+      200,000    49,180   101,095
+      300,000    92,680   165,095
+      500,000   192,680   207,095
+    1,000,000   475,180   647,095
+    5,000,000 3,140,180 3,527,095
+
+The following estimated yield from other sources is given by the same
+authority:
+
+     "Transportation--Freight, $75,000,000; express, $20,000,000;
+     passenger fares, $60,000,000; seats and berths, $5,000,000; oil
+     by pipe lines, $4,550,000.
+
+     "Beverages (liquors and soft drinks), $1,137,600,000; stamp
+     taxes, $32,000,000; tobacco cigars, $61,364,000; cigarettes,
+     $165,240,000; tobacco, 104,000,000; snuff, $9,100,000; papers
+     and tubes, $1,500,000.
+
+     "Special Taxes.--Capital stock, $70,000,000; brokers,
+     $1,765,000; theaters, etc., $2,143,000; mail order sales,
+     $5,000,000; bowling alleys, billiard and pool tables,
+     $2,200,000; shooting galleries, $400,000; riding academies,
+     $50,000; business license tax, $10,000,000; manufacturers of
+     tobacco, $69,000; manufacturers of cigars, $850,000;
+     manufacturers of cigarettes, $240,000; use of automobiles and
+     motor cycles, $72,920,000.
+
+     "Telegraph and telephone messages, $15,000,000; insurance,
+     $12,000,000; admissions (theaters, circuses, etc.),
+     $100,000,000; club dues, $9,000,000.
+
+     "Excise Taxes.--Automobiles, etc., $123,750,000; jewelry,
+     sporting goods, etc., $80,000,000; other taxes on luxuries at
+     10 percent., $88,760,000; other taxes on luxuries (apparel,
+     etc., above certain prescribed prices), at 20 percent.,
+     $181,095,000.
+
+     "Gasoline, $40,000,000; yachts and pleasure boats, $1,000,000."
+
+     "The income tax law levies on all citizens or residents of the
+     United States a normal tax of 12 percent. upon the amount of
+     income in excess of exemptions, except that on the first $4,000
+     of the taxable amount the rate shall be 6 percent. The law also
+     increases the surtaxes all along the line. The advances by
+     grades compared with the percentage under the old law are:
+     $5,000 to $7,500 incomes, increased from 1 to 2 percent.;
+     $7,500 to $10,000, from 2 to 3 percent.; $10,000 to $12,500,
+     from 3 to 7 percent.; $12,500 to $15,000, from 4 to 7 percent.;
+     $15,000 to $20,000, from 5 to 10 percent.; $20,000 to $30,000,
+     from 8 to 15 percent.; $30,000 to $40,000, from 8 to 20
+     percent.; $40,000 to $50,000, from 12 to 25 percent.; $50,000
+     to $60,000, from 12 to 32 percent.; $60,000 to $70,000, from 17
+     to 38 percent.; $70,000 to $80,000, from 17 to 42 percent.;
+     $80,000 to $90,000, from 22 to 46 percent.; $90,000 to
+     $100,000, from 22 to 46 percent.; $100,000 to $150,000, from
+     27 to 50 percent.; $150,000 to $200,000, from 31 to 50
+     percent.; $200,000 to $250,000, from 37 to 52 percent.;
+     $250,000 to $300,000, from 42 to 55 percent. The rate continues
+     to increase, but on incomes of over $5,000,000 the increase is
+     only from 63 percent., under former law to 65 percent."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by International Film Service
+
+Women Munition Workers in the International Fuse and Arms Works
+
+Before entering the war, the United States was the great arsenal of the
+Allies. After our entry, production of munitions increased, while the
+man power in the industry diminished through enlistments and the draft.
+Women took up the work and showed surprising ability.]
+
+
+MEANING OF NEW TAXATION
+
+According to a calculation published in the New York _World_ the war
+revenue bill imposed a war tax of $80 on every man, woman and child in
+the United States, or approximately $400 for each family. The amount
+expected to be derived from each item is given in the following table:
+
+    Individual income tax            $1,482,186,000
+    Corporation income tax              894,000,000
+    Excess and war profits            3,200,000,000
+    Estate tax                          110,000,000
+    Transportation                      164,550,000
+    Telegraph and telephone              16,000,000
+    Insurance                            12,000,000
+    Admissions                          100,000,000
+    Club dues                             9,000,000
+    Excise, luxury, and semi-luxury     518,305,000
+    Beverages                         1,137,600,000
+    Stamp taxes--chiefly documentary     32,000,000
+    Tobacco and products                341,204,000
+    Special business and
+    automobile-user's Taxes             165,607,000
+                                     --------------
+      Total                          $8,182,452,000
+
+With the operation of this tax the people of the United States found it
+no longer possible to speak in terms of opprobrium of the tax-ridden
+people of Europe. The American income tax has a higher rate on large
+incomes than that provided for under the English system. A man in the
+United States with an income of $5,000,000 is taxed nearly 50 percent.,
+more than in England. The New York _Tribune_ published tables printed
+below comparing the income tax rates of the United States with those
+existing in France and in Great Britain.
+
+
+INCOME TAX COMPARISON
+
+A compilation made for the _Wall Street Journal_ shows that the United
+States income tax even with the increases made in 1918 was still far
+lower than the English income tax:
+
+     "The great bulk, numerically, of incomes taxed in 1917 was in
+     the field reached by the lowering of the exemption in the 1917
+     law.... It is a fact, however, that no one of these new
+     taxpayers was called on to contribute more than $40 to the
+     government, as the rate was only 2 percent., while all other
+     incomes paid a basic normal tax of 4 percent. The lowest rate
+     for normal tax in Great Britain is 2 shillings and 3 pence on
+     the pound, or 11-1/4 percent., and the exemption is only $600. The
+     basic normal tax under the new English law is 6 shillings on
+     the pound, or 30 percent., on all incomes over $25,000.
+
+                     _United States
+                   Old Law         New Law    United Kingdom  France
+ Income             Rate             Rate      Rate     (%)    Rate
+                Am't    (%)      Am't   (%)  Unearned  Earned  (%)_
+ $   2,500       $10    .40       $30   1.20   11.25    8.44   1.25
+     3,000        20    .67        60   2.00   14.84   11.87   1.67
+     3,500        30    .86        90   2.57   16.24   12.96   2.07
+     4,000        46   1.00       120   3.00   18.16   14.53   2.44
+     4,500        60   1.33       150   3.33   18.75   15.00   2.86
+     5,000        80   1.60       180   3.60   18.75   15.00   3.20
+     5,500       105   1.91       220   4.00   22.50   18.75   3.48
+     6,000       130   2.16       260   4.33   22.50   18.75   3.71
+     6,500       155   2.38       330   5.08   22.50   18.75   3.90
+     7,000       180   2.57       400   5.71   22.50   18.75   4.07
+     7,500       205   2.73       470   6.27   22.50   18.75   4.21
+     8,000       235   2.93       545   6.81   26.25   22.50   4.34
+     8,500       265   3.12       620   7.29   26.25   22.50   4.53
+     9,000       295   3.28       695   7.72   26.25   22.50   4.69
+     9,500       325   3.42       770   8.11   26.25   22.50   4.84
+    10,000       355   3.55       845   8.45   26.25   22.50   4.98
+    12,500       530   4.24     1,320  10.56   30.00   26.25   5.53
+    15,000       730   4.87     1,795  11.97   32.08   32.08   6.07
+    20,000     1,180   5.90     2,895  14.48   34.06   34.06   6.99
+    25,000     1,780   7.12     4,245  16.98   35.75   35.75   7.84
+    30,000     2,380   7.93     5,595  18.65   37.29   37.29   8.41
+    35,000     2,980   8.51     7,195  20.56   38.75   38.75   8.99
+    40,000     3,580   8.95     8,795  21.99   39.84   39.84   9.43
+    45,000     4,380   9.73    10,645  23.66   40.97   40.97   9.77
+    50,000     5,180  10.36    12,495  24.99   41.88   41.88  10.05
+    55,000     5,980  10.87    14,695  26.72   42.84   42.84  10.27
+    60,000     6,780  11.30    16,895  28.16   43.65   43.65  10.45
+    70,000     8,880  12.69    21,895  31.26   44.91   44.91  10.75
+    80,000    10,980  13.72    27,295  34.12   45.86   45.86  10.96
+   100,000    16,180  16.18    39,095  39.10   47.19   47.19  11.27
+   150,000    31,680  21.12    70,095  46.73   48.96   48.96  11.68
+   200,000    49,180  24.59   101,095  50.55   49.84   49.84  11.89
+   300,000    92,680  30.89   165,095  55.03   50.73   50.73  12.09
+   500,000   192,680  38.54   297,095  59.42   51.44   51.44  12.25
+ 1,000,000   475,180  47.52   647,095  64.71   51.97   51.97  12.38
+ 5,000,000 3,140,000  62.80 3,527,095  70.54   52.39   52.39  12.48
+
+"Actual rate, allowing for deductions, normal tax, and surtaxes, based
+on taxes on incomes of heads of families. Persons with no dependents pay
+more; those with more than one pay less. $2,000 is exempted for heads of
+families, $1,000 for bachelors. Below $4,000, 6 per cent. is the normal
+tax; above, 12 per cent. Surtaxes begin at $5,000."
+
+     "If the new normal tax in the United States were made uniformly
+     12 percent.--wiping out the 2 percent. discrimination of the
+     1917 law--a single man in this country with a salary of $1,500
+     a year would be called on to pay $60 in income tax, as against
+     an English tax of $101.25. Assuming that the normal tax were
+     raised to 12 percent. and the surtax and excess tax were left
+     as at present, an unmarried American with a salary of $10,000
+     would pay $1,430.20, while the unmarried Englishman would pay
+     $2,250. If the Englishman derived his $10,000 income from
+     rentals, his tax would be increased to $2,625, while the
+     American tax would be reduced to $1,165--an Irish dividend on
+     effort.
+
+     "According to a level where the British surtax becomes
+     effective, take a salary of $20,000. The English normal tax on
+     this would be $6,000 and the surtax $812.50 (figuring $5 to the
+     pound), a total of $6,812.50. At the suggested rate of 12
+     percent., the American's normal tax would be $2,145.60 (rate
+     applying to $20,000, less $1,000 exemption and $1,120 excess
+     tax); the surtax would be $444 and the excess tax $1,120; a
+     total of $3,709.60. If the American cut non-tax-free coupons
+     for his income instead of working for it, his tax would be
+     reduced to $2,780, making it more than $600, less than one-half
+     the English tax. This, be it remembered, is figuring the
+     American normal tax at the supposititious rate of 12 percent.
+
+     "Going abruptly to an income of $1,000,000, the American normal
+     tax at 12 percent., would be $119,880, against an English normal
+     tax of $300,000. The increase in the American normal tax would
+     be $79,960 over present rates. The American surtax at present
+     rates would be $435,300, as against a British surtax of
+     $217,915; total American, $555,180, English, $519,687.50. No
+     account is taken in this computation of any excess tax on the
+     American income. With an income of $3,000,000. the American
+     normal tax at 12 percent. would be $359,880, an increase of
+     $239,960 over present rates. The surtax at present rates would
+     be $1,680,300, a total of $2,040,180, or nearly 70 percent.,
+     the rate on the last $1,000,000 being at 75 percent. The
+     corresponding British tax is, normal, $900,000, and surtax
+     $669,685; total, $1,569,685, or nearly 52 percent., the actual
+     maximum rate being 52-1/2 percent. on all excess over $50,000.
+
+     "Expressed in tabular form, comparative results from a normal
+     tax of 12 percent., combined with present surtax rates and
+     assuming all income up to $50,000 to be earned income for a
+     single man, would be as follows:
+
+                    U.S.     Per       British    Per
+    Income           Tax   Cent.           Tax  Cent.
+
+    $1,500        $60.00    4.00       $101.25   6.75
+     3,000        240.00    8.00        375.00  12.50
+     5,000        480.00    9.60        750.00  15.00
+     7,500        789.40   10.52      1,406.25  18.75
+    10,000      1,430.20   14.30      2,250.00  22.50
+    15,000      2,534.80   16.90      4,812.50  32.08
+    20,000      3,709.60   18.55      6,812.50  34.06
+    30,000      6,336.00   21.12     11,187.50  37.29
+    40,000      8,956.00   22.39     15,937.50  39.84
+    50,000     11,855.20   23.71     20,937.50  40.18
+    75,000     18,605.20   24.81     34,062.50  45.42
+   100,000     26,855.20   26.80     47,187.50  47.19
+   150,000     46,355.20   30.90     73,437.50  48.96
+   250,000     92,355.20   36.94    125,937.50  50.37
+   500,000    235,355.20   47.07    257,187.50  51.44
+   700,000    359,355.20   51.33    362,187.50  51.74
+   750,000    390,355.20   52.05    388,437.50  51.79
+ 1,000,000    557,855.20   55.78    519,687.50  51.97
+ 3,000,000  2,042,855.20   68.09  1,569,687.50  52.32
+10,000,000  7,292,855.20   72.93  5,244,687.50  52.45
+
+     "With additional exemption of $1,000 for heads of families and
+     $200 each for dependent children, the United States figures in
+     the table would be reduced by $120 for the $1,000 exemption and
+     $24 for each child. There are similar deductions to be made in
+     the English figures. Furthermore, for incomes above $50,000,
+     deduction for the excess tax has not been figured exactly in
+     order to avoid long computations. This would slightly reduce
+     the figure on the large incomes. But for demonstrative
+     purposes, the table gives a fairly accurate general comparison
+     of the range of taxes under the proposed English law and a
+     tentative 12 percent. normal rate under our law.
+
+     "It will be noticed that the rates would come together just
+     below $750,000. It is in the range between $5,000 and $500,000
+     incomes that greatest divergence in rates occurs. The British
+     tax takes its largest jump between $10,000 and $15,000, where
+     the surtax begins to operate. The United States gradations are
+     erratic and irregular, showing the haphazard manner in which
+     the steps of the surtax were applied."
+
+ATTITUDE TOWARD WAR TAX BILL
+
+The passing of the war tax bill was not altogether easy sailing; there
+was plenty of criticism from the press throughout the country.
+Republican editors and congressmen wondered why the bill did not contain
+a tax on cotton, and one Pennsylvania congressman thought that the tax
+levy should be at the rate of three dollars a bale. Senator Smoot of
+Utah attacked the bill as a bunglesome measure.
+
+The New York _Journal of Commerce_ called attention to the
+discrimination between those whose income is in the form of services or
+property and those who get it in cash:
+
+     "Take the case, for instance, of the salaried employee of a
+     bank or factory who receives $5,000 a year, out of which he
+     pays his house rent and his usual costs of living; contrast him
+     with the case of a farmer who owns his land and obtains the
+     bulk of what he needs, both in food, fuel, and other
+     essentials, for himself and family in produce or in goods
+     obtained by trade at the neighboring village; the situation
+     becomes clear and shows why it is that the farming class pays
+     only a microscopic proportion of the income tax at the present
+     time."
+
+And the Democratic New York _World_ agreed that the farmer "is not
+carrying his share of the load of war taxation," and observes:
+
+     "An analysis of income tax returns for the fiscal year 1916,
+     recently published, shows that, although farmers are the most
+     numerous class of Americans engaged in gainful occupations,
+     they were at the foot of the list proportionately among income
+     tax payers. Outside of the notorious war profiteers, no element
+     of our population has advantaged so greatly by war as
+     agriculturists; yet in the year of which we speak only one
+     farmer in four hundred paid a farthing's tax upon income. In
+     this respect preachers and teachers showed a higher
+     percentage."
+
+There was some demand for extending the income tax downwards to cover
+smaller incomes, for example, we find the Council Bluffs' _Nonpareil_
+contending:
+
+     "The men of more moderate income should be required to pay at
+     least a nominal income tax. This is a common country. It
+     belongs to common people. And common people will esteem it a
+     privilege to contribute their mites. One dollar per hundred on
+     a thousand-dollar income would be both reasonable and just."
+
+
+CRITICISM OF THE TAX
+
+The attitude of the New York press is indicated by the _Evening Sun_ and
+the _Times_. The New York _Evening Sun_ (Rep.) said the committee "left
+so many rough edges upon their work." In the opinion of this newspaper,
+Mr. Kitchin "has given us a measure of class-taxation highly
+accentuated, and yet has failed to suit the McAdoo group, the most
+clear-minded adherents of the conscription-of-wealth idea. He has
+produced a confused series of taxes beyond the practical power of the
+ordinary busy citizen to master or comprehend, but has not combined
+these into a harmonious system." The morning _Sun_ even went so far as
+to remark that "nothing that the Senate could do could make the Kitchin
+measure worse than it is." Yet it by no means criticized all the
+features of the bill. It objected to the proposed taxes on oil producers
+as discouraging the production of oil, and styled the plan to tax
+distributed corporation earnings at twelve percent. and undistributed
+earnings at eighteen percent. "simply a fool tax," which "will help to
+lock the wheels of every great industry in this country."
+
+The foundation mistake of the bill, in the opinion of the New York
+_Times_ (Ind. Dem.) was the "attempt to assess taxes upon the smallest
+possible number of persons and businesses, leaving a great majority of
+the people free from a levy direct or indirect." The _Times_ thought
+that this policy was dictated by the desire "to leave the mass of voters
+free from grounds of complaint against the party in power." It insisted
+that there should be a consumption tax levying "upon the breakfast table
+and upon the purchases of a great mass of people." Such necessities as
+tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, should bear a tax, in the opinion of this and
+other newspapers. The number of those taxed was also kept comparatively
+small by the retention of the old income exemption limits, namely,
+$1,000 for bachelors and $2,000 for married men, with the normal tax
+rate placed at only six percent. on incomes up to $5,000.
+
+
+WILSON'S TAX PROGRAM
+
+An outline of what was expected from the people of the country as a
+financial contribution was given by Mr. Wilson in his May (1918) address
+to Congress, when he decided to ask its members to remain in Washington
+and prepare a new revenue bill. Mr. Wilson's call for immediate action
+in behalf of both the public and the Treasury Department was a summons
+to a universal duty in language which, it is remarked, "was never before
+used in a tax speech." He said in part:
+
+     "We can not in fairness wait until the end of the fiscal year
+     is at hand to apprize our people of the taxes they must pay on
+     their earnings of the present calendar year, whose accountings
+     and expenditures will then be closed.
+
+     "We can not get increased taxes unless the country knows what
+     they are to be and practices the necessary economy to make them
+     available. Definiteness, early definiteness, as to what its
+     tasks are to be is absolutely necessary for the successful
+     administration of the treasury....
+
+     "The present tax laws are marred, moreover, by inequities which
+     ought to be remedied....
+
+     "Only fair, equitably distributed taxation of the widest
+     incidence, drawing chiefly from the sources which would be
+     likely to demoralize credit by their very abundance, can
+     prevent inflation and keep our industrial system free of
+     speculation and waste.
+
+[Illustration: Poster for Boy Scouts Who Worked for the Victory Loan]
+
+     "We shall naturally turn, therefore, I suppose, to war profits
+     and incomes and luxuries for the additional taxes. But the war
+     profits and incomes upon which the increased taxes will be
+     levied will be the profits and incomes of the calendar year
+     1918. It would be manifestly unfair to wait until the early
+     months of 1919 to say what they are to be....
+
+     "Moreover, taxes of that sort will not be paid until the June
+     of next year, and the treasury must anticipate them....
+
+     "In the autumn a much larger sale of long-time bonds must be
+     effected than has yet been attempted....
+
+     "And how are investors to approach the purchase of bonds with
+     any sort of confidence or knowledge of their own affairs if
+     they do not know what taxes they are to pay and what economies
+     and adjustments of their business they must effect? I can not
+     assure the country of a successful administration of the
+     treasury in 1918 if the question of further taxation is to be
+     left undecided until 1919."
+
+Mr. Wilson's appeal for the practice of personal economy met with
+widespread approval in England, as it did in the United States. The
+_Economist_ considered that his manifesto to the American people on this
+subject was among the greatest documents that the war has produced.
+National self-sacrifice had gone far, but not far enough. To attain Mr.
+Wilson's standard of individual patriotism much was still needed, the
+_Economist_ says:
+
+     "We still have a very long way to go before we can attain to
+     President Wilson's standard of individual patriotism. From the
+     outbreak of war to the end of last year the small investor in
+     this country has lent L118,179,000 to the government. Moreover,
+     in the first two months of 1917 as much as L40,000,000 was
+     contributed to war loans in one form or another in the shape of
+     small savings. That result represents a great deal of patriotic
+     saving, and reflects the highest credit on the committee, as
+     well as upon the Montagu committee, which devised so suitable a
+     form of investment as the 15s 6d certificate. But far more is
+     required. During the war loan campaign, war savings
+     certificates brought in L3,000,000 in a single week. That
+     effort was, perhaps, too great to be kept up; but it is hardly
+     satisfactory that, in spite of the hard work of the committee,
+     and an enormous growth in the number of active war savings
+     associations all over the country, the weekly receipts from the
+     15s 6d certificates have fallen back to the L800,000 to
+     L900,000 level which was reached last December. This relapse
+     may be partially accounted for by the late increase in the cost
+     of living, but there can be no doubt that much more might yet
+     be done by the masses of people of moderate means to whom the
+     small certificates appeal. Nor is there any evidence that the
+     wealthier classes, generally speaking, have done nearly as
+     much, in the matter of war self denial, as they might have
+     done."
+
+
+LUXURY TAXES
+
+When it came to a question of taxing luxuries, the difficulty was to
+decide what was a luxury. The situation perplexed Congress, for we find
+one congressman in Pennsylvania who held that collar buttons and cuff
+buttons were a necessity, while a representative from Texas asserted
+that Texas could get along without either collar buttons and cuff
+buttons and still be patriotic. A congressman from Oklahoma thought that
+all kinds of buttons could be done away with, adding, "Before I came to
+Congress I could use nails for my suspenders." Congressman from
+agricultural states considered that automobiles and gasoline were not
+luxuries but were really necessities, especially for farmers.
+
+Many newspapers opposed anything like a luxury tax. We find the New York
+_Times_ advising the imposition of taxes on tea, sugar, coffee and
+cocoa. These are good revenue producers but few politicians care to
+interfere with the free breakfast table. The _Wall Street Journal_
+approved of luxury taxes because they would be a means of enforcing
+thrift. The Treasury's plan for imposing these taxes may be gathered
+from the following condensed summary:
+
+     "Fifty percent. on the retail price of jewelry, including
+     watches and clocks, except those sold to army officers.
+
+     "Twenty percent. on automobiles, trailers and truck units,
+     motor cycles, bicycles automobile, motor cycle, and bicycle
+     tires, and musical instruments.
+
+     "A tax on all men's suits selling for more than $30, hats over
+     $4, shirts over $2, pajamas over $2, hosiery over 35 cents,
+     shoes over $5, gloves over $2, underwear over $3, and all
+     neckwear and canes.
+
+     "On women's suits over $40, coats over $30, ready-made dresses
+     over $35, skirts over $15, hats over $10, shoes over $6,
+     lingerie over $5, corsets over $5. Dress goods--silk over $1.50
+     a square yard; cotton over 50 cents a square yard, and wool
+     over $2 per square yard. All furs, boas and fans.
+
+     "On children's clothing--on children's suits over $15, cotton
+     dresses over $3, linen dresses over $5, silk and wool dresses
+     over $8, hats $5, shoes $4, and gloves $2.
+
+     "On house furnishings, all ornamental lamps and fixtures, all
+     table linen, cutlery and silverware, china and cut glass; all
+     furniture in sets for which $5 or more is paid for each piece;
+     on curtains over $2 per yard, and on tapestries, rugs, and
+     carpets over $5 per square yard.
+
+     "On all purses, pocketbooks, handbags, brushes, combs and
+     toilet articles, and all mirrors over $2.
+
+     "Ten percent. on the collections from the sales of vending
+     machines.
+
+     "Ten percent. on all hotel bills amounting to more than $2.50
+     per person per day. Also the present 10 percent. tax on cabaret
+     bills is made to apply to the entire restaurant or cafe bill.
+
+
+TAXES OF MANUFACTURER OR PRODUCER
+
+     "Ten cents a gallon on all gasoline to be paid by the wholesale
+     dealers.
+
+     "Ten percent. tax on wire leases.
+
+     "Graduated taxes on soft drinks. Mineral now taxed 1 cent a
+     gallon to pay 16 cents. Chewing gum now taxed 2 percent. of
+     the selling price, to pay 1 cent on each 5-cent package.
+
+     "Motion-picture shows and films: abolish the foot tax of 1/4 and
+     1/2-cent a foot and substitute a tax of 5 percent. on the rentals
+     received by the producer, and double the tax rate on
+     admissions.
+
+     "Double the present taxes on alcoholic beverages, tobacco and
+     cigarettes.
+
+     "Automobiles--a license tax on passenger automobiles graduated
+     according to horsepower.
+
+     "Double club membership dues.
+
+     "Household servants, made 25 percent. of the wages of one
+     servant up to 100 percent. of the combined wages of four or
+     more. Female servants, each family exempted from tax on one
+     servant. All additional servants (female) from 10 to 100
+     percent. on all over four."
+
+
+LUXURIES IMPORTED
+
+Heavy taxes on luxuries were anticipated but until these taxes were
+considered it was hardly realized how much of the consumption in America
+was concerned with articles that could be considered luxuries; for
+example, the country imported $6,000,000 worth of foreign cigarette
+papers. Pictures, statuary and other works of art were brought into the
+country to the extent of $17,000,000. Over $2,000,000 worth of ivory was
+imported every year; over $2,000,000 worth of mother-of-pearl and more
+than $2,500,000 worth of bulbs and roots. Higher taxes were urged by the
+financial experts, so we see a writer in _Financial America_ emphasizing
+the connection between the importation of luxuries and the need of
+shipping:
+
+     "America can not spare ships to bring costly garments and
+     furnishings thousands of miles across the sea. For the war
+     period these articles can be replaced at home with materials
+     that cost less labor and less money. The money spent for
+     domestic goods remains in America and maintains our working
+     population and our business and banking resources.
+
+     "We lack a sufficient market for our cotton crop, owing to the
+     lack of ships. Americans should wear more cotton. The money
+     spent upon it maintains the Southern planter and his family.
+     Modern processes give it the appearance of silk. It serves very
+     well as carpets, curtains, hangings, and furniture coverings.
+     It should answer present needs for such fabrics. A heavier tax
+     on imports of these goods is indicated as a means of revenue
+     and war economy.
+
+     "Imported wearing apparel of silk pays 60 percent. duty and of
+     wool 44 cents a pound and 60 percent. _ad valorem_. There is a
+     graduated rate on dress goods of these materials. Despite the
+     tax, America spent more on imported manufactures of silk in
+     1917 than ever, the total being nearly $40,000,000. The same
+     was true of woolen goods, amounting to $23,000,000.
+
+     "Our imports of woolen carpets and rugs, most of them brought
+     half way round the world from oriental lands, were also larger.
+     They cost us $3,740,000, though America is a large producer of
+     carpets and rugs, fine as well as coarse. These imports paid
+     ten cents a square foot and 40 percent. _ad valorem._
+     Evidently, it was not enough.
+
+     "We also spent $53,000,000 for imported cotton manufactures,
+     including cloth, laces, curtains, handkerchiefs, veils, and
+     wearing apparel, though America is the world's chief producer
+     of cotton. A higher tariff is indicated as a tax on those who
+     insist on the foreign product.
+
+
+     TAXES ON TOBACCO
+
+     "America has a large tobacco industry at home. We import
+     tobacco in vast quantities from every producing land to satisfy
+     the whimsical and varying tastes of connoisseurs. Our own
+     tobacco is discouraged by those who smoke it under the name of
+     Turkish, Egyptian, Cuban, Dutch, Spanish, and other foreign
+     products, and pay a heavy price for the critical taste which
+     their vanity causes them to imagine they possess. Last year
+     these imports of leaf tobacco alone were valued at $26,000,000,
+     or $10,000,000 more than in 1915. The war tax is five cents a
+     pound added to eight cents paid under the internal revenue act,
+     or thirteen cents altogether. There is also a duty of $1.85 to
+     $2.50 a pound. To increase the tax would encourage the industry
+     in Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and other
+     states, while saving our resources in ships and keeping our
+     money at home.
+
+     "In addition, America spent $7,000,000 for foreign-made cigars
+     and cigarettes last year. These purchases support foreign
+     factories, although our own factories use the same raw material
+     which they import. They have jumped nearly $3,000,000 in two
+     years. Until the war is ended, Americans should be satisfied
+     with cigars 'made in America.' The present war tax ranges from
+     one tenth of a cent to one cent on each cigar, according to
+     value, in addition to a duty of $4.50 a pound and 25 percent.
+     _ad valorem_. A higher tax would deprive the smoker of nothing
+     but a craving for the foreign label on his cigar box, unless he
+     chose to pay well for it. He can even get a Spanish name on his
+     American-made cigar.
+
+
+     DIAMONDS, LEATHER AND MILLINERY
+
+     "America spent $41,000,000 in 1917 to import diamonds, pearls,
+     and other precious stones and imitations, not set. They paid a
+     war tax of only 3 percent. when made into jewelry. America
+     could be content with beauty less adorned to keep this
+     $40,000,000 at home, or those who insist on sending their money
+     to African mine owners and Dutch cutters should pay a larger
+     tax.
+
+     "America last year had a tremendous bill for hides and skins of
+     $209,000,000, nearly two and a half times that of 1915. Much of
+     it was for the great necessities of the army. A good proportion
+     of the rest was unnecessary. These imports of raw material are
+     free of duty and there is no war tax on leather goods.
+     Substitutes have been devised for many of them. These should be
+     encouraged by a tax on the unnecessary use of leather in
+     furnishings, decorations, toilet articles, hand bags, trunks,
+     high shoes, belts, hatbands, and many small articles.
+     Substitutes for these will be provided quickly enough if
+     leather is lacking. A heavy tax would help the movement. The
+     tremendous military and other legitimate demands for leather
+     goods will keep the industry in thriving condition without so
+     much waste.
+
+     "For imported millinery materials America spent nearly
+     $13,000,000 last year, and we also spent $3,000,000 for mere
+     feathers, tributes to feminine vanity that filled up many ships
+     needed for war use. The greater part of this stuff came 10,000
+     miles from China and Japan. There are plenty of substitutes
+     that a high war tax would encourage, including those provided
+     by the American hen.
+
+     "Our imported glassware, on which there is no war tax, cost
+     nearly $2,000,000. It occupies large space aboard ship, owing
+     to voluminous packing that is necessary. Imported china,
+     porcelain, earthenware, and crockery cost America nearly
+     $6,500,000."
+
+BEARING THE BURDEN
+
+In spite of the enormous cost of war operations, roseate views were
+taken of the ability of the country to surmount the unusual
+difficulties. Unprecedented taxes were being paid, heavy subscriptions
+to the Liberty Loans were being collected and yet the business of the
+country seemed to show a high degree of prosperity. This optimistic
+outlook marks the following comment found in a circular published by the
+First National Bank in Boston, after it had called attention to the
+small number of failures reported throughout the country for August,
+1918. No such low record had been reached since July, 1901:
+
+     "The steps that have been taken to curtail credits have
+     resulted in greater conservatism, and have had a beneficent
+     effect, which is likely to continue for some time after the
+     present necessity disappears. The business foundation is
+     extremely sound. Figures of resources of savings banks show
+     that the subscriptions to the Liberty Loans have brought only
+     a trifling decrease in savings deposits. Evidently subscribers
+     are buying bonds with their current income rather than with
+     their savings. In other words, the Liberty Loans represent
+     additions to the savings of the country, and not merely
+     transfers of investments."
+
+It was prophesied that in spite of the enormous financial obligations
+assumed by the United States normal conditions would soon be restored.
+History shows, the circular goes on to say, that financial recovery from
+devastation has been prompt and complete. Even the railway conditions at
+this time were viewed optimistically. Such a competent authority as the
+_Wall Street Journal_ did not anticipate the financial troubles that
+soon overtook railway administration under government control. It
+thought that, by the end of the year, the existing debits on current
+operations would probably be wiped out:
+
+     "Aggregate railroad earnings and expenses for July of all the
+     important roads in the country are in line with the individual
+     statements of the different roads already published in showing
+     large increases in both gross and net revenues. They also
+     indicate, so far as one month's operating results may be used
+     to generalize from, that the railroads are now on a
+     self-supporting basis, if they are not actually returning a
+     profit to the government on current operation.
+
+     "Net operating income of these roads for the month of July
+     (1918) was $137,845,425 as compared with $92,599,620 in the
+     same month of 1917. In a recent statement from the
+     Director-General's office the compensation payable to the
+     railroad companies for the use of their property by the
+     government was estimated at $650,000,000 for the first eight
+     months of the year, or at the rate of $81,250,000 a month. The
+     net operating income of the Class 1 roads as mentioned above
+     exceeds this monthly rental figure by $56,595,000."
+
+
+THE FIRST GOVERNMENT LOAN, 1789
+
+Although called by other names, the United States has had issues of
+Liberty Bonds on several occasions during a period of one hundred and
+twenty-nine years, notably in the first years of the Republic and in the
+Civil War. The first was floated in 1789, the year when the Federal
+Government was established. Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of the
+Treasury and on him devolved the duty of raising funds for the
+government.
+
+     "Conditions being pressing, Hamilton, in raising the necessary
+     money, at first did not wait even for the approval of Congress,
+     but went to the Bank of New York, which he had helped to found
+     in 1784--the second bank in the United States and the first in
+     New York City--to raise the first necessary money. At a meeting
+     of the board of directors the new secretary of the treasury
+     asked for a loan of $200,000. It was promptly and unanimously
+     granted, the money to be advanced in five installments of
+     $20,000 each and ten of $10,000 each, at 6 percent. On the
+     following day Hamilton sent to the bank the first bond ever
+     issued by the United States Treasury--a bond of $20,000--on
+     receipt of which the money was paid over, so that the United
+     States Treasury could show $20,000 cash on hand. In _The
+     Investor's Magazine_, where these facts were recently brought
+     to light, we are further told that the bond then issued is
+     still carefully preserved by the bank which bought it. Quite
+     unlike the now familiar Liberty Bonds of 1917 and 1918, it was
+     executed with an ordinary quill pen, such as was in use in
+     those times, and signed in ink by the secretary. With its seal
+     somewhat yellow with age, the bond is still in an excellent
+     state of preservation."
+
+[Illustration: Richards in the Phila. _North American_
+
+Dropping the First Bomb]
+
+
+POPULARITY OF THE LIBERTY LOANS
+
+America's financial reputation stood at a fairly high level after the
+close of the Civil War. An era of unexampled production ensued for more
+than five decades, yet there were many timorous souls who were
+frightened at the thought of the United States being called upon to bear
+the burden of the colossal loans. The surprising feature of the Liberty
+Loans was the elasticity of the subscriptions. The subscribers for the
+first three loans numbered respectively 4,500,000, 10,020,000,
+17,000,000; in every case the records show over subscription. A graphic
+statement of the nation's riches was presented by S. L. Frazier in the
+_Northwestern Banker_, Des Moines, October, 1918:
+
+     "Our resources are well up toward $300,000,000,000, or about
+     equal to the combined resources of France, England, and
+     Germany. Our annual production is close to $50,000,000,00,
+     amounts that stagger the imagination. Why it would take ten
+     thousand years to count the dollars representing out country's
+     resources counting one each second, and working day and night
+     and Sundays."
+
+The New York _Tribune_ remarked, "If any learned professor of economics
+had predicted that on top of ten billions of government loans in one
+year a fourth Liberty Loan would reach nearly seven billions we know
+what we all would have thought."
+
+
+HOW EUROPE WILL PAY US BACK
+
+An official in the National City Bank of New York, Mr. G. E. Roberts, is
+quoted by the New York _Times_ as saying that the wealth-producing
+equipment of the country had become greater than ever during the war. He
+did not believe either that there would be any difficulty of the United
+States being paid back for the money it had loaned foreign governments.
+
+     "We are going to be peculiarly situated in our foreign
+     relations after the war. We have paid off the greater part of
+     what we owe abroad, and we have lent to foreign governments
+     some $7,000,000,000 or $8,000,000,000. Including all loans by
+     the time the war is over, probably there will be annual
+     interest payments coming to us amounting to $400,000,000 or
+     $500,000,000. How are we going to receive our pay? I am not
+     questioning the ability of our debtors to raise this amount
+     from their people. I have no doubt they can do it, but in what
+     manner are they going to make payment to us? They can't pay it
+     in gold; they haven't the gold to do it, and the total
+     production of gold in the world outside of the United States
+     wouldn't be enough to do it. We won't want them to pay it in
+     goods, for that would interfere seriously with our home
+     industries....
+
+     "There is only one way out, and that is by extending more
+     credit to them. We will have to capitalize the interest
+     payments and reinvest them abroad. And if we want to sell goods
+     to them we will have to take their bonds and stocks. In short,
+     we will have to play the part that England has played in the
+     past, of steadily increasing our foreign investments."
+
+While the great sums subscribed for the Fourth Loan by banks,
+corporations, and individuals had a spectacular interest, observed the
+New York _World_, it was the plain people who made the loan a
+conspicuous success, and the twenty-one million subscribers mean in
+effect the purchase of a new Liberty Bond by "every American family."
+
+
+THE LOAN PERIODS
+
+There were very good reasons on the part of the government for selecting
+the definite periods at which the Liberty Loans were to be issued. There
+were also very good reasons derived from experience by which the
+government was guided in preparing for the loans. Prior to the fourth
+loan Secretary McAdoo believed that it could be made to reach fully
+one-fourth of the population of the country. Preparation for it was made
+through publicity on a scale hitherto unprecedented. The Washington
+correspondent of the New York _Journal of Commerce_, writing on July 31,
+1918, said:
+
+     "The country will be appealed to, with new and striking film
+     arguments, with a great variety of poster slogans, and with a
+     use of the press and the platform such as has never been
+     witnessed before in this country.
+
+     "There are to be nineteen days of actual campaign work. The
+     great task of organization and preparation is now going on.
+     Artists have been making posters, writers have been preparing
+     arguments, and printing presses in all parts of the country
+     have been turning out many millions of mottoes, cartoons, and
+     slogans."
+
+He added interesting data as to outstanding treasury certificates and
+war expenses. The time chosen for the loan was probably as good, it
+thought, as could have been selected, inasmuch as it would fall just
+after the bulk of the crops had been harvested and when much of them had
+been sold at good figures.
+
+     "War expenses for July were somewhat less than for June and
+     May, amounting to about $1,482,000,000 as compared with
+     $1,512,000,000, the record for June, and $1,508,000,000 for
+     May, the Treasury Department announced. The outlay for July,
+     however, was approximately the amount estimated in advance by
+     the treasury, and expenses for August probably will be higher,
+     it was said.
+
+     "During July the government's daily outlay was about
+     $48,000,000, an average of $38,000,000 daily was for ordinary
+     expenses of the army, navy, shipping board, and other agencies,
+     and $10,000,000 daily in loans to the Allies. Total ordinary
+     expenditures for the month were about $1,157,000,000 and loans
+     to the Allies $325,000,000.
+
+     "Receipts from sale of War Savings Stamps July 3rd passed the
+     half-billion dollar mark, of which $200,000,000 came in this
+     month as a result of the campaign on Thrift Day, June 28th.
+
+     "The government now is financing itself mainly through the sale
+     of certificates of indebtedness, in anticipation of the Fourth
+     Liberty Loan. More than $1,600,000,000 came in from this source
+     in July. In addition, the government received $491,000,000 from
+     belated income and excess profits taxes, and $97,000,000 from
+     miscellaneous internal revenue. Customs duties yielded only
+     $14,000,000.
+
+     "Payments on the Third Liberty Loan now amount to
+     $3,652,000,000, leaving $524,000,000 to come in from the next
+     installment payment."
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+             THE LIBERTY LOANS--BY FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICTS
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                 FIRST LOAN    SECOND LOAN     THIRD LOAN    FOURTH LOAN
+              (June, 1917--  (Oct., 1917--        (1918--        (1918--
+                     3-1/2             4              4-1/4             4-1/4
+                 Per Cent.)     Per Cent.)     Per Cent.)     Per Cent.)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Boston         $332,447,600   $476,950,050   $354,537,250   $632,221,850
+New York      1,186,788,400  1,550,453,450  1,115,243,650  2,044,778,000
+Philadelphia    232,309,250    380,350,250    361,963,500    598,763,650
+Cleveland       286,148,700    486,106,800    405,051,150    702,059,800
+Richmond        109,737,100    201,212,500    186,259,050    352,688,200
+Atlanta          57,878,550     90,695,750    137,649,450    213,885,200
+Chicago         357,195,950    585,853,350    608,878,600    969,209,000
+St. Louis        86,134,700    184,280,750    199,835,900    296,388,550
+Minneapolis      70,255,500    140,932,650    180,892,100    241,028,300
+Kansas City      91,758,850    150,125,750    204,092,800    294,646,450
+Dallas           48,948,350     77,899,850    116,220,650    145,944,450
+San Francisco   175,623,900    292,671,150    287,975,000    459,000,000
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Total        $3,035,226,850 $4,617,532,300 $4,176,516,850 $6,989,047,000
+subscriptions
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Total quotas $2,000,000,000 $3,000,000,000 $3,000,000,000 $6,000,000,000
+Total         2,000,000,000  3,808,766,150  4,176,516,850  6,989,047,000
+allotments
+Total number of   4,500,000     10,020,000     17,000,000     21,000,000
+subscribers
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+                     NEW YORK CITY SUBSCRIPTIONS
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Manhattan      $960,417,050 $1,095,189,000   $702,577,750 $1,353,449,550
+Bronx               404,700      1,015,500      5,112,350      5,751,800
+Brooklyn         30,312,000     44,424,200     52,427,600    100,469,650
+Queens            2,202,600      4,136,150     10,137,350     17,331,900
+Richmond            679,600      1,373,700      3,386,800      5,075,750
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Total city     $994,015,950 $1,146,139,150   $773,641,859 $1,482,078,650
+subscriptions
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Included in the Third Loan subscription total is $17,917,750 subscribed
+by the United States Treasury. War Savings Stamps subscriptions totalled
+$879,330,000 up to November 20, 1918.
+
+
+THE INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR
+
+Some curious facts were brought out in the effort of the Liberty
+Campaign propaganda to reach the individual investor. In the large
+cities the organization was remarkably successful. In the smaller
+communities it was a greater difficulty. In a suburb or a small town
+everybody knows everybody else and the Liberty Loan Committee had hard
+work in getting subscribers. Mr. A. W. Atwood of Princeton thinks that
+the occupational and vocational classification of possible investors was
+not tried. Widows and maiden ladies who had inherited $50,000 or $75,000
+were not reached. Some of them who were patriotic came forward of their
+own accord. The little town of Kircunkson in New York State exceeded its
+quota many times and there was an item in the papers about it. The
+success of the Liberty Loan in that town was due to the fact that it
+contained a large sanitarium patronized by millionaires. Yet there were
+no banks in the town and if their banking resources were used as a basis
+their quota would have been very small indeed.
+
+As to the assignment of quotas Mr. Atwood makes the point that it was
+sometimes based on population, sometimes based on the amount of bank
+resources. He thought that in small places it would be better to post up
+a list of those who had subscribed and he even thought that if the
+country made the effort it could ultimately raise a loan of
+$100,000,000,000, his reason being the following:
+
+     "This country is approaching, as England has long ago, the
+     position of being a possessor of great accumulated wealth. One
+     broker after another is really nothing but a family investment
+     agent. That is what it amounts to. There are railroad magnates,
+     bankers, steel kings, copper kings and so on indefinitely.
+     Hundreds of firms in the New York Stock Exchange are nothing
+     but channels for the investment of accumulated wealth and I do
+     not think we realize how much there is of that in this
+     country."
+
+
+LIBERTY LOANS AND THRIFT
+
+One of the best methods of testing the influence of Liberty Loan
+activities on the thrift of the country is used by _Bradstreet's_ in its
+examination of the annual report of the United States League of Building
+and Loan Associations. These Associations, be it remembered, are not
+patronized by capitalists but almost wholly by wage earners. During the
+past fifteen years the membership of building and loan associations has
+increased 150 percent. and since the war broke in 1914, the number of
+members has extended 52 percent. The latest report shows a gain in
+assets of 30 percent. over the amount indicated in 1914. The following
+tables taken from _Bradstreet's_ give detailed items of the financial
+situation of these important organizations:
+
+The following table gives membership and total assets of building and
+loan associations for a fifteen-year period:
+
+                Membership      Assets
+    1902--03     1,530,707    $577,228,014
+    1903--04     1,566,700     579,556,112
+    1904--05     1,631,046     600,342,586
+    1905--06     1,642,127     629,344,257
+    1906--07     1,699,714     673,129,198
+    1907--08     1,839,119     731,508,446
+    1908--09     1,920,257     784,175,753
+    1909--10     2,016,651     856,332,719
+    1910--11     2,169,893     931,867,175
+    1911--12     2,332,829   1,030,687,031
+    1912--13     2,518,442   1,136,949,465
+    1914--15     3,103,935   1,357,707,900
+    1915--16     3,334,899   1,484,205,875
+    1916--17     3,568,342   1,696,707,041
+    1917--18     3,838,612   1,769,142,175
+
+The following table shows total membership and total assets for States
+in which accurate statistics are compiled by state supervisors. The data
+for other States are consolidated under the heading, "Other States," and
+the figures given are estimated:
+
+                    --------------1917--18---------------
+                    Members        Assets       Increase
+    Pennsylvania    677,911    $324,265,393   $25,438,326
+    Ohio            767,100     321,741,529    51,188,940
+    New Jersey      329,063     168,215,913    13,088,951
+    Massachusetts   247,725     126,695,037    13,389,130
+    Illinois        246,800     113,528,525     8,050,122
+    New York        199,571      86,072,829     6,442,948
+    Indiana         202,409      78,112,917     5,818,661
+    Nebraska        101,929      54,545,630     6,627,783
+    California       42,227      35,928,447     3,134,429
+    Michigan         69,041      35,659,360     4,279,888
+    Kentucky         62,846      27,085,282     1,272,372
+    Missouri         56,116      26,770,144     3,226,311
+    Kansas           66,442      26,000,167     2,446,058
+    Louisiana        47,793      25,911,928     1,362,683
+    Dist. Columbia   37,075      22,399,995       255,115
+    Wisconsin        50,612      19,887,368     3,013,526
+    North Carolina   37,400      17,608,000     1,703,230
+    Washington       46,318      14,444,177     2,366,450
+    Arkansas         21,053      10,583,447       409,439
+    Iowa[3]          33,035       9,638,852      ........
+    Minnesota        22,020       8,979,642       626,537
+    West Virginia    21,500       8,119,131       369,564
+    Colorado[3]      10,200       6,688,983      ........
+    Maine            14,959       6,671,239       233,961
+    Oklahoma         18,142       6,554,175     2,354,175
+    Rhode Island     11,499       5,938,436       577,906
+    Connecticut      14,900       4,869,748       610,423
+    South Dakota      5,857       3,603,836        89,286
+    N. Hampshire      8,554       3,336,072       322,812
+    Tennessee         5,166       3,207,754    [4]112,865
+    North Dakota      5,785       2,837,118        90,308
+    Texas             7,156       2,314,927       372,489
+    Montana           4,239       1,849,935       209,906
+    New Mexico        3,545       1,469,276        72,660
+    Vermont             749         287,791        52,079
+    Other States    341,875     157,319,172    10,975,756
+                  ---------  --------------  ------------
+    Total         3,838,612  $1,769,142,175  $170,514,039
+
+[3] Reports issued biennially; figures of 1916 used.
+
+[4] Decrease.
+
+[Illustration: A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign]
+
+
+THE THRIFT HABIT
+
+Such was the success of the Liberty Loan campaign in appealing to all
+classes of private investors, that it became an interesting speculation
+whether the popular thrift habit would survive war conditions. It was
+the general belief in financial centers that the habit of saving had
+been promoted. Perhaps no better illustration of the thrift habit could
+be presented than returns made by the savings banks of Boston in
+October, 1918. At that date these banks had $321,000,000 against
+$319,000,000 at the same date in 1917, the previous banner total for the
+end of a banking year. It was estimated by Mr. Ingalls Kimball, the New
+York _Times_ annalist, that twenty million separate individuals were
+saving by the method of subscribing to the Liberty Loans, and, as more
+than $800,000,000 worth of War Saving stamps had been sold, it was
+probable that nearly half the population of the country was saving money
+in one of these new ways. As to the method of continuing to encourage
+thrift, Mr. Kimball pointed out the value of the experience derived from
+the Liberty Bond Campaign:
+
+     "The thrift machine set up by the Treasury was as follows: 1.
+     small unit government bonds; 2. non-interest-bearing Thrift
+     Stamps; 3. War Savings Stamps--a short-term obligation paying
+     interest at maturity.
+
+     "This was the mechanism. What was the power that actuated the
+     machine to such wonderful effect? 1. salesmanship, including
+     every modern device of advertising; 2. distribution: (a)
+     through retail stores; (b) through employers, by partial
+     payments (usually pay-roll deduction).
+
+     "From these simple elements was built up a campaign that
+     induced the people to save in a new and unaccustomed way at
+     least twenty times as much as they had ever before saved in the
+     same time. None of the elements was unimportant, but
+     salesmanship, probably, contributed most. The selling campaigns
+     of the Liberty Loans and War Savings Stamps were carried on by
+     the largest and most effective selling organization ever put
+     together, under the direction of the ablest men in the United
+     States, and with an energy and devotion that were unimaginable.
+     This selling force was irresistible. Everybody bought because
+     everybody was asked, or begged, or told, to buy. Under the same
+     stimulus almost anything would have sold.
+
+
+     "SAVING AT THE SOURCE"
+
+     "Next in importance to the direct selling effort came
+     distribution. For the first time in the history of finance it
+     has been made easy to save; for the first time the great retail
+     channels of distribution have been thrown open to saving; for
+     the first time millions of wage-earners have learned the value
+     and ease of 'Saving at the Source' by pay-envelope deduction of
+     a dollar or so a week toward a Liberty Bond."
+
+Mr. Kimball questioned whether or not we are to lose the benefit of the
+great lesson of thrift and whether some plan could be devised to make us
+keep on saving. No problem of reconstruction seemed to him more
+important than this, "yet in no one of the announced conferences on
+reconstruction do I find mention of it." He then goes on to say:
+
+     "The greatest thrift lesson in the world is thrift, no matter
+     what its motive. A great many hundred thousand persons in this
+     country have found themselves this year possessed of $100 or
+     more in one piece for the first time in their lives; often
+     without realization of how they got it. Will that lesson last?
+     Will the wage-earner, now that loan drives are over, keep on
+     saving, going weekly to the bank to put in his dollar. The
+     answer to these questions is, unfortunately, 'no.'
+
+     "It would be perfectly possible to continue the issue of War
+     Savings Stamps, and there are many advocates of this plan, but
+     it is doubtful if distribution could be permanently maintained
+     on anything like its present scale. Merchants and banks, with
+     rare exceptions, would scarcely continue to handle them, for
+     the cost is not inconsiderable, and there is no compensating
+     commercial gain. In the postoffices alone their continued sale
+     would set up competition with the present postal savings
+     system, which would serve no good purpose and would be highly
+     confusing.
+
+     "Can the savings banks successfully undertake this great task?
+     I believe they could. I believe a national savings bank,
+     operating through commercial banks, stores, and employers all
+     over the United States, making its investments through a small
+     compact, very highly paid and very efficient and very
+     stringently supervised board of executives in one city,
+     supporting a vigorous, numerous, and far-flung selling
+     organization, similar in many respects to the industrial life
+     insurance organizations, could undertake this work and, were it
+     possible to act quickly enough, could keep the thrift movement
+     going without losing the amazing momentum which it has now
+     acquired."
+
+
+SPENDING THE MONEY
+
+For a period of twenty-five months, from April, 1917, through April,
+1919, the United States spent for war purposes more than $1,000,000 an
+hour. All sorts of comparisons are used to make this figure seizable by
+the imagination. For example, the whole sum, nearly $22,000,000,000, was
+twenty times the whole of the pre-war debt. Indeed, it was nearly large
+enough to pay the entire cost of our Government from 1791 up to the
+outbreak of the European War. In addition to the actual war cost of our
+own Government Congress paid to various associated governments the sum
+of $8,850,000,000. As to how this enormous sum of money was spent,
+two-thirds of the amount practically was spent upon the Army, and the
+rate of expenditure for the Army was constantly advancing period by
+period. Even after the termination of hostilities there was a very high
+daily average owing to the building of ships for the Emergency Fleet
+Corporation, the construction and operation of naval vessels, food,
+clothing, pay and transportation of the Army. The Quartermaster's
+Department had the largest proportion of expenditure.
+
+The amount spent about equals the value of all the gold produced in the
+whole world from the discovery of America up to the outbreak of the
+European War. The pay for the Army during the period of warfare was
+larger than the combined salaries of all of the public school principals
+and teachers in the United States for five years, from 1912 to 1916.
+Some of the money spent represents permanent assets. At the end of the
+war there were large stocks of clothing on hand and large supplies of
+standardized trucks. There were thousands of Liberty motors and service
+planes that were available for other uses. Engineer, signal and medical
+equipment still continued to have a value, but if the race for
+militarism is maintained it is hard to see how the quantities of war
+munitions can fail to escape the scrap heap in a few years' time.
+
+Comparing the individual estimates of war expenditure, it is noteworthy
+that the Austro-Hungarian Empire spent almost as much as the United
+States. Of all the powers Germany spent the largest sum,
+$39,000,000,000--one billion more than England.
+
+
+MONEY LOANED TO ASSOCIATE NATIONS
+
+The following is quoted from the _Annalist_ for December, 1918:
+
+     "Money owed to a government by the nations of the world, with
+     whom it is in active commercial competition, is another line of
+     fortifications in defense of the frontier. Let us, then
+     consider our debts and our debtors, and how we both propose to
+     pay. Our long-time loans may be scheduled as follows:
+
+    First Loan                            $2,000,000,000
+    Second Loan                            3,808,766,000
+    Third Loan                             4,170,019,650
+    Fourth Loan                            6,989,047,000
+                                         ---------------
+                                         $16,967,832,650
+
+"The totals of each of the above loans have changed substantially since
+allotment, through conversions with a correspondingly increasing charge
+on the service. However, the gross amount is substantially unchanged. Of
+the old loans the Treasury statement of March 31 showed the following
+totals:
+
+    Consol. 2's of 1930                     $599,724,050
+    4's of 1925                              118,489,900
+    Panama Canal 2's, 1906                    48,954,180
+    Panama Canal 2's, 1908                     5,947,400
+    Panama Canal 3's, 1911                    50,000,000
+    Conversion 3's, 1946--7                   28,894,500
+    Postal Savings 2-1/2's, 1931--7              10,758,560
+    Postal Savings 2-1/2's, 1938                302,140,000
+                                          --------------
+                                          $1,184,908,590
+
+"The short-term loans in the shape of certificates of indebtedness and
+War Savings Stamps at the present writing are as follows:
+
+    4-1/2% certificates, Series E                $639,493,000
+    4-1/2% certificates, Series 4F                625,216,500
+    4-1/2% certificates, Series 4G                614,069,000
+                                             -------------
+                                            $1,878,778,500
+
+     "In addition to the above a series of certificates of
+     indebtedness, designated as TA, bearing interest at four per
+     cent. and maturing July 15, 1919, was issued to a small amount
+     in anticipation of next year's income taxes. The sale proved to
+     be slow, and further issuance was discontinued and a new issue
+     for the same purpose and of a similar maturity bearing interest
+     at 4-1/2% per cent. was substituted. The sale of these securities
+     through the agency of the Federal Reserve Banks is in the
+     nature of a continuous operation, and no totals so far have
+     been announced.
+
+[Illustration: Detroit--City of Automobiles
+
+Many thousands of standardized trucks were made in Detroit during the
+war rush, the automobile having proved to be indispensable to the
+fighting forces overseas.]
+
+     "The sale of War Savings Stamps and certificates has increased
+     the national debt by $1,257,000,000, or within 400 million of
+     the maximum under the first authorization. A second series,
+     however, amounting to two billion dollars, has been authorized,
+     so that the operation will probably continue into the coming
+     year. The Treasury for the fiscal year 1917--18 estimated
+     receipts of $663,200,000 from this source and about a billion
+     for 1918--19. The first estimate was out of line, owing to the
+     difficulty in getting the plan into smooth operation.
+     Subsequent results have, however, justified the average of
+     expectations.
+
+     "The pre-war debt, in the light of recent figures, is almost
+     negligible, and the outstanding certificates in anticipation of
+     taxes and the Fourth Liberty Loan will be redeemed in due
+     course by the flow of funds owing to the Government in taxes
+     and subscription payments. The problem of how to deal with the
+     eighteen-billion-dollar war debt is the vital question. How
+     much of this sum represents a charge on the coming generation
+     and how much an invaluable national asset?
+
+
+     WHAT IS OWED THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
+
+     "We have loaned abroad the following items:
+
+    Great Britain                            $3,745,000,000
+    France                                    2,445,000,000
+    Italy                                     1,160,000,000
+    Russia                                      325,000,000
+    Belgium                                     183,520,000
+    Greece                                       15,790,000
+    Cuba                                         15,000,000
+    Serbia                                       12,000,000
+    Rumania                                       6,666,666
+    Liberia                                       5,000,000
+    Czechoslovak Republic                         7,000,000
+                                              -------------
+                                          [5]$7,919,976,666
+
+    [5] Increased to $9,646,419,494 by October, 1919.
+
+     "Here, then, are figures totaling nearly half of our war debts
+     that are not only self-supporting but also a double-edged
+     weapon in the international market. In the first place, they
+     represent money spent at home on American goods, from which the
+     American manufacturer has taken his toll of profit; and in the
+     second place, they have put the world in our debt to an extent
+     that will be difficult to pay in the exchange of goods.
+
+     "Imports of foreign commodities or even gold will take a decade
+     to halve the debt, for the gold can not be spared, nor do we
+     wish it, and our creditors will find it difficult to increase
+     their exports to a point capable of bringing about a balance in
+     their favor. The imports from Europe are bound to be offset by
+     our own exports, some able economists predicting a balance of a
+     billion dollars in our favor for the next five years.
+     Regardless of the demands to be made upon us from this source,
+     it is probable that the peak-load of expenditure has been
+     reached and the period of readjustment and redemption set in.
+
+     "Charging off, then, our loans to the Allies as an asset, let
+     us then consider how we may best meet the bill due the American
+     people. Vague discussions of the creation of a huge sinking
+     fund have been heard, although for some reason or other, in
+     history these operations have not been entirely successful.
+     Fortunately the bulk of our debt has an early callable date,
+     and the Treasury has recently come in for much applause by
+     advocating no more loans unless they be in the nature of a
+     one-to five-year currency. Experience teaches that the full
+     benefit and effect of war taxes are rarely felt until after the
+     war. England, after the Napoleonic wars, came back with a
+     rapidity that astonished the Exchequer itself. Taxes rolled up
+     in such a volume and expenses dropped with demobilization to
+     such an extent that the Government found itself anticipating
+     the callable date in national debts by market purchases, and
+     even then it was found convenient gradually to reduce the scale
+     of taxation.
+
+     "Our experience after the Civil War was very similar to
+     England's, and the Treasury's surplus annually accumulated to a
+     point that forced the Government to buy back at high premiums
+     the bonds it was not privileged to call. This was true, though
+     to a lesser degree, with the Spanish war loan.
+
+     "It seems as though the two operations of liquidating our own
+     debts and the debt of Europe to the United States dovetailed
+     perfectly into one gradual and stupendous task. While Europe is
+     paying her indebtedness to us without interfering with the
+     development of international trade by the sale of foreign
+     securities in our home market our buyers here must receive the
+     tools to operate with through the redemption and repurchase of
+     their Liberty Bonds. In this half of the deal safety, as usual,
+     lies in the middle course. It is hoped that taxes will be
+     maintained at a level that will infallibly provide funds for
+     fixed redemptions with a sufficient surplus to get a flying
+     start by purchase around the present low levels."
+
+
+FINANCIAL STATUS OF ENGLAND IN 1914
+
+One year before the war England's position in regard to the balance of
+trade was most favorable. Her imports were valued at $3,210,000,000 and
+her exports at $2,560,000,000. But it was usually estimated that foreign
+countries owed England about $1,610,000,000 annually for interest on
+capital lent for shipping freights and for banking insurance and other
+commissions. The total amount owed her, therefore was $4,170,000,000 as
+against $3,210,000,000 which she owed for her imports. She had therefore
+a favorable balance of about $960,000,000 which was lent abroad. The
+war brought an enormous decrease in tonnage, and the excess of imports
+over exports attained the figure of $1,950,000,000 a year.
+
+Exceptional measures had to be taken to maintain the exchange rates with
+the United States from whom the chief purchases were made. Large amounts
+of gold were exported, but by June, 1915, there was a collapse in
+American exchange. Drastic measures were used to induce the holders of
+American securities in England to sell or lend those securities to the
+Government. In this way exchange was kept up practically to the gold
+point. This question of exchange and the position of England as the
+director of the financial campaign of the Allies is illustrated from an
+address given by Mr. R. H. Brand to the American Bankers Association, in
+September, 1917:
+
+     "Of course no nation could permanently tolerate such
+     unfavorable trade balances as those from which the Allies in
+     Europe are now suffering. They can only do so now and keep
+     their exchanges with the United States steady by borrowing
+     immense sums here. But the war itself is not permanent, and the
+     question is merely whether the present state of affairs can be
+     continued long enough to enable all the enemies of the Central
+     Powers to exert their full strength and win a final victory.
+
+     "You will no doubt all have noticed that the credits granted
+     Great Britain have been greater than those granted to any other
+     Ally. The reasons are simple, though they are not, I think,
+     generally understood. We have, in the first place, the largest
+     war and munition program of any Ally; in the second place, as I
+     have shown above, we are, with the exception of the United
+     States, the greatest industrial arsenal among the Allies; that
+     necessarily involves large imports. We send a great deal of
+     steel from England to our Allies; we have to replace it by
+     steel from here. We make rifles for Russia; we have to import
+     the steel to make them. We send boots to Russia; we have to
+     import the leather needed. These examples might be multiplied
+     many times. Thirdly, we extend large credits in England to our
+     Allies, some part of which they may use anywhere in the world,
+     and this part may ultimately come back on the sterling exchange
+     in New York. Lastly, it is well known that neutrals who are
+     owed money by England unfortunately find it convenient to
+     utilize the sterling exchange in New York in order to recoup
+     themselves in dollars. But so also do neutrals who are owed
+     money by the other Allies. So long as we maintain the sterling
+     exchange this appears to be inevitable, and the burden of
+     financing both our own and our Allies' trade tends to fall on
+     that exchange. It is by our maintenance of this sterling
+     exchange that the continuance of our Allies' trade is rendered
+     possible. The maintenance of the sterling exchange means the
+     maintenance of the allied exchanges. All these factors together
+     exert an immense influence. If England had had only herself to
+     finance since the beginning of the war, and indeed even if she
+     had only herself to finance now, it is quite possible she would
+     not have needed to borrow at all abroad."
+
+
+LOSS IN PRODUCTIVE POWER
+
+The extent of the withdrawal of productive power can only be judged by
+figures. Of the 7,500,000 men serving in the British Army, 4,530,000
+were contributed by Great Britain, 900,000 by the British dominions and
+colonies; and the remaining 1,000,000 by India and the various British
+African dependencies. Production went on to a remarkable degree, but
+this production was largely for war purposes. It was secured by
+recruiting female labor to an unheard of extent in the munition
+factories. According to the London _Economist_, the financial side of
+the British administration was anything but satisfactory. It speaks of
+waste and faulty methods:
+
+     "On the financial side our record is by no means so
+     satisfactory. We have, it is true, poured out money like water,
+     but much of it has been raised by faulty methods, and the
+     amount of it that has been wasted is appalling to consider. In
+     the matter of borrowing, our methods have lately been greatly
+     improved; and the recommendation of the Committee on National
+     Expenditure, that the system of raising money by bank credits
+     should be checked as far as possible, is being brought within
+     the bounds of practical politics by the great success of the
+     War Savings Committee's energetic and ingenious campaign for
+     prompting the sale of National War Bonds. Perhaps also we may
+     claim some small share in that success through the adoption of
+     the principle so long advocated in these columns of a lower
+     rate for money at home combined with special terms for money
+     left here by foreigners. But successful borrowing, direct from
+     the investor, instead of in the shape of money manufactured by
+     banks, is a welcome, but not sufficient, improvement. We have
+     to raise much more money by taxation. We have also to do much
+     more than has yet been done to reduce the wicked waste of
+     public money and support the efforts of the Committee on
+     National Expenditure to husband the resources of the nation. A
+     correspondent in a provincial town in which a Tank has lately
+     been busy asks: 'Is it not pathetic to see widows and children
+     scraping together their shillings and pennies to help the
+     Government, while we have tens of thousands of pounds being
+     squandered by a profligate Ministry of Munitions!'"
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+A Woman Doing Road Construction Work
+
+Of the 7,500,000 men serving in the British Army, 4,530,000 were
+contributed by Great Britain. Yet production was speeded up by
+recruiting and training the labor of women.]
+
+
+EQUALIZING LOANS AND TAXATION
+
+A thorny problem of all war finance is how to equalize as far as
+possible the amount of money furnished by taxation with the amounts
+borrowed. The proportion indicated in the last English war budget of
+1918 was that between L842,000,000 raised by taxes and 2,000,000,000
+sterling by fresh borrowing. Besides, war experience shows that the
+parliamentary estimates in each year were always far below the amount
+spent. In 1917 in Great Britain the shortage was upwards of
+L400,000,000. According to the London _Economist_, no effective steps
+were taken to stop the profligate extravagance by which public money was
+poured out through the sieves of the war spending departments into the
+pockets of innumerable manufacturers, middlemen and traders, not to
+mention the ever growing sums allocated to the privy purses of countless
+new bodies of officials. Each year, it says, there is a new debt charge
+of some L120,000,000 and each year there is a constant rise of prices in
+wages that enhances the cost of governmental goods and services.
+
+The amount raised by taxation, L842,000,000, seems enormously large, but
+as the London _Nation_ states:
+
+     "The enormous rise of prices only makes it represent half that
+     amount in actual purchasing power. Before the war our
+     expenditure was 200 millions. If money had kept the same value,
+     the taxation and other public income for this year would only
+     have been 420 millions, a little more than twice the pre-war
+     level. Would that have seemed so heroic an effort for a
+     patriotic nation? No. It can never be repeated too often that a
+     really rigorous taxation, begun in 1914 and carried on till
+     now, would have left us in a far sounder condition both for
+     conducting the war and for facing the peace finance. The money
+     and the goods are there. We get them. But we get them by
+     crooked and expensive methods of borrowing which inflate
+     prices, oppress the poorer purchasers, put huge war loot into
+     the pockets of contractors and financiers, and fail to restrain
+     expenditure in luxuries."
+
+
+GERMANY'S ECONOMIC PREPARATION FOR WAR
+
+There is much evidence to show that long before the war began financial
+preparations were made in Germany for the great struggle. For a
+considerable period prior to 1914, Germany and Russia had been engaged
+in a contest to accumulate a gold supply. Russia, it is known, had begun
+to withdraw the large balances which she kept in German, French and
+English banks. In Germany the story was circulated that in 1913 the
+Kaiser inquired of the governor of the Imperial Bank if the German banks
+were equipped for war. Being told that they were not ready he is said to
+have replied: "When I ask that question again I want a different
+answer." The Imperial Bank of Germany became an active bidder at the
+London gold auctions for the gold which arrived weekly from South
+Africa, and its activity along these lines was shown by the increasing
+of the German gold reserve in the bank vaults from $184,000,000 on
+December 31, 1912, to $336,000,000, the amount it stood at a month
+before the war began. In addition, the Imperial Bank collected for the
+Government a sum of about thirty million dollars to be added to the same
+amount said to be stored in the vaults of the Julius Thurm at Spandau,
+and to be used as a war chest. Other European countries were increasing
+their gold supplies, so it was not surprising that the New York markets
+were called upon to export eighty-four million dollars of gold for six
+months before the outbreak of the war. The entire gold production of the
+world during the eighteen months ending on June 30, 1914, was
+approximately $705,000,000. Of this amount, about two million dollars
+was required for the arts, and one hundred and fifty million dollars
+went to British India. This left about $350,000,000 to be applied to
+monetary uses and the whole of this amount was absorbed by the four
+great central banks of Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary.
+
+In order to resist raids on the German gold reserve a policy of note
+issuing was adopted. The situation, as forecast by Mr. C. A. Conant in
+September, 1914, in the New York _Times_, can be gathered from the
+following extract:
+
+     "With the general suspension of gold payments at the central
+     banks of Europe, except at the Bank of England, the banks are
+     in a position to resist raids upon their gold and to lend their
+     resources, as far as sound banking policy permits, to the
+     struggle of their Governments to maintain national
+     independence. In England, while the bank is still paying gold
+     for notes, the policy of keeping gold in circulation has been
+     abandoned, and the old limit of note issue, which was L5
+     ($24.40), has been lowered to 10 shillings ($2.44) and L1
+     ($4.88).
+
+     "It is not the purpose of any of the European Powers, however,
+     to carry on the war by issues of paper money. The suspension of
+     gold payments at the banks and the issue of notes for small
+     denominations, which are legal tender in domestic transactions,
+     is for the purpose of husbanding the gold stock against
+     needless runs and keeping it as a guaranty fund of national
+     solvency. It is the course which was adopted by France at the
+     time of the Franco-German War in 1870, but so prudently were
+     the affairs of the Bank of France conducted that the paper
+     never fell more than 2-1/2 per cent. below its value in gold.
+
+     "A similar policy of reserve will probably be pursued by the
+     banks of France, Germany, and Russia in the present contest.
+     The Government of France has raised the maximum limit of the
+     note circulation of the bank by nearly $1,000,000,000, but the
+     increase will not be used except as additional currency may be
+     required, owing to the restriction in other forms of credit and
+     the special demand for notes in the districts where the armies
+     are gathered.
+
+     "The suspension of specie payments does not convey to the
+     banking community quite the same doleful warning of the
+     unlimited issue of paper and its steady depreciation in gold
+     which were conveyed by specie suspension in the United States
+     in 1861 or by Austria-Hungary and Russia in the desperate
+     contest of the Napoleonic wars. Monetary science is better
+     understood at the present time than in those days."
+
+
+GERMAN WAR FINANCE
+
+Among all the belligerent powers Germany occupied the unique position of
+using the war as an excuse for not publishing national accounts. The
+sole guide to her expenditure must be looked for in the credit votes
+passed by the Reichstag. Using this method, it is estimated that Germany
+spent about $30,000,000 a day. To cover this expenditure there was a
+regular plan of national loan--in March and September. This was the
+method followed in all the four years of the war. During the intervening
+six months there was an issue of Treasury bills. The German people
+were, apparently, schooled to these regular demands with commendable
+promptness, but the Imperial Government adopted a policy of inflation in
+the hope that a speedy victory would bring fruits in the shape of an
+indemnity, and so the German people would avoid being called upon to
+bear war burdens. Taxation was introduced only reluctantly and at a
+later period, and merely for the purpose of meeting so-called normal
+civil expenditure and interest on war debt. The plan followed was to
+spare the middle classes as far as possible from additional taxation
+charges.
+
+
+THE LOAN BUREAU SCHEME
+
+The war loans have been, on paper, most successful. For example, the
+seventh loan of September, 1917, yielded $3,000,000,000; the eighth loan
+nearly $4,000,000,000. There was a large amount of ready money in the
+country and besides this all stocks of raw material have been realized.
+Large as the loans have been they have not been able to keep pace with
+the increase of expenditure. Out of the total amount of $30,000,000,000
+about $20,000,000,000 have been covered by long-term loans. Of course,
+owing to the peculiar situation of Germany in relation to her allies,
+which were dependent upon her financial support, these loans have been
+raised by the German people themselves. The German Loan Bureaus were
+criticized at the beginning of the war, and German figures show that
+only about ten percent. of the national loans were involved in the Loan
+Bureau scheme. These Loan Bureaus, it was announced, would continue
+after the declaration of peace. According to the London _Economist_,
+Germany followed an easy and sure policy of war finance, although the
+same authority does not hesitate to use the terms "complete financial
+ruin" in connection with German post-war finance.
+
+The whole subject of German inflation is difficult to analyze. The
+_Economist_ works out a post-war expenditure of $5,000,000,000 a year
+against a revenue of a billion and a half. Its estimate of German
+inflation is contained in the following passage:
+
+     "To take note circulation alone is obviously misleading,
+     particularly in view of the violent efforts that have been
+     made, especially during the last year, to extend the use of the
+     check, and in other ways to limit as far as possible the use
+     of notes. For what these figures are worth, it may be said that
+     the total note circulation of the country at the end of June
+     (1918), including Reichsbank notes, State Bank notes, Treasury
+     notes, and loan notes, stood at L1,030,000,000, as compared
+     with L109,300,000 on July 23, 1914. Reichsbank deposits, again,
+     stood on June 30, at L459,100,000, as compared with L47,600,000
+     on July 23, 1914, while the deposits of the eight 'great'
+     banks, even at the end of 1917, stood at L800,000,000, as
+     compared with L250,000,000 at the end of 1914, L362,000,000 at
+     the end of 1915, and L500,000,000 at the end of 1916."
+
+In this connection it is interesting to give a summary of Germany's war
+expenses as reported in the London _Economist_:
+
+     "In his comparison of German war finance with ours, the
+     Chancellor, in his Budget speech, made the following points:
+     First, that German war expenditure is now L6,250,000--almost
+     the same as ours--though our expenditure includes items (such
+     as separation allowances) which are not included in the German
+     figures. Second, that the whole amount of the German Votes of
+     Credit (L6,200 millions) has been added to their war debt,
+     'because their taxation has not covered their peace expenditure
+     in addition to their debt charge.' Third, the total amount of
+     new taxation levied by them since the beginning of the war
+     comes to L365 millions, against our L1,044 millions. Fourth, in
+     a year's time they will have a deficit, comparing the revenue
+     with the expenditure, of L385 millions at least. 'If that were
+     our position,' the Chancellor added, 'I should certainly think
+     that bankruptcy was not far from the British Government.'
+     Fifth, with the exception of the war increment tax, 'scarcely
+     any of the additional revenue has been obtained from the
+     wealthier classes in Germany'."
+
+
+GERMAN WAR PROFITS
+
+An extraordinary list of the gigantic war profits collected by Germany
+was drawn up by A. Cheraband, the well known French critic. He estimated
+that in three years Germany had spent $322.50 per head, France $444.00,
+Great Britain $559.75. He presents a list of war profits made by
+Germany. The "booty" he divided into movable and immovable property. In
+the former category he includes the 212,000 square miles of territory
+that had fallen into German clutches, and this he values at
+$32,000,000,000, which, he says, is a conservative estimate. Turning to
+the movable booty, he classifies it as follows:
+
+     "_(a) Capture of 'Human Material.'_--This consists of the
+     46,000,000 Allied subjects from whom the Germans obtain free
+     labor.
+
+     "_(b) Capture of War Material._--Guns, rifles, munitions,
+     vehicles, locomotives, railway trucks, and thousands of miles
+     of railway. The Belgian railway system alone is worth nearly
+     $600,000,000.
+
+     "_(c) Capture of Foodstuffs._--Everywhere the Germans have
+     stolen horses, cattle, corn, potatoes, sugar, alcohol,
+     foodstuffs of every kind, and crops grown by the forced labor
+     drawn from the 46,000,000 Allied subjects whom they have
+     enslaved.
+
+     "_(d) Theft of Raw Materials._--Throughout the occupied
+     territories the Germans have appropriated coal, petroleum,
+     iron, copper, bronze, zinc, lead, etc., either in the mines or
+     from private individuals; textile materials, such as woolen and
+     cotton. In the towns of northern France alone the Germans stole
+     $110,000,000 worth of wool.
+
+     "_(e) Theft of Industrial Plant._--On a methodical plan
+     throughout the occupied territories, the motors, engines,
+     machine-tools, steam and electric hammers, steel-rolling mills,
+     looms, models, and industrial plant of all kinds have been
+     carried off to Germany.
+
+     "_(f) Thefts of Furniture._--The way in which furniture and
+     household goods were stolen and carried off is confessed by
+     implication in the following advertisement published in the
+     _Koelnische Zeitung_ at the beginning of April, 1917:
+
+     "'Furniture moved from the zones of military operations in all
+     directions by Rettenmayer at Wiesbaden.'
+
+     "It is impossible to estimate the money value of the goods thus
+     removed.
+
+     "_(g) Seizure of Works of Art._--The works of art collected for
+     centuries in museums, churches, and by private individuals in
+     Poland, Italy, Belgium, and France have been carried off by the
+     Germans.
+
+     "_(h) War Levies._--Scores of millions in money have been
+     secured by the Germans in the form of requisitions, fines, war
+     levies, war taxes, and forced loans.
+
+     "_(i) Thefts of Coin, Jewels, and Securities._--In the occupied
+     regions, and especially wherever they have been obliged to
+     evacuate those regions, as, for instance, at Noyon, the Germans
+     have emptied, by order, the safes and strong boxes of private
+     persons and of banks and have carried off securities, jewels,
+     and silver. In September and October, 1917, they seized at one
+     stroke the deposits of Allied subjects in the Belgian banks
+     amounting to $120,000,000.
+
+     "In view of the high prices of foodstuffs, coal, metals,
+     petroleum, war materials and machines, it is clear that the
+     booty thus secured by the Germans during the last three years
+     in the occupied territories is certainly worth several billion
+     dollars."
+
+[Illustration: A Woman Operating a Multiple Spindle Drill in an English
+Shell Factory
+
+Photo by James M. Beck
+
+"Since the war broke out," said M. Barriol, a French celebrated actuary,
+"no less than 1,500,000 women have been added to the ranks of wage
+earners in England, an increase of fully 25 per cent."]
+
+
+GERMAN MONEY INDEMNITY
+
+It became commonplace after Germany's defeat was evident that her war
+cost must include the cost of the destruction she had caused her
+enemies. To estimate this was no easy matter. The attitude of the
+Germans on the subject was indicated by their constantly expressed hope
+that trade would recommence as usual and that they would be able to
+start economic relations in a favorable position. So we find the Cologne
+Chamber of Commerce beginning to prepare for peace by adopting a
+resolution expressing the hope that the destruction of French and
+Belgian industries would allow the rapid recovery of German power.
+
+The _Wall Street Journal_ used this statement as a guide to the Allied
+Powers for measuring the kind of indemnity that would be imposed upon
+Germany.
+
+     "One of the departments of the Government at Washington has in
+     its files a report of a German commission on industry after the
+     war. Reading this, one can understand the motive for what at
+     one time looked like pure vandalism. Vandalism it was, by
+     descendants of the Vandals, but it was a deliberate destruction
+     of international competitors, killing the workmen--and
+     workwomen--and destroying plants and machinery for the one
+     purpose of removing competition. A physical injury to a child
+     helped to weaken future competition in the world's trade; and
+     it was upon the power gained thereby that Germany hoped to
+     launch another war for world domination....
+
+     "A peace that gives the cold-blooded perpetrators of these
+     crimes an advantage over their victims would not be equitable.
+     If any must suffer, let it be those who are guilty, but don't
+     give them a start ahead of their victims.
+
+     "In substance, that point should declare that Germany shall not
+     profit through the wrecking of any Allied industry. Except to
+     admit necessary foodstuffs, the blockade should not be lifted
+     until every Allied country from England to Serbia has been
+     industrially rebuilt. One object of the wholesale murder of
+     civilians was to weaken industrially the enemy countries. The
+     greater proportionate loss of man-power in the Allied countries
+     should be met by restrictions on the entry of raw materials
+     into Germany. Every piece of stolen machinery should be
+     returned before her own industries are allowed to resume."
+
+The soft plan of dealing with Germany's war cost was championed by
+Secretary Daniels. The Springfield _Republican_ and the _New Republic_
+seemed to agree with the Manchester _Guardian_ that Germany ought to
+be helped rather than punished, that the main thing was to set her on
+her feet again.
+
+     "Representative papers like the New York _Times_, Syracuse
+     _Post-Standard_, Buffalo _Express_, and Sacramento _Bee_ all
+     insist that while we might or perhaps should claim no
+     war-expenses from Germany, 'we must exact payment,' in the
+     words of the Syracuse daily, 'to the last penny for losses
+     suffered through illegal warfare.' Germany's submarine campaign
+     cost us, according to this paper's figures, 375,000 tons of
+     shipping and 775 civilian lives. If we take the burden of
+     payment for this property and these lives from the guilty
+     shoulders of Germany it would only be to 'pass it on to the
+     innocent shoulders of the American taxpayer,' which, the New
+     York _Times_ declares, would be 'rank injustice'."
+
+
+FORECASTING THE TOTAL COST OF WAR
+
+It is interesting also to note an attempt made by one of the expert
+statisticians attached to the Guaranty Trust Company of New York to
+estimate the total cost of the war at the close of the four-year period.
+The five main Allies possessed, before the war, $406,000,000,000 for
+national work, a sum nearly four times as great as the national wealth
+of the two Central Powers. In four years the seven leading belligerents
+had spent $134,000,000,000. The only way to grasp the meaning of this
+enormous sum is to contrast the cost of the World War with all former
+wars. The total cost of wars that had taken place since the American
+Revolution was $23,000,000,000; the World War costs therefore, are six
+times greater. In these figures, staggering as they are, it was
+comparatively easy to figure out the costs, debts and interests of
+actual war expenditures. Much more complicated is the problem of
+estimating the property value destroyed through military operations on
+land and sea:
+
+
+LOSS FROM DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY
+
+     "The total area of the war zone is 174,000 square miles, of
+     which the Western theater of the war, in France and Belgium,
+     stretches over an area of 19,500 square miles, and it contains
+     over 3,000 cities, villages, and hamlets, great manufacturing
+     and agricultural districts, of which some have been totally
+     annihilated and some heavily affected. The estimate by the
+     National Foreign Trade Council of the war losses, which
+     unfortunately does not go beyond 1916, is as follows:
+
+     "'Destruction of buildings and industrial machinery in Belgium,
+     $1,000,000,000, and in France $700,000,000. The destruction of
+     agricultural buildings and implements, of raw materials, of
+     crops and live stock, has been estimated at a sum of
+     $780,000,000 in Belgium and $680,000,000 in France. Roads were
+     destroyed frequently by the retreating troops and have been
+     seriously damaged by heavy gun fire and excessive use. The
+     losses from destruction of railway bridges, etc., have been
+     estimated in Belgium at $275,000,000 and in France at
+     $300,000,000.
+
+     "'In the Eastern theater of the War Germany has been invaded
+     only in eastern Prussia, where the agricultural population has
+     been seriously impaired. Heavy damage was inflicted upon
+     bridges, roads, and governmental property, including railroads.
+     The direct cost to Germany through the loss of agricultural
+     products, of manufacturing products, as well as in interest on
+     investments abroad, of earnings from shipping and banking
+     houses, and profits of insurance and mercantile houses engaged
+     in business abroad has been enormous'."
+
+
+ECONOMIC LOSS OF MAN-POWER
+
+The same expert goes on to figure out the economic value of the loss of
+human life:
+
+     "Mr. M. Barriol, the celebrated actuary, gives the following
+     figures as the capital value of man: in the United States,
+     $4,100; in Great Britain, $4,140; in Germany, $3,380; in
+     France, $2,900; in Russia, $2,020; in Austria-Hungary, $2,020
+     or an average capital value for the five foreign nations of
+     $2,892.
+
+     "The number of men already lost is 8,509,000 killed and
+     7,175,000 permanently wounded, or a total of 15,684,000. Thus
+     society has been impoverished through the death and permanent
+     disability of a part of its productive man-power to the extent
+     of $45,000,000,000.
+
+     "The loss of men, measured in terms of the capital value of the
+     workers withdrawn from industry, is offset in some degree by
+     the enhancement of the capital value of the remaining
+     producers.... This loss of man-power is also partly offset by
+     the large contingents of women drawn into industries. In
+     England, out of a female population of 23,000,000, about
+     6,000,000 were engaged before the outbreak of the war in
+     gainful occupations. Since the war broke out no less than
+     1,500,000 women have been added to the ranks of wage-earners,
+     an increase of fully 25 per cent. Moreover, about 400,000 women
+     have shifted from non-essential occupations to men's work. In
+     the United States, approximately 1,266,000 women are now
+     engaged in industrial work, either directly or indirectly
+     necessary to carry on the war.
+
+
+EFFECTS ON POPULATION
+
+     "The physical and moral effects of the war, the moral strain to
+     which the nations have been subjected, the 'shell-shock' which
+     has reacted upon the population at home as well as upon the
+     soldiers on the battlefield, the undernourishment and
+     starvation of children as well as adults, all have resulted in
+     a lowered vitality, the ill effects of which, especially in the
+     countries of the Central Powers, are already seen in an
+     increase of the death rate, in a spread of epidemics and
+     diseases that have taxed the medical resources of all
+     countries.
+
+     The lowered vitality of the race, which is still further
+     aggravated by the millions of incapacitated soldiers and the
+     premature and excessive employment of children and women in the
+     industries, will eventually make for a lower standard of
+     efficiency in all human activities, or a retardation of human
+     progress. Authoritative statements are to the effect that in
+     Belgium in the earlier period of the war, the deaths of women
+     and children far outnumbered those of men. Annual deaths among
+     the German civilian population have increased by a million
+     above the normal.
+
+     "Besides the loss in actual population there is a loss of
+     potential population. Carefully compiled figures show that by
+     1919 the population of Germany will be 7,500,000 less than it
+     would have been under ordinary circumstances. The people in
+     Austria in 1919 will be 8 per cent. less in numbers than in the
+     year before the war. Hungary will be still worse off; it will
+     have a population of 9 per cent. lower than in pre-war days."
+
+
+CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT'S ESTIMATES
+
+The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace made public in November,
+1919, an elaborate report on the cost of the World War in human life and
+in property and the consequent economic losses. The chief conclusions
+derived from this intensive study of all the conditions may be
+summarized as follows:
+
+     All the wars of the nineteenth century from the Napoleonic down
+     to the Balkan wars of 1912--1913, show a loss of life of
+     4,449,300, according to the report, while the known and
+     presumed dead of the World War reached 9,998,771. (See Vol.
+     III, pp. 403-5.) The monetary value of the individuals lost to
+     each country is estimated, the highest value on human life
+     being given to the United States, where each individual's
+     economic worth is placed at $4,720, with England next at
+     $4,140; Germany third, at $3,380; France and Belgium, each
+     $2,900; Austria-Hungary at $2,720, and Russia, Italy, Serbia,
+     Greece, and the other countries at $2,020.
+
+     With a loss of more than 4,000,000 the estimate puts Russia in
+     the lead in human economic loss, the total being more than
+     $8,000,000,000; Germany is next with $6,750,000,000; France,
+     $4,800,000,000; England, $3,500,000,000; Austria-Hungary,
+     $3,000,000,000; Italy, $2,384,000,000; Serbia, $1,500,000,000;
+     Turkey, almost $1,000,000,000; Rumania, $800,000,000; Belgium,
+     almost $800,000,000; the United States slightly more than
+     $500,000,000; Bulgaria, a little more than $200,000,000;
+     Greece, $75,000,000; Portugal, $8,300,000, and Japan, $600,000.
+     On this basis the total in human life lost cost the world
+     $33,551,276,280, and the loss to the world in civilian
+     population is placed at an equal figure.
+
+     The attempt to determine property losses is the least
+     satisfactory, as it is the most difficult. The destruction and
+     devastation in the invaded areas of Belgium, France, Russian
+     Poland, Serbia, Italy and parts of Austria are probably
+     incapable of exact determination, and it may well be doubted if
+     the exact losses will ever be known.
+
+     The total property loss on land is put at $29,960,000,000,
+     one-third of which was suffered by France alone, its loss being
+     given as $10,000,000,000, with Belgium next at $7,000,000,000,
+     and the other countries following as follows:
+
+     Italy, $2,710,000,000; Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro,
+     $2,000,000,000; The British Empire and Germany, each,
+     $1,750,000,000; Poland, $1,500,000,000; Russia, $1,250,000,000;
+     Rumania, $1,000,000,000, and East Prussia, Austria, and Ukraine
+     together, the same amount.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Central News Service
+
+Launching the Quistconck at Hog Island
+
+According to the report of the Carnegie Endowment the cargo loss at sea
+was $3,800,000,000, the total tonnage and cargo loss being
+$6,800,000,000. To offset the Allied loss in shipping, ship-building in
+the United States was rushed at topmost speed.]
+
+     In the property losses on sea, that is, to shipping and cargo,
+     the report estimates that "the construction cost of the tonnage
+     loss can scarcely be estimated at less than $200 a ton, and the
+     monetary loss involved in the sinking of this 15,398,392 gross
+     tons may, therefore, be placed at about $3,000,000,000." To
+     this is added loss of cargo, which is estimated at $250 a ton,
+     giving a cargo loss of $3,800,000,000, and a total tonnage and
+     cargo loss of $6,800,000,000.
+
+     Among the indirect costs of the war, loss of production is
+     placed at $45,000,000,000. In arriving at this figure an
+     average of 20,000,000 men are counted as having been withdrawn
+     from production during the whole period of the war, and their
+     average yearly productive capacity is placed at $500. War
+     relief is another indirect cost which totalled up to
+     $1,000,000,000; and the loss to the neutral nations is given as
+     $1,750,000,000.
+
+     With the total direct costs of the war amounting to
+     $186,336,637,097 and the indirect costs to $151,612,542,560,
+     the stupendous total of $337,946,179,657 is reached. Finally,
+     the report says:
+
+     "The figures presented in this summary are both
+     incomprehensible and appalling, yet even these do not take into
+     account the effect of the war on life, human vitality,
+     economic well-being, ethics, morality, or other phases of human
+     relationships and activities which have been disorganized and
+     injured. It is evident from the present disturbances in Europe
+     that the real costs of the war cannot be measured by the direct
+     money outlays of the belligerents during the five years of its
+     duration, but that the very breakdown of modern economic
+     society might be the price exacted."
+
+
+THE WAR AS A PRODUCT OF HIGH PRICES
+
+All of the great wars in European history have been followed by periods
+of increased production and economic expansion. Experts are convinced
+that the World War will prove no exception to the world's previous
+experience. Wars have been the principal influence that have determined
+the course of commodities and prices. In the Napoleonic Wars the index
+number rose seventy-two points in twenty years, but during the four
+years between 1914 and 1918 there was a rise of one hundred and eight
+points in four and a half years, a movement which Edgar Crammond, widely
+known British expert in economic and financial affairs, declared to be a
+movement to which there was no precedent in point of rapidity or
+magnitude. In an address outlined in the New York _Journal of Commerce_
+this authority estimated the direct cost of the war to the Allies as
+being roughly $145,000,000,000. The Central Powers had spent about
+$60,000,000,000. The total cost in dollars he estimated at
+$260,000,000,000. The upheaval caused by the war was manifested,
+according to the same authority, in the rise of the cost of living and
+in the universal increase of wages. Other economic consequences will be
+more gradually unfolded. Prospects of fall in the price of commodities
+and wages as the result of peace, he thinks, will be arrested for two
+reasons: First, the vast increase in the amount of paper money; second,
+the huge amount of public debts to the belligerents. He saw an
+additional psychological cause in the attitude of the laboring classes
+to maintain wages at a higher level than before the war and to improve
+the standard of living.
+
+Reduced production is sufficient to account for all the economic
+disturbances that were produced during the war, according to the London
+_Statist_, which says:
+
+     "It is enough to say that production is reduced almost to a
+     minimum, while consumption is going on at a most extravagant
+     rate. Those who wish to pose as economists without competent
+     knowledge are telling the public that all the evil is due to
+     this, that, and the other thing--such, for example, as
+     inflation, the rise in prices, the enormous loans raised, and
+     several other fads. It is pure moonshine. The world is
+     impoverished, firstly, because so much of the world's manhood
+     is withdrawn from production to consumption; and, secondly,
+     because reduction in production is so serious that very little
+     has been saved either by the belligerents or the neutral
+     countries of Europe, at all events. International trade is
+     really carried on by barter. It is true that money is
+     frequently paid. At the present time money has in some markets
+     to be paid because credit has been injured, and those who
+     possess wealth are not as willing as they used to be to trust
+     to mere credit."
+
+
+QUESTIONS OF INFLATION
+
+The enormous advance of prices in England was synchronous with the issue
+of currency notes to an excess of L700,000,000 beyond the gold reserve.
+High officials in British administration ascribed this rise to the
+increased consuming capacity. According to the British Board of Trade a
+sovereign could purchase no more during the war time than eleven
+shillings would just before the war started. A writer in the
+_Fortnightly Review_, Mr. W. F. Ford, quotes Jevons' remark in his
+classical book on money in explanation of the phenomenon. "A number of
+bankers all trying to issue additional notes resemble a number of
+merchants offering to sell corn for future delivery, and the value of
+gold will be affected as the price of corn certainly is. We are too much
+inclined to look upon the value of gold as a fixed datum line in
+commerce, but in reality it is a very variable thing." Substitute today
+the word Government for bankers and one can see the reason for the
+upward rise in prices. This rise would take place apart from any
+questions of war waste, profiteering, difficulties of transport by sea
+or land or shortage of labor. All the countries involved have followed
+the same policy of inflation. The operation is depicted in the following
+passage:
+
+     "The inevitable result of extensive note issues by a number of
+     Governments was that prices were irresistibly impelled upwards
+     in all belligerent countries--apart from any questions of war
+     waste, profiteering, difficulties of transport by sea or land,
+     or shortage of labor. Belligerent countries became
+     extraordinarily good markets in which to sell goods; and a
+     golden harvest was temptingly displayed to neutral nations, in
+     whose favor enormous trade balances rapidly grew up. In large
+     part these balances were met by payment in gold.... But just as
+     gold substitutes in the shape of paper money swelled the
+     currencies and increased prices in the belligerent countries,
+     so also the large quantities of gold coin sent to neutral
+     States in payment for goods supplied to the warring nations
+     swelled the currencies and increased prices in the neutral
+     states themselves. The withdrawal of gold set up a natural
+     tendency for prices to fall in the countries from which it had
+     been exported; but not only was this tendency overcome, but the
+     upward movement of prices was continued by the action of the
+     several Governments in placing still further issues of
+     inconvertible paper money on their respective markets. The net
+     results have been that currencies have been inflated and prices
+     forced up all over the world, that inconvertible paper money is
+     tending more and more to drive out gold from the currencies of
+     the states that issue it, and that the gold so driven out is
+     being absorbed into the currencies of the neutral nations.
+     Between August, 1914, and the date of her own declaration of
+     war, America increased the amount of her gold currency by
+     approximately L200,000,000 sterling. No real benefit has
+     accrued.
+
+     "The currencies of the whole world have been artificially
+     inflated to the extent that, under the most favorable
+     circumstances existing in any part of the world, L5 are now
+     needed to do the work in circulation that before the war was
+     accomplished by L3. The loss to people with fixed incomes, the
+     disturbance of trade, the potential labor difficulties are
+     stupendous. And as a result of purchasing war material at
+     excessively high prices, the dead weight of debt incurred by
+     all the countries at war is very much greater than it need have
+     been had currencies been kept within reasonable bounds."
+
+
+CURRENCY EXPANSION IN GREAT BRITAIN
+
+In Great Britain L200,000,000 worth of new paper currency was placed in
+circulation and there was a considerable expansion in the use of
+banknotes, silver and copper coinage. Proposals were made that the
+famous English Bank Act should be repealed and that excess issues of
+banknotes should be made legal on the payment of a tax. But apart from
+these theories of involving the banking system there was a good deal of
+adverse criticism.
+
+     "Mr. Herbert Samuel made a masterly attack upon the vicious
+     system of War Finance, by which no less a sum than L196,170,000
+     is added to the expenditure by bonuses and increases of wages,
+     which, in their turn, only force prices still higher and raise
+     the cost of living. Lives have been conscripted; incomes have
+     been conscripted; the only thing which has not been conscripted
+     is labor. If the Government had at an early stage of the war
+     had the courage to fix wages, instead of prices, the cost of
+     living would then have been regulated by supply and demand. By
+     fixing prices of commodities, after they had risen to almost
+     famine figures, we have the maximum of loss and inconvenience,
+     high wages, dear food, and a war bill that increases day by
+     day. Despite Mr. Bonar Law's assurance that the bill of the
+     year would not be so high as he expected, we have the fact that
+     we are spending over seven millions a day. The satire of 'the
+     cheap loaf' consists in its cost to the nation at large of
+     L45,000,000 a year. Bonuses to munition workers amount to
+     L40,000,000, bonuses to miners come to L20,000,000, to railway
+     workers L10,000,000, to potato growers L5,000,000. Is this
+     anything else but a system of gigantic corruption? In order
+     that artisans and agriculturists may be kept in good humor with
+     the war, they are bribed with bonuses and allowed to buy food
+     at prices which are partially paid by the rest of the
+     community. If ever there was a case of robbing Peter to pay
+     Paul it is here."
+
+
+AMERICA'S EXPERIENCE WITH INFLATION
+
+Protests against war inflation were not confined to British specialists
+in finance. What is inflation? As used by the more careful writers on
+the subject today, it is taken to signify the increase of bank credits
+not represented by any immediate addition to current wealth. For
+example, if the Government borrows by an issue of bonds, such bonds
+taken by the banks, and payment for them made in the form of bank credit
+which is at once transferred to individuals who have furnished labor or
+supplies, it is evident that there has been a net addition to the
+purchasing power of the community not represented by any corresponding
+addition to wealth whether of a saleable or available form. Mr. Delano,
+a member of the Federal Reserve Board, said that the war had produced a
+world inflation the like of which had never occurred before--"The usual
+symptoms of such methods of inflation are the disappearance of metallic
+money and the general advance in the prices of commodities." He gives
+the following illustration of what has taken place in this process of
+inflation:
+
+     "Prior to our entry into the war, when the European nations
+     were buying heavily in the United States, they paid largely in
+     gold for what they bought, and as a result about a billion
+     dollars in gold coin came to this country in the period of two
+     and one-half years. The reason the European nations were able
+     to send us their gold was that they printed paper money for
+     their own use, releasing gold for us. But that gold inflation
+     in this country is one explanation of the general advance in
+     prices of all commodities, although undoubtedly it is not the
+     only explanation; for it must be freely admitted that prices
+     have been affected, first, by scarcity, occasioned by increased
+     demand from Europe for many articles produced by us; second, by
+     reason of the fact that increases in taxes and wages of labor
+     have entered into the cost of production and sale of all
+     articles and account for a share of the increased prices of
+     commodities."
+
+
+CIVIL WAR INFLATION.
+
+The United States had large experience with inflation during the Civil
+War. Some $500,000,000 were in this way added to the cost of the war
+which might have been avoided. A plain statement of the real incidents
+of inflation is given by Mr. A. C. Miller of the Federal Reserve Board
+in his _Financial Mobilization for War_, in the following passage:
+
+     "For let it not for a moment be overlooked that inflation, in
+     its effects, amounts to conscriptive taxation of the masses. It
+     is, indeed, one of the worst and the most unequal forms of
+     taxation, because it taxes men, not upon what they have or
+     earn, but upon what they need or consume. The only difference
+     for the masses between this kind of disguised and concealed
+     taxation and taxes which are levied and collected openly is
+     that in the case of the latter the government gets the revenue,
+     while in the former case it borrows it, and those to whom it is
+     eventually repaid are not those, for the most part, who have
+     been mulcted for it. Inflation therefore produces a situation
+     akin to double taxation in that the great mass of the consuming
+     public is hard hit by the rise of prices induced by the
+     degenerated borrowing policy and later has to be taxed in order
+     to produce the revenue requisite to sustain the interest charge
+     on the debt contracted and to repay the principal. The active
+     business and speculative classes can usually take care of
+     themselves in the midst of the confusion produced by inflation
+     and recoup themselves for their increasing outlays. Indeed
+     inflation frequently makes for an artificial condition of
+     business prosperity. That is why war times are frequently
+     spoken of in terms of enthusiasm by the class of business
+     adventurers. But it is a prosperity that is dear-bought and at
+     the expense of the great body of plain living people. It would
+     be a monstrous wrong if in financing our present war we should
+     pursue methods that would land us in a sea of inflation in
+     which the great body of the American people, who are called
+     upon to contribute the blood of their sons to the war, were
+     made the victims of a careless or iniquitous financial policy."
+
+
+INFLATION ILLUSTRATED.
+
+One of the ways in which inflation was caused in the United States
+during the war period was the plan adopted by the banks of financing the
+loan directly by means of bank credits to the buyers. According to Mr.
+Carl Snyder the banking officials roughly agree that on the first
+Liberty Loan for $2,000,000,000 the banks may have loaned somewhere near
+half the total and on the second loan even more. Of course, this means a
+heavy expansion of bank credit. Economists are generally agreed that the
+flooding of the country with paper money brings about an enormous rise
+in prices. They differ chiefly in regard to the degree of inflation. The
+most accepted statement of inflation is that prices vary directly as the
+volume of the actual currency employed and its rate of turn over or
+velocity, and inversely with the volume of trade. The effect of bank
+credits is exactly that of an excessive issue of notes; that is, if they
+are expanded more rapidly than the actual volume of business there is a
+rise in prices, that is to say there is inflation.
+
+The situation of the country during the war in regard to business was
+put plainly by Mr. Snyder in the following words: "Railroads cannot haul
+any more goods. The government is already stepping in to shut down on
+shipments on certain lines of industry. We can not get any more coal
+unless labor is drafted from other industries, and as a whole we cannot
+get any more labor as is evident from the fantastic wages that are now
+being paid. In a word, production and therefore the actual volume of
+exchange is practically at the limit and has been for a year or more. No
+expansion of bank credits can put this production any higher. It
+follows, therefore, as a practical fact that _any expansion of bank
+loans now means inflation_--to all practical intents dollar for
+dollar." Because of the introduction of a billion dollars worth of gold
+into the country, prices have risen nearly one hundred percent. The
+expansion of bank credits increases the cost of living and the cost of
+the war will be doubled.
+
+Some bankers estimated that if the war lasted the expansion of bank
+loans might reach $50,000,000,000. The progress of these loans was
+encouraged by the cutting of the required metallic reserve under the new
+Federal Reserve system and the system of book credits with the Federal
+Reserve banks allowed to the banks that are members of the system. The
+following is Mr. Snyder's description of the way the inflation was
+encouraged.
+
+     "Every dollar of gold may become three dollars of Federal Bank
+     credits and each dollar of this may in turn become the basis of
+     eight dollars of credits for the Central Reserve cities, ten
+     dollars for the smaller cities and fifteen dollars for the
+     country banks, which works out to a practical average of ten
+     dollars for all the banks in the Federal Reserve system."
+
+He then went on to speak of the possibilities of this inflation and
+uttered a warning of the danger, because the only obstacle in the way
+was the good sense and conservatism of the American banks. Some
+authorities hold that a war cannot be fought without inflation. Mr.
+Snyder thought that the United States with large ante-war income could
+and should have tried the experiment. People want easy money and flush
+times. If credit were contracted there would be tight money and a high
+interest rate. Mr. McAdoo and the Administration at Washington feel
+highly elated when they roll up five billion of statistics, half of
+which are merely bank rolls. It seems not to matter that all this may
+add two or three billion to the already swollen credit currency and that
+the millions of poor people, small investors and life insurance holders
+who cannot expand their income in any adequate way must pay the piper.
+These are the millions who rarely have any voice in national affairs,
+and all the more so because they are for the most part ignorant. It
+seems an idle consequence that we may spend perhaps ten long weary years
+of hard times, of falling prices, declining business and sharp distress,
+paying for the orgy of inflated prices, waste and extravagance in which
+we are now indulging.
+
+[Illustration: Photo by Paul Thompson
+
+Ship-building at Camden, N. J.
+
+One of the financial effects of the war was the transformation of the
+United States from a debtor to a creditor nation. Immense private
+fortunes were made. In no industry was there a greater boom than in
+ship-building.]
+
+
+CREDIT EXPANSION
+
+The wide expansion of credit can be studied by making a comparison of
+the gold holdings of the leading nations. For example, in 1914 just
+before the outbreak of the war, the amount of cash held by all the banks
+of the United States was estimated at about $1,639,000,000. Of this
+amount about $913,000,000 was in the form of gold or gold certificates.
+Upon this basis there rested a structure of credit amounting to
+$21,351,000,000. In other words the gold basis of the country's deposit
+credits amounted to 4.27 percent.
+
+In 1916 the cash held was $1,911,000,000; about $1,140,000,000 was in
+gold; and on this basis there rested a credit structure of
+$28,250,000,000.
+
+
+UNITED STATES A CREDITOR NATION
+
+One of the financial effects of the war was the transformation of the
+United States from a debtor to a creditor nation. The reconstruction
+period in finance is certain to bring about a situation described by a
+writer in the _Wall Street Journal_ as one of the most interesting
+developments known in financial history. Financial waste in emergency
+measures was a superficial side of America's part in the World War. But
+this writer considers that what happened during the war was not
+altogether financial waste:
+
+     "A great upheaval took place in the world of finance. Credit
+     resources were brought to the fore and nations established on a
+     financial basis of far-reaching importance, but of a kind that
+     had only a secondary place before.
+
+     "The war has turned the United States from a debtor to a
+     creditor nation. Formerly we owed abroad something like
+     $4,000,000,000, about three-quarters of which sum we have
+     bought back. Moreover, Europe now owes us about
+     $9,000,000,000--on private account; about $2,000,000,000 in
+     securities; in United States Government obligations over
+     $7,000,000,000. The world is under obligations to us in
+     interest alone of between $400,000,000 and $500,000,000 a
+     year."
+
+After the United States took an active part in the war large credits and
+loans were made in behalf of other countries as the following excerpt
+shows:
+
+     "A total appropriation of $7,000,000,000 has been made,
+     $3,000,000,000 by the Act of April 24, 1917, and $4,000,000,000
+     by the Act of September 24, 1917. Under these authorizations
+     credits have been established in favor of the governments of
+     Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Belgium, and Serbia.
+     These loans, up to January 17, 1918, are given in the following
+     table:
+
+                  Loans and                           Balances
+Country        Credits Agreed         Loans       Under-Established
+                    Upon               Made            Credits
+
+Great Britain   $2,045,000,000    $1,985,000,000     $60,000,000
+France           1,285,000,000     1,225,000,000      60,000,000
+Italy              500,000,000       450,000,000      50,000,000
+Russia             325,000,000       187,729,750     137,270,250
+Belgium             77,400,000        75,400,000       2,000,000
+Serbia               6,000,000         4,200,000       1,800,000
+
+Totals          $4,238,400,000    $3,927,329,750    $311,070,250
+
+     "On the basis of the requests being made on the Treasury, it is
+     estimated that credits aggregating approximately $500,000,000
+     per month will be required to meet the urgent war needs of the
+     foreign governments receiving advances from the United States.
+     At this rate approximately the entire appropriation authorized
+     by Congress will be accredited to our Allies by the close of
+     the present fiscal year (June 30, 1918).
+
+     "A significant feature of the loans floated in this country in
+     the last three and a half years has been the fact that many
+     states and municipalities which formerly went to London to sell
+     their securities have recently been financed through the United
+     States. About $150,000,000 of the Canadian loans went to
+     provinces and municipalities, and many of the South American
+     obligations were contracted for municipal improvements. The
+     neutral nations of Europe have also sought accommodation in the
+     American money market. Loans have been made to the city of
+     Dublin, Ireland, the London Water Board, and the French cities
+     of Paris, Bordeaux, Lyons, and Marseilles."
+
+
+DISAPPEARANCE OF GOLD CURRENCY
+
+During the war gold almost ceased to be currency in all the Allied
+countries. The Central Powers at the end of the struggle had
+comparatively little. Of the total gold production the United States
+produced about twenty-five percent., while the British Empire produced
+nearly sixty-four. A writer in the _Edinburgh Review_ proposed to take
+the opportunity of creating a standard price for gold. For example, if
+the standard price of gold were reduced to half, the prices of all
+commodities would come down in sympathy. We must take advantage of the
+fact that we are working with a paper currency, and all authorities
+agree that financial stability is only secured by the backing of as much
+gold as possible against paper securities and emergencies.
+
+The plan involved an increase of the standard price. The success of the
+scheme depends upon the concordant will of the United States and Great
+Britain to adopt it as the following article suggests:
+
+     "Obviously if Great Britain or any other country _alone_
+     attempted to alter the standard price of gold, and therefore
+     the value of the present sovereign (or its equivalent), the
+     currency would be debased, instead of being enhanced. It would
+     also in effect amount to a partial repudiation of national
+     debt. A standard ceases to be a standard if _one_ nation can
+     arbitrarily alter it, but surely there can be no argument
+     against the creation of a new standard sanctioned by the whole
+     civilized world for their mutual advantage. If Great Britain
+     and the United States were to proclaim their desire to adopt my
+     scheme it is hardly likely that any country other than the
+     Central Powers would fail to welcome it. Spain, for instance,
+     has increased her gold reserve to about L80,000,000 and greatly
+     enhanced the value of her currency thereby. Would she fail to
+     grasp the happy chance of making this L120,000,000, and would
+     any country continue to part with its gold at L4 per ounce when
+     it could get L6 or L8?"
+
+
+WAR'S EFFECT ON SILVER
+
+Along with all other commodities, that cinderella of
+finance--silver--had a share in the general rise in prices. One of the
+reasons is the enormous falling off of silver production in Mexico,
+where one-third of the total world supply is produced; another is the
+great demand for silver. Prior to the war, the use of silver plate by
+the wealthy classes had largely fallen off; but the war, because of the
+rise in wages, brought about a largely increased demand for silver to be
+used in ornaments:
+
+     "The war has brought into the market a vast number of new
+     buyers for ornaments, whose demand in the aggregate is
+     estimated to more than compensate for the falling off in the
+     purchases by the wealthy classes of silver plate. Wages
+     everywhere, not merely in England, but practically all over the
+     world, have advanced, and particularly in Western Europe;
+     moreover, immense numbers of women, and even children, are
+     being employed who were not employed before, and those who were
+     employed before have a larger income, particularly amongst the
+     wage earning classes, than has been the case in this country
+     for many years past."
+
+The use of silver in coinage, too, was notably increased. Gold
+disappeared in countries where gold coins were used; paper money and
+silver token money took its place. Another reason for the advance in
+silver is connected with the demand for the metal in eastern countries.
+According to the _London Statist_:
+
+     " ... About half the annual production of silver throughout the
+     world is absorbed by the East, meaning principally India and
+     China. It has to be borne in mind that prices in the East have
+     advanced as well as in Europe and the two Americas, and,
+     consequently, more token money is required there as well as
+     here. Silver is the standard of value, and not token money at
+     all, in China; and in India, while gold is nominally the
+     standard of value, the rupee is the actual coin in which the
+     Indian natives, as distinct from mere government officials,
+     reckon their wealth. Now, as one result of the war, nearly all
+     the governments forbid the export of gold; consequently, India
+     requires a steadily increasing supply of silver, not merely to
+     do the work that silver did before the war, but, in addition,
+     to supply the void created by the prohibition of the export of
+     gold."
+
+
+STOCK EXCHANGE WAR
+
+The accompanying diagram showing how military operations in Europe
+affected the average prices of fifty stocks, half industrial and half
+railway, was published in the _New York Times Annalist_:
+
+     The wider black area shows the high and low average prices of
+     the twenty-five industrials included in the fifty, and the
+     white area the corresponding figures for the twenty-five rails.
+     The lines begin at a time when Germany was suffering severely
+     from her failure at Verdun and from losses in men and territory
+     from the great Allied Somme offensive. The subsequent rapid
+     decline (November to February) embraces the period of
+     Bethmann-Hollweg's sensational peace offensive, followed a few
+     weeks later by Germany's intensified submarine warfare. The
+     lowest point of all (December, 1917) was reached after
+     Germany's successful counter-thrust for Cambrai, her "peace
+     offensive" with the Bolsheviki at Brest-Litovsk, and the taking
+     over of our railroads by the government.--_Literary Digest_,
+     October 19, 1918.
+
+A further indication of how military operations reacted on Stock
+Exchange quotations was shown in the decided improvement that took place
+since the end of July, 1918, after the Germans were pushed back in their
+drive towards Paris. The most direct way of measuring this influence is
+to take the quotations for the bonds and notes of the Allied Governments
+dealt in at the New York Stock Exchange since 1915:
+
+     "The lowest quotations for these bond and note issues were
+     reached in 1917, when the cause of the Allies assumed a gloomy
+     appearance. The depression was aggravated by the general
+     decline of the entire securities market in the later part of
+     that year. Some recovery occurred by the end of last year, but
+     the beginning of 1918 saw them still depressed. Last March,
+     April, May and June, when the great German drives were in
+     progress, they showed little disposition to break, but after
+     the active participation of the American Army in the fighting
+     began and news came that the counter-offensive had assumed a
+     decided and successful phase, an assertion of strength took
+     place in foreign government bonds, carrying quotations 'not
+     only to the highest of the year, but in some instances to the
+     best figures attained since they first made their appearance in
+     the American market.' The following tabulation is presented by
+     _Bradstreet's_ as giving the range of prices for the most
+     prominent bonds and short-term notes of foreign countries
+     during 1917 and 1918, with the quotations for them on August
+     22nd:
+
+                                  /---1917----\   /---1918----\     Aug.
+                                  High      Low   High     Low      22
+ Am. For. Sec. 5s.         1919  97-7/8  90       98      94-1/2      97-1/2
+ Anglo-French 5s.          1920  95      81-7/8   95      88-1/4      94-3/4
+ Canada 5s.                1926 100      89       95      90-7/8   92
+ Canada 5s.                1931 100-1/4     87-1/2      94      88-7/8   92-3/8
+ Fr. Republic 5-1/2s.      1919 101      91-1/2      99      94       98-7/8
+ U. Kingdom 5s.            1918  98-5/8  95-1/2     100      97       99-7/8
+ U. Kingdom 5-1/2s.        1919  98-7/8  93-1/4      99-1/4     95-1/4      98-3/4
+ U. King. 5-1/2s, new      1919 101-9/16 95-1/4     100      9-3/4       99-5/8
+ U. Kingdom 5-1/2s.        1921  98-1/2     84-1/2      95-3/4     91-5/8   95-3/8
+   _French Cities_
+ Paris 6s.                 1921  96-7/8  73-1/2      92-1/8  81-5/8   91-7/8
+ Bordeaux 6s.              1919  96-7/8  74       95-1/2     84       94-7/8
+ Lyons 6s.                 1919  96-7/8  74       95-1/2     84       94-3/4
+ Marseilles 6s.            1919  96-7/8  74       95-1/2     84       94-3/4
+   _Russian Govern._[6]
+ External 6-1/2%                    98-3/4     45       64-1/2     33       61
+ External 5-1/2%              1921  98-5/8  36       60-1/2     34-1/2      57
+
+ [6] Curb market quotations.
+
+[Illustration: Diagram Showing the Effect of the War on the Prices of
+Stocks
+
+(See explanation on page 32)]
+
+     "British issues, as shown above, declined least of all, 'and
+     consequently had less ground to regain in the rise,'
+     _Bradstreet's_ adds:
+
+     "The feeling of confidence in England's credit has all along
+     been a factor in connection with its American obligations. This
+     will doubtless be strengthened by the announcement made this
+     week that the United Kingdom secured 5 per cent. notes, due
+     September 1, 1918, will be paid at their maturity on that date.
+     There were originally $250,000,000 of these notes, which were
+     sold in our market in 1916; but the outstanding issue has been
+     reduced to about $180,000,000 by purchases in the market for
+     redemption. French obligations have been one of the chief
+     features of the advance. As will be seen from the above table,
+     the French Republic 5-1/2 per cents., due 1919, have risen 6
+     points from the low figures of the year. The 6 per cent. notes
+     of the French cities, Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux, and Marseilles,
+     with rises of about 10 points each, are conspicuous examples of
+     the good effects following the checking of the German advance
+     and the counter-offensive launched by the Allies and the
+     American Army. No division of this part of the bond market has,
+     however, shown such a marked improvement as the Russian
+     external or dollar bonds, which though not listed at the Stock
+     Exchange, are dealt in extensively on the New York Curb
+     market'."
+
+
+GERMAN PROPERTY IN AMERICA
+
+Until the United States entered the war with Germany it had never been
+realized that an enormous share of the economic wealth of the country
+was under German control. Attorney-General Palmer, in an address at
+Detroit, estimated this share to be about two billion dollars in money
+value, with an economic and political value far greater:
+
+     "Furthermore, this structure was 'designed so to hold American
+     industry as to frustrate the organization of our resources in
+     case of war.' With two hundred American corporations controlled
+     by the financial and military power in Germany, we had a
+     situation that 'might easily have been fatal in America had it
+     not been discovered in time.' When the war began in 1914 the
+     structure 'had become so large and powerful and was so firmly
+     entrenched in the industrial life of our country that its real
+     commanders in Germany cherished the hope that it would prove
+     the make-weight which would keep America out of the war, or,
+     failing in that, constitute a powerful ally of the German cause
+     in our very midst.'" Mr. Palmer added:
+
+     "'During the last twenty-five or thirty years Germany had built
+     up upon American soil a structure reaching into every part of
+     the country and stretching its arms across the seas to fasten
+     upon Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and the
+     Philippines. Congress has declared that all these enemy
+     properties shall be managed and administered by the Alien
+     Property Custodian with all the powers of a common law trustee,
+     the proceeds to be distributed after the war in such manner as
+     the Congress may determine. This means that the final
+     disposition of the properties or the funds realized from their
+     sale will be a topic for discussion and a subject for
+     settlement at the council table of the nations at which
+     permanent peace shall be restored to the world.
+
+     "'This being so, it seems to me to be an important part of our
+     work to capture the army which Germany skilfully and craftily
+     planted midst the busy wheels of American industry, and to
+     break, never to be again repaired, the industrial and
+     commercial chain which Germany has stretched across the
+     American continent and our insular possessions. I would let
+     Germany understand now that her plan has dismally failed. I
+     would let her understand now that no matter how long she
+     fights, or what sacrifice she makes, or what price she pays,
+     however much territory she may occupy, or whatever worlds she
+     may conquer, there is one place which she will never soil again
+     with the tramp of the marching legions of her industrial army.
+     That is the United States of America. I would divorce utterly
+     and forever all German capital from American industry'."
+
+
+
+
+II--WARTIME FOOD AND PRICE PROBLEMS
+
+Intricacies of a Perplexing and Critical Situation Which Taxed the
+Ingenuity of Statesmen of All the Belligerents
+
+Europe was financially plunged into anarchy in August, 1914. All the
+exchanges were demoralized, checks were not cashed, the five-pound note
+became a worthless scrap of paper. The only thing that counted was gold
+and goods. Prices advanced to prohibited levels. England, in danger of a
+food famine, set up a Food Control Committee. Then the discovery was
+made that the country was short of sugar. This shortage was due to the
+fact that the war broke out when supplies from Cuba and elsewhere were
+stopping and when the German imports had not begun. Sugar was bought to
+the value of $86,000,000 from every country which had it to sell. When
+the sugar merchants began to put the price up, purchasing was stopped
+for the time. Later the Government managed to secure the quantity
+required, because it became the only sugar importer. It also supplied
+the French Government with sugar at cost price. Any further difficulties
+with the sugar supply were due to freight shortage. By this system sugar
+was cheaper in England than in any other belligerent country and the
+Exchequer took in $34,000,000 in the way of taxes, after raising the
+rate from 45c per hundred weight to $3.36 per hundred weight.
+
+In its control of the meat situation, the Government put itself in a
+dominating position by seizing all steamers that had refrigerating
+space. Enormous quantities of canned meats were imported from the United
+States from the American packing firms, but the Government practically
+created a state monopoly in frozen meat. This product was distributed by
+it to all the other belligerents, except Russia. The purchase of wheat
+was entrusted to a large importing house, which acted as an agent of the
+Government. For supplying the fish market, a service of fishing boats
+was maintained and a deal with Norway was made by which the whole
+Norwegian fish supply was secured:
+
+     "The British Government went into the beef business in order to
+     supply the troops at home and overseas with chilled meat. It
+     did so at an average cost of 12 cents per pound. It also
+     supplied all meat of this kind required by the French Army, the
+     Italian Army, the Belgians, and the Serbians. The amount of
+     meat required for the British and French armies was over 50,000
+     tons per month; for the Italian Army about 10,000 tons per
+     month. These quantities increased proportionately with the
+     additions to the forces. Having created a state monopoly in the
+     importation and control of chilled meat, the Government had to
+     make provisions for domestic supplies outside the Army. The
+     Board of Trade arranged to sell to British firms the surplus
+     meat at market prices. They obtained a small commission, lower
+     than it hitherto received from traders. Sales to speculators
+     were prohibited.
+
+     "Wheat was quite as important as sugar and beef, although there
+     was less risk of a world-corner. Wheat was purchased for
+     Government account on somewhat similar lines as beef. One of
+     the largest importing houses was commissioned to do all the
+     purchasing, while the other houses held off, and it was four
+     months before the corn trade, on the selling side, discovered
+     that purchases were made for the state. Naturally the
+     commission which the state paid on such transactions was
+     nominal. The British Government organization bought and shipped
+     wheat, oats, fodder, etc., for Italy. The French Government
+     bought their civil _ravitaillement_ wheat through the Hudson
+     Bay Company. Large purchases were made in Canada on behalf of
+     the Italian Government."
+
+
+     UNITED STATES AS FOOD PRODUCER
+
+     "It is hard to realize that the United States was in 1917 much
+     less favorably situated for producing a huge food surplus than
+     it was thirty years before. In the interim industrialism had
+     made huge strides in the land, and a great urban population has
+     risen to eat up a large part of the surplus of food produced by
+     the farms. This change is indicated by a growth of the urban
+     population in the twenty years from 1890 to 1910 from
+     22,720,223 to 42,625,383, or more than 80 per cent., while
+     rural population during the same period increased from
+     40,227,491 to 49,348,883, or less than 25 per cent. If the same
+     ratios have been maintained since 1910 urban population has now
+     become one-half of the whole. In terms of food production
+     decidedly more than one-half of our population now produces a
+     very insignificant part of the food which it consumes, for the
+     rural population includes all who live in towns of less than
+     2,500. The significance of the change is indicated by the
+     following figures of the production, export, and consumption
+     of typical food products. The comparison is between the average
+     of the five-year period ending in 1895 and that ending in 1914.
+     The average production of wheat per year for the former period
+     was 476,678,000 bushels; for the latter 697,459,000 bushels, an
+     increase of 46 per cent. Between these periods domestic
+     consumption increased from 310,107,000 to 588,592,000 bushels,
+     or about 90 per cent., while exports decreased from 166,571,000
+     to 104,945,000 bushels, or 37 per cent. The average production
+     of corn for the former period was 1,602,171,000 bushels; for
+     the latter 2,752,372,000 bushels, or an increase of 72 per
+     cent. Consumption increased from 1,552,003,000 to 2,790,962,000
+     bushels, or 79 per cent., while exports decreased from
+     50,168,000 to 41,509,000 bushels, or 17 per cent. The figures
+     upon sugar, beef, pork, and other staples lead to similar
+     conclusions. The growth of industrial centers has given us an
+     increasingly urban population which has been consuming a larger
+     and larger part of the food surplus."
+
+
+THE FOOD CONTROLLER
+
+No policy of _laissez-faire_ for handling the food situation was
+possible. The need of direction was paramount and required
+administrative talent of a high order. Fortunately the United States met
+this demand.
+
+The work of Herbert M. Hoover was one of the main factors in securing
+the Allied victory. This was recognized by as conservative an organ of
+public opinion as the London _Economist_, which speaks of him as an
+unimpeachable authority and as the organizer of the Allied victory. His
+experience is a tribute to the wonderful readiness and self-sacrifice
+shown by the Americans in the matter of food consumption and to the
+untiring and increasing success of our fleet in combating the submarine.
+
+How much success in the war depended upon food supplies may be gauged
+from the panicky feeling prevailing in Government quarters in England
+when it was reported in the winter of 1917--18, that the American wheat
+surplus had been used up. Lord Rhonda, the British Food Controller,
+cabled to Mr. Hoover--"We are beaten, the war is over." Then began the
+era in the United States of wheatless days and war bread. The result of
+this period of national abstinence enabled the exportation to Europe of
+about 150,000,000 bushels of wheat. A British member of the Allied Food
+Commission said it was very remarkable to see a whole nation denying
+itself of all wheat products, "not because it was short but because it
+wanted to assist." This rationing was accomplished with very little
+exercise of authority, and the peril of the defeat of the Allies by
+famine was averted.
+
+[Illustration: Centres of Live Stock Production Throughout the World]
+
+
+AMERICA'S CONTRIBUTION IN FOOD TO THE ALLIES
+
+Mr. Hoover in a letter to President Wilson stated that the total value
+of American food shipments to Allied countries for their armies, for the
+civilian population, Belgium relief and Red Cross, amounted to about
+$1,400,000,000 for the fiscal year, 1918:
+
+     "Shipments of meats, fats, and dairy products were as follows,
+
+                                    Pounds.
+    Fiscal year, 1916--17      2,166,500,000
+    Fiscal year, 1917--18      3,011,100,000
+    Increase                     844,600,000
+
+     "'Our slaughterable animals at the beginning of the last fiscal
+     year were not appreciably larger in number than the year
+     before, and particularly in hogs; they were probably less';
+     so, as Mr. Hoover points out, 'the increase in shipments is due
+     to conservation and the extra weight of animals added by our
+     farmers.' Our shipments of cereal and cereal products have
+     been,
+
+                                        Bushels.
+    Fiscal year, 1916--17             259,900,000
+    Fiscal year, 1917--18             340,800,000
+    Increase                           80,900,000
+
+     "The total shipment of wheat from our last harvest was about
+     141,000,000 bushels, with 13,900,000 of rye, a total of
+     154,900,000 bushels, of prime breadstuffs. Mr. Hoover notes a
+     remarkable achievement in connection with the wheat shipments:
+
+     "'Since the urgent request of the Allied Food Controllers early
+     in the year for a further shipment of 75,000,000 bushels from
+     our 1917 wheat than originally planned, we shall have shipped
+     to Europe, or have _en route_, nearly 85,000,000 bushels. At
+     the time of this request our surplus was already more than
+     exhausted.
+
+     "'This accomplishment of our people in this matter stands out
+     even more clearly if we bear in mind that we had available in
+     the fiscal year 1916--17 from net carry over and a surplus over
+     our normal consumption about 200,000,000 bushels of wheat,
+     which we were able to export that year without trenching on our
+     home loaf. This last year, however, owing to the large failure
+     of the 1917 wheat crop we had available from net carry over and
+     production and imports only just about our normal consumption.
+     Therefore, our wheat shipments to Allied destinations represent
+     approximately savings from our own wheat bread.'
+
+     "The effort and sacrifice made by our people to do this are
+     more fully appreciated when we consider that last year's wheat
+     crop was a small one and that the corn failed to mature
+     properly. Mr. Hoover concludes his letter with these words of
+     warm appreciation of the people who have made up the army of
+     which he has been the commanding general:
+
+     "'I am sure that all the millions of our people, agricultural
+     as well as urban, who have contributed to these results should
+     feel a very definite satisfaction that, in a year of universal
+     food shortages in the northern hemisphere, all of these people,
+     joined together against Germany, have come through into sight
+     of the coming harvest, not only with health and strength fully
+     maintained, but with only temporary periods of hardship. The
+     European Allies have been compelled to sacrifice more than our
+     own people, but we have not failed to load every steamer since
+     the delays of the storm months of last winter.
+
+     "'Our contributions to this end could not have been
+     accomplished without effort and sacrifice, and it is a matter
+     for further satisfaction that it has been accomplished
+     voluntarily and individually. It is difficult to distinguish
+     between various sections of our people--the homes, public
+     eating places, food trades, urban or agricultural
+     populations--in assessing credit for these results, but no one
+     will deny the dominant part of the American women'."
+
+
+AGRICULTURE AND THE WAR
+
+The significance of the strides made in agricultural productivity by
+which Mr. Hoover's food campaign was made possible and successful is
+brought out in the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1918:
+
+     "The efforts put forth by the farmers and the agricultural
+     organizations to secure increased production can perhaps best
+     be concretely indicated in terms of planting operations. The
+     size of the harvest may not be the measure of the labors of the
+     farmers. Adverse weather conditions and unusual ravages of
+     insects or plant diseases may partly overcome and neutralize
+     the most exceptional exertions."
+
+
+ACREAGE UNDER CULTIVATION
+
+     "The first year of our participation in the war, 1917,
+     witnessed the Nation's record for acreage planted--283,000,000
+     of the leading cereals, potatoes, tobacco, and cotton, as
+     against 261,000,000 for the preceding year, 251,000,000 for the
+     year prior to the outbreak of the European war, and 248,000,000
+     for the five-year average, 1910--14. This is a gain of
+     22,000,000 over the year preceding our entry into the war and
+     of 35,000,000 over the five-year average indicated. Even this
+     record was exceeded the second year of the war. There was
+     planted in 1918 for the same crops 289,000,000 acres, an
+     increase over the preceding record year of 5,600,000. It is
+     especially noteworthy that, while the acreage planted in wheat
+     in 1917 was slightly less than that for the record year of
+     1915, it exceeded the five-year average (1910--14) by 7,000,000;
+     that the acreage planted in 1918 exceeded the previous record
+     by 3,500,000; and that the indications are that the acreage
+     planted during the current fall season will considerably exceed
+     that of any preceding fall planting."
+
+
+YIELDS OF PRINCIPLE CEREALS
+
+     "In each of the last two years climatic conditions over
+     considerable sections of the Union were adverse--in 1917
+     especially for wheat and in 1918 for corn. Notwithstanding this
+     fact, the aggregate yield of the leading cereals in each of
+     these years exceeded that of any preceding year in the Nation's
+     history except 1915. The estimated total for 1917 was
+     5,796,000,000 bushels and for 1918, 5,638,000,000 bushels, a
+     decrease of approximately 160,000,000 bushels. But the
+     conclusion would be unwarranted that the available supplies for
+     human food or the aggregate nutritive value will be less in
+     1918 than in 1917. Fortunately, the wheat production for the
+     current year--918,920,000 bushels--is greatly in excess of that
+     for each of the preceding two years, 650,828,000 in 1917 and
+     636,318,000 in 1916, and is next to the record wheat crop of
+     the Nation. The estimated corn crop, 2,749,000,000 bushels,
+     exceeds the five-year pre-war average by 17,000,000 bushels, is
+     3.4 per cent. above the average in quality, and greatly
+     superior to that of 1917. It has been estimated that of the
+     large crop of last year, approximately 900,000,000 bushels were
+     soft. This, of course, was valuable as feed for animals, but
+     less so than corn of normal quality. It should be remembered,
+     in thinking in terms of food nutritional value, that, on the
+     average, only about 12 per cent. of the corn crop is annually
+     consumed by human beings and that not more than 26 per cent.
+     ever leaves the farm. It should be borne in mind also that the
+     stocks of corn on the farms November 1, 1918, were 118,400,000
+     bushels, as against less than 35,000,000 bushels last year, and
+     93,340,000 bushels, the average for the preceding five years.
+     It is noteworthy that the quality of each of the four great
+     cereals--barley, wheat, corn, and oats--ranges from 3 to 5.4
+     per cent., above the average.
+
+     "The tables printed below may facilitate the examination of
+     these essential facts:
+
+
+NEED OF FOOD CONSERVATION
+
+Statistics have not yet been published as to the comparative food
+production before the war and during the war years. Statistics of this
+kind would go a long way towards settling the question whether high
+prices were due to currency inflation or due to a scarcity of food. It
+must be remembered that the arguments on both sides are expressed very
+dogmatically. Take, for example, the following passage from an address
+by Mr. Moulton: "The food problem," he says, "goes much deeper than
+conserving the use of an existing stock of foodstuffs. The real food
+problem is how to secure a supply of food large enough to meet the
+continuous requirements of this nation and our Allies. This is more a
+question of production than of consumption. That is to say, conservation
+in consumption is less important than large production. There is no
+possible escape from a substantial shortage of the necessities of life."
+
+ =========================================================================
+                   ACREAGE OF CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES.
+                     [Figures refer to planted acreage.]
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+         |   1918,   |   1917,   |           |              |    Annual
+   Crop  |subject to |subject to |    1916   |     1914     |    average
+         |  revision |  revision |           |              |  1910--1914.
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+   CEREALS           |           |           |              |
+ Corn    |113,835,000|119,755,000|105,296,000|   103,435,000|  105,240,000
+ Wheat   | 64,659,000| 59,045,000| 56,810,000|    54,661,000|   52,452,000
+ Oats    | 44,475,000| 43,572,000| 41,527,000|    38,442,000|   38,014,000
+ Barley  |  9,108,000|  8,835,000|  7,757,000|     7,565,000|    7,593,000
+ Rye     |  6,119,000|  4,480,000|  3,474,000|     2,733,000|    2,562,000
+ Buckwheat  1,045,000|  1,006,000|    828,000|       792,000|      826,000
+ Rice    |  1,120,400|    964,000|    869,000|       694,000|      733,000
+ Kafirs  |  5,114,000|  5,153,000|  3,944,000|              |
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+  Total  |245,475,400|242,810,000|220,505,000|[7]208,322,000[7]207,420,000
+ =========================================================================
+ VEGETABLES          |           |           |              |
+ Potatoes|  4,113,000|  4,390,000|  3,565,000|     3,711,000|    3,686,000
+ Sweet   |    959,000|    953,000|    774,000|       603,000|      611,000
+ Potatoes|           |           |           |              |
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+  Total  |  5,072,000|  5,343,000|  4,339,000|     4,314,000|    4,297,000
+ =========================================================================
+ Tobacco |  1,452,900|  1,447,000|  1,413,000|     1,224,000|    1,209,000
+ Cotton  | 37,073,000| 33,841,000| 34,985,000|    36,832,000|   35,330,000
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+ Grand   |289,073,300|283,441,000|261,242,000|[7]250,692,000[7]248,256,000
+   Total.|           |           |           |              |
+ --------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------
+
+[7] Excluding kafirs.
+
+                    PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES
+         [Figures are in round thousands; i. e., 000 omitted.]
+
+ ======================================================================
+        Crops       |   1918   |  1917,  |   1916  |   1914  |  Annual
+                    |(unrevised| Subject |         |         | average
+                    | estimate |    to   |         |         |1910--1914
+                    | November |revision.|         |         |
+                    |  1918).  |         |         |         |
+ -------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------
+       CEREALS      |          |         |         |         |
+ Corn         | bush| 2,749,198|3,159,494|2,566,927|2,672,804|2,732,457
+ Wheat        |   do|   918,920|  650,828|  636,318|  891,017|  728,225
+ Oats         |   do| 1,535,297|1,587,286|1,251,837|1,141,060|1,157,961
+ Barley       |   do|   236,505|  208,975|  182,309|  194,953|  186,208
+ Rye          |   do|    76,687|   60,145|    8,862|   42,779|   37,568
+ Buckwheat    |   do|    18,370|   17,460|   11,662|   16,881|   17,022
+ Rice         |   do|    41,918|   36,278|   40,861|   23,649|   24,378
+ Kafirs       |   do|    61,182|   75,866|   53,858|         |
+              |-----+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------
+     Total    |   do| 5,638,077|5,796,332|4,792,634|4,983,143|4,883,819
+              |========================================================
+     VEGETABLES     |          |         |         |         |
+ Potatoes     | bush|   390,101|  442,536|  286,953|  409,921|  360,772
+ Sweet        |   do|    88,114|   87,141|   70,955|   56,574|   57,117
+      potatoes|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Beans        |   do|    17,802|   14,967|   10,715|   11,585|
+  (commercial)|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Onions, fall |   do|    13,438|   12,309|    7,833|    [8]  |
+    commercial|     |          |         |         |         |
+          crop|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Cabbage      | tons|       565|      475|      252|    [8]  |
+  (commercial)|     |          |         |         |         |
+        FRUITS      |          |         |         |         |
+ Peaches      | bush|    40,185|   45,066|   37,505|   54,109|   43,752
+ Pears        |   do|    10,342|   13,281|   11,874|   12,086|   11,184
+ Apples       |   do|   197,360|  174,608|  204,582|  253,200|  197,898
+ Cranberries, | bbls|       374|      255|      471|      644|
+      3 States|     |          |         |         |         |
+    MISCELLANEOUS   |          |         |         |         |
+ Flaxseed     | bush|    14,646|    8,473|   14,296|   13,749|   18,353
+ Sugar beets  | tons|     6,549|    5,980|    6,228|    5,585|    5,391
+ Tobacco      |  lbs| 1,266,686|1,196,451|1,153,278|1,034,679|  991,958
+ All hay      | tons|    86,254|   94,930|  110,992|   88,686|   81,640
+ Cotton       |bales|    11,818|   11,302|   11,450|   16,135|   14,259
+ Sorghum sirup|galls|    29,757|   34,175|   13,668|         |
+ Peanuts      | bush|    52,617|   56,104|   35,324|         |
+ Broom corn, 5| tons|        52|       52|       39|         |
+        States|     |          |         |         |         |
+ Clover seed  | bush|     1,248|    1,439|    1,706|         |
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[8] no estimate
+
+
+The same point of view is expressed in the following extract:
+
+     "It is not usually understood that the chief cause of the
+     enormously high prices of the necessities of life at the
+     present time is their relative scarcity. The supply of
+     necessities in this country has not materially increased, but
+     the demand for them, owing to the requirements of our Allies,
+     has enormously increased. We can prevent a still further
+     soaring of prices only by increased production of
+     necessities--increased production to be accomplished, let it be
+     repeated through a diversion of productive power from the
+     non-essential lines.
+
+     "The wealthy have often been urged since the war started to
+     spend lavishly on luxuries and to economize on necessities in
+     order that the necessities will remain for consumption by the
+     poor. This is sheer shortsightedness; for the energy devoted to
+     the production of luxuries for consumption by the wealthy
+     would, if diverted to the production of essentials, give us a
+     sufficient supply of the necessities of life that all might
+     have them in relative abundance. The result of a policy of
+     spending lavishly on luxuries is an inadequate production of
+     necessities and hence prices so high as to cause real privation
+     among the masses. Those engaged in producing luxuries obviously
+     cannot at the same time be engaged in producing necessities."
+
+In a war of attrition, physical deterioration of the masses of society
+in consequence of inadequate nourishment was certain to result in a
+serious decline in national morale, and this was a decided factor in the
+final outcome of the struggle. Food and other physical necessities would
+win the war. Mr. F. A. Vanderlip used the same argument for economies:
+
+     "Thus the diversion of productive resources to public ends
+     requires of each of us a voluntary or compulsory rearrangement
+     of individual and household budgets and radical changes in the
+     habits of our lives. We must encourage direct diversion by
+     reducing to a minimum our consumption of articles which can be
+     used by our soldiers. But it is even more important that we
+     give up the consumption of non-essential things in order that
+     the productive energy which they embody be devoted to the
+     accomplishment of the purpose in hand. The amount which we are
+     forced to give up or voluntarily surrender constitutes a
+     surplus over private consumption that measures the extent of
+     our ability to wage war. We are fighting a nation which
+     continues to be willing to reduce private consumption to the
+     barest subsistence minimum. Unless a large surplus is produced
+     we can gain no active participation in war and cannot hope for
+     a victorious peace. The larger the surplus the shorter the war
+     will be, and the nearer we are to victory."
+
+
+GREAT BRITAIN'S FOOD DANGER
+
+Under the long rgime of free trade Great Britain depended upon other
+countries for its food supply. To offset the submarine campaign earnest
+appeals were made to make England self-supporting in this respect. The
+appeals were answered and were given enthusiastic popular support. What
+strides were made in England's agriculture since the war began can be
+seen from a paragraph in the London _New Statesman_:
+
+     "In 1918, as against 1916, the acreage (England and Wales)
+     under oats is up by 35 per cent.; that under wheat by 38 per
+     cent.; that under barley by 11 per cent.; that under other
+     grain by 69 per cent.; that under potatoes by 50 per cent. The
+     number of allotments (1,300,000) has increased by 140 per cent.
+     The Report of the Food-Production Department ... is as
+     satisfactory as we could wish; the number of acres under
+     cultivation in the United Kingdom has gone up by over four
+     millions in two years, all records being broken.
+
+     "This figure ignores the great increase in gardens and
+     allotments, and it is estimated that, on the present scale of
+     consumption, this year's home harvest will be sufficient to
+     feed the population for forty weeks. The supply before the war
+     was only enough to meet a ten weeks' consumption. Breadstuffs
+     are not everything; and even of them one-fifth still has to be
+     provided. But granted that we can keep this rate of production
+     up, and--in spite of the drains of the Army upon our
+     labor--can, with the help of women and prisoners, save what we
+     produce, the wolf has now been driven a considerable distance
+     from the door. With sinkings diminishing and ship-building on
+     the increase, we can, we think, congratulate ourselves on the
+     final failure of the German attempt to starve us out."
+
+
+ACREAGE INCREASE DUE TO WOMEN'S LABOR
+
+     "Much of the increased cultivation has been done by women, we
+     are told, and Mr. Prothero, the British Minister of
+     Agriculture, had a cheerful picture to paint when appealing for
+     recruits for 'the Women's Land Army.' As reported by the London
+     _Morning Post_ his speech ran:
+
+     "'Today (1918) the acreage under wheat, barley, and oats is the
+     highest ever recorded in the history of our agriculture. That
+     is one of the finest achievements of the war. In the same
+     period the number of allotments has been increased by 800,000,
+     which means something like 800,000 tons of produce raised
+     additionally a big saving in transport, and an improvement
+     socially and morally. This advance has been effected in spite
+     of the fact that there are 500,000 fewer laborers on the land.
+     It is because of that decrease of labor that the appeal is
+     being made for more women. I do not believe that any assembly
+     of British farmers will hold back men who can possibly be
+     spared when the alternative is our troops being driven back by
+     overwhelming numbers and butchered on the beach by German guns.
+     The promise of the harvest is not yet fulfilled, and there is
+     much to be done. Women's work on the land is a vital necessity.
+     I know the work they are asked to do is hard, bringing with it
+     discomforts, and, comparatively speaking, is poorly paid. Life
+     on the land is not luxurious, but it brings health with it, and
+     the women have the conviction that they are doing something in
+     one of the most important fields to make victory sure.'"
+
+
+EVIDENCES OF FOOD SHORTAGE
+
+One of the by-products of the food situation in England was the
+suffering occasioned by the scanty food supply on the canine population
+of the island. The London _Times_ of June, 1918, contained the following
+pathetic paragraph:
+
+     "Considerable alarm has been caused among dog owners by the
+     intimation that stocks of biscuits are practically exhausted.
+     Not only is this the case, but the prospects of more flour
+     being released for their manufacture are also remote unless
+     some action is taken by the government to insure further
+     importations of low-grade flours suitable for the purpose.
+
+     "The state of things is undoubtedly acute. Until the food
+     economy campaign set in early last year most households
+     provided enough waste to feed a dog, and where more than one
+     was kept butchers' offals could be had for a few pence. These
+     sources of supply having now vanished, much ingenuity will have
+     to be exercised in order to preserve the family friend and
+     guard from extinction. Blood, steamed until it is of a solid
+     consistency, fish heads, and the heads of poultry offer some
+     alternatives. Rice, oatmeal, and other cereal products may not
+     be used.
+
+     "The whole question of dogs is engaging the closest attention
+     of the authorities. Admittedly the problem of reducing the
+     numbers is beset with difficulties, and, whatever is done, it
+     is extremely unlikely the one-dog owner will be disturbed, the
+     government recognizing the sentimental forces involved, to say
+     nothing of the utility value of many breeds."
+
+[Illustration: Members of "The Women's Land Army" in England
+
+Girls weeding frames in which cauliflower plants were set out to be
+ready for market in the early spring.
+
+Copyright by Underwood & Underwood]
+
+But while English dogs were threatened with starvation, dogs of Germany
+were having a still worse time. Numerous cable paragraphs were published
+giving the price of dog flesh in various German cities.
+
+Indeed, from all over Germany, at the closing period of the war, the
+hope of drawing upon Russian food supplies was seen to be illusory.
+There was much talk of getting food from the Ukraine, but this was
+probably used to keep up popular morale. The situation in the Ukraine
+did not encourage German hopes. This was frankly admitted by the
+_Frankfort Zeitung_:
+
+     "The stores and warehouses in the Ukraine are almost emptied.
+     The peasants' stocks are depleted, while the best seed corn has
+     been used to feed cattle or to supply a secret still, which
+     nearly every household possesses.
+
+     "The outlook for next harvest is most unpromising. The peasants
+     have plundered the estates, destroyed farm buildings and
+     machinery, and have stolen or slaughtered most of the cattle.
+     No labor is available for cultivation, and there are no
+     facilities for harvesting the next crop, while the sugar
+     industry is confronted with ruin, owing to the decrease of beet
+     cultivation."
+
+
+FOOD CONTROL FOR NEUTRALS
+
+It is interesting to study the effect of the war on the food situation
+of the neutral powers. In Scandinavia, there was at first a panicky
+feeling of a world-wide catastrophe; then there came the realization of
+an unparalleled chance for making profit. The international shortage of
+tonnage made freight rates soar. Shipping shares became attractive. Then
+came the submarine sinkings, and the refusal of the Allies to allow
+goods to be imported into Scandinavia for the sole purpose of selling
+them to the Central Powers. Imports fell off rapidly. Everything which
+could be sold had been sold in the beginning of the war. The next step
+was the placing of an embargo on exports by the Scandinavian
+governments:
+
+     "The index of the Swedish official list of laws, dated October
+     31, 1916, forbidding exports, mentioned more than 1,100
+     articles, and even that was expressly called only a help to
+     find the commodity looked for and did not pretend to be a
+     complete index. The result was, of course, that trade, compared
+     to former volumes, decreased very considerably, and the energy
+     as well as the wealth actually earned was turned towards
+     speculation on the local exchange.
+
+     "To supply all the people of Scandinavia with the necessities
+     of life was a problem. Law upon law, one governmental decree
+     after the other, tried to regulate the distribution of
+     commodities as well as their prices. The majority of the people
+     were in actual need. Prices soared, and it really did not
+     matter to the ordinary man whether the cause of this rise in
+     the cost of living was a too big circulation of paper currency
+     or a limited supply of goods. What confronted him was the fact
+     itself, not theories, and he realized all too well that he
+     could not make 'both ends meet.' There was, generally speaking,
+     no doubt that under normal circumstances the laws of supply and
+     demand will work satisfactorily to the community and that
+     artificial interference was only harmful. The supply being
+     short, consequently the demand and the consumption must be
+     controlled to secure a fair distribution. Sugar cards, which
+     had been used in Sweden for months, and which were decreed in
+     Denmark to go into force January 1, 1917, were an example of
+     the means employed to control the distribution and to prevent
+     waste to supplies.
+
+     "While on the one hand one saw new millionaires permit
+     themselves to indulge in the most senseless luxuries, which
+     incidentally added considerably to the high cost of living
+     under circumstances like these, the less well-to-do actually
+     were without many things formerly considered necessities.
+     Collections of money and foodstuffs were made all over
+     Scandinavia to help the less fortunate through the winter. The
+     poorer population of the cities was especially considered. It
+     was even difficult to get a roof over one's head. Proposals and
+     counter proposals to remedy the evil were forthcoming, but no
+     real remedy seemed to be in sight."
+
+
+FEEDING EUROPE'S STARVING MILLIONS
+
+A preliminary accounting was rendered on December 1, 1919, by Herbert C.
+Hoover, covering the $100,000,000 fund appropriated by Congress for the
+relief of starving Europeans. From Mr. Hoover's report it appears that
+in payment for relief supplied to eight European countries Mr. Hoover
+decided to accept their notes bearing 5% interest. Mr. Hoover's report
+stated:
+
+     "About 88 per cent. of the relief supplies furnished were sold
+     under contract to the various Governments in the relief areas.
+     For all such sales these Governments gave their special
+     treasury notes in a form approved by the United States
+     Treasury, bearing 5 per cent. interest, due June 30, 1921, to
+     June 30, 1924. It was impossible to obtain reimbursement in
+     cash because the currency in the countries to which these
+     supplies were sent was impossible to convert into foreign
+     exchange, except in comparatively insignificant amounts.
+
+
+POLAND THE BIGGEST DEBTOR
+
+     "I give herewith approximate list of the notes of each
+     Government, which we expect to turn over to the United States
+     Treasury.
+
+    Poland                   $57,000,000
+    Czechoslovakia             6,750,000
+    Armenia                   10,000,000
+    Russia.                    5,000,000
+    Esthonia                   2,300,000
+    Latvia                     3,000,000
+    Lithuania                    700,000
+    Finland                    4,000,000
+
+    Total                    $88,750,000
+
+     "The remaining 12 per cent. of the supplies was donated in
+     assistance to private organizations set up in each country
+     under direction of the American Relief Administration for the
+     purpose of furnishing food on a charitable basis to
+     undernourished children. For such supplies it was, of course,
+     impossible to obtain reimbursement. This service has
+     contributed greatly to stabilizing the situation in those
+     countries, aside from the physical benefits to more than
+     3,000,000 undernourished children, to whom the war threatened
+     serious and permanent injury. Certainly this service is one for
+     which the name of America will always be held in deepest
+     gratitude."
+
+
+FOOD CONDITIONS AFTER THE ARMISTICE
+
+[Illustration: A Map Issued by the Food Administration to Show Food
+Conditions in Europe After the Signing of the Armistice.]
+
+It is impossible in words to show what the food conditions were in
+Europe after the armistice was signed. The United States Food
+Administration issued a statement that there were 420,000,000 people in
+Europe with food supplies sufficient to last only until next harvest for
+a small proportion of them. Some countries had to be supplied at once;
+others, it was believed, could help themselves temporarily, provided
+they could be given guarantees of food for the future. Many countries
+were devastated, undernourished and stripped bare of food and
+agricultural equipment because of enemy occupation. A graphic picture of
+the situation was presented by the Food Administration in the Hunger Map
+of Europe.
+
+
+NEW FACTORS AFTER NOVEMBER, 1918
+
+An official survey of how cessation of active fighting introduced new
+factors in the food situation is presented in a publication of the
+Agricultural Department, July, 1919.
+
+     "With the signing of the armistice and the cessation of active
+     fighting, new factors were introduced which affect the food
+     situation. One of these was the step taken to release shipping
+     as rapidly as possible, with the probable result that the
+     agricultural products of the more distant producing countries
+     will again largely appear on the markets of Europe. The
+     channels of trade are being reestablished and food supplies
+     will be sought wherever they can be secured most cheaply.
+
+     "A provision of the armistice required the immediate evacuation
+     by the Germans of a large area in Belgium, France,
+     Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg, and other territory. As a result
+     many millions of people have been added to those that must be
+     aided and fed by the Allies, and a material increase in the
+     amount of foodstuffs to be imported has been made necessary. It
+     may be found, too, that Turkey, Austria, and even Germany will
+     have to draw on outside supplies to meet their needs.
+
+     "The demobilization of the European armies will permit men to
+     return to the farms, and it may be expected that under the
+     stimulus of an urgent demand for food an attempt will be made
+     this year to increase food production in all the affected
+     European countries. The devastated regions will be slow in
+     recovering. Much time and labor will be required to construct
+     necessary homes and farm buildings, level the ground, remove
+     obstructions, and in other ways prepare for a resumption of
+     regular agricultural activities. But it must be remembered that
+     as compared with the whole of the countries concerned these
+     areas are small and should not affect the results in any large
+     way.
+
+     "In many sections of Europe there is a shortage of horses and
+     other work stock, farm machinery, seeds, and fertilizers. In
+     these localities a normal production should not be expected,
+     but it is evident that under favorable conditions a material
+     increase over the past year will be secured.
+
+
+     CEREAL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1919
+
+     "The following table presents estimates of the cereal
+     requirements for 1919 and shows the world balance as deficit or
+     surplus. Figures for the cereals, except rice, represent
+     millions of bushels.
+
+    ==========================================================
+    Import Requirements |Wheat| Rye|Barley| Oats| Corn|  Rice,
+                        |     |    |      |     |     | Hulled
+    --------------------+-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    EUROPE              |     |    |      |     |     |_Million_
+                        |     |    |      |     |     | _pounds_
+    Allies              |  525|  25|    50|  150|  220|  1,945
+    Neutrals            |  124|  40|    30|   38|   78|    302
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+                        |  649|  65|    80|  188|  298|  2,247
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Germany             |   68|    |   149|    3|   32|    438
+    Austria-Hungary     |   11|    |      |    2|   15|    183
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Total Europe        |  728|  65|    22|  193|  345|  2,868
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Other countries     |     |    |      |     |     |  7,411
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Grand total         |     |    |      |     |     | 10,279
+                        |=====================================
+    Surplus (estimated):|     |    |      |     |     |
+    Canada              |  100|    |    50|   75|     |
+    Argentina           |  185|    |      |     |   90|
+    Australia           |  210|    |      |     |     |
+    India               |     |    |      |     |     | 18,000
+    Other countries     |     |    |      |     |     |  7,400
+    (pre-war)           |     |    |      |     |     |
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Total, except United|  495|    |    50|   75|   90| 25,400
+    States              |     |    |      |     |     |
+                        |=====================================
+    Net deficit         |  233|  65|   179|  118|  255|
+                        |=====================================
+    UNITED STATES, 1918 |     |    |      |     |     |
+    Production          |  917|  89|   250|1,538|2,583|  1,123
+    Consumption         |  640|  32|   130|1,254|2,730|    816
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    Surplus             |  277|  57|   120|  284|     |    307
+    Deficit             |     |    |      |     |  147|
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+    WORLD               |     |    |      |     |     |
+    Surplus             |   44|    |      |  166|     | 14,428
+    Deficit             |     |   8|    59|     |  402|
+                        |-----+----+------+-----+-----+-------
+
+    NOTE.--Estimates of European crop and live-stock production,
+    consumption, and stocks on hand, surplus or deficiency, are based on
+    incomplete data, which are subject to change as more complete data
+    become available.
+
+     "The figures on import requirements of the Allies and neutrals
+     are those estimated for 1917--18, while the estimated
+     requirements of Germany and Austria are pre-war net imports.
+
+     "The rice surplus might be required in the Orient for countries
+     whose crops may have failed.
+
+              MISCELLANEOUS CROP REQUIREMENTS, 1919.
+
+ =================================================================
+ Import requirements of--    |   Cotton (500|   Tobacco|  Flaxseed
+                             |pounds bales).|  (million|  (million
+                             |              |  pounds).| bushels).
+ ----------------------------+--------------+----------+----------
+            EUROPE           |              |          |
+ Allies, including Japan     |     8,058,000|       340|      21.6
+ Neutrals                    |       720,000|       150|       7.9
+ Germany and Austria-Hungary |     2,932,000|       355|      15.7
+ (pre-war boundaries)        |              |          |
+ Other countries             |      1,200,00|        17|
+ ----------------------------+--------------+----------+----------
+      Total requirements     |    13,010,000|     1,022|      45.2
+                             |====================================
+ SURPLUS (ESTIMATED)         |              |          |
+ Countries, except United    |     2,680,000|          |        40
+ States, recently reported   |              |          |
+ (1918)                      |              |          |
+ Average, 1900--1913, for    |        500,00|       650|    [9]5.7
+ other surplus countries     |              |          |
+                             |--------------+----------+----------
+ Total, except United States |     3,180,000|       650|        40
+        UNITED STATES        |              |          |
+ Production, 1918            |     11,700,00|     1,340|      14.7
+ Consumption                 |     6,600,000|       720|      26.7
+ Surplus                     |     5,100,000|       620|
+ Deficit                     |              |          |        12
+            WORLD            |              |          |
+ Surplus                     |              |       148|
+ Deficit                     |     4,730,000|          |      17.2
+ ----------------------------|--------------+----------+----------
+
+[9] Russia
+
+NOTE.--The figures are based on pre-war averages, 1909--1913, which may
+be considerably changed by post-war conditions.
+
+     "The cotton table is based upon normal industrial conditions in
+     all the consuming countries and upon the restoration of the
+     spinning industry in the devastated regions. If conditions do
+     not reach normal, and if the industry is not restored, the
+     consumption of cotton will be substantially less. With
+     practically complete restoration, cotton consumption may well
+     be expected to equal the normal or pre-war times on account of
+     the present shortage of cotton goods in various countries. The
+     economies which the peoples of Europe must practice for some
+     years to come must be considered."
+
+
+CENTRAL EUROPE IN DIRE WANT
+
+News from Europe showed everywhere acute suffering from lack of food;
+even in France the country districts were badly off. A member of the
+Federal Food Administration reported that bread was practically the only
+food that anyone could afford. President Wilson referred to this subject
+in the address with which he accompanied his announcement of the terms
+signed by Germany. He definitely took a stand in favor of provisioning
+the country, explaining that by use of the idle tonnage of the Central
+Empires it ought presently to be possible to lift the fear of utter
+misery,
+
+     "'from their oppressed populations and set their minds and
+     energies free for the great and hazardous tasks of political
+     reconstruction which now face them on every hand. Hunger does
+     not breed reform; it breeds madness and all the ugly distempers
+     that make an ordered life impossible.
+
+     "'For with the fall of the ancient governments which rested
+     like an incubus on the peoples of the Central Empires has come
+     political change not merely, but revolution.'
+
+     "Putting this danger into a nutshell, the _Wall Street Journal_
+     asks whether Central Europe shall have 'bread or Bolshevism?'
+     This strong exponent of a firm social order is of the opinion
+     that 'we must recognize the fact that hunger breeds anarchy,
+     and that the most effective weapon against Bolshevism is a loaf
+     of bread.' Victory has made the Allied peoples, 'through their
+     governments, responsible for world conditions,' in the opinion
+     of this paper as well as of the Montreal _Star_ quoted above,
+     and Food Administrator Hoover declares that 'the specter of
+     famine abroad now haunts the abundance of our tables at home.'"
+
+
+TO PREVENT FAMINE IN GERMANY
+
+Both in England and in France there was official recognition of the need
+of preventing famine conditions in Germany. It was believed that large
+imports of wheat could be brought from Australia and India. The _Times_
+(London) said:
+
+     "Mr. Hoover expects that enough wheat will be brought from
+     those countries to permit reduction of the percentage of
+     substitutes now required in bread, and thus release fodder
+     grain for dairy use. The change, it is said, may take place
+     within three months. But it will not reduce the total of
+     foodstuffs which we must supply. He predicts that 'our load
+     will be increased,' and that there will be a greater demand for
+     economy.
+
+     "The available quantities of grain are sufficient. From our
+     great crop of wheat we can spare more than 300,000,000 bushels.
+     Canada, with a yield almost equal to last year's, has a
+     surplus. While our crop of corn shows a decline of 441,000,000
+     bushels from that of a year ago, it is very near to recent
+     averages and of very good quality. The output of home gardens,
+     increased by one half, is not included in official reports,
+     although its value exceeds $500,000,000. Australia has on hand
+     the surplus of three wheat crops, India is said to have
+     120,000,000 bushels for shipment, and much can be taken from
+     Argentina. As a rule, our war partners in Europe increased
+     their crops this year. England gains 30,000,000 bushels of
+     wheat, Italy 24,000,000, and France 35,000,000. But other crops
+     in France are short, and the nutritive value of the entire
+     yield is less than that of last year's harvest. It is well
+     known that the Central Powers have very little food; and no
+     help can come to them from the East. Before the war Russia
+     exported a large surplus of wheat. Many of her people are now
+     starving. So far as can be learned, she has no grain to sell.
+     Bulgaria and Rumania have the smallest crops in fifty years.
+     Germany and Austria can get no grain from the northern
+     neutrals; we are sending wheat to them. There is food enough to
+     supply the wants of our European friends and foes until the
+     next harvest if it can be carefully distributed. But if the
+     plans for helping those who have fought against us, as well as
+     our partners in the war, are carried out, the American people
+     must practice economy and submit to restrictions for some time
+     to come."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+A Food Riot in Sweden
+
+News from Europe immediately following the armistice showed everywhere
+acute suffering from lack of food. A member of the Federal Food
+Administration reported that bread was practically the only food that
+anyone could afford.]
+
+
+SUGAR DISTRIBUTION
+
+Among the multiform activities of the American Food Administration, the
+distribution of sugar was most difficult. America had to supply sugar to
+the Allies and retain enough for the use of its own people. The matter
+of the feeling of personal self-sacrifice was difficult enough but there
+was the further question of how to organize and allocate distribution.
+The government had to decide the amount to be distributed to sugar-using
+industries. These industries had to be classified. For the manufacture
+of soft drinks it was decided to allow only one-half of the sugar used
+in normal times. Bakers were given a 70 percent. allotment and hotels
+were permitted three pounds of sugar to every ninety meals served,
+including cooking.
+
+The sugar resources of the country, both cane and beet-root, were
+regulated by the so-called Sugar Equalization Board. The operation of
+this body was explained officially in the _Literary Digest_:
+
+     "This board is a part of the Food Administration and approved
+     by the President. Its purpose is to equalize the cost of
+     various sugars and to secure better distribution. It can also
+     cooperate with the Allies in the procurement of sugar for them
+     and in the adjustment of overseas freight rates. Through
+     capital supplied by the President through his special funds, it
+     is enabled, when desirable, to buy up all available sugars at
+     different prices and resell them at one fixed and even rate.
+
+     "In other words, it provides a sort of vast storehouse of
+     sugar, which may be doled out where it is most needed, at a
+     price secure from the fluctuations otherwise inevitable in war
+     time."
+
+
+KEEPING DOWN THE PRICE
+
+What might happen without this Sugar Equalization Board is illustrated
+by the Civil War, when sugar, because of speculation, went as high as
+thirty-five cents a pound. And at _that_ time there was no world
+shortage of sugar. If there were no sort of sugar control today, it may
+readily be believed that the consumer might have to pay sugar prices
+soaring far above those Civil War levels.
+
+     "It costs more to produce and market some sugars (such as
+     domestic beet sugar and Louisiana cane) than it does others,
+     such as Cuban cane sugar. But that is no reason why the sugar
+     manufacturer, whose production costs are high, should suffer,
+     even to the extent of being forced out of the market. Nor can
+     the country afford to have this happen under present war time
+     shortage of nearby supplies. Consequently, when it becomes
+     necessary, the Sugar Equalization Board through its purchasing
+     powers can insure fair profits to the manufacturers. Then the
+     Board may resell this sugar, so that it reaches the public at a
+     price lower than what the maximum would otherwise be."
+
+
+POTATO ECONOMY
+
+In order to remedy the generally inadequate food supply, it became
+necessary to treat such a standard food as the potato according to newly
+devised methods by which it could be stored for permanent use and widely
+distributed. In a lecture in Economics given to a class of the National
+City Bank, it was stated that, since the war began, it was found
+practicable so to preserve the potato by grinding and drying as to
+transform it from a local and perishable commodity to one which could be
+produced in almost unlimited quantities and distributed to any part of
+the world:
+
+     "The potato can be grown in almost any temperate zone area, but
+     theretofore nine-tenths of the world's crop of 6,000,000,000
+     bushels is grown in a half-dozen countries, and almost
+     exclusively in Europe and North America. Germany, Russia,
+     Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, and the United States
+     have produced in favorable years about 5,000,000,000 bushels,
+     while the remainder of the world produced only 1,000,000,000.
+     These six countries that produced five-tenths of the world's
+     potato crop have only 450,000,000 peoples, while the potatoless
+     world has a population of over 1,200,000,000, from which it
+     appears that 'fully two-thirds of the population of the world
+     live outside of the area.'
+
+     "Germany is by far the largest potato grower of the world,
+     producing about 2,000,000,000 out of a world crop of
+     6,000,000,000 bushels, using them as a food for man and animals
+     and the production of alcohol for use in her industries, and
+     for the production of heat and power when necessary. Next in
+     line is European Russia, with an annual crop of about
+     1,000,000,000 bushels; Austria-Hungary, 600,000,000; France,
+     500,000,000; United States, 450,000,000, and Great Britain,
+     300,000,000 bushels.
+
+     "This new system of turning the potato into a condition in
+     which it can be readily distributed has, quite naturally,
+     developed in the country which has the largest potato
+     production of the world, Germany. Factories for the crushing
+     and drying of the potato and turning the product into flour for
+     man, flakes and cubes for animals, or alcohol for the chemical
+     industry and also as a substitute for petrol, have grown from
+     about a dozen a few years ago to over 400 in 1914 and 840 in
+     1916, with a capacity to turn into this condensed form more
+     than 1,000,000,000 bushels of potatoes a year. The reduction in
+     weight is about 60 per cent., while the product can be
+     preserved almost indefinitely.
+
+     "The value of our own potato crop in the United States last
+     year was approximately $540,000,000 at the place of production,
+     and yet the amount entering international trade was only
+     $4,000,000. Our potato crop averages about 90 bushels per acre,
+     that of European Russia 100 bushels; France 135 bushels;
+     Austria 150 bushels; United Kingdom 124 bushels, and Germany
+     200 bushels and upward per acre, her large flavorless potato,
+     grown chiefly for alcohol, having reached and sometimes
+     exceeded 500 bushels per acre."
+
+
+FUEL CONTROL
+
+The coal industry was the one basic war industry. Food and munitions
+were dependent upon the coal supply. It is not necessary to elaborate
+this argument; it is patent to every one. The following table gives a
+view of the coal production of the most important countries:
+
+    COAL PRODUCTION IN THE LEADING COAL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
+
+ =========================================================================
+    Country    |    1913   |    1914   |    1915   |    1916   |   1917
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
+ United States|570,048,125|513,525,477|531,619,487|585,372,568|621,409,629
+ Great Britain|287,698,617|265,664,393|253,206,081|256,348,351|248,473,119
+ Germany      |278,627,497|245,482,135|235,082,000|           |
+ Austria-Hungary59,647,957|           |           | 30,896,388| 28,558,719
+ France       | 40,843,618| 29,786,505| 19,908,000| 21,477,000| 28,960,000
+ Russia       | 35,500,674|           | 27,820,632| 13,622,400| 13,266,760
+ Belgium      | 22,847,000|           | 15,930,000|           |
+ Japan        | 21,315,962| 21,293,419| 20,490,747| 22,901,580|
+ India        | 18,163,856|           | 17,103,932| 17,254,309|
+ China        | 15,432,200|           | 18,000,000|           |
+ Canada       | 15,012,178| 13,637,529| 13,267,023| 14,483,395| 14,015,588
+ Spain        |  4,731,647|  4,424,439|  4,686,753|  5,588,594|
+ Holland      |  2,064,608|           |  2,333,000|  2,656,000|
+ =========================================================================
+
+
+THE COAL SHORTAGE
+
+A rapid advance in coal prices was inevitable under war conditions of
+unceasing demand and diminishing supply. Says Mr. William Notz in an
+article in the _Journal of Political Economy_, June, 1918:
+
+     "The question of war-time coal prices offers many angles of
+     interest. Everywhere prices have increased far above pre-war
+     levels. Voluntary agreements on the part of producers and
+     dealers to limit prices and profits have failed without
+     exception. In all the leading coal-consuming countries of the
+     world maximum prices had to be fixed sooner or later by
+     government action. In every case the maximum mine prices are
+     considerably above the average scale of prices obtaining in the
+     years immediately prior to the war. In every country where
+     maximum sales prices at the mines were fixed, liberal
+     allowances were made for wage increases to mine workers. In
+     Great Britain present maximum mine prices approximate 6s. 6d.
+     above the average mine price which obtained during the year
+     ending June 30, 1914. In the United States special mine prices
+     have been fixed for each state, and in many cases also for
+     certain coal fields within a state. The f.o.b. price for
+     bituminous coal in Pennsylvania was in 1913 $1.11 and in 1918,
+     $2.60. Anthracite increased to $4.00 ($4.55 for white ash
+     broken).
+
+     "In Germany the total increase in mine prices of the
+     Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate from the beginning of the
+     war to January, 1917, approximated $1.25 per ton.
+
+     "While a certain degree of uniformity is noticeable in the rise
+     in price levels for coal at the mines in the countries where
+     maximum prices have been fixed, an entirely different picture
+     presents itself if we compare the maximum retail coal prices
+     obtaining under government regulations in different sections of
+     the same country. In most countries the national coal
+     controller has established a uniform maximum margin of profit
+     for all retail coal dealers, while local authorities have fixed
+     maximum retail coal prices for their communities. By reason of
+     the fact that in establishing maximum retail consumers' prices
+     allowances had to be made for increased handling expenses,
+     freight rates, middlemen's profits, war taxes, etc., retail
+     coal prices at the present time universally show a very heavy
+     increase over pre-war prices."
+
+
+FUEL CONSERVATION MEASURES
+
+American Fuel Control had to grapple drastically with a situation of
+shortage so dangerous that a catastrophe might have been precipitated at
+any moment. Fuel Administrator Garfield issued orders for coal
+conservation of a most startling and unusual character. Factories east
+of the Mississippi were ordered shut down for five days beginning
+January 18, 1918. Monday, furthermore,
+
+     "was decreed a holiday for ten weeks on which offices,
+     factories, and stores, except drug and food stores, must use
+     only such fuel as is necessary to prevent damage. The order
+     under which these restrictions were made, according to the Fuel
+     Administration's statement to the press, was 'designed to
+     distribute with absolute impartiality the burden,' and it added
+     that the Fuel Administration 'counts upon the complete
+     patriotic cooperation of every individual, firm, and
+     corporation affected by the order in its enforcement.' We read
+     further that the government aims to carry out its plan without
+     'undue interference with the ordinary course of business' and
+     earnestly desires to 'prevent entirely any dislocation of
+     industry or labor.'
+
+
+SHUT-DOWN OF INDUSTRY TO SAVE COAL
+
+     "Fuel Administrator Garfield hoped to save 30,000,000 tons of
+     coal and to give the railroads a chance to straighten out the
+     transportation tangle in the eastern states, according to a
+     Washington correspondent of the New York _Tribune_, who notes
+     that the measures were taken by the President and the
+     government heads 'as a desperate remedy.' The closing down of
+     the greater part of the nation's industries, trades, and
+     business, says the New York _Sun_, is the 'fruit of the insane,
+     criminal starvation of the railroads by the government for a
+     generation'; yet regardless of what it may cost any individual
+     or group of individuals, the order is to be 'greeted without
+     protest.' A surgeon was more welcome than an undertaker, in the
+     view of this daily, and a disaster of the second degree and a
+     temporary one is better than a disaster of the first degree and
+     a permanent one. If the five-day term clears the railroads and
+     the Monday holidays set the trains running with their former
+     clocklike regularity, the _Sun_ added, we can resume being the
+     'busiest nation on earth, instead of being an industrial
+     paralytic.' While recognizing that the order struck Utica and
+     all cities in the designated territory 'a staggering blow,' the
+     _Utica Press_ holds that there is really nothing a patriotic
+     city could do about it save to accept the situation with as
+     good grace as possible, and if the result hasten the end all
+     will agree that it was a good investment. The Chicago _Herald_
+     considered the order 'a tremendous decision' carrying with it a
+     'tremendous responsibility,' and while the chief industries of
+     the principal part of a nation can not be stopped even for a
+     day without disorganization and loss, still the country is
+     willing to pay the price 'if it is the necessary cost of
+     preventing the suffering of hundreds and thousands, perhaps
+     millions, of individuals and of keeping certain indispensable
+     war and public functions going at their accustomed speed.'"
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Harry A. Garfield=
+
+As Fuel Administrator during the war he issued orders for coal
+conservation of a most startling character. Factories east of the
+Mississippi were ordered shut down for five days beginning January 18,
+1918. Monday was decreed a holiday for ten weeks "on which offices,
+factories and stores must use only such fuel as is necessary to prevent
+damage."]
+
+
+THE GOVERNMENT'S EXPLANATION
+
+From Fuel Administrator Garfield's explanation of the necessity of the
+order the following passage is taken:
+
+     "The most urgent thing to be done is to send to the American
+     forces abroad and to the Allies the food and war supplies
+     which they vitally need. War munitions, food, manufactured
+     articles of every description, lie at our Atlantic ports in
+     tens of thousands of tons, while literally hundreds of ships,
+     waiting, loaded with war goods for our men and the Allies, can
+     not take the seas because their bunkers are empty of coal. The
+     coal to send them on their way is waiting behind the congested
+     freight that has jammed all the terminals.
+
+     "It is worse than useless to bend our energies to more
+     manufacturing when what we have already manufactured lies at
+     tidewater, congesting terminal facilities, jamming the railroad
+     yards and side tracks for a long distance back into the
+     country. No power on earth can move this freight into the war
+     zone, where it is needed, until we supply the ships with fuel.
+
+     "Once the docks are cleared of the valuable freight for which
+     our men and associates in the war now wait in vain, then again
+     our energies and power may be turned to manufacturing, more
+     efficient than ever; so that a steady and uninterrupted stream
+     of vital supplies may be this nation's answer to the Allies'
+     cry for help....
+
+     "This is war. Whatever the cost, we must pay it, so that in the
+     face of the enemy there can never be the reproach that we held
+     back from doing our full share. Those ships, laden with our
+     supplies of food for men and food for guns, must have coal and
+     put to sea."
+
+
+GARFIELD'S PLAN FOR FUEL ECONOMY, 1918--19
+
+After the trying experiences of the winter of 1918, the Fuel
+Administration began to prepare in the following summer for another
+prospective shortage in coal supply. Fortunately the following winter
+was remarkably mild throughout the country. But the plans outlined by
+the Fuel Administration are more than useful as a matter of record. They
+may be used as a model under other conditions of fuel shortage. The
+following passage from the Fuel Administration _Bulletin_ illustrates
+the plan of campaign:
+
+     "Fuel economy is being given intensive study in connection with
+     steam plants and industrial uses. An organization is already in
+     existence, provided with engineers and inspectors who will
+     visit every one of the two hundred and fifty thousand
+     steam-producing plants in the country with a view to the
+     improvement both of equipment and firing practice. This is
+     expected to save twenty million tons of coal.
+
+     "The economical use of power in factories will be in the hands
+     of organized shop committees. The power loads of the public
+     utilities throughout the country are being studied with a view
+     to readjustments which will result in large saving.
+
+     "In many cities the isolated power plants which use an extravagant
+     amount of coal in proportion to the power produced will be urged to
+     obtain more economical power from large producing stations.
+
+     "The introduction of 'skip-stop' schedules on all the street
+     railways is expected to save a million tons of coal. The
+     consolidation of ice plants will yield a still larger tonnage.
+     Unnecessary outdoor lighting, including advertising signs and
+     display illumination, will be reduced. Hotels, office
+     buildings, apartment houses, and public buildings are being
+     asked to join in rigid economy of light and heat.
+
+     "Every American citizen will be asked to clean his furnace,
+     keep it in repair, and study economical firing. Instructions
+     prepared by the highest authority will be furnished by the Fuel
+     Administration.
+
+     "If every one joins in this movement, from the owner of an
+     industrial plant to the householder with his furnace and cook
+     stove, if indoor and outdoor lighting is reduced to the amount
+     absolutely needed, if houses are not overheated, the furnace
+     dampers properly adjusted, and the ashes sifted, it will be
+     possible to save from fifty to seventy-five million tons of
+     coal without serious inconvenience to the American people."
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES OF FUEL CONTROL
+
+Some conception of the difficulties involved in the work of fuel control
+was set forth officially in a paper published by the Fuel Administration
+called _Fuel Problems in War Time_. The production of coal, it pointed
+out, stands on a different basis from that of any other major industry
+of the country. The differences are illustrated in the following
+paragraphs:
+
+     "As an illustration, consider the cotton crop with its millions
+     of bales. Every bale of cotton raised in the country last year
+     amounted to no more than the coal moved in one and one-third
+     days. Or take the wheat crop for comparison. We hear of the
+     immense preparations made during the fall months for moving the
+     wheat crop; yet the weight of America's enormous wheat crop of
+     1917 is equaled by the coal mined and transported every eight
+     days.
+
+     "Every year the miners go into the ground and dig out coal and
+     the railroads ship it for hundreds of miles, dragging back the
+     empty cars, until the amount mined equals two and one-fourth
+     times the earth and rock removed in digging the Panama Canal.
+     _It took sixteen years to dig the Panama Canal. Our miners will
+     dig two and one-half Panama Canals this year._
+
+     "In the mining of coal we are dealing with a task so gigantic
+     that the wonder is not why we have not increased production to
+     meet the demand, whatever that might be, but how, with the men
+     and equipment overtaxed by the multiplicity of the demands of
+     the war, we were able to increase the output fifty million tons
+     in 1917, and will be able to add a probable fifty million tons
+     to that high record the present year.
+
+     "The wonder is increased when we note that every other
+     coal-producing country now in the war found it impossible to
+     maintain the pre-war production of coal. In every case the
+     output is less now than before the war. In England seven and
+     one-half per cent. less coal was produced the first year of the
+     war than in the previous year and five per cent. less than this
+     reduced output in the following year. America alone has been
+     able to increase its production of coal in addition to meeting
+     the thousands of other increases demanded by war preparation.
+
+
+COAL AND THE STEEL SUPPLY
+
+     "As every one knows, coal mining is very largely a matter of
+     coal transportation. The most difficult task involved in an
+     increase must fall upon the railroads. The wonderful work these
+     railroads are doing is brought into bold relief when we
+     remember that in 1914, when the great war started, the output
+     of bituminous coal in the United States was 423,000,000 tons,
+     and that in 1918 it promises to be nearly 200,000,000 tons
+     greater.
+
+     "Apparently, this country today can furnish the steel required
+     if only it can get the necessary coal. The work of the Fuel
+     Administration during many months has been directed toward
+     increasing coal production. These efforts have borne much
+     fruit, miners are approaching one hundred per cent. service,
+     while the railroads are outdoing themselves expediting the
+     movement of coal cars from the mine to the consumer and back
+     again.
+
+     "But war's demands mount so rapidly that even with full speed
+     ahead production can not make the pace. _A fuel deficit can be
+     averted only by the most intensive conservation._ Conservation,
+     economy, savings, sacrifice must fill the gap between the
+     possible increase of production and the greater increase of
+     demand. If every user of coal will join the army of fuel
+     conservationists, realizing that the need for steel to carry on
+     this war is practically unlimited and that every ton saved
+     means an additional five hundred pounds of steel, there is
+     prospect--the figures show it--that the work of the miners will
+     not be in vain. Our increased production, plus conservation,
+     the Fuel Administration believes, can furnish the coal, and
+     hence the steel needed for the war, and still leave none of our
+     people cold."
+
+
+SIDE ISSUES OF FUEL CONTROL
+
+Economizing coal involved all kinds of unexpected side issues. As an
+illustration of the far extended reach of the Fuel Administration there
+was the example of the skip-stop plan in street railway traffic enforced
+by the Federal administration. A writer in the Chicago _Engineering and
+Contracting Journal_ suggested, September 4, 1918, that the Government
+should adopt and extend the policy of compelling individuals and
+corporations to use economic methods and machines:
+
+     "Conceive, if you can, what could be accomplished in America in
+     the way of increased productivity and economy if our Federal
+     Government had the authority to make every individual and every
+     company adopt any method or device that had been proved to be
+     economic. No engineer acquainted with the application of the
+     principles of the science of management can doubt that if the
+     universal adoption of those principles could be forced upon
+     producers in general, this nation could increase its
+     productivity fully 25 per cent. That would alone add more than
+     twelve million dollars annually to the national income. But
+     that is not all. The application of the principles of the
+     science of management is only a fraction of the total enginery
+     at our disposal. We have literally countless labor and
+     material-saving machines and appliances that are scarcely used,
+     although many of them are generations old. Does this sound
+     incredible? Certainly not to any engineer who has a wide
+     acquaintance with the literature of engineering.
+
+     "Take so simple a thing as the heat insulator for steam pipes
+     and boilers. It has been known to engineers for nearly a
+     century that by encasing boilers and pipes with magnesia or
+     other suitable insulators, practically all heat radiation and
+     conduction losses could be stopped. Furthermore, it has been
+     known to engineers that the saving in fuel thus effected would
+     pay an annual interest of 20 per cent. on the cost of the heat
+     insulator. But go into the basements of steam-heated residences
+     if you want to get a conception of how rarely this knowledge is
+     applied. The landlord may know that heat insulators would earn
+     a big return on their cost, but since they would earn it for
+     the tenant and not for himself, he does not cover the boiler
+     and pipes adequately, if at all. The tenant, even if he knows
+     the economics of heat insulating, will not spend the money for
+     insulators whose use he may not enjoy for more than a year or
+     two before he moves out. For similar reasons very few houses
+     have double windows, although double windows will save fully 15
+     per cent. of the fuel required to heat the average house. On
+     these matters the Fuel Administration has power to act, and it
+     should act."
+
+
+FUEL CONTROL IN GREAT BRITAIN
+
+Coal mining was always one of the most significant elements in British
+trade. Before the war 270,000,000 tons of coal were produced in the
+mines of Great Britain. Parliamentary legislation of a most radical
+character dealing with the ownership and operation of coal mines was
+passed. The main provision of this legislation was described in the
+following passage from the London _Morning Post_:
+
+     "Briefly, the main provisions of the bill are the following:
+     Under the present Finance Act the state takes 80 per cent. of
+     the profits in excess of those made in the two best of the last
+     three pre-war years, or above 9 per cent. of the capital
+     employed. The new scheme deprives owners of these statutory
+     rights. It does away altogether with the percentage standard.
+     Output is made the chief determining factor in the regulation
+     of the profits to be retained by the coal owner. The production
+     of a colliery working under normal conditions during the two
+     pre-war years, which has already been adopted under the Finance
+     Act for the purposes of the Excess Profits Duty, is adopted as
+     the standard output. If that output is maintained in any
+     accounting period under the new bill, the colliery owner will
+     be guaranteed a profit equal to the average profit made in the
+     standard period, whether he makes it or not. If his trading
+     profits in the accounting period are greater than those in the
+     standard period, the treasury will take its 80 per cent. of the
+     difference under the authority of the Finance Act, the
+     Controller will retain 15 per cent. of it in order to create a
+     fund for the compensation of the less fortunate collieries and
+     the administration of his department, and the coal owner will
+     be allowed to retain 5 per cent. of the excess. Thus a colliery
+     company with a profits standard of L50,000 will, if it maintain
+     its standard output, continue to receive L50,000; if such
+     company make, say, L70,000, it will be permitted, generally
+     speaking, to retain only 5 per cent. of the extra L20,000, that
+     is to say, L1,000, plus the statutory L200, or L51,200 in all;
+     but in no case shall the retainable profits exceed five-sixths
+     of the profits standard. In that illustration the scheme is to
+     be seen at its best, and, under the conditions, it is not
+     unreasonable."
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+Drying Fruit and Vegetables to Save Tin and Glass
+
+Conservation became a great watchword during the World War. Mr. F. P.
+Lund of the U. S. Department of Agriculture showed women how tin and
+glass could be saved by drying fruit instead of canning it.]
+
+
+OTHER FORMS OF CONSERVATION
+
+The War Industries Board worked out a program for clothing conservation
+that showed a positive genius for detail. The most technical directions
+were issued regarding clothing. Double breasted coats, for example, were
+eliminated and the Board urged the wearing of sack suits only. Even the
+complicated subject of handling women's attire had no terrors for the
+experts employed by the Board. The characteristic features of its order
+can be judged by the following extract from the directions published on
+this subject:
+
+     "All shoes, both leather and fabric, shall be restricted to
+     black, white, and two colors of tan (the two colors of tan to
+     be dark brown or tan and a medium brown or tan).
+
+     "Patent leather shall be black only. These color regulations do
+     not apply to baby shoes made of fabrics.
+
+     "Shoe-manufacturers shall not, for the next six months,
+     introduce, purchase, or use any new style lasts. They may
+     replenish to cover wastage or to meet requirements on present
+     lasts now in use in the manufacture of shoes. This is to be
+     effective at once. By new style lasts is meant any lasts which
+     have not actually been used for the manufacture of shoes in the
+     past season.
+
+     "The use of leather as a quarter lining in oxfords and low
+     shoes is permitted only when used in skeleton form with fabric.
+     Leather linings will be permitted in evening slippers where
+     uppers are made of fabrics. We advocate the use of full fabric
+     linings for low shoes wherever possible.
+
+     "The maximum height of women's shoes, both leather and fabric,
+     shall not exceed eight inches (measured from breast of heel at
+     side to center of top at side of finished shoes), size 4B to be
+     the base measure.
+
+     "The maximum height of misses' shoes, size 1-1/2, shall not exceed
+     6-1/2 inches (measured as above).
+
+     "The maximum height of children's shoes, sizes 8-1/2-11, shall not
+     exceed six inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of boys' and youths' shoes shall not exceed
+     5-1/2 inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of infants' shoes, sizes 4-8, shall not
+     exceed 5-1/2 inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of button shoes for women shall not exceed
+     6-1/2 inches.
+
+     "The maximum height of all women's overgaiters shall not exceed
+     eight inches, measured from breast of heel at side to center of
+     top at side.
+
+     "The maximum height of misses' overgaiters shall not exceed 6-1/2
+     inches (measured as above)."
+
+
+LEATHER CONSERVATION
+
+Germany was not the only country prepared to employ substitutes. When
+the National Army in the United States was organized the _Wall Street
+Journal_ predicted that on account of the large consumption of leather
+for military purposes, the civilian population would be obliged to have
+thinner soles and probably to use leather substitutes:
+
+     "Price fixing on leather is still 'in the air.' It is not an
+     easy proposition, in view of the complexity of grades and the
+     variations in quality. The most practicable arrangement would
+     be a series of general price standards, with allowance for
+     deviations. Unlike other commodities, leather trading is a very
+     flexible affair. The trade is confident of fair price maxima in
+     relation to recently fixed hide quotations; possibly, in view
+     of higher labor and other costs, of somewhat more liberal rates
+     than hide prices, which have just been modified upward
+     somewhat.
+
+     "Leather prices have been tending upward all round. Heavy sole
+     leather, which did not recede nearly as much as lighter grades
+     in the slump of last winter, are now nearly back to the high
+     point of early last fall. Union sole has advanced four cents
+     since May 1, and for some varieties of leather above No. 9 iron
+     the market is around eighty cents, against sixty-five cents
+     earlier this spring.
+
+     "In leather it is a case of all-round conservation, plus
+     intensive effort for maximum output with government aid. Export
+     license-restrictions have just been tightened, and most of what
+     is shipped now goes to England. Neutrals must wait. In nine
+     months to April 1st we exported but 20,342,101 pounds of sole
+     leather, against 84,267,573 a year before. In March we shipped
+     only 490,000 pounds to other countries than England, against
+     1,945,000 a year earlier. Hardly any is now moving save on
+     British government order.
+
+     "Men's shoes of higher quality and price will be affected
+     chiefly by the requirement to carry soles as light as women's
+     wear. This will involve either more frequent buying or more
+     resort to tapping. Cheapest grades of shoes will be least
+     affected, being almost wholly outside the military scope. In
+     fact, some manufacturers of low-priced shoes have lately been
+     enabled to use better material than usual, thanks to army
+     'leavings.' It is the urgent advice of the Government and
+     tanners that shoe manufacturers promptly conform to the new
+     program and that consumers cheerfully accept it. Meanwhile,
+     experiments are continuing under government direction as to
+     further extension of the use of composition or even of wooden
+     soles to help meet the increased demand and short supply
+     equation in leather."
+
+
+FAIR PRICE LISTS
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+"Back on the Farm"
+
+The number of slaughterable animals decreased in the United States and
+in Europe during the war. The shortage of fats was helped by the
+production of more animals, increasing the weight of those slaughtered,
+and by changed methods of cooking, including the substitution of
+vegetable oils for butter.]
+
+One of the plans to prevent the discontent arising from food speculation
+promoted by retailers and profiteers, was the preparation of fair price
+lists to protect the consumer. Every week new price lists were prepared
+so as to cover new fluctuation of cost to the retailer. These lists were
+given to the newspapers so that the consumer might be steadily informed
+and advised as to what he ought to pay the retailers in his city or
+town. It was shown how the patriotic retailer gained by the protection
+that this list afforded him against the danger of unpatriotic
+profiteering. The United States Food Administration explained in a
+public statement the significance of the fair price lists. "They were
+nothing more," it said, "than bulletins to inform the public of the
+prices the retailer has to pay for certain foods, and the price he has
+to sell them to the consumer.
+
+     "Such a bulletin at one stroke does away with all the obscurity
+     which too often veils the price increase which takes place at
+     the hands of the retailer.
+
+     "To give an example, it shows at just what price a retailer is
+     able to buy oatmeal and at just what price he is entitled to
+     sell it. If any retailer decides to set upon the food he has
+     for sale a higher price than that which brings him a fair
+     profit, he is labeling himself 'Profiteer.' And thereafter it
+     depends upon the public's own choice whether they shall trade
+     with him or not.
+
+     "In accordance with the plans of the Food Administration such a
+     system of fair price lists is now in operation throughout the
+     country. Every week new price lists are prepared so as to cover
+     new fluctuations of cost to the retailer. And these
+     up-to-the-minute fair price lists are given to the newspapers
+     to print so that the consumer may be steadily informed and
+     advised as to what he ought to pay the retailers in his city or
+     town."
+
+
+HOW FAIR PRICE LISTS ARE MADE UP
+
+     "In theory the plan is the simplest imaginable. But it is
+     complicated by the size of this country and by the variety of
+     local food conditions which are bound to affect the price at
+     which the retailer can buy and sell his foodstuffs. It would be
+     utterly impossible to set forth one fair price list which would
+     _be_ fair for every spot in this country at any one time. A
+     grocer in Calais, Maine, may be able to buy potatoes at a lower
+     rate than a grocer in Snohomish, Washington. And the grocers of
+     Red Oak, Iowa, may have to pay a different price from either.
+     Obviously, each locality must determine its own fair price
+     list.
+
+     "This is done by establishing in every community or county
+     where fair price lists are to be put out a Price Interpreting
+     Board, consisting of representatives of wholesale grocers,
+     retailers, and consumers. The County Food Administration or his
+     representative should act as chairman of this board. Such
+     boards include representatives of both 'Cash and Carry' stores
+     and 'Credit and Delivery' stores. These boards secure from
+     wholesale representatives the prices charged to the retailer
+     for various staple foods. With this as a basis, plus their
+     knowledge of local conditions, and guided by a schedule of
+     maximum margins submitted to them by the Food Administration at
+     Washington, they determine what is a reasonable profit at which
+     the retailer may sell to the consumer. Thus the retailer does
+     not have a scale of selling prices arbitrarily thrust upon him;
+     he helps determine them himself."
+
+
+PROFITEERING
+
+The natural and inevitable results of war on living conditions with food
+shortage and high prices were an unfamiliar factor in American
+experience for two generations. The artificial product of war time
+industry, "profiteering," was hard to be evoluted and caused resentment
+against those responsible for the practice. To deal with profiteers was
+no easy matter. How can profiteering be discriminated from legitimate
+profit-taking? How, too, can its existence be proved, for high fixed
+prices are not always an evidence of profiteering methods. The
+complexities of the various trade practices lumped together under the
+term profiteering are illustrated in the pamphlet on _Profiteering_,
+issued by W. B. Colver, Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, in the
+form of a letter submitted on request to the U.S. Senate:
+
+     "Survey of the petroleum field shows that the market, when
+     under the control of dominating factors, such as Standard Oil,
+     can be one of huge profits without the device of the high fixed
+     price. No price for the public has been fixed upon petroleum
+     and its products by the government. Unlike the situation in
+     steel, flour, and coal, there has been as yet no government
+     interference with the law of supply and demand except in the
+     instances of government purchases. Under that law large profits
+     may eventuate through the bidding up of prices by anxious
+     buyers. And, moreover, even in the absence of this element,
+     prices may be forced up by spreading false and misleading
+     information concerning the condition of supply and demand.
+     Reports, for instance, have been circulated that the supply of
+     gasoline was endangered for the purpose of maintaining the high
+     price of that product and the heavy profits from it. At
+     different stages of the oil industry different products of
+     petroleum have yielded the heavy profits. Kerosene was once the
+     chief profit producer. Gasoline followed and superseded it as
+     the chief producer of profits. Enormous profits are now being
+     made in fuel oil, with the advantage to the refiner that the
+     high price of that product meets no popular challenge. Gasoline
+     is maintained at its present high price and produces heavy
+     profits for the low cost refiners."
+
+
+PROFITEERING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY
+
+     "Similarly, the power of dominant factors in a given industry
+     in maintaining high prices and harvesting unprecedented profits
+     is shown in a survey of the meat packing situation. Five meat
+     packers, Armour, Swift, Morris, Wilson, and Cudahy, and their
+     subsidiary and affiliated companies, have monopolistic control
+     of the meat industry and are reaching for like domination in
+     other products. Their manipulations of the market embrace every
+     device that is useful to them, without regard to law. Their
+     reward, expressed in terms of profit, reveals that four of
+     these concerns have pocketed in 1915, 1916, and 1917,
+     $140,000,000. Comparisons between their present profits and
+     those of the pre-war period are given below. However delicate a
+     definition is framed for 'profiteering,' these packers have
+     preyed upon the people unconscionably. They are soon to come
+     under further governmental regulation approved by Executive
+     order."
+
+
+PROFITEERING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY
+
+Some further details on the methods of securing huge profits in the meat
+packing industry are given in the following:
+
+     "An exposition of the excess profits of four of the big meat
+     packers (Armour, Swift, Morris, Cudahy, omitting Wilson as not
+     comparable) is given in the fact that their aggregate average
+     pre-war profit (1912, 1913, and 1914) was $19,000,000; that in
+     1915 they earned $17,000,000 excess profits over the pre-war
+     period; in 1916, $36,000,000 more profit than in the pre-war
+     period; and in 1917, $68,000,000 more profit than in the
+     pre-war period. In the three war years from 1915 to 1917 there
+     their total profits have reached the astounding figure of
+     $140,000,000, of which $121,000,000 represents excess over
+     their pre-war profits.
+
+     "These great increases in profits are not due solely to
+     increased volume of business. The sales of these companies in
+     this period increased 150 per cent., much of this increase
+     being due to higher prices rather than to increased volume by
+     weight, but the return of profit increased 400 per cent., or
+     two and one-half times as much as the sales.
+
+     "The profit taken by Morris & Co. for the fiscal year ended
+     November 1, 1917, is equal to a rate of 18.6 per cent. on the
+     net worth of the company (capital and surplus) and 263.7 per
+     cent. on the three millions of capital stock outstanding. In
+     the case of the other four companies the earned rate on common
+     capital stock is much lower--from 27 per cent. to 47 per
+     cent.--but the reason for this is that these companies have
+     from time to time declared stock dividends and in other ways
+     capitalized their growing surpluses. Thus Armour in 1916 raised
+     its capital stock from twenty millions to one hundred millions
+     without receiving a dollar more of cash. If Swift, Wilson,
+     Cudahy, and Armour had followed the practice of Morris in not
+     capitalizing their surpluses (accumulated from excessive
+     profits), they too would now show an enormous rate of profit on
+     their original capital."
+
+
+JUGGLING OF ACCOUNTS--HUGE SALARIES
+
+Mr. Colver gives information supported by trustworthy data on other
+devious and subtle types of profiteering practices:
+
+     "In cases where the government fixes a definite margin on
+     profit above costs, as in the case of flour, there is a
+     considerable incentive to a fictitious enhancement of costs
+     through account juggling. This has added to the volume of
+     unusual profits. Increase of cost showing on the producers'
+     books can be accomplished in various ways. The item of
+     depreciation can be padded. Officers' salaries can be
+     increased. Interest on investment can be included in cost. New
+     construction can be recorded as repairs. Fictitious valuations
+     on raw material can be added, and inventories can be
+     manipulated.
+
+     "The Federal Trade Commission has been vigilant and untiring in
+     its exclusion of these practices. An instance of this practice
+     was afforded by the Ismert-Hincke Milling Co., of Kansas City,
+     Mo. This company padded its costs by heavily increasing all its
+     officers' salaries and by manipulating the inventory value of
+     flour bags on hand. As evidence of the length to which padding
+     can be carried, it may be added that this company even included
+     in its costs the gift of an automobile which it charged to
+     advertising expenses. This case was heard of by the commission
+     for the Food Administration. The commission recommended
+     revocation of license and the recommendation was followed.
+
+     "Payment of extraordinary salaries and in some instances
+     bonuses to executives of corporations have been found by the
+     commission during its investigations."
+
+
+WAR COST OF LIVING
+
+A complete synopsis of the cost of living situation in the United
+States, during the four years' period July, 1914, to June, 1918, was
+issued by the National Industrial Conference Board after a country-wide
+survey. The basis taken was that of family budgets divided under five
+heads: food, shelter, clothing, fuel and light, and sundries. The
+average increase for the period was shown to be between 50 and 55 per
+cent. The most marked advance was in clothing, 77 per cent. But the food
+advance of 62 per cent. was really more important because food
+represented 43 per cent. of the average expenditure, while clothing
+represented only 13 per cent. Wholesale prices, the report pointed out,
+are not to be relied upon in estimating the cost of living, because many
+articles enter only indirectly into the family budget. Often, too,
+wholesale prices are not reflected in retail prices until months later.
+The estimates given by the Board were based upon the expenditures of
+eleven thousand families:
+
+     "In reaching 52.3 per cent. as the amount of increase in the
+     cost of living for the four years' period, the expenditures of
+     11,000 families were considered. Following is a table in which
+     besides the 52.3 per cent. for all items entering into the
+     family budget, the percentage for rent, clothing, fuel, and
+     light, and sundries are given:
+
+                                        Per Cent.           Per Cent.
+                        Per Cent.     Inc. in Cost           Increase
+                      Distribution      Dur'g War           as Related
+  Budget               of Family        Period to            to Total
+   Item               Expenditure      June, 1918              Budget
+
+ All items.              100.0                                  52.3
+ Food                     43.1              62                  26.7
+ Rent                     17.7              15                   2.7
+ Clothing                 13.2              77                  10.2
+ Fuel and light            5.6              45                   2.5
+ Sundries                 20.4              50                  10.2
+
+     The figures examined prove that there was a fair similarity of
+     increase in the different sections of the country. The advance
+     in rent in the dwelling places of the average wage earner was
+     put down at 15 per cent.
+
+     "A general summary is given of changes in the cost of living
+     among industrial workers as presented by the Railroad Wage
+     Commission for the period between December, 1915, and the end
+     of April, 1918, as follows:
+
+                                                     Per Cent.
+    For families with incomes up to $600                 43
+    For families with incomes from $600 to $1,000        41
+    For families with incomes from $1,000 to $2,000      40
+
+     "By the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen the
+     advance in living costs between 1914 and 1917 was placed at 43
+     per cent. Conditions among ship-building workers on the Pacific
+     coast, as arrived at by the United States Shipping Board,
+     indicated that between June, 1916, and February, 1918, living
+     costs had gone up 46 per cent. A table is given which shows
+     relative increase in the cost of food as measured by wholesale
+     and retail prices for the past six years."
+
+                                     Relative       Relative
+       Year and Month    Wholesale   Price of        Retail
+                           Farm        Food,        Price of
+         1913            Products       Etc.          Food
+    Average for year        100         100            100
+    January                  97          99             98
+    April                    97          96             98
+    July                    101         101            100
+    October                 103         102            104
+         1914
+    Average for year        103         103            102
+    January                 101         102            104
+    April                   103          95             97
+    July                    104         103            102
+    October                 103         107            105
+         1915
+    Average for year        105         104            101
+    January                 102         106            103
+    April                   107         105             99
+    July                    108         104            100
+    October                 105         104            103
+         1916
+    Average for year        122         126            114
+    January                 108         114            107
+    April                   114         117            109
+    July                    118         121            111
+    October                 136         140            121
+           1917
+    Average for year        188         177            146
+    January                 147         150            128
+    April                   180         182            145
+    July                    198         180            146
+    October                 207         183            157
+           1918
+    January                 208         188            160
+    April                   217         179            154
+
+
+CIVIL WAR COST OF LIVING
+
+The Civil War years of the United States were always remembered as the
+era of high prices. Yet it is interesting to know that the increase in
+living cost after the United States had been in war one year was greater
+than the increases in the fourth year of the Civil War. During the Civil
+War prices rose from 100 to 117 per cent., but necessities were
+relatively cheaper than at present because the currency was depreciated.
+In January, 1864, gold was at a premium of 52 per cent.
+
+Emerson David Fite, assistant professor of history in Yale University,
+describes "Social and Industrial Conditions During the Civil War" as
+follows:
+
+     "The situation in New York City at the end of the year 1863 is
+     typical of the period. Eggs had then reached 25 cents per
+     dozen, from 15 cents in 1861; cheese, 18 cents from 8 cents;
+     potatoes, $2.25 from $1.50 per bushel, and for all the
+     necessities of life there was an advance ranging from 60 to 75
+     and in some cases even 100 per cent. Wages, on the other hand,
+     lagged behind; the blacksmith's increase was only from $1.75 to
+     $2 per day, that of common laborers from $1 to $1.25, that of
+     bricklayers from $1.25 to $2, and the average increase in all
+     the trades was about 25 per cent., or less than one-half the
+     increase of prices. The winter of 1863--64 and the ensuing
+     months were accordingly a time of unusual industrial unrest,
+     which increased in severity as the discrepancy between wages
+     and prices continued. The dollar was slowly but surely
+     diminishing in value, and labor engaged in a determined
+     struggle to force wages up, capital to keep them down. The
+     advantage lay with the employing classes, but labor in 1864
+     recovered much of the ground that had been lost in the two
+     previous years, and the war closed with wages much nearer
+     prices than a year earlier. It was generally agreed at the time
+     that prices during the entire war period advanced approximately
+     100 per cent. and wages from 50 to 60 per cent."
+
+
+WHERE THE COST OF LIVES WEIGHED THE MOST
+
+The rapid rise in the cost of living was much more severely felt by the
+classes of the population dependent upon small or less rigid incomes. In
+many industries wages increased faster than average living expenses.
+Figures published by the New York Labor Bureau show that the sum
+distributed in wages to industrial workers was substantially doubled in
+the four years of warfare. Investigation conducted by the National
+Industrial Board of Boston showed that there had been an increase of 50
+to 55 per cent. in the budget of the average wage earner from July,
+1914, to June, 1918.
+
+     "The increases for the different items are given as follows:
+
+    Food                    62%
+    Rent                    15%
+    Clothing                77%
+    Fuel and light          45%
+    Sundries                50%
+    Average increase (depending on apportionment
+    of these respective items in the
+    family budget)          50% to 55%
+
+     In explanation of these figures the report goes on to say:
+
+     "'In combining the percentages of increase for the respective
+     items, in order to determine the average increase for the
+     budget as a whole, food was taken as constituting 43 per cent.
+     of the total family expenditure, rent 18 per cent., clothing 13
+     per cent., fuel and light 6 per cent., and sundries 20 per
+     cent. Applying the Board's percentages of increase for the
+     respective items to this distribution of the budget, the
+     average increase is 52 per cent. The distribution of budget
+     items just given is an average based on cost of living studies
+     made by several United States Government bureaus and other
+     agencies, covering in all 12,000 families.
+
+     "The proportions of these major items of expenditure can be
+     varied within narrow limits, but no reasonable arrangement
+     would cause a wide change in the increase in the total cost of
+     living as given above. For instance, if, instead of this
+     average distribution of the budget, food be allocated as much
+     as 45 per cent., rent and clothing 15 per cent. each, fuel and
+     light 5 per cent., and sundries 20 per cent., the indicated
+     increase in the total cost of living, using the Board's
+     percentages of increase for the respective items, would be 54
+     per cent."
+
+     All articles of food, we are told, show a considerable increase
+     in price since 1914, exceptional advances being recorded in the
+     case of flour, lard, and cornmeal. The item of rent, says the
+     report, "showed such wide variation that no general average
+     applicable to all sections of the country could be reached,"
+     but the 15 per cent. estimate "is apparently ample to cover the
+     increase in wage-earners' rents in New York, Chicago,
+     Philadelphia, Boston, and St. Louis, which alone include
+     several millions of the country's industrial population." Of
+     the increase in clothing prices we read:
+
+
+INCREASED COST FOR WEARING APPAREL
+
+     "Information secured from retail stores in cities well
+     distributed throughout the country indicates increases in
+     prices of the most common articles of wearing apparel, ranging
+     from 50.5 per cent. for women's dollar blouses up to 161 per
+     cent. for men's overalls. Striking increases occurred in the
+     prices of certain yard goods, where advances in cost over 1914
+     prices amounted, in a number of cases, to more than 100 per
+     cent.
+
+     "Men's hosiery, selling for 15 cents in 1914, cost in June,
+     1918, usually not less than 25 cents, and women's hosiery,
+     selling for 25 cents four years ago, brought 45 cents in June
+     of this year. Knit underwear, the report finds, had increased
+     nearly 100 per cent. Women's shoes of a standard grade
+     increased 88.5 per cent.; men's 69 per cent. Women's kid gloves
+     which in 1914 cost $1 averaged more than $2 in June, 1918.
+
+     "The report places the average rise in the total clothing
+     budget since 1914 at 77 per cent. This increase compares with
+     an increase of 51.33 per cent. between 1914 and 1917 for
+     families in the ship building districts of Philadelphia and an
+     increase of 54.21 per cent. among similar families in the ship
+     building district of New York, as reported by the United States
+     Bureau of Labor Statistics. The difference between these
+     increases and the Board's figure of 77 per cent. is largely
+     explained by the difference in the period of time covered;
+     clothing prices have continued to advance since 1917. Further
+     increases in the fall of 1918 were, moreover, clearly indicated
+     by the statements of retail dealers."
+
+
+WAR PRICES AND LUXURY IMPORTS
+
+In spite of the contention that war-time conditions led to an increased
+standard of luxurious living, statistics of imports indicated a rapid
+fall in articles of luxury brought into the country. In the fiscal year,
+1918, there was a material decline compared with the preceding year and
+a marked decline when compared with the year before the war:
+
+     "A recent compilation by the National City Bank shows this in
+     practically all imports usually classed as luxuries. That the
+     imports should be less than before the war was quite natural by
+     reason of the fact that many articles of this character
+     originated in European countries, some in countries with which
+     we are now at war, and some with our Allies who are otherwise
+     too busily employed.
+
+     "In art works, for example, the value of the imports of 1918
+     was only about $11,000,000 against $23,000,000 in 1917, and
+     $35,000,000 in the fiscal year 1914. In automobiles the value
+     in 1918 was about $50,000 against nearly $2,000,000 in 1913,
+     and more than $2,000,000 in 1912, while the average value per
+     machine imported in 1918 was less than one-half what it was
+     before the war. Decorated china imported in 1918 was about
+     $3,500,000 in value against practically $8,000,000 in 1914. Of
+     cotton laces imported in 1918 the value was about $10,000,000
+     against $16,500,000 in 1917, and nearly $34,000,000 in 1914. Of
+     silk laces the 1918 imports were valued at little more than
+     one-half those of 1914. Of cotton plushes and velvets the
+     quantity in 1918 was less than 1,000,000 yards against more
+     than 3,000,000 in 1917, and practically 5,000,000 in 1914. Of
+     ostrich feathers, in 1918 the imports were valued at nearly
+     $1,000,000 against nearly $4,000,000 in 1914 and over
+     $6,000,000 in 1913. In precious stones the total for 1918 was
+     only about $32,000,000 against $47,000,000 in 1917 and
+     $50,000,000 in 1913; while of pearls alone the value in 1918
+     was less than $2,000,000 against over $8,000,000 in 1917, and
+     more than $10,000,000 in 1916.
+
+     "In articles of food usually classed as luxuries there was also
+     a marked fall. Cheese imported in 1918 amounted to about
+     9,000,000 pounds against 15,000,000 in 1917, and 64,000,000 in
+     1914. Of currants the imports of 1918 were over 5,000,000
+     pounds against 25,000,000 in 1916 and 32,000,000 in 1914, and
+     of dates only 6,000,000 pounds in 1918 against 34,000,000 in
+     1914; while olives and olive oil showed totals in 1918 of about
+     one-half those of the year before the war."
+
+[Illustration: The Nations and Their Wheat Supply
+
+Under the Lever Bill, which became the Food Control Law after the United
+States declared war, the President was authorized to fix a reasonable
+guaranteed price for wheat.]
+
+
+GOOD EFFECTS OF PRICE CONTROL
+
+It became accepted on all sides that price control was the one method to
+correct the inequalities of war conditions. It was necessary to prevent
+the poorer classes in the population from having an inadequate
+consumption of wealth. There was the political side, too. Price control
+had an effect on the morale of large strata of the population. It acted
+as a bulwark against the rising tide of discontent and internal
+dissension incident to warfare on a democratic scale. Mr. Sydney Webb, a
+well known English student of labor problems, conceded that the British
+government had by its system of price control been fairly successful in
+staving off any general fall in the standard of life in its people. How
+the system worked is summarized by him in the following passage:
+
+     "What has been successful in Great Britain in economizing
+     supplies has been a widespread appeal to the whole nation to
+     limit its consumption of wheaten bread (4 pounds per week),
+     meat (2-1/2 pounds per week), and sugar (3/4 of a pound per week) to
+     a prescribed maximum per person in the household; and to make
+     up the necessary subsistence by the use of substitutes, such as
+     fish, other cereals than wheat, and other vegetables than
+     potatoes, of which the crop throughout all Europe has largely
+     failed. More efficacious still has been the absolute government
+     monopoly of sugar, secured at the very beginning of the war,
+     and the drastic restriction of the total quantity allowed to be
+     issued from store, the aggregate reduction being thus
+     infallibly secured, and the retailers being left to share what
+     sugar they obtained among their customers. It has been found
+     useful, too, to make the wheaten flour go farther by compelling
+     all the millers to include both an increased proportion of bran
+     and a certain proportion of other cereals. More drastic
+     measures are near at hand."
+
+
+STAY-AT-HOMES WHO MADE MONEY
+
+The important effort, as seen by the _Economist_, was to back up the
+armies at the front by a policy of self-sacrifice at home, and it spoke
+in drastic terms of the constant evidence of profiteering among certain
+classes in England. The contrast in the attitudes of those at the front
+and those active in business life is set forth in the following words:
+
+     "One of the most curious and interesting psychological facts of
+     the war is the manner in which one man goes to the front and
+     becomes a hero and a _preux chevalier_, while another, just
+     like him in training and blood and outlook, stays at home and
+     works for spoils, whether in wages or profits, resenting
+     taxation, grumbling about his food, and seeming to think that
+     this war for justice was invented to increase his wealth and
+     comfort."
+
+
+PRICE CONTROL IN UNITED STATES
+
+Although price control is a measure disapproved of by economists,
+experience has shown that for certain products, such as wheat and
+flour, it produced good results. In the case of bituminous coal,
+Professor Anderson of Harvard said that it had probably done much harm
+and little good, because the cut in price was too drastic. One good
+feature of the price control system was the ability to apply it to draft
+labor from non-essential industries to the production of munitions and
+necessities of life. It was possible to do this by refusing coal,
+copper, steel and freight cars to the non-essential industries. How the
+Food Administration came to be a general price fixing body is explained
+in the following article by a member of the Food Administration:
+
+
+WHEAT AT $2.20 A BUSHEL
+
+     "There are many evidences that price fixing has come to lodge
+     itself as an unwelcome factor in the program of the Food
+     Administration. Price fixing came to be a fact even while
+     avoided as a theory, and eventually it has become necessary to
+     face it, if not to accept it, even as a theory. What are the
+     evidences that price fixing is essentially involved in the
+     program of the Food Administration? One piece of evidence lies
+     in the fact that when once you have fixed the price of one
+     commodity the condition is bound to be reflected in other
+     commodities. In fixing the price of wheat Congress fixed as
+     well, though not so explicitly, the price of corn, and hogs,
+     and sugar beets. The determining and administering of these
+     prices it left to the Food Administration.
+
+     "A further evidence that the Food Administration could not
+     avoid the onus of price fixing lies in the reasons for which
+     the Administration was brought into existence and the services
+     it was created to perform. The Food Administration is a war
+     agency. Its chief purpose is the feeding of warring nations,
+     our own nation and the Allies. All its other activities, its
+     conservation, its stabilization of trade processes, its
+     encouragement of production, are tributary to the one purpose
+     of segregating stocks of food for the effective prosecution of
+     the war. This latter purpose, in fact, takes the Food
+     Administration directly or indirectly into the market.... By
+     Section 14 of the Lever Bill, which became the Food Control
+     Law, the President is authorized from time to time to determine
+     and fix a reasonable guaranteed price for wheat and this
+     section itself fixed the price for the crop of 1918 at not less
+     than $2 per bushel at the principal interior primary markets.
+     Pursuant to this section the President has, by two separate
+     decrees, set the price of 1917 wheat and of the 1918 crop at
+     $2.20 per bushel. Section 11 of the law authorizes the
+     President to purchase and store and sell wheat and flour,
+     meal, beans, and potatoes. Manifestly any purchase so made by
+     the government would in effect fix the price. Aside from these
+     delegations of power no authority is given by the Food Control
+     Law to fix prices. And yet a study of the operations of these
+     provisions as well as a regard for the implications of other
+     functions of the Food Administration carry the conviction that
+     price fixing is a necessary and inescapable corollary of the
+     effective prosecution of the Food Administration program."
+
+
+PRICE LEVEL, NOVEMBER, 1918
+
+With the close of military operations there was noted a slight decline
+in commodity prices; how far the downward tendency would reach was
+considered a moot point. The apparent zenith point in prices was
+attained in July, 1918, but _Bradstreet's_ prudently thought it unwise
+to indulge in any prophecies regarding low prices. The increased demand
+for food products among the stricken peoples of Europe would, it was
+believed, prevent any considerable fall in prices. There was not much to
+encourage consumers in the study of the index numbers of food
+commodities. The writer in _Bradstreet's_ shows a wide range of price
+movements in the following table, in which are given the index numbers
+based on the prices per pound of ninety-six articles:
+
+            1912
+    January             $8.9493
+    February             8.9578
+    March                8.9019
+    April                9.0978
+    May                  9.2696
+    June                 9.1017
+    July                 9.1119
+    August               9.1595
+    September            9.2157
+    October              9.4515
+    November             9.4781
+    December             9.5462
+
+            1913
+    January              9.4935
+    February             9.4592
+    March                9.4052
+    April                9.2976
+    May                  9.1394
+    June                 9.0721
+    July                 8.9522
+    August               9.0115
+    September            9.1006
+    October              9.1526
+    November             9.2252
+    December             9.2290
+
+            1914
+    January              8.8857
+    February             8.8619
+    March                8.8320
+    April                8.7562
+    May                  8.6224
+    June                 8.6220
+    July                 8.6566
+    August               8.7087
+    August 15            9.8495
+    September            9.7572
+    October              9.2416
+    November             8.8620
+    December             9.0354
+
+            1915
+    January             $9.1431
+    February             9.6621
+    March                9.6197
+    April                9.7753
+    May                  9.7978
+    June                 9.7428
+    July                 9.8698
+    August               9.8213
+    September            9.8034
+    October              9.9774
+    November            10.3768
+    December            10.6473
+
+            1916
+    January             10.9163
+    February            11.1415
+    March               11.3760
+    April               11.7598
+    May                 11.7485
+    June                11.6887
+    July                11.5294
+    August              11.4414
+    September           11.7803
+    October             12.0699
+    November            12.7992
+    December            13.6628
+
+            1917
+    January             13.7277
+    February            13.9427
+    March               14.1360
+    April               14.5769
+    May                 15.1208
+    June                15.4680
+    July                16.0680
+    August              16.3985
+    September           16.6441
+    October             16.9135
+    November            17.0701
+    December            17.5966
+    1918
+    January            $17.9636
+    February            18.0776
+    March               18.0732
+    April               18.4656
+    May                 18.9133
+    June                19.0091
+    July                19.1849
+    August              19.1162
+    September           19.0485
+    October             19.0167
+    November            18.9110
+
+The groups that make up the index number are as follows:
+
+                            Nov. 1, Sept. 1,  Oct. 1,  Nov. 1,
+                             1917     1918     1918     1918
+    Breadstuffs            $0.2105  $0.2077  $0.2026  $0.1999
+    Live stock               .6785    .7400    .7100    .6960
+    Provisions              4.0285   4.3264   4.5359   4.5889
+    Fruits                   .4288    .3725    .3725    .3725
+    Hides and leather       2.3900   2.2150   2.2150   2.2050
+    Textiles                5.1179   5.8742   5.7554   5.7029
+    Metals                  1.1477   1.4233   1.3662   1.3062
+    Coal and coke            .0101    .0119    .0120    .0120
+    Oils                     .9084   1.3185   1.3121   1.2734
+    Naval stores             .0956    .1295    .1255    .1348
+    Building materials       .1448    .2047    .2047    .2046
+    Chemicals and drugs     1.4261   1.5153   1.5253   1.5278
+    Miscellaneous            .4832    .7095    .6795    .6870
+                          -------- -------- --------  -------
+      Total               $17.0701 $19.0485 $19.0167  $18.9110
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+A Municipal Canning Station
+
+In city establishments like the one shown above, food that would
+otherwise go to waste in the markets was saved, and women were
+instructed in the best methods of putting up fruits and vegetables for
+winter use.]
+
+
+FOOD CONDITIONS AND PRICE LEVEL, 1919
+
+A clear summary of the food situation and price conditions in the
+half-year succeeding the armistice is to be found in the Federal
+Commission's Memorandum on food stocks and wholesale prices, June, 1919:
+
+     "The comparative amounts of food stocks on hand June 1, 1919,
+     as against June 1, 1918, in the case of many important foods,
+     show that the stocks are considerably larger.
+
+     "On June 1, 1918, the United States stocks were in demand for
+     feeding the armies of the Allies as well as the civilian
+     population. The fact that stocks of many important foods were
+     much larger on June 1, 1919, while prices were as high or
+     higher, apparently, means that they are being withheld
+     speculatively for a world demand which is not now here but
+     which is expected when hunger-impelled strikes secure higher
+     wages with which higher food prices can be paid.
+
+     "The statistics of stocks are from the latest and last issue of
+     the Bureau of Markets 'Food Surveys,' June 27, 1919. We use the
+     quantities reported by identical firms for 1918 and 1919.
+     (Stocks held June 1, 1919, by other firms not reporting for
+     June 1, 1918, increase the actual stocks from 5 or 10 per cent.
+     up to 20 or 25 per cent. over the comparable stocks). The
+     stocks are those in warehouses and cold storage houses and in
+     hands of wholesale dealers. Retail stocks are not reported. The
+     prices are wholesale prices, furnished by the Bureau of Labor
+     Statistics, for the first Tuesday in June.
+
+     COMMODITIES INCREASING IN STOCKS AND IN PRICE (WHOLESALE PRICES)
+ =========================================================================
+         |      |           Quantity           |        |       Price
+         |------+----------+----------+--------|        |-----------+-----
+         |      |          |          |        |        |           |
+ Commodity Unit |June, 1919|June, 1918|Per cent| Unit of|   June    | June
+         |  of  |          |          |   in-  |  Price |   1919    | 1918
+         |quan- |          |          | crease |        |           |
+         | tity |          |          |  1919  |        |           |
+         |      |          |          |  over  |        |           |
+         |      |          |          |  1918  |        |           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Wheat   |Bushel|41,955,167|15,286,331|   174.5| Dollars|       2.51| 2.20
+         |      |          |          |        | per bu.|       2.46| 2.17
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Wheat   |Barrel| 3,942,205| 3,236,671|    21.8| Dollars|   12-12.20| 9.80
+ flour   |      |          |          |        |per bbl.|11.50-11.80| 9.95
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Canned  |Pound |99,203,544|82,616,582|    20.1| Dollars|  2.70-2.75| 2.70
+ salmon  |      |          |          |        |per doz.|           |
+         |      |          |          |        |  No. 2 |           |
+         |      |          |          |        |  cans  |           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Canned  |Pound |81,233,023|42,352,994|    91.8| Dollars|           | 1.70
+ corn    |      |          |          |        |per doz.| 1.75-(Mch)| 1.75
+         |      |          |          |        |  No. 2 |           |
+         |      |          |          |        |  cans  |           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Fresh   | Case | 5,975,817| 5,441,560|     9.8|   Cents|    .40-40-1/2| .29
+ eggs    |      |          |          |        |per doz.|           | .30-3/4
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Butter  |Pound |29,190,222|12,749,055|   129.0|   Cents|        .53  .41
+ (creamery)     |          |          |        | per lb.|           |
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Salt    |Pound |25,701,138|24,962,881|     3.0| Dollars|      35.00|32.00
+ Beef    |      |          |          |        |per bbl.|      36.00|34.00
+ --------+------+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----
+ Frozen  |Pound |10,962,670| 2,749,077|   298.8|  Cents |       .37-1/2| .34-1/2
+ fowls   |      |          |          |        | per lb.|           |
+ =========================================================================
+
+         COMMODITIES INCREASING IN STOCKS AND DECREASING IN PRICE.
+                           (Wholesale Prices.)
+
+ =========================================================================
+          |            Quantity           |        |       |    Price
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+          |Unit of |           |          |        |Unit of|        |
+          |quantity|           |          |Per cent| Price |  June  | June
+ Commodity|        | June, 1919|June, 1918|increase|       |  1919  | 1918
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+          |        |           |          |        |Dollars| 1.19 - | 1.21
+ Barley   | Bushel | 16,399,396| 7,916,073|   107.2|per bu.|  1.27  | 1.26
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+ Rye      | Bushel | 11,613,127| 3,355,349|   246.1|Dollars| 1.53-1/2  | 1.73
+          |        |           |          |        |per bu.|        |
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+ Buckwheat| Pound  | 18,053,230| 5,523,850|   226.8|Dollars|  5.00  | 5.75
+ Flour    |        |           |          |        |per cwt| (Apr)  | 6.25
+          |        |           |          |        |       |        |(Apr)
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+ Canned   | Pound  |179,101,286|88,531,024|   102.3|Dollars|  2.05  | 2.30
+ Tomatoes |        |           |          |        |  per  |(Dec'18)|
+          |        |           |          |        | doz.  |        |
+          |        |           |          |        | No. 3 |        |
+          |        |           |          |        | cans  |        |
+ ---------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-----
+
+     COMMODITIES DECREASING IN STOCKS AND IN PRICE. (Wholesale Prices)
+
+ =======================================================================
+          |        |            Quantity           |       |    Price
+          |        |----------+-----------+--------+       |------+-----
+ Commodity|Unit of |June, 1919| June, 1918|Per cent|Unit of| June | June
+          |quantity|          |           |decrease| Price | 1919 | 1918
+          |        |          |           |  1919- |       |      |
+          |        |          |           |  1918  |       |      |
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Oats     | Bushel |37,827,343| 41,763,555|     9.4| Cents |    69|73-1/2
+          |        |          |           |        |per bu.|      |
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Corn Meal|  Pound |34,231,066|117,674,918|    70.9|Dollars|  3.90| 4.25
+          |        |          |           |        |per cwt|      |
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Beans    | Bushel | 4,252,451|  4,408,686|     3.5|Dollars| 7.75-|12.25
+          |        |          |           |        |per cwt|  8.00|12.50
+ ---------+--------+----------+-----------+--------+-------+------+-----
+ Rice     | Pound  |75,134,920| 80,727,516|     6.9| Cents | 6    |  8.5
+ (Blue    |        |          |           |        |per lb.| 7-7/8|  8.9
+ Rose-    |        |          |           |        |       |      |
+ Honduras)|        |          |           |        |       | 9-1/8|  8-1/2
+          |        |          |           |        |       [10][11]  9-5/8
+ =======================================================================
+
+[10] First week JUNE.
+
+[11] Increase in price.
+
+         COMMODITIES DECREASING IN STOCKS AND INCREASING IN PRICE.
+                             (Wholesale Prices)
+
+ =========================================================================
+           |        |            Quantity            |       |   Price
+           |        |                                |       |
+           |        |-----------+-----------+--------+       +-----+------
+           |        |           |           |        |       |     |
+ Commodity |Unit of |June, 1919 |June, 1918 |Percent |Unit of|June | June
+           |quantity|           |           |decrease| Price |1919 | 1918
+           |        |           |           | 1919-  |       |     |
+           |        |           |           | 1918   |       |     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Corn      | Bushel | 13,260,910| 27,883,361|    52.4|Dollars| 1.76| 1.50
+           |        |           |           |        |per bu.| 1.77| 1.55
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Sugar     | Pound  |207,622,237|217,632,365|     4.6| Cents | 8.82|  7.30
+           |        |           |           |        |per lb.|     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Cheese    | Pound  | 10,174,502| 15,875,236|    35.9| Cents |   31|21-1/2
+ (American)|        |           |           |        |per lb.|     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Dry Salt  | Pound  |395,940,437|488,344,838|    18.9|Dollars|58.00| 48-50
+ Pork      |        |           |           |        |  per  |58.50|
+           |        |           |           |        | bbl.  |     |
+ ----------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------+-------+-----+------
+ Lard      | Pound  | 81,275,392|106,649,588|    23.8| Cents |33.80|24.15
+           |        |           |           |        |per lb.|34.30|24.25
+ =========================================================================
+
+The following data, taken from the _Monthly Labor Review_ of July 1919,
+give a survey of the retail prices of food in the United States:
+
+ AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES AND PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE UNITED
+ STATES MAY 15 OF EACH SPECIFIED YEAR COMPARED WITH MAY 15, 1913
+ ========================================================================+
+                        |        |                                       |
+                        |        |                                       |
+                        |        |                                       |
+                        |        | Average retail prices, May 15--       |
+                        |        +---------------------------------------+
+    Article             | Unit   |                                       |
+                        |        |     1913|1914|1915|1916|1917|1918|1919|
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----|
+                        |        |    _Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts.|Cts._
+ Sirloin steak          | Pound  |     25.7|25.9|25.7|27.8|32.2|40.0|44.4|
+ Round steak            |  do    |     22.3|23.3|23.0|25.0|29.6|38.0|41.6|
+ Rib roast              |  do    |     19.9|20.1|19.9|21.6|25.7|31.8|35.2|
+ Chuck roast            |  do    |     16.1|17.0|16.3|17.5|21.8|27.8|29.7|
+ Plate beef             |  do    |     12.1|12.5|12.3|13.1|16.6|21.9|22.5|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Pork chops             |  do    |     20.9|22.2|20.9|22.9|30.6|36.7|43.0|
+ Bacon                  |  do    |     27.0|26.7|26.4|28.4|41.6|50.5|56.7|
+ Ham                    |  do    |     26.8|26.8|25.6|31.8|38.8|45.6|54.6|
+ Lamb                   |  do    |     19.4|19.8|21.7|23.2|29.7|36.8|39.6|
+ Hens                   |  do    |     22.2|22.7|21.5|24.1|29.3|37.9|43.5|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Salmon, canned         |  do    |         |    |19.8|20.0|25.7|29.6|31.9|
+ Milk, fresh            |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Milk, evaporated       |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ (unsweetened)          |  [12]  |         |    |    |    |    |15.1|    |
+ Butter                 | Pound  |     35.9|32.7|34.7|37.0|46.5|51.0|67.9|
+ Oleomargarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |40.4|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Nut margarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |35.3|
+ Cheese                 |  do    |         |    |23.5|24.8|33.8|33.4|42.2|
+ Lard                   |  do    |     15.8|15.6|15.1|20.1|27.8|32.9|38.8|
+ Crisco                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |33.9|
+ Eggs, strictly fresh   | Dozen  |     26.3|26.6|26.3|28.1|39.8|42.4|53.1|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Bread                  |Pound[13]      5.6| 6.2| 7.2| 7.0| 9.6| 9.8| 9.8|
+ Flour                  | Pound  |      3.3| 3.3| 4.5| 3.9| 8.7| 6.6| 7.5|
+ Corn meal              |   do   |      3.0| 3.1| 3.3| 3.3| 5.4| 7.0| 6.2|
+ Rolled oats            | Pound  |         |    |    |    |    |    | 8.4|
+ Corn flakes            |  [14]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |14.1|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cream of wheat         |  [15]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |25.1|
+ Rice                   | Pound  |         |    | 9.1| 9.1|10.5|12.3|13.4|
+ Macaroni               |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |19.0|
+ Beans, navy            |  do    |         |    | 7.6| 9.4|19.1|17.8|12.0|
+ Potatoes               |  do    |      1.6| 1.9| 1.6| 2.5| 6.1| 2.2| 3.3|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Onions                 |  do    |         |    | 4.3| 5.1| 8.6| 5.6|10.7|
+ Cabbage                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    | 9.6|
+ Beans, baked           |        |No. 2 can.    |    |    |    |    |17.5|
+ Corn, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |19.1|
+ Peas, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |19.0|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tomatoes, canned       |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |15.8|
+ Sugar, granulated      | Pound  |      5.4|5.0 | 6.8| 8.5|10.0| 9.1|10.6|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tea                    |  do    |         |    |54.6|54.6|55.7|63.8|69.8|
+ Coffee                 |  do    |         |    |27.9|29.9|30.2|30.1|40.5|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Prunes                 |  do    |         |    |13.7|13.3|15.3|16.5|23.2|
+ Raisins                |  do    |         |    |12.5|12.6|14.4|15.1|16.3|
+ Bananas                |  Dozen |         |    |    |    |    |    |38.8|
+ Oranges                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |54.1|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ All articles combined  |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ =========================================================================
+                        |        |         |Per cent of increase (+) or  |
+                        |        |         |decrease (-) May 15 of each  |
+                        |        |         |specified year compared with |
+                        |        |         |May 15, 1913.                |
+                        |        |---------------------------------------+
+    Article             | Unit   |                                       |
+                        |        |         |1914|1915|1916|1917|1918|1919|
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Sirloin steak          | Pound  |         |  +1|[16]|  +8| +25| +56| +73|
+ Round steak            |  do    |         |  +4|  +3| +12| +33| +70| +87|
+ Rib roast              |  do    |         |  +1|[16]|  +9| +29| +60| +77|
+ Chuck roast            |  do    |         |  +6|  +1|  +9| +35| +73| +84|
+ Plate beef             |  do    |         |  +3|  +2|  +8| +37| +81| +86|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Pork chops             |  do    |         |  +6|[16]| +10| +46|+ 76|+106|
+ Bacon                  |  do    |         |  -1|  -2|  +5| +54|+ 87|+110|
+ Ham                    |  do    |         |[16]|  -5| +19| +45|+ 70|+104|
+ Lamb                   |  do    |         |  +2| +12| +20| +53|+ 90|+104|
+ Hens                   |  do    |         |  +2|  -3|  +9| +32|+ 71|+ 96|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Salmon, canned         |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Milk, fresh            |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Milk, evaporated       |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ (unsweetened)          |  [12]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Butter                 | Pound  |         |  9 |   3|  +3| +30| +42| +89|
+ Oleomargarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Nut margarine          |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cheese                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Lard                   |  do    |         |  -1|   4| +27| +76|+108|+146|
+ Crisco                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Eggs, strictly fresh   | Dozen  |         |  +1||  +7| +51| +61|+102|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Bread                  |Pound[13]         | +11| +29| +25| +71| +75|+ 75|
+ Flour                  | Pound  |         |[16]| +36| +18|+164|+100|+127|
+ Corn meal              |   do   |         |  +3| +10| +10|+ 80|+133|+107|
+ Rolled oats            | Pound  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Corn flakes            |  [14]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cream of wheat         |  [15]  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Rice                   | Pound  |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Macaroni               |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Beans, navy            |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Potatoes               |  do    |         |+ 19|[16]|+ 56|+281|+ 38|+106|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Onions                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Cabbage                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Beans, baked           |        |No. 2 can.    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Corn, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Peas, canned           |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tomatoes, canned       |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Sugar, granulated      | Pound  |         |-  7|+ 26|+ 57|+ 85|+ 69|+ 96|
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Tea                    |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Coffee                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Prunes                 |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Raisins                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Bananas                |  Dozen |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ Oranges                |  do    |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+                        |        |         |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+ All articles combined  |        |         |+  1|+  3|+ 13|+ 56|+ 64|+ 91|
+ -----------------------+--------+---------+----+----+----+----+----+----|
+
+[12] 15-16 ounce can.
+
+[13] Baked weight.
+
+[14] 8-ounce package.
+
+[15] 28-ounce package.
+
+[16] No change in price.
+
+     "The total of dry storage stocks, including those that
+     increased and those that decreased is as follows, all items
+     being reduced to pounds:
+
+    June 1, 1919   7,875,280,040
+    June 1, 1918   6,336,763,505
+
+     "That is the total dry storage stocks reported on June 1, 1919,
+     were 124 per cent. of those on June 1, 1918.
+
+     "The total of cold storage items reported in pounds in June,
+     1919, and June, 1918 (omitting apples in barrels but covering
+     eggs; frozen eggs; butter; cheese, frozen and cured beef;
+     frozen lamb and mutton; frozen, dry salt and pickled pork;
+     lard; and frozen poultry), was as follows:
+
+    June 1, 1919                    1,671,777,990
+    June 1, 1918                    1,669,826,166
+
+     "That is, cold storage stocks this June are 100.1 per cent. of
+     those last June.
+
+     "None of the above figures include army stores nor the army
+     excess supply which is to be distributed by the War Department
+     under resolution of the House of Representatives.
+
+     "The sum of dry storage and cold storage (except apples) for
+     the two periods (combining the figures already given) was as
+     follows:
+
+    June 1, 1919               9,547,058,030 pounds
+    June 1, 1918               8,006,589,671 pounds
+
+     "That is the total stocks reported on June 1, 1919, were 119
+     per cent. of those on June 1, 1918.
+
+     "This as noted does not include Army supplies.
+
+     "Grouping the commodities in four classes:
+
+     "(1) Those increasing in stocks and increasing in price.
+
+     "(2) Those increasing in stocks and decreasing in price.
+
+     "(3) Those decreasing in stocks and increasing in price.
+
+     "(4) Those decreasing in stocks and decreasing in price; we
+     have the accompanying significant tables, which indicate that
+     the 'law of supply and demand' is not working.
+
+
+
+
+III--INDUSTRY AND LABOR IN WARTIME
+
+Unprecedented Conditions and Developments Due to the World War
+and How They Were Met
+
+
+The issue of the great world conflict between autocracy and democracy
+rested largely in the hands of the laboring classes behind the lines.
+Mr. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, placed vividly before the
+public in one of his official statements the views of American labor at
+the outbreak of the war:
+
+     "During the past decade the sentiment of American labor has
+     crystallized against resort to arms as a means of settlement of
+     disputes between nations. War had come to be considered
+     wasteful economically, socially, and morally. Labor felt that
+     no national advantage gained through force of arms could offset
+     the human life sacrificed, the burden of taxation levied upon
+     successive generations to pay the cost of war, the standards of
+     life set back or destroyed, which had to be rebuilt slowly and
+     with infinite sacrifice. In short, war had come to be looked
+     upon as morally wrong, entirely unnecessary, a calamity that
+     could be avoided and must be avoided if the race was to
+     progress. This feeling was shared to a greater or lesser extent
+     by the workers of all civilized nations, and there was a
+     universal feeling in world labor ranks prior to the outbreak of
+     the European war that this sentiment, shared by many thoughtful
+     people outside the ranks of the wage workers in all civilized
+     nations, was strong enough to prevent any armed conflict which
+     would involve any number of peoples. This sentiment was
+     undoubtedly responsible for the lack of military preparedness,
+     in the sense that Germany prepared, among the other major
+     powers now engaged in the world conflict.
+
+     "When the war clouds broke in Europe, American labor was
+     stunned. All its preconceived notions as to the inability of
+     any great nation to wage war upon another nation because the
+     working people would refuse either to fight or produce
+     munitions and supplies of war were shattered when nation after
+     nation quickly mobilized its armies and the organized labor
+     movements of each country, without exception, quickly pledged
+     their men and their resources to the support of their
+     respective governments. But the fact that America itself might
+     be drawn into the world conflict was still foreign to the mind
+     of the American workman. While American labor grieved over the
+     fate which had befallen its kind in Europe no sense of danger
+     to this country was apparent. From the beginning of this
+     Republic it had been our national policy to hold aloof from the
+     quarrels of the Old World. The splendid isolation of thousands
+     of miles of ocean protected us. We had no quarrel with Europe
+     and we asked but to be let alone. We stood upon our rights to
+     protect the people of continental America from invasion or
+     aggression as enunciated by the Monroe Doctrine, and further
+     than that we could not see that the European conflict embroiled
+     us as a nation. Let Europe settle her own family quarrel. We
+     were to remain the one great neutral nation of the earth. When
+     the time came America, untrammeled by participation in the
+     conflict, with no desire for American aggrandizement or
+     territorial expansion, would be the natural messenger of peace
+     to war-worried Europe."
+
+
+SAFEGUARDS FOR WORKINGMEN
+
+From the moment of the declaration of war the general loyalty of the
+laboring classes throughout the United States was apparent. This
+attitude of loyalty found a ready response in the immediately declared
+intention of the Government to safeguard the interests of the
+workingmen. Congress announced its attitude toward standards of legal
+protection for workers. It was printed verbatim in _Labor Laws in War
+Time_, 201, p. 1, as follows:
+
+     "WHEREAS, The entrance of the United States into the World War
+     appears imminent; and
+
+     "WHEREAS, Other countries upon engaging in the conflict
+     permitted a serious breakdown of protective labor regulations
+     with the result, as shown by recent official investigations, of
+     early and unmistakable loss of health, output, and national
+     effectiveness; and
+
+     "WHEREAS, Our own experience has already demonstrated that
+     accidents increase with speeding up and the employment of new
+     workers unaccustomed to their tasks, that over fatigue defeats
+     the object aimed at in lengthening working hours, and that new
+     occupational poisoning has accompanied the recent development
+     of munition manufacture; and
+
+     "WHEREAS, The full strength of our nation is needed as never
+     before and we cannot afford to suffer loss of labor power
+     through accidents, disease, industrial poisoning, and
+     overfatigue; now, therefore, be it.
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the American Association for Labor
+     Legislation, at this critical time, in order to promote the
+     success of our country in war as well as in peace, would sound
+     a warning against the shortsightedness and laxness at first
+     exemplified abroad in these matters, and would urge all
+     public-spirited citizens to cooperate in maintaining, for the
+     protection of those who serve in this time of stress the
+     industries of the nation (who as experience abroad has shown
+     are quite as important to military success as the fighting
+     forces), the following essential minimum requirements:
+
+
+     I. SAFETY
+
+     "1. Maintenance of all existing standards of safeguarding
+     machinery and industrial processes for the prevention of
+     accidents.
+
+
+     II. SANITATION
+
+     "1. Maintenance of all existing measures for the prevention of
+     occupational diseases.
+
+     "2. Immediate agreement upon practicable methods for the
+     prevention of special occupational poisonings incident to
+     making and handling explosives.
+
+
+     III. HOURS
+
+     "1. Three-shift system in continuous industries.
+
+     "2. In non-continuous industries, maintenance of existing
+     standard working day as basic.
+
+     "3. One day's rest in seven for all workers.
+
+
+     IV. WAGES
+
+     "1. Equal pay for equal work, without discrimination as to sex.
+
+     "2. Maintenance of existing wage rates for basic working day.
+
+     "3. Time and one-half for all hours beyond basic working day.
+
+     "4. Wage rates to be periodically revised to correspond with
+     variations in the cost of living.
+
+
+     V. CHILD LABOR
+
+     "1. Maintenance of all existing special regulations regarding
+     child labor, including minimum wages, maximum hours,
+     prohibition of night work, prohibited employment, and
+     employment certificates.
+
+     "2. Determination of specially hazardous employments to be
+     forbidden to children under sixteen.
+
+
+     VI. WOMAN'S WORK
+
+     "1. Maintenance of existing special regulations regarding
+     woman's work, including maximum hours, prohibition of night
+     work, prohibited hazardous employments, and prohibited
+     employment immediately before and after childbirth.
+
+
+     VII. SOCIAL INSURANCE
+
+     "1. Maintenance of existing standards of workmen's compensation
+     for industrial accidents and diseases.
+
+     "2. Extension of workmen's compensation laws to embrace
+     occupational diseases, especially those particularly incident
+     to the manufacture and handling of explosives.
+
+     "3. Immediate investigation of the sickness problem among the
+     workers to ascertain the advisability of establishing universal
+     workmen's health insurance.
+
+
+     VIII. LABOR MARKET
+
+     "1. Extension of existing systems of public employment bureaus
+     to aid in the intelligent distribution of labor throughout the
+     country.
+
+     IX. ADMINISTRATION OF LABOR LAWS
+
+     "1. Increased appropriations for enlarged staffs of inspectors
+     to enforce labor legislation.
+
+     "2. Representation of employees, employers, and the public on
+     joint councils for cooperating elsewhere with the labor
+     departments in drafting and enforcing necessary regulations to
+     put the foregoing principles into full effect."
+
+
+ORGANIZING LABOR FOR WAR WORK
+
+Supplying the man power for industrial action during the war was a
+really more complicated task than drafting men for military service. In
+the earlier period of American participation labor was distributed more
+or less according to the law of supply and demand. The unequal
+distribution of workers became a grave problem. To meet this the United
+States Employment Service of the Department of Labor took over the
+supply of war industries with common labor, and all independent
+recruiting of labor by manufacturers having a pay roll of more than a
+hundred men was discontinued.
+
+[Illustration: In the Heart of the Bethlehem Steel Plant
+
+H. E. Coffin, Chairman on Industrial Preparedness of the Council of
+National Defence, described the conflict as a war of munitions, of
+factories, of producing powers, of sweating men and women workers. In
+the plant sketched above, 26,000 men toiled and sweated during the war
+to make munitions for our troops overseas.]
+
+     "On this Board were representatives of the War, Navy, and
+     Agriculture Departments, the Shipping Board and the Emergency
+     Fleet Corporation, the War Industries Board, and the Food,
+     Fuel, and Railroad Administrations. Assistant Director Nathan
+     A. Smyth, of the United States Employment Service, was quoted
+     in the New York _Globe_ as saying in part:
+
+     "'Today the war industries of the country are short about
+     500,000 unskilled workers, and the coming requirements of war
+     production necessitate finding between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000
+     more.
+
+     "'Similarly the demand for skilled workers in war industries is
+     greater than the immediately available supply. Before long we
+     will have to take every tool maker and die-sinker in non-war
+     work and put him in war production.'
+
+     "The country was divided into thirteen Federal districts, by
+     the regulation of labor for war industries, and each was in
+     charge of a superintendent of the United States Employment
+     Service, while the States within the several districts were in
+     charge of a State director. The labor problem this measure was
+     designed to remedy and control was pictured by Secretary of
+     Labor Wilson, who was quoted in the New York _Sun_ as saying in
+     part:
+
+     "'The Government found itself in need of men, and on going out
+     to get them found itself in competition with private industry,
+     which was equally hard pressed. Men who had never drawn more
+     than a common laborer's wages found themselves at a premium in
+     the market, and began to ask and receive extortionate prices,
+     and to rove from place to place seeking still higher prices.
+
+     "'Everywhere industry was hampered by what is known as the
+     turnover, or the constant shifting of itinerant labor, in some
+     cases the loss in efficiency running as high as 100 per cent.
+     This is what is perhaps best described as the evil of the
+     individualistic strike--the strike by the man, thousands of
+     him, in different yards and factories all over the country, who
+     is forever throwing down his tools and wandering away on the
+     slightest rumor of higher wages elsewhere, who by his habit of
+     roving never masters the details of any trade, and who in the
+     mass accounts for a greater loss than all the organized strikes
+     and walkouts in the land.'"
+
+
+INFLUENCE OF WAR CONDITIONS
+
+In the United States under war conditions labor unrest did not reach the
+intense form manifested in England. Nevertheless a great many strikes
+were reported. Surprise was expressed that the labor adjustment
+machinery of the War Department and of the Navy Department was not
+appealed to. Besides there was the National War Labor Board to take up
+mediation. Investigations in Bridgeport, Connecticut, showed an increase
+of earnings of 81 per cent. against an increase of living prices of 61
+per cent. Yet at one time the Press reported strikes in over 350 machine
+shops in New Jersey--nearly all engaged in necessary war work--as well
+as trouble in many shipyards. Of course there was the explanation of
+foreign propaganda or a tendency toward industrial Bolshevism. Such
+explanations failed to account for the fact that American workmen as a
+whole were patriotic.
+
+Attention was called, on the other hand, to the warm tribute given by
+the Federal Fuel Administrator to the bituminous coal miners who had
+brought production past the 13 million ton mark in the second week in
+July, 1917, and the exceptional efforts of diligent and patriotic
+workers in the shipyard. A portion of the press emphasized the
+unreasonableness of striking while the laboring people enjoyed, during
+war time, immunity from service and immunity from the pressure of
+competition for wages. The Springfield _Republican_ protested against
+applying to the workingmen exaggerated standards of economic rectitude.
+
+     "It is easy to be harsh in one's judgment even in the case of
+     the strikes that occur. Why do they strike at all while the war
+     continues? Have they no capacity for self-sacrifice for the
+     country? These questions will be asked by many people whenever
+     war work anywhere is checked in the least degree by workmen
+     dropping their tools.
+
+     "On the other hand, let us not be unjust to labor, for in the
+     American Army in France labor is represented by multitudes of
+     youth upon whose gallantry and steadiness all our hopes of
+     victory depend. No class here at home gives 100 per cent.
+     efficiency or commits itself to 100 per cent. of sacrifice in
+     the winning of the war. Why demand it of the wage earners or
+     the labor unions?
+
+     "Simply because of its organization and its machinery of
+     leadership, however, labor enjoys an exceptional opportunity to
+     contribute to the winning of the war. This is the first great
+     war in history in which labor has been organized into an
+     economic unit, and that is the reason for some special war
+     problems today which were never encountered by governments in
+     previous wars. But there can be gains even more than losses to
+     the national strength by reason of this organization, if the
+     opportunity be accepted to promote labor's contribution. This
+     is a task especially for the leadership of organized labor. It
+     is certainly no exaggeration to say that in no way can labor be
+     advantaged after the war so much as by the wholehearted
+     acceptance of its opportunity for loyal service to the nation
+     during the war. Let labor splendidly do its part in bringing
+     victory and its future influence will expand beyond the dreams
+     of its prophets....
+
+     "Labor and victory are inseparable; nay more, the one may
+     command the other, and thus it may control the fate of the
+     world."
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL MEANING OF WAR
+
+Mr. H. E. Coffin, Chairman of the Committee on Industrial Preparedness,
+described the European War in its last analysis as a war of munitions, a
+war of factories, of producing powers, of sweating men and women
+workers. When the United States entered the war there were four main
+things required of its government and its people, viz., ships, munitions
+and materials of war, food and soldiers. It can be seen that three out
+of these four factors are matters that belong to the economic history of
+the war. Fortunately for our Government, it had the experience of
+foreign countries to learn from, and learning was an essential part of
+war preparation in spite of the resources in hand in the United States;
+as Mr. Coffin said:
+
+     "A close observation of the experience in foreign countries has
+     shown us the vital necessity for a peace time prearrangement
+     for conversion in all industries. Wars, as now waged, involve
+     every human and material resource of a belligerent nation.
+     Every factory and every man, woman, and child are affected.
+     Every sinew of industry, of transportation, and of finance must
+     be harnessed in the country's service. In England two years and
+     a half ago there were three government arsenals. Today
+     thousands of England's industrial plants are being operated as
+     government factories for the production of war materials, and
+     many other thousands of plants, still under private control,
+     are centering their energies in this same direction.
+
+     "We have here in the United States vast resources in
+     manufacturing and producing equipment, but they are unorganized
+     and uneducated for the national service. Our observations of
+     the European War have taught us that it is upon organized
+     industry that we must base every plan of military defense. In
+     the event of trouble with any one of the several first-class
+     powers, between 80 and 90 per cent. of our industrial activity
+     would of necessity be centered upon the making of supplies for
+     the government. We have learned also that from one to two years
+     of time and of conscientious effort are needed to permit any
+     large manufacturing establishment to change over from its usual
+     peace-time commercial line to the quantity production of war
+     materials for which it has had no previous training."
+
+In certain respects the position of the United States was unique, not
+only because of its resources but because it was to a certain extent
+self-dependent as a belligerent. England was able for some time to
+import large quantities of munitions and supplies from other countries.
+In the case of the United States when it entered the war, munition and
+food supplies had to come from its own resources. Practically all of the
+war materials had to be ultimately produced in the United States. Many
+observers were optimistic because they had a sanguine opinion of the
+efficiency presented by American industrial democracy. But efficiency
+alone could not win the war. There were certain limitations to the
+sphere of efficiency. This was pointed out by Mr. H. G. Moulton in an
+address on "Industrial Conscription," delivered before the Western
+Economic Society, at Chicago, in 1917:
+
+     "At this point it should be emphasized that the position of the
+     United States is unique, so far as the allied nations are
+     concerned. England, for instance, at the outbreak of the
+     conflict could import vast quantities of munitions and supplies
+     from other countries. England, therefore, had a fourth
+     alternative, one denied to us because the struggle is now
+     world-wide. All of the materials of war that we furnish must
+     come from the current energy of our own people. We must
+     ourselves produce these ships, munitions, food supplies, and
+     stocks in the coming months. There is no one else to do it for
+     us. In this connection I should like to emphasize with all the
+     power at my command the argument that we cannot by bond issues
+     shift the burdens of this war to future generations. The mere
+     fact that all of us--as represented by the government--borrow
+     from some of us--as represented by bond purchasers--does not
+     change the other essential fact that we, the people within this
+     country, must actually produce practically all the war
+     materials we are to have for use in the war.
+
+     "There is also much current discussion of the wonderful gains
+     that may be made through increasing efficiency. It is argued
+     that we should make our patriotic impulses the occasion for the
+     universal introduction of scientific management. It of course
+     goes without saying that we should do all that we possibly can
+     to further the improvement of industrial methods; and doubtless
+     something may be accomplished."
+
+[Illustration: Forging Armor Plate
+
+"Every man, in the draft age at least, must work or fight," said General
+Crowder. And the workers were just as important a factor in winning the
+war as the fighters. In the gigantic machine sketched above, ingots of
+sixty and seventy tons were pressed into plates of any size and
+thickness for use on our super dreadnoughts.]
+
+
+LABOR DISLOCATION
+
+It is estimated that about 35,000,000 men, women and children in the
+United States do the country's work: dig its coal, raise its crops, run
+its trains, build its roads, make its powder, turn out its munitions.
+There was an increase each year of a million man-power through
+immigration. The result of the war was that this source of supply was
+cut off. What was the economic significance of this cutting off of
+immigration? The immigrant was almost the only source of what we call
+day labor--the men who do the building and repairing of railroads, the
+mending of streets and roads, mining, and the rough work of steel mills
+and other factories. Along with the cessation of immigration came the
+withdrawal from labor power of two million men who were drawn into the
+Army. These men, incidentally, became large consumers of goods rather
+than normal producers of wealth. Some estimates were made that the
+United States Government was using for war purposes about one-half of
+the entire productive capacity of the country. These figures enable one
+to gauge the industrial dislocation caused by the war. In matters
+affecting the members of what might be called the labor army, which
+still kept up the work of production, the Government laid great emphasis
+on the need of securing industrial peace.
+
+A Mediation Commission was appointed by the President to deal with
+conditions of labor unrest. This Commission made a report early in 1918,
+in which it spoke of the lack of knowledge on the part of Capital as to
+Labor's feelings and needs and on the part of Labor as to problems of
+management. The program outlined by the Commission was as follows:
+
+     "1. Modern large scale industry has effectually destroyed the
+     personal relation between employer and employee--the knowledge
+     and cooperation that come from personal contact. It is
+     therefore no longer possible to conduct industry by dealing
+     with employees as individuals. Some form of collective
+     relationship between management and men is indispensable. The
+     recognition of this principle by the government should form an
+     accepted part of the labor policy of the nation.
+
+     "2. Law, in business as elsewhere, depends for its vitality
+     upon steady employment. Instead of waiting for adjustment
+     after grievances come to the surface there is needed the
+     establishment of continuous administrative machinery for the
+     orderly disposition of industrial issues and the avoidance of
+     an atmosphere of contention and the waste of disturbances.
+
+     "3. The eight-hour day is an established policy of the country;
+     experience has proved justification of the principle also in
+     war times. Provision must of course be made for longer hours in
+     case of emergencies. Labor will readily meet this requirement
+     if its misuse is guarded against by appropriate overtime
+     payments.
+
+     "4. Unified direction of the labor administration of the United
+     States for the period of the war should be established. At
+     present there is an unrelated number of separate committees,
+     boards, agencies, and departments having fragmentary and
+     conflicting jurisdiction over the labor problems raised by the
+     war. A single-headed administration is needed, with full power
+     to determine and establish the necessary administrative
+     structure.
+
+     "5. When assured of sound labor conditions and effective means
+     for the just redress of grievances that may arise, Labor in its
+     turn should surrender all practices which tend to restrict
+     maximum efficiency.
+
+     "6. Uncorrected evils are the great provocative to extremist
+     propaganda, and their correction would be in itself the best
+     counter-propaganda. But there is need for more affirmative
+     education. There has been too little publicity of an educative
+     sort in regard to Labor's relation to the war. The purposes of
+     the government and the methods by which it is pursuing them
+     should be brought home to the fuller understanding of Labor.
+     Labor has most at stake in this war, and it will eagerly devote
+     its all if only it be treated with confidence and
+     understanding, subject neither to indulgence nor neglect, but
+     dealt with as a part of the citizenship of the state."
+
+
+ADVISORY LABOR COUNCIL
+
+In order to prevent lack of coordination in the government's handling of
+the labor situation an advisory council was created to help the
+Secretary of Labor to organize the new war work. The field of this
+advisory council is indicated in a series of memoranda presented to him
+in January, 1917.
+
+     "1. An Adjustment Service which will have to do with the
+     adjustment of industrial disputes according to policies and
+     principles arrived at through the deliberations of the War
+     Labor Conference Board.
+
+     "2. A Condition of Labor Service which will have charge of the
+     administration of conditions of labor within business plants.
+
+     "3. An Information and Education Service which will devote
+     itself to the establishment of sound sentiment among both
+     employers and employees and to the establishment in individual
+     plants of the local machinery (_e. g._, employment management)
+     and policies necessary for the successful operation of a
+     National Labor Program.
+
+     "4. A Woman in Industry Service which will meet the problems
+     connected with the more rapid introduction of women into
+     industry as a result of war conditions.
+
+     "5. A Training and Dilution Service which will administer such
+     training and dilution policies as may be agreed upon.
+
+     "6. A Housing and Transportation of Workers Service whose duty
+     it will be to provide the housing facilities to meet the
+     nation's needs.
+
+     "7. A Personnel Service whose duties it shall be to assemble
+     and classify information concerning appropriate candidates for
+     positions in the war-labor administration and make
+     recommendations for appointment.
+
+     "8. A Division for the Investigation of Special Problems which
+     would be a part of the Secretary's office force and would
+     conduct investigations in the placing of contracts, in priority
+     of labor demand, in powers of the Department, in problems of
+     reconstruction, and would assist in formulating the national
+     labor policy.
+
+     "9. An Investigation and Inspection Service to provide the
+     field force of examiners and inspectors required by the other
+     services."
+
+After various stages of experience the War Industries Board secured
+something more than an advisory position. This was done only after a
+year of warfare. The final situation was explained by Mr. C. M.
+Hitchcock in the _Journal of Political Economy_, June, 1918:
+
+     "When on March 4th of the present year the President appointed
+     Bernard M. Baruch Chairman of the War Industries Board and
+     defined his duties he did not, as certain press reports have
+     implied, create an industrial dictator. His action did clear
+     the way for Mr. Baruch's assumption of the duties of a director
+     of industrial war strategy, of an industrial Chief of
+     Staff--for the present position of the War Industries Board in
+     the American Government is comparable in its relation to
+     national industrial policy to nothing so much as the functions
+     of the General Staff of the Army in its jurisdiction over
+     military strategy. After a year of war the direction of
+     industrial policy is placed in single hands, and a central
+     planning board is established for dealing not only with the
+     problems of production and purchase but with the whole attitude
+     of the government toward the mobilization of business resources
+     for the prosecution of the war. Leadership has been focused and
+     an administrative channel opened for the inauguration of a
+     studied and inferentially constructive industrial policy.
+
+     "From the present trend of events the War Industries Board
+     promises to become the sole directing agency between the
+     government and industry. Backed by the power of the President
+     to commandeer, to withhold fuel, and in other ways to force the
+     halting into line, it can mold the country's industrial system
+     almost as it will--whether in organizing the nation for war or
+     in directing the lines along which it shall return to normal
+     conditions when peace comes. In a system of government such as
+     ours, where the responsibility for directing the war rests
+     almost exclusively in the hands of the President, and where his
+     power ultimately becomes almost absolute, the Board has been
+     shaped into a very potent instrument.
+
+     "Yet powerful as it may become, subject only to the
+     jurisdiction of the President, it is well to remember that in a
+     comprehensive national war plan it cannot stand alone. Its
+     policies must be subject to the administration's general
+     strategy in the war--for instance, to the amount of munitions
+     in comparison with the number of men or the amount of food that
+     it wishes to send abroad at any given time. The munitions
+     program and the conversion of industry to war purposes must be
+     governed by the ultimate end in view. In addition, one of the
+     great factors in production--the labor factor--is being
+     administered by another government agency, and it is obvious
+     that priority in the labor supply must go hand in hand with
+     priority in materials."
+
+
+WORK OR FIGHT
+
+Military men were as keen as business men in realizing the industrial
+factor as a powerful contributory cause in winning the war. General
+Crowder's famous "work or fight" alternative was a sufficient witness of
+this fact. He said:
+
+     "Every man, in the draft age at least, must work or fight.
+
+     "This is not alone a war of military maneuvers. It is a deadly
+     contest of industries and mechanics. Germany must not be
+     thought of as merely possessing an army; we must think of her
+     as _being_ an army--an army in which every factory and loom in
+     the Empire is a recognized part in a complete machine running
+     night and day at terrific speed. We must make ourselves the
+     same sort of effective machine.
+
+     "We must make vast withdrawals for the Army and immediately
+     close up the ranks of industry behind the gap with an
+     accelerating production of every useful thing in necessary
+     measure. How is this to be done? The answer is plain. The first
+     step toward the solution of the difficulty is to prohibit
+     engagement by able-bodied men in the field of hurtful
+     employment, idleness, or ineffectual employment, and thus
+     induce and persuade the vast wasted excess into useful fields.
+
+     "One of the unanswerable criticisms of the draft has been that
+     it takes men from the farms and from all useful employments and
+     marches them past crowds of idlers and loafers away to the
+     Army. The remedy is simple--to couple the industrial basis with
+     other grounds for exemption and to require that any man
+     pleading exemption on any ground shall show that he is
+     contributing effectively to the industrial welfare of the
+     nation."
+
+[Illustration: Building Howitzers
+
+A nine-mile howitzer nearly ready for transportation. Beyond are seen
+heavy armorplate turrets in the making. The small and large
+manufacturers were given equal opportunity to obtain war business.]
+
+Industrial preparation for war was guided by the principle of priority.
+This is an old principle, but it began to be applied in unheard-of ways.
+When an army is to be moved all means of transport in sight are
+commandeered. When an army is to be fed, civilians protest in vain
+against the seizure of stores. These practices were always features in
+the history of warfare.
+
+A novel factor in priority as applied during the present war was the
+breadth of its scope.
+
+     "When the whole industry of a nation is mobilized behind the
+     fighting line, it is not merely finished munitions that must be
+     given priority in transportation, but also the materials and
+     fuel for further munitions production. The food supply of the
+     industrial population, as well as that of the army, has a claim
+     to priority. So also have clothing supplies, lumber for
+     housing, and whatever else is essential to working efficiency.
+     In production it would be impossible to fix definite limits
+     upon the application of the priority principle. We can not much
+     longer permit the free flotation of the securities of foreign
+     enterprises, nor even of the less essential domestic
+     enterprises, so long as national loans or issues designed to
+     finance railways or industrial enterprises of prime necessity
+     are to be floated. Modern warfare, in involving the whole
+     national life, has made inevitable a control of business
+     practically coextensive with the economic system.
+
+     "The application of the priority principle to transportation
+     and production is quite in accord with plain common sense. It
+     is none the less revolutionary in its social economic
+     implications. What it means is that necessities shall have
+     right of way. If we have excess productive capacity, the
+     unessentials and luxuries may be provided, but not otherwise.
+     And necessities are definable in terms that take account only
+     of physical requirements. There is no room in the definition
+     for class distinction. A new country house may seem a matter of
+     necessity to the man of fortune, but he will persuade no
+     priority board to permit shipment of building materials while
+     cars are needed for coal or wheat. Nor will he persuade them to
+     let him have lumber that could be used for ships or
+     workingmen's camps, or labor that could be employed to
+     advantage in production for more clearly national and
+     democratic needs."
+
+
+WAR SUPPLIES
+
+The United States, following the experience of other belligerents,
+adopted the policy of decentralization in the production of war
+supplies. A plan was worked out under which the small and large
+manufacturer were given equal opportunity to obtain war business:
+
+     "Under the plan that has been worked out for bringing the
+     manufacturing resources of the country into more effective
+     cooperation with the government, the country is to be divided
+     into twenty industrial regions, with the following cities as
+     centers: Boston, Bridgeport, New York, Philadelphia,
+     Pittsburgh, Rochester, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati,
+     Baltimore, Atlanta, Birmingham, Kansas City, St. Louis, Dallas,
+     Milwaukee, St. Paul, Seattle, San Francisco. The following plan
+     for effecting the organization is suggested by the officials in
+     charge:
+
+     "1. Organize through Chambers of Commerce and other business
+     associations Industrial Committees with the principal
+     industrial center as headquarters and such subdivisions as are
+     recommended by the business association of each district.
+
+     "2. Develop such organization in various classes of industry as
+     well as in area for greatest convenience, to get information of
+     all classes of products in and between regions.
+
+     "3. Having established such region and sub-region, through the
+     cooperation of the best business men in each district have a
+     survey of the industries recorded in the hands of the section
+     in Washington of the War Industries Board for information to
+     the various procurement sections of the government.
+
+     "4. Each region may have in Washington a representative who
+     through the Resources and Conversion Section of the War
+     Industries Board may keep in direct contact with his region and
+     be available to the governmental procurement divisions or the
+     War Industries Board for prompt action in giving data from his
+     region.
+
+     "The detailed form of organization suggested for each region
+     (subject, of course, to modifications as desired to meet the
+     needs of any region) is known as the Cleveland Plan, which has
+     been for some time in operation. Under this plan each region is
+     divided into eight sub-regions, an important industrial city in
+     each sub-region being designated as a center. Each sub-region
+     has a local War Industries Commission which coordinates all
+     industry within its territory. Within each sub-region
+     manufacturing is divided into the following classes: castings,
+     forgings and stampings; machinery and machine products; rubber
+     products; clay products, chemicals, oils, and paints; textiles
+     and clothing, wood and leather; engineering; automotive. Other
+     classifications may of course be added in important lines of
+     industry."
+
+Such regional divisions were but one factor in industrial
+administration. Government needs and labor shortage made imperative the
+regulation of manufactures by the priority system.
+
+[Illustration: Guns and Armaments for United States and Her Allies
+
+Interior of one of the Bethlehem Steel Company's mills--among the
+largest plants in the world for the production of munitions during the
+War.]
+
+
+THE PRIORITY SYSTEM
+
+The actual working of the priority system is shown in the following
+general classification of industry for the purpose of priority
+treatment:
+
+     Ships--Including destroyers and submarine chasers.
+
+     Aircraft.
+
+     Munitions, Military and Naval Supplies and
+     Operations--Including building construction for government
+     needs and equipment for same.
+
+     Fuel--For domestic consumption, and for manufacturing
+     necessities named herein.
+
+     Food and Collateral Industries--(_a_) Foodstuffs for human
+     consumption, and plants handling same.
+
+     (_b_) Feeding stuffs for domestic fowls and animals, and plants
+     handling same.
+
+     (_c_) All tools, utensils, implements, machinery, and equipment
+     required for production, harvesting and distribution, milling,
+     preparing, canning and refining foods and feeds such as seeds
+     of foods, and feeds, binder twine, etc.
+
+     (_d_) Products of collateral industries, such as fertilizer,
+     fertilizer ingredients, insecticides and fungicides, containers
+     for foods and feeds, collateral products.
+
+     (_e_) Materials and equipment for preservation of foods, and
+     feeds, such as ammonia and other refrigeration supplies,
+     including ice.
+
+     Clothing--For civilian population.
+
+     Railroad--Or other necessary transportation equipment,
+     including water transportation.
+
+     Public Utilities--Serving war industries, Army, Navy, and
+     civilian population."
+
+But the perplexity of applying this system to such a question as fuel
+administration is shown in the following list taken from one of the
+trade publications of the Administration for April, 1918:
+
+     "The Fuel Administration has therefore arranged the following
+     list of preferred industries:
+
+    Aircraft--Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing aircraft
+    or supplies and equipment therefor.
+
+    Ammunition--Plants engaged in the manufacture of ammunition for
+    the United States Government and the Allies.
+
+    Arms (small)--Plants engaged in manufacturing small arms for
+    the United States Government and the Allies.
+
+    Army and Navy cantonments and camps.
+
+    Chemicals--Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing chemicals.
+
+    Coke plants.
+
+    Domestic consumers.
+
+    Electrical equipment--Plants manufacturing same.
+
+    Electrodes--Plants producing electrodes.
+
+    Explosives--Plants manufacturing explosives.
+
+    Farm implements--Manufacturers exclusively of agricultural
+    implements and farm-operating Equipment.
+
+    Feed--Plants producing feed.
+
+    Ferro-alloys--Plants producing same.
+
+    Fertilizers--Manufacturers of fertilizers.
+
+    Fire brick--Plants producing same exclusively.
+
+    Food--Plants manufacturing, milling, preparing, refining,
+    preserving, and wholesaling food for human consumption.
+
+    Food containers--Manufacturers of tin and glass containers and
+    manufacturers exclusively of other food containers.
+
+    Gas--Gas-producing plants.
+
+    Guns (large)--Plants manufacturing same.
+
+    Hemp, jute, and cotton bags--Plants manufacturing exclusively
+    hemp, jute, and cotton bags.
+
+    Insecticides--Manufacturers exclusively of insecticides and
+    fungicides.
+
+    Iron and steel--Blast furnaces and foundries.
+
+    Laundries.
+
+    Machine tools--Plants manufacturing machine tools.
+
+    Mines.
+
+    Mines--Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing mining tools
+    and equipment.
+
+    Newspapers and periodicals--Plants printing and publishing
+    exclusively newspapers and periodicals.
+
+    Oil--Refineries of both mineral and vegetable oils.
+
+    Oil production--Plants manufacturing exclusively oil-well
+    equipment.
+
+    Public institutions and buildings.
+
+    Public utilities.
+
+    Railways--Plants manufacturing locomotives, freight cars and
+    rails, and other plants engaged exclusively in manufacture of
+    railway supplies.
+
+    Refrigeration--Refrigeration for food and exclusive
+    ice-producing plants.
+
+    Seeds--Producers or wholesalers of seeds (except flower seeds).
+
+    Ships (bunker coal)--Not including pleasure craft.
+
+    Ships--Plants engaged exclusively in building ships (not
+    including pleasure craft) or in manufacturing exclusively
+    supplies and equipment therefor.
+
+    Soap--Manufacturers of soap.
+
+    Steel--Steel plants and rolling mills.
+
+    Tanners--Tanning plants, save for patent leather.
+
+    Tanning extracts--Plants manufacturing tanning extracts.
+
+    Tin plate--Manufacturers of tin plate.
+
+    Twine (binder) and rope--Plants producing exclusively binder
+    twine and rope.
+
+
+CIVIL WAR CONDITIONS
+
+During the war period labor was much better off than during the Civil
+War epoch. The New York _World_ presented the following table from the
+_Merchants' Magazine_ of December, 1864, showing the rise of prices
+during the Civil War era:
+
+
+                                   _1862_              _1864_
+
+ Copper, 100 lbs              $22.00 @ $25.00      $41.00 @ $42.00
+ Coal, ton                      4.50 @   5.00        9.00 @  10.00
+ Iron, pig                     21.00 @  25.00       48.00 @  49.00
+ Lead, 100 lbs                  6.50 @   6.75       11.75 @  12.00
+ Nails, 100 lbs                 3.25 @   3.75        6.00 @   6.25
+ Ashes, pot bbl                 5.50 @   5.75        8.75 @   8.87
+ Dry cod, cwt                   3.37 @   4.25        6.50 @   7.00
+ Flour, bbl                     4.50 @   5.60        7.30 @   7.35
+ Corn, 100 bush                58.50 @  60.00      131.00 @ 134.00
+ Hay, 100 lbs                    .80 @    .85        1.35 @   1.40
+ Wheat, bush                    1.30 @   1.45        1.63 @   1.65
+ Hemp, cwt                     10.00 @  11.25       14.00 @  16.12
+ Barley, bush                    .85 @   1.00        1.35 @   1.50
+ Oats, bush                      .37 @    .39         .90 @    .91
+ Hops, 100 lbs                 14.00 @  20.00       26.00 @  33.00
+ Clover seed, 100 lbs           7.50 @   7.75       12.50 @  13.50
+ Lime, bbl                       .60 @    .65        1.25 @   1.35
+ Oil, whale, gal                 .25 @    .35         .58 @    .60
+ Oil, coal, gal                  .48 @    .57        1.10 @   1.12
+ Pork, bbl                     13.25 @  13.75       21.75 @  23.50
+ Beef, bbl                      5.50 @   8.00       10.00 @  15.00
+ Lard, 100 lbs                  7.50 @   8.25       13.59 @  14.00
+ Whisky, 100 gals              25.00 @  25.50       89.00 @  91.00
+ Tallow, 100 lbs                8.75 @   9.00       12.62 @  12.75
+ Whalebone, 100 lbs            68.00 @  70.00      150.00 @ 155.00
+ Wool, fleece, 100 lbs         52.00 @  53.00       78.00 @  82.00
+ Wool, pl'd, 100 lbs           44.00 @  45.00       70.00 @  75.00
+ Butter, 100 lbs               16.00 @  21.00       36.00 @  37.00
+ Cheese, 100 lbs                5.00 @   7.00       15.00 @  18.00
+
+     "Wheat flour, one of the prime necessities, 'was at no time
+     during the Civil War above $7.35 per barrel, which is somewhat
+     less than four cents per pound,' while at the present time it
+     is seven cents per pound, 'or close to 100 per cent. higher
+     than the top notch of the '60s.' Lard has already advanced
+     about 100 per cent., while its greatest advance during the
+     Civil War was 75 per cent.
+
+     "'The present-day advance in the price of clothing in general
+     has not been proportionate with the advance of foodstuffs,
+     though it has been considerable, especially as to the cheaper
+     grades. Cotton shirts that sold for 48 cents in 1913 are now
+     bringing 90 cents to $1. Cheap hosiery has also about doubled
+     in value. Suits that formerly sold for $15 are now bringing
+     $17, which is about 10 per cent. advance. Cotton goods during
+     the Civil War were exceptionally high, owing to the difficulty
+     of procuring the staple. After the stocks on hand at the
+     beginning of the war were exhausted, New England mills shut
+     down because of inability to get supplies. In 1864 raw cotton
+     ruled at 72 cents per pound, while at one time it touched
+     $1.90. Cotton goods of all kinds were therefore extraordinarily
+     high.'
+
+[Illustration: Plowing by Night
+
+The number of men drawn from Great Britain into the army and navy during
+the war was about 5,000,000. This meant extraordinary efforts of
+production were necessary on the part of those who were left behind. By
+means of a motor tractor and an acetylene gas generator, the owner of
+the farm shown above was able to run day and night shifts.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+     "The public spirit manifested at present is much more admirable
+     than that displayed in the '60s, as shown by the following
+     first-hand description of life in those days, as compared with
+     what we see on every hand today. Said the New York
+     _Independent_ of June 25, 1864:
+
+     "'Who at the North would ever think of war if he had not a
+     friend in the army or did not read the newspapers? Go into
+     Broadway and we will show you what is meant by the word
+     "extravagance." Ask Stewart about the demand for camel's-hair
+     shawls and he will say "monstrous." Ask Tiffany what kind of
+     diamonds and pearls are called for. He will answer "the
+     prodigious, as near hen's-egg size as possible, price no
+     object." What kind of carpetings are now wanted? None but
+     "extra." Brussels and velvets are now used from basement to
+     garret. Ingrains and three-plys won't do at all.
+
+     "'Call a moment at a carriage repository. In reply to your
+     first question you will be told, "Never such a demand before,
+     sir." And as for horses, the medium-priced $500 kind are all
+     out of the market. A good pair of fast ones, "all right," will
+     go for $1,000 sooner than a basket of strawberries will sell
+     for four cents. Those a "little extra" will bring $1,500 to
+     $2,000, while the "superb" 2.40 sort will bring any price among
+     the high numbers.'"
+
+
+GREAT BRITAIN'S PRODUCTIVE POWER
+
+To appreciate what industrial mobilization meant in England the best
+method is to start with the figures on national production taken from
+the British census of 1907, the last accessible for the peace period:
+
+    In 1907 the British people are
+    estimated to have produced
+    goods to the total amount of,
+    roughly                                   $10,000,000,000
+
+    The nation consumed during that
+    year in personal consumption                7,050,000,000
+
+    It spent on capital purposes at
+    home:
+
+    (_a_) On betterment of its national
+    plant                                         950,000,000
+
+    (_b_) On maintenance of its national
+    plant                                         900,000,000
+
+    It used up goods to the value of
+    (in keeping up and probably increasing
+    its stocks of material
+    on hand)                                      325,000,000
+
+    It exported goods in the form of
+    loans to foreign countries of
+    about                                         500,000,000
+
+By 1914 the British Empire had probably advanced its income to at least
+$12,500,000,000; and the surplus of goods which it had to export as
+loans to foreign countries seems to have increased from about
+$500,000,000 to $1,000,000,000. What happened in war-time? First of all
+there was an unprecedented manufacture of munitions and war supplies.
+This production was needed not only for Great Britain, but also for her
+Allies. Seven-tenths of what was produced in Great Britain in the year
+1907 was immediately used up in the form of personal consumption by its
+population; accordingly war industrial activities meant either that
+British production must be increased or British consumption reduced, or
+that more goods must be bought from foreign countries through the sale
+of British liquid capital assets.
+
+First of all, consumption was cut down; in detail, this was accomplished
+in the following ways: 1. By cutting down all normal additions to
+England's national plant, _i. e._, by building no more houses,
+factories, railways, roads, etc., except for purely war purposes. This
+expenditure in 1907 amounted to about $950,000,000. 2. By cutting down
+and ceasing as far as possible to spend money on the maintenance of this
+national plant, except the minimum required to keep it running. This
+expenditure in 1907 amounted to $900,000,000. 3. Most important of all,
+by cutting down civil personal expenditure. This was so far the largest
+item of consumption that it was here that the most important savings
+were made.
+
+
+A WHOLE POPULATION AT WORK
+
+In England the total number of "occupied males" between the ages of 18
+and 44, _i. e._, roughly, the conscription age was, in 1911, 7,200,000.
+The number of men from the United Kingdom in the Army and Navy amounted
+to over 5,000,000; therefore, out of every seven of these men, on the
+average five were soldiers or sailors. These men were lost from the
+productive capacity of the nation. It is obvious that if English
+production remained the same, or increased, it must have been the result
+of extraordinary efforts on the part of the small percentage of occupied
+males of fighting age left, on the part of all the other males occupied
+or formerly occupied, and on the part of all females.
+
+Mr. R. H. Brand, in discussing the situation in 1918, said:
+
+     "Notwithstanding the great difficulties, I think it is probable
+     that our production is quite as great as before. Measured in
+     money, and owing to the rise of prices, it would probably be
+     much greater. This is due to the fact that the whole
+     population, practically speaking, has been working, and working
+     intensely. Millions of women who have not worked before are
+     working now. No one is idle. Every acre of land or garden that
+     can be used is being used. Methods of production have been
+     speeded up, labor-saving machinery in industry and agriculture
+     multiplied. In every direction the wheels have been turning
+     faster.
+
+     "But, perhaps more important still, the _character_ of our
+     production has entirely changed--almost our entire industry is
+     producing for war purposes. Ordinary civil needs are no longer
+     considered. We have of course to produce what is essential for
+     life, but beyond that all our energies are directed to war
+     production. The government has of necessity compelled the whole
+     of British industry to produce for war and to produce what it
+     is told to produce, because in no other way could our own
+     armies and our Allies have been supplied. No man is free to do
+     what he likes with his labor and capital, with his ships, or
+     with his steel. He has to do what he is told to do. By this
+     means production for war purposes has enormously increased, and
+     civil consumption has enormously decreased, because the goods
+     for the civil population were no longer produced and one cannot
+     buy what isn't there. Instead of gramophones, the gramophone
+     company makes fuses; instead of cloth for ordinary clothes, the
+     woolen factory makes khaki; instead of motor cars, the
+     motor-car maker makes shells.
+
+
+     BRITISH INDUSTRY ON WAR BASIS.
+
+     "Apart from selling our liquid capital assets in return for
+     foreign goods, and apart from borrowing from foreign countries
+     for the same purpose, our power to provide our own army and
+     navy with all they want and have any surplus over for our
+     Allies has indeed depended entirely on our extraordinary
+     efforts in production--not in normal production, but in war
+     production--and also on the extent to which we have been able
+     to reduce our civil consumption of all kinds. I put production
+     first because, while economy in consumption is exceedingly
+     important, increased productive capacity devoted to war
+     material, in my opinion, is still more important. Our increased
+     productivity has, as I say, been devoted entirely to war
+     requirements. We have had to turn over our whole industry from
+     a peace to a war basis. We have both voluntarily and
+     compulsorily cut off the production of goods which are
+     unnecessary for war purposes. Many trades have been actually
+     shut down and the labor taken from them and handed over to war
+     industries. Labor itself has been subjected to restrictions
+     which would have been wholly impossible before the war. Labor
+     may not leave its employment without government leave; salaries
+     and wages may not be increased without government approval.
+     Measures for the control of industry which were unheard of and,
+     in fact, absolutely impossible before the war have been imposed
+     upon all industry.
+
+     "Fixed prices had been placed on the most important materials;
+     the government now has the absolute control of the use of
+     steel, copper, lead, wool, leather, and other materials for
+     which the war demand is insatiable, and also of all materials
+     manufactured therefrom. No use may be made of most of these
+     materials for any purpose whatever without a certificate being
+     first obtained, no buildings of any kind may be erected without
+     leave of the Ministry of Munitions. The whole of industry may
+     now be said to be directed according to the requirements of the
+     government, its regulation is an enormous task. In the head
+     office of the Ministry of Munitions alone there are more than
+     10,000 people.
+
+Mr. R. H. Brand, who is responsible for these statements and used them
+in an address to the American Bankers' Association, showed how these
+regulations had resulted in a decline of British imports from peace
+conditions of 55,000,000 tons annually to war conditions of 20,000,000
+tons. The imports were nearly all foodstuffs. England exported large
+amounts of munitions and supplies to her Allies. In the year 1916 alone
+we supplied them with 9,000,000 pairs of boots, 100,000,000 sand bags,
+40,000,000 yards of jute, millions of socks and blankets, and in
+addition several thousand tons of leather; also cloth, foodstuffs of
+every kind, portable houses, tools, hospital equipment and so on.
+
+
+LABOR POWER IN ENGLAND
+
+Mr. Lloyd George became the man naturally selected to be Prime Minister
+because of his success in directing one of the chief war industries--the
+work of munitions. In May, 1915, when he was made head of the newly
+created Department of Munitions, the problem before him was no easy one.
+The Central Empires were able to turn out 250,000 shells a day, while
+the British rate of production was 2,500 high-explosive shells a day,
+and 13,000 shrapnel shells. Lloyd George selected a large technical
+staff; the work was decentralized as much as possible, and special
+committees were formed for the purpose of organizing the work in each
+district. The question of raw materials had to be handled and this was
+not always easy because there were unscrupulous suppliers trying to make
+a corner in their goods. New machinery had to be made for the
+manufacture of large shells; all the big machine works were taken under
+direct control by the Government. Old factories had to be equipped and
+altered and twenty-six large plants had to be created. To provide the
+labor power, workmen were recruited by voluntary methods. A hundred
+thousand were in this way got together by July, 1915, most of whom were
+experts in machinery and ship-building. The result is pictured in the
+following extract by a French expert, Jules Destree:
+
+     "On the 20th of December, 1915, Mr. Lloyd George, in a speech
+     delivered in the House of Commons, summarized the results of
+     the first six months of his tenure of office. We will take a
+     few points.
+
+     "Orders placed before the formation of the department were
+     delivered with an increase of 16 per cent. on previous
+     deliveries. The number of new orders placed increased by 80 per
+     cent.
+
+     "The state regulation of the metal market resulted in a saving
+     of from 15 to 20 million pounds sterling.
+
+     "The present output of shells for a single week is three times
+     as great as the entire output for May, 1915, which means that
+     the rate of production is twelve times as great.
+
+     "The enormous quantity of shells consumed during the offensive
+     of September, 1915, was made good in a month. The time will
+     soon come when a week will suffice.
+
+     "The output of machine guns is five times as great; that of
+     hand grenades is increased forty fold.
+
+     "The production of heavy artillery has been accelerated, and
+     the heaviest guns of the early days of the war are now among
+     the lightest.
+
+     "An explosive factory in the south of England, which on October
+     15, 1915, started to fill bombs at the rate of 500 a week with
+     a staff of 60, was in March, 1916, turning out 15,000 a week
+     with a staff of 250.
+
+     "An entirely new factory which started work at the end of
+     October, 1915, with one filling shed and six girl fillers and
+     an output of 270 a week, was in March, 1916, employing 175
+     girls and handling 15,000 bombs a week.
+
+     "The Ministry of Munitions has built, or is building, housing
+     accommodation for 60,000 workers, and canteens and mess rooms
+     in munition works now give accommodation for 500,000 workers a
+     day.
+
+     "All the workmen were assigned either to the works already in
+     existence--which in many cases were short of hands and unable
+     for this reason to fulfill their contracts--or else they were
+     allotted to the new factories.
+
+     "But in view of influence wielded by the labor unions, various
+     provisions were inserted in the Munitions Act. They related to
+     the settlement of labor disputes and to the prohibition of
+     strikes and lockouts the grounds for which had not been
+     submitted to the Board of Trade.
+
+     "To obviate such disputes, which were generally called forth by
+     the excessive profits accruing to the employers and the demands
+     of the wage-earners, the system of 'controlled establishments'
+     was instituted. Every establishment engaged on munition work
+     was placed, so far as the regulation of profits and salaries
+     was concerned, under direct government control. Any
+     modification in the rate of wages had to be submitted to the
+     Ministry of Munitions, which had power to refer the question to
+     an arbitration board specially set up by the act.
+
+     "To complete this rapid survey it must be added that a
+     department was created by the Ministry of Munitions, under the
+     control of an undersecretary, whose special business it was to
+     examine war inventions."
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL DISLOCATION IN FRANCE
+
+When war was declared in 1914, the result in France was a complete
+disorganization. It must be remembered that workingmen from the age of
+19 to 45 were called to the colors. This meant that the labor supply was
+reduced by about three-fourths. The revival of trade was very slow until
+the beginning of 1915. When it began to be realized that the war would
+be a long one, and when the consumption of ammunition and war materials
+was beyond all previous records, the Government was forced to prepare a
+program for industrial warfare. It was a hard task because much of
+industrial France was under enemy occupation. Munition work had to be
+undertaken in neighborhoods largely agricultural. Everything was
+lacking: labor, coal, raw material and transportation. As it became
+evident that the stoppage of industrial work was a serious mistake, an
+attempt was made to revive industries not connected with munitions, such
+as paper manufacture, glove and silk making. The operations undertaken
+by the Government are described in the following passage from M. R.
+Blanchard's article in the _North American Review_ (1917):
+
+     "The first was to take men out of the army and send them to
+     industrial work. This was done with great caution during the
+     winter of 1914--15. The proportion of the men thus taken
+     increased more and more during the year 1915 and reached its
+     fullest extent in 1916. The specialists in steel work were the
+     first to be taken out of the trenches; these were far from
+     being sufficient, and common workmen were added to them. Then
+     chemists and workmen trained in the manufacture of explosives
+     were recalled; electric engineers were sent back to the
+     hydro-electric plants; miners above thirty-five years of age
+     who belonged to the territorial regiments were sent to the
+     mines; paper-makers and cardboard-makers who could be employed
+     in the preparation of explosives were put to work;
+     cabinet-makers were put to manufacturing rifle stocks;
+     wood-cutters were brought back from the front in order to see
+     that there was no waste in providing the enormous amount of
+     wood needed in the army. All this recalling of mobilized men
+     was effected at first according to the need, and without
+     method. By degrees it became clear that the output would be
+     greater if these soldier-workmen were assigned to the plants or
+     factories where they were working before the war. As it would
+     have been unwise to take too large a number of men out of the
+     fighting units, hundreds of thousands were taken from the
+     auxiliary troops of the interior, men who through lack of
+     physical ability to fight were employed in sedentary tasks.
+     Thus in 1915 and 1916 auxiliaries were swept away to become
+     workmen, foremen, secretaries, bookkeepers, accountants, etc.
+     Finally the administration decided to draw from the oldest
+     classes of men still under the military law. These were called
+     in 1915 and sent to the factories--men born in 1868, either
+     bachelors or married men without children.
+
+     "Another draft was made on the civil population. To make up for
+     the absence of male help, women were called upon for a great
+     number of occupations. Along with the women the refugees were
+     to do their part. After a rather long period of unsettled life
+     these refugees took again to regular occupations, some working
+     in the fields as agricultural hands, others in factories. Today
+     it is difficult to find unemployed people among them.
+
+     "The alien population for France is also large, considerable
+     numbers of Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese being employed
+     in the southeastern region. A newer element was provided by
+     natives from French colonies, namely, Morocco and Algeria.
+     Since the war started large numbers of Greeks and Armenians had
+     been imported into France; and during the last two years
+     something like 200,000 Chinamen had been brought to France for
+     unskilled work. The last resource was the enemy itself. There
+     were in France more than 250,000 German prisoners engaged in
+     various work and receiving a salary for it."
+
+Germany's industrial mobilization was picturesquely described by the
+head of the General Electric Co., Dr. Walter Rathenau, who was appointed
+at the beginning of the war to superintend the supplying of the German
+War Office with raw materials. He told the officials at the War Office
+that Germany was provided with more war materials only for a limited
+number of months. Accurate statistics were prepared in a short time on
+the power of production in various German industries. Then all the raw
+material was put where it could be commandeered. The flow of products
+was restricted, so that the raw material and also half manufactured
+products could be automatically diverted to articles needed by the Army.
+New methods were discovered and developed. Where former technical means
+were insufficient substitutes had to be found. Where it was prescribed
+that this or that article was to be made out of copper or aluminum, it
+was permitted to make it out of something else. All the laboring power
+of the country, including men from 16 to 60, were enrolled and
+controlled from the central organization called the War Office,
+described by General Groener as follows:
+
+     "The new War Office represents Germany as a colossal firm which
+     includes all production of every kind and is indifferent to the
+     kind of coat, civil or military, which its employes wear. The
+     new measures are intended to mobilize all effective labor,
+     whereas up to the present we have only mobilized the army and
+     industry. The whole war is becoming more and more a question of
+     labor, and in order to give the army a firm basis for its
+     operations the domestic army must also be mobilized. All the
+     labor, women's as well as men's, must be extracted from the
+     population, so far as possible voluntarily. But if voluntary
+     enlistment does not suffice we shall not be able to avoid the
+     introduction of compulsion."
+
+
+THE GERMAN NATION IN ARMS
+
+Sixteen months after this war organization was effected, General
+Ludendorff said that when the great spring offensive of 1918 opened the
+Germans were superior to the Allies in every form of war supplies. There
+was a speeding up all round; the output of shells and cannon was double.
+This meant the doubling of the coal and iron production, and could be
+done only by increasing the workers necessary to double the output of
+basic war materials. Adequate food had to be supplied to the workers;
+there was what is known as the Hindenburg "Fat Fund" to which
+contributions were sent in from German peasantry and agriculturists.
+General Groener, the head of the German War Office, outlined
+optimistically the future of German war industrial production as quoted
+in the New York _Times_ of December 14, 1916:
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+A War Time Warning
+
+Dairy production among the Allies decreased 30 per cent. during the war.
+The lard supply was also decreased. Kitchen economy in fats was never
+more important. Fats were so scarce in Germany during the latter part of
+1917 that a "Hindenburg Fat Fund" was organized to which contributions
+were sent in from German peasantry and agriculturists.]
+
+     "German locomotives are running to the Taurus in Asia Minor; we
+     are operating practically all the Serbian railways with German
+     rolling stock; we have thousands of cars in Transylvania and
+     Rumania, to say nothing of other occupied territories. After
+     the transportation problem, we are taking measures to double
+     the production of the auxiliary raw materials and semi-finished
+     products. As one example, we are doubling our efforts for the
+     manufacture of nitres from the nitrogen of the air. Not only of
+     the basic raw materials, coal and iron, but of auxiliary raw
+     materials we have no lack.
+
+     "The brains of our chemists and technicians are supplying the
+     missing imports, and will continue to do so. Only when we have
+     accomplished all this will we proceed to the last step of
+     doubling the production of shells and cannon. Such a war is not
+     to be won by looking ahead from month to month, but only by
+     thinking of the distant future. After we have doubled the
+     pyramid, we shall proceed to treble it.
+
+     "By spring we shall be going full steam ahead. After that our
+     production will increase from month to month; and we have the
+     labor and raw materials for keeping up the pace indefinitely.
+
+     "The male working forces available between the ages of
+     seventeen and sixty, as provided by the Auxiliary Service Law,
+     will cover our requirements into the distant future, but
+     ultimately, aside from the children, aged and sick, every man
+     and woman will be enlisted for home defense, if necessary. The
+     home army will be the whole nation.
+
+     "What we are engaging on is not alone the progressive
+     mobilization of all the nation's physical strength and material
+     resources, but the mobilization of the nation's brains. An army
+     corps of professors, scientists, chemists, engineers,
+     technicians, and other specialists is already working with the
+     Kriegstaat. Our idea is to be eminently scientific and
+     practical--no theorizing. We are working to show results.
+
+     "We are cooperating closely with the war industries of Turkey,
+     Bulgaria, and Austria. It means doubling and trebling their
+     ammunition supply, too.
+
+     "The military successes achieved in Rumania, which synchronize
+     with the birth of patriotic auxiliary service, are an advantage
+     that cannot be overestimated. The Danube means everything to
+     us. Last year we had to beg Rumania for her oil and grain and
+     pay our good money for it too. Now we don't need to beg costly
+     favors of Rumania.
+
+     "Lloyd George does not scare us. We have, however, not time for
+     busying ourselves with politics; we have more important things
+     to do--supplying Hindenburg with the means of victory."
+
+
+RUSSIA'S INDUSTRIAL MOBILIZATION
+
+In Russia industrial mobilization was badly managed. Cattle were taken
+to the front in herds. Often driven on foot, they were slaughtered on
+the spot where the meat was needed for the soldiers. The hides were
+thrown aside to rot. As a result of this wasting of hides, the supply of
+leather for military uses and for shoes for both the Army and the
+civilian population was soon utterly inadequate. Horses were
+requisitioned in the most unintelligent way, the result being that
+agricultural production decreased and with the lack of transportation
+facilities the Army horses could not be supplied with food. They died by
+the tens of thousands.
+
+Gross mismanagement marked the war handling of the Russian railway
+system. The rolling stock was allowed to deteriorate. Locomotives and
+cars were put aside permanently when they needed slight repairs. They
+could not be repaired because the railway machine shops had been
+converted into munition factories. There was an appalling shortage of
+manufactured goods for the civilian population, because the entire
+output of many manufacturing concerns was taken over for the Army. It
+was almost impossible to get clothing, boots and articles of wearing
+apparel. So great was the dearth of cloth at the end of the third year
+of the war that one was struck by the contrast between the lines in
+front of the bakeries formed in the early morning hours and the groups
+of women gathered at eight in the evening before the shops which sold
+cloth to stand all through the night in line for the opening of the shop
+in the morning.
+
+A bright spot in Russian war administration was the work of the
+Municipal and Provincial Councils. The members of these bodies did
+valiant service in preventing the growing disorganization of the
+economic life of their country. Their activities are described by Prof.
+Harper of Chicago University, an actual eye witness of Russian
+conditions during the war, in the following passage:
+
+     "So these organizations entered upon a campaign of 'saving' and
+     'production.' They saved the hides that were being thrown away,
+     collected the discarded boots at the front and repaired them,
+     and took over the task of supplying the underwear for the whole
+     army--mobilizing the village cooperative societies to fill the
+     large orders. And they did much to organize the refugees from
+     the invaded districts for productive work. In a word, these men
+     saw that the war was going to extend into years, and they
+     realized that only foresight and organization of productive
+     resources would make it possible for Russia to withstand
+     economically the burdens of a protracted struggle.
+
+     "The attitude of the governmental authorities (the bureaucratic
+     departments) toward the work of these non-bureaucratic, but
+     public, institutions (the Unions of the Municipal and
+     Provincial Councils) was one of suspicion and antagonism, and
+     difficulties were put in their way with the deliberate intent
+     to block their activities. The institutions were suspected of
+     pursuing political aims. Only when it became clear that the
+     ruling group in the bureaucracy was consciously allowing the
+     country to drift into a state of anarchy in order to bring
+     Russia out of the war did these leaders venture to risk
+     revolutionary methods of action.
+
+     "The president of the All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils,
+     the Zemstvo, was Prince Lvoff, the first Prime Minister of the
+     new Russia after the revolution of March, 1917. In the monthly
+     reports of the work of the All-Russian Union of Zemstva, Prince
+     Lvoff, repeatedly issued warnings of the impending economic
+     collapse of the country. But neither he nor Kerensky was able
+     to liquidate the heritage received from the old regime in time
+     to stave off the series of economic and financial crises of
+     which the Bolsheviki availed themselves."
+
+
+FOREBODINGS OF RUSSIA'S COLLAPSE
+
+But it was not only foreign observers who were able to detect the
+prevailing rottenness in Russia's economic status. The following passage
+from an address made by A. I. Konovalov, a member of the Moscow Stock
+Exchange, shows that Russian business men were keenly alive to the
+dangers of the situation as early as April, 1917:
+
+     "The old regime has seemingly done everything deliberately to
+     destroy and demoralize the trade-industrial apparatus it took
+     years to build up. As a result the usual course of the
+     country's economic life was stopped, and at the same time,
+     through the peculiarly enforced system of regulations, a wide
+     field for all sorts of abuses and speculations was opened. We
+     must frankly acknowledge that from these abuses and
+     speculations a system of oppression grew up which has called
+     forth fully merited reproach, distrust, and hostile feelings
+     towards the representatives of the trade-industrial class.
+
+     "At the same time there can be no doubt but that under present
+     circumstances, lacking most of the necessaries of existence,
+     with the factories and mills forced to cut down their
+     production due to lack of raw material and fuel, with the
+     demoralization of the transportation system, and being
+     compelled, despite all these obstacles, to meet the numerous
+     requirements at the front--there is no other way out but
+     government control of private industrial and mercantile
+     enterprises, and the cooperation of the democratic masses of
+     the population in the matter of regulating the trade-industrial
+     life of the country. In addition to fair distribution it should
+     be the task of all the committees, which are to become parts of
+     the Ministry, also to regulate the prices.
+
+     "Closely connected with this question there is another one
+     which I personally consider of tremendous importance. I have in
+     mind the question of limiting the profits of all mercantile and
+     industrial establishments. Undoubtedly a properly worked-out
+     solution of this question would have the tendency to check the
+     unwarranted growth of prices that would appease the masses. The
+     normal effect of a decree limiting profits is of tremendous
+     importance, not only in that it would soften the feeling of
+     ill-will towards the trade-industrial class, but also because
+     it would afford the government a new, convincing proof that the
+     commercial and industrial class is ready to make all possible
+     sacrifices for the common good, a proof which would paralyze
+     the voicing of any new demands on the part of the masses.
+
+     "Now, these are the main ideas, the fundamental points of view
+     which the trade-industrial class should consider as a starting
+     point in its efforts to win the confidence of the population
+     and to safeguard that important position which it ought to
+     occupy in the life of the country.
+
+     "The situation is becoming all the more difficult because of
+     the ever-increasing famine due to the shortage of means of
+     production as well as of all the necessaries of life; this
+     famine will be felt very acutely, not only on account of the
+     lack of these goods, but also because of the overabundance of
+     paper money."
+
+
+LABOR TRADITIONS UPSET
+
+All kinds of economic theories and all varieties of economic experiences
+have been overturned by the abnormal industrialism of the war. The world
+really passed into a _terra incognita_. Even the firmest foundations of
+trade unionism have been shaken. There was no more firmly established
+fact before the war than the inability of women to secure a level of
+wages equal to that of the male wage earner. Such theories have passed
+to the limbo of forgotten things. Prejudice and tradition have given
+away before the actual test of facts. Women have taken the place of men
+called away to war service in practically all the fields of industrial
+activity. Apart from theory, biological and otherwise, it is now seen
+that the old exclusion of women from skilled industry was largely the
+result of trade union regulation. But the woman war-worker was found in
+fields untouched by trade unionism. There was the woman bank clerk as
+well as the woman engineer.
+
+There was much discussion, mostly pessimistic, as to what would happen
+if the woman labor supply should permanently take the place of man labor
+after the war was over. The best solution was thought to be the placing
+of the woman worker under a regime of trade unionism. How far such
+prognostications went is illustrated in the following quotation from
+Miss Mary Stocks in the London _Athenaeum_.
+
+     "It has been presupposed that the war will end decisively
+     before the armies engaged are reduced to inappreciable numbers
+     of able-bodied men. It has been presupposed that the return of
+     peace will find British industry based upon the old system of
+     private ownership of capital and haphazard production in
+     response to the effective demand of individuals. It presupposes
+     no change of heart on the part of employers, government or
+     trade unions. But, in view of possible, if not probable
+     dangers, the most urgent stress should be laid upon what is an
+     undoubted palliative, if not a fundamental cure for such
+     prospective economic ills; that is, the strenuous promotion and
+     public encouragement of trade unionism among women. What women,
+     by reason of underlying social and economic causes, are not
+     able to do for themselves, the moral and financial support of
+     the public must do for them, and such support should be
+     regarded not merely as an interference in the old struggle
+     between capital and labor, but as an attempt to ward off a
+     national danger.
+
+     "The root of the evil is the old incompatibility between male
+     and female labor in the skilled and semi-skilled grades of
+     industry. That incompatibility has arisen partly from
+     fallacious theorizing of the 'wages-fund' type, but largely
+     from the fact that the industrial woman, in spite of the uphill
+     and often successful trade union work which has been
+     accomplished, mainly from above, during the past forty years,
+     is regarded by her male colleague as nature's blackleg. And in
+     spite of the short-sighted policy of hostility to women members
+     displayed by a few trade unions, it is fairly clear that it is
+     not the woman trade unionist that the man is afraid of, but the
+     woman blackleg; not the well-paid woman, but the sweated woman.
+     Now there are three ways of dealing with a blackleg: he may be
+     elbowed out of the industrial world altogether; he may be
+     penned up, as women have been penned up, in the lowest and most
+     undesirable grades; or he may be turned into a trade unionist.
+     As far as women are concerned, the first two are closed by
+     national expediency, humanity and justice. The third lies open;
+     and in view of the peculiar economic rocks which loom vaguely
+     ahead of us, it may be said without exaggeration that one woman
+     trade-union leader is worth a hundred welfare workers."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Women Workers in America
+
+A field of winter lettuce, with the cloches, or glass bells, which made
+it possible during the war to raise plants in cold weather.]
+
+
+WOMEN WORKERS IN AMERICA
+
+As a result of the labor dislocation due to the operation of the
+American Draft Law, a large number of women were employed in railway
+work. The experience of the United States Railroad Administration in the
+matter of women employes was summarized in a paper read by Miss Pauline
+Goldmark, manager of the women's service section of the Railroad
+Administration, at a conference at the Academy of Political Science, in
+1918:
+
+     "The number of women employed on the railroads of the United
+     States had been 60,000 at the beginning of the year, and
+     reached approximately 100,000 by October 1st. The greatest
+     number are in the clerical and semi-clerical occupations. Of
+     the 81,000 employed July 1st, 61,000 were working as clerks of
+     all kinds, stenographers, accountants, comptometer operators,
+     etc. In this class appear women ticket sellers and bureau of
+     information clerks, who served the public for the first time;
+     they were found well fitted for this type of work, and special
+     instruction agencies were opened by the government in various
+     states to train them in the intricacies of tariffs and routes.
+
+     "The next largest group of 4,000, it is not surprising to
+     learn, appears in women's time-honored occupation of cleaning.
+     Women have long been cleaning stations, offices, etc., but now
+     they are employed in the yards to clean coaches and Pullmans,
+     both inside and outside; and in the roundhouses, doing the
+     heavier work of wiping locomotives; 800 were so employed. In
+     personal service, including work in dining rooms and kitchens,
+     as matrons and janitresses, 2,000 were found. In the railroad
+     shops, women entered the greatest variety of new occupations.
+     Three thousand were employed, ranging at one end of the scale
+     from common laborers, at the other end of the scale of skilled
+     mechanics earning the machinists' or carmen's rate of pay.
+
+     "Many women were employed a year and a half ago, before the
+     railroads were put under Federal control, because they could be
+     obtained for less pay than men. They were, for instance,
+     engaged as common laborers at 20c to 22c an hour, at a time
+     when men were receiving 28c to 30c for the same class of
+     labor. With rare exceptions where adjustments are still
+     necessary, the wage orders have absolutely stopped this
+     undercutting of men's wages by women.
+
+
+WORK UNSUITABLE FOR WOMEN
+
+     "Soon after women began to be largely employed it became
+     apparent that some of their work was neither profitable nor
+     appropriate. The use of women as section laborers, for
+     instance, in a gang of men working along the tracks at a
+     distance from any house or station was judged to be unsuitable.
+     This was also found to be the case where women were employed as
+     truckers in depots and warehouses on account of the
+     extraordinary physical exertion required of them. In view of
+     the wages now paid it was believed possible to secure men and
+     to transfer the women to some class of work suitable to their
+     strength and with proper regard to their health. The railroads
+     were accordingly asked to discontinue their employment in both
+     these positions.
+
+     "Comparisons with other industries can probably best be made in
+     respect to the women employed in the shops. They are operating
+     a number of machines such as bolt-threaders, nut-tappers, drill
+     presses, for which no great skill or experience is needed, and
+     which is classed as 'helpers' work,' and rated at the specified
+     pay of 45c an hour. They are also employed for highly skilled
+     work. A number have succeeded as electric welders and
+     oxy-acetylene-burners. They have been found well adapted for
+     work on the air-brake equipment and are cleaning, testing, and
+     making minor repairs on triple valves. In some places they are
+     now working in a separate group on the lighter-weight valves,
+     weighing not more than forty pounds. After a period of
+     training they are giving satisfaction without the help of any
+     man operator.
+
+     "A remarkably fine type of woman is now to be seen in many of
+     the shops, who enjoys the greater freedom of her work as
+     compared with factory routine, although in many cases the
+     discomfort, the dirt, and exposure are far greater. It remains
+     to be seen whether the women will remain in these jobs to any
+     great extent. The railroads will, of course, recognize the
+     seniority rights of all their employees returning from military
+     service, but as far as the new employees are concerned, women
+     will have the same privileges as other new employees in
+     retaining their positions or being assigned to other jobs.
+     There can be no doubt that in the clerical and semi-clerical
+     positions they have proved their worth, and will to a great
+     extent be retained."
+
+
+ALIEN LABOR FOR WAR PURPOSES
+
+The man in the fighting line was only one factor in the prosecution of
+warlike operations. The success of strategy and tactics was dependent
+upon the organization of the man in the labor line not only at home but
+also in the territory behind the miles of trenches in France. For this
+purpose Chinese labor was drafted by both the British and the French
+Government. Large numbers of British ships sailed with crews practically
+consisting of Chinese sailors. The sentiment in favor of Chinese
+exclusion had to give way before imperative needs for labor power. There
+were tens of thousands of Chinamen in the service of the Allies. In the
+_Sunset Magazine_, Mr. G. C. Hodges calls attention to the fact that the
+break between the Chinese Republic and Germany was precipitated largely
+by the Allied drafting of China's manpower. Even in its beginnings he
+says, the French and British mobilization of Chinese labor caused a
+diplomatic battle royal. The significance of Chinese labor behind the
+battle front is described in the following words:
+
+     "They are a war factor. His Britannic Majesty's Chinese Labor
+     Corps now behind the battle line in France is almost as large
+     as the total Chinese population in the United States. The
+     French Republic has recruited a force of similar dimensions,
+     bringing Chinese manpower overseas for non-combatant and
+     industrial work. Even teeming Russia, before its tragic
+     collapse, had drawn upon thousands of Chinese for work as far
+     west as the Ural mines. In 1914 there were but 7,000 in this
+     rich country, but a fourfold increase brought the total to
+     30,000. All told, 200,000 Chinese are 'carrying on' in the war
+     zone, laboring behind the lines, in munition works and
+     factories, manning ships.
+
+     "Though the pages of no White Book say it, the break between
+     the Chinese Republic and Germany was precipitated largely by
+     the Allied drafting of China's manpower. Even in its
+     beginnings, the French and British mobilization of Chinese
+     labor caused a diplomatic battle royal."
+
+
+ECONOMIC VALUE OF AMERICAN ARMY TO FRENCH INDUSTRY
+
+Permanent economic improvements were one result of the presence in
+France of the American Expeditionary Force. An industrial movement was
+created that will probably continue long after the war is over. In
+various French seaports, docks had to be constructed to handle the
+enormous tonnage of supplies needed for the American troops. A letter in
+the New York _Journal of Commerce_ gives a picture of the transformation
+in the transport system in France made in order to handle with speed and
+certainty the various supplies on which the American Army depended:
+
+     "Our project comprises nearly 1,000 miles of railroad
+     construction, but not continuous. France already controls on
+     her lines such facilities that she has been able to support her
+     great military burden and not break. Their local development in
+     the way of sidings and so forth is chiefly in the big towns,
+     and small engines and cars are used. To meet our larger needs,
+     it is necessary to establish terminals outside the towns for
+     the change of engines and for our great storage warehouses. Our
+     great railway construction in France, apart from a few cut-off
+     lines, is in the way of storage yards. We have practically the
+     use of two trunk-line tracks. The French run over them, too,
+     for there is a tremendous civil population to be supported. The
+     French are necessarily supreme, and we simply have the right to
+     run over their railroads subject to their rules.
+
+     "The French have an arrangement with their railroads by which a
+     piece of track that is put in for military purposes is paid for
+     by the French Government. If the civil requirements of the
+     railroad grow up to the use of that particular piece of track,
+     then the government is reimbursed by the railroad. We are in
+     the same position toward these railroads as the French
+     Government. At the end of the war the improvements which we
+     make will be surveyed. If they are useful to the railroads our
+     expenditures will be reimbursed. If not, we are at liberty to
+     take up the stuff and clear the ground. Two days ago a
+     semi-official statement was made to the Paris press, reading:
+
+     "'Americans, in full agreement with the French authorities,
+     are making every effort to carry out, by their own means, the
+     debarkation of their troops in ports, their provisioning as
+     well as their transportation over our railroads. Sidings, large
+     stations, and establishments of every kind are being
+     constructed by the most modern and expeditious processes. One
+     of the warehouses has an area of about 4,000 acres, and it has
+     a cold-storage plant capable of holding several thousand tons
+     of meat. Aviation training camps and repair shops, considerable
+     in size and with the most improved machinery, are being erected
+     on every side.'"
+
+
+FRENCH INDUSTRIAL EXHAUSTION
+
+A realistic picture of the industrial exhaustion of France at the close
+of the war was given by M. Tardieu, General Commissioner for
+Franco-American war affairs. The war expenses of 120,000,000,000 francs
+was only a fractional part of the whole loss. Another 50,000,000,000
+would have to be raised to secure raw material destroyed during the war.
+M. Tardieu presented in detail the various items indicating to what
+extent France had suffered economic disability and paralysis:
+
+     "The territories which have been under German occupation for
+     four years were the wealthiest part of France. Their area did
+     not exceed six per cent. of the whole country. They paid,
+     however, 25 per cent. of the sum total of our taxes. These
+     territories are now in a state of ruin even worse than we had
+     anticipated. Of cities and villages nothing remains but ruins;
+     350,000 homes have been destroyed. To build them up again--I am
+     referring to the building proper, without the furnishings--600
+     million days of work will be necessary, involving, together
+     with building material, an outlay of 10,000,000,000 francs. As
+     regards personal property of every description either destroyed
+     by battle or stolen by the Germans, there stands an additional
+     loss of at least 4,000,000,000 francs. This valuation of lost
+     personal property does not include--as definite figures are
+     lacking as yet--the countless war contributions and fines by
+     the enemy, amounting also to billions. I need hardly say that,
+     in those wealthy lands, no agricultural resources are left. The
+     losses in horses and in cattle, bovine and ovine species, hogs,
+     goats, amount to 1,510,000 head--in agricultural equipment to
+     454,000 machines or carts--the two items worth together
+     6,000,000,000 francs.
+
+     "As regards industries, the disaster is even more complete. Those
+     districts occupied by the Germans, and whose machinery has been
+     methodically destroyed or taken away by the enemy, were,
+     industrially speaking, the very heart of France, the very backbone
+     of our production, as shown in the following startling figures: In
+     1913 the wool output of our invaded regions amounted to 94 per
+     cent. of the total. French production and corresponding figures
+     were: For flax from the spinning mills, 90 per cent.; iron ore, 90
+     per cent.; pig iron, 83 per cent.; steel, 70 per cent.; sugar, 70
+     per cent.; cotton, 60 per cent.; coal, 55 per cent.; electric
+     power, 45 per cent. Of all that--plants, machinery, mines--nothing
+     is left. Everything has been carried away or destroyed by the
+     enemy. So complete is the destruction that, in the case of our
+     great coal mines in the north, two years of work will be needed
+     before a single ton of coal can be extracted and ten years before
+     the output is brought back to the figures of 1913.
+
+[Illustration: Samuel P. Gompers
+
+President of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+
+THE WORK OF REBUILDING
+
+     "All that must be rebuilt, and to carry out that kind of
+     reconstruction only, there will be a need of over 2,000,000
+     tons of pig iron, nearly 4,000,000 tons of steel--not to
+     mention the replenishing of stocks and of raw materials which
+     must of necessity be supplied to the plants during the first
+     year of resumed activity. If we take into account these
+     different items, we reach as regards industrial needs a total
+     of 25,000,000,000 francs. To resurrect these regions, to
+     reconstruct these factories, raw materials are not now
+     sufficient; we need means of transportation. The enemy has
+     destroyed our railroad tracks, our railroad equipment, and our
+     rolling stock, which, in the first month of the war, in 1914,
+     reduced by 50,000 cars, has undergone the wear and tear of
+     fifty months of war.
+
+     "Our merchant fleet, on the other hand, has lost more than a
+     million tons through submarine warfare. Our shipyards during
+     the last four years have not built any ships. For they have
+     produced for us and for our Allies cannon, ammunition, and
+     tanks. Here, again, for this item alone of means of
+     transportation we must figure on an expense of 2,500,000,000
+     francs. This makes, if I sum up these different items, a need
+     of raw material which represents in cost, at the present rate
+     of prices in France, not less than 50,000,000,000 francs."
+
+
+
+
+IV--GOVERNMENT CONTROL
+
+Wartime Nationalization of Railways and Shipping--Ship-building at
+High Speed--Trade Licensing, Etc.
+
+
+On April 5, 1917, the day before war was declared, Franklin K. Lane,
+Secretary of the Interior, introduced and had passed by the Council of
+National Defense the following resolution:
+
+     _Resolved_, That Commissioner Willard be requested to call upon
+     the railroads to organize their business so as to lead to the
+     greatest expedition in the movement of freight.
+
+Acting in accordance with this resolution, the principal railroad
+executives of the country met in Washington on April 11, 1917, and
+resolved that during the war they would coordinate their operations in a
+continental railway system, merging during such period all their merely
+individual and competitive activities in the effort to produce a maximum
+of national transportation efficiency. The direction of the continental
+railway system thus organized was placed by the railroads in the hands
+of the executive committee of the Special Committee on National Defense
+of the American Railway Association. This executive committee was also
+known as the Railroads' War Board.
+
+Under this resolution the railroads of the United States continued to be
+operated under private ownership and private management until December
+28, 1917.
+
+On that date President Wilson, exercising his war-time prerogative, took
+control of the railways of the country and appointed W. G. McAdoo
+Director General.
+
+2. Congress in January passed a railroad-control bill.
+
+3. On April 11, 1918, President Wilson issued a proclamation taking over
+for the Government the property of coastwise shipping lines.
+
+4. On May 24th, Director General McAdoo placed in charge of each
+railroad property a federal manager whose duty it was to report to the
+regional director.
+
+5. On June 29th, the Railroad Administration relinquished from federal
+control nearly 2,000 short-line railroads whose control by the
+Administration was regarded as not "needful or desirable."
+
+During the first six months after the United States entered the war
+statistics showed that the railways not only handled far more traffic
+than in any earlier six months of their history but also as much as in
+any entire year prior to 1907. It will be remembered that the years 1906
+and 1907 marked the climax of a long period of rapid increase of
+railroad business which resulted in the longest and most acute
+congestion of traffic and shortage that had ever been known prior to the
+war period. The grounds offered by the Government for taking over the
+railway systems during the war might be explained as the resultant of
+the findings of the Interstate Commerce Commission on December 5th, in
+which it was stated that the claim of the roads for higher rates could
+not be granted.
+
+     "From the standpoint of the Government three principal reasons
+     are seen for the taking over of the lines:
+
+     "1. The avoidance of obstructions to transportation due to the
+     routing and division of freight, intended to give a fair share
+     to each line in a given territory.
+
+     "2. The abolition of preferences to given shippers and kinds of
+     freight, and the centralization of control over priority in
+     shipment.
+
+     "3. The practical termination of rate controversies and labor
+     discussions as between private individuals and the placing of
+     the roads on a semi-military basis.
+
+     "The railroads themselves have received the announcement of the
+     President's action with much greater equanimity than could have
+     been expected. They undoubtedly see in the step the following
+     advantages:
+
+     "1. Assurance of a moderate if not generous income in a period
+     of great uncertainty and difficulty, during which they have
+     been caught between the upper and nether millstones of fixed
+     rates and advancing costs and wages.
+
+     "2. Termination of the danger that threatened them from the
+     continually maturing obligations which ordinarily they would
+     have little trouble in refinancing, but which, under existing
+     conditions, can scarcely be provided for on any basis.
+
+     "3. Provision of means for betterment and improvement at a time
+     when such provision can be had practically only through
+     government orders designed to place such requirements ahead of
+     those of private concerns."
+
+
+OBJECTS OF GOVERNMENT CONTROL
+
+This experiment in government control was discussed and explained by the
+Director General after six months' experience in the following statement
+issued by him on June 15, 1918:
+
+     "The policy of the United States Railroad Administration has
+     been informed and shaped by a desire to accomplish the
+     following purposes, which are named in what I conceive to be
+     the order of their importance:
+
+     "_First_, the winning of the war, which includes the prompt
+     movement of the men and the material that the Government
+     requires. To this everything else must be subordinated.
+
+     "_Second_, the service of the public, which is the purpose for
+     which the railways were built and given the privileges accorded
+     them. This implies the maintenance and improvement of the
+     railroad properties so that adequate transportation facilities
+     will be provided at the lowest cost, the object of the
+     Government being to furnish service rather than to make money.
+
+     "_Third_, the promotion of a spirit of sympathy and a better
+     understanding between the administration of the railways and
+     their two million employees, as well as their one hundred
+     million patrons, which latter class includes every individual
+     in the nation, since transportation has become a prime and
+     universal necessity of civilized existence.
+
+     "_Fourth_, the application of sound economies, including:
+
+     (_a_) The elimination of superfluous expenditures.
+
+     (_b_) The payment of a fair and living wage for services
+     rendered and a just and prompt compensation for injuries
+     received.
+
+     (_c_) The purchase of material and equipment at the lowest
+     prices consistent with a reasonable, but not an excessive,
+     profit to the producer.
+
+     (_d_) The adoption of standardized equipment and the
+     introduction of approved devices that will save life and labor.
+
+     (_e_) The routing of freight and passenger traffic with due
+     regard to the fact that a straight line is the shortest
+     distance between two points.
+
+     (_f_) The intensive employment of all equipment and a careful
+     record and scientific study of the results obtained, with a
+     view to determining the comparative efficiency secured.
+
+     "The development of this policy will, of course, require time.
+     The task to which the Railroad Administration has addressed
+     itself is an immense one. It is as yet too early to judge of
+     the results obtained, but I believe that great progress has
+     been made toward the goal of our ideals."
+
+
+GOVERNMENT CONTROL CRITICISED
+
+The defects of the Government administration of the railways have been
+the subject of both criticism and apology. A diagnosis published by the
+_Engineering News Record_ of New York states that the whole difficulty
+is ascribed to the employment of bankers in high places of railway
+management. Railroads, it was asserted, cannot be run by men of the
+banking type of mind. The article continues:
+
+     "Here was, and is, an agency with daily influence on the life
+     of every member of the community, performing a service
+     essential to the nation's life. Yet it has few friends among
+     the people at large; more now than formerly, however, due to
+     the number of those whose pity has been excited at the
+     railroads' plight. The first of the railroads' plagues was the
+     type of management--manipulation, it would better be
+     called--which regarded the properties not as carriers but as
+     media for stock-jobbing operations. Consolidations with the
+     addition of water, and reconsolidations, with still more water,
+     were the order of the day; while those operating the properties
+     danced riotously over their territories waving insolently the
+     flag of 'The Public Be Damned.' Rebates, car-withholding
+     tyrannies, all manner of schemes were worked to aid the
+     favored few, while the purchasing methods honeycombed the
+     organization with rottenness.
+
+     "Then came the day for the people to have their say, and one
+     national and forty-eight State commissions began to bedevil the
+     carriers. What the stock-jobbers and the grafters had failed to
+     do the people in their vengeance helped to complete. The public
+     at large, which under intelligent management of the properties
+     would have been the railroads' best friend, had been alienated.
+     As a result we have had the drift into bankruptcy which has
+     been railroad history during the past decade. Instances need
+     not be cited. Each one can supply them from his own
+     neighborhood. Probably the mention of the New Haven will
+     furnish sufficient nausea to carry the right impression.
+
+     "And that _debacle_ we attribute to the banking type of mind,
+     that type of mind that places personal profit ahead of all
+     other considerations. The engineering type of mind, we hold,
+     would have analyzed the purpose of the railroads--would have
+     seen that service to the public at large, and not to any
+     private interest, was the prime object, would have erected that
+     as the railroads' ideal and builded a machine for its
+     attainment."
+
+
+BRITISH RAILWAY MANAGEMENT
+
+Like American railways the railway system of Great Britain was under
+private control prior to the war, but the experiment of Government
+direction began to be applied as soon as the war was declared.
+Government control did not mean Government ownership. The lines remained
+the property of the companies. They retained the management of their own
+concerns subject to the instructions of an executive committee appointed
+by the Government and the whole machinery of administration went on as
+before. At the beginning the sole purpose was to facilitate the movement
+of troops, but as the war developed the scope of the railway executive
+committee became greatly extended. Working in cooperation with the
+acting chairman were twelve general managers of leading British lines.
+Under the central body were groups of committees, each made up of
+railway experts. The War Office and the Director General of Transport
+were in touch with the Central Committee. A writer in the _Railway Age
+Gazette_ for December, 1917, explains the arrangements as follows:
+
+     "Under the terms on which the railways were taken over for the
+     period of the war the Government guaranteed to the proprietors
+     of the railways that their net revenue should be the same as in
+     1913, except when the net receipts for the first half of 1914
+     were less than the first half of 1913; in that case the sum
+     payable was to be reduced in the same proportion. The entire
+     Government traffic--men and freight--was to be carried without
+     any direct charge being made for it or any accounts rendered.
+     This plan was considered satisfactory by both sides. In the
+     majority of cases there had been a reduction of earnings in the
+     first half of 1914 over the previous half-year, and companies
+     were contemplating a still further reduction. The interests of
+     their shareholders being assured, they were able to devote
+     themselves to the work of economical and efficient
+     distribution, quite apart from the usual financial problems.
+     The one weak side of this agreement was that it made no
+     allowance to cover increased interest payments on account of
+     new investments and new capital expenditure since the war
+     began. This point was afterward met by an arrangement that the
+     government should pay interest at 4 per cent. on all new
+     capital invested by the railways since August 4, 1914, on new
+     lines, branches, terminals, equipment, or other facilities put
+     into use since January 1, 1913.
+
+     "The conclusion of the financial agreement between the
+     Government and the companies automatically brought about a
+     great economy in the system of railway accounts. The reports of
+     the companies were cut down to a bare minimum, and in many
+     cases even these reduced reports were not sent to the
+     shareholders unless they specially asked for them."
+
+
+RAILWAY NATIONALIZATION IN CANADA
+
+A definite proposal to nationalize the railway systems of the Dominion
+of Canada was made during the war. Canada has nearly one-sixth of the
+railway mileage of the United States, although it has less than
+one-fourteenth of the population. Canada has three trans-continental
+systems. There is sufficient trade in the Dominion for two good systems.
+A royal commission appointed to inquire into the subject reported that
+the net returns of the railways were so low as to prove that more
+railways had been built than could be justified on commercial grounds.
+Large subsidies had been granted by the Government. In the case of the
+Grand Trunk Pacific this public subsidy amounted to nearly two-thirds of
+the total investment; in the case of the Canadian Northern to nearly
+three-quarters. The Canadian Pacific was reported as the strongest
+railway in Canada, economically built and well managed. The other
+companies, such as the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trunk Pacific,
+were facing heavy annual deficits.
+
+[Illustration: Walker D. Hines
+
+He succeeded William McAdoo as Director-General of Railroads after the
+signing of the armistice.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+The commissioners recommended heroic measures. They did not consider
+that operation by a Minister directly responsible to Parliament would be
+in the public interest. It would not secure better service nor lower
+rates. What the commissioners did recommend was to transfer the three
+companies to a new body, a board of trustees to be incorporated as the
+Dominion Railway Company and that the Canadian Northern, the Canadian
+Pacific and the Grand Trunk Pacific be transferred to this body. The
+Government-owned Intercolonial and Transcontinental Railways stretching
+from Halifax to Winnipeg were to be transferred to the Dominion Company.
+Under the scheme worked out by the commission, the Government would
+assume responsibility to the Dominion Railway Company for the interest
+on existing securities of the transferred companies. As to the
+composition of the board of trustees, the commissioner recommended that
+they be five; three railway members, one member selected on the ground
+of business and financial experience and one as especially possessing
+the confidence of the railway employees. The commissioners laid stress
+on the importance of the board being non-political, permanent and
+self-perpetuating, and in this connection pointed to the experience of
+the Australian state railways.
+
+
+FRENCH RAILWAYS IN WARTIME
+
+The great strain on a country's railway system caused by war was
+illustrated by the French mobilization. Four thousand seven hundred and
+fifty trains were required. After mobilization was over the Army still
+had a permanent need of railways for two purposes: for its
+communications in the rear, and for its movements from place to place.
+To bring supplies to one Army corps trainloads aggregating 200 tons a
+day were required.
+
+Mr. G. Blanchon in _New Warfare_ explained the situation as follows:
+
+     "The preparation of railways for war uses is not confined to
+     the planning of the system itself. It extends to the provision
+     and adaptation of stations, to the duplication of the lines, to
+     the defence of bridges and other structures, to the provision
+     of rolling-stock. Considerable extension may be looked for in
+     all these directions. However important the motor-car and the
+     aeroplane may be in military transport, it is probable that the
+     railways will always be the most satisfactory means of
+     conveying heavy material.
+
+     "The railway carriage itself can be adapted for military uses.
+     We have tank cars, cold-storage cars, hospital trains; above
+     all, we have armored trains and truck gun-carriages.
+
+     "Railways will perhaps render more effective service than ever
+     in the matter of bringing to the required spot huge guns too
+     heavy to be transported in any other way. These will be fired
+     without leaving the rails. The truck gun-carriage is so
+     arranged as to withstand the recoil; this result is obtained by
+     placing on the ground, once the carriage is stationary,
+     supports which take the load off the wheels. The recoil is
+     transferred to the ground so that the rails do not suffer.
+
+     "Whether the object is to organize a supply line, to transfer
+     reinforcements, or to carry heavy material to its destination,
+     it may be of service to provide for the absence of normal lines
+     by laying down rails along the road. Both the Germans and
+     ourselves have done this very frequently. A narrow gauge of
+     sixty centimeters is generally used. A team of skilled sappers
+     takes about three hours to lay down about one kilometer of
+     railway."
+
+
+AMERICA'S SHIPPING PREPARATION
+
+The two great means of transport--railways and ships--furnished in this
+war the greatest examples of modified state socialism which America had
+yet seen. As to the general way in which they were controlled these two
+services show a fairly close family resemblance, though the forms of
+organization were technically quite different. The larger railroads and
+the larger ships were taken possession of by the Government and were
+operated by the same people, in general, who operated them before, but
+under orders of the Railroad Administration and the Shipping Board
+respectively. New ships and new railroad equipment were built on plans
+made under federal direction, and in both cases the output was being
+largely standardized. The heads of the Shipping Board and the Emergency
+Fleet Corporation were men drawn from private business, while the
+regional directors of the railroad regions and the federal managers of
+the separate roads were railroad men, usually managing their own roads,
+under the government's direction. Thus in both cases private enterprise
+furnished the traditions and training of the personnel that made this
+experiment in socialism.
+
+Besides the points of likeness there were differences between the two
+services. In the case of ship-building, the industry was virtually
+re-created, so great was the expansion and the revolution in methods. In
+the case of railroads the emphasis was, as has been seen, on the task of
+utilizing an existing and limited plant to its utmost capacity for war
+purposes.
+
+
+WAR'S EFFECT ON SHIPPING
+
+The following table, taken from a pamphlet distributed by the Emergency
+Fleet Corporation six months before the conclusion of the war, gives a
+perspicuous view of the shipping situation at the opening of military
+operations in the United States:
+
+
+    THE WAR AND WORLD SHIPPING
+
+                                                   Gross Tons
+    World's shipping (except German and
+      Austrian) August 1, 1914                     42,574,537
+    Additional ships built, August, 1914-
+      December 31, 1917                             6,621,003
+    German and Austrian interned ships
+      available for use of Allies                     875,000
+                                                   ----------
+               Total                               50,070,540
+
+
+    Losses since 1914.
+
+    Due to ordinary causes.  1,600,000
+    Due to mines, raiders
+      and submarines:
+        Allies               8,900,119[17]
+        Norway               1,031,778
+        Other neutrals         400,000
+
+               Total                               11,931,897
+                                                   ----------
+    Balance actual tonnage available               38,138,643
+
+    Net decrease since 1914                         4,435,894
+
+    Add 2 tons constantly required to
+    maintain each man in France
+      (1,500,000 men x 2)                           3,000,000
+
+    Shortage for merchant traffic, at least         7,435,894
+
+[17] To October, 1917.
+
+Another table gives a view of the rates between the building and sinking
+of ships among the Allied, neutral, and British nations from the
+beginning of the war to April, 1918:
+
+     "The world's shipping suffered a net loss of 2,632,279 tons
+     from the beginning of the war to April 1, 1918, the greater
+     part of this having occurred since the beginning of the
+     unrestricted submarine warfare which brought America into the
+     war. This loss is partly due to England's having increased her
+     naval building at the expense of merchant tonnage. While naval
+     construction must not be neglected, some building capacity can
+     be turned back to merchant ship-building in case of extreme
+     need. However, in April, 1918, Great Britain and the United
+     States built 40,000 tons more shipping than was lost, and
+     American construction is still rapidly increasing."
+
+
+AMERICA'S SHIP-BUILDING PROGRAM
+
+American ship-building was planned on grandiose lines, partly to make
+good the losses by submarine, partly to provide transportation for
+American troops to Europe, and partly for propaganda purposes in
+friendly and in enemy countries. The American program was an ambitious
+one. Inflated figures were offered for popular consumption and
+undoubtedly they were consumed and had their influence in securing a
+successful close to the struggle. While reports were coming from Great
+Britain telling of constant labor troubles on the Clyde and other
+ship-building localities, every item of news from Washington spoke of
+the marvelous achievements of American ship-building. One message read
+after eight months of the war had passed: "For the first time in history
+America has outdistanced England in her ship-building output."
+
+Foreign critics called attention to the fact that American figures of
+ship-building (1918) had a different basis of valuation from those of
+other countries. In one case there were vessels completed and entered
+for service, and in another there were vessels launched. The situation
+is presented by the London _Economist_:
+
+     "British shipping, still in magnitude far beyond that of any of
+     the Allies, is declining; it is still being sunk faster than it
+     is being replaced. American shipping, on the other hand, is
+     rapidly expanding, and has already turned the scale against the
+     U-boats. The American Army in France as it is reinforced must
+     become more and more dependent upon American ships for
+     transport and supply. Up to the end of July the net loss in
+     British shipping due to enemy action and marine risks since
+     August, 1914, had been 3,851,537 gross tons. During the current
+     year to July 31 we have lost 583,600 gross tons more than we
+     have built. British sea power, the power to use the sea as
+     measured in merchant shipping, is wasting. On the other hand,
+     the net gain since August, 1914, in Allied and neutral
+     shipping--to which the United States have largely
+     contributed--was nearly 1,100,000 tons at the end of June this
+     year, and was showing a very remarkable rate of expansion.
+     Thanks chiefly to the United States, the Allied and neutral
+     monthly gain now more than offsets the British loss. The
+     critical corner has been turned. To those whose eyes look
+     beyond the war, and who already anticipate a great American
+     mercantile marine in competition with depleted British lines,
+     we would point out that after all its losses British merchant
+     shipping still amounts to over 14,000,000 tons gross, and that
+     America's ocean-going tonnage built and completing--exclusive
+     of captures--is as yet little more than 4,000,000. What the
+     relative positions will be a year hence--or two years hence,
+     should the war last so long--we do not venture to predict."
+
+
+THE FOURTH OF JULY SPLASH
+
+Reports of the Shipping Board's activity led to expectations of an
+unprecedented number of ships to be launched, fitted and ready for
+transport and trade purposes within a very short interval. Much
+enthusiasm was created by the Fourth of July splash, 1918, when,
+according to the New York _Tribune_, in twelve hours steel and wooden
+ships hit the water in clouds of smoke and spray, at the rate of one
+every seven minutes. The era of Mr. Jefferson Brick had undoubtedly
+returned, for the _Tribune_ went on to expatiate in poetical exuberance
+that the shores of "Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, Columbia river, the
+Gulf of Mexico, the Delaware, Chesapeake Bay, New York Bay, and all the
+coast of New England and the Great Lakes were laved by the backwash of
+the great ships of the Liberty Fleet rushing to their proper element."
+The Bureau of Navigation estimated that by the end of June, 1918, 1,622
+ships of 1,430,793 gross tons would be launched--more than double the
+output of German yards in times of peace. One article refers to the
+actual event as follows:
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Charles Phillip Norton
+
+Building a Steel Ship in Seattle, Washington
+
+American ship-building during the war was planned on a gigantic scale to
+make good the losses by submarines and to provide transportation for
+American troops to Europe. The _West Lianga_, shown above, an 8,800-ton
+cargo carrier was launched within 55 working days and delivered, ready
+for cargo, in 67 days.]
+
+     AMERICAN LOSSES--NEW TONNAGE BUILT
+
+     "At San Francisco on July 4th, Mr. Charles M. Schwab,
+     Director-General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, said to
+     the shipworkers: 'If you stand up to your job, we'll make the
+     Kaiser take his medicine lying down.' Mr. Schwab also ventured
+     the statement that this Fourth of July shows the greatest
+     record of launchings for a single day in the world's history,
+     and added:
+
+     "'Every time we launch a cargo or troopship or tanker we add to
+     the certainty that German submarines can not win this war.
+     Already we have the U-boats on the run, and if we keep up the
+     pace we will have them beaten by next year. And when we achieve
+     this victory it will be you who will deserve the credit.
+
+     "'In 1915 all the shipyards in America turned out 215,602
+     dead-weight tons of shipping. The next year our output jumped
+     to 520,847 tons. In 1917 the hot pace continued until we very
+     nearly doubled the output of the previous year, completing a
+     total of 901,223. I am confident now that if we pull together
+     and every man stays on the job, we will produce more than
+     3,000,000 dead-weight tons in 1918--the greatest output of any
+     nation in the world in a single year.'
+
+     "Premier Lloyd George sent a cable to President Wilson on the
+     launching of the ships, in which he extended 'heartfelt
+     congratulations on this magnificent performance,' and in an
+     Independence-day speech Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels
+     said in part:
+
+     "'We are launching this day far more tonnage than that of all
+     the American vessels sunk by submarines since the war began. We
+     are launching today more than the Germans sank of the ships of
+     all nations in the last month for which we have the official
+     figures. The recent enemy submarine activities off our coast
+     resulted in the loss of 25,411 dead-weight tons of American
+     shipping. During this same time 130,000 gross tons of shipping
+     were built.
+
+     "'To give some idea of the tonnage situation with reference to
+     American shipping, it may be of interest to know that the total
+     tonnage of American vessels lost prior to the entry of the
+     United States into the war was 67,815. The total American
+     tonnage sunk since the entry of the United States into the war
+     is 284,408, or a total of 352,223 tons sunk during the whole
+     period of the European War. As against this loss, the gross
+     tonnage of merchant ships built in the United States since the
+     commencement of the European War is 2,722,563 tons, 1,736,664
+     gross tons of which have been built since the entry of the
+     United States into the war. In addition to the tonnage thus
+     built 650,000 tons of German shipping have been taken over.
+     This does not include the tonnage acquired of Dutch, Japanese,
+     and other vessels. It will be of further interest to know that
+     today there will be launched in the great shipyards of this
+     country over 400,000 dead-weight tons. These figures are in
+     addition to those previously given.'"
+
+
+A SHIP-BUILDING CAPACITY OF OVER 1,500,000 TONS A YEAR
+
+The war program of the Shipping Board implied a multiplication by three
+of existing outputs. This increased output signified the possibility of
+labor difficulties, and in order to prevent these an agreement was
+reached between representatives of the labor unions, the Navy
+Department, the Shipping Board and the Emergency Fleet Corporation, to
+the effect that all disputes concerning wages, hours or conditions in
+shipyards in ship-building plants should be determined by a committee of
+three, one representing the corporation, one nominated by the President
+and the third selected by Mr. Samuel Gompers. When this agreement was
+entered into the United States reported a ship-building capacity of over
+one and one-half million gross tons a year. Two years previously the
+ship-building capacity was only five hundred thousand tons, but
+according to the London _Economist_, a rate of four million gross tons a
+year would have to be supplied if the American Army was to have
+sufficient means of transport.
+
+When this forecast was made on both sides of the Atlantic, it was
+realized that so far as the marine situation was concerned the war had
+become simply a question of ship-building against the submarine.
+Military operations intervened to prevent a full test of our
+ship-building strength, but there was full confidence in the United
+States that American ship-building would by increased production make
+the German submarine program an inconsiderable factor in the question of
+terminating the war.
+
+
+TRANSPORTING THE AMERICAN ARMY
+
+When there came a demand for an increase of man-power to be sent to the
+battle front few appreciated what this effort meant in its effect on
+increased shipping activities. Half a million American soldiers crossed
+the Atlantic in the first thirteen months of the war, after our entrance
+into the war, and a million and a half in the last six months of the
+war. The shipment across the Atlantic was at first anything but rapid.
+There were only a few American and British troop ships chartered
+directly from their owners. Then the former German liners were brought
+into service and with this addition embarkations greatly increased.
+
+[Illustration: Hog Island Ship-building Yards
+
+The expenditure of millions of dollars and the labor of thousands of
+workmen transformed in a short time a tract of marsh lands near
+Philadelphia into one of the greatest ship yards in the world.]
+
+Early in 1918 increased shipping facilities were arranged for with the
+British Government. The results of this arrangement became visible in
+the growth of troop movements for March, 1918. Then there came the great
+German drive; after this every ship that could be secured was pressed
+into service. More British troop ships were used. Accordingly, in May,
+1918, more than twice as many men were carried as in April. The June
+record was greater than that of May and before the first of July one
+million had been embarked. During the summer the number carried was more
+than 10,000 men per day. This record has only been excelled by the
+achievement in bringing back the same men to the shores of the United
+States.[18]
+
+[18] For complete official figures of the troop movement overseas, see
+Volume IV.
+
+In addition to the transatlantic fleet there was an American
+cross-channel fleet carrying men and cargo from England to France. This
+fleet consisted of more than a third of a million tons by the end of
+1918. One-fourth of these vessels were Swedish or Norwegian, while the
+rest were American. This fleet comprised large numbers of small wood and
+steel vessels built by the Emergency Fleet Corporation at the yards of
+the Great Lakes and along the coast.
+
+
+ACCELERATED SHIPPING
+
+The Emergency Fleet Corporation turned over nearly a million tons of new
+ships for military purposes, and besides Scandinavian and Japanese
+tonnage was chartered. By doing this and by taking over lake steamers
+the large tonnage figures were secured, but it must be remembered that
+the Allies were largely concerned in the American troop movement. Of
+every 100 men who went over, 49 went in British ships, 45 in American,
+three in Italian, two in French and one in Russian shipping under
+British control. Moreover, a way was found to increase the loading of
+transports by as much as 50 per cent.
+
+The duration of the voyage round trip was considerably decreased. In the
+spring of 1917 the average turn around for troop ships was 52 days. Some
+of the fast ships averaged under 30. The _Leviathan_, for example,
+landed the equivalent of a German division in France each month. Most of
+the cargo ships were American and these ships carried thousands of
+articles of the most varied sort. Nearly one-half of all the cargoes
+consisted of food and clothing. Then came the engineering and ordnance
+supplies. A large number of locomotives were shipped, set up on their
+own wheels so that they could be unloaded on the tracks in France and
+run off in a few hours under their own steam. These locomotives were of
+the hundred-ton type. Shipments of this type had never been made before.
+When the armistice was signed the Army was prepared to ship these set-up
+locomotives at the rate of 200 a month. The actual record shows that
+1,791 were sent to France on transports.
+
+Nearly 27,000 standard-gauge freight cars were shipped abroad, and motor
+trucks to the number of 47,000; rails and fittings were sent to France
+aggregating in all 423,000 tons. Moreover, the Army shipped nearly
+70,000 horses and mules. The increase in the shipping of cargo from the
+United States was consistently maintained from the start of the war, and
+at its cessation it was undergoing marked acceleration.
+
+
+BRITISH SHIP-BUILDING
+
+Ship-building in England was taken over by the government early in the
+war. This plan was described by many as an example of a blundering
+surrender to Socialism and a concession to bureaucratic tendencies.
+These critics pointed to the fact that in 1914 British shipping tonnage
+had reached the figure of 19 million tons, an increase of over 10
+millions in 15 years; and this was done in spite of subsidized
+competition from abroad and lack of reasonable encouragement at home.
+The policy of government interference was regarded as simply a method of
+discouraging English initiative in this industry. A writer in the London
+_Outlook_, Mr. E. T. Good, described the project in a most unfavorable
+light:
+
+     "On top of foreign subsidized competition our people are to be
+     subjected to Government competition at home, and their whole
+     position and prospects rendered uncertain, if not impossible.
+     This new government undertaking can have nothing but a
+     chilling, blighting effect upon our splendid ship-building and
+     engineering trades, and it will not give us one additional ton
+     of shipping. The government policy--or lack of policy--is such
+     that no one knows what to expect next. There is no certainty.
+     There is no continuity of policy. There is no encouragement.
+     There is no common justice for British enterprise. Whilst
+     Germany, France, Italy and other nations are preparing large
+     subsidization schemes for their shipping and ship-building
+     trades, our government excessively penalizes our industries and
+     enterprises, and gives no hint of any fair dealing in the
+     future. Before the war German subsidized liners were permitted
+     to come into our harbors and take on board British passengers
+     at 'blackleg' rates, and without paying even a due share for
+     the upkeep of our ports and lights. Now our government, whilst
+     paying neutral shipowners--our future rivals--freights up to as
+     much as 500 per cent. above the Bluebook rates paid to our own
+     vessels, is taxing our shipping people up to the eyes--doing
+     all that it can to render it difficult, if not impossible, for
+     our companies to increase their fleets and maintain British
+     supremacy after the war."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Launching the City of Portland on the Columbia River, near Portland,
+Oregon
+
+Most of the cargo ships that carried supplies to our troops after we
+entered the war were American owned, and carried thousands of articles
+of the most varied sort. The _City of Portland_, shown above, was a
+three hundred foot wooden motor vessel.]
+
+It must be remembered that Great Britain's shipping problem was a matter
+of extreme complexity. There were first of all the submarine sinkings.
+There was the lack of labour for ship-building. There was, besides, the
+fact that the tonnage available for ordinary imports was considerably
+lessened by the commandeering of merchant ships for the carriage of
+government material. The following statement of the problem was
+presented by the British Premier himself in August, 1917:
+
+     "In addition to this, the Shipping Controller has taken steps
+     for the quickening of ship-building. The tonnage built in this
+     country during peace times is, I think, on an average
+     something a little under 2,000,000. In 1915 the ship-building
+     came to 688,000 tons. In 1916 it was 538,000 tons. In this year
+     a little over a million tons, nearly 1,100,000 tons, will be
+     built in this country and 330,000 tons will be acquired abroad,
+     so that this year the tonnage which we shall acquire will be
+     1,900,000. This is purely mercantile marine. Bear in mind the
+     condition under which the tonnage is built. It is the fourth
+     year of the war. There is a difficulty in labor and great
+     difficulty in material. You require steel for guns and shells
+     for the Navy, because the ship-building program of the Navy has
+     gone up considerably in the course of the present year. In
+     spite of that fact the ship-building of the country in this
+     year will not be very far from what it was in the days of
+     peace.
+
+     "Even now we have not got enough tonnage for all essential
+     purposes. We have got to provide tonnage for France, Italy and
+     Russia, as well as for ourselves, and we need more ships
+     instead of fewer ships. And I am not going to pretend that
+     there will not be at best a rate of diminution of our shipping
+     which will embarrass us in the struggle, and therefore it is
+     essential, not merely that this country should build, but that
+     the only other countries which have a great ship-building
+     capacity should also build. If the United States of America
+     puts forth the whole of her capacity, and I have no doubt, from
+     what I hear, that she is preparing to do it in her own thorough
+     and enterprising way, I have no doubt at all that we shall have
+     sufficient tonnage not merely for this year but for the whole
+     of 1918 and, if necessary, for 1919 as well, because America
+     can expand very considerably her ship-building capacity if the
+     real need ever arises for her to do so."
+
+
+BRITISH BUREAUCRATIC METHODS
+
+On the whole it must be allowed that after the results were published
+there was a great disappointment, particularly as the government had put
+forth roseate plans for ship-building on a large scale. At the beginning
+of the war there were 16 million tons gross of steamers of more than 600
+tons each. A large part of this total was used in the service of the
+Navy; and the balance, available for the carriage of food, materials and
+exports, was lost during the submarine campaign. The government seemed
+to show no ability to replace it. Sometimes it is contended that the
+responsibility was to be charged up to the labor organizations.
+According to the _Economist_ the situation was due to bureaucratic
+methods of control.
+
+In a debate in Parliament the whole subject was ventilated:
+
+     "From every quarter members with first-hand knowledge of
+     ship-building got up to tell the same story of
+     over-centralization, fussy control, conflicting orders, leading
+     all to the same result--discouragement of masters and men. Mr.
+     Mackinder, speaking for a Glasgow constituency, and Sir Walter
+     Runciman, speaking as a ship-owner--two men whose views on
+     economics are the poles apart--were in agreement here. The
+     fault, they declared, lay, not in the want of patriotism or the
+     inherent vice of the British workman, or even in the lethargy
+     of the British employer, but in the third and predominant
+     member of the ship-building partnership, the British
+     Government. Keeping the direction in its own hands, the
+     Government started with a preconceived theory of the standard
+     ship--a theory that might be of great value to a builder of
+     revolutionary ideas laying the foundations of a prosperity to
+     be enjoyed twenty years hence, but is of considerably less
+     value to a nation that is losing steamers at the rate of
+     fifteen or twenty a week, and wants new steamers now. When the
+     standard ship was first proposed, builders pointed out that in
+     practice each had a standard ship of his own, and they could
+     build most quickly by confining themselves to their own
+     familiar types. Mr. Macnamara told them that they were
+     Solomons, wise after the event, but that is less than fair.
+     They were wise from the beginning, and their predictions have
+     come true."
+
+
+TRADE POLICY AS A WAR WEAPON
+
+The building of ships under Government supervision and control was only
+one side of Allied war shipping administration. Seaborne trade was
+rigidly directed as a potent arm in bringing Germany's war power to
+ruin. The industrial and economic effect of the marine blockade was
+fully conceded by a number of German and Austrian newspapers.
+
+_The Frankfurter Zeitung_ said:
+
+     "If the final peace does not return to us what our enemies have
+     taken and destroyed in the outside world, if it does not
+     restore to us freedom in our work and our spirit of enterprise
+     in the world, then the German people is crippled for an
+     immeasurable period. We demand restoration for all violation of
+     the law and for all acts of destruction. We demand
+     indemnification for all damages done, and we meet the plan of
+     differentiation with the demand for the most-favored-nation
+     treatment and equal rights; the plan of exclusion with the
+     demand for the open door and free seas; and the threat of a
+     blockade of raw materials with the demand for the delivery of
+     raw materials."
+
+A true picture of the situation is given in the following passage from
+the Vienna _Arbeiter Zeitung_:
+
+     "Even if Hindenburg's genius and German bravery won a complete
+     victory on land, even if the English Army fell into our hands
+     to the last man, and France was disarmed and had to submit to
+     Germany's terms, even then England and America could not be
+     compelled to the capitulation that the Pan-German word-heroes
+     prophesy daily. Even then they would blockade our coasts and
+     the war would continue at sea. And even if they could not or
+     would not do that, even if peace was concluded and all the
+     battles ended, they would still have a terrible weapon to use
+     against us. Our domestic economy can not exist permanently
+     without the wheat, the copper, and the cotton from America, the
+     nickel from Canada, the cotton from Egypt and India, the
+     phosphates from the North African coasts, the rubber from the
+     English tropical colonies, Indian jute, and the oilplants of
+     the South Sea Islands.
+
+     "There will be a scarcity of all these things after the war and
+     there will be great competition for them. If England and
+     America do not deliver to us these raw materials after the war,
+     then we as conquerors are conquered."
+
+
+GERMANY'S POTASH BOYCOTT
+
+Before we entered the war Germany viewed with great concern the effect
+of the economic weight of the United States if added to the side of her
+antagonists. She felt that if this country remained neutral she could
+depend on us for raw materials. To be sure, German ingenuity had
+produced ten thousand substitutes, due to the skill of German chemists,
+ranging from bacteria fats to synthetic rubber. But even the War Office
+in Berlin was under no illusion on this point. "We need copper and no
+stripping of palace roofs, no raiding of door knockers or kitchen pans
+can make up for the deficiency." Even the vision of economic
+self-sufficiency in Central Europe had rifts in it. Raw material was so
+important that, in the boot and shoe industry 1,400 factories in the
+German Empire were amalgamated into 300. In the silk industry the spools
+were reduced from 45,000 to 2,500. Out of 1,700 spinning and weaving
+mills, only 70 were running at high pressure.
+
+The plan, as outlined by German experts, to force the United States to
+supply raw material was to cut off potash exports and certain
+manufactured goods. "If America will sell us no cotton," was the threat
+of the Berlin _Deutsche-Zeitung_, "she shall get no potash--the
+indispensable fertilizer in which we have a world monopoly. If she
+withholds her oil and grain, then she shall get no _dyes_, no drugs, no
+glassware or optical instruments." But as a writer in the London
+_Outlook_ stated, this threat could not be made an effective instrument
+of trade control:
+
+     "There is potash in plenty in the great Republic, especially in
+     the alkali lakes of Nebraska and Southern California. Potash is
+     now obtained from the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and from the
+     vast kelp beds of the Pacific coast. American chemists are also
+     extracting potash (by the Cottrell process) from the dust of
+     cement-kilns and blast-furnaces. So the German monopoly will
+     pass, and many others with it. America will produce her own
+     dyes and optical instruments, though I may not linger on the
+     details of this supplanting.
+
+     "American genius has long been busy with these things; another
+     year or two will see her wholly independent of German supplies.
+     The potash monopoly--from the mines of Stassfurt in Saxony--was
+     undeniably a problem; there are still richer sources in Alsace,
+     as we all know Germany's resolve to hold that province through
+     thick and thin. America needs 500,000 tons of potash every
+     year, for the sandy soils of the Atlantic seaboard, and also
+     for the citrus fruits of Florida, the tobacco of Georgia and
+     the Carolinas, the potatoes and garden produce of Maryland."
+
+
+SHUTTING OFF GERMAN TRADE
+
+Pessimistic anticipations of German statesmen regarding the curtailing
+of German trade were realized when the War Trade Board in the United
+States began to deal with the question of American exports to neutrals.
+The report of the Board, published in 1918, contains the following
+passage:
+
+     "Neutral exports of foodstuffs to the Central Powers have
+     declined from last year's corresponding exports in amounts
+     estimated at from 65 to 85 per cent., depending on the neutral,
+     and there has been a decrease in the export of many other
+     important commodities.
+
+     "In November, 1917, we became party to Great Britain's
+     tentative agreement with Norway, as a result of which action on
+     our part 1,400,000 tons dead-weight of Norwegian shipping were
+     chartered into the service of the United States and Great
+     Britain for the period of the war. Shortly following, temporary
+     agreements were concluded with Holland and with Sweden. That
+     with Holland gives us the use, for periods up to 90 days, of
+     450,000 tons dead-weight of her shipping which had heretofore,
+     for a long period, lain idle. The agreement with Sweden gives
+     us the use for three months of tonnage estimated at 250,000
+     tons dead-weight which had not theretofore been employed in
+     services useful to us.
+
+     "Specific accomplishments of this character are, however, far
+     from constituting a full measure of the results achieved by the
+     War Trade Board. The elimination of enemy advantage from our
+     trade and, to a considerable extent, from that of the world,
+     the securing and conserving of commodities essential to
+     ourselves and those associated with us in the war, the bringing
+     of shipping generally into the services most useful to
+     us--these results can not be accurately stated or appraised at
+     the present time, nor have they been accomplished by any single
+     act or agreement."
+
+[Illustration: Examining Cargoes for Contraband
+
+An inspector is using the X-ray on a bale of cotton, it having been
+found that smuggling of every conceivable sort was being carried by
+German agents.]
+
+
+THE TRADE LICENSE SYSTEM
+
+The United States trade license system was extremely effective in
+cutting off the business of firms whose controlling motive was the
+advancement of German commercial interests. It was largely directed
+against preventing pro-German firms in neutral countries from engaging
+in the re-exportation process, a familiar practice in the earlier part
+of the war. The policy of the War Trade Board is indicated in the March
+(1918) issue of the _War Trade Journal_:
+
+     "To accomplish these results the War Trade Board, through its
+     Bureau of Imports, has adopted certain regulations in
+     connection with the importation of many of these raw materials,
+     to which it is the duty of every patriotic American citizen to
+     give complete and wholehearted support.
+
+     "Organizations have been voluntarily created in many of the
+     trades, such as rubber, wool, jute, tin, etc., to act as
+     consignees when required and to perform other duties in
+     connection with importations, under and by direction of the War
+     Trade Board.
+
+     "Every effort will be made to administer these regulations with
+     the slightest possible detriment to legitimate business
+     interests, but when it is considered that the transmittal of a
+     few pounds of rubber or copper to Germany may cost the lives of
+     scores of our men at the front, and that each day's supply of
+     wool, or food, or money to the enemy means another day's war,
+     with its accompanying toll of lives, the very thought of
+     hesitancy or weakness is inconceivable. The policy will be
+     'safety first' for our soldiers, regardless of every other
+     consideration. Persons and firms in this country, as well as
+     abroad, who before our entrance into the war had little
+     sympathy with the war-time commercial safeguards of the Allies
+     must be taught that these are now matters of the first
+     importance to this country, and violators of present
+     restrictions need expect no favors, regardless of how important
+     such individuals or firms may be in the business world. The
+     time has come when all must realize that the war is not limited
+     to combating the enemy on the battle fields of France, but must
+     be carried into our every-day transactions of life, and that
+     our business practices must be remolded, where necessary, to
+     meet existing conditions.
+
+     "It is unnecessary to mention other desirable results which may
+     be obtained by this import control, such as the gathering of
+     trade information or the conservation of tonnage by elimination
+     of non-essentials.
+
+     "No anxiety need be felt by importers that there will be any
+     serious restrictions of the importation of necessary articles
+     if the transaction does not involve dealing with an enemy or
+     ally of an enemy, or otherwise giving him aid or comfort."
+
+
+THE ANTI-GERMAN TOY EPISODE
+
+An example of the intense popular indignation against encouraging trade
+with Germany was furnished when a Dutch boat arrived in New York in
+1918, laden with 400 cases of toys made in Germany. The ship that
+carried them had been guaranteed against submarines by the German
+Government. Its arrival in America brought about a storm of indignation
+strong enough to remind many editors of the famous Boston Tea-Party. One
+of the consignees of the cargo refused to accept delivery of his share;
+the _Manufacturers Record_ of Baltimore offered him its congratulations:
+
+     "It is none too soon to begin the campaign against the
+     importation of German-made goods. Imagine for one moment any
+     American mother giving to her baby toys made by Germany while
+     she thinks of tens of thousands of babies murdered by Germany
+     in this war. Every toy made in Germany and every other piece of
+     goods of every kind will for generations bear a bloody stain
+     which all the waters of all the oceans can never wash out."
+
+Patriotic organizations passed resolutions on the subject. American
+feeling as to German merchandise was well shown through the publication
+of an editorial in the _Hardware Age_ against American use of German
+toys. The paper received 4,000 letters on the subject and over 250,000
+reprints of the editorial were sent out, all on request. On the subject
+of German toys, it said, among other things:
+
+     "America has fed starving Belgium. We fed and clothed and cared
+     for her suffering people long before we became her proud ally
+     on the battlefields. Thousands of orphaned Belgian and French
+     children have been adopted into American homes. In the days to
+     come are we going to force these children to play with
+     German-made toys? God forbid! American toy manufacturers have
+     stripped us of the last vestige of an excuse for the purchase
+     of toys from the Huns. Our factories are making more toys than
+     we ever imported, and they are not the flimsy jim-cracks we
+     formerly bought from abroad. They are largely exercise toys
+     which develop a child's body, or mechanical or structural toys
+     which train the mind. Before the war we imported eight million
+     dollars' worth of toys from the Central Powers. Who will make
+     our kiddies' toys in the days to come? Once more, Mr. Buyer,
+     it's up to you."
+
+
+SMUGGLING FROM NEUTRAL COUNTRIES
+
+Considerable aid was afforded to Germany by her trade with neutral
+countries. First, there was a good deal of direct re-exportation of
+materials imported from abroad. Then there was an exportation of
+domestic products, and the filling up of this deficit by importation
+from abroad, mainly from the United States. Mr. J. L. Moore of Harvard
+University, thought that smuggling deserved to be added to the source of
+German supply from the outside, and he mentioned the fact that a member
+of the Commerce Department of the Swiss Government was convicted of this
+offense and served a prison sentence. His exposition of how neutrals
+aided Germany is given in the following passage from the New York
+_Times_:
+
+     "To direct and indirect re-exportation must be added, finally,
+     smuggling, which has always been a factor in the evasion of
+     blockades. In Switzerland a member of the Commerce Department
+     of the government was recently convicted of this offense and is
+     serving a prison sentence.
+
+     "That this aid was precious to the Central Powers and enabled
+     them to stave off starvation and consequent submission can be
+     corroborated in various ways. First, in spite of the enormous
+     volume of imports from the neutrals Germany was on the verge of
+     starvation during the last winter, the economic crisis reaching
+     its critical stage coincidentally with the political crisis in
+     the Reichstag at the beginning of July. The most potent cause
+     of this political upheaval was the economic destitution which
+     cast its melancholy shadow over the whole nation and increased
+     the desperation of people and Reichstag till it exploded in a
+     violent outburst of wrath against the government. Secondly, the
+     general impression of press and people in Germany and
+     Switzerland is that the most sensational part of the speech of
+     Erzberger, which brought the crisis into being, consisted of an
+     expose proving the futility of the submarine policy and
+     impugning the judgment of the officials responsible for its
+     inauguration, inasmuch as the entrance of the United States
+     into the list of Germany's enemies, which resulted therefrom,
+     was likely to result in a curtailment of the imports obtained
+     through the neutrals, and without a continuance of these
+     imports Germany could not hold out long."
+
+
+SURPRISING INCREASE OF NEUTRAL SHIPPING
+
+The shutting off of the German commercial fleet from trade and the
+employment of Allied shipping under government contract offered an
+exceptional opportunity to small neutral countries to advance their
+shipping business. This opportunity was eagerly seized. Norway reported
+the establishment in 1915 of no fewer than 488 shipping firms. This was
+followed in 1916 by an increase of 459. Some of these Norwegian firms
+paid dividends as high as 400 per cent. Statistics from Sweden also show
+a significant expansion. Swedish firms of inconsiderable capitalization
+before the war became important companies, able to undertake
+transatlantic trade on a large scale. It seems likely that these Swedish
+transatlantic lines will constitute a formidable competitor to the old
+established German companies--now that the war is over.
+
+Corroborative evidence on the shipping situation in neutral powers is
+found in the following passage taken from the New York _Journal of
+Commerce_:
+
+     "Of great importance for an estimate of the future of our
+     shipping combines is the progress which the two largest Danish
+     lines--the Forenede, which sails to North America; and the
+     Estasiatisk Kompagni, which, as the name suggests, runs lines
+     to East Asia--have made during the war. The Forenede, for
+     instance, made in 1916, with a stock capital of 30,000,000
+     crowns, a net profit of no less than 40,000,000 crowns, of
+     which a good 10,500,000 crowns was allotted to the reserve and
+     emergency funds. The collective reserves of this company
+     amounted to more than 26,000,000 crowns at the end of 1916: and
+     its bank credits totaled 44,000,000 crowns.
+
+     "The large Dutch shipping firms have likewise made enormous
+     profits. The following table presents their results for 1916
+     (the Dutch florin, or guilder, is worth $0.402 United States
+     currency at normal exchange):
+
+                                                       Reserve and
+                                   Stock       Net      Emergency
+    Shipping Firm                 Capital,   Profits,     Funds,
+                                  Florins    Florins     Florins
+
+    Holland-Amer. Line          12,000,000  26,500,000  10,200,000
+    Stoomvaart Mij. Nederland   19,000,000  18,600,000   8,800,000
+    Kon. Nederl. Stoomboot Mij  15,050,000  19,000,000   7,800,000
+    Rotterdamsche Lloyd         15,000,000  15,100,000  12,600,000
+    Kon. Holland Lloyd          10,000,000  10,900,000   2,000,000
+
+     "The example of the Holland-America Line shows best what
+     enormous progress took place in the inner consolidation of the
+     Dutch firms. The reserve of this company, which in 1913
+     amounted to 6,600,000 florins, grew to 24,800,000 by the end of
+     1916--in other words, the previous stock capital (which in the
+     meantime had been increased by 15,000,000 florins) by more than
+     double. In addition, the company has available funds amounting
+     in all to 21,700,000 florins. The reserves in the Nederland
+     Company, which have increased in the same period from 6,700,000
+     to 23,000,000 florins, exceed the capital by 4,000,000 florins.
+     The available funds of the Rotterdamsche Lloyd amounted at the
+     end of 1916 to about 25,000,000 florins, with a share capital
+     of 15,000,000 florins and a ready reserve of 16,000,000
+     florins.
+
+     "But the business successes of the neutral European shipping
+     firms are far surpassed by the earnings of the Japanese
+     overseas lines. Thus the largest Japanese shipping firm, Nippon
+     Yusen Kaisha, that sails from East Asia to all the important
+     shipping markets, had a net profit in the summer half-year 1916
+     of 19,780,000 yen (the Japanese yen is equivalent to $0.498
+     United States currency); in the winter half-year 1916--17
+     actually 22,150,000; in a single fiscal year it earned,
+     therefore, about 42,000,000 yen. The company's capital stock
+     amounted at the end of the fiscal year 1916--17, after a
+     previous increase through the distribution of free shares, to
+     27,500,000 yen, the net profits of this single company being
+     thus about 15,000,000 yen more than the amount of the capital.
+
+     "The company's fleet has grown considerably. The total
+     available reserves amount to nearly 63,000,000 yen. Of ready
+     money the company had at its disposal at the end of March,
+     1917, 55,300,000 yen."
+
+
+GERMANS AT WORK IN SPAIN
+
+Germany's astuteness in dealing with neutral countries was especially
+marked in Spain. The country was filled with German propaganda and there
+were skeleton German trade organizations ready to begin functioning at a
+moment's notice. The extent to which this propaganda was carried on was
+described by a correspondent of the _Saturday Evening Post_, Mr. I. F.
+Marcosson, in an address to the National Machine Tool Builders'
+Association at Atlantic City:
+
+     "The German propagandists have carried on a campaign on the
+     proposition of the Kaiser. It has been the finest selling
+     campaign that I have ever seen. They have organized it. Each
+     man had his territory, his selling territory; each man has his
+     line of samples, and that line of samples was the finest lot of
+     German gold and German 'hot air' that any propaganda has ever
+     produced.
+
+     "The Germans have sold Spain on the proposition of German trade
+     and German good-will, because they are giving the Spaniard, as
+     they did in business before the war, what the Spaniard had in
+     mind.
+
+     "Germany went into Spain to fill the Spaniard with 'hot air'
+     and to tell him he was the finest aristocrat in the world. And
+     he got it over. And if you had gone, as I have, from one end of
+     Spain to the other and looked into these great warehouses you
+     would have found hundreds of them jammed and packed with copper
+     and oil and cotton, and all the material with which to
+     re-establish a great industry. And today, whenever there is a
+     water-right for sale, whenever there is stock for sale, or
+     whenever anything can be leased, or a factory can be bought,
+     who buys it? =The Germans.=
+
+     "They have got the finest industrial secret service in Spain that I
+     have seen in my life. And to what end? All to the great end that
+     when the war is over, in Spain as in Holland and in Switzerland,
+     the wheels of German output will be going.... Germany will put on
+     the goods, as I have seen with my own eyes, 'Made in Spain,' 'Made
+     in Switzerland,' and 'Made in Holland.' Your own goods, machine
+     tools, are going out in the markets of the world now and
+     forevermore in competition with German-made stuff, made by German
+     hands, made by German capital, part with stuff that is marked
+     offensive, in competition with stuff that is marked as I have said
+     it would be marked."
+
+[Illustration: Photo by Paul Thompson
+
+An Antidote for the Submarine Pest
+
+Quantity production of eighty-foot motor boats in a shipyard at Bayonne,
+N. J., for use as scouts and submarine hunters.]
+
+
+NO ECONOMIC BOYCOTT AFTER THE WAR
+
+The official leaders of the Allied Governments soon found that the
+scheme to start an economic war after peace had been negotiated had no
+very strong support. President Wilson took a hand in subjecting the
+Paris resolutions advocating this economic war to unfavorable criticism.
+The British Trades Union by a large majority showed their disapproval of
+them. The London _Economist_ also disapproved of the program of a
+vindictive trade policy after the war, though it thought that an
+economic boycott might be used as a threat to force Germany to make
+peace. Lord Robert Cecil took the ground that it would not be wise to
+attempt an economic war. The labor point of view was that an economic
+war was bound to produce another outbreak of militarism. The Speaker of
+the British House of Commons, who always occupies a non-partisan
+position, in an address at Carlisle on war aims, showed no sympathy with
+the proposal:
+
+     "We had heard of war after the war, and it had been suggested
+     that whatever the terms of peace might be we in England should
+     have no dealings with Germany, that we should boycott them
+     commercially, allow none of our raw materials to go to Germany,
+     that we should form a combination with our Allies, and that
+     together we should cut her off altogether and treat her as
+     though she were a leper. He did not believe in this idea. He
+     was out for peace, and when he said he wanted peace he meant a
+     lasting peace. He wanted peace founded on sound conditions,
+     which would stand wear and tear and last forever, if
+     possible--at all events, for many, many years, it might be
+     centuries; but a boycott of Germany would not be the way to
+     attain a peace of that kind. That would be a way of carrying on
+     the war, and although it would not be with the weapons we were
+     now using, there would be the same hatred and struggle between
+     one combination of nations and another, and it would leave the
+     world divided and engender seeds of hatred and dissent. In many
+     respects it would be almost as bad as the war at the present
+     time. He did not, therefore, accept that condition of things."
+
+In explaining England's position as to war aims the Premier, Lloyd
+George, made the following observations:
+
+     "Germany has occupied a great position in the world. It is not
+     our wish or intention to question or destroy that position for
+     the future, but rather to turn her aside from hopes and schemes
+     of military domination and to see her devote all her strength
+     to the great beneficent tasks of the world.... The economic
+     conditions at the end of the war will be in the highest degree
+     difficult. Owing to the diversion of human effort to warlike
+     pursuits, there must follow a world shortage of raw materials,
+     which will increase the longer the war lasts; and it is
+     inevitable that those countries which have control of the raw
+     materials will desire to help themselves and their friends
+     first."
+
+
+AN IMPOSSIBLE PROGRAM
+
+In the emotional atmosphere of the war period some astonishing economic
+propositions were accepted as if they were axiomatic truths. Notably was
+this the case in the discussion of Germany's program of peaceful
+penetration in the economic sphere. It was undoubtedly linked up with
+schemes of military aggression. There was wide discussion of the methods
+to be used to guard against Germany's commercial policy. Sometimes these
+proposals indicated the desire that those who opposed Germany should
+take a leaf from her dog-in-the-manger policy. Strange conceptions of
+international trade that suggest the mercantilism of the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries were revived in order to guard against any attempt
+on the part of Germany to secure a privileged industrial position after
+the war. As early as 1916 there was the famous proposal of an
+anti-German economic league contemplated in the Paris resolutions of
+that date. In Great Britain the supporters of this policy also actively
+advocated a system of imperial preference by which special advantages
+would be given to countries within the bounds of the British Empire. The
+result of upholding any double-barreled policy of this type is described
+by the Edinburgh _Review_ as impossible of realization.
+
+     "Even if Belgium, France, and Italy alone took that course, the
+     whole policy of an economic boycott, or partial boycott, to
+     prevent German expansion or to punish German crimes would fall
+     to the ground. We cannot imprison Germany in an economic strait
+     jacket if her territorial neighbors are willing to trade with
+     her. As a matter of fact before the war the most important and
+     the most expansive portion of German export trade was with the
+     continent of Europe."
+
+
+COMMERCIAL AVIATION
+
+A great advance in aeroplane development was one of the most spectacular
+results of war activity. The military side of this development must be
+discussed in another place, but the fact that aeroplanes had to be
+constructed substantial enough to carry a large amount of explosives
+naturally brought up the whole question of the commercial side of
+aeroplane employment. Although the aeroplane has been developed to a
+remarkable extent for war purposes, it must not be taken for granted
+that every type of aeroplane has its use for peace. In the military
+machine regard has been paid rather to gun positions, bomb carrying
+capacity and performance than to economy in operation and large cargo
+space, which are the essential peace requirements. This aspect of the
+problem was discussed by F. Handley-Page in an article in the
+_Fortnightly Review_.
+
+     "The type of aeroplane for commercial work requires careful
+     consideration and design. In estimating the value of a
+     transport vehicle account must be taken of the respective
+     proportions of the load that are and are not remunerative. A
+     steam motor wagon that was only just able to transport the coke
+     for its own consumption would be useless for transport work.
+     The large quantity of fuel the aeroplane must carry makes this
+     point an important one regarding it. It affects very largely
+     the _type_ of aeroplane that must be chosen for each duty.
+
+     "The total lift of a large bombing aeroplane of medium speed is
+     about 20 lbs., while that of a small high-speed scout may not
+     be more than about 8 to 10 lbs. per horse-power. From these
+     lifts have to be deducted the weight per horse-power of the
+     aeroplane structure and engines. These leave a margin of about
+     11 pounds per horse-power in the case of the large machine and
+     of only about two to four pounds per horse-power in the case of
+     the smaller and higher speed machine. From these margins have
+     to be deducted the weight _per horse-power_ of the pilot and of
+     the fuel to be carried."
+
+According to this expert's opinion there is little probability of using
+for commercial purposes the small high-powered aeroplane. But if large
+machines are used with a speed limit of 100 miles an hour and fitted
+with twin engines, Mr. Page thinks that such machines will have economic
+possibilities. Countries now far distant from one another can be brought
+close together. For example Australia will be within a week of London,
+and he thinks that passengers can be carried at the rate of about six
+cents a mile. If air transport is to be systematized he is in favor of
+strict state regulation:
+
+     "There must be no possible chance of the wildcat schemes of the
+     early railway days recurring, nor must aircraft or their pilots
+     be below a specified standard. The State must see that projects
+     doomed to failure owing to lack of financial or technical
+     backing are prevented from being placed before the public.
+
+     "Regulations must be drawn up which will insure that the
+     machines cannot be used for the public service until they have
+     received a certificate similar to that now issued by Lloyd's
+     for ships. Pilots must not be allowed to fly machines conveying
+     the public or mails, unless they have received a certificate
+     equivalent to that issued to the master of a ship by the Board
+     of Trade before he can take charge.
+
+     "The aeroplane will not compete with the telegraph system,
+     cable, or wireless, but will be a useful adjunct conveying
+     written signed statements, important documents, long reports,
+     and descriptive letters in the time of a week-end cable and at
+     a fraction of the cost.
+
+     "It will enable the business man to visit his overseas agencies
+     and friends, to discuss matters with them on the spot and
+     examine the requirements of their districts, at the cost of a
+     few _days_ instead of months of travel."
+
+[Illustration: The Awkward Squad
+
+"Left, right--one, two, three, four," was the slogan heard throughout
+the National Army cantonments, such as this at Camp Dodge, Des Moines,
+Ia., during the first days in teaching the recruits one of the first
+lessons of the soldier; how to keep step.
+
+Copyright International Film Service]
+
+
+
+
+V--THE MONEY COST OF THE WAR
+
+Over $210,000,000,000 Spent by the Belligerents--How This Stupendous
+Sum Was Raised--What the War Cost Uncle Sam
+
+By EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN
+
+
+Professor of Political Economy and Finance in Columbia University
+
+
+The cost of a war may mean several different things. It may mean, in the
+first place, the actual money cost, or expenditure in dollars and cents,
+directly involved in prosecuting the war. Or, secondly, it may mean the
+war cost, both direct and indirect, from the economic point of view. The
+real cost of a war from this latter point of view may mean either actual
+loss of lives and property or the diminution of the annual social
+production. The wealth of a country measured in its social income may be
+reduced either by the actual loss of territory, as in Germany; by the
+impairment of its natural resources like the coal mines and forests, as
+in France; by the reduction of labor power, due to the wounded workmen
+or the results of starvation or privation, as in many countries of
+Europe; or by the loss of economic efficiency due to a reduction of the
+standard of life or to a changed attitude toward habits of work. The
+real costs of war, although often incalculable, are none the less of
+profound significance.
+
+The actual money costs or expenditures of government for war include not
+only the actual outlays for military and naval purposes, but also the
+whole range of expenditures incurred in industrial life to prepare the
+wherewithal for the Army and Navy; and they also comprise the sums
+devoted to the maintenance of the families of the soldiers. All these
+items are far greater in modern times than they used to be. It is a far
+cry from the meeting of two savage tribes armed only with bows and
+arrows or javelins, to the modern 16-inch guns, the dreadnoughts, the
+airplanes, the submarines, the poison gas and the innumerable technical
+adjuncts of modern warfare. The consequence is that the money costs of
+the World War have far transcended those of all previous conflicts.
+
+The attempt to present in figures the costs of the war meets with
+several difficulties. In the first place the question arises as to the
+period at which we ought to stop. In one sense the war ceased when the
+armistice was declared. In another sense the war did not actually stop
+until the peace was declared--in this case a matter of many months
+additional. But even when peace was declared the war expenses were by no
+means over. The process of demobilization is a slow one: moreover it is
+necessary to continue for some time the policing of the conquered
+countries; and finally comes the question of the pensions to the wounded
+soldiers or to the families of the dead. It will be seen, therefore, how
+impossible it is to state with any accuracy at the present time the
+costs of the war, when those are still being incurred. Furthermore, the
+figures ordinarily given contain additional inaccuracies. The richer
+countries make loans to the poorer countries and these expenditures are
+consequently counted twice in the total,--a procedure legitimate only on
+the assumption that the loans will not be repaid. Again, in a country
+like the United States, which has substituted an insurance system for
+the pension system, the nominal expenditures appear smaller than is
+really the case, because of the receipt of vast insurance premiums which
+will ultimately all be expended again. Finally the figures make no
+allowances for the change in the price level or the alteration in the
+value of money. In a great war like the present, prices have risen: in
+some countries they have doubled, in some countries they have more than
+tripled, for reasons which it is needless to discuss here. What appears,
+therefore, to be a great and increasing outlay from year to year may be
+in reality due in part, at least, to this cause.
+
+After making all allowances for these difficulties we may proceed to
+state some of the facts as to the actual outlays of various countries.
+
+
+THE COST OF THE WAR DAY BY DAY
+
+In all the belligerent countries it naturally took some time for them to
+get into their stride. This is especially true of Great Britain. The
+figures of the average daily expenditures, as given by the Chancellor of
+the Exchequer, amounted to almost $10,000,000 in the opening months of
+the war and reached a maximum of almost $36,000,000 by 1918. These
+figures, however, are not exact because they include all of the
+expenditures. The real war expenditures may be arrived at by deducting
+in each case the amount of the expenditures in the last year of peace,
+ending March 31, 1914. Making these corrections, it appears that the
+average daily war expenditures in England rose from about $9,500,000
+during the first eight months of the war to about $33,500,000 in 1918,
+then slowly receding in 1919. In France the average daily expenditures
+were naturally somewhat less, rising from about $8,500,000 during the
+first three months of the war to over $21,000,000 during 1917, the last
+full year of the war. In Germany the daily expenses were approximately
+the same as in Great Britain, rising from about $13,000,000 in the first
+nine months of the war to $34,500,000 during the last six months of
+1918. In the case of both Germany and France, it is not known whether
+the figures comprise the total expenditures or only the pure war
+expenditures. In the former event the daily expenditures of Germany
+would be a little less than those of Great Britain; in the latter, they
+would be a little more. In Italy and Austria-Hungary the daily
+expenditures were naturally smaller, amounting at the maximum to about
+$10,500,000 and $20,000,000 respectively. In Russia the daily
+expenditures rose in 1916 to about $20,000,000 and in 1917, just prior
+to the October revolution, nominally to $47,000,000. But, owing to the
+great depreciation of the ruble, the actual expenditures were much less.
+
+
+OUR WAR EXPENSES MONTH BY MONTH
+
+When the United States entered the war the scale of its operations
+became so stupendous that its daily war expenditures soon far exceeded
+those of any other belligerent. In the second month of the war the
+average daily expenditures for pure war purposes were $15,000,000 and
+little over a year later they had risen to almost $50,000,000. By the
+end of 1918, the daily average war expenditures reached the staggering
+figure of $64,500,000.
+
+[Illustration: The Economic Conference in Paris
+
+Mr. Bonar Law talking with M. Clementel (Minister of Commerce) and M.
+Doumergue (Colonies) in the garden of the foreign ministry.]
+
+If, now, we attempt to present the statistics of the total cost of the
+war we must be mindful of the difficulties mentioned above. The figures
+are not entirely accurate, and cannot be made entirely accurate for the
+following reasons: In the first place, the last date in the official
+return differs from country to country. They are, however, all
+subsequent to the armistice, with the exception of Russia, where we
+have no trustworthy figures after the advent of Bolshevism. In the
+second place, we do not know, except in the case of the United States
+and Great Britain, whether the figures comprise the total expenditures
+or only the purely war expenditures. Even making allowance for these
+differences it will be seen that the total war expenditures amount to
+over $232,000,000,000. In Japan and some of the minor belligerents,
+there were virtually no war expenses. Inasmuch, however, as most of the
+countries will continue to have expenses attributable to the war for
+some little time in the future, it is probable that the total war
+expenditures will amount, by the end of 1920, to almost
+$236,000,000,000. From this must, however, be deducted the sums counted
+twice, because advanced to their allies by the United States, Great
+Britain, France and Germany. Making allowance for this, it is safe to
+say that the total net war expenditures will be about $210,000,000,000.
+
+                 WAR EXPENDITURES OF ALL BELLIGERENTS
+                             In Millions
+ ====================================================================
+               | From entrance  |       To       |          |
+               |    into war    |                |          |
+ --------------+----------------+----------------+----------+--------
+ Great Britain | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |   L 8,601| $41,887
+               |                |                |          |
+ Australia     | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |     L 291|   1,461
+               |                |                |          |
+ Canada (inc.  | August 4, 1914 |August 31, 1919 |          |   1,545
+ Newfoundland) |                |                |          |
+ New Zealand   | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |      L 76|     365
+               |                |                |          |
+ South Africa  | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |      L 33|     243
+               |                |                |          |
+ India         | August 4, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |     L 119|     584
+               |                |                |          | -------
+ British Empire|                |                |          | $46,083
+               |                |                |          |
+ France        | August 3, 1914 | March 31, 1919 |fr 169,000| $32,617
+               |                |                |          |
+ Russia        | August 1, 1914 |October 31, 1917| ru 51,500|  26,522
+               |                |                |          |
+ Italy         |  May 23, 1915  |October 31, 1918| li 81,016|  15,636
+               |                |                |          |
+ Belgium       | August 2, 1914 |October 31, 1918|  fr 5,900|   1,387
+               |                |                |          |
+ Rumania       |August 27, 1916 |October 31, 1918|          |     907
+               |                |                |          |
+ Serbia        | July 28, 1914  |October 31, 1918|          |     635
+               |                |                |          |
+ United States | April 15, 1917 | June 30, 1919  |          |  32,261
+               |                |                |          |--------
+ Entente Powers|                |                |          |$156,050
+               |                |                |          |
+ Germany       | August 1, 1914 |October 31, 1919|mk 204,268|  48,616
+               |                |                |          |
+ Austria-      | July 28, 1914  |October 31, 1919|kr 119,504|  24,858
+  Hungary      |                |                |          |
+ Turkey        |November 3, 1914|October .., 1919|          |   1,802
+               |                |                |          |
+ Bulgaria      |October 4, 1915 |October .., 1919|          |     732
+               |                |                |          | -------
+ Central Powers|                |                |          | $76,008
+               |                |                |          |
+ Total         |                |                |    In    |$232,058
+               |                |                | Millions |
+ ====================================================================
+
+
+HOW MONEY FOR WAR WAS RAISED
+
+The question now arises as to the steps taken by the various countries
+to meet these stupendous outlays. Of the older expedients, such as war
+treasures, or the sale of public property there was naturally no
+question. In only one country, viz., Germany, was there a war treasure;
+but this was so small as to be well-nigh negligible. The only two
+available resources were accordingly taxation and borrowing.
+
+When we compare these two expedients, we are struck not only by the
+great difference in the theories of war finance followed by the various
+countries, but also by the diversity in the economic conditions which
+largely influenced the choice. In a general way, it may be said that all
+countries were compelled to rely to an overwhelming extent on public
+loans, but that Great Britain and the United States raised a far greater
+share by taxation than did other countries. Italy was able to raise by
+new taxation only just about enough to pay the interest on the new
+loans; Germany accomplished this only in part; while France was not in a
+position to defray any of her war expenditures from additional taxation.
+The same is true of the other belligerents, with the exception of the
+British colonies.
+
+Proceeding now to take up this matter in detail, we shall first attempt
+to set forth the facts as to war taxation.
+
+                              UNITED STATES
+ ----------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+                             |   Monthly   |             |
+                             |Expenditures |             |
+                             |exclusive of |             |
+                             |the principal|             |
+                             |   of the    |   Monthly   |  Average
+                             | public debt |     War     |   Daily
+                             |and of postal|Expenditures |Expenditures
+                             |expenditures |     [19]    |
+ ----------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+                             |  Million $  |  Million $  |  Million $
+ April 6--30, 1917           |      279    |      219    |     8.
+ May, 1917                   |      527    |      467    |    15.
+ June, 1917                  |      410    |      350    |    11.7
+                             |   ------    |   ------    |
+ Total April 6--June 30, 1917|    1,216    |    1,156    |
+                             |             |             |
+ July      1917              |      662    |      602    |    19.4
+ August    1917              |      757    |      697    |    22.5
+ September 1917              |      746    |      686    |    22.9
+ October   1917              |      944    |      884    |    29.5
+ November  1917              |      986    |      926    |    30.9
+ December  1917              |    1,105    |    1,045    |    33.7
+ January   1918              |    1,090    |    1,030    |    33.2
+ February  1918              |    1,012    |      952    |    34.
+ March     1918              |    1,156    |    1,096    |    35.9
+ April     1918              |    1,215    |    1,155    |    38.5
+ May       1918              |    1,508    |    1,448    |    46.7
+ June      1918              |    1,512    |    1,452    |    48.4
+                             |   ------    |   ------    |
+ Total for fiscal year, 1918 |   12,697    |   11,977    |
+ July      1918              |    1,608    |    1,548    |    49.9
+ August    1918              |    1,805    |    1,745    |    56.8
+ September 1918              |    1,557    |    1,497    |    49.9
+ October   1918              |    1,665    |    1,605    |    51.8
+ November  1918              |    1,935    |    1,875    |    62.5
+ December  1918              |    2,061    |    2,001    |    64.5
+ January   1919              |    1,962    |    1,902    |    61.4
+ February  1919              |    1,189    |    1,129    |    40.
+ March     1919              |    1,379    |    1,319    |    42.5
+ April     1919              |    1,429    |    1,369    |    45.6
+ May       1919              |    1,112    |    1,052    |    33.9
+ June      1919              |      809    |      749    |    24.9
+                             |   ------    |   ------    |
+ Total for fiscal year 1919  |   18,505    |   17,785    |
+                             |             |             |
+ Total April 6, 1914 to June |             |             |
+   30, 1919                  |   32,428    |   30,918    |
+ ----------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+
+[19] Obtained by deducting 11/12 of the annual (peace) expenditures for
+1915--1916 exclusive of postal expenditures, i. e. 11/12 of $1,008--287
+millions--60 millions. Secretary Glass in his letter of July 9, 1919 to
+the Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means excludes postal
+expenditures in the first column, but fails to exclude them when making
+the deduction for peace expenditures. He consequently arrives at the
+figure of 30,177 billions as the cost of the war; making allowance for
+this fact, and using the final corrected figures, we reach the figure of
+$32,261,000,000 as the cost of the war to June 30, 1919.
+
+
+WAR TAXATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES
+
+Great Britain, as the wealthiest country at the outbreak of the war,
+endeavored to raise as much as possible from taxation. From year to
+year, as the expenses mounted up, more and more demands were made upon
+the taxpayer. But the expenditures for the war were so enormous that it
+soon turned out to be impracticable, even with the best of will, to
+secure more than a comparatively small proportion of the total cost from
+taxation. The figures usually advanced by the various Chancellors of the
+Exchequer and repeated parrot-like by most commentators take the
+proportion that total taxes bear to total expenditures. This method of
+calculation, as will be seen from the table, shows that almost a quarter
+of the total expenditures, or to be more exact, 24.9 per cent., was
+derived from taxes. These figures, however, err doubly. In the first
+place the significant problem is to ascertain the war expenditures, not
+simply the total expenditures. These can naturally be obtained only by
+deducting from the annual total expenditures the sums equal to the peace
+expenditures, _i. e._, the expenditures for the last full year of peace.
+In the second place, what is significant is not the total taxes, but the
+war taxes; that is, the proceeds of the additional taxes raised during
+the war. These again can be obtained only by deducting from the total
+tax revenue the proceeds of the taxes during the last full year of
+peace. If then we endeavor to ascertain how much of the war expenditures
+were met by war taxes--and this is really the important problem--we find
+that, immense as were the burdens resting upon the British taxpayer, the
+percentage of war expenditures raised by war taxes is much smaller than
+is usually stated. As a matter of fact, in the first year of war only a
+little over 7 per cent. of the total war expenditures were raised from
+taxes. With every succeeding year the percentage increased until the
+last year of war, 1918--19, a little over one-quarter of the war
+expenditures were met from war taxes. For the entire five years the
+proportion of war taxes to war expenditures was slightly over 17 per
+cent.
+
+In the other belligerent countries the showing was by no means so good.
+France struggled under a double difficulty. In the first place France
+was invaded at the very outset of the war, and the territory occupied,
+although relatively small in extent, represented the richest and the
+most industrially developed part of the country. This operated largely
+to reduce the ordinary revenues. In the second place the resultant
+economic confusion, as well as the general political situation, made it
+very difficult to impose any new taxes at all. The consequence was that
+for the first three years of the war, the tax revenues of France did not
+even suffice to defray the ordinary peace expenditures.
+
+After a little while, indeed, France found it possible to levy some war
+taxes; but these were exceedingly slight compared with what had been
+accomplished in Great Britain. The result is that the new war taxes of
+France were only just about sufficient to make up the deficit on the
+ordinary peace budget--a deficit caused chiefly by the devastation of
+the occupied territory. In France, therefore, we may say that as a
+result no part of the expenditures was met by war taxes.
+
+In Italy the situation was a little better. Italy had not been invaded
+and its financial situation was not so desperate as that of France.
+Moreover, Italy entered the war somewhat later and did not have to
+endure a strain for so long a time. Italy consequently proceeded as soon
+as possible to levy new war taxes; but as Italy had always been
+relatively overtaxed, as compared with Great Britain, it was not
+feasible to do as much. As a result, the war taxes levied by Italy were
+just about sufficient to pay the interest on the war loans. While Italy,
+therefore, did better than France, she also was not able to defray any
+of the war expenditures proper out of war taxation.
+
+The condition of Russia soon became worse than that of France and Italy,
+and even before the October revolution, Russia was able to put very
+little reliance upon revenues from war taxation.
+
+Among the Central Powers the situation was much the same, but for a
+different reason. Germany at the outset of the war had so confidently
+counted upon victory and upon huge indemnities that it resolved to
+defray its war expenses entirely from loans. It must, however, be
+observed that in Germany a not insignificant part of the war expenses
+were met by the separate states; and in these various states a
+considerable increase of taxation was provided for at once. As the war
+proceeded and the hopes of a speedy and complete victory gradually faded
+away, Germany began to change her policy and decided, especially from
+1916 on, to impose more and more taxes. The result was that by the end
+of the war Germany had done a little better than France.
+
+
+OUR WAR TAXES COMPARED WITH WAR EXPENDITURES
+
+We come finally to the experience of the United States. When the United
+States entered the war it was confronted by two rival theories of
+public finances. One was to the effect that the war expenses should be
+defrayed entirely by war loans, as had been the case in the early years
+of the Civil War and as was true of many of the belligerents during this
+war. The other theory was that the war expenditures ought to be defrayed
+entirely out of war taxes. This was equally extreme and perilous as the
+former theory, and labored under the additional disadvantage of being
+impossible of achievement. The President went so far as to adopt the
+fifty-fifty theory, namely, that half of the war expenditures ought to
+be defrayed from taxation.
+
+The prodigious profits made during the beginning years of the European
+war and the resulting prosperity throughout the country enabled Congress
+to levy taxes far higher than had before been attempted in our history.
+Even with an immense addition to taxation, however, the proportion of
+war expenses derived from war taxes was relatively small. Here, again,
+we must observe the same caution as in the case of the British figures.
+We must not compare total expenditures with total taxes, but war
+expenditures with war taxes. War expenditures are easily ascertained by
+deducting for each year the amount of the expenditures for the last year
+of peace, the year ending June 30, 1916. In the case of war taxes,
+however, it is more exact to deduct from the total revenues the tax
+revenues for the year ending June 30, 1915. For during the year 1915--16
+a number of taxes were already levied in preparation for our possible
+entrance into the war.
+
+As a matter of fact, during the first quarter of war ending June 30,
+1917, the proportion of war expenditures derived from war taxes was less
+than one-third or 30 per cent. If we exclude loans to Allies on the
+assumption that they will all be repaid some day, the showing is
+somewhat better--as two-thirds of the expenditures of that period
+consisted of such loans.
+
+As soon, however, as we struck our full gait the situation was less
+satisfactory. The proportion of war expenditures derived from war taxes
+during the year 1917--18 was less than one-quarter or more exactly only
+24.8 per cent. and if we again exclude loans to Allies, only 30 per
+cent. In the last year of the war the showing was still less favorable.
+If we take the expenditures for the entire period of our participation
+in the war the figures are respectively 21.7 per cent. and 27 per cent.
+For the entire period of our participation in the war, less than
+one-fourth (or exactly 23.3 per cent.) of the war expenditures were paid
+out of war taxes. And if the loans to Allies are again excluded the
+proportion is still under one third, or more exactly 32.5 per cent.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Lord Reading=
+
+President of the Anglo-French loan mission to the United States in 1915,
+and special envoy of the British Government to the United States in
+1917.]
+
+This compares favorably even with the British figures. But it
+conclusively shows how impossible it is even with the best of will, to
+raise more than a relatively small part of war expenses from war taxes;
+especially during the early period of a war.
+
+
+CHARACTER OF WAR TAXATION
+
+The next point of interest is that of the character of the war taxes
+imposed by the various countries. Here again we notice a very great
+difference. In all of the European belligerents on the continent, at
+least as much additional revenue was raised from direct, as from
+indirect, taxation. In France about as much new revenue came from
+indirect taxation or taxes on consumption as from direct taxation or
+taxes on wealth.
+
+The situation is still less satisfactory in the other continental
+countries.
+
+In England, on the other hand, a different path was pursued from the
+beginning. While it is true that a considerable increase of revenue was
+derived from indirect taxes like customs and excise, the chief reliance
+was placed on the increase of the income tax, on a new war profits tax
+and finally, although to a minor degree, on an increase in the
+inheritance tax.
+
+When we come, however, to the situation in the United States we find the
+democratic movement so strong that the overwhelming proportion of the
+new tax revenue was derived from direct taxation on wealth rather than
+from indirect taxation on consumption. In the great Revenue Act of 1917
+over 79 per cent. of the new tax revenue came from direct taxation,
+principally the income tax and the excess profits tax. In the second
+great Revenue Act of 1918, the proportions were still more favorable,
+the amount ascribable to direct taxation in 1919 being almost 81 per
+cent.
+
+    UNITED STATES
+    Internal Revenue Receipts
+    In millions of dollars
+
+                                            Per               Per
+      Year ending June 30          1918     Cent.    1919     Cent.
+    Income and profits taxes      2,839             2,596[20]
+    Munition manufacturers tax       13             .....
+    Estate tax                       47                82
+    Corporate capital stock tax      25                29
+                                  -----             -----
+      Total taxes on wealth       2,924     79.1    2,707     70.5
+
+    Distilled spirits               318               365
+    Fermented liquors               126               118
+    Tobacco                         158               206
+    Stamp taxes                      19                37
+    Transportation                   71               234
+    Insurance                         6                15
+    Excise taxes                     37                78
+    Soft drinks                       2                 7
+    Admissions                       26                51
+    Miscellaneous                     8                22
+                                   ----              ----
+      Total taxes on consumption,
+        transactions and
+        commodities                 771     20.9    1,133     29.5
+    Total                         3,695     ....    3,840     ....
+
+    [20] As the new taxes are payable in instalments, about 2 millions
+    of the 1919 tax will not be received until the fiscal year 1920.
+    Making allowance for this the proportion of taxes on wealth
+    really ascribable to the year 1919 rises to 80.6 per cent.
+
+With the impossibility of securing more than a comparatively small
+proportion of the war expenditures from taxation, it accordingly became
+necessary to resort to borrowing. This was consequently done by every
+country on a gigantic scale; although here again the fiscal and economic
+conditions in the various countries were so different that they employed
+quite diverse expedients.
+
+Great Britain provided at the outset of the war for immediate needs by
+the selling of short time securities, principally Treasury Bills. Before
+long these had amounted to such a sum that it became necessary to issue
+long time bonds. Accordingly, subscriptions were invited to the first
+war loan, which was issued on March 1, 1915, followed by the second war
+loan on June 1, 1915. These bore interest at the rate of 3-1/2 and 4-1/2 per
+cent. and the amount issued was $1,703,000,000 and $2,883,000,000
+respectively. On February, 1916, a continuous issue of War Savings
+Certificates was inaugurated. On April 15, 1917, the third war loan was
+issued at 4 per cent., followed on June 1, by the issue of 5 per cent.
+bonds. Of these $4,811,000,000 were issued.
+
+Beginning on October 2, 1917, a continuous issue of 4 and 5 per cent.
+National War Bonds was made, the difference in the rate of interest
+being due to the tax exemption. The temporary and short time paper was
+gradually funded into these bonds. In the meantime the Anglo-French loan
+of $500,000,000, of which England had one-half, had been contracted in
+the United States; and with the entrance of the United States into the
+war on April 6, 1917, continually larger sums were borrowed from the
+American Government. During the period of the war the British debt rose
+from L650,000,000 to L7,643,000,000 or from $3,115,000,000 to
+$37,221,000,000. It is expected that $250,000,000 will be borrowed
+during the year 1919--20, so that in all probability the debt of Great
+Britain at the end of 1920 will amount to almost L8,000,000,000, or
+$38,500,000,000, meaning that the war debt probably will amount to about
+L7,500,000,000, or $35,000,000,000.
+
+France was in a far less favorable situation than England at the outset
+of the war. The total debt of France at the close of 1913 amounted to
+fr. 32,594,000,000, or $6,291,000,000, and the ordinary budget had
+closed with a large deficit. So that it had been necessary to issue a
+loan during the spring and summer of 1914. When the war suddenly broke
+out, precipitating an economical and financial crash, it became
+practically impossible to issue another loan. The government was
+therefore compelled to rely upon advances from the Banque de France,
+which was permitted correspondingly to increase its notes issue. It was
+not until November, 1915, that France saw her way to issue her first war
+loan of 5 per cent. bonds. This was followed on August 6, 1916, by the
+second war loan, also of 5 per cent. bonds, on December 15, 1917, by the
+third war loan of 4 per cent. bonds, and on Dec. 15, 1918, by the fourth
+war loan, also at 4 per cent. The first war loan issued at 88 yielded
+$1,894,000,000; the second, at 83.75, yielded $1,981,000,000; the third
+at 68.60 yielded $2,914,000,000 and the fourth at 70.8 yielded
+$5,382,000,000. Meanwhile National Defense Bonds were issued
+continuously from February 25, 1915, and foreign loans had been
+contracted in England, in the United States and in Japan. The result was
+that at the close of the year 1918 the French debt amounted to fr.
+167,469,000,000 or $32,322,000,000. This meant that the debt due to the
+war amounted to fr. 134,875,000,000 or $26,031,000,000. It is expected,
+however, that a considerable sum will still have to be borrowed during
+the year 1919, thus bringing the total French debt to 27 or 28 billions
+of dollars.
+
+[Illustration: While the Men Fought, Those Left Behind Bought Bonds
+
+Not all brave hearts beat under khaki during the war. More than
+$20,000,000,000 was raised by the four Liberty Loans and the Fifth
+Victory Loan. Among those who bought bonds were hundreds of thousands of
+wives and children of the men at the front.
+
+Courtesy McClure's Magazine]
+
+Russia was the first of the Entente Powers to issue public loans. On
+September 14, 1914, it issued a 5 per cent. loan at 94, yielding
+$259,000,000. This was followed at regular intervals by six more loans
+prior to the revolution of 1917. After the revolution there was
+considerable confusion which, of course, was much accentuated by the
+advent of Bolshevism. The consequence was that the public debt of
+Russia, which amounted for July, 1914, to $4,623,000,000, increased by
+the time of the October revolution in 1917 to 49,288 millions of rubles
+or 25,383 millions of dollars. This would mean a war debt of almost
+twenty-one billions of dollars. As a matter of fact of course it is very
+uncertain whether the debt will ever be redeemed at these figures.
+
+The debt of Italy before it entered the war amounted to lire
+13,636,000,000 or $2,621,000,000. Italy started at once with a so-called
+mobilization loan followed by its first war loan in July, 1915, and
+successive war loans on the first of January of each of the following
+years. The result was that on October 31, 1918, the total debt amounted
+to lire 63,093,000,000 or $12,177,000,000. By the end of May, 1919, the
+debt had grown to 77,763,000,000 lire or $15,009,000,000 leaving as the
+war debt lire 64,127,000,000 or $12,388,000,000.
+
+Of the Central Powers, Germany started at once on October 1, 1914, to
+issue a war loan at 5 per cent., having from the outset decided to rely
+upon comparatively long time bonds rather than upon temporary or short
+time securities as was the case in England and in France. There followed
+in regular succession eight war loans bearing 4-1/2 and 5-1/2 per cent.
+interest. As a result, the debt of Germany, which before the war
+amounted to Mk. 4,732,000,000 increased on October 31, 1919, to Mk.
+204,000,000,000 or $48,552,000,000; the war debt proper in Germany would
+therefore amount to $47,426,000,000.
+
+
+TOTAL WAR DEBT, UNITED STATES
+
+When the United States entered the war it depended, for the time being,
+on temporary war certificates. But at the beginning of June, 1917,
+Liberty Loans were issued in continually greater dimensions. In the
+table below the details of the four Liberty Loans and the Fifth Victory
+Loan are given, showing that over $20,000,000,000 were raised from bonds
+alone. To these is to be added the unfunded loans. It appears that the
+total net debt of the United States, which in April, 1917, was
+$1,190,000,000, increased by June 30, 1919, to $24,232,000,000, making a
+war debt of $23,042,000,000. Inasmuch, however, as somewhat over a
+billion dollars from the Victory Loan will be paid in the course of the
+year 1919--20, and as still more will have to be borrowed temporarily,
+the total war debt of the United States by the end of 1920 will amount
+to over $25,000,000,000, including the nine billions advanced to the
+Allies.
+
+                           UNITED STATES
+    In Millions
+                        Debt Less                   Annual
+                         Cash in                   Interest
+                        Treasury                    Charge
+    April 5, 1917        $1,189                      $23
+    June 30, 1917         1,909                       84
+    June 30, 1918        10,924                      466
+    June 30, 1919        24,233                      619
+
+                      DEBT ON JUNE 30, 1919
+    Bonds
+         Pre-war bonds                               833
+         War loans
+              First Liberty Loan       $1,985
+              Second Liberty Loan       3,566
+              Third Liberty Loan        3,959
+              Fourth Liberty Loan       6,795
+              Victory Loan (notes)      3,468       20,455
+    Treasury Certificates                            3,634
+    Old debt on which interest increased                 2
+    Non-interest bearing debt                          236
+                                                    ------
+              Total gross debt                      25,485
+              Cash on hand                           1,252
+                                                   -------
+              Net debt              (In Millions)  $24,233
+
+The other belligerents need not be treated separately. The total pre-war
+debt, including Japan, whose debt was increased only by the money raised
+to loan to Great Britain and France, amounted to almost $28,000,000,000.
+The debt at the close of the war amounted to over $224,000,000,000,
+making the net war debt somewhat over $196,000,000,000. When we compare
+this with the total cost of the war, which, as we have seen, will amount
+to about $210,000,000,000, it appears that almost the entire cost of the
+war will have been defrayed from loans, the difference of well-nigh
+$15,000,000,000 derived from taxation being due almost entirely to the
+efforts of Great Britain and the United States respectively.
+
+               PUBLIC DEBT OF THE BELLIGERENTS
+                       000,000 omitted
+ ==========================================================
+          |Before |          | After  | War debt  |
+          |the war|          |the war |           |
+ ---------+-------+----------+--------+-----------+
+ Great    |Aug. 4,|  L650 =  |Mar. 31,|L7,643[21] | $34,056
+ Britain  | 1914  |  $3,165  |  1919  | = $37,221 |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Australia|Aug. 4,| 97 = 472 |Jan. 31,|[22] 336 = |   1,162
+          | 1914  |          |  1919  |   1,634   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Canada.  |Aug. 4,|   332    |Mar. 31,|   1,584   |   1,250
+          | 1914  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ New      |Aug. 4,|100 = 487 |Mar. 31,| 170 = 828 |     341
+ Zealand  | 1914  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ South    |Aug. 4,|126 = 614 |Mar. 31,| 175 = 846 |     332
+ Africa   | 1914  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |  ------  |        |  -------  | -------
+ British  |       |  $5,070  |        |  $42,213  | $37,143
+ Empire   |       |          |        |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ France   | July  |fr. 32,594|Dec. 31,|fr. 167,459|  26,031
+          | 1914  | = $6,291 |  1918  | = 32,322  |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Russia   | July  |ru. 8,800 |Jan. 1, |ru. 49,288 |  20,760
+          | 1914  | = 4,623  |  1918  | = 25,383  |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Italy    |  May  |li. 13,636|Oct. 31,|li. 77,763 |  12,388
+          | 1915  | = 2,621  |  1918  | = 15,009  |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Belgium  |Aug. 2,|fr. 3,743 |Apr. 30,|fr. 9,787 =|   1,166
+          | 1914  |  = 722   |  1919  |   1,888   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Rumania  | Aug.  |   292    |Oct. 31,|   1,020   |     728
+          | 1916  |          |  1918  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Serbia   | July  |   271    |Oct. 31,|    730    |     459
+          | 1914  |          |  1918  |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Japan    | July  |yen 2,494 |July 31,|yen 2,530 =|      18
+          | 1914  | = 1,190  |  1918  |   1,265   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ United   |Apr. 5,|  1,190   |June 30,|  24,232   |  23,042
+ States   | 1917  |          |  1919  |           |
+          |       |  ------  |        |  -------  | -------
+ Entente  |       | $22,327  |        |  144,062  | 121,735
+ Powers   |       |          |        |           |
+ ---------+-------+----------+--------+-----------+--------
+ Germany  |Aug. 1,|mk. 4,732 |Dec. 31,|mk. 204,000|  47,426
+          | 1914  | = $1,126 |  1918  | = $48,352 |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Austria- |Aug. 1,|  3,726   |Oct. 31,|kr. 137,858|  24,858
+ Hungary  | 1914  |          |  1918  | = 25,584  |   [23]
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Turkey   | Nov.  | LT 112 = |Oct. 31,| LT 455 =  |   1,517
+          | 1914  |   485    |  1918  |   2,002   |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Bulgaria |Oct. 4,|   219    |Oct. 31,|    974    |     755
+          | 1915  |          |  1918  |           |
+          |       |  ------  |        |  -------  |  ------
+ Central  |       |  $5,556  |        |  $80,112  |  74,556
+ Powers   |       |          |        |           |
+          |       |          |        |           |
+ Total    |       | $27,883  |        | $224,174  | 196,291
+          |       |In Millions        |In Millions|
+ ==========================================================
+
+[21] Counting on repayments of one half of the loans to the Allies (L816
+millions).
+
+[22] Not including the debts of the separate states.
+
+[23] Obtained by considering the debt of the new Austria as representing
+70 per cent of the debt of all the states which constituted the old
+empire.
+
+[Illustration: French School Children Waiting to Welcome General
+Petain]
+
+
+
+
+VI--AMERICAN BUSINESS IN THE WAR
+
+Voluntary Cooperation of Experts and Loyal Support of Labor Put Our
+Industries on a War Basis
+
+By GROSVENOR B. CLARKSON
+
+Director of the U. S. Council of National Defense and of Its Advisory
+Commission
+
+
+     Modern wars are not won by mere numbers. They are not won by
+     mere enthusiasm. They are not won by mere national spirit. They
+     are won by the scientific conduct of war, the scientific
+     application of irresistible force.
+
+    --WOODROW WILSON.
+
+
+War today means that for every man on the fighting line there must be
+approximately ten men--and women--behind him in the factories, mills,
+and mines of the nation that enters the conflict. It is an enterprise to
+which military men alone have ceased to be called, for it enlists the
+specialists of every industry and every science from the fighting line
+clear back to the last line of defense.
+
+When the American Marines were thrown into the battle line at the Marne,
+a French general officer rode up to headquarters.
+
+"How deep is your front?" he asked.
+
+"From here to San Francisco," was the reply; and in that statement lay
+the story of America's industrial and economic mobilization for war.
+
+For America the actual arena of the war was 3,000 miles oversea, and
+into this arena the Government of the United States threw 2,000,000 of
+the most superb troops that the drama of warfare has known; and, what is
+more, got them there on time to make possible the final smashing blow.
+The organization, transportation, and clocklike delivery at the eleventh
+hour of these irresistible citizen armies of the great Republic of the
+western world is an epic in itself.
+
+But here at home there were armies too. They were created without
+mandates; they were welded into cohesive form by suggestion rather than
+by order; they were galvanized from beginning to end by the mighty force
+of voluntary cooperation; and they went into the home stretch with a
+power which nothing could have stopped. These were the armies of
+production--production mainly, it is true, of guns and steel plates and
+soldiers' shoes; but production as well of energy, of thought that made
+the sword a flaming thing, of optimism to offset the stupid pessimism of
+people who criticized but had nothing tangible to contribute, of the
+immortal spirit of "carry on," of, above all, unification.
+
+In all of this endeavor, in all of this uprooting of the static national
+life of peace time, the business man of America reached his apotheosis
+and surprised even himself in his ability to merge his heart and nerves
+and brain into the national interest in the most emergent hour of the
+country's history.
+
+In effect, America went into the war unprepared. The will to war was a
+dormant thing throughout the nation. The country was swollen with
+material success almost to the point expressed in Lincoln's phrase: "A
+fat hound won't hunt." The evolution of the Government of the United
+States, enjoying profound peace for more than half a century, except for
+the minor military operations of the Spanish-American conflict, into a
+great war-making machine in mercilessly short time was a task to
+challenge the ability of even the most resourceful nation of the earth.
+
+There, broadly stated, was the national picture in the spring of 1917.
+War came, and almost with every day grew the need for increased
+participation on America's part.
+
+
+COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
+
+The only federal agency in existence on April 7, 1917, capable of the
+elasticity to mobilize industry, labor, and science for the national
+defense was the United States Council of National Defense. This body,
+composed of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Agriculture,
+Commerce, and Labor, had providentially been created by Congress eight
+months before. It was charged by Congress with "the coordination of
+industries and resources for the national security and welfare" and "the
+creation of relations which will render possible in time of need the
+immediate concentration and utilization of the resources of the nation."
+With it was to act an advisory commission of seven men, each to have
+expert knowledge of some special industry, public utility, or the
+development of some natural resource.
+
+The Council was further charged with the following particular duties:
+
+     1. To supervise and direct investigations and make
+     recommendations to the President and the heads of Executive
+     Departments as to:
+
+     (_a_) The location of railroads with reference to the frontier
+     of the United States, so as to render possible expeditious
+     concentration of troops and supplies to points of defense.
+
+     (_b_) The coordination of military, industrial, and commercial
+     purposes in the location of extensive highways and branch lines
+     of railroads.
+
+     (_c_) The utilization of waterways.
+
+     (_d_) The mobilization of military and naval resources for
+     defense.
+
+     (_e_) The increase of domestic production of articles and
+     materials essential to the support of the armies and of the
+     people during the interruption of foreign commerce.
+
+     (_f_) The development of sea-going transportation.
+
+     (_g_) Data as to amounts, location, methods and means of
+     production and availability of military supplies.
+
+     (_h_) The giving of information to producers and manufacturers
+     as to the class of supplies needed by the military and other
+     services of the Government, the requirements relating thereto,
+     and the creation of relations which will render possible in
+     time of need the immediate concentration and utilization of the
+     resources of the nation.
+
+     2. To report to the President or to the heads of Executive
+     Departments upon special inquiries or subjects appropriate
+     thereto.
+
+     3. To submit an annual report to Congress, through the
+     President, giving as full a statement of the activities of the
+     Council and the agencies subordinate to it as is consistent
+     with the public interest, including an itemized account of the
+     expenditures made by the Council or authorized by it, in as
+     full detail as the public interest will permit, providing,
+     however, that when deemed proper the President may authorize,
+     in amounts stipulated by him, unvouchered expenditures and
+     report the gross so authorized not itemized.
+
+
+PERSONNEL OF THE COUNCIL
+
+Save for preliminary meetings late in the winter of 1916, the Council
+and Advisory Commission did not get under way to any appreciable degree
+until February, 1917, when both bodies began to meet separately and
+jointly with the primary purpose of taking the national balance, chiefly
+with regard to industrial resources. The permanent organization of both
+bodies was made on March 3, 1917.
+
+The Council of National Defense was composed as follows:
+
+    Secretary of War              Newton D. Baker, Chairman.
+    Secretary of the Navy         Josephus Daniels.
+    Secretary of the Interior     Franklin K. Lane.
+    Secretary of Agriculture      David F. Houston.
+    Secretary of Commerce         William C. Redfield.
+    Secretary of Labor            William B. Wilson.
+
+The members of the Advisory Commission were:
+
+    _Transportation and Communication_:
+    Daniel Willard, Chairman, President of the Baltimore and Ohio
+    Railroad.
+
+    _Munitions and Manufacturing, including Standardization and
+    Industrial Relations_:
+    Howard E. Coffin, Vice-President of the Hudson Motor Car
+    Company.
+
+    _Supplies, including Food and Clothing_:
+    Julius Rosenwald, President of Sears, Roebuck & Company.
+
+    _Raw Materials, Minerals and Metals_:
+    Bernard M. Baruch, financier.
+
+    _Engineering and Education_:
+    Doctor Hollis Godfrey, President of the Drexel Institute.
+
+    _Labor, including Conservation of Health and Welfare of
+    Workers_:
+    Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+    _Medicine and Surgery, including General Sanitation_:
+    Doctor Franklin Martin, Secretary-General of the American
+    College of Surgeons.
+
+
+The Director of the Council and the Advisory Commission during the
+greater part of the war was Walter S. Gifford, now Vice-President of the
+American Telephone and Telegraph Company, a most capable organizer, who
+with the writer had been closely associated with Howard Coffin in a
+pioneer industrial preparedness movement inaugurated in the spring of
+1916 to examine into the capacity of industrial plants for military
+purposes. This was an entirely volunteer movement of business men and
+industrial engineers under the Naval Consulting Board of the United
+States, acting with the full approval of the President and the War and
+Navy Departments. Mr. Coffin's Committee on Industrial Preparedness did
+a remarkable job in a very short space of time, and the creation of the
+Council of National Defense was the logical sequence of the Committee's
+work, its records being turned over to the Council. The writer was the
+Secretary of the Council and the Advisory Commission throughout until
+the early summer of 1918, when he became Acting Director, succeeding Mr.
+Gifford shortly after the signing of the armistice.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Harris & Ewing
+
+=United States Council of National Defense and Its Advisory Commission=
+
+Seated, left to right: David F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture;
+Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy; Newton D. Baker, Secretary of
+War; Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior; William B. Wilson,
+Secretary of Labor. Standing, left to right: Grosvenor B. Clarkson,
+Secretary, later Director, of both Council and Advisory Commission;
+Julius Rosenwald, Bernard M. Baruch, Daniel Willard, Chairman of the
+Advisory Commission; Dr. Franklin Martin, Dr. Hollis Godfrey, Howard E.
+Coffin and Walter S. Gifford, Director of the Council and Advisory
+Commission.]
+
+
+PROPOSALS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
+
+Although the Council and Advisory Commission did not, as has been
+stated, make permanent organization until March 3, 1917, the Advisory
+Commission on December 7, 1916, determined on the following proposals of
+action:
+
+     To begin immediately a study to determine the most effective
+     flexible organization and mechanism for the securing of all
+     necessary information and for the clarifying, recording, and
+     classifying of such information when secured.
+
+     To begin immediately a study as to what media now exist which
+     can aid in the carrying out of the purposes of the council.
+     This study to be made in three divisions--governmental media
+     in the departments, governmental media outside the departments,
+     and civil media. As this study progresses it is believed that
+     the council can aid materially in the development of such
+     media, and can from time to time define (_i. e._, delimit and
+     delineate) spheres of activity in which existing organizations
+     may operate intensively without duplication.
+
+     To assist in the advance of the physical well being of the
+     people of the nation.
+
+     To begin immediately a study of the possibility of the
+     coordination of transportation, communication and surveys.
+
+     To continue the work done on the inventory of manufactures, of
+     medical equipment and officers, of supplies, and of resources.
+
+     To assist in the development of the "Personal Index" already
+     begun.
+
+     To set a fixed date (a date three months after the beginning of
+     action is suggested) on which an inspection may be made of the
+     work accomplished to that date. This inspection to be made
+     through the submitting to the commission of an actual problem
+     by the Departments of War and Navy, with the intent to
+     determine at that time what needed information is or is not
+     available.
+
+     To form a temporary organization to put the above proposals or
+     any part of them or additional proposals into effect at the
+     earliest possible date, with the intention of changing from a
+     temporary organization to a permanent organization as the
+     progress of the work makes this possible.
+
+     To begin a study of the best methods of expression of the work
+     of the council to the people of the nation.
+
+     To scrutinize all legislative action touching national defense.
+
+     To do any other thing or take any other action necessary to
+     give effect to the law under which the council and commission
+     are organized.
+
+
+PRE-WAR ACTIVITIES
+
+At this time there was consideration of plans to enroll labor in an
+industrial reserve, and the question of mobilization of American
+railroads for military purposes was seriously discussed against future
+need. At the same time Commissioner Baruch stated that he had been
+making a study of the steel and metal industries in connection with the
+national defense, and wished for authority to consult further with the
+leaders in those trades. The Director was asked to establish relations
+in the interest of the national defense with civic organizations,
+patriotic associations, and chambers of commerce.
+
+At a meeting on February 12, 1917, plans were discussed to call a series
+of conferences with the leading men in each industry fundamental to the
+defense of the country in the event of war, and at the same meeting a
+plan was laid down and afterwards agreed upon to split the Advisory
+Commission up into seven separate committees as detailed above, the
+Chairman of each committee to be given power to select the members of
+his committee from either governmental or civil life, or both.
+
+At a meeting on February 14, 1917, E. S. Stettinius, who, acting for J.
+P. Morgan and Company, was the purchasing agent of the Allies at that
+time, was called before the Council to confer with it on the manufacture
+of munitions. In the same way during this early period men of the
+authority and standing of Herbert Hoover, Admiral Peary, and General
+Kuhn, who had closely studied the German armies, were called into
+consultation by the Council, Mr. Hoover of course, discussing the
+mobilization, distribution, and conservation of food supplies, and
+Admiral Peary the development of the aeroplane and seaplane for modern
+war.
+
+On February 15th the Advisory Commission, further to progress its work
+then already under way, requested detailed lists of materials, with
+specifications and detailed dimensioned blueprints covering all
+equipment needed for a force of 1,000,000 men and for the assumed force
+of the Navy and Marine Corps with its numbers increased to emergency
+strength. It also called for estimates of reasonable accuracy covering
+the maintenance of a force of the size mentioned in the field during
+each ninety days of active service. The information was desired in order
+that approximations might be made as to the amounts of both manufactured
+and raw material for which it would be necessary to draw upon the
+resources of the country. The Advisory Commission later furnished
+estimates of its own.
+
+On March 3rd Chairman Willard of the Advisory Commission read to the
+Council a list of men nominated by the Commission to compose a munitions
+standards board. It is highly significant to detail the names of these
+men with their occupations, for they were typical of the cream of
+American industry which from that time on was enlisted in the
+Government's interest:
+
+     W. H. Vandervoort, builders of special machine tools, and
+     President of the Moline Automobile Co.
+
+     E. A. Deeds, formerly General Manager for the National Cash
+     Register Co., President of the Dayton Engineering Laboratories
+     Co., and interested in many industrial activities.
+
+     Frank A. Scott, Warner & Swasey Co., Cleveland, manufacturers
+     of automatic machinery and optical instruments.
+
+     Frank Pratt, General Electric Co., Schenectady.
+
+     Samuel Vauclain, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Remington and
+     Westinghouse Cos.
+
+     John E. Otterson, Vice-President, Winchester Arms Co.
+
+The Council duly approved these nominations.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Bernard M. Baruch
+
+Known as the "Eye of Industry," because his task was to see that the raw
+materials were brought to the factories and the finished products
+shipped overseas.]
+
+
+MEN OF VISION
+
+It is impossible here to give more than a few instances such as the
+foregoing of the way in which the Council and Commission, with
+remarkable vision and perhaps even more remarkable disregard of
+precedent when precedent got in the way of the national welfare, made
+history in these pre-war days. Fully to tell the story of this period
+would pack a large volume. I quote from a recent partisan criticism
+directed by an American Congressman, as chairman of a congressional
+committee to investigate war expenditures, against the Advisory
+Commission particularly, which he characterized as the "secret
+government of the United States" during this vital space of time:
+
+     It appears from the minutes of the advisory commission and the
+     council, which were kept separately, that practically all of
+     the measures which were afterwards considered as war measures,
+     were initiated by this advisory commission, adopted by the
+     council, and afterwards acted upon by Congress. In many cases,
+     a considerable period before the actual declaration of war with
+     Germany this advisory commission was discussing matters which
+     were thought to be new legislation, conceived by reason of the
+     necessities of war. For instance, on March 3rd, over a month
+     before the War declaration, the advisory commission indorsed to
+     the Council of National Defense a daylight-saving scheme, and
+     recommended a Federal censorship of the press. The question of
+     Federal censorship of the press was further discussed on March
+     24th, two weeks before the declaration of war.
+
+     On February 15th, about two months before the declaration of
+     war, Commissioners Coffin and Gompers made a report as to the
+     exclusion of labor from military service, and the draft was
+     discussed; the draft was also discussed on other occasions
+     before anyone in this country, except this advisory commission
+     and those who were closely affiliated with the administration,
+     knew that a declaration of war was to be made later. At a
+     meeting, on February 15th, this same commission of seven men
+     (none of whom had any official authority except as advisors),
+     recommended that Herbert Hoover be employed by the Government
+     in connection with food control. It was generally understood,
+     as appears from the minutes, that Mr. Hoover was to be in
+     control of this matter, although war was two months in the
+     future.
+
+     The advisory commission first met on December 6, 1916. Almost
+     the first thing the commission did was to take up the matter of
+     arranging an easy method of communication between the
+     manufacturers and the Government. On February 12th, for
+     example, Secretary Lane offered a resolution to the advisory
+     commission suggesting to them to call a series of conferences
+     of the leading men in various industries, so the industries
+     might organize and be able to do business with the council
+     through one man. In several meetings, long before the war was
+     declared, this advisory commission of seven men met with the
+     representatives of the manufacturing industries and formed an
+     organization of them for selling supplies to the Government,
+     which organization was well perfected before the war was
+     declared. This method consisted of having the representatives
+     of the various businesses, producing goods which the Government
+     would have to buy, form themselves into committees so that they
+     might be able to sell to the Government the goods direct, which
+     their industries produced. In almost every meeting that this
+     advisory commission had before the declaration of war, they
+     discussed and recommended to the council (which consisted of
+     six Cabinet members) these plans for fixing prices and selling
+     to the Government. When war was declared on April 6th, this
+     machinery began to move, headed by the advisory commission of
+     these minutes, the active Government of the seven men, who
+     were, in effect, as shown by United States, so far as the
+     purchase of supplies was concerned. So far as I can observe,
+     there was not an act of the so-called war legislation afterward
+     enacted that had not before the actual declaration of war been
+     discussed and settled upon by this advisory commission.
+
+It should be said, of course, that no member of this Council
+organization ever sold commodities to himself. But that is another
+story.
+
+
+MEN OF EXPERIENCE
+
+I could not complete even a skeleton outline of the period in question
+without certain other references.
+
+Further to emphasize the quality of the business men being called to
+Washington by the Council and Advisory Commission, I quote part of a
+letter to Chairman Willard of the Commission from Commissioner Baruch of
+March 23, 1917:
+
+    Mr. Daniel Willard,
+    Chairman, Advisory Commission, Council of
+    National Defense, Washington, D. C.
+
+    Dear Sir:
+
+     In pursuance of the authority given me and in order to be
+     prepared to meet the requests made of the advisory commission,
+     I have appointed the following committees. As the necessity
+     arises and the advisability becomes apparent, I shall add from
+     time to time other members to these committees, always bearing
+     in mind keeping them down to such a size that they will be
+     workable. It has been my endeavor to appoint on these
+     committees men of proved ability and undoubted integrity.
+
+     LEATHER.--Walter C. Garritt, U. S. Leather Co., Boston, Mass.;
+     George F. Johnson, Endicott, N. Y.; Theodore P. Haight,
+     American Hide & Leather Co., New York City.
+
+     RUBBER.--A. Marks, Diamond Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio; Fred Hood,
+     Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass.; Stuart Hotchkiss, General
+     Rubber Co., New York City.
+
+     STEEL.--E. H. Gary, President, American Iron & Steel Institute,
+     New York.
+
+     WOOL.--J. F. Brown, Boston, Mass.; Sigmund Silberson, Chicago,
+     Ill.; Joseph R. Grundy, Bristol, Pa.; F. J. Hagenbarth,
+     President, National Association of Wool Growers, Salt Lake
+     City, Utah.
+
+     NICKEL.--Ambrose Monell, President, International Nickel Co.,
+     New York.
+
+     OIL.--I have asked Mr. A. C. Bedford, president of the Standard
+     Oil Co., to serve on the committee, but I shall probably add
+     another from the Middle West, whose name I have not yet
+     determined upon, and Mr. Ed. L. Doheny, of Los Angeles, Calif.
+
+     ZINC.--I have in the process of formation a committee
+     representing the zinc trade. There are certain difficulties in
+     the way of trade jealousies which we have to smooth away. The
+     same thing is occurring in other lines, but it will be
+     adjusted, and I shall report on them from time to time.
+
+     COAL.--I have been in consultation with the producers of coal,
+     both bituminous and anthracite, and am now studying that
+     situation as to the best method of covering coal.
+
+     SPRUCE WOOD.--I have also under consideration, but have come to
+     no conclusion, the employment through a committee of those best
+     fitted for obtaining the manufacture of aeroplanes for the
+     Government the proper amount of spruce wood which seems to be
+     needed.
+
+
+LABOR PLEDGES SUPPORT
+
+It will be long before the writer forgets the dramatic meeting of the
+Advisory Commission as early as March 3, 1917, when Commissioner Gompers
+reported that he had called an executive council meeting of the American
+Federation of Labor for March 9, 1917, for the purpose of considering
+the attitude of labor toward the preparedness plans of the government.
+The labor leader spoke with great emotion. He referred to England's
+difficulty in the first year of the war in enlisting the services of the
+working people. He went on to say that in England unity was then lacking
+between government and labor and that the same situation, if not
+properly handled before hand, could arise in this country in even more
+acute form, largely because of the racial diversity of our working
+classes. He concluded by stating that he was now bending his efforts to
+mobilizing good will in this direction, saying: [24] "I want the
+workingmen to do their part if war comes to America." He forecasted the
+meeting in Washington on March 12, 1917, of the officers of the National
+and International Trade Unions of America, and said: "I am expecting a
+definite response of support from every trade union in America." There
+is no doubt in the writer's mind that Samuel Gompers kept the faith
+throughout.
+
+[24] I took Mr. Gompers' words verbatim.
+
+On April 6, 1917, the Council and Advisory Commission approved a
+declaration of the attitude of American labor toward the war presented
+by Mr. Gompers' Committee on Labor of the Advisory Commission. This
+action was directed toward the maintenance of existing standards of
+employment, and provided, among other things, that the Council should
+issue a statement to employers and employees in industrial plants and
+transportation systems advising that neither employers nor employees
+should endeavor to take advantage of the country's necessities to change
+existing standards; and providing further that when economic or other
+emergencies might arise requiring changes of standards, the same should
+be made only after such proposed changes were investigated and approved
+by the Council. It likewise provided that the Council urge upon the
+legislatures of the States, as well as upon all administrative agencies
+charged with the enforcement of labor and health laws, the great duty of
+rigorously maintaining the existing safeguards as to the health and
+welfare of workers, and that no departure from such standards in State
+laws and State rulings affecting labor should be taken without a
+declaration of the Council that such departure was essential for the
+effective pursuit of the national defense.
+
+
+MERGING THE RAILROADS
+
+On April 7, 1917, the Council directed Chairman Willard of the Advisory
+Commission to call upon the railroads so to organize their business as
+to lead to the greatest expedition in the movement of freight and
+troops. The response of the railroads was literally splendid. Their
+executives came to Washington, conferred with Mr. Willard, and passed
+the following resolution:
+
+     RESOLVED, That the railroads of the United States, acting
+     through their chief executive officers here and now assembled
+     and stirred by a high sense of their opportunity to be of the
+     greatest service to their country in the present national
+     crisis, do hereby pledge themselves, with the Government of the
+     United States, with the governments of the several States, and
+     one with another, that during the present war they will
+     coordinate their operations in a continental railway system,
+     merging during such period all their merely individual and
+     competitive activities in the effort to produce a maximum of
+     national transportation efficiency. To this end they hereby
+     agree to create an organization which shall have general
+     authority to formulate in detail and from time to time a policy
+     of operation of all or any of the railways, which policy, when
+     and as announced by such temporary organization, shall be
+     accepted and earnestly made effective by the several
+     managements of the individual railroad companies here
+     represented.
+
+
+COOPERATING COMMITTEES
+
+The first of July, 1917, found the Council and Advisory Commission
+directing the operation of the following boards and committees:
+
+     Aircraft Production Board.
+
+     Committee on Coal Production.
+
+     Commercial Economy Board.
+
+     Woman's Committee.
+
+     General Munitions Board with its sub-committees on Army
+     Vehicles, Armored Cars, Emergency Construction and Contracts,
+     Optical Glass, Storage Facilities, Machine Guns, Priority, and
+     Accounting.
+
+     Munitions Standards Board with its sub-committees on Gauges and
+     Dies, Army and Navy Artillery, Fuses and Detonators, Small Arms
+     and Munitions, Optical Instruments, and Army and Navy
+     Projectiles.
+
+     Section on Cooperation with States.
+
+     Committee on Inland Waterways.
+
+     Committee on Telegraphs and Telephones.
+
+     Committee on Railroad Transportation, with which acted an
+     executive committee made up of leading railroad presidents and
+     six departmental committees composed likewise of railroad
+     executives and paralleling the military departments over the
+     country, and sub-committees on Express, Car Service, Military
+     Equipment Standards, Military Transportation Accounting,
+     Military Passenger Tariffs, Military Freight Tariffs, and
+     Materials and Supplies.
+
+     Committees on Cars and Locomotives, with their personnel made
+     up of the high executives of such concerns as the Baldwin
+     Locomotive Works, the Pullman Company, and the American
+     Locomotive Company.
+
+     Committee on Electric Railroad Transportation, composed of
+     electric railway presidents.
+
+     Committee on Gas and Electric Service.
+
+     Committee on Automotive Transport.
+
+     Committee on Supplies, with its sub-committees on Cotton Goods,
+     Woolen Manufacturers, Shoe and Leather Industries, Knit Goods,
+     Leather Equipment, Mattresses and Pillows, and Canned Goods.
+
+     Committee on Raw Materials, with its sub-committees, popularly
+     known at the time as the "A to Z" committees, on Alcohol,
+     Aluminum, Asbestos, Magnesia and Roofing, Brass, Cement,
+     Chemicals, Acids, Alkalis, Electrochemicals, Fertilizers,
+     Miscellaneous Chemicals, Coal-Tar Products, Pyrites, Sulphur.
+
+     Sub-Committees on Copper, Lead, Lumber, Mica, Nickel, Steel
+     Products, with sub-committees on Alloys, Sheet Steel, Pig Tin,
+     Steel Distribution, Scrap Iron, Pig Iron, Iron Ore, and Lake
+     Transportation, Tubular Products, Tin Plate, Wire Rope, Wire
+     Products, and Cold Rolled and Cold Drawn Steel.
+
+     Sub-Committee on Oil, Rubber, Wool, and Zinc.
+
+     Committee on Engineering and Education, with its sub-committees
+     on General Engineering, Production Engineering, Universities
+     and Colleges, Secondary and Normal Schools, and Construction
+     Engineering.
+
+     Committee on Labor, with its sub-committees on Mediation and
+     Conciliation, Wages and Hours, Women in Industry, Welfare Work,
+     Sanitation with twelve subdivisions, Vocational Education with
+     nine subdivisions, Information and Statistics, Cost of Living
+     and Domestic Economy.
+
+     General Medical Board, with a long and active list of
+     sub-committees.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Daniel Willard
+
+President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
+
+He was chairman of transportation and communication in the Council of
+National Defense.]
+
+
+SERVICE OF EXPERTS
+
+On these boards and committees sat, almost without exception, the
+American leaders of industry, science, and labor. Scattered through the
+list one finds such names as:
+
+     Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, one of the world's leading naval
+     constructors.
+
+     F. S. Peabody, the great coal operator.
+
+     James J. Storrow, of Lee, Higginson & Co., of Boston.
+
+     A. W. Shaw, publisher of the _System_ magazine, who, as
+     Chairman of the Commercial Economy Board, preached with
+     remarkable success the gospel of conservation in business.
+
+     Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, who for her labors as Chairman of the
+     Woman's Committee received the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+     Frank A. Scott, on whom was bestowed the same distinction for
+     his leadership of the General Munitions Board.
+
+     W. A. Starrett, constructing architect of New York, to whom in
+     great measure is due the credit for the building of the
+     cantonments in an incredibly short space of time.
+
+     Samuel Vauclain, President of the Baldwin Locomotive Works,
+     whose contribution in the matter of Army and Navy artillery was
+     monumental.
+
+     Theodore Vail, President of the American Telephone & Telegraph
+     Company, who brought the wire communication men of the country
+     to a common center in the national interest.
+
+     Charles Clifton, President of the National Automobile Chamber
+     of Commerce.
+
+     Gen. George H. Harries, the famous electric railway operator.
+
+     Samuel Insull, President of the Commonwealth Edison Co., of
+     Chicago.
+
+     Charles Eisenman, who, as active head of the Council's
+     Committee on Supplies, procured for the Government $800,000,000
+     of supplies in 200 days at an overhead cost of but $20,000,
+     involving the handling of 45,000 contracts, and who justly
+     received the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+     A. F. Bemis, President of the National Association of Cotton
+     Manufacturers.
+
+     John P. Woods, the eminent woolen manufacturer.
+
+     J. F. McElwain, of the McElwain Shoe Company.
+
+     Lincoln Cromwell, of Wm. Iselin & Co., New York.
+
+     Arthur V. Davis, President of the Aluminum Co. of America.
+
+     Thomas F. Manville, President of H. W. Johns-Manville Co.
+
+     Charles F. Brooker, President of the American Brass Company.
+
+     John E. Morron, President of the Atlas Portland Cement Company.
+
+     John D. Ryan, President of the Anaconda Copper Company.
+
+     R. L. Agassiz, President of the Calumet & Hecla Mining
+     Company.
+
+     W. A. Clark, President of the United Verde Copper Company.
+
+     Murry M. Guggenheim.
+
+     R. H. Downman, President of the National Lumber Manufacturers'
+     Association.
+
+     Ambrose Monell, President of the International Nickel Company.
+
+     Gary, Farrell, Burden, Dinkey, King, Grace, Schwab, Topping,
+     Dalton, and Clarke, the great steel executives.
+
+     Bedford, Davison, Doheney, Lufkin, Markham, Sinclair, Van Dyke,
+     Muir, James, and Guffy, in whose hands lay almost the entire
+     oil output of America.
+
+     Stuart Hotchkiss, President of the General Rubber Company.
+
+     F. J. Hagenbarth, President of the National Association of Wool
+     Growers.
+
+     The Presidents of the leading zinc companies.
+
+Then when we come to Engineering and Education:
+
+     Dr. Henry E. Crampton, of Columbia University.
+
+     Charles A. Stone, of Stone and Webster.
+
+     The heads of the great engineering societies.
+
+     The presidents of Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and other famous
+     universities and colleges.
+
+Among labor leaders such persons as:
+
+     Warren S. Stone, Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive
+     Engineers.
+
+     James W. Sullivan, Matthew Woll and Frank Morrison, all high in
+     the American Federation of Labor.
+
+Such well-known men as:
+
+     V. Everit Macy, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, John H. Finley, August
+     Belmont, E. T. Stotesbury and Charles G. Dawes, afterwards a
+     brilliant figure as a General in France.
+
+Such nationally and internationally known physicians as:
+
+     General Gorgas; Dr. William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins; the
+     Mayos; Dr., afterwards Brigadier-General, Finney; Dr. George E.
+     Brewer; Dr. George W. Crile; Dr. Simon Flexner; and Dr.
+     Theodore Janeway.
+
+     Dr. George E. Hale, Chairman of the National Research Council,
+     which was and is the Council's Department of Science and
+     Research.
+
+     Thomas A. Edison, President of the Naval Consulting Board,
+     which was and is the Council's Board of Inventions.
+
+The activities of these men and their hundreds of colleagues, nearly all
+dollar-a-year workers and men whose time could not be bought, as a rule,
+in days of peace, reached out and touched almost every town and village
+in almost every part of the United States. They were moved and
+stimulated by the philosophy of voluntary cooperation, which was first
+and in a very daring way thrust into the consciousness of the nation by
+the Council of National Defense. It was the policy that won the war. One
+distinct benefit which the Government received from calling the
+industrial intelligence of the country to its aid was the breadth of
+view which industrial leaders possess. Their habit of mind to survey the
+field as a whole, to take a bird's-eye view of the problem to be solved,
+enabled the Government agencies to obtain a proper comprehension of the
+task of building the war machine. The country will probably never know
+the debt that it owes to these men and their like who came to Washington
+and bent their backs throughout the hot Southern summer during a series
+of endeavors in which absolutely no paths were charted.
+
+
+NON-PARTISAN REPRESENTATION
+
+It has been asked why a coalition government was not formed to wage the
+war. That very thing was in effect done by the Council, though we were
+all too busy to point it out at the time. A majority of the Advisory
+Commission was made up of Republicans. Certainly Republicans were in the
+huge preponderance in the Committee and Boards of the Council and
+Advisory Commission. Speaking as one who was not affiliated with the
+politics of the Administration of Woodrow Wilson, the writer never
+perceived a trace of political flavor in the organization and operation
+of the Council from first to last. Never did the six Democratic cabinet
+officers forming the Council itself so much as inquire into the politics
+of the hundreds of business men and experts nominated to them for
+appointment. It was an amazing demonstration of non-partisanship in a
+national crisis. The Council was an organization of specialists from
+beginning to end, and the work was everywhere carried forward on the
+most impersonal basis. The writer attributes this state of affairs to
+the breadth of view, and the very genuine passion for national service,
+of Secretary of War Baker, Chairman of the Council.
+
+It should be plainly stated that, utilizing in the main dollar-a-year
+experts, the Council made the preliminary mobilization of industry to
+July 1, 1917, at the grotesquely small sum of $127,000. To May 1, 1919,
+its total expenditures, including the operation of the war industries
+for nearly a year, amounted to but $1,500,000, and this comprehended the
+expenditure of $225,000 for the erection of a building. I doubt if there
+is anything in governmental or commercial history to match those
+figures, squared with results. The savings of the Council and Advisory
+Commission to the Government and the people mounted literally into the
+billions, as careful analysis of pre-war and war-time prices on certain
+commodities will demonstrate. It was made possible by the Council's
+course in commandeering to its side the business men of the United
+States.
+
+
+SOME RESULTS OF COOPERATION
+
+One of the practical results of voluntary cooperation was the agreement
+made by Mr. Baruch and Mr. Ryan with the largest copper producers of the
+country to furnish the Navy 20,000,000 pounds of copper and the Army
+25,510,000 pounds at 16-2/3c a pound when the market price was 35c a
+pound. This meant saving to the Government close to $10,000,000. The
+copper men made this offer notwithstanding their increased cost for
+labor, materials, etc., because, as they said: "We believe it to be our
+duty to furnish the requirements of the Government in preparing the
+nation for war with no more profit than we receive from our regular
+production in normal times."
+
+In the same way the steel makers of the country, represented in the
+Steel Institute, agreed to furnish steel to the Government at the basic
+price of 2.9c per pound as compared with the then market price of from
+5c to 7c a pound. This represented an approximate saving to the
+Government of $18,000,000.
+
+
+THE FIELD DIVISION
+
+The tremendous effort of the Council to mobilize and coalesce into a
+fluid and powerful whole the industrial, economic and scientific forces,
+was supplemented and to a great extent made possible by the Council's
+Section on Cooperation with States, later known as the Field Division.
+Through this subordinate body was created, guided and coordinated the
+185,000 units of the state, county, community and municipal councils of
+defense, which literally unified the citizenship of America for war. If
+production was to win the war, it was elementary that the civilian
+morale must be brought to the highest pitch of cooperation and
+efficiency--and it was accomplished. In this vital task a noble part was
+played by the Woman's Committee of the Council, which in the most
+thorough-going and swift manner brought the services of the women of the
+country to the Government. The director of this committee, Miss Hannah
+J. Patterson, received the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+
+WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD
+
+On August 1, 1917, the Council, with its fortunate power to create
+subordinate bodies, brought into being the War Industries Board, of
+which the first Chairman was Frank A. Scott, and of which some of the
+other members up to the end of the war were:
+
+     Robert S. Brookings.
+
+     Brigadier-General Hugh S. Johnson.
+
+     Rear Admiral F. F. Fletcher.
+
+     Hugh Frayne, of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+     George N. Peek, a prominent Middle Western manufacturer.
+
+     J. L. Replogle, who became the very efficient Director of Steel
+     Supply.
+
+     L. L. Summers, an expert on explosives.
+
+     Alexander Legge, General Manager of the International Harvester
+     Company.
+
+     And Judge Edwin B. Parker.
+
+Mr. Brookings was later placed in charge of price fixing and Judge
+Parker in charge of priorities. The War Industries Board undoubtedly
+accomplished a much better centralization of effort than was possible in
+the hurried organization of the early days, when the imperative need was
+to increase the sources of supply and get production going until the
+executive departments of the Government could get into their full
+stride. Mr. Scott was succeeded as Chairman of the War Industries by
+Daniel Willard, who in turn was succeeded by B. M. Baruch, who, in his
+leadership of this vital and powerful agency, duplicated the success
+that Mr. Willard had made as Chairman of the pioneer Advisory
+Commission.
+
+
+CANTONMENT CONSTRUCTION
+
+In indicating even an outline statement of the American industrial and
+economic effort in the war, the writer feels helpless to paint the
+picture within the space of a few thousand words. It simply cannot be
+done. But to visualize what the measure of the task was, let one thing
+be cited:
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=John D. Ryan=
+
+President of the Anaconda Copper Company. He was made chairman of the
+Aircraft Production Board after we entered the war.]
+
+At our entrance into the war there were one colonel and four men to
+build the cantonments. The job involved the expenditure of $150,000,000
+in about three months. The largest year's work on the Panama Canal
+amounted to but some $50,000,000. The situation was heart-breaking. On
+hearing of it Frank Scott, then Chairman of the General Munitions Board,
+called up the Secretary of War and said that something had to be done,
+with which the Secretary instantly agreed. The result was that the
+Colonel, afterwards Brigadier-General Littell, had a civilian
+organization built around him by the Council of National Defense,
+notably by W. A. Starrett, later himself a colonel in the Army, which
+functioned until the Army was in shape to carry on the job alone. The
+building of the cantonments was the greatest job of the ages.
+Incidentally it should be stated that the average profit to the
+contractors was less than three per cent.
+
+
+MEN LITTLE KNOWN
+
+The writer likewise feels great reluctance in mentioning, as he has
+mentioned, only a few of the men who waged the industrial side of the
+war. Many business men little known to the country gave up their
+businesses and came to Washington and did superhuman things--did them in
+an impersonal, selfless way that was nothing less than stirring. Many of
+them remain unknown to this day, and their chief reward must lie in the
+satisfaction that they drew to their own souls by what they did, which
+is, of course, the greatest satisfaction of all in such situations as
+war-time Washington exemplified.
+
+It has not even been possible to touch on the work of business men in
+such great war agencies as the Food and Fuel Administration, the War
+Trade Board, the Shipping Board, the Aircraft Production Board, the
+Office of the Alien Property Custodian, the War Finance Corporation, and
+those divisions of the War Department which called highly qualified
+civilians to their aid. It would seem better to emphasize the initial
+effort, when the Council, through force of circumstances, became the
+great administrative laboratory for the examination, organization, and,
+at the proper time, allocation of totally new and untried phases of
+Federal action related to the prosecution of the war. It was in effect a
+fecund mother, which, it is not the slightest exaggeration to say, gave
+birth to and propelled the war machine which in the closing days of the
+conflict overseas was reaching to the peak of its load, and which in
+fact dealt the death blow to the Imperial German Government. It made, in
+truth, its fair share of mistakes, but some day its part in sending out
+the trumpet call to the business and labor and scientific leaders of
+America to join in the national defense will be fully told. Then there
+will be perceived in clear and true light the extent to which
+peace-loving American civilians offered all they had and all they were
+to the Government of the United States so that decency might again be
+paramount upon the face of the earth.
+
+
+
+
+VII--THE LIBERTY LOAN ARMY
+
+Mobilizing Americans at Home to Pay for the War--A National Effort
+Which Yielded $24,065,810,350
+
+By GUY EMERSON
+
+Vice-President of the National Bank of Commerce, formerly Director of
+Publicity, Government Loan Organization
+
+
+Our Army was our first line in the war against Germany. Our second line
+of offense and defense was the Navy, and behind both stood another line
+without which neither the Army nor the Navy could have "carried on."
+This third force was the greatest unit ever marshalled in the history of
+this or any other country--the Liberty Loan Army. Before a man in the
+United States uniform entered a trench, before the first depth bomb had
+been dropped on a U-boat, this Army, which finally carried a roster of
+22,777,680 names, had entered the war.
+
+Think of it! One person in every five in the immense population was in
+the war!
+
+True, their contribution to the eventual triumph of our arms was
+measured in dollars while that of the men at the front or on the seas
+was in lives or limbs. Yet it is a fact that dollars were as powerful
+relatively as men in bringing the Boche to bay.
+
+Various causes have been given to account for the startlingly sudden
+collapse of the Kaiser's army. Some say that the Allies' superior
+military strategy brought it to its knees. Others contend that success
+against the U-boats broke it down. Both are partly right, for each
+helped to undermine the German morale. But however great the
+contribution of both was, it is safe to say that the front presented by
+the Liberty Loan Army was a vital factor. The belated German
+consciousness that the United States as a whole was in the war, as
+tangibly represented in the strength of the Liberty Loan Army, helped to
+shatter the Germans' will to victory. As much as the men in khaki or in
+blue, this gigantic unit bore in upon his mind as an unyielding
+opponent. He understood the futility of trying to defeat a people that
+enlisted against him to the number of 22,777,680 at home, 4,000,000 in
+the field and 300,000 on the water.
+
+
+THE SPIRIT BEHIND THE DOLLAR
+
+There is another angle to this important element of morale. In inverse
+ratio to the weakening of the spirit of the Germans against this
+resistless body there came a daily strengthening of the morale of our
+own men and those of the Allies through this manifestation at home.
+Where there are two opposing wills to victory in the field, the one that
+has the greater backing at home is certain to overwhelm the other.
+
+It was not the dollar that won the war, it was the spirit behind the
+dollar. Before Prince Max asked for the armistice he had learned that
+$9,978,835,800 had been subscribed in this country toward his defeat. It
+is natural to assume that this fact did not impress him so much as the
+related fact that millions of persons had participated in the
+subscription.
+
+Up to the end of the Fourth Loan, which coincided with the negotiations
+for the Armistice, $16,971,909,050 had been paid in and this helped to
+save life to an extent that we can only imagine. It was the confident
+expectation when the Americans halted the German onslaught at
+Chateau-Thierry that the end of the war would come in the following
+spring. None dared to hope that it would come before Christmas. When the
+crash came in November, even the Allied commanders were bewildered by
+its suddenness. Had the war been prolonged to the spring of 1919, it is
+certain that we would have paid a large toll in lives. Some have
+estimated that 100,000 more of our young men would have been sacrificed.
+That the war did not drag along for six months more may be ascribed in
+part to the effect that the demonstrated loyalty of the Liberty Loan
+Army had upon German morale. We know that the Germans fed lies to their
+own troops and dropped pamphlets with these same falsehoods into our own
+trenches. They tried to convince their own and our men that the Loans
+had no support.
+
+
+MOBILIZING THE LIBERTY LOAN ARMY
+
+When at 11 o'clock on November 11, 1918, peace dawned upon a war-sick
+world we had 2,000,000 men in Europe, and as many more on this side
+putting themselves in readiness to go across. On the seas we had close
+to 300,000 men. This tremendous force was welded into form in the
+nineteen months we were in the war. Yet within a few months after our
+entrance into the war there were more than this total in the Liberty
+Loan Army. The list of subscribers to the First Liberty Loan which
+closed two months after our entry had 4,500,000 names.
+
+And this number remained for the duration of the war, giving every penny
+they could spare, mortgaging their property, committing themselves to
+personal privations. When the Second Loan books were totalled in
+November the number had increased to 9,500,000, and it leaped to
+17,000,000 in the Third. In the Fourth--the last loan of war-time--it
+had grown to 22,777,680 and in the Fifth which closed six months after
+the armistice, it finished with 12,000,000 names.
+
+As in the Army, where organization is half the battle, it was through
+organization of the enthusiasm and the deep fervor of the American
+people that success came in this big venture. We had to create a state
+of mind, we had to educate the American public in finance--which in
+itself appeared an insuperable task--we had to marshal resources on a
+scale such as never before had been attempted, and we had to map out a
+sales campaign that would comprehend millions of persons. There were no
+precedents to go by; the example set in Europe could not have
+application in the United States because of temperamental and financial
+differences; the flotation of the loans in the Civil War afforded no
+practicable working basis. It was pioneering, and this fact was made
+clear in the first conference held in Washington when Secretary of the
+Treasury William G. McAdoo called together the financial leaders of the
+country.
+
+[Illustration: A Poster Used During the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign]
+
+Only three weeks were allowed to prepare for the First Loan Drive. As
+soon as we had decided to get into the war, this decision carried with
+it the determination to go in to the limit of our resources. The
+Secretary of the Treasury informed the bankers that the first issue
+would be for $2,000,000,000 and this would be merely the forerunner of a
+succession of loans in larger amounts. The bonds were to be put on the
+market at three and a half percent. and the campaigns were to be
+conducted according to the territories of the Federal Reserve districts,
+twelve in all.
+
+     "It is quite likely," said the Secretary of the Treasury, "that
+     we could induce a group of men to take up this loan but that
+     would compromise the country before the world. We must sell to
+     the public in such numbers that there shall exist no doubt
+     among our enemies that our people are back of the Government as
+     a unit in this war."
+
+The men whom he addressed were all recognized as organizers, all had
+been identified with big business. However, few of them had had the
+general contact with the public so essential to popularizing the loan.
+They knew how to sell, but not in small denominations or to millions of
+purchasers. In an abstract sense they realized the value of advertising
+and newspaper publicity, but not one of them had the remotest idea of
+how the ideal of Secretary McAdoo could be realized.
+
+
+ORGANIZING THE FIRST DRIVE
+
+It was at this point that their resourcefulness came into play. Their
+first move was the right one; they engaged specialists to undertake the
+tasks of which they knew little. They addressed themselves to the public
+through men skilled in establishing such contacts as are given through
+advertising, publicity, and canvassing. In the brief time allotted to
+them, they barely had time to surround themselves with this trained
+talent.
+
+Verily, it was shooting in the dark, a process of hit and miss. Some one
+said that the campaign in the First Loan was planned as we went along,
+and that is literally true. The patriotism was there--that was an
+unquestionable fact; the problem was to make it manifest itself in
+sacrifice of savings and earnings. The work of the whole three weeks was
+experimental and the country was the laboratory. Let it be said that the
+alchemy of patriotism transmuted the hearts and minds of the public into
+pure gold. Once the people were informed of their duty toward the United
+States they rallied instantly.
+
+Newspapers turned over their columns, advertisers offered their precious
+space--and it was precious in those days of paper shortage; stores and
+banks opened booths for sales, public speakers cancelled every other
+engagement that they might participate, factories strove to enlist every
+person in their employment as purchasers, clubs responded in whole
+memberships, women's committees were formed for the acceleration of
+interest, churches consecrated themselves to the project, trade unions
+abandoned all differences with employers and allied themselves
+unselfishly, writers pleaded for a chance to exercise their influence,
+foreign language groups demanded opportunity to prove their Americanism,
+actors, singers, and lecturers begged for a place in the campaign.
+
+Wholeheartedly and with utter disregard of personal sacrifice this vast
+aggregation committed itself to the task. The initial momentum gave the
+drive the force of an avalanche that swept everything else aside. There
+came times during this first drive when the issue seemed in doubt, but
+this was due more to an excess of enthusiasm than to a lack of support.
+When the totals were in, it was realized that these misgivings were due
+to the physical inability of the tabulators to keep abreast of the tide
+of subscriptions. The subscriptions went to $3,035,226,850.
+
+It had been said that the first campaign in its directive agencies was
+largely hit and miss. When it was over the strikes were recorded and the
+misses eliminated for the preliminary work of the Second Loan which was
+to follow in October. Out of the mass was evolved a system of methods
+that served as the groundwork of the real organization. The results
+afforded a working basis that would have carried a dozen loans through,
+granting that the people remained faithful to their patriotism.
+
+
+THE APPEAL
+
+Let it be admitted that in the first loan there was no defined appeal.
+We were in the war and in to win, that was sufficient. It was foreseen
+that the psychology of the public must have a central theme for the next
+loan to which it must respond. The Second campaign began on October 1,
+1917, after the embarkation of the nucleus of the vast army that
+eventually was to overwhelm the foe. None of them yet had been called
+into action. The keynote of this drive was the education of the people
+on the meaning of a German victory. We had before us the ghastly stories
+of what the Germans had done in Belgium and in France; we had to throw
+ourselves into the conflict to keep our own homes safe.
+
+The eyes of all Europe, our Allies and our enemies, were upon us. It was
+clear that by the results at home we would be judged, as we had not yet
+had the opportunity to show ourselves in the field. For four weeks and a
+day the campaign went on, this time for $3,000,000,000. The appeal which
+touched the heartstrings of all persons served a double purpose. Not
+only did it carry the message of the Loan, but it knit closer the
+sentiment of the whole American people to the purposes of the war.
+Through its constant reiteration it had the effect of a prayer and like
+a prayer gained added meaning with deeper thought.
+
+Thought was compelled through its manifold repetitions. All the
+functions of life were linked with it, all the recreations, all the
+relaxations embodied it in part. It formed the backbone of conversation,
+it became a part of every daily activity. It assailed the eye at every
+turn, it smote the ear constantly, it crashed into consciousnesses in
+every conceivable form. Through a strange paradox it linked a fear and a
+hope. It embraced the whole gamut of emotions.
+
+
+GROWING RESPONSE
+
+Again there was a resounding response. In the First Loan the
+subscriptions were limited to the actual amount of the issue, but in
+the Second all subscriptions were accepted. The number of those who
+took bonds was increased more than 100 percent.--it reached 9,500,000,
+to be exact, and the $3,000,000,000 issue went to $3,808,766,150.
+
+So it was in the Third, which was put before the public on the
+anniversary of our entrance into the war. At this time our men had gone
+into the trenches which in itself made the war our own in its most
+serious meaning. This was intensified throughout the land by the
+operation of the Selective Service Act. The draft had entered almost
+every home; many of those who had qualified in the first call were at
+that time in France. Casualty lists were beginning to appear in the
+newspapers.
+
+It needed only this fact--the fact in itself was its own appeal--to
+bring out the finest in our people. All previous sentiment faded into
+insignificance compared with the solemnity of the actual participation.
+The resources that we had been led to believe had been plumbed to their
+depths were now revealed to us as inexhaustible. Giving seemed to be the
+poorest means of showing how the country was touched; the people gave as
+if in despair because this was all they might do.
+
+The campaign had been for $3,000,000,000 and it brought in returns of
+$4,170,069,650 from 17,000,000 men, women and children in the United
+States; men, who regretted that this was all they might give to their
+country's need; women, who offered with each dollar a passionate prayer
+that it might help the men now matching themselves against the foe, and
+children, who realized with joy that they were becoming part of the
+world's greatest war.
+
+
+FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN
+
+Before the Fourth Loan the Rolls of Honor in the daily newspapers were
+carrying a lengthening list of those who had paid the supreme sacrifice.
+In the training camps more and more hundreds of thousands of drafted men
+were preparing themselves to take their places on the line; the sea
+lanes were crowded with troopships, each bearing the best of our country
+away. There had been a depressing period when Ludendorff's men seemed to
+carry everything before them, when the coast ports of France seemed
+menaced, but before the bugle called the non-combatants at home to
+attention again our boys had turned the tide at Chateau-Thierry and now
+were in full cry after the fugitive enemy.
+
+[Illustration: A Poster for the Third Liberty Loan Campaign]
+
+On September 27, 1918, the call for the Fourth Loan came and it seemed
+at the time as if it had been postponed too long because the foe was
+crumbling. President Wilson sounded the tocsin in the Metropolitan Opera
+House in New York City. This time the appeal was to drive home the
+finishing blows, to demonstrate to the crumbling empire of the
+Hohenzollerns that here was a people undivided and unafraid.
+
+The campaign was carried through in a veritable ecstasy of delight.
+Where before there had been the spirit to give in order to wage the war
+to any length, here was the spirit to bring the end swiftly and
+splendidly, to crown the triumphs of our arms abroad with another
+triumph at home. In truth, the prospect of impending triumph at first
+almost defeated the need of a campaign. The enthusiasm during the period
+of the drive transcended everything ever seen in this country before.
+The result reflected it: In an issue of $6,000,000,000 there was an
+oversubscription of $933,073,250 and the total number was the 22,777,680
+which will stand as the high mark of Americanism for many generations to
+come.
+
+
+AROUSING THE HALF-HEARTED
+
+It has been set forth here that all appeals were based on arousing the
+emotions of the people. This was necessary because, had the offerings
+gone before the public solely on their practical value as investments,
+the results would have been considered abroad as another demonstration
+of our sordidness. Had the people of the United States been sordid, it
+is certain that they might have obtained better investment values. That
+they were not touched by selfish instincts is further proved by the fact
+that all through the drives the bonds of the previous issues had been
+quoted below par, due to the machinations of a group that never could be
+lifted above self-interest. The public, in full realization of this
+apparent depreciation, fought it out and showed their utter contempt for
+the manipulators by subscribing in greater force and for greater amounts
+to each subsequent issue.
+
+It has been said before that the feeling of the public toward the war
+was made clear in the First Loan. It became the problem of the Second
+and the succeeding drives to organize enthusiasm so that through
+contagion the more resistant types might be affected. This compelled an
+organization of psychology. Back of each demonstration there were stage
+managers. These managers of psychology worked upon the public through
+the newspapers, through advertising, through "stunts," and generated a
+force of example which affected the whole community in which they were
+expressed.
+
+For instance, a parade always has the effect of stirring people;
+feelings deep-hidden cannot be well concealed when, in war-time,
+marching men stride past. Unconsciously there comes to the mind of
+people the question: "What will become of these fine boys when they
+reach France?" There is the wish to help them, and the means to help
+them has been before their eyes for days in the Liberty Loan publicity.
+That is what is meant by stage management.
+
+Through all the Loans it was necessary to manipulate the emotions first,
+to bring to the consciousness of the people in the news reports the
+facts and purposes of the loans; secondly, to carry the "urge" to them
+through the advertising; and thirdly to work upon their feelings through
+spectacles, meetings, aeroplane flights, sham battles, motion pictures
+of actual warfare, and like accelerants. It was necessary to infect them
+in the mass so that as individuals they might infect others with the
+fever to buy bonds.
+
+All this work had to be carried through and was carried through with
+brilliant success in the four war-time loans. The Army, the Navy, the
+stage women's committees, police organizations, Boy Scouts, foreign
+language groups, all played a part. When the call came for the Fifth
+Loan, practically everything that had been done before had to be
+scrapped. It was all part of the war equipment and would help little in
+getting over another loan when people were striving with every fiber to
+get away from the thought and the sacrifices of the war.
+
+
+"FINISH THE JOB"
+
+We had to deal, then, with a people who were beginning to adjust
+themselves to peace, who were consoling themselves with the thought that
+they had done their part and should not be called upon again. It looked
+like a hopeless prospect from the vista presented at the close of the
+Fourth campaign to expect the same response for a peace campaign. The
+one optimistic fact that stood out was that the people had proved their
+patriotism, and such patriotism never dies. The Fifth Loan based its
+appeal solely upon patriotism's one expression in peace, duty.
+
+[Illustration: Victory Way at Night
+
+During the Victory Loan Drive, Park Avenue, just above the Grand Central
+Station, was shut off and devoted to propaganda for the drive. The
+photograph shows a pyramid of captured German helmets.]
+
+"Finish the Job" was the slogan of the Fifth Loan. The country was told
+that the war was not ended until its debts were paid, that we should
+feel gratitude in the lives spared by its sudden end. The Liberty Loan
+workers had to create a new state of mind, to begin a new education--for
+this time the issue was in Victory notes instead of bonds--and to arouse
+the people to new emotions through spectacles, parades and other
+features. It may be mentioned here that the greatest parade of the
+entire war was held in New York in this Fifth Loan, when the different
+branches of the army showed in procession the men and weapons they had
+employed to win victory.
+
+The call was for $4,500,000,000 and the answer was subscribed in notes
+by 12,000,000 persons, who paid in $5,249,908,300.
+
+
+WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN
+
+In between the drives there was a lesser drive constantly carried on
+among people who were not able to participate in bond buying. This was
+the War Savings campaign which was a part of the Government Loan
+enterprise. Newsboys, bootblacks, shop-girls, clerks and others who had
+been unable to participate in the Loan drives or who wanted to prove
+again their devotion to their country answered this appeal. In these
+savings there was collected for the country up to the date of the
+armistice $932,339,000 and the number of persons hoarding in small sums
+was far beyond a million.
+
+                          LIBERTY LOAN FIGURES
+                             Entire Country
+                            |               |               |  No. of
+                  Quota     |Am't Subscribed|    Allotted   |Subscribers
+ First Loan |$ 2,000,000,000|$ 3,035,226,850|$ 2,000,000,000| 4,500,000
+ Second Loan|  3,000,000,000|  4,617,532,300|  3,808,766,150| 9,500,000
+ Third Loan |  3,000,000,000|  4,170,069,650|  4,170,069,650|17,000,000
+ Fourth Loan|  6,000,000,000|  6,993,073,250|  6,993,073,250|22,777,680
+ Fifth Loan |  4,500,000,000|  5,249,908,300|  4,500,000,000|12,000,000
+            +---------------+---------------+---------------+----------
+   Totals   | 18,500,000,000|$24,065,810,350|$21,471,909,050|65,777,680
+
+                      Federal Reserve District of New York
+
+ First Loan |$   600,000,000|$ 1,191,992,100|$   617,831,650|   978,959
+ Second Loan|    900,000,000|  1,550,453,500|  1,164,366,950| 2,259,151
+ Third Loan |    900,000,000|  1,115,243,650|  1,115,243,650| 3,046,929
+ Fourth Loan|  1,800,000,000|  2,044,901,750|  2,044,901,750| 3,604,101
+ Fifth Loan |  1,350,000,000|  1,762,684,900|  1,318,098,450| 2,484,532
+            +---------------+---------------+---------------+----------
+   Totals   |$ 5,550,000,000|$ 7,665,275,900|$ 6,260,442,450|12,373,672
+
+BENEFITS DERIVED FROM LOAN CAMPAIGNS
+
+The benefits derived from the Loan campaigns were many. Prominent among
+them was the growth of thrift among the American people. The growth of
+this habit will be an important factor in the future greatness of this
+country.
+
+A lasting monument to the war spirit of those who had to stay at home is
+the fact that more than a million persons, men, women and children, were
+engaged actively in the promotion of the five loans. In other words, one
+person in every hundred in the United States was a part of the
+organization, and each induced twenty other persons in that hundred to
+buy bonds. This colossal force did not work in haphazard fashion nor
+scatter its energy but acted under a definite plan of campaign in which
+each had an assigned part and in which each worked according to a method
+that would avoid duplication or extra expense.
+
+The five campaigns which united such an aggregation of workers and which
+produced such remarkable results were carried forward with a minimum of
+expense. Never before in the history of finance had such widespread
+exploitation been accomplished at so low a cost. Of the million workers
+all but a small nucleus were volunteers; the resources of the country
+were thrown open to the organizers with unexampled prodigality, mediums
+of flotation in a veritable flood being contributed without cost to the
+officers in the Liberty Loan Army.
+
+A single purpose animated the whole nation. Party lines, race prejudice,
+creed distinctions, social barriers, all were wiped out in these loan
+drives. The whole country formed itself into an All-American team that
+rushed onward irresistibly. The closest approximation to a common
+brotherhood had been achieved. War, with its terrible losses, with its
+impairment of lusty young men, with its heartbreaks and agonies, surely
+had not been waged in vain when it brought about such a unity.
+
+The United States in waging the war for democracy had won that democracy
+for herself at home.
+
+
+
+
+VIII--FOOD AND THE WAR
+
+How Scientific Control and Voluntary Food-Saving Kept Belgium from
+Starving and Enabled the Allies to Avert Famine
+
+By VERNON KELLOGG
+
+Member of the Commission for the Relief of Belgium
+
+
+America was made familiar with a slogan during 1917 and 1918 which
+declared that "Food Will Win the War." The European Allies became
+familiar from the very beginning of the war with the fact that without
+much more food than they could count on from their own resources they
+could not hope to win the war. And it became equally obvious to Germany
+and her associates that if their normal food resources were materially
+impaired they also could not hope to win the war.
+
+So there arose almost from the beginning of the great military struggle
+an equally great struggle to get food and to keep food from being got.
+The Allies, devoting their manpower to fighting and munitions-making,
+saw their farms doomed to neglect and their food reduction doomed to
+lessen. And they began their call on America for food in such quantities
+as America had never dreamed of exporting before. In the last years
+before the war we had been sending about five million tons of foodstuffs
+a year to Europe. In 1918 we sent over fourteen million tons. Also the
+Allies began trying, by their blockade, to prevent the Central Empires
+from adding to their own inevitably lessened native production by
+importations from without.
+
+On the other hand, Germany and her associates began to husband carefully
+their internal food supplies by instituting a rigid, or would-be rigid,
+control of internal marketing and consumption, and to collect from any
+outside sources still accessible to them, such as the contiguous neutral
+lands, whatever food was possible. Also they had strong hopes of
+preventing, by their submarine warfare, the provisioning of the Allies
+from America and other overseas sources.
+
+Thus, from the beginning of the war, and all through its long course,
+food supply and food control were of the most vital importance. If our
+epigrammatic slogan, "Food Will Win the War," was, like most epigrams,
+not literally true, it was, nevertheless, literally true that there was
+always possible to either side the loss of the war through lack of food,
+and it is literally true that the food victory of the Allies was a great
+element in the final war victory. Germany's military defeat was partly
+due to food defeat, and if a military decision had not been reached in
+the fall of 1918, Germany would have lost the war in the spring of 1919
+anyway from lack of food and raw materials.
+
+
+ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY
+
+The great struggle for food supply and food control involved so many and
+such complex undertakings that it is hopeless to attempt a detailed
+account of it in any space short of a huge volume. Yet the very
+limitations of the present discussion may have its advantages in
+compelling us to concentrate our attention on the most important aspects
+of the struggle and to try to sum up the most important results of it.
+Some of these at least should not be forgotten, for they have a bearing
+on the peace-time food problem as well as the war-time one. Fortunately
+the war-time food situation has developed in us a national and an
+individual food consciousness that will certainly not disappear in this
+generation at least.
+
+The first important lesson that has been learned is that it is of great
+value to a nation to be able to provide in its own land its own
+necessary food supply. For although in times of peace and usual harvests
+international food exchanges enable a country, such as England or
+Belgium, highly industrialized and of large population in proportion to
+area, to make up without much difficulty its deficit as between
+production and consumption, the moment the great emergency arrives there
+is the utmost danger for its people. The history of the "relief of
+Belgium" during the war will illustrate this.
+
+
+$600,000,000 WORTH OF FOOD SUPPLIED
+
+This little country, famous through all past history as a battleground
+and now famous for all future time for its heroic and pathetic role in
+the World War, found itself at the very beginning of the war faced with
+a food problem that seemed at first insoluble, and which, if not solved,
+meant starvation for its people. It is a country highly industrialized,
+and with an agriculture which, though more highly developed as to method
+than that of almost any other country, was yet capable of providing but
+little more than a third of the food necessary to its people. It
+depended for its very life on a steady inflow of food from outside
+sources. But with its invasion and occupation by the Germans this inflow
+was immediately and completely shut off. Belgium was enclosed in a ring
+of steel. What food it possessed inside this ring disappeared rapidly.
+
+The terrible situation was met in a way of which Americans may be proud.
+For the Commission for the Relief of Belgium, which was the agency that
+solved Belgium's great problem, was an American organization with a
+staff composed chiefly of young Americans, most of them from American
+colleges and universities, headed by an American, Herbert Hoover, of
+great organizing and diplomatic genius, and with the large heart of a
+world philanthropist. In the four and a half years from November 1,
+1914, to May 1, 1919, which was the period of activity of the
+Commission, Belgium depended upon it for the supplying of three-fourths
+of the food of its people, over seven million in number. This amounted
+to about one million tons a year. In addition, the Commission supplied
+the food through practically all this period for the maintenance of the
+nearly two million unfortunate people in the German-occupied area of
+France. This amounted to a total of about one million tons. The total
+value of the food supplied to Belgium and occupied France was about six
+hundred million dollars, which was provided by the Governments of
+Belgium, France, England, and America, and the private charity of the
+world.
+
+
+THE FOOD PRODUCTION OF GERMANY
+
+For another impressive war-time food problem--which did not have the
+same solution as Belgium's--let us take that of Germany. In peace times
+the Germans produce about 80 percent. of the total food annually
+consumed by them. But their tremendous military effort necessarily
+entailed some reduction in their capacity for food production, although
+they also made a tremendous effort to stimulate and direct into most
+effective channels the native production of food.
+
+Although it is true, as already stated, that Germany normally produces
+about 80 percent. of her food needs, making it seem possible for the
+nation to meet the blockade emergency by repressing consumption by 10
+per cent. and increasing production by 10 per cent. this does not mean
+that they normally produce 80 per cent. of each kind of food consumed by
+them. As a matter of fact, they produce more than their total needs of
+certain kinds of food, as sugar, for example, and less than 80 per cent.
+of certain other kinds. And while there is a possibility of
+substituting, within certain limits, one kind of food for another, so
+that a shortage of wheat might be made up by an abundance of rye, or a
+shortage of bread-grains in general be made up, in some degree, by
+increasing the ration of potatoes, if they are available, this
+substitution cannot go to the extent of substituting pure carbo-hydrate
+or starchy foods like potatoes, which simply produce heat or energy for
+the body, for the protein foods like meat, fish, eggs and dairy
+products which produce not only energy but new tissues. A child must
+have protein food in order to grow; an adult must have it in order to
+replace the tissues worn out by daily work. Also, there are certain
+peculiar and so far little understood elements, called vitamines, found
+only in certain kinds of food, notably fats, milk and the green
+vegetables, which are essential to the proper metabolism of the body.
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+The Battle Scene at Home
+
+During the war the Allies called on the United States for food in far
+greater quantities than we had ever dreamed of exporting. For example,
+in the last years before the war we had been sending yearly to Europe
+about five million tons of food. In 1918 alone we shipped more than
+fourteen million tons of foodstuffs overseas.]
+
+
+GERMANY'S FOOD PROBLEM
+
+Now in the light of these needs for proper feeding, and in the light of
+the special conditions produced by the war, what was Germany's food
+problem through the war? It was that of attempting to increase
+production when the men and work animals had been sent to the fighting
+lines, of repressing consumption when both men in the army and the men
+in the war factories had to be well fed in order to fight well and work
+well, of attempting to get in food from outside the country when a
+blockade was steadily closing the borders ever and ever more tightly,
+and finally, of trying to get the people to modify their food habits in
+the way of accepting substitutes and using strange new semi-artificial
+foods in place of the familiar staples.
+
+In 1916 the potato crop of Germany was a failure--but the turnip crop
+was enormous. So turnips were substituted largely for potatoes, and for
+many other kinds of food as well. Even marmalade and coffee substitutes
+were made from them, and turnip meal was mixed in the already too coarse
+and too much mixed flour. The Germans will never forget that terrible
+_kohl-rueben zeit_, or turnip time, of late 1916 and early 1917. And it
+was just after this time that the effects of Germany's great food
+difficulties began to show in a really serious way; they began to
+undermine the strength and health of the people. Those diseases like
+tuberculosis, which can rest in incipient or suppressed form for years
+without becoming serious as long as the body is well nourished, began to
+develop rapidly and dangerously. The birth rate decreased and the death
+rate increased. The physical and mental and moral tone of the whole
+nation dropped.
+
+
+THE SUGAR SHORTAGE
+
+Belgium and Germany illustrate a special food situation created by the
+war, namely, one in which a country, which relied on outside sources for
+a greater or lesser part of its food needs, had access to these sources
+suddenly and almost completely shut off. But grave food problems also
+confronted the countries which were not blockaded in so specific a way.
+England and France, with full access to all the great food-producing
+lands overseas (except to the extent that the submarines reduced this
+freedom of access), nevertheless had food problems hardly less serious
+than those of the more strictly blockaded countries. Their difficulties
+arose primarily from the fact that there was only so much shipping in
+the world and that the war conditions created suddenly a need for much
+more shipping than existed. The transference of large numbers of troops
+with their necessary equipment and munitions from the distant colonies
+to the European seat of fighting, and of other numbers from the mother
+countries to extra-European battlegrounds, made great demands on the
+shipping available to these nations. At the same time, the reduction of
+their native production increased largely their needs of food
+importations.
+
+Take, for example, the case of the sugar supply for England and France.
+England is accustomed to use about 2,000,000 tons of sugar a year but
+she does not produce, at home, a single ton. She had relied before the
+war chiefly on importations from Germany and Austria with some little
+from Belgium and France. But with the outbreak of the war, she could get
+none from the Central Empires, and none from Belgium, while France,
+instead of being able to export sugar, suddenly found herself with her
+principal sugar-producing region invaded by the Germans and able to
+produce hardly a third of her former output. In fact, France herself was
+suddenly placed in the position of needing to import nearly two-thirds
+of the supply needed for her own consumption. So England and France had
+to turn to Cuba, the nearest great sugar-producing country, and ask for
+large quantities of her output. But the United States has always
+depended on Cuba for a large part of its own needs. Consequently there
+was a sugar problem for our own country as well as for England and
+France long before we entered the war.
+
+The situation was serious; the demands on Cuba were much larger than she
+could meet, although she was able under this stimulation of demand to
+increase materially her sugar crop in the years following the first of
+the war. One way of meeting this problem, which was promptly resorted
+to, was to cut down the consumption of sugar in the countries involved.
+In England and France sugar was strictly rationed; and in America the
+people were called on to limit their use of sugar by voluntary
+agreement. England cut her sugar allowance per capita from about seven
+and a half pounds a month to two, and France from nearly four to one. In
+America we reduced our per capita consumption by legally restricting the
+making of soft drinks and candy and by the voluntary restriction of the
+home use of sugar by about one-half. All this lessened the demand on
+Cuba, and also the demand on shipping.
+
+
+NATIONAL TASTES IN FOOD
+
+In this discussion of the war-time sugar problem one may be struck by
+the fact, as noted, that the people of France were normally accustomed
+to eat much less sugar than the people of England, indeed only about
+one-half as much. This introduces a subject of importance in any general
+discussion of the world food problem. It is that of the varying food
+habits of different peoples, even peoples living under very similar
+climatic and general physical conditions. For example, the people of
+Germany are accustomed to eat twice as many potatoes as the people of
+England, who in turn use more than three times as many as the people of
+Italy. On the other hand, England uses twice as much sugar as Germany,
+although she produces no sugar and Germany produces much sugar. The
+Italians eat only a third as much meat as the English and the French
+only half as much. But the English eat only two-thirds as much bread as
+the French.
+
+These differences in food use, established by long custom, have to be
+taken into account in all considerations of the world's food supply.
+They are differences which cannot be easily or quickly changed, even
+under circumstances which such great emergencies as war may produce. For
+example, we in America are accustomed to eat corn as food in the form of
+green corn, corn meal, corn flakes, etc. And in Italy one of the great
+national dishes is _polenta_ (corn meal cooked in a certain way). But
+when the Commission for the Relief of Belgium tried to introduce corn as
+human food in Belgium, because of the large amount that could be
+obtained from America when wheat and rye were scarce, it met with great
+opposition and but little success. To the Belgians, corn is food for
+animals.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC CONTROL OF FOOD
+
+An important point brought out by the war-time food problem is that of
+the "scientific" make-up of the personal ration. Not only are the
+national food habits of a people often difficult to understand from a
+point of view of taste, but they are often of such a character as to
+lead to a most uneconomical use of food. The exigencies of a world food
+shortage and a shortage of shipping for food transport have made it
+necessary for food ministries and relief organizations to give careful
+consideration to the most economical selection of foods for import and
+distribution, both from the point of view of economy of space and weight
+and lack of deterioration during shipping and storage, and from that of
+concentrated nutritional values and proper balancing of the ration.
+
+Food provides energy for bodily work and maintenance. It is the fuel for
+the human machine. Scientific students of nutrition measure the amount
+of energy thus provided, or the amount needed by the body, in units
+termed calories. Physiologists have determined by experiment the
+different amounts of calories produced by different kinds of foods and
+the varying amounts needed by men at rest, at light work, at hard work,
+by women and by children. By analyzing the make-up of a given population
+as to proportions of men, women and children, and of work done by them,
+it is possible to express the total food needs of the population in
+calories and to arrange for the most economical provision of the total
+calories necessary.
+
+But the simple provision of the total sum of calories may by no means
+satisfy the real food needs of the population. For example, all the
+calories might be provided by potatoes alone, or grains alone, or meat
+or fats alone. But the population would starve under such circumstances.
+Food provides not merely the energy for the body, but the substances
+from which the body adds new tissue to itself during growth and
+reproduces its constantly breaking down tissues during all of life. Now
+while all kinds of food produce energy in greater or less quantity, only
+certain kinds are the source of new tissues. Hence there must be in the
+personal or national ration a sufficient proportion of the
+tissue-producing foods, the protein carriers, as well as a sufficient
+amount of the more strictly energy-producing foods, such as the fats and
+carbohydrates. And there is necessary, too, in any ration capable of
+maintaining the body in properly healthy condition, the presence in it,
+in very small quantities, of certain food substances called vitamines
+which have an important regulatory effect on the functioning of the
+body. These substances occur only in certain kinds of food.
+
+All these things had to be taken into account in the war-time handling
+of food. So important was a proper knowledge of scientific food use and
+application of this knowledge, in connection with the efforts of the
+various countries to feed themselves most economically and to best
+effect in the light of their possibilities in the way of food supply,
+that every country concerned called on its scientific men to advise and
+help control the obtaining and distribution of its national food supply.
+For example, America and the Allies (England, France, Belgium and Italy)
+established an Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission composed of
+experts who met at various times at London, Paris, and Rome, and on
+whose advice the determination, both as to kind and quantity, of the
+necessary importations of food from overseas to England, France, Belgium
+and Italy was largely made. Thus the war has done more to popularize the
+scientific knowledge of food, and to put into practice a scientific
+control of food-use than all the efforts of colleges and scientific
+societies and food reform apostles for years and years before. Calories,
+proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamines have been taken out of the
+dictionary and put into the kitchen.
+
+[Illustration: Photo by P. Thompson
+
+A Community Conference on Food-Saving
+
+The importance of work of this kind increased after the signing of the
+armistice, because the Poles, the Belgians, and other peoples whom we
+could not reach during the war needed every pound of food we could
+spare.]
+
+
+GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
+
+America's special relation to the world's war food problem was primarily
+that of a provider of the Allies, but in order to insure that this
+provision should be sufficient to keep the Allied soldiers and war
+workers up to full fighting and working strength and their families in
+full health, it was necessary for America to stimulate its own
+production, repress considerably its consumption and cut out all
+possible waste in food handling. To do this there was needed some form
+of governmental food control and a nation-wide voluntary effort of the
+people. Each of the Allied countries had established governmental food
+control early in the war under the direction of a "food controller"
+either attached to an already existing government department of
+agriculture or commerce, or acting as an independent food minister.
+
+On the actual entrance of America into the war in 1917, governmental
+food control was vested in a "United States Food Administration" with
+powers given it by Congress to control all exports of food and all
+food-handling by millers, manufacturers, jobbers, wholesalers, and
+large retail dealers. But no retail dealer doing a business of less than
+$100,000 a year, nor any farmer or farmers' cooperative association came
+under the Food Administration's control. Thus the American food
+administration differed from that of most European countries in that it
+had no authority to fix the prices at which the actual producers should
+sell their products or the small retailers should charge the consumers.
+
+But, indirectly, it was able to do, and did, a good deal in this
+direction. By its direct control of exports, and of the millers,
+manufacturers and large dealers, it was able to cut out a great part of
+the middleman profits, and reduce wholesale prices for most staple
+foodstuffs, especially that most important one, flour. By publicity of
+prices and by indirect pressure through the wholesaler it was also able
+to restrain the further sky-rocketing of retail prices.
+
+
+NATION-WIDE FOOD SAVING
+
+But if the Food Administration was limited in what it could effect by
+legal authority, there was no limit to what it could do by calling on
+the voluntary action of the people of the country, except by the
+possible refusal of the people to help. So there was set in movement a
+nation-wide propaganda for food-production and food-saving which
+resulted in the voluntary acceptance of wheatless and meatless days,
+voluntarily modified hotel and restaurant and dining-car meals, and the
+adoption of household pledges, taken by more than 12,000,000 American
+homes, to follow the Food Administration's suggestions for food-saving.
+All this, and the many other things which the Food Administration asked
+the people to do, and which the people did, resulted in accomplishing a
+very necessary thing. It enabled America not only to meet all those
+ever-increasing absolutely imperative calls of the Allies for food for
+their armies and people through 1917 and 1918, but to supply its own
+army and people sufficiently well to carry on the war effectively. The
+more food sunk by submarines, or prevented from coming to Europe from
+distant food sources, as Australia and Argentine and India, the more we
+provided by saving and increasing our production.
+
+A few figures will illustrate the actual results of the call for food
+conservation. We entered the crop year of 1917 (July 1, 1917, to July 1,
+1918), with a wheat supply which gave us only about 20,000,000 bushels
+available for export. By December 1, 1917, our surplus had gone overseas
+and an additional 36,000,000 bushels had been shipped to the Allies. In
+January we learned of the further imperative need of the Allies of
+75,000,000 bushels. We responded by sending 85,000,000 bushels between
+the first of the year and the advent of the new crop. When the crop year
+ended we had sent in all about 136,000,000 bushels of wheat to Europe.
+We were assisted in these operations by the importation of 28,000,000
+bushels of wheat from Australia and the Argentine to supplement our
+domestic supply, but the outstanding fact was the saving in our domestic
+consumption, most of which was accomplished in the six-months' period
+from January 1 to July 1, 1918.
+
+
+AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION
+
+But the cessation of the war did not produce food for the war-ravaged
+countries of Europe. The newly liberated peoples of Central and Eastern
+Europe found themselves, at the time of the Armistice, facing a period
+of starvation until their 1918 harvest could come in. Something to save
+these peoples had to be done quickly and on a large scale. The situation
+was met by the establishment of a new American governmental organization
+called the American Relief Administration which, with Mr. Hoover as
+director-general, worked in connection with the Inter-Allied Supreme
+Economic Council. Representatives of the A. R. A. were sent at once into
+all the countries crying for help to find out the exact food situation,
+and to arrange with the respective governments for the immediate
+beginning of the importation and distribution of staple foodstuffs.
+Programs for a food supply sufficient to last until the 1919 harvest
+were determined on a basis of minimum necessity, and provision for
+sufficient shipping and rail transportation was arranged by
+international agreement.
+
+Modern war has thrown the spotlight on food. It has partly realized that
+famous prophecy of the Polish economist, Jean Bloch, who wrote, twenty
+years ago: "That is the future of war, not fighting, but famine." In
+the World War of 1914--18 there was fighting on a scale never before
+reached, but there was also famine, as never before dreamed of.
+
+
+
+
+IX THE HIGH COST OF LIVING
+
+A Study of the Extraordinary Conditions Subsequent to the Armistice
+
+By THE DIRECTOR OF THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
+
+
+On August 9, 1919, Grosvenor B. Clarkson, Director of the Council of
+National defense, submitted to the Secretary of War, a report entitled
+"An Analysis of the High Cost of Living Problem." This report was the
+result of much careful study and investigation. It is non-academic in
+form and by omitting details presents a "panoramic view of the problem."
+It laid chief stress upon conditions since the armistice.
+
+In the report the problem of the high cost of living is viewed as a
+permanent one. It was, in other words, not peculiar to past war
+conditions. Careful investigation by the Council has resulted in the
+following analysis of the problem.
+
+     THE ESSENCE OF THE HIGH COST OF LIVING SITUATION
+
+     "1. The only complaints of the high cost of living which have
+     justification are those which are based upon inability of the
+     present income to maintain previous or reasonable standards of
+     living at present prices--such well-founded complaints mean
+     that increase of income has not kept pace with increased cost
+     of living, and therefore imply enforced reduction in standards
+     of living.
+
+
+     AMERICA'S PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
+
+     "2. America's industrial and economic achievements during the
+     war, notwithstanding depleted man power and diversion of
+     productive effort to war purposes, demonstrate the ample
+     ability of the Nation to sustain its population according to a
+     standard of living equal to or above standards of living which
+     obtained previous to or during the war.
+
+     "3. The fundamental basis for the maintenance of national
+     standards of living is adequate production, economical
+     distribution, and fair apportionment among the various economic
+     groups which constitute our society. With the exception of
+     agricultural activity, production since the armistice has shown
+     evidence of curtailment, and has in general been abnormally
+     low. Normal consumption can not continue unless an adequate
+     rate of production is maintained.
+
+
+     FOOD SITUATION AND READJUSTMENT
+
+     "4. Food production and the facilities for food production were
+     improved rather than injured during the war. Moreover, the
+     program with respect to food production since the signing of
+     the armistice has been one of vigorous expansion of the means
+     of providing raw food products. The actual consumption of
+     wheat, as shown by the Grain Corporation's report of May 25,
+     1919, had for the previous ten months averaged 37,700,000
+     bushels per month, as against 39,000,000 bushels for the
+     previous twelve months. This does not necessarily imply reduced
+     consumption of cereals.
+
+     "The number of cattle slaughtered in the period January to May,
+     1919, was 3,803,000, as against 4,204,000 for the corresponding
+     period of 1918, though the national reserve of cattle on farms
+     had increased during the war. The swine slaughtered January to
+     May increased from 18,260,000 in 1918 to 20,500,000 in 1919.
+
+
+     CLOTHING SITUATION
+
+     "5. The production of civilian cloths and clothing suffered
+     some reduction during the war, and has suffered heavy
+     curtailment for many months since the signing of the armistice.
+
+     "Boot and shoe production for civilian use was unfavorably
+     affected by the war and has likewise undergone extreme
+     curtailment since the signing of the armistice.
+
+
+     HOUSING PROBLEM
+
+     "6. Housing facilities developed acute shortage through
+     curtailment of building during the war and, due to curtailment,
+     for many months following the armistice, of the production of
+     building material and of building construction, housing is
+     still far below normal. Rents continue to rise.
+
+
+     PROVISION OF NEW CAPITAL
+
+     "7. The first half of 1919 shows diminished production of raw
+     materials and subnormal construction of new capital, and thus
+     indicates failure to utilize an adequate proportion of our
+     productive forces in the preliminary processes of provision to
+     meet future requirements. In fact, due to business uncertainty
+     and hesitation and tendencies to disagreement between
+     productive groups, retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers,
+     labor, etc., there ensued after the armistice a disuse of a
+     large proportion of America's productive capacity. Unless this
+     slump in production is atoned for by consistent future
+     activity, and unless production is constantly maintained on an
+     adequate scale, reduced standards of living will become
+     inescapable, regardless of prices, whether they rise or fall.
+
+     "8. The very fact that prices of finished commodities,
+     consumption goods, so called, have risen to an extent out of
+     proportion to the rise in prices of raw materials and perhaps
+     out of proportion to the rise in general wages, indicates that
+     production and distribution carried on under these conditions
+     is, in general, yielding profits abnormally high."
+
+In corroboration of the preceding analysis, the report cites statistical
+data gathered from various sources. The relation of currency and credit
+to prices is admirably epitomized in the following extract:
+
+
+CURRENCY AND CREDIT
+
+     "The manner in which the volume of circulating credit and
+     currency is related to the war-time rise in prices is about as
+     follows:
+
+     "The outbreak of the war brought to America urgent government
+     orders for munitions and supplies. Inasmuch as the belligerent
+     governments could not brook delay they were obliged to pay the
+     increased prices which American producers found it possible to
+     demand, and thus the wave of war prices was started in America.
+     When America entered the war it required, in order to perform
+     its part, almost boundless quantities of equipment and man
+     power. Producers naturally took advantage of the extremely
+     urgent character of these demands in order to increase their
+     prices, and, as a natural sequence, wages began to advance.
+     These increased prices and wages of course necessitated larger
+     expenditures by the government.
+
+     "Increased prices also necessitate the employment of larger
+     funds in the conduct of a business. A larger volume of credit
+     is required at higher prices to take care of bills for raw
+     materials, and more money is necessary to meet increased
+     payrolls. As a consequence, therefore, of increased prices,
+     business men required increased credit if they were to avoid
+     curtailment of operations and reduced production. Due to higher
+     prices, therefore, the banks were under the necessity of
+     meeting the business demand for expansion of credit."
+
+
+INFLATION
+
+The inflation process is described as follows:
+
+     "In pre-war times every dollar finding its way to the market
+     was supposedly the counterpart of some commodity or part of a
+     commodity also appearing in the market. Funds expended for the
+     purchase of food, clothing, and for the payment of rentals
+     were assumed to have been earned by some productive
+     contribution to the general supply of commodities. With the
+     outbreak of war there began to appear in the market, funds
+     derived from wages, profits, etc., which had been paid out in
+     connection with nonproductive activities of war, and which
+     therefore implied no corresponding contribution to the market
+     supply of commodities. The producers of, and the dealers in,
+     the decreased quantity of commodities brought to market
+     increased the prices of these commodities to the point where
+     they might absorb all the purchase money that became available.
+     These increased prices and wages have required increased
+     circulating medium. This requirement has been met primarily by
+     increased credit and the increased use of bank checks as an
+     instrument of payment. As to the currency situation, the total
+     money in the United States in 1900 amounted to $2,340,000,000.
+     According to a statement issued by Governor W. P. G. Harding,
+     of the Federal Reserve Board, the amount of money in
+     circulation has varied during the last five years as follows:
+
+    July 1, 1914, $3,419,108,368, or $34.53 per capita.
+    April 1, 1917, $4,100,976,000, or $37.88 per capita.
+    December 1, 1918, $5,129,985,000, or $48.13 per capita.
+    August 1, 1919, $4,796,890,000, or $45.16 per capita.
+
+     "This shows an increase during our war period of $7.28 per
+     capita. The amount of money in the Treasury and in Federal
+     Reserve Banks is not in circulation, and is, therefore not
+     included in the figures quoted from Governor Harding's
+     statement.
+
+     "In regard to the part played by national credit in meeting the
+     situation growing out of the extraordinary requirements of the
+     government and the rise in prices which the urgency of demands
+     made possible, it is to be noted that government bonds had to
+     be sold to pay for a large proportion of the goods which war
+     activities were consuming. In consequence the national debt up
+     to August 1, 1919, had been increased by $24,518,000,000, or
+     approximately $230 per capita. Of course, government bonds are
+     always good security for bank credit."
+
+
+FOOD SUPPLY--WHEAT, CORN AND SUGAR
+
+Despite the fact that we sent large shipments of food to our Allies, our
+supply at the close of the war was not seriously diminished. The 1919
+crop, while not expected to be large, was amply sufficient to prevent a
+real shortage. This is supported by the following extract from Mr.
+Clarkson's report:
+
+     "The wheat crop for 1918 amounted to 917,000,000 bushels, as
+     compared to an average for 1910--14 of 728,000,000 bushels; and
+     the probable harvest in 1919 is 1,236,000,000 bushels. Our
+     supply of wheat in elevators, mills, etc., on May 9, 1919, was
+     96,000,000 bushels, as against 34,000,000 bushels the year
+     before. Our flour mills, whose capacity is estimated at
+     something like double their usual output, were milling week by
+     week during 1919 considerably more flour than the year before.
+     They produced for the week ending May 9, 1919, for example,
+     2,553,000 barrels as against 1,569,000 barrels for the
+     corresponding week of 1918. Notwithstanding large exports, our
+     wheat supply is obviously adequate. In 1918, a record year, we
+     exported 21,000,000 barrels of flour. In 1915 our wheat exports
+     reached their maximum--206,000,000 bushels.
+
+[Illustration: McCutcheon in the Chicago Tribune
+
+Will There Be Enough to Go Around?]
+
+     "The corn crop of 1918 was likewise sufficient. The supply of
+     corn on hand on May 1, 1919, was 23,000,000 bushels, as
+     compared with 16,000,000 bushels May 1, 1918, and 7,000,000
+     bushels on May 1 of both 1917 and 1913. Though the 1919 corn
+     crop is not expected to be unusually large, there is no
+     prospect of real shortage. And the situation with respect to
+     the other cereals is generally very good.
+
+     "The sugar industry of the United States passed through the
+     period of the war with a tendency to increased production,
+     notwithstanding shipping difficulties. Though present stocks
+     are somewhat low in the United States, our exports during 1919
+     have been unusually large. The future is normally provided
+     for."
+
+
+THE MEAT SUPPLY
+
+The meat situation is described as follows:
+
+     "America emerged from the war producing meat at a rate far
+     above pre-war figures, and yet possessing in reserve a larger
+     number of animals on the farms than we had before the heavy war
+     drafts upon our supplies began. The number of cattle
+     slaughtered in 1918 was 11,000,000, as compared with 6,978,000
+     in 1913. Swine slaughtered were 41,214,000 in 1918 and
+     34,163,000 in 1913. The cattle slaughtered in 1919,
+     January--May, were 3,803,000, as against 4,204,000, January--May,
+     1918. The swine slaughtered January--May, 1919, made an increase
+     over the 1918 record, the figures being 20,500,000 for the
+     present year, as against 18,260,000 for the corresponding
+     interval last year. Although exports of hams and shoulders for
+     1918 approximately doubled previous records, amounting to
+     518,000,000 pounds, as against 172,000,000 pounds for 1913, and
+     exports have continued large during 1919, there is no doubt
+     that our productive capacity is vastly more than ample to meet
+     our requirements."
+
+
+HIGH PRICE OF FOOD
+
+In view of the apparent abundance of food it is interesting to know the
+reason for the high price of foodstuffs. The Council of National Defense
+is of the opinion that the probability that the production of garden
+products in war gardens had fallen far below that of 1918, when, it is
+estimated, to have reached the value of $525,000,000, would not account
+for the high prices. Exportation and storage had not depleted our stock
+sufficiently to affect prices abnormally. In regard to the question of
+exports the report gives the following illuminating figures:
+
+     "Present food prices are not to be accounted for largely on the
+     basis of heavy exports. Exports of beef, canned, fresh, and
+     pickled, for example, have been less for 1919 than in the
+     previous year, the quantity amounting to 23,499,000 pounds in
+     May, 1919, as compared with 82,787,000 pounds in May, 1918. The
+     May figures for exports of hog products show 125,937,000 pounds
+     in 1919, as against 201,279,000 pounds in May, 1918. The
+     monthly exports of beef and pork show a declining tendency
+     during the first five months of 1919, contrary to the tendency
+     in 1918, the total amounting to 1,090,000,000 pounds in 1919,
+     as against 1,122,000,000 pounds for the corresponding period of
+     1918--less than the amount of all meats in cold storage on July
+     1, 1919, which was 1,336,000,000 pounds."
+
+Concerning storage the same report states that:
+
+     "Even the fact that the report of goods in cold storage shows
+     an increase of over 9 per cent. in the quantity of all meats
+     held on July 1, 1919 (1,336,000,000 pounds), as compared with
+     the figures for July 1, 1918, is, though very important, not a
+     matter of significance for any considerable period of time.
+     Storage poultry July 1, 1919, was 48,895,704 pounds, or 181 per
+     cent. above last year; cheese, about 25 per cent.; butter,
+     about 75 per cent.; and eggs, about 25 per cent. above July 1
+     last year. There was a decrease of frozen fish of about 13 per
+     cent. from last year. Taken in connection with the evidence of
+     relatively abundant reserves of live animals and large crops
+     for the current year, it would seem that some relief from high
+     prices of food should be possible."
+
+
+WHY FOOD PRICES WERE HIGH
+
+The explanation of the post-war high prices of food is given as follows:
+
+     "It is true that food is, by comparison, plentiful. But it is
+     also true that money or other circulating medium is
+     unprecedently plentiful. The fact that food prices are
+     relatively high and that the prices of chemicals, metals,
+     lumber, etc., are relatively low, though their supply is
+     relatively small, may be due to a concentration of purchasing
+     power upon food, and the general direction of the flow of
+     currency toward the purchase of immediate consumables. Some
+     relatively minor luxuries such as jewelry (and perhaps
+     automobiles should also be included here as the semi-luxury of
+     greater magnitude) find favor with purchasers, but the main
+     trend of purchase seems to bear toward demand for the
+     necessities of life now in a finished state or nearly so, with
+     a relatively weaker tendency toward demand of capital goods. If
+     the supply, and also the production, of raw materials has been
+     relatively small, and if the prices at which they have
+     exchanged have also been relatively low, it seems obvious that
+     the proportionate amount of currency and credit engaged in
+     their purchase must be abnormally small, thus accounting for
+     the ability of the producers and purveyors of food to demand
+     abnormally high prices regardless of the relative plentifulness
+     of their goods."
+
+
+CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO PROFITEERING
+
+     "The conditions just described are highly favorable to both
+     speculative profiteering and wasteful distribution, through the
+     intervention of supernumerary middlemen and caterers. In fact,
+     the statistics published by the New York Industrial Relations
+     Commission seem to indicate an unusually large increase of
+     persons engaging in certain kinds of salesmanship after the
+     armistice. It should, however, be remembered that even though
+     it may smack of profiteering to produce a very large crop and
+     sell it at abnormally high prices, this is a kind of
+     profiteering which deserves unstinted praise as compared with
+     that other species of profiteering which deliberately reduces
+     output in the expectation that the extortionate prices which
+     the reduced product will command may more than make up to the
+     producer or speculator for the portion of production withheld
+     or the percentage of hoarded goods condemned to spoil and be
+     lost to the nation."
+
+
+OTHER COMMODITIES
+
+The price of commodities other than foodstuffs was influenced in 1919 by
+the inadequacy of supply and the curtailment of production. This was
+especially true of woolens, as stated by the Council:
+
+     "The most obvious explanation of the high prices of woolens is
+     the glaring fact of the extreme reduction in output which
+     ensued after the signing of the armistice and the completion of
+     Army orders, which practically ended in January, 1919.
+
+     "The war came to an end with the supply of civilian woolens
+     unprecedentedly low. The total quantity of wool available for
+     civilian fabrics between April and November, 1918, was probably
+     somewhere in the neighborhood of 75,000,000 pounds, an amount
+     perhaps a little more than sufficient to meet the demands of
+     normal manufacture for civilian consumption for one and
+     one-half months.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "In consequence of the general situation the total consumption
+     of wool in manufacture during first five months of the year
+     1919 amounted to but little more than one-half the amount
+     consumed during the corresponding months of the previous year.
+     The proportion of looms, 50-inch reed space and over, idle
+     increased from 21 per cent. in November, 1918, to 52 per cent.
+     idle in February, 1919, and these looms were still 39 per cent.
+     idle in May, 1919. Of worsted spindles, 27 per cent. were
+     reported idle in December, 1918, and 52 per cent. idle in
+     March, 1919, and 26 per cent. were still idle in May. In the
+     meantime an extraordinary number of textile workers were
+     condemned to idleness, their productive capacity perishing day
+     by day and week by week, while the deficiency in the supply of
+     clothing was developing to such a point that it became possible
+     for the wholesale index number of the prices of cloths and
+     clothing to rise to 250 in June."
+
+The production of cotton and cotton goods also was far below normal. To
+quote again from the report:
+
+     "When the war ended the world's cotton supply was understood to
+     be below normal. The supplies of cotton goods were also
+     reported low. The acreage planted to cotton was in 1919
+     approximately 9 per cent. less than for 1918. The present
+     prospects are that the cotton crop will be small, and published
+     articles are appearing expressing gratification over the
+     prospectively large commercial returns which the cotton
+     producers may be able to command because of the high prices
+     which may be had for the reduced cotton output. The forecast of
+     the cotton crop for 1919 is 10,900,000 bales--about 10 per
+     cent. below that of recent years and but little over two-thirds
+     as large as the record crop of 1914."
+
+
+     "OUTPUT AND MORE OUTPUT" ABANDONED
+
+     "In regard to cotton manufacture, it may be recorded that the
+     situation is less unsatisfactory than as regards wool
+     manufacture. In this industry, as in most of our industries,
+     the economic watchword of war-time, which was 'Output, and more
+     output' (the necessary condition of full prosperity in peace,
+     as well as of success during war), was not heard after the
+     armistice. There soon developed, on the contrary, groundless
+     doubts about future demand, and hints of unhealthy fears of
+     'overproduction.'
+
+     "Notwithstanding the release of labor, if it were needed, by
+     demobilization, and notwithstanding adequate supplies of raw
+     cotton to meet the season's requirements and the lack of any
+     important difficulties in the way of reconversion to peace-time
+     products, and with low supplies of finished goods in stock, the
+     cotton industry kept more spindles idle during the first five
+     months of 1919 than were idle during the corresponding period
+     for 1918. The amount of cotton consumed in the United States
+     during the nine months ending with April, 1919, was
+     approximately 12 per cent. less than for the corresponding nine
+     months of 1918. The prices of cloths and clothing, as above
+     mentioned, show in June, 1919, an increase of 150 per cent.
+     over 1913 prices."
+
+The boot and show industry showed a marked decline after the signing of
+the armistice. This, too, was borne out by the investigations of the
+Council.
+
+     "The production of boots and shoes for the first quarter of
+     1919 was reported as about 60 per cent. below the production
+     for the last quarter of 1918. Plants were partially closed and
+     in some cases it is reported that machinery was returned to the
+     Shoe Machinery Co. All in all, there were 75,000,000 less pairs
+     of shoes produced in the first quarter of 1919 than in the last
+     quarter of 1918.
+
+     "The census report shows a reduction of more than 25 per cent.
+     in the output of civilian men's shoes in the quarter ending
+     with March, 1919, as compared with production in the quarter
+     ending with December, 1918, and nearly 25 per cent. reduction
+     as compared with the quarter ending with September, 1918. The
+     reduction in output of women's shoes amounted to approximately
+     30 and 25 per cent., respectively, in comprising corresponding
+     periods. The reduction in the output of shoes for youths, boys
+     and misses was even more marked."
+
+
+COAL AND IRON
+
+What has been said of the production of cotton and woolen goods applied
+equally to the mining of coal and to the output of iron and steel.
+During the war we increased our coal production. In 1918 it amounted to
+"685,000,000 short tons, almost 50 per cent. of the world's estimated
+output for that year. Production for 1913 was 571,000,000 short tons."
+The coal situation since the armistice is stated as follows:
+
+     "Coal, the source of a vast proportion of our industrial power
+     as well as our chief source of heat and light, is a commodity
+     the production of which is itself an index of our economic
+     life. Coal output since the armistice has been greatly reduced,
+     the weekly production of anthracite for the first half of 1919
+     being from 1,200,000 to 1,800,000 net tons, as against
+     1,800,000 net tons to 3,000,000 net tons for the corresponding
+     period of 1918. Bituminous production was 9,147,000 net tons
+     for a typical week in 1919, as against 12,491,000 net tons for
+     the corresponding week in 1918. Coke production for the week
+     ending June 28, 1919, amounted to only 287,000 net tons, as
+     compared with 627,000 net tons for the week ending June 29,
+     1918. The total amount of coal produced up to July 5, 1919, was
+     261,000,000 long tons, as compared with 364,000,000 long tons
+     for the corresponding period of 1918."
+
+The production of iron and steel which was greatly stimulated by the war
+was allowed to decline as soon as the concentrated effort of the nation
+to win the war was abandoned. The resulting condition is succinctly
+described by the Council:
+
+     "The record of our after-war steel and iron output furnishes us
+     with another warning that we have been neglecting to keep pace
+     with the established American rate of industrial improvement
+     and expansion and foresighted preparation for future
+     requirements and progress.
+
+     "The iron and steel business was considerably stimulated by
+     war-time requirements. There was a governmental agency whose
+     business it was to for see the war needs and to place orders so
+     that those productive forces which are wrapped up in the steel
+     industry might be utilized to capacity. The steel industry's
+     activity has, however, since the armistice greatly declined.
+     Pig-iron production for April, 1919, was 82,607 tons per day,
+     as against 109,607 tons in April, 1918. Birmingham properties
+     are reported to have been working in April, 1919, at about 50
+     per cent. of the 1918 production. For the period January to
+     May, 1919, pig-iron production was only 2,114,000 tons, as
+     against 3,446,000 tons during the same period in 1918.
+     Steel-ingot production fell in the spring of 1919 to lower
+     figures than had been reached in more than two years. In fact,
+     a regular decline in production was in evidence after December,
+     1918.
+
+     "The figures representing the unfilled orders of the United
+     States Steel Corporation at the end of May, 1919, were smaller
+     than they had been since 1915."
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Women Doing Night Farming
+
+Girls running a tractor plow and harrow at Farmingdale, Long Island.]
+
+
+RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+The Council summarized its findings and recommends remedial measures as
+follows:
+
+     "The findings of the Reconstruction Research Division Council
+     of National Defense, indicate that the high cost of living is
+     primarily due to curtailment in the production of nearly all
+     commodities except raw food products, to hoarding of storage
+     food products, to profiteering, conscious and unconscious, and
+     to inflation of circulating credit. The findings indicate that
+     the situation may be most advantageously met by:
+
+     "1. Stimulated production.
+
+     "2. Some readjustment of incomes to the basis of higher price
+     levels.
+
+     "3. The repression of hoarding and profiteering.
+
+     "4. Improvement and standardization of methods and facilities
+     for distributing and marketing goods.
+
+     "5. The perfecting of means of keeping the nation frequently,
+     promptly, and adequately informed regarding probable national
+     requirements and of current production and stocks of the more
+     important commodities.
+
+     "The findings emphasize the fact that high standards of living
+     can not be maintained upon a basis of reduced production,
+     regardless of whether price levels be high or low."
+
+[Illustration: The Ore Market--Cleveland]
+
+
+
+
+_PART II_
+
+I--THE PEACE CONFERENCE AT WORK
+
+A Vivid Account from the Inside of the Machinery Which Produced the
+Peace Treaty. How the Crises with Japan, Italy and Belgium Were Averted
+
+By THOMAS W. LAMONT
+
+Financial and Economic Adviser at Paris to the American Commission to
+Negotiate Peace
+
+
+When we finally gain an historic perspective of the work of the Peace
+Conference we shall realize that, instead of being unduly delayed, it
+was accomplished in an astonishingly brief period. The Treaty of Vienna,
+back in 1815, took eleven months, and the factors to be dealt with were
+nothing like so numerous nor so complex. The Paris Conference occupied
+only about six months, and the earlier weeks were largely given over to
+questions relating to the renewal of the Armistice, rather than to the
+actual framing of the Peace Treaty. The Treaty text itself--aside from
+the League of Nations Covenant--was whipped through in a little over
+three months; for the active work of the Commissions which were to draft
+the various chapters did not get under way until February 1st; and the
+Treaty was presented to the German delegates at Versailles on May 7th.
+
+
+COVENANTS "OPENLY ARRIVED AT"
+
+No adequate history of the Peace Conference can be written until years
+have elapsed--until it is possible, as it is not now possible, to make
+public a multitude of intimate details. Hundreds of important documents
+were woven into the completed text of the Treaty. Such documents must
+eventually be made available to the chroniclers of history, who must
+finally have access to the official records, so that in course of time
+they can acquaint the world with the details of those momentous
+conferences which were held among the Chiefs of State, where the
+ultimate decisions settling every important question were made. There
+have been complaints that the covenants of the Treaty were not as
+President Wilson had promised, "openly arrived at." In point of fact, as
+far as lay within the bounds of possibility, the covenants of the Treaty
+_were_ "openly arrived at," inasmuch as their essence was made public
+just as soon as an understanding upon them had been reached, and in many
+cases, long before the final agreement. Nothing was held back which the
+public had any legitimate interest in knowing. It would, of course, have
+been quite out of the question for the Chiefs of State to discuss in
+public all the highly delicate and complex situations which were bound
+to, and which did, arise at Paris. Every man of strong character and
+powerful conviction has a view of his own upon any given subject, and
+naturally maintains that view with vigor and tenacity--even at times, if
+he be bitterly opposed--with acrimony.
+
+To take a familiar instance, it is an open secret that M. Clemenceau's
+first solution of the question of the Saar Basin did not at all suit
+President Wilson. Not unnaturally, M. Clemenceau simply wanted in effect
+to annex the Saar Basin, on the grounds that the Germans had destroyed
+the coal mines of Northern France. Mr. Wilson was in entire accord--to
+this extent, that France should, until her coal mines had been repaired,
+enjoy the entire output of the Saar coal fields; but to have France
+permanently annex the Basin was contrary to his profoundest convictions,
+as expressed in the well-known Fourteen Points.
+
+In the course of the discussion between M. Clemenceau and Mr. Wilson,
+their ideas at the start being so divergent, vigorous views were
+undoubtedly expressed; quite possibly tart language was used, at any
+rate by the French Premier, who was feeling all the distress of German
+frightfulness and war weariness. But to what possible good end could the
+detail of such intimate conversations have been made public? I allude to
+the possible conversations on the Saar Basin not as an historical fact,
+but as an example of what might have taken place, and very likely did
+take place; and if such temporary disagreements existed on that
+question, undoubtedly, among so many Chiefs of State as were gathered
+together at Paris, they existed on others. But in all cases amicable and
+cordial agreements were finally reached.
+
+Whenever agreements were even in sight, the press was informed; so that,
+when the Treaty of Peace and the summary of it finally came out, there
+were no surprises for the public. Every covenant, every clause, had been
+already foreshadowed and accurately pictured.
+
+
+THE "BIG THREE"
+
+Naturally, the question is often asked: Who were the peacemakers at
+Paris? Were they two or three powerful Chiefs of State? The answer is
+both "Yes" and "No." The final decision on every important matter lay in
+the hands of the so-called Big Four, and after Premier Orlando's
+defection and return to Italy, it narrowed down to the Big Triumvirate,
+Messrs. Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau. Yet while they made the
+final decisions, these were almost invariably based upon reports and
+opinions expressed to this trio, or to the quartet, by their advisers
+and experts. The actual text of the Treaty was, of course, written by
+the technicians, and there is hardly a phrase in the whole of it that
+can claim as its original author any one of the Chiefs of State. In
+every true sense, then, the Treaty of Peace has been the product, not of
+three men, not even of three-score, nor of three hundred, but of
+thousands; for quite aside from the official delegations at Paris, which
+comprised several hundred persons, we must remember that the data and
+the various suggested solutions on most of the questions had been
+canvassed at home for each delegation by large groups of office and
+technical experts.
+
+Of course it sounds well to say that the Treaty was written by three
+men: the picture of those few Chiefs of State sitting in conference day
+after day is dramatic in the extreme. That is, I must confess, the
+picture which comes back oftenest to my mind. I see them today, as I saw
+them for months at Paris, sitting in that large but cosy salon in the
+house allotted to President Wilson on the Place des Etats Unis; for, by
+common consent, it was there that the Supreme Council finally held all
+its meetings. It is in that theatre, with the three or four Chiefs of
+State taking the leading roles, that we saw the other characters in the
+great drama moving slowly on the stage, playing their parts, and then
+disappearing into the wings. Today it might be Paderewski, pleading with
+all his earnestness and sincerity, to have Danzig allotted to the
+sovereignty of Poland. To-morrow it might be Hymans, the Belgian
+Secretary for Foreign Affairs, begging that there should be a prompt
+realization of those pledges to Belgium, which Belgium felt had been
+made by all the Allies; or it might even be word brought by special
+aeroplane from the King of the Belgians at Brussels, with fresh and
+important instructions to his delegation in the matter of Reparation. Or
+it might be a group of the representatives of those newer nationalities,
+Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Jugoslavia, arguing some burning question of
+boundary rights. Or it might be the British shipping experts,
+maintaining that the captured German ships should be restored to the
+various Allies upon a basis dividing the ships _pro rata_ to the losses
+sustained by submarines, and contending against the American claim that
+the United States should have all the German ships finding lodgment in
+American harbors. Or it might be Herbert Hoover, that brilliant
+American, come to describe to the Big Four starvation conditions in
+Vienna, and to emphasize his belief that, enemy or no enemy, those
+conditions must be relieved or Bolshevism would march into Austria and
+directly on west until it reached France--and beyond.
+
+
+THE PLACE OF MEETING
+
+The stage for this world drama was originally set at the Ministry of
+War, behind the Chamber of Deputies and across the Seine; and here
+Premier Clemenceau--who, it will be remembered, was Minister of War as
+well as President of the Council of French Ministers--was the presiding
+genius. But eventually, as the result of an interesting trend of
+circumstances, the all important conferences took place at President
+Wilson's house.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Walter Adams & Sons
+
+=David Lloyd George=
+
+Ray Standard Baker, who attended the Peace Conference, wrote in his
+book, "What Wilson Did at Paris": "Lloyd George personally was one of
+the most charming and amiable figures at Paris, full of Celtic
+quicksilver, a torrential talker in the conference, but no one was ever
+quite sure, having heard him express an unalterable determination on one
+day, that he would not be unalterably determined some other way the day
+following."]
+
+The original theatre of operations at the War Ministry had been so
+large, and there was such an enormous chorus brought into play, that
+progress was interminably slow. There were usually present all five of
+the plenipotentiaries of each of the five great powers, including Japan,
+and very frequently Marshal Foch as well. His presence automatically
+commanded the attendance of the chief military experts of the other
+delegates. With the innumerable secretaries who had to attend the
+plenipotentiaries, with the interpreters and whatnot, the Supreme
+Council came to look like a legislative chamber, in the midst of which
+sat Clemenceau, presiding with his usual incisiveness. At such meetings
+progress could be made only upon rather formal matters which had been
+threshed out beforehand. When it came to a point of great delicacy,
+where the discussions could be only on a most intimate basis, it became
+quite impossible to "carry on." Nobody would feel like speaking out in
+meeting and calling the other fellow names--as was necessary at times in
+order to clear the atmosphere--if there were half a hundred other people
+around, to hear those names, and promptly to babble them to an expectant
+throng outside.
+
+So finally the Supreme Council was boiled down to the four Chiefs of
+State, including Japan's representative on any questions not strictly
+confined to Western Europe; and the small Council began to meet
+alternately at Clemenceau's office in the War Ministry, at Mr. Lloyd
+George's house, and at Mr. Wilson's, which was just around the corner
+from the British Premier's. Then in March, shortly after President
+Wilson's second coming from the United States, he fell ill with the
+grippe. After a rather severe attack he was able to get on his feet
+again and to do business, but was warned by his vigilant friend and
+physician, Admiral Grayson, to keep within doors for a time. Mr. Lloyd
+George, M. Clemenceau, and Signor Orlando were glad to accommodate
+themselves to Mr. Wilson's necessities, and formed the habit of meeting
+regularly at his house. His large salon was much better adapted for
+these conferences than the room at Mr. Lloyd George's. So there it was
+they met during all the final weeks of the Conference, leading up to the
+very end.
+
+
+A DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNCIL CHAMBER
+
+In the middle of the salon, facing the row of windows looking out upon
+the Place, was a large yet most inviting fireplace. On the left of this,
+a little removed from it, President Wilson usually ensconced himself on
+a small sofa, where he made room for some one member of his delegation,
+whom, for the particular subject under discussion, he desired to have
+most available. On the other side of the fireplace sat Mr. Lloyd George
+in a rather high, old-fashioned chair of carved Italian maple, and at
+his left sat his experts. Opposite the fireplace, to the right of it,
+and about half-way across the room, sat M. Clemenceau, with such of his
+Ministers as he needed, and then between him and President Wilson was
+Signor Orlando with the Italians. This made a semi-circle around the
+fireplace, and whenever Viscount Chinda of the Japanese delegation was
+present, the circle was usually enlarged so as to give him a seat in the
+middle of it. Behind this first semi-circle was a second one, made up of
+secretaries and various technical experts, but the conference was always
+a limited one, and was not allowed to grow so large as to become
+unwieldy.
+
+Directly in front of the fireplace, almost scorching his coat-tails, sat
+Professor Mantou, the official interpreter for the Big Four. Mantou is a
+Frenchman, Professor of French in the University of London, so he had a
+perfect mastery of both French and English, with a good working
+knowledge of Italian. Mantou was quite an extraordinary character, and
+the most vivid interpreter I have ever heard, or rather seen; for at
+times he entered into the spirit of the discussions more vigorously than
+the original actors. M. Clemenceau, for instance, might make a quiet,
+moderate statement, in French, of course; and when it became Mantou's
+time to interpret it into English, he would enliven and embellish it
+with his own unique gestures.
+
+The Secretary of the Council was Sir Maurice Hankey, a British Army
+officer of great skill and tact, who had a marvelous aptitude for
+keeping everything straight, for taking perfectly adequate, and yet not
+too voluminous minutes, for seeing that no topic was left in the air
+without further reference, and in the last analysis, for holding the
+Chiefs of State with their noses to the grindstone. He knew French and
+Italian well, and was a distinct asset to the Council. I note that, in
+the honors and money-grants disbursed by Parliament to Marshal Haig,
+Admiral Beatty and others, Hankey received L25,000. Everybody who worked
+with him at Paris will be glad of this just recognition. I have
+described this Council Chamber in the President's house rather minutely
+because, as I have said, it formed the stage for all of the momentous
+decisions which went to make up the final peace settlement. At these
+conferences there was no formal presiding officer, but to President
+Wilson was usually accorded the courtesy of acting as moderator.
+
+
+HOW THE TREATY WAS COMPOUNDED
+
+What, then, is the Treaty? The answer is that it is a human document, a
+compound of all the qualities possessed by human beings at their
+best--and at their worst. People might expect a Treaty of Peace to be a
+formal, legal, mechanical sort of document; and undoubtedly an effort
+was made by some of the drafting lawyers, who bound all the different
+clauses together, to throw the Treaty into the mold of formality. But
+all the same, it is a compound quivering with human passion--virtue,
+entreaty, fear, sometimes rage, and above all, I believe, justice.
+
+The reason fear enters into the Treaty must be manifest. Take, for
+instance, the case of France. France had lived under the German menace
+for half a century. Finally the sword of Damocles had fallen, and almost
+one-sixth of beautiful France had been laid waste. Her farms, her
+factories, her villages, had been destroyed; her women ravished and led
+captive; her children made homeless; her men folk killed. Do we realize
+that almost 60 per cent. of all the French soldiers under thirty-one
+years of age were killed in the war? Is it any wonder France could not
+believe that the German menace was gone forever, and that the world
+would never again allow German autocracy to overwhelm her? She could not
+believe it, and for that reason she felt it essential that the terms of
+the Treaty should be so severe as to leave Germany stripped for
+generations of any power to wage aggression against beautiful France. If
+her Allies pointed out that to cripple Germany economically was to make
+it impossible for Germany to repair the frightful damage she had wrought
+in France, France would in effect reply that this might be so, but never
+again could she endure such a menace as had threatened her eastern
+border for the previous half century. If certain of the Treaty clauses
+appear to some minds as unduly severe, it must be remembered that the
+Allies, little more than France, could bear the thought of letting
+Germany off so easily that within a few years she might again prepare
+for war.
+
+There was fear, too, on the part of those new nations, which had been
+largely split off from the effete and outworn Austro-Hungarian Empire,
+that in some way their ancient oppressors would once more gain sway over
+them. And, every nation, great and small, was overshadowed with the
+constant terror of Bolshevism,--that dread specter which seemed to be
+stalking, with long strides, from eastern Europe west towards the
+Atlantic. Unless peace were hastened that evil might overtake all the
+Allies. Such apprehensions as these, far more than imperial ambition or
+greed, were factors in the Treaty decisions. Judgments that might take
+many months in the ripening could not with safety be awaited.
+
+
+THE PROTECTION DEMANDED BY FRANCE
+
+France, I say, was thoroughly shocked at the frightful fate which had
+come upon so great a portion of her land and population. She seemed to
+have real fear that out of the ground, or from the sky, or from the
+waters of the earth, at the waving of the devil's wand, there would
+spring into being a fresh German army, ready to overwhelm her. It was
+this fear that led France to ask for a special Treaty by which England
+and America would pledge themselves to come to her aid in case of
+Germany's unprovoked attack against her. Those Americans who object to
+this have no conception of the real terror in France which led her to
+entreat her two most powerful Allies to make such a special treaty with
+her. France maintained, and with some reason, that during the formative
+period of the League of Nations, before it might become an effective
+instrument, if she did not have the psychological and practical
+protection of England and America, she must look to her own defense, and
+the only real defense she could conceive was to make the Rhine her
+eastern boundary. This suggestion of Marshal Foch, based upon sound
+military concept, was rejected by President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George
+on the theory that it would mean the annexation of German territory,
+would change Germany's ancient boundary line of the Rhine, and
+inevitably lead to future trouble.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+President Poincare With the Swiss President, M. Gustave Ador, Driving to
+the Peace Conference in Paris.]
+
+"Very well," in effect answered M. Clemenceau, "we see your point, but
+if you will not allow us to fix this natural boundary for defense, then
+we must beg you to guarantee us by treaty your cooperation against
+German aggression. That cooperation you will never be called upon to
+render with military force, because if Germany knows you are pledged to
+come to our defense, that very fact will act as a complete deterrent to
+any aggression."
+
+This was the sound reasoning which led President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd
+George to agree to submit respectively to Congress and Parliament this
+special French Treaty; this is the reasoning which ought to lead
+Congress, as it has led Parliament, to ratify the French Treaty
+promptly. My belief is that after five years, this special Treaty will
+be abrogated by mutual consent, because by that time the League of
+Nations will be built up into such an effective instrument for the
+prevention of future wars, any special treaties will be deemed
+unnecessary.
+
+
+THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT
+
+If, in the foregoing paragraphs, I have given some idea as to how the
+Treaty of Peace was compounded, how it was made up of a mixture of
+virtue, selfishness, fear and justice, then perhaps I can proceed to
+describe briefly how the document was actually evolved. First, then, we
+deal with the drafting of the League of Nations Covenant:
+
+The world has come to regard President Wilson as the special promoter
+and sponsor for the League of Nations. It is perfectly true that Mr.
+Wilson went to Paris with a fixed determination, above all else, to
+bring about some definite arrangement which would tend to prevent future
+wars. It is also true, however, that English statesmen had, for an even
+longer time than President Wilson, been giving this same subject earnest
+thought and study. Some of the more enlightened French statesmen, like
+Leon Bourgeois, had also been sketching out plans for a League of Free
+Nations. In England Viscount Grey of Falloden, England's really great
+Minister of Foreign Affairs for almost a decade prior to the war, the
+man who did everything that human intelligence and wisdom could devise
+to prevent the war, and now happily named as British Ambassador to the
+United States, had long worked for a League of Nations. Lord Robert
+Cecil, a worthy son of a noble father, was another British statesman who
+had given his mind to the same subject. General Smuts of South Africa,
+recently made Premier in succession to the late General Botha, was
+another. So that President Wilson, Colonel House, and the other
+delegates, upon their arrival in Paris, found themselves in a not
+uncongenial atmosphere. To be sure, on the part of Clemenceau and of
+course of the militarists, there was great scepticism. Nevertheless the
+French joined in, and early in January the Covenant for the League of
+Nations began to evolve. It was built up step by step, President Wilson
+taking a most active part in the work.
+
+Finally the Covenant was adopted in a preliminary way and made public
+late in February. It was subject to amendment, and those who drafted the
+document welcomed amendments and urged that they be offered. An especial
+effort was made to secure suggestions from various Republican
+statesmen. No amendments, so far as I have been able to learn, were
+offered by any of the Republican Senators, but ex-President Taft
+suggested certain changes, some of which were adopted. President Lowell
+of Harvard contributed one or two which were taken over almost verbatim.
+Ex-Senator Elihu Root also made valuable suggestions, some of which were
+utilized in the final drafting of the Covenant, made public early in
+April.
+
+
+ESSENCE AND SPIRIT OF THE LEAGUE
+
+Roughly, as the situation developed, the purpose of the League of
+Nations became two-fold. The initial purpose, of course, was to set up
+the machinery for a body, representative of the nations, keeping in such
+close contact and guided by such general principles as would tend to
+make it impossible for one nation to begin war upon another. Elsewhere
+in this volume ex-Attorney General Wickersham has described in detail
+the clauses of the Covenant; but even in this brief allusion it is
+proper to set down the essence and spirit of the League. It is this: No
+two peoples, if they come to know each other and each other's motives
+sufficiently well, and if by certain machinery they are maintained in
+close personal and ideal contact, can conceivably fly at each other's
+throats. Now no machinery can be devised that will absolutely prevent
+war, but a carrying out of the spirit and principles set forth in the
+present Covenant ought to make war well-nigh impossible. The machinery
+that was thus set up at Paris was deemed at the time to be of course
+imperfect and subject to constant improvement.
+
+The second purpose of the League was to act as the binder, and in a way,
+the administrative force of the present existing Treaty. That is to say,
+we found as time went on there were many situations so complex that
+human wisdom could not devise an immediate formula for their solution.
+Hence, it became necessary for the Peace Conference to establish certain
+machinery which, if necessary, should function over a series of years,
+and thus work out permanently the problems involved. Therefore, as it
+fell out, there were established under the Treaty, almost a score of
+Commissions, most of them to act under the general supervision of a
+League of Nations. Here, then, is another great function that the League
+of Nations is immediately called upon to fulfil.
+
+
+WORK OF THE COMMISSIONS
+
+With the Covenant of the League of Nations more or less complete, the
+next business of the Conference was the setting up of the Treaty proper.
+The method for this work was roughly as follows: About the first of
+February there was appointed a large number of special Commissions, made
+up of members of the various delegations. These Commissions, which were
+each to treat of separate topics, having arrived at a solution of the
+special subject, were then to draft their reports in such language that
+they could readily be embodied in the final Treaty of Peace itself.
+Thus, for instance, there was appointed a Commission on Reparations, a
+Commission on Economic Phases of the Treaty, a Commission on Finance, a
+Commission on Boundaries, a Commission on Military and Naval Armament, a
+Commission on German Colonies, a Commission on the Saar Basin Coal
+Fields, a Commission on Inland Waterways, and so on to the number of
+perhaps twenty. These Commissions immediately organized, and if the
+subject were particularly complex and many-sided, resolved themselves
+into sub-commissions. These sub-commissions in turn organized, each with
+its chairman and vice-chairman, its secretariat, and its interpreters,
+together with experts called into attendance.
+
+
+DELAYS TO THE TREATY
+
+The sittings of all these Commissions began, as I say, about February
+1st, and at that time the plan was that the work of the Commissions
+should be concluded in the form of a report to the Supreme Council six
+weeks later, or about March 15th. The plan, further, was for the Supreme
+Council to pass upon these various reports, amend them if need be, and
+then have them drafted in such form as together would go to make up the
+Treaty, which, under this scheme, would be presented to the Germans on
+or about April 1st. The Germans would presumably sign within a
+fortnight, and we should all be going home about April 15th. As a matter
+of fact, the Germans signed the Treaty at Versailles at three o'clock on
+the afternoon of June 28th, two and one-half months later than the time
+originally planned.
+
+This delay was, however, not at all unreasonable, if one stops to
+consider the number of questions involved, their magnitude, and the
+difficulty of dealing with them promptly. In the first place, each
+Commission was supposed to present the Supreme Council a unanimous
+report. The Council had ruled that the Commissions should not report by
+majority vote, for if in any given instance the majority overruled the
+minority, the minority might have such bitter complaint that there would
+be left in the situation the seed for future trouble. Therefore the
+Council determined that in the case of divergence of opinion in the same
+Commission, the two or more groups in the Commission should make
+separate reports to the Council, each having its own day in court. The
+Council would act as judges of the last resort, and no delegation would
+go away feeling that it had not had ample opportunity to present its
+case. Inevitable and sharp differences of opinion did arise, so that at
+least half the reports, I should say, as presented to the Big Four had
+to be thrashed out there in considerable detail.
+
+The second handicap to rapid progress, of course, lay in the composition
+of the various Commissions. Each of the large five powers had to be
+represented on each Commission, and in most instances smaller powers
+also demanded representation. On some of the important Commissions the
+larger powers had two or more delegates sitting. Owing to the fact that
+Paris was full of influenza, each delegate had to have his alternate so
+as to keep the ball rolling. When they first met these delegates were
+not well acquainted with each other. They did not know how to get along
+together. It took weeks for them to shake down, so as to understand
+each other's methods and points of view; so as to be prepared to make
+the necessary give and take, certain meetings of views which are always
+essential where people are gathered from the four corners of the earth
+with a single aim, but with vastly different ideas for attaining it.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Where the Peace Treaty Was Signed
+
+This was the table and chair at which the delegates sat and signed the
+peace document.]
+
+
+POLITICS AT THE CONFERENCE
+
+Still another difficulty was the question of politics which could not be
+eliminated. It is easy enough to say, "cut out politics," but in any
+international gathering it is never possible to do it. I must say right
+here, however, that--as it seemed to me--the American delegation
+well-nigh attained that ideal, and be it to President Wilson's credit, I
+never once saw him throughout the length of the conference, "play"
+politics. But some of the other delegations naturally felt that at home
+there was a "list'ning senate" to applaud or to condemn, and many of
+these delegates, being members of their respective parliaments or
+ministries, naturally had their ear to the ground for the effect that
+their course at Paris was producing. Then if, at the sittings of a
+Commission, one delegate made a particularly eloquent speech, his fellow
+delegate might feel it incumbent upon him to make another equally long.
+Some of the delegates deemed it their duty to make an extended speech
+every day and seemed to feel that they were lacking in patriotism if
+they failed each morning to cover several pages of the record with their
+views.
+
+
+THE DIFFICULTY OF LANGUAGE
+
+Then the final difficulty, uniting with the other troubles to prevent
+rapid progress, was that of language. The Paris Conference was, of
+course, a regular Tower of Babel. There were two official
+languages--French and English. Each delegation used the language with
+which its delegates were most familiar, and every word uttered by those
+delegates had to be translated into the vernacular of the others. Not
+only did this interpretation consume a vast amount of time, but of
+course it frequently proved most unsatisfactory. Both the English and
+French languages are so idiomatic that the finer shades of meaning can
+never be well transmuted from one to the other. Hence, frequent and
+sometimes serious mistakes arose. For instance, a Serbian delegate who
+knew not a word of English would misunderstand something said by the
+British delegate, poorly translated into French. As the Serbian
+delegate's knowledge of French was also very limited he could not
+readily understand. So he would fly into a towering rage, and for an
+hour a heated argument would volley back and forth. Perhaps, at the end
+of that time, some cool-headed delegate (frequently an American), would
+point out that neither of the honorable delegates had any conception of
+what the other had said, and at bottom their views were precisely
+similar. Each of the competitors would then listen to reason, the
+situation would clear up, and things move on more happily.
+
+I use here as an example a Serbian delegate, not that the Serbian
+delegates were more prone to passion than anybody else. We were all
+fighting like mad to make peace. We realized that though fundamentally
+we all had the same aim, yet as to methods our views were so divergent,
+that when we entered into conference at ten o'clock in the morning we
+should probably have one continuous struggle, with interludes for
+luncheon and dinner, until perhaps late in the evening. These struggles
+never ceased altogether, but as we got to know one another better, they
+of course let up materially, and we got on amicably and effectively.
+
+
+THE COMMISSION ON REPARATIONS
+
+No sketch of the Peace Conference, even one as cursory and superficial
+as this, could give any idea of the picture without a more detailed
+reference to the workings of some particular Commission that played an
+important part in the building up of the Peace Treaty. Hence I may be
+permitted to mention the Commission on Reparations. All things
+considered, this was perhaps the most important Commission at work.
+
+The original Commission on Reparations was divided into three
+sub-commissions. Commission Number One was to determine upon what
+principles reparation should be demanded from Germany, that is to say,
+what items of damage should be included. In addition to physical damage
+inflicted by Germany upon the Allies, by reason of her aggression on
+land or sea, and from the air, should the cost of pensions for dead
+French soldiers be claimed? Was the entire cost of the war as waged by
+England, for instance, to be included as a charge against Germany? In
+other words, just what categories should be adopted in order to define
+Germany's liability?
+
+This Commission Number One sat for weeks, and it was only towards the
+very end that it succeeded in establishing the categories. At the start
+there was a sharp divergence of opinion among the various delegations.
+The American delegation pointed out that under President Wilson's
+Fourteen Points costs of war would have to be excluded. The British
+delegation maintained otherwise. The French thought the costs of war
+ought to be included, but deemed the matter academic, inasmuch as
+Germany could never pay the total war costs. And so the argument ran.
+
+Sub-commission Number Two on reparations had for its object to determine
+what Germany's capacity to pay was, and what the proper method of
+payment should be. Sub-commission Number Three was to devise sanctions
+or guarantees by which the Allies should be assured of receiving the
+payments finally determined upon.
+
+For weeks I was active upon Sub-commission Number Two, and in fact was
+charged with the duty of drawing up the initial report covering the
+question of Germany's capacity to pay. Early in the deliberations of
+this Sub-commission it became apparent that its work was of momentous
+import, for whatever the Sub-commission determined as Germany's capacity
+to pay, undoubtedly that sum would be fixed as what Germany should be
+obligated to pay. Theoretically, as the French had pointed out, it did
+not make a great difference what categories of damage were included,
+because Germany would probably be unable to pay even the extent of
+material damage she had wrought. It was equally evident that she would
+be compelled by the Allies to pay to the utmost extent of her capacity.
+Therefore Sub-commission Number Two was in effect, naming the amount of
+the German "indemnity."
+
+
+AN ESTIMATE OF GERMANY'S CAPACITY TO PAY
+
+This knowledge rendered the work of the delegates on Sub-commission
+Number Two considerably more difficult. To estimate Germany's capacity
+to pay over a series of years was by no means a purely scientific
+matter. No banker, or economist, or financier, whatever his experience,
+could look far enough into the future to be able to say what Germany
+could or could not pay, in ten, twenty, or thirty years. The initial
+estimate made by one of the delegations, as representing Germany's
+capacity to pay, was one thousand million of francs. Another estimate
+was twenty-four billion sterling, about one hundred twenty billion of
+dollars. Now Germany's entire wealth was estimated at not over eighty
+billion dollars, so it was inconceivable how it could be possible, even
+over a series of years, for Germany to pick up her entire commonwealth
+and transfer it to the Allies. Most of Germany's property consists of
+the soil, railroads, factories, dwellings, and none of those things can
+be transported, none can be made available for the payment of
+reparation. Hence the question arose as to how much liquid wealth
+Germany could export year after year and still maintain her own economic
+life. This was the estimate upon which the British, French and American
+delegations wrangled pleasantly for weeks. Whenever we reached too tense
+a point, tea and toast was served, with jam to sweeten the atmosphere a
+bit, and then we would start afresh.
+
+As a matter of fact, as we encouraged newspaper reporters to surmise, we
+had nearly arrived upon a basis of agreement for demanding a fixed sum
+from Germany. That sum would not have exceeded forty or forty-five
+billion dollars, with interest added. The American delegation believed
+it to be far sounder economically to name a fixed sum and thus limit
+Germany's liability, so that all nations could address themselves to a
+definite end and arrange their fiscal and taxation policies accordingly.
+But both Mr. Lloyd George and M. Clemenceau urged that public opinion in
+both their countries would not acquiesce in any sum that fell far below
+previous expectations; that, therefore, inasmuch as it was difficult
+anyway to arrive at once upon the exact amount of damage caused, it
+would be wiser to leave the amount of reparation open, to be determined
+by a commission which should examine into the damage sustained, and fix
+the total amount within two years. America's material interest in the
+question was so limited that President Wilson finally did not oppose Mr.
+Lloyd George's and M. Clemenceau's judgment. This, in brief, is the
+history of the Reparation clauses in the Treaty. As I have already said,
+if we realize that in almost every one of the other chapters similar
+complex courses of procedure had to be followed, we shall not be
+surprised at the time which the Treaty took for drafting.
+
+
+THE ITALIAN CRISIS
+
+The world is already familiar with the several crises which arose during
+the course of the Peace Conference. The so-called Fiume crisis, when the
+Italian delegation walked out and returned to Rome, was regarded as the
+most serious. I am not sure it was, although it was generally so
+considered. I believe most of Italy's warmest friends maintain that her
+action in going home was a mistake. The question of putting Fiume under
+Italian sovereignty was not covered nor even touched upon in the Treaty
+of London. In face, the question of Fiume arose long after the Peace
+Conference was under way. Signor Orlando, the Italian Premier, was
+accused of fostering Italian feeling on Fiume and of fanning it into
+flame. I believe there is no truth in this. At any rate, if the Italians
+had been wise, they would have prevented the matter of Fiume from
+becoming such a _cause celebre_. I think that by judicious work they
+could have prevented it. Then, too, probably the difficulty would have
+been lessened if President Wilson's statement to the Italian people had
+previously met Signor Orlando's approval. Mr. Wilson made his statement
+with the best will in the world, with the intent to allay and not
+inflame Italian public opinion. It should have been possible to
+coordinate his idealism with Signor Orlando's position.
+
+Later on the Italian delegation returned to Paris, realizing that the
+question of Fiume, which was formerly an Austrian port, did not bear one
+way or another upon the Treaty with Germany. But the Italians had lost a
+certain tactical position which was important to them, and in my
+judgment the move cost Italy much more than the whole question of Fiume
+amounted to.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Awaiting the Decision of the German Peace Delegates.
+
+President Clemenceau is shown standing. Next to him from right to left
+are: President Wilson, Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Commissioner
+Henry White, Colonel House, Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, Stephen Pichon, French
+Minister of Foreign Affairs; Louis Klotz, French Minister of Finance,
+and Andre Tardieu, French High Commissioner. From Clemenceau, left to
+right: Premier Lloyd George, Bonar Law and A. J. Balfour.]
+
+
+THE QUESTION OF SHANTUNG
+
+The Shantung crisis was another serious one. It was so realized at the
+time by the conferees at Paris. The Japanese delegation considered that
+it had already suffered one or two rebuffs. Their clause to embody race
+equality in the League of Nations Covenant had not been accepted. They,
+as the leading Far Eastern Power, were being urged to take an active
+part in the organization and development of the League of Nations, yet
+they could see nothing for Japan in the idea except a chance to help the
+other fellow. It was at this time that the Treaty clause was being
+drafted covering the disposition of German rights in the Far East,
+including those on the Shantung Peninsula. It will be remembered that at
+the outbreak of the war Germany, by reason of treaty rights with China,
+had possession of Kiauchau, upon the neck of the Shantung Peninsula.
+Back in 1916, at a time when the war was going badly, after Japan had
+driven the Germans out of the Far East and had prevented German
+submarines from getting a base there to prey upon British troop ships
+from Australia, Japan had demanded from England and France that she
+become the inheritor of whatever rights Germany had in Shantung. England
+and France readily granted this request, as America probably would have
+done if she had been in the war at the time. Later on, according to the
+record, China confirmed Japan in these rights.
+
+President Wilson's idea, however, was "China for Chinamen"; therefore
+Shantung should be turned over to China. This was a proper point of
+view. It was a great pity that it could not be made to prevail. The
+difficulty, however, was two-fold: first, the agreement which I have
+just cited between England and France on one hand, and Japan on the
+other; second, Japan's statement to President Wilson that if he began
+his League of Nations by forcing England and France to break a solemn
+agreement with Japan, then Japan would have no use for such a faithless
+confederation and would promptly withdraw. At the same time, however,
+Japan reiterated that her inheritance of Shantung was largely a formal
+matter, and that if the Allies gave her that recognition, she would feel
+in honor bound to withdraw from Shantung in the near future. This
+statement, made repeatedly by the Japanese delegates to President
+Wilson, finally led him to refrain from forcing Great Britain and France
+to break their agreement, as he might perhaps otherwise have done. The
+climax, of course, came when Japan gave her ultimatum and said that
+unless she had her rights she would retire from the Conference.
+
+
+DEMANDS OF BELGIUM
+
+Then came the third and last crisis--the Belgians threatened to withdraw
+and go home. They had, as they claimed, been promised by their Allies,
+as well as by their enemies, including specifically Germany, that their
+country, trampled over and devastated in order to defend France and
+England from attack, was to be fully restored and reimbursed for its
+expenditures. Early in the Conference Colonel House projected a plan to
+Mr. Balfour of the British delegation and Mr. Klotz of the French
+delegation, granting Belgium a priority of $500,000,000 on the German
+reparation, this sum being sufficient to set Belgium well on her way to
+recovery. There was, however, great delay in getting the final assent to
+this priority. The American delegation worked hard to bring it about and
+to push the plan on every occasion, but it still hung fire.
+
+The Belgian delegation, finally becoming alarmed, insisted on formally
+taking up the question with the Council of Four. The Belgian delegation,
+under the leadership of Mr. Hymans, Minister of Foreign Affairs, made
+two chief demands, one for the priority already mentioned, and one for
+reimbursement for what the war had cost her. To this latter item there
+was vigorous objection on the ground that it was inadmissible to provide
+for Belgium's "costs of war" and not for those of England, France, Italy
+and the other Allies. As a compromise to meet the situation, a formula
+was finally proposed in a phrase to the effect that Germany was to be
+obligated especially "to reimburse Belgium for all the sums borrowed by
+Belgium from the Allies as a necessary consequence of the violation of
+the Treaty of 1839." Inasmuch as all such sums borrowed by Belgium were
+used for the prosecution of the war, this phrase was simply a euphemism
+for granting to Belgium the war costs which she had demanded. But it was
+finally agreed to on all hands, and the crisis was averted.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Press Illustrating Service
+
+The George Washington
+
+It was on this ship that President and Mrs. Wilson made their two trips
+across the Atlantic and back during the Peace Conference.]
+
+
+THE TREATY PRESENTED TO THE GERMANS AT VERSAILLES
+
+The Treaty in its final form was presented to the Germans at Versailles
+May 7th. The Germans were hoping they would be permitted to discuss
+certain phases of the Treaty in person with the Allied delegates, and in
+fact repeatedly requested the opportunity. Some of us believed such
+conversations might be advantageous if they were held; not between the
+chiefs of the Allied states and the heads of the German delegation, but
+between technical experts on both sides. Mr. Wilson favored this view,
+as tending to enlighten the Germans on certain phases of the Treaty,
+which from their written communications it was evident they did not
+understand. We thought that some weeks of delay might possibly be
+averted by sitting around the table with the Germans, distasteful as
+that task might be, and holding a kind of miniature peace conference.
+This suggestion, however, was strongly opposed by M. Clemenceau,
+although it was favored by some of his ministers. In fact, some of the
+latter, as well as many of the British, were for a time convinced that
+the terms of the Treaty were such that Germany would never sign them.
+Again and again Clemenceau was urged to give way on this point, but he
+sturdily opposed the view and declared positively that he knew the
+German character; that the only way to secure a German signature to the
+Treaty was to insist upon purely formal and written communications.
+Clemenceau had his way, and then began the laying of a good many wagers
+as to whether the Germans would sign. This was after the original German
+delegation, or at least the chiefs of it, had returned to Berlin and
+declared that they would not come back again to Versailles. My own
+opinion was, that after making as great a kick as possible the Germans
+would undoubtedly sign. The logic of the situation was all for their
+signing, the reasoning being this: If the Treaty were a just Treaty,
+then they ought to sign any way; if it were an unjust Treaty, then, even
+if signed, it would eventually fall of its own weight, and the Germans
+would run no risk in signing it. I felt that the German psychology of
+the situation would be acute enough to see these points and to lead to a
+signature.
+
+
+GERMANY SIGNS THE TREATY
+
+This proved to be the case, and on Saturday, the 21st of June, after
+questionings and misgivings, we finally got the word that the Germans
+were to sign. I shall never forget the moment that the news came. Some
+of us were in session with the Council of Four at the President's house.
+Mr. Wilson sat on the right of the fireplace, Mr. Lloyd George on the
+left, and M. Clemenceau in the middle. Mr. Orlando was in Italy but his
+foreign minister, Baron Sonnino, was there in his place. The afternoon
+was a tense one, for the time was growing short and the Germans had, as
+I say, not yet signified their intention of signing the treaty. In the
+mind of every one of us there lurked the question as to the terrible
+steps that would have to be taken in the event the Germans refused to
+sign. Late in the afternoon an orderly slipped into the room and
+whispered into M. Clemenceau's ear. He struggled to his feet, marched up
+to President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George, and, drawing himself up, said
+in solemn tones, "I have the honor to announce to you that the Germans
+will sign the treaty."
+
+And then a moment later the cannon boomed forth to the expectant
+populace the news that the Germans would sign, and M. Clemenceau,
+turning to me, breathed: "Ah, that is the sound that I have been waiting
+to hear for forty-eight years."
+
+
+
+
+II--WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS
+
+An Attempt to Raise International Morality to the Level of
+Private Morality
+
+
+On January 8, 1918, President Wilson outlined the fourteen points on the
+basis of which the Allies should make peace. This program was the
+startling climax of a whole series of peace proposals which had kept
+coming from both camps of belligerents, from neutrals, Socialists, and
+the Pope. It is without doubt one of the greatest and most inspiring
+State documents in the history of the world. It struck a vital and
+telling blow at the basic causes of modern wars. For that reason it
+electrified into complete unity the masses of the Allied countries.
+Liberal, radical and pacifist opponents of the war rallied around it as
+the last great hope of civilization. Its most important effect was to
+give a democratic basis to the weary and disillusioned masses of the
+Central Powers who were longing for peace. It was on the basis of the
+fourteen points that the enemy surrendered.
+
+
+THE WILSON PROGRAM
+
+     We entered this war because violations of right had occurred
+     which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own
+     people impossible unless they were corrected and the world
+     secured once for all against their recurrence. What we demand
+     in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is
+     that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and
+     particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation
+     which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its
+     own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealings by
+     the other peoples of the world, as against force and selfish
+     aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners
+     in this interest and for our own part we see very clearly that
+     unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The
+     programme of the world's peace, therefore, is our programme,
+     and that programme, the only possible programme, as we see it,
+     is this:
+
+     I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which
+     there shall be no private international understandings of any
+     kind, but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the
+     public view.
+
+     II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside
+     territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the
+     seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action
+     for the enforcement of international covenants.
+
+     III. The removal, as far as possible, of all economic barriers
+     and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among
+     all the nations consenting to the peace and associating
+     themselves for its maintenance.
+
+     IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments
+     will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic
+     safety.
+
+     V. A free, open minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of
+     all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the
+     principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty
+     the interests of the populations concerned must have equal
+     weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title
+     is to be determined.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood
+
+Paris Crowds Greeting President Wilson
+
+A general holiday was declared to welcome the President of the United
+States. This photograph was taken in the Place de la Concorde.]
+
+     VI. The evacuation of Russian territory and such a settlement
+     of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and
+     freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in
+     obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity
+     for the independent determination of her own political
+     development and national policy and assure her of a sincere
+     welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of
+     her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of
+     every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The
+     treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months
+     to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their
+     comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own
+     interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
+
+     VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and
+     restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which
+     she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other
+     single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence
+     among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set
+     and demanded for the government of their relations with one
+     another. Without this healing act the whole structure and
+     validity of international law is forever impaired.
+
+     VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded
+     portions restored, and the wrong done France by Prussia in 1871
+     in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace
+     of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in
+     order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest
+     of all.
+
+     IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected
+     along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
+
+     X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the
+     nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be
+     accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.
+
+     XI. Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro should be evacuated;
+     occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure
+     access to the sea, and the relations of the several Balkan
+     States to one another determined by friendly counsel along
+     historically established lines of allegiance and nationality,
+     and international guarantees of the political and economic
+     independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan
+     States should be entered into.
+
+     XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should
+     be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities
+     which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
+     security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of
+     autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be
+     permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce
+     of all nations under international guarantees.
+
+     XIII. An independent Polish State should be erected which
+     should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish
+     population, which should be assured a free and secure access to
+     the sea and whose political and economic independence and
+     territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international
+     covenant.
+
+     XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under
+     specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual
+     guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity
+     to great and small States alike.
+
+
+
+
+III--HOW THE PEACE TREATY WAS SIGNED
+
+A Description of the Historic Ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors at the
+Palace of Versailles, June 8, 1919
+
+(Reprinted from the New York _Times_.)
+
+
+No nobler and more eloquent setting could have been found for this
+greatest of all modern events, the signing of the Peace of Versailles,
+after five years of terrific struggle on whose outcome the fate of the
+whole world had hung, than the palace of the greatest of French Kings on
+the hillcrest of the Paris suburb that gave its name to the treaty. To
+reach it, says the correspondent of _The New York Times_, the
+plenipotentiaries and distinguished guests from all parts of the world
+motored to Versailles that day, and drove down the magnificent
+tree-lined Avenue du Chateau, then across the huge square--the famous
+Place d'Armes of Versailles--and up through the gates and over the
+cobblestones of the Court of Honor to the entrance, where officers of
+the Republican Guard, whose creation dates back to the French
+Revolution, in picturesque uniform, were drawn up to receive them.
+
+All day the crowd had been gathering. It was a cloudy day; not till noon
+did the sky clear. By noon eleven regiments of French cavalry and
+infantry had taken position along the approaches to the palace, while
+within the court on either side solid lines of infantry in horizon blue
+were drawn up at attention.
+
+Hours before the time set for the ceremony an endless stream of
+automobiles began moving out of Paris up the cannon-lined hill of the
+Champs Elysees, past the massive Arc de Triomphe, bulking somberly
+against the leaden sky, and out through the Bois de Boulogne. This whole
+thoroughfare was kept clear by pickets, dragoons, and mounted gendarmes.
+In the meantime thousands of Parisians were packing regular and special
+trains on all the lines leading to Versailles, and contending with
+residents of the town for places in the vast park where the famous
+fountains would rise in white fleur-de-lis to mark the end of the
+ceremony.
+
+
+A MEMORABLE SCENE
+
+Past the line of gendarmes thrown across the approaches to the square
+reserved for ticket holders, the crowd surged in a compact and
+irresistible wave, while hundreds of the more fortunate ones took up
+positions in the high windows of every wing of the palace. Up the broad
+boulevard of the Avenue de Paris the endless chain of motor cars rolled
+between rows of French soldiers; and a guard of honor at the end of the
+big court presented arms to the plenipotentiaries and delegates as they
+drove through to the entrance, which for the Allied delegates only was
+by the marble stairway to the "Queen's Apartments" and the Hall of
+Peace, giving access to the Hall of Mirrors. A separate route of entry
+was prescribed for the Germans, an arrangement which angered and
+disconcerted them when they discovered it, through the park and up the
+marble stairway through the ground floor.
+
+The delegates and plenipotentiaries began to arrive shortly after 2 p.
+m., their automobiles rolling between double lines of infantry with
+bayonets fixed--it was estimated that there were 20,000 soldiers
+altogether guarding the route--that held back the cheering throngs. The
+scene from the Court of Honor was impressive. The Place d'Armes was a
+lake of white faces, dappled everywhere by the bright colors of flags
+and fringed with the horizon blue of troops whose bayonets flamed
+silverly as the sun emerged for a moment from behind heavy clouds. At
+least a dozen airplanes wheeled and curvetted above.
+
+Up that triumphal passage, leading for a full quarter of a mile from the
+wings of the palace to the entrance to the Hall of Mirrors,
+representatives of the victorious nations passed in flag-decked
+limousines--hundreds, one after another, without intermission, for fifty
+minutes. Just inside the golden gates, which were flung wide, they
+passed the big bronze statue of Louis XIV., the "Sun-King," on
+horseback, flanked by statues of the Princes and Governors, Admirals and
+Generals who had made Louis the Grand Monarque of France. And on the
+facade of the twin, temple-like structures on either side of the great
+statue they could read as they passed an inscription symbolic of the
+historic ceremony just about to occur: "To All the Glories of France."
+
+
+NOTABILITIES ARRIVE
+
+One of the earliest to arrive was Marshal Foch, amid a torrent of
+cheering, which burst out even louder a few moments later when the
+massive head of Premier Clemenceau was seen through the windows of a
+French military car. To these and other leaders, including President
+Wilson, General Pershing, and Premier Lloyd George, the troops drawn up
+all around the courtyard presented arms. After Clemenceau the unique
+procession continued, diplomats, soldiers, Princes of India in gorgeous
+turbans and swarthy faces, dapper Japanese in immaculate Western dress,
+Admirals, aviators, Arabs; one caught a glimpse of the bright colors of
+French, British, and Colonial uniforms. British Tommies and American
+doughboys also dashed up on crowded camions, representing the blood and
+sweat of the hard-fought victory; they got an enthusiastic reception. It
+was 2:45 when Mr. Balfour, bowing and smiling, heralded the arrival of
+the British delegates. Mr. Lloyd George was just behind him, for once
+wearing the conventional high hat instead of his usual felt. At 2:50
+came President Wilson in a black limousine with his flag, a white eagle
+on a dark blue ground; he received a hearty welcome.
+
+By 3 o'clock the last contingent had arrived, and the broad ribbon road
+stretched empty between the lines of troops from the gates of the palace
+courtyard. The Germans had already entered; to avoid any unpleasant
+incident they had been quietly conveyed from their lodgings at the Hotel
+des Reservoirs Annex through the park.
+
+
+THE SCENE INSIDE
+
+The final scene in the great drama was enacted in the magnificent Hall
+of Mirrors. Versailles contains no more splendid chamber than this royal
+hall, whose three hundred mirrors gleam from every wall, whose vaulted
+and frescoed ceiling looms dark and high, in whose vastness the
+footfalls of the passer re-echo over marble floors and die away
+reverberatingly. It was no mere matter of convenience or accident that
+the Germans were brought to sign the Peace Treaty in this hall. For this
+same hall, which saw the German peace delegates of 1919, representing a
+beaten and prostrate Germany, affix their signatures to the Allied terms
+of peace, had witnessed in the year 1871 a very different ceremony. It
+was in the Hall of Mirrors that the German Empire was born. Forty-nine
+years ago, on a January morning, while the forts of beleaguered Paris
+were firing their last defiant shots, in that mirror-gleaming hall was
+inaugurated the reign of that German Empire the virtual end of which, so
+far as the concept held by its originators is concerned, was signalized
+in Versailles in the same spot on Saturday, June 28. And in 1871
+President Thiers had signed there the crushing terms of defeat imposed
+by a victorious and ruthless Germany.
+
+In anticipation of the present ceremony carpets had been laid and the
+ornamental table, with its eighteenth century gilt and bronze
+decorations, had been placed in position on the dais where the
+plenipotentiaries were seated. Fronting the chair of M. Clemenceau was
+placed a small table, on which the diplomatic instruments were laid. It
+was to this table that each representative was called, in alphabetical
+order by countries, to sign his name to the treaty and affix to it his
+Governmental seal. The four hundred or more invited guests were given
+places in the left wing of the Hall of Mirrors, while the right wing was
+occupied by about the same number of press representatives. Sixty seats
+were allotted to the French press alone. Besides the military guards
+outside the palace, the grand stairway up which the delegates came to
+enter the hall was controlled by the Republican Guards in their most
+brilliant gala uniform.
+
+
+THE PEACE TABLE
+
+The peace table--a huge hollow rectangle with its open side facing the
+windows in the hall--was spread with tawny yellow coverings blending
+with the rich browns, blues, and yellows of the antique hangings and
+rugs; these, and the mellow tints of the historical paintings, depicting
+scenes from France's ancient wars, in the arched roof of the long hall,
+lent bright dashes of color to an otherwise austere scene. Against the
+sombre background also stood out the brilliant uniforms of a few French
+guards, in red plumed silver helmets and red, white, and blue uniforms,
+and a group of Allied Generals, including General Pershing, who wore the
+scarlet sash of the Legion of Honor.
+
+But all the diplomats and members of the parties who attended the
+ceremony of signing wore conventional civilian clothes. All gold lace
+and pageantry was eschewed, the fanciful garb of the Middle Ages was
+completely absent as representative of traditions and practices sternly
+condemned in the great bound treaty-volume of Japanese paper, covered
+with seals and printed in French and English, which was signed by
+twenty-seven nations that afternoon.
+
+As a contrast with the Franco-German peace session of 1871, held in the
+same hall, there were present some grizzled French veterans of the
+Franco-Prussian war. They took the place of the Prussian guardsmen of
+the previous ceremony, and gazed with a species of grim satisfaction at
+the disciples of Bismarck, who sat this time in the seats of the lowly,
+while the white marble statue of Minerva looked stonily on.
+
+
+ENTRANCE OF CHIEF ACTORS
+
+The ceremony of signing was marked only by three minor incidents: a
+protest by the German delegation at the eleventh hour over the
+provision of separate entrance, the filing of a document of protest by
+General Jan Smuts of the South African delegation, and the deliberate
+absence of the Chinese delegates from the ceremony, due to
+dissatisfaction over the concessions granted to Japan in Shantung.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Henry White
+
+Former Ambassador to France and Italy and one of the United States
+delegates to the Peace Conference.]
+
+The treaty was deposited on the table at 2:10 p.m. by William Martin of
+the French Foreign Office; it was inclosed in a stamped leather case,
+and bulked large. Because of the size of the volume and the fragile
+seals it bore, the plan to present it for signing to Premier Clemenceau,
+President Wilson, and Premier Lloyd George had been given up. A box of
+old-fashioned goose quills, sharpened by the expert pen pointer of the
+French Foreign Office, was placed on each of the three tables for the
+use of plenipotentiaries who desired to observe the conventional
+formalities.
+
+Secretary Lansing, meanwhile, had been the first of the American
+delegation to arrive in the palace--at 1:45 p.m. Premier Clemenceau
+entered at 2:20. Three detachments each consisting of fifteen private
+soldiers--from the American, British, and French forces--just before 3
+o'clock and took their places in the embrasures of the windows
+overlooking the chateau park, a few feet from Marshal Foch, who was
+seated with the French delegation at the peace table. Marshal Foch was
+present only as a spectator, and did not participate in the signing.
+These forty-five soldiers of the three main belligerent nations were
+present as the real "artisans of peace" and stood within the inclosure
+reserved for plenipotentiaries and high officials of the conference as a
+visible sign of their role in bringing into being a new Europe. These
+men had been selected from those who bore honorable wounds. Premier
+Clemenceau stepped up to the poilus of the French detachment and shook
+the hand of each, expressing his pleasure at seeing them, and his
+regrets for the suffering they had endured for France.
+
+
+PRESIDENT WILSON ENTERS
+
+Delegates of the minor powers made their way with difficulty through the
+crowd to their places at the table. Officers and civilians lined the
+walls and filled the aisles. President Wilson entered the Hall of
+Mirrors at 2:50. All the Allied delegates were then seated, except the
+Chinese representatives, who were conspicuous by their absence. The
+difficulty of seeing well militated against demonstrations on the
+arrival of prominent statesmen. The crowd refused to be seated and
+thronged toward the center of the hall, which is so long that a good
+view was impossible from any distance, even with the aid of opera
+glasses. German correspondents were ushered into the hall just before 3
+o'clock and took standing room in a window at the rear of the
+correspondents' section.
+
+At 3 o'clock a hush fell over the hall. There were a few moments of
+disorder while the officials and the crowd took their places. At 3:07
+the German delegates, Dr. Hermann Mueller, German Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs, and Dr. Johannes Bell, Colonial Secretary, were shown into the
+hall; with heads held high they took their seats. The other delegates
+remained seated, according to a prearranged plan reminiscent of the
+discourtesy displayed by von Brockdorff-Rantzau, who at the ceremony of
+delivery of the peace treaty on May 7th, had refused to rise to read his
+address to the Allied delegates. The seats of the German delegates
+touched elbows with the Japanese on the right and the Brazilians on the
+left. They were thus on the side nearest the entrance, and the program
+required them to depart by a separate exit before the other delegates at
+the close of the ceremony. Delegates from Ecuador, Peru, and Liberia
+faced them across the narrow table.
+
+
+THE GERMANS SIGN
+
+M. Clemenceau, as President of the Peace Conference, opened the
+ceremony. Rising, he made the following brief address, amid dead
+silence:
+
+     "The session is open. The allied and associated powers on one
+     side and the German Reich on the other side have come to an
+     agreement on the conditions of peace. The text has been
+     completed, drafted, and the President of the Conference has
+     stated in writing that the text that is about to be signed now
+     is identical with the 200 copies that have been delivered to
+     the German delegation. The signatures will be given now, and
+     they amount to a solemn undertaking faithfully and loyally to
+     execute the conditions embodied by this treaty of peace. I now
+     invite the delegates of the German Reich to sign the treaty.'
+
+There was a tense pause for a moment. Then in response to M.
+Clemenceau's bidding the German delegates rose without a word, and,
+escorted by William Martin, master of ceremonies, moved to the signatory
+table, where they placed upon the treaty the sign-manuals which German
+Government leaders had declared over and over again, with emphasis and
+anger, would never be appended to this treaty. They also signed a
+protocol covering changes in the documents, and the Polish undertaking.
+All three documents were similarly signed by the Allied delegates who
+followed.
+
+
+WILSON SIGNS NEXT
+
+When the German delegates regained their seats after signing, President
+Wilson immediately rose and, followed by the other American
+plenipotentiaries, moved around the sides of the horseshoe to the
+signature tables. It was thus President Wilson, and not M. Clemenceau,
+who was first of the Allied delegates to sign. This, however, was purely
+what may be called an alphabetical honor, in accordance with which the
+nations were named in the prologue to the treaty. Premier Lloyd George,
+with the British delegation, came next. The British dominions followed.
+M. Clemenceau with the French delegates, was next in line; then came
+Baron Saionji and the other Japanese delegates, and they in turn were
+followed by the representatives of the smaller powers.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau
+
+Foreign Minister of Germany and President of the German Peace
+delegates.]
+
+During the attaching of the signatures of the great powers and the
+Germans a battery of moving picture cameras clicked away so audibly that
+they could be heard above the general noise and disorder of the throng.
+The close of the ceremony came so quickly and quietly that it was
+scarcely noticed until it was all over. M. Clemenceau arose almost
+unremarked, and in a voice half lost amid the confusion and the hum of
+conversation which had sprung up while the minor powers were signing
+declared the conference closed, and asked the Allied and associated
+delegates to remain in their seats for a few moments--this to permit the
+German plenipotentiaries to leave the building before the general
+exodus.
+
+
+THE GERMANS DEPART
+
+None arose as the Germans filed out, accompanied by their suite of
+secretaries and interpreters, just as all the plenipotentiaries had kept
+their seats when Dr. Mueller and Dr. Bell entered. The Germans went forth
+evidently suffering strong emotion. Outside an unsympathetic crowd
+jammed close to the cars which took them away. There was no aggression,
+but the sentiment of the throng was unmistakable.
+
+Meanwhile the great guns that announced the closing of the ceremony were
+booming, and their concussion shook the old palace of Versailles to its
+foundations. Amid confusion the assembly dispersed, and the most
+momentous ceremony of the epoch was at an end.
+
+The great war which for five long years had shaken Europe and the world
+was formally ended at last. It was a war which had cost the belligerents
+over $200,000,000,000; which had caused the deaths of 8,000,000 human
+beings, and which had left the world a post-war burden of debt amounting
+to $135,000,000,000. It was a war which had changed the whole face of
+Europe, which had brought many new nations into existence, which had
+revolutionized the organization of all national and international life.
+It was a war which had brought the world the consciousness of its common
+obligation to unite against all war. The booming of the great guns of
+Versailles seemed to proclaim a new epoch.
+
+
+
+
+IV--THE PEACE TREATY--ITS MEANING
+TO AMERICA
+
+America's "Place in the Sun" Due to Her Efforts to Secure a Just Peace
+
+By GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM
+
+Formerly Attorney-General of the United States.
+
+
+"The cause of our entrance into the great war," declares Dr. David Jayne
+Hill in a recent essay, "being the violation by the German Imperial
+Government of our legal rights as a nation, our object in the war was to
+make our rights respected. The one clear duty of the treaty-making power
+in concluding peace with Germany, therefore, is to secure this
+result."[25]
+
+[25] "Americanizing the Treaty."--_North American Review_, August, 1919.
+
+In these words, one of the most distinguished and accomplished of the
+opponents of the treaty of Paris reveals the profound abyss which
+separates those who oppose from those who are urging the approval of the
+Treaty of Versailles. Dr. Hill, perhaps unconsciously, gives expression
+to a sordid, narrow, selfish view of the issues of the war, which would
+transmute into the most elemental act of self-defense one of the
+greatest crusades of high idealism ever conducted by any people in the
+history of nations. If, in fact, the cause of our participation in the
+war was merely to repel attacks upon our legal rights as a nation, then
+indeed, that end being attained, and the aggressor reduced to impotence
+for the future, we may return within our own borders, withdraw unto
+ourselves, disclaim all responsibility for the condition of the world
+elsewhere and plunge into the selfish exploitation of our national
+resources, "the world forgetting, by the world forgot." It is a strange
+perversion of the facts of recent history that leads to such a
+conception of America's responsibility for the future of civilization.
+
+There were undoubtedly, as Mr. Wilson said, "violations of right which
+touched us to the quick." Was it merely violations of our own national
+rights that roused this peace-loving nation to array itself for battle;
+that sent two million of our young men across three thousand miles of
+ocean to take their places beside the heroes of Verdun and the Marne,
+the veterans of Cambrai and Arras, Ypres and the Somme; infused the
+weary defenders of civilization with new courage; converted their
+defense into an irresistible offensive which shattered the greatest
+military machine of history, overthrew the Kaiser and his government,
+and brought the German nation to its knees? No! It was not the German
+attacks upon our rights as a nation; it was the German challenge of the
+whole basis of modern Christian civilization. It was her cynical
+disclaimer of the binding character of treaties; her inhuman method of
+warfare; her brutal cruelties of non-combatant men, women and children;
+her ruthless destruction of monuments of art--the possessions of not
+merely one nation, but of the entire world of men and women in every
+land who love beauty and revere art. It was the growing conviction that
+a government which ordered the sinking of the _Lusitania_ and the
+_Sussex_; that destroyed the priceless literary treasures of Louvain;
+that separated families in Belgium and France, and deported great
+companies of men to work in German munition factories; that ruthlessly
+cut up by the roots the fruit trees and shrubs of the occupied regions
+of France; that sought to destroy not merely the men, but the souls of
+nations, so that its own horrid philosophy of Force might reign over
+them--that such a government must no longer exist; that its pestilential
+influence was more noxious than tuberculosis or the bubonic plague.
+
+
+THE BASIS OF PEACE
+
+Therefore, the Youth of America joyously leaped to arms and crowded
+overseas in the greatest of all crusades, insuring victory and promising
+the opening of a new and better epoch of human history. It was the
+recognition of human kinship; the perception of human brotherhood, that
+inspired them to the great endeavor. Our proud sense of American
+nationality took on a deeper and holier significance as we joined
+forces with the older peoples in defense of the great principles of
+human right which had been formulated by our fathers and upon which was
+reared the American State. We were no less Americans that we had
+accepted a common responsibility with Great Britain, France and Italy
+for the preservation of the ideals of human freedom for which Washington
+fought and Lincoln died. Nay! better Americans, as we realized that the
+war was being fought in defense of those principles upon which our own
+institutions were founded and by which we had become the great, strong,
+free nation we are.
+
+And as the hideous carnage went on, and we saw a whole generation of the
+youth of the free nations of Europe butchered because the German people
+had become so obsessed with their own sense of superiority that they
+were determined to rule the world and impose upon all other peoples
+subservience to their Moloch-like gospel of efficiency, another feeling
+began to struggle for expression in Europe and America alike--a
+determination that all wars of aggression must cease; that disputes
+between nations must be settled like those between individuals, by
+peaceful arbitration or conciliation; that the causes of war must be
+examined and, so far as possible, removed, and that no such war as this
+ever again should desolate the earth. This was the meaning of the phrase
+one came to hear on many lips, that it was "a war against war." How
+could such a result be attained? Obviously, only by the continued
+association in peace of those powers whose close cooperation in war was
+compelling the overthrow of German militarism, and the widening of that
+association to include all the other nations who should accept its
+program and give an earnest of adherence to its ideals. There was also
+the hope that some time--when they should have offered up that ancient
+sacrifice, "an humble and a contrite heart"--even the German people,
+enfranchised and regenerated, might be admitted into the society of Free
+Peoples and with new significance become entitled to be called a
+civilized nation.
+
+These were the principles that underlay Mr. Wilson's program of
+peace--the fourteen points of January 8, 1918, and subsequent addresses;
+the only definite formulation of the basis of peace which was laid
+before the world, a program concerning which the American Congress
+expressed no definite criticism and for which it offered no substitute;
+a program which was accepted by Allies and opponents alike, and which
+constituted the Chart by which the Conference of Paris was required to
+endeavor to formulate the terms of the Treaty of Peace.
+
+The work of that Conference now has been submitted to the judgment of
+mankind. It was accepted by the new government of Germany with a wry
+face, as the judgment of the victors naturally would be taken by the
+vanquished. It has been ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain, by
+Italy, by France and by Japan. It has been for weeks under debate in the
+Senate of the United States. Daily efforts have been made to create a
+partisan political issue over it, and to visit upon it party resentment
+against the past actions of the President.[26]
+
+[26] This article by Mr. Wickersham was prepared prior to the Senate
+deadlock and the rejection of the Treaty with the Lodge reservations.
+
+Dr. Hill again sums up the case against the treaty--the final basis
+which the confused gropings after some means of making it unpopular with
+the people finally have evolved--in these words:
+
+     "The League of Nations, as proposed, includes not only
+     obligations not related to the reasons for engaging in the war,
+     but also obligations opposed to the traditions, the
+     time-honored policies, and even the constitutional provisions
+     of the United States. It commits the whole future policy of
+     this country to the decisions of an international body in which
+     it would have only a single voice; it permits that body to
+     intrude its judgments, and thereby its policies into a sphere
+     hitherto regarded as exclusively American, and, in addition, it
+     demands that the territories held by each of the members of the
+     League under this treaty shall receive the permanent protection
+     of the United States as integral parts of the Nations that now
+     claim them."
+
+Is it true? What is the real meaning of the Peace Treaty and its effect
+upon the people of the United States? The answer to these questions, and
+indeed to most of the criticism of the Covenant, is conclusively met by
+a reading of the treaty. But first let us turn for a moment to the
+fourteen points of Mr. Wilson's address of January 8, 1918. The basis of
+the territorial readjustment of Europe which he then proposed, was the
+giving of national expression to racial aspiration. Alien imperial rule
+such as that of Austria over Hungary and Bohemia, and that of Germany,
+Austria or Russia over Poland, was to end, and the Poles, the Croats,
+Serbs, Hungarians, Bohemians, and the Czechoslavs and Jugoslavs each
+were to be allowed national existence, with the right of
+self-determination. Whatever may now be thought of the wisdom of this
+theory, it was accepted by all of the Allies, who thereby were committed
+to a responsibility for the protection, certainly in the early years of
+their existence, of the new nations they united to call into being.
+Recognizing this fact, the fourteenth of the Wilson points provided for
+the creation of an Association of the Allied Nations to protect the work
+of their arms. Aside from that practical purpose, the League of Nations
+was recognized by many in every land as furnishing the only practicable
+machinery for the removal of causes of war and the prevention of new
+assaults upon civilization, such as that which Germany had launched in
+August, 1914.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Victoria Hall at Geneva=
+
+Selected by the Council of the Powers as the meeting place of the League
+of Nations.]
+
+The first Chapter of the Peace Treaty, therefore, is a Covenant or
+Compact forming a League of Nations, whose purpose, as expressed in the
+Preamble, is "to promote international cooperation and to achieve
+international peace and security." Worthy objects, these: how are they
+to be attained? The Preamble answers,
+
+     "by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the
+     prescription of open, just and honorable relations between
+     nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of
+     international law as to actual rule of conduct among
+     governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous
+     respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized
+     peoples with one another."
+
+Are not these methods such as America has made her own? Have we not in
+many treaties accepted obligations not to make war until all peaceful
+methods of settling disputes shall have been exhausted; have we not
+striven to make the principles of international law rules for the
+government of nations; and was not one of the main points in the
+indictment of Germany on which we prosecuted the war against her that
+she had flouted the sanctity of treaties and made them mere scraps of
+paper?
+
+The objects of the League therefore, as set forth in the Covenant, are
+expressive only of policies and principles to which the United States
+has given a consistent and unbroken adherence from the days of the Jay
+Treaty to the present hour. How are these objects proposed to be
+attained in the text of the Covenant? What is there in its provisions to
+justify the frantic abuse that has been heaped upon it by its opponents
+and to sustain the final accusation that it is "un-American?"
+
+
+MACHINERY OF THE LEAGUE
+
+First, as to the Machinery of the League. There is an Assembly of its
+members to which each Sovereign State may send delegates. There is an
+Assembly of its members to which each nation necessarily has one vote.
+In the United States Senate, Rhode Island and New York have equal
+representation, despite disparity in wealth and population. The
+principle of sovereignty requires this recognition of equality. But the
+powers of the Assembly are restricted to voting upon the admission of
+new members to the League, the addition of members to the Council, the
+disposition of international disputes which may be referred to it by the
+Council under Article XV, and the general consideration at its meetings
+of "any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting
+the peace of the world." This general authority only can embrace the
+right of discussion, save in very exceptional cases, as by Article V,
+"decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall
+require the agreement of all the members of the League represented at
+the meeting."
+
+The actual governing body of the League is the Council, which is to
+consist of representatives of the five greater powers,--the United
+States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan, together with
+representatives of four other members of the League selected by the
+Assembly from time to time. These numbers may be increased, but only by
+the unanimous vote of the Council, approved by a majority of the
+Assembly.
+
+As noted above, save in the very few expressly expected cases, the
+Council can reach decisions only by unanimous vote. What are to be its
+functions? They need not be enumerated in detail here. Briefly, they
+deal with the reduction of armaments, the control by governments of the
+private manufacture of munitions and implements of war, the
+consideration of any war or threat of war--"of any circumstance whatever
+affecting international relations which threatens to disturb either the
+peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace
+depends." They require the formulation and submission to the members of
+the League for adoption of plans for the establishment of a permanent
+Court of International Justice. They empower the Council to endeavor to
+effect a settlement of any international dispute which shall not be
+submitted to arbitration by the parties; to investigate, consider and
+report upon any such dispute, and to publish its conclusions.
+
+The parties to the League solemnly covenant and agree that if any
+dispute shall arise between them likely to lead to a rupture they will
+submit it either to arbitration or inquiry by the Council, and that in
+no case will they resort to war until three months after the award by
+the arbitrators or the report by the Council. They agree also to carry
+out in good faith any award that may be rendered, and not to make war
+against any member of the League that complies therewith. If a report by
+the Council is unanimously agreed to by its members, other than the
+representatives of the disputants, the members agree not to go to war
+with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of
+the report.
+
+
+OBJECTIONS TO THE PLAN
+
+It is objected by some that the decision of questions between nations by
+these provisions is left to a body of delegates composing the Council
+who are not bound to decide according to rules of international law, but
+may reach conclusions merely as political expediency. This seems a
+strained interpretation. The members of the League agree to submit
+either (1) to arbitration or (2) to investigation by the Council, every
+dispute which may arise between them likely to lead to a rupture and in
+no case to resort to war until three months after the award by
+arbitrators or the report by the Council. They declare (by Article XIII)
+
+     "Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any
+     question of international law, as to the existence of any fact
+     which, if established, would constitute a breach of any
+     international obligation, or as to the extent and nature of the
+     reparation to be made for any such breach," to be among those
+     which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration.
+     Disputes of the character thus enumerated are what are known as
+     justiciable, _i. e._, subject to be decided by a Court by the
+     application of the recognized principles of international law.
+
+Mr. Root recommended that such disputes should be required to be
+arbitrated. The Conference at Paris, like those at the two Hague
+Conferences, would not agree to that. But in view of the declaration
+just quoted, any power which should bring before the Council a dispute
+of the character mentioned, but which it was unwilling to submit to
+arbitration, would have the burden of showing convincing reason for such
+attitude.
+
+When the first draft of the Covenant was before the country, American
+critics objected that it would compel the United States to submit to
+arbitration on inquiry by the Council purely domestic questions such as
+tariff, immigration and coastwise traffic. To meet this objection, there
+was inserted in Art. XV the following paragraph:
+
+     "If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them,
+     and is found by the Council to arise out of a matter which by
+     international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of
+     that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no
+     recommendation as to its settlement."
+
+To this it is objected that the determination of the question whether or
+not a matter of dispute is by the rules of international law solely with
+the domestic jurisdiction of a member is left to the Council and not to
+the member. Surely, it requires no explanation to demonstrate, that if a
+member State may oust the Council of jurisdiction to inquire into a
+given dispute which threatens the peace of the world merely by itself
+asserting that it arises out of a matter within its exclusive domestic
+jurisdiction, a very imperfect means of averting war will have been
+provided, and the League Covenant will hardly have more efficacy than
+the second Hague Convention. Remember too, that the reports of the
+Council must be unanimous, and the unreasonableness of the objection to
+the provisions cited will appear.
+
+
+MEANS TO PREVENT WAR
+
+Articles XI to XVI constitute the heart of the Covenant, the most
+effective means ever formulated to prevent war. The agreements of the
+nations not to resort to war until the processes of arbitration or
+inquiry are exhausted, are buttressed by the provision that should any
+member violate these agreements it shall _ipso facto_ be deemed to have
+committed an act of war against all the other members of the League,
+entailing as a consequence commercial boycott, expulsion and the
+application of armed force, if the members shall so determine. The
+employment of force in this case, as in every other contemplated by the
+Covenant, is not left to the decision of Council or Assembly. They can
+only recommend. The member States agree _not to go_ to war. There is
+nowhere in the document any provision compelling them _to go_ to war.
+Even where one State in violation of its Covenant threatens the peace of
+the world, the utmost the Council can do is
+
+     "To recommend to the several governments concerned what
+     effective military or naval forces the members of the League
+     shall severally contribute to the armaments of forces to be
+     used to protect the covenants of the League."
+
+Much heated objection has been directed against Article X, which reads
+as follows:
+
+     "The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as
+     against external aggression the territorial integrity and
+     existing political independence of all members of the League.
+     In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or
+     danger of such aggression, the Council shall advise upon the
+     means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.'
+
+Again, it is left to the determination of each State what force it shall
+employ to enforce this provision. As a matter of fact, this article adds
+little, if anything, to the provisions of Article XI, which declares
+that "Any war or threat of war ... is hereby declared a matter of
+concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that
+may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations." Any
+external aggression against the territorial integrity or political
+independence of a member of the League would amount to a war or threat
+of war, and would invoke action under Article XI, if not under Article
+X. But the guaranty of Article X is very necessary as affording a moral
+protection to the new nations brought into being through the peace
+Conference. The United States of America, whose President formulated the
+principles of peace to which these Nations owe their existence, can not
+afford to shirk responsibility for their protection. The Covenant
+abolishes the evil of secret treaties between the nations composing the
+League, while preserving the effectiveness of existing treaties of
+arbitration.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Harris & Ewing
+
+=William Howard Taft=
+
+An earnest supporter of the President and his administration throughout
+the war, though of the opposite party.]
+
+
+THE MONROE DOCTRINE
+
+To meet the objection that the Covenant would deprive us of the Monroe
+Doctrine--a national policy adopted by the United States as its own and
+maintained for its own protection--Article XXI of the amended Covenant
+provides that--
+
+     "Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the
+     validity of international engagements such as treaties of
+     arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine
+     for securing the maintenance of peace."
+
+The phrase "regional understanding," as applied to the Monroe Doctrine,
+is not a happy one. But the article certainly excludes the Monroe
+Doctrine from modification or effect by the treaty. It secures from
+every one of the thirty-two original members and the thirteen other
+states which shall be invited to join the League, a recognition of the
+existence of the Monroe Doctrine and an agreement that it is not to be
+affected by anything contained in the Covenant. Certainly _that_ is not
+an un-American result to accomplish, and when one reads Dr. Hill's
+statement that the Covenant "does not embody our traditional American
+ideals," one wonders in what museum of forgotten lore the learned doctor
+has found those "traditional ideals" preserved. Dr. Hill's so-called
+ideals conflict with the expression in this great treaty of the
+peculiarly American ideal of averting war by providing peaceful methods
+of settling disputes among nations, with the express recognition by all
+the other nations of the doctrine that "was proclaimed in 1823 to
+prevent America from becoming a theater for the intrigues of European
+absolutism," and with the official commentary of the Delegates of Great
+Britain which says that--
+
+     "At first a principle of American foreign _policy_, it (Monroe
+     Doctrine) has become an international _understanding_, and it
+     is not illegitimate for the people of the United States to ask
+     that the Covenant should recognize this fact."
+
+
+GERMAN COLONIES
+
+One of the most difficult problems presented to the Peace Conference was
+the disposition of the former colonies of Germany in Asia, Africa and
+Australasia, and of the communities formerly belonging to the Turkish
+Empire. It was recognized that the victors in the war shared a common
+responsibility for the just and wise treatment of these peoples, who
+were utterly unable to stand alone. The method adopted declared all of
+them to be wards of the League of Nations and provided that they should
+be governed by Mandatory Powers willing to undertake the task and
+appointed by the League under charters framed by the Council. These
+Powers would be answerable to the League for the right exercise of their
+powers, and subject to inspection and report. A great deal of
+impassioned rhetoric has been expended over these provisions, upon the
+false assumption that thereby the United States was committed to a
+responsibility for the government of remote regions of the earth. The
+Covenant commits us to nothing. Our participation in the war has
+entailed upon us a common responsibility with our Allies for the
+protection and wise government of these communities. We no more can
+escape that responsibility with honor than we could after the Spanish
+War escape responsibility for the Philippine Islands.
+
+But it is for the American Congress to determine the extent of
+recognition of our duty and the means by which we shall discharge it.
+
+In the case of the Philippine Islands, the United States set for the
+world a great moral example in the government of colonies, not in its
+own interest, but for the benefit and exclusively in the interest of the
+inhabitants of possessions which fell into our hands as a consequence of
+the war with Spain. The principle thus proclaimed and practiced has been
+followed in the case of the colonies and territories which the World War
+has left at the disposition of the Allied and Associated Nations. This
+principle, in the words of the Covenant, is "that the well-being and
+development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization." The
+best method yet devised for giving practicable effect to this principle
+undoubtedly is,
+
+     "That the tutelage of such peoples be intrusted to advanced
+     nations who, by reason of their resources, their experience or
+     their geographical position, can best undertake this
+     responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this
+     tutelage should be exercised by them as mandatories on behalf
+     of the League."
+
+This is the American attitude toward undeveloped peoples. To remove
+these provisions from the Peace Treaty would be to _de_-Americanize the
+Treaty.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
+
+The Covenant brings within the cognizance of the League the regulation
+of international relations affecting (1) efforts to secure and maintain
+fair and humane conditions of labor for men, women and children--a
+subject elaborated and provided for in great detail in Part XIII of the
+Peace Treaty; (2) the execution of international agreements with regard
+to traffic in women and children, and in opium and other dangerous
+drugs; (3) the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which
+the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest; (4) the
+prevention and control of disease.
+
+The members of the League further agree (1)
+
+     "To make provision to secure and maintain freedom of
+     communication and of transit and _equitable_ treatment for the
+     commerce of all members of the League,"
+
+and (2)
+
+     "to encourage and promote the establishment and cooperation of
+     duly authorized voluntary national Red Cross organizations
+     having as purposes improvement of health, the prevention of
+     disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world."
+
+All these are subjects customarily dealt with in international
+agreements. These provisions are designed to bring into coordination
+with the League and make more effective all provisions concerning such
+matters.
+
+The framers of this great program recognized that it was, necessarily,
+an experiment, and that experience doubtless would develop defects and
+suggest needed changes. Provision is therefor made for amendments which
+should take effect when ratified by the members of the League whose
+representatives compose the Council, and by a majority of the members
+whose representatives compose the Assembly. But, preserving the theory
+that the League is to be an alliance of Sovereign Powers, it also is
+provided that no member shall be bound against his will by any such
+amendment. It may dissent, and thereby cease to be a member of the
+League.
+
+Finally, any member may, at will, after two years' notice, withdraw from
+the League,
+
+     "provided that all its international obligations and all its
+     obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at
+     the time of its withdrawal."
+
+No jurisdiction is vested in any organ of the League to determine
+whether or not in any instance this condition has been complied with. It
+is conceivable that pending some arbitration or inquiry by the Council,
+the application of a commercial boycott or other disciplinary process
+for violation of a provision of the Covenant, the offending power should
+seek to escape the jurisdiction of the League, by exercising the right
+of withdrawal. The period of notice probably is too long to allow of
+this, and yet the slow process of international procedure might require
+more than two years to reach a conclusion. Does it not seem fair that
+before a nation should withdraw from this great association it should be
+required to fulfil its obligations under the treaty?
+
+
+PROBABILITY OF WAR MINIMIZED
+
+The treaty of peace with Germany deals with many questions of vital
+import to European nations, but with which America has but little direct
+concern. Part I, the Covenant, is the section which touches us most
+nearly. It is the part which embodies the idealism of our people, and
+through which we are enabled to discharge the responsibilities we
+assumed by formulating for friend and foe the conditions of peace. Human
+nature changes but little from century to century, but the highest and
+purest aspirations of the human heart find expression from age to age
+with greater force and with wider acceptance. Doubtless, in the future,
+the passions of man will again flare up in bloody wars, but the
+creation of an adequate machinery for discussion and cooling reflection,
+must tend to minimize the probabilities of war. The spirits of millions
+of slaughtered youth who sleep in the fields of France and Flanders call
+out to us, for whom they died, to consecrate their sacrifice by a new
+and greater endeavor to safeguard the future peace of the world.
+
+The conferees of Paris have formulated a measure for this purpose. It is
+not perfect. Experience may develop even greater imperfections than
+study has revealed. But it contains much of hope and promise. It is
+practical; it is subject to amendment. It commits no one irrevocably to
+its provisions. It is instinct with American idealism. It is in accord
+with the best American traditions. Washington, Lincoln, McKinley, and
+Roosevelt--each has contributed to the establishment of some of its main
+provisions. No partisan, no provincial prejudice should be permitted to
+influence or control the judgment of our people concerning it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+=When Peace Came to Verdun=
+
+It was 10:45 on the morning of November 11th in Verdun. The Germans had
+thrown a barrage over the little French city, now immortal; and shells
+were falling, plowing up the earth that had been turned over and over,
+ground to powder by four years of artillery fire. Would the Germans stop
+at 11 o'clock? Reason said "yes." Everyone in Verdun knew that at that
+hour the armistice would go into effect.
+
+It was 10:50. The guns continued bellowing. A feeling deeper than reason
+came over those in the city that the Germans would not stop. Verdun had
+lived through four years of fire, smoke, thunder, blood, and ruin.
+Sometimes for days there would be a lull, but the guns were never quiet
+long. The Germans never forgave the "they-shall-not-pass" spirit that
+had hurled them back just as the prize--this military key to the West
+front--seemed within their grasp.
+
+It was 10:55. Men were crouching between buildings. They kept
+coming--doughboys, Morrocans, English soldiers, more doughboys. Even the
+general and his aids began to look anxious.
+
+"Then," says B. C. Edworthy in _Association Men_, "as suddenly as though
+God himself had dropped a wet blanket over the crackling flames of hell
+and at one blow had extinguished them all, the firing ceased. There was
+an instant's pause, in which it seemed as though the world had come to
+an end. Then from the forty bells, high in the still untouched towers of
+that old cathedral at Verdun, which had witnessed the most heroic
+sacrifice of life and love save that on Calvary alone, pealed forth as
+did the voices over the Bethlehem hills those silver tones that once
+again were saying, 'Peace on Earth.' The men were joyously and
+deliriously leaping about, yelling and shouting and singing and kissing
+one another. Slowly those heavy cathedral doors opened and in rushed
+about six hundred of the Allied soldiers."
+
+There were Mohammedans, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. They pressed
+forward into the choir space, the roofs above them open to heaven. A
+simple impromptu service of thanksgiving followed. An English soldier
+led the Doxology, and all who knew the hymn joined in. Six hundred
+worshipers knelt, each soldier praying according to his faith.
+Mohammedans bowed to the stones, Catholics crossed themselves, Jews and
+Protestants with moving lips bent their heads or lifted their faces to
+heaven. Dr. Oscar E. Maurer, of New Haven, Conn., led the _Lord's
+Prayer_. As the strange congregation rose, the Americans began "My
+Country 'tis of Thee," the English joining in with "God Save the King."
+
+There could be only one closing hymn in that battered shell of Verdun
+Cathedral. Now, as though it had been arranged, the French pushed
+forward and began the "Marseillaise." It was the singing of the soul of
+a nation, a soul redeemed:
+
+    _Allons, enfants de la patrie
+    Le jour de gloire est arrive_
+
+Peace had come to Verdun, deliverance to France, safety to the world.
+With the last words of the national hymn of France, the service was
+finished, and the worshipers turned and reverently left the building.
+
+
+
+
+THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
+
+(Signed June 28, 1919, Rejected by the United States, November 19, 1919
+and Again Rejected, with the Lodge Reservations, March 19, 1920)
+
+
+The preamble contains the names of the plenipotentiaries that took part
+in the negotiations and signed the treaty, with a few exceptions: Dr.
+Hermann Mueller and Dr. Johannes Bell were substituted for
+Brockdorff-Rantzau and his associates, China's delegates refused to sign
+on account of the Shantung concessions to Japan, and Italy was
+represented by a new commission headed by Signor Tittoni, the new
+Foreign Minister.
+
+The text here reproduced is the revised edition of the treaty
+distributed in French and English among the delegates at the time of the
+signing. The copy actually signed is deposited in the archives of the
+Republic of France in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+PREAMBLE
+
+
+     The United States of America, the British Empire, France,
+     Italy, and Japan, these powers being described in the present
+     treaty as the principal Allied and Associated Powers; Belgium,
+     Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala,
+     Haiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru,
+     Poland, Portugal, Rumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene State; Siam,
+     Czechoslovakia, and Uruguay, these powers constituting with the
+     principal powers mentioned above the Allied and Associated
+     Powers of the one part; and Germany, of the other part: Bearing
+     in mind that on the request of the Imperial German Government
+     an armistice was granted on Nov. 11, 1918, to Germany by the
+     principal Allied and Associated Powers in order that a treaty
+     of peace might be concluded with her, and the Allied and
+     Associated Powers being equally desirous that the war in which
+     they were successively involved directly or indirectly, and
+     which originated in the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary
+     on July 28, 1914, against Serbia; the declaration of war by
+     Germany against Russia on Aug. 1, 1914, and against France on
+     Aug. 3, 1914, and in the invasion of Belgium, should be
+     replaced by a firm, just, and durable peace;
+
+     For this purpose the high contracting parties represented as
+     follows:
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, by:
+
+     The Honorable Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States,
+     acting in his own name and by his own proper authority;
+
+     The Honorable Robert Lansing, Secretary of State;
+
+     The Honorable Henry White, formerly Ambassador Extraordinary
+     and Plenipotentiary of the United States at Rome and Paris;
+
+     The Honorable Edward M. House;
+
+     General Tasker H. Bliss, Military Representative of the United
+     States on the Supreme War Council;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND
+     IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, EMPEROR
+     OF INDIA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable David Lloyd George, M. P., First Lord of
+     his Treasury and Prime Minister;
+
+     The Right Honorable Andrew Bonar Law, M. P., his Lord Privy
+     Seal;
+
+     The Right Honorable Viscount Milner, G. C. B., G. C. M. G., his
+     Secretary of State for the Colonies;
+
+     The Right Honorable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P., his
+     Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs;
+
+     The Right Honorable George Nicoll Barnes, M. P., Minister
+     without portfolio; and
+
+     FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable Sir George Eulas Foster, G. C. M. G.,
+     Minister of Trade and Commerce;
+
+     The Right Honorable Charles Joseph Doherty, Minister of
+     Justice;
+
+     FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable William Morris Hughes, Attorney General and
+     Prime Minister;
+
+     The Right Honorable Sir Joseph Cook, G. C. M. G., Minister for
+     the Navy;
+
+     FOR THE DOMINION OF SOUTH AFRICA, by:
+
+     General the Right Honorable Louis Botha, Prime Minister;
+
+     Lieut. General the Right Honorable Jan Christiaan Smuts, K. C.,
+     Minister of Defense;
+
+     FOR THE DOMINION OF NEW ZEALAND, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable William Ferguson Massey, Minister of Labor
+     and Prime Minister;
+
+     FOR INDIA, by:
+
+     The Right Honorable Edwin Samuel Montagu, M. P., his Secretary
+     of State for India;
+
+     Major General his Highness Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh Bahadur,
+     Maharaja of Bikanir, G. C. S. I., G. C. I. E., G. C. V. O., K.
+     C. B., A. D. C.;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council, Minister of
+     War;
+
+     Mr. Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     Mr. L. L. Klotz, Minister of Finance;
+
+     Mr. Andre Tardieu, Commissary General for Franco-American
+     Military Affairs;
+
+     Mr. Jules Cambon, Ambassador of France;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY,[27] by:
+
+     Mr. V. E. Orlando, President of the Council of Ministers;
+
+[27] On account of the overthrow of the Orlando Ministry and the
+formation of the Nitti Ministry, the treaty was signed by a delegation
+headed by Signor Tittoni, the New Foreign Minister.
+
+     Baron S. Sonnino, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     Mr. S. Crespi, Deputy, Minister of Supplies;
+
+     Marquis G. Imperiali, Senator of the Kingdom, Ambassador of his
+     Majesty the King of Italy at London;
+
+     Mr. S. Barzilai, Deputy, formerly Minister;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN, by:
+
+     Marquis Saionji, formerly President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Baron Makino, formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs, member of
+     the Diplomatic Council;
+
+     Viscount Chinda, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
+     of H. M. the Emperor of Japan at London;
+
+     Mr. K. Matsui, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
+     H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Paris;
+
+     Mr. H. Ijuin, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
+     H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Rome;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, by:
+
+     Mr. Hymans, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of State;
+
+     Mr. Van Den Heuvel, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of the Belgians, Minister of
+     State;
+
+     Mr. Vandervelde, Minister of Justice, Minister of State;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA, by:
+
+     Mr. Ismael Montes, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Bolivia at Paris;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL, by:
+
+     Mr. Epitacio Pessoa, formerly Minister of State, formerly
+     member of the Supreme Court of Justice, Federal Senator;
+
+     Mr. Pandia Calogeras, Deputy, formerly Minister of Finance;
+
+     Mr. Raul Ferdnandes;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC,[28] by;
+
+     Mr. Lou Tseng-Tsiang, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     Mr. Chengting Thomas Wang, formerly Minister of Agriculture and
+     Commerce;
+
+     [28] Refused to sign on account of Shantung concessions to Japan.
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE CUBAN REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Antonio Sanchez de Bustamante, Dean of The Faculty of Law
+     in the University of Havana, President of the Cuban Society of
+     International Law;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, by:
+
+     Mr. Enrique Dorn y de Alsua, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Ecuador at Paris;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES, by:
+
+     Mr. Eleftherios Venizelos, President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Nicolas Politis, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA, by:
+
+     Mr. Joaquin Mendez, formerly Minister of State for Public Works
+     and Public Instruction, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Guatemala at Washington, Envoy Extraordinary
+     and Minister Plenipotentiary on Special Mission at Paris;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI, by:
+
+     Mr. Tertullien Guilbaud, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Haiti at Paris;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HEDJAZ, by:
+
+     Mr. Rustem Haidar;
+
+     Mr. Abdul Hadi Aouni;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS, by:
+
+     Dr. Policarpe Bonilla, on special mission to Washington,
+     formerly President of the Republic of Honduras, Envoy
+     Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA, by:
+
+     The Honorable C. D. B. King, Secretary of State;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA, by:
+
+     Mr. Salvador Chamorro, President of the Chamber of Deputies;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, by:
+
+     Mr. Antonio Burgos, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Panama at Madrid;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU, by:
+
+     Mr. Carlos G. Candamo, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of Peru at Paris;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE POLISH REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Roman Dmowski, President of the Polish National Committee;
+
+     Mr. Ignace Paderewski, President of the Council of Ministers,
+     Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE PORTUGESE REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Dr. Affonso Costa, formerly President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Augusto Soares, formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF RUMANIA, by:
+
+     Mr. Jean J. C. Bratiano, President of the Council of Ministers,
+     Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     General Constantin Coanda, Corps Commander, A. D. C. to the
+     King, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS, AND THE
+     SLOVENES, by:
+
+     Mr. N. P. Pachitch, formerly President of the Council of
+     Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Ante Trumbic, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Milenko R.
+     Vesnitch, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
+     H. M. the King of the Serbs, the Croats, and the Slovenes at
+     Paris;
+
+     HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SIAM, by:
+
+     Prince Charoon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
+     Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of Siam at Paris;
+
+     Prince Traidos Prabandhu, Under Secretary of State for Foreign
+     Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHO-SLOVAK REPUBLIC, by:
+
+     Mr. Charles Kramar, President of the Council of Ministers;
+
+     Mr. Edouard Benes, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
+
+     THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY, by:
+
+     Mr. Juan Antonio Buero, Minister of Industry, formerly Minister
+     of Foreign Affairs;
+
+[Illustration: Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+
+On January 8, 1918, President Wilson outlined the fourteen points on the
+basis of which the Allies should make peace.]
+
+     GERMANY,[29] by;
+
+     Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the
+     Empire;
+
+[29] Treaty Signed by Dr. Hermann Mueller, Minister for Foreign Affairs
+of the Empire, and Dr. Johannes Bell, Minister of the Empire.
+
+     Dr. Landsberg, Minister of Justice of the Empire;
+
+     Mr. Giesberts, Minister of Posts of the Empire;
+
+     Oberbuergermeister Leinert, President of the Prussian National
+     Assembly;
+
+     Dr. Schuecking;
+
+     Dr. Karl Melchior; Acting in the name of the German Empire and
+     of each and every component State.
+
+WHO having communicated their full powers found in good and due form
+HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
+
+From the coming into force of the present treaty the state of war will
+terminate. From that moment and subject to the provisions of this treaty
+official relations with Germany and with any of the German States will
+be resumed by the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+
+
+
+PART I
+
+The Covenant of the League of Nations
+
+
+The high contracting parties, in order to promote international
+cooperation and to achieve international peace and security by the
+acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of
+open, just, and honorable relations between nations, by the firm
+establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual
+rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and
+a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of
+organized peoples with one another, agree to this covenant of the League
+of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 1.=--The original members of the League of Nations shall be
+those of the signatories which are named in the annex to this covenant
+and also such of those other States named in the annex as shall accede
+without reservation to this covenant. Such accession shall be effected
+by a declaration deposited with the secretariat within two months of the
+coming into force of the covenant. Notice thereof shall be sent to all
+other members of the League.
+
+Any fully self-governing State, dominion, or colony not named in the
+annex may become a member of the League if its admission is agreed to by
+two-thirds of the assembly, provided that it shall give effective
+guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its international
+obligations, and shall accept such regulations as may be prescribed by
+the League in regard to its military, naval and air forces and
+armaments.
+
+Any member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention
+so to do, withdraw from the League, provided that all its international
+obligations and all its obligations under this covenant shall have been
+fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.
+
+=ARTICLE 2.=--The action of the League under this covenant shall be
+effected through the instrumentality of an assembly and of a council,
+with a permanent secretariat.
+
+=ARTICLE 3.=--The assembly shall consist of representatives of the
+members of the League.
+
+The assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as
+occasion may require at the seat of the League or at such other place as
+may be decided upon.
+
+The assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere
+of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.
+
+At meetings of the assembly each member of the League shall have one
+vote, and may have not more than three representatives.
+
+=ARTICLE 4.=--The council shall consist of representatives of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, together with representatives of
+four other members of the League. These four members of the League shall
+be selected by the assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until
+the appointment of the representatives of the four members of the League
+first selected by the assembly, representatives of Belgium, Brazil,
+Spain, and Greece shall be members of the council.
+
+With the approval of the majority of the assembly, the council may name
+additional members of the League whose representatives shall always be
+members of the council; the council with like approval may increase the
+number of members of the League to be selected by the assembly for
+representation on the council.
+
+The council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at
+least once a year, at the seat of the League, or at such other place as
+may be decided upon.
+
+The council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere
+of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.
+
+Any member of the League not represented on the council shall be invited
+to send a representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the
+council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the
+interests of that member of the League.
+
+At meetings of the council, each member of the League represented on the
+council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one
+representative.
+
+=ARTICLE 5.=--Except where otherwise expressly provided in this covenant
+or by the terms of the present treaty, decisions at any meeting of the
+assembly or of the council shall require the agreement of all the
+members of the League represented at the meeting.
+
+All matters of procedure at meetings of the assembly or of the council,
+including the appointment of committees to investigate particular
+matters, shall be regulated by the assembly or by the council and may be
+decided by a majority of the members of the League represented at the
+meeting.
+
+The first meeting of the assembly and the first meeting of the council
+shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America.
+
+=ARTICLE 6.=--The permanent secretariat shall be established at the seat
+of the League. The secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and
+such secretaries and staff as may be required.
+
+The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the annex;
+thereafter the Secretary General shall be appointed by the council with
+the approval of the majority of the assembly.
+
+The secretaries and staff of the secretariat shall be appointed by the
+Secretary General with the approval of the council.
+
+The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the
+assembly and of the council.
+
+The expenses of the secretariat shall be borne by the members of the
+League in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the
+International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.
+
+=ARTICLE 7.=--The seat of the League is established at Geneva.
+
+The council may at any time decide that the seat of the League shall be
+established elsewhere.
+
+All positions under or in connection with the League, including the
+secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women.
+
+Representatives of the members of the League and officials of the League
+when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic
+privileges and immunities.
+
+The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials
+or by representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable.
+
+=ARTICLE 8.=--The members of the League recognize that the maintenance
+of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest
+point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common
+action of international obligations.
+
+The council, taking account of the geographical situation and
+circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction
+for the consideration and action of several Governments.
+
+Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least
+every ten years.
+
+After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments,
+the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the
+concurrence of the council.
+
+The members of the League agree that the manufacture by private
+enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave
+objections. The council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon
+such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the
+necessities of those members of the League which are not able to
+manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their
+safety.
+
+The members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank
+information as to the scale of their armaments, their military and naval
+programs and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable
+to warlike purposes.
+
+=ARTICLE 9.=--A permanent commission shall be constituted to advise the
+council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on
+military and naval questions generally.
+
+=ARTICLE 10.=--The members of the League undertake to respect and
+preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and
+existing political independence of all members of the League. In case of
+any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such
+aggression the council shall advise upon the means by which this
+obligation shall be fulfilled.
+
+=ARTICLE 11.=--Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting
+any of the members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of
+concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that
+may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In
+case any such emergency should arise the Secretary General shall on the
+request of any member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the
+council.
+
+It is also declared to be the friendly right of each member of the
+League to bring to the attention of the assembly or of the council any
+circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens
+to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations
+upon which peace depends.
+
+=ARTICLE 12.=--The members of the League agree that if there should
+arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will
+submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the council,
+and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the
+award by the arbitrators or the report by the council.
+
+In any case under this article the award of the arbitrators shall be
+made within a reasonable time, and the report of the council shall be
+made within six months after the submission of the dispute.
+
+=ARTICLE 13.=--The members of the League agree that whenever any dispute
+shall arise between them which they recognize to be suitable for
+submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by
+diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration.
+
+Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of
+international law, as to the existence of any fact which if established
+would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the
+extent and nature of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are
+declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission
+to arbitration.
+
+For the consideration of any such dispute the Court of Arbitration to
+which the case is referred shall be the court agreed on by the parties
+to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them.
+
+The members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good
+faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to
+war against a member of the League which complies therewith. In the
+event of any failure to carry out such an award, the council shall
+propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 14.=--The council shall formulate and submit to the members of
+the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court
+of International Justice.
+
+The court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an
+international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The
+court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question
+referred to it by the council or by the assembly.
+
+=ARTICLE 15.=--If there should arise between members of the League any
+dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to
+arbitration in accordance with Article 13, the members of the League
+agree that they will submit the matter to the council. Any party to the
+dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of
+the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary
+arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof.
+
+For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the
+Secretary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case
+with all the relevant facts and papers, and the council may forthwith
+direct the publication thereof.
+
+The council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if
+such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving
+such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of
+settlement thereof as the council may deem appropriate.
+
+If the dispute is not thus settled, the council either unanimously or by
+a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement
+of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed
+just and proper in regard thereto.
+
+Any member of the League represented on the council may make public a
+statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding
+the same.
+
+If a report by the council is unanimously agreed to by the members
+thereof other than the representatives of one or more of the parties to
+the dispute, the members of the League agree that they will not go to
+war with any party to the dispute which complies with the
+recommendations of the report.
+
+If the council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by
+the members thereof, other than the representatives of one or more of
+the parties to the dispute, the members of the League reserve to
+themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider
+necessary for the maintenance of right and justice.
+
+If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is
+found by the council to arise out of a matter which by international law
+is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the council
+shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.
+
+The council may in any case under this article refer the dispute to the
+assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either
+party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within fourteen
+days after the submission of the dispute to the council.
+
+In any case referred to the assembly all the provisions of this article
+and of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the council shall
+apply to the action and powers of the assembly, provided that a report
+made by the assembly, if concurred in by the representatives of those
+members of the League represented on the council and of a majority of
+the other members of the League, exclusive in each case of the
+representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force
+as a report by the council concurred in by all the members thereof other
+than the representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute.
+
+=ARTICLE 16.=--Should any member of the League resort to war in
+disregard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13, or 15, it shall =ipso
+facto= be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other
+members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it
+to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of
+all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the
+covenant-breaking State and the prevention of all financial, commercial,
+or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking
+State and the nationals of any other State, whether a member of the
+League or not.
+
+It shall be the duty of the council in such case to recommend to the
+several Governments concerned what effective military, naval or air
+force the members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed
+forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League.
+
+The members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually
+support one another in the financial and economic measures which are
+taken under this article, in order to minimize the loss and
+inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will
+mutually support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at
+one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and that they will
+take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to
+the forces of any of the members of the League which are cooperating to
+protect the covenants of the League.
+
+Any member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League
+may be declared to be no longer a member of the League by a vote of the
+council concurred in by the representatives of all the other members of
+the League represented thereon.
+
+=ARTICLE 17.=--In the event of a dispute between a member of the League
+and a State which is not a member of the League, or between States not
+members of the League, the State or States not members of the League
+shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League
+for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the council
+may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of
+Articles 12 to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as
+may be deemed necessary by the council.
+
+Upon such invitation being given the council shall immediately institute
+an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such
+action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.
+
+If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of
+membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall
+resort to war against a member of the League, the provisions of Article
+16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action.
+
+If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the
+obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such
+dispute, the council may take such measures and make such
+recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the
+settlement of the dispute.
+
+=ARTICLE 18.=--Every treaty or international engagement entered into
+hereafter by any member of the League shall be forthwith registered with
+the secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No
+such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so
+registered.
+
+=ARTICLE 19.=--The assembly may from time to time advise the
+reconsideration by members of the League of treaties which have become
+inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose
+continuance might endanger the peace of the world.
+
+=ARTICLE 20.=--The members of the League severally agree that this
+covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings
+inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly
+undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements
+inconsistent with the terms thereof.
+
+In case any member of the League shall, before becoming a member of the
+League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of
+this covenant, it shall be the duty of such member to take immediate
+steps to procure its release from such obligations.
+
+=ARTICLE 21.=--Nothing in this covenant shall be deemed to affect the
+validity of international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration
+or regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine, for securing the
+maintenance of peace.
+
+=ARTICLE 22.=--To those colonies and territories which as a consequence
+of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States
+which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet
+able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern
+world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and
+development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that
+securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this
+covenant.
+
+The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the
+tutelage of such peoples should be intrusted to advanced nations who by
+reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical
+position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to
+accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as
+mandatories on behalf of the League.
+
+The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of
+development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory,
+its economic conditions and other similar circumstances.
+
+Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have
+reached a stage of development where their existence as independent
+nations can be provisionally recognized subject to rendering of
+administrative advice and assistance by a mandatory until such time as
+they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a
+principal consideration in the selection of the mandatory.
+
+Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage
+that the mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the
+territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience
+and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and
+morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms
+traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment
+of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training
+of the natives for other than police purposes and the defense of
+territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and
+commerce of other members of the League.
+
+There are territories such as Southwest Africa and certain of the South
+Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population or
+their small size, or their remoteness from the centers of civilization;
+or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the mandatory, and
+other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the
+mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the
+safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous
+population.
+
+In every case of mandate the mandatory shall render to the council an
+annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge.
+
+The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by
+the mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the members of the
+League, be explicitly defined in each case by the council.
+
+A permanent commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the
+annual reports of the mandatories and to advise the council on all
+matters relating to the observance of the mandates.
+
+=ARTICLES 23.=--Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of
+international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the
+members of the League:
+
+     (a) will endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane
+     conditions of labor for men, women and children, both in their
+     own countries and in all countries to which their commercial
+     and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will
+     establish and maintain the necessary international
+     organizations;
+
+     (b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native
+     inhabitants of territories under their control;
+
+     (c) will intrust the League with the general supervision over
+     the execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women
+     and children and the traffic in opium and other dangerous
+     drugs;
+
+     (d) will intrust the League with the general supervision of the
+     trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the
+     control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;
+
+     (e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of
+     communications and of transit and equitable treatment for the
+     commerce of all members of the League. In this connection the
+     special necessities of the regions devastated during the war of
+     1914--1918 shall be borne in mind;
+
+     (f) will endeavor to take steps in matters of international
+     concern for the prevention and control of disease.
+
+=ARTICLE 24.=--There shall be placed under the direction of the League
+all international bureaus already established by general treaties if the
+parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaus and all
+commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest
+hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the League.
+
+In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general
+conventions but which are not placed under the control of international
+bureaus or commissions, the secretariat of the League shall, subject to
+the consent of the council and if desired by the parties, collect and
+distribute all relevant information and shall render any other
+assistance which may be necessary or desirable.
+
+The council may include as part of the expenses of the secretariat the
+expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction
+of the League.
+
+=ARTICLE 25.=--The members of the League agree to encourage and promote
+the establishment and co-operation of duly authorized voluntary national
+Red Cross organizations having as purposes the improvement of health,
+the prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering throughout
+the world.
+
+=ARTICLE 26.=--Amendments to this covenant will take effect when
+ratified by the members of the League whose representatives compose the
+council and by a majority of the members of the League whose
+representatives compose the assembly.
+
+No such amendment shall bind any member of the League which signifies
+its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a member of
+the League.
+
+ANNEX
+
+I. Original members of the League of Nations signatories of the treaty
+of peace.
+
+    United States of America.
+    Belgium.
+    Bolivia.
+    Brazil.
+    British Empire.
+     Canada.
+      Australia.
+      South Africa.
+      New Zealand.
+      India
+    China.[30]
+    Cuba.
+    Ecuador.
+    France.
+    Greece.
+    Guatemala.
+    Uruguay.
+    Haiti.
+    Hedjaz.
+    Honduras.
+    Italy.
+    Japan.
+    Liberia.
+    Nicaragua.
+    Panama.
+    Peru.
+    Poland.
+    Portugal.
+    Rumania.
+    Serb-Croat-Slovene State.
+    Siam.
+    Czecho-Slovakia.
+
+States invited to accede to the covenant.
+
+    Argentine Republic
+    Chile.
+    Colombia.
+    Denmark.
+    Netherlands.
+    Norway.
+    Paraguay
+    Persia.
+    Salvador.
+    Spain.
+    Sweden.
+    Switzerland.
+    Venezuela.
+
+[30] Refused to sign.
+
+II. First Secretary General of the League of Nations. The Honorable Sir
+James Eric Drummond, K. C. M. G., C. B.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+Boundaries of Germany
+
+
+=ARTICLE 27.=--The boundaries of Germany will be determined as follows:
+
+1. With Belgium: From the point common to the three frontiers of
+Belgium, Holland, and Germany, and in a southerly direction; the
+northeastern boundary of the former territory of neutral Moresnet, then
+the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Eupen, then the frontier between
+Belgium and the Kreis of Montjoie, then the northeastern and eastern
+boundary of the Kreis of Malmedy to its junction with the frontier of
+Luxemburg.
+
+2. With Luxemburg: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, to its junction
+with the frontier of France of the 18th July, 1870.
+
+3. With France: The frontier of the 18th July, 1870, from Luxemburg to
+Switzerland, with the reservations made in Article 48 of Section 4
+(Sarre Basin) of Part III.
+
+4. With Switzerland: The present frontier.
+
+5. With Austria: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, from Switzerland
+to Czechoslovakia is hereinafter defined.
+
+6. With Czechoslovakia: The frontier of the 3d August, 1914, between
+Germany and Austria from its junction with the old administrative
+boundary separating Bohemia and the Province of Upper Austria to the
+point north of the salient of the old Province of Austrian Silesia
+situated at about eight kilometers east of Neustadt.
+
+7. With Poland: From the point defined above to a point to be fixed on
+the ground about 2 kilometers east of Lorzendorf: the frontier as it
+will be fixed in accordance with Article 88 of the present treaty;
+thence in a northerly direction to the point where the administrative
+boundary of Posnania crosses the river Bartsch; a line to be fixed on
+the ground leaving the following places in Poland: Skorischau,
+Reichthal, Trembatschau, Kunzendorf, Schleise, Gross Kosel,
+Schreibersdorf, Rippin, Fuerstlich-Niefken, Pawelau, Tscheschen,
+Konradau, Johannisdorf, Modzenowe, Bogdaj, and in Germany: Lorzendorf,
+Kaulwitz, Glausche, Dalbersdorf, Reesewitz, Stradam, Gross Wartenberg
+Kraschen, Neu Mittelwalde, Domaslawitz, Wodelsdorf, Tscheschen Hammer;
+thence the boundary of Posnania northwestward to the point where it cuts
+the Rawitsch-Herrnstadt railway; thence to the point where the
+administrative boundary of Posnania cuts the Reisen-Tschirnau road: a
+line to be fixed on the ground passing west of Triebusch and Gabel and
+east of Saborwitz; thence the administrative boundary of Posnania to its
+junction with the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Fraustadt;
+
+Thence in a northwesterly direction to a point to be chosen on the road
+between the villages of Unruhstadt and Kophitz: a line to be fixed on
+the ground passing west of Geyersdorf, Brenno, Fehlen, Altkloster,
+Klebel, and east of Ulbersdorf, Buchwald, Ilgen, Weine, Lupitze,
+Schwenten; thence in a northerly direction to the northernmost point of
+Lake Chlop: a line to be fixed on the ground following the median line
+of the lakes; the town and the station of Bentschen, however, (including
+the junction of the lines Schwiebus-Bentschen and Zuellichau-Bentschen,)
+remaining in Polish territory;
+
+Thence in a northeasterly direction to the point of junction of the
+boundaries of the Kreise of Schwerin, Birnbaum, and Meseritz: a line to
+be fixed on the ground passing east of Betsche; thence in a northerly
+direction the boundary separating the Kreise of Schwerin and Birnbaum,
+then in an easterly direction the northern boundary of Posnania and to
+the point where it cuts the river Netze; thence upstream to its
+confluence with the Kueddow: the course of the Netze; thence upstream to
+a point to be chosen about 6 kilometers southeast of Schneidemuehl; the
+course of the Kueddow;
+
+Thence northeastward to the most southern point of the re-entrant of the
+northern boundary of Posnania about 5 kilometers west of Stahren: a line
+to be fixed on the ground leaving the Schneidemuehl-Konitz railway in
+this area entirely in German territory; thence the boundary of Posnania
+northeastward to the point of the salient it makes about 15 kilometers
+east of Flatow; thence northeastward to the point where the river
+Kamionka meets the southern boundary of the Kreis of Konitz about 3
+kilometers northeast of Grunau: a line to be fixed on the ground leaving
+the following places to Poland: Jasdrowo, Gr. Lutau, Kl. Lutau and
+Wittkau, and to Germany: Gr. Butzig, Cziskowo, Battow, Boech, and Grunau;
+
+Thence in a northerly direction the boundary between the Kreise of
+Konitz and Schlochau to the point where this boundary cuts the river
+Brahe; thence to a point on the boundary of Pomerania 15 kilometers east
+of Rummelsburg: a line to be fixed on the ground leaving the following
+localities in Poland: Konarzin, Kelpin, Adl. Briesen, and in Germany:
+Sampohl, Neuguth, Steinfort, and Gr. Peterkau; then the boundary of
+Pomerania in an easterly direction to its junction with the boundary
+between the Kreis of Konitz and Schlochau;
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Press Illustrating Service
+
+President and Mrs. Wilson Waving Good Bye
+
+This picture was taken as they were starting out for their first trip to
+the Peace Conference.]
+
+Thence northward the boundary between Pomerania and West Prussia to the
+point on the river Rheda about 3 kilometers northwest of Gohra, where
+that river is joined by a tributary from the northwest; thence to a
+point to be selected in the bend of the Piasnitz River about 1-1/2
+kilometers northwest of Warschkau: a line to be fixed on the ground;
+thence this river downstream, then the median line of Lake Zarnowitz,
+then the old boundary of West Prussia to the Baltic Sea.
+
+8. With Denmark: The frontier as it will be fixed in accordance with
+Articles 109 and 110 of Part III., Section XII., (Schleswig.)
+
+=ARTICLE 28.=--The boundaries of East Prussia, with the reservations
+made in Section IX. (East Prussia) of Part III. will be determined as
+follows:
+
+From a point on the coast of the Baltic Sea about 1-1/2 kilometers north of
+Proebbernau Church in a direction of about 159 degrees east from true
+north: A line to be fixed on the ground for about 2 kilometers, thence
+in a straight line to the light at the bend of the Elbinger Channel in
+approximately latitude 54.19-1/2 north, longitude 19.26 east of Greenwich;
+
+Thence to the easternmost mouth of the Nogat River at a bearing of
+approximately 209 degrees east from true north;
+
+Thence up the course of the Nogat River to the point where the latter
+leaves the Vistula, (Weichsel;)
+
+Thence up the principal channel of navigation of the Vistula, then the
+southern boundary of the Kreis of Marienwerder, then that of the Kreis
+of Rosenberg, eastward to the point where it meets the old boundary of
+East Prussia;
+
+Thence the old boundary between East and West Prussia, then the boundary
+between the Kreise of Osterode and Neidenburg, then the course of the
+River Skoppau down stream, then the course of the Neide up stream to a
+point situated about 5 kilometers west of Bialutten, being the nearest
+point to the old frontier of Russia, thence in an easterly direction to
+a point immediately south of the intersection of the road
+Neidenburg-Mlava with the old frontier of Russia;
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Bialutten;
+
+Thence the old frontier of Russia to a point east of Schmalleningken,
+then the principal channel of navigation of the Niemen (Memel) down
+stream, then the Skierwieth arm of the delta to the Kurisches Haff;
+
+Thence a straight line to the point where the eastern shore of the
+Kurische Nehrung meets the administrative boundary about 4 kilometers
+southwest of Nidden;
+
+Thence this administrative boundary to the western shore of the Kurische
+Nehrung.
+
+=ARTICLE 29.=--The boundaries as described above are drawn in red on a
+one-in-a-million map which is annexed to the present treaty. (Map No.
+1.)
+
+In the case of any discrepancies between the text of the treaty and this
+map or any other map which may be annexed, the text will be final.
+
+=ARTICLE 30.=--In the case of boundaries which are defined by a
+waterway, the terms "course" and "channel" used in the present treaty
+signify: in the case of non-navigable rivers, the median line of the
+waterway or of its principal arm, and in the case of navigable rivers
+the median line of the principal channel of navigation. It will rest
+with the boundary commissions provided by the present treaty to specify
+in each case whether the frontier line shall follow any changes of the
+course or channel which may take place or whether it shall be definitely
+fixed by the position of the course or channel at the time when the
+present treaty comes into force.
+
+
+
+
+PART III
+
+Political Clauses for Europe
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Belgium_
+
+=ARTICLE 31.=--Germany, recognizing that the treaties of April 19, 1839,
+which established the status of Belgium before the war, no longer
+conform to the requirements of the situation, consents to the abrogation
+of the said treaties and undertakes immediately to recognize and to
+observe whatever conventions may be entered into by the principal allied
+and associated powers, or by any of them in concert with the Governments
+of Belgium and of the Netherlands, to replace the said treaties of 1839.
+If her formal adhesion should be required to such conventions or to any
+of their stipulations, Germany undertakes immediately to give it.
+
+=ARTICLE 32.=--Germany recognizes the full sovereignty of Belgium over
+the whole of the contested territory of Moresnet, (called Moresnet
+Neutre.)
+
+=ARTICLE 33.=--Germany renounces in favor of Belgium all rights and
+title over the territory of Prussian Moresnet situated on the west of
+the road from Liege to Aix-la-Chapelle: the road will belong to Belgium
+where it bounds this territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 34.=--Germany renounces in favor of Belgium all rights and
+title over the territory comprising the whole of the Kreise of Eupen and
+of Malmedy.
+
+During the six months after the coming into force of this treaty,
+registers will be opened by the Belgian authorities at Eupen and Malmedy
+in which the inhabitants of the above territory will be entitled to
+record in writing a desire to see the whole or part of it remain under
+German sovereignty.
+
+The results of this public expression of opinion will be communicated by
+the Belgian Government to the League of Nations, and Belgium undertakes
+to accept the decision of the League.
+
+=ARTICLE 35.=--A commission of seven persons, five of whom will be
+appointed by the principal allied and associated powers, one by Germany
+and one by Belgium, will be set up fifteen days after the coming into
+force of the present treaty to settle on the spot the new frontier line
+between Belgium and Germany, taking into account the economic factors
+and the means of communication.
+
+Decisions will be taken by a majority and will be binding on the parties
+concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 36.=--When the transfer of the sovereignty over the territories
+referred to above has become definitive, German nationals habitually
+resident in the territories will definitively acquire Belgian
+nationality ipso facto, and will lose their German nationality.
+
+Nevertheless German nationals who become resident in the territories
+after the 1st August, 1914, shall not obtain Belgian nationality without
+a permit from the Belgian Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 37.=--Within the two years following the definitive transfer of
+the sovereignty over the territories assigned to Belgium under the
+present treaty, German nationals over 18 years of age habitually
+resident in those territories will be entitled to opt for German
+nationality.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife, and option by parents will
+cover their children under 18 years of age.
+
+Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must within the
+ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to Germany.
+
+They will be entitled to retain their immovable property in the
+territories acquired by Belgium. They may carry with them their movable
+property of every description. No export or import duties may be imposed
+upon them in connection with the removal of such property.
+
+=ARTICLE 38.=--The German Government will hand over without delay to the
+Belgian Government the archives, registers, plans, title deeds and
+documents of every kind concerning the civil, military, financial,
+judicial or other administrations in the territory transferred to
+Belgian sovereignty.
+
+The German Government will likewise restore to the Belgian Government
+the archives and documents of every kind carried off during the war by
+the German authorities from the Belgian public administrations, in
+particular from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Brussels.
+
+=ARTICLE 39.=--The proportion and nature of the financial liabilities of
+Germany and of Prussia which Belgium will have to bear on account of the
+territories ceded to her shall be fixed in conformity with Articles 254
+and 256 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Luxemburg_
+
+=ARTICLE 40.=--With regard to the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, Germany
+renounces the benefit of all the provisions inserted in her favor in the
+treaties of Feb. 8, 1842; April 2, 1847; Oct. 20--25, 1865; Aug. 18,
+1866; Feb. 21 and May 11, 1867; May 10, 1871; June 11, 1872, and Nov.
+11, 1902, and in all conventions consequent upon such treaties.
+
+Germany recognizes that the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg ceased to form part
+of the German Zollverein as from January 1, 1919; renounces all right to
+the exploitation of the railways, adheres to the termination of the
+regime of neutrality of the Grand Duchy, and accepts in advance all
+international arrangements which may be concluded by the Allied and
+Associated Powers relating to the Grand Duchy.
+
+=ARTICLE 41.=--Germany undertakes to grant to the Grand Duchy of
+Luxemburg, when a demand to that effect is made to her by the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, the rights and advantages stipulated in
+favor of such powers or their nationals in the present treaty, with
+regard to economic questions, to questions relative to transport and to
+aerial navigation.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Left Bank of the Rhine_
+
+=ARTICLE 42.=--Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any
+fortifications either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank
+to the west of a line drawn fifty kilometers to the east of the Rhine.
+
+=ARTICLE 43.=--In the area defined above the maintenance and the
+assembly of armed forces either permanently or temporarily, and military
+maneuvers of any kind, as well as the upkeep of all permanent works for
+mobilization, are in the same way forbidden.
+
+=ARTICLE 44.=--In case Germany violates in any manner the provisions of
+Article 42 and 43 she shall be regarded as committing a hostile act
+against the powers signatory of the present treaty and as calculated to
+disturb the peace of the world.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Sarre Basin_
+
+=ARTICLE 45.=--As compensation for the destruction of the coal mines in
+the North of France and as part payment toward the total reparation due
+from Germany for the damage resulting from the war, Germany cedes to
+France in full and absolute possession, with exclusive rights of
+exploitation, unincumbered and free from all debts and charges of any
+kind, the coal mines situated in the Sarre Basin as defined in Article
+48.
+
+=ARTICLE 46.=--In order to assure the rights and welfare of the
+population and to guarantee to France complete freedom in working the
+mines, Germany agrees to the provisions of Chapters 1 and 2 of the annex
+hereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 47.=--In order to make in due time permanent provision for the
+government of the Sarre Basin in accordance with the wishes of the
+population, France and Germany agree to the provisions of Chapter 3 of
+the annex hereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 48.=--The boundaries of the territory of the Sarre Basin, as
+dealt with in the present stipulations, will be fixed as follows:
+
+On the south and southwest: By the frontier of France as fixed by the
+present treaty.
+
+On the northwest and north: By a line following the northern
+administrative boundary of the Kreise of Merzig from the point where it
+leaves the French frontier to the point where it meets the
+administrative boundary, separating the commune of Saarhoelzbach from the
+commune of Britten; following this communal boundary southward and
+reaching the administrative boundary of the Canton of Merzig so as to
+include in the territory of the Sarre Basin the Canton of Mettlach, with
+the exception of the commune of Britten: following successively the
+northern administrative limits of the Cantons of Merzig and Haustadt,
+which are incorporated in the aforesaid Sarre Basin, then successively
+the administrative boundaries separating the Kreise of Saare Louis,
+Ottweiler, and Saint-wendel from the Kreise of Merzig, Treves, (Trier.)
+and the principality of Birkenfeld as far as a point situated about 500
+meters north of the village of Furschweiler, (viz.: The highest point of
+the Metzelberg.)
+
+On the northeast and east: From the last point defined above to a point
+about 3-1/2 kilometers east-northeast of Saint Wendel:
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing east of Furschweiler, west of
+Roschberg, east of points 418, 329, (south of Roschberg,) west of
+Leitersweiler, northeast of point 46'4, and following the line of the
+crest southward to its junction with the administrative boundary of the
+Kreis of Kusel;
+
+Thence in a southerly direction the boundary of the Kreis of Kusel, then
+the boundary of the Kreis of Homburg toward the south-southeast to a
+point situated about 1,000 meters west of Dunzweiler;
+
+Thence to a point about one kilometer south of Hornbach: a line to be
+fixed on the ground passing through point 424, (about 1,000 meters
+southeast of Dunzweiler,) point 363, (Fuchsberg,) point 322, (southwest
+of Waldmohr,) then east of Jagersburg and Erbach, then encircling
+Homburg, passing through the points 361, (about 2-1/2 kilometers northeast
+by east of that town,) 342, (about 2 kilometers southeast of that town,)
+347, (Schreinersberg,) 356, 350, (about 1-1/2 kilometers southeast of
+Schwarzenbach,) then passing east of Einoed, southeast of points 322 and
+333, about 2 kilometers east of Webenheim, about 2 kilometers east of
+Mimbach, passing east of the plateau which is traversed by the road from
+Mimbach to Boeckweiler, (so as to include this road in the territory of
+the Sarre Basin,) passing immediately north of the junction of the roads
+from Boeckweiler and Altheim, situated about 2 kilometers north of
+Altheim, then passing south of Ringweilderhof and north of point 322,
+rejoining the frontier of France at the angle which it makes about 1
+kilometer south of Hornbach, (see Map No. 2, scale 1-100,000, annexed to
+the present treaty.)
+
+A commission composed of five members, one appointed by France, one by
+Germany, and three by the Council of the League of Nations, which will
+select nationals of other powers, will be constituted within fifteen
+days from the coming into force of the present treaty, to trace on the
+spot the frontier line described above. In those parts of the preceding
+line which do not coincide with administration boundaries, the
+commission will endeavor to keep to the line indicated, while taking
+into consideration, so far as is possible local economic interests and
+existing communal boundaries.
+
+The decisions of this commission will be taken by a majority and will be
+binding on the parties concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 49.=--Germany renounces in favor of the League of Nations, in
+the capacity of trustee, the government of the territory defined above.
+
+At the end of fifteen years from the coming into force of the present
+treaty the inhabitants of the said territory shall be called upon to
+indicate the sovereignty under which they desire to be placed.
+
+=ARTICLE 50.=--The stipulations under which the cession of the mines in
+the Sarre Basin shall be carried out, together with the measures
+intended to guarantee the rights and the well-being of the inhabitants
+and the government of the territory, as well as the conditions in
+accordance with which the plebiscite hereinbefore provided for is to be
+made, are laid down in the annex hereto. This annex shall be considered
+as an integral part of the present treaty, and Germany declares her
+adherence to it.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+In accordance with the provisions of Articles 45 to 50 of the present
+treaty, the stipulations under which the cession by Germany to France of
+the mines of the Sarre Basin will be effected, as well as the measures
+intended to insure respect for the rights and well-being of the
+population and the government of the territory, and the conditions in
+which the inhabitants will be called upon to indicate the sovereignty
+under which they may wish to be placed, have been laid down as follows:
+
+
+CHAPTER 1.--CESSION AND EXPLOITATION OF MINING PROPERTY
+
+1. From the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, all the
+deposits of coal situated within the Sarre Basin, as defined in Article
+48 of the said treaty, become the complete and absolute property of the
+French State.
+
+The French State will have the right of working or not working the said
+mines or of transferring to a third party the right of working them,
+without having to obtain any previous authorization or to fulfill any
+formalities.
+
+The French State may always require that the German mining laws and
+regulations referred to below shall be applied in order to insure the
+determination of its rights.
+
+2. The right of ownership of the French State will apply not only to the
+deposits which are free, and for which concessions have not yet been
+granted, but also to the deposits for which concessions have already
+been granted, whoever may be the present proprietors, irrespective of
+whether they belong to the Prussian State, to the Bavarian State, to
+other States or bodies, to companies or to individuals, whether they
+have been worked or not, or whether a right of exploitation distinct
+from the right of the owners of the surface of the soil has or has not
+been recognized.
+
+3. As far as concerns the mines which are being worked, the transfer of
+the ownership to the French State will apply to all the accessories and
+subsidiaries of the said mines, in particular to their plant and
+equipment both on and below the surface, to their extracting machinery,
+their plants for transforming coal into electric power, coke and
+by-products, their workshops, means of communication, electric lines,
+plant for catching and distributing water, land, buildings, such as
+offices, managers', employes', and workmen's dwellings, schools,
+hospitals, and dispensaries, their stocks and supplies of every
+description, their archives and plans, and in general everything which
+those who own or exploit the mines possess or enjoy for the purpose of
+exploiting the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries.
+
+The transfer will apply also to the debts owing for products delivered
+before the entry into possession by the French State, and after the
+signature of the present treaty, and to deposits of money made by
+customers, whose rights will be guaranteed by the French State.
+
+4. The French State will acquire the property free and clear of all
+debts and charges. Nevertheless the rights acquired, or in course of
+being acquired, by the employes of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+in connection with pensions for old age or disability, will not be
+affected. In return, Germany must pay over to the French State a sum
+representing the actuarial amounts to which the said employes are
+entitled.
+
+5. The value of the property thus ceded to the French State will be
+determined by the Reparation Commission referred to in Article 233 of
+Part VIII. (Reparations) of the present treaty.
+
+This value shall be credited to Germany in part payment of the amount
+due for reparation.
+
+It will be for Germany to indemnify the proprietors or parties
+concerned, whoever they may be.
+
+6. No tariff shall be established on the German railways and canals
+which may directly or indirectly discriminate to the prejudice of the
+transport of the personnel or products of the mines and their
+accessories or subsidiaries, or of the material necessary to their
+exploitation. Such transport shall enjoy all the rights and privileges
+which any international railway conventions may guarantee to similar
+products of French origin.
+
+7. The equipment and personnel necessary to insure the dispatch and
+transport of the products of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, as well as the carriage of workmen and employes, will be
+provided by the local railway administration of the basin.
+
+8. No obstacle shall be placed in the way of such improvements of
+railways or waterways as the French State may judge necessary to assure
+the dispatch and transport of the products of the mines and their
+accessories and subsidiaries, such as double trackage, enlargement of
+stations, and construction of yards and appurtenances.
+
+The distribution of expenses will, in the event of disagreement, be
+submitted to arbitration.
+
+The French State may also establish any new means of communication, such
+as roads, electric lines, and telephone connections, which it may
+consider necessary for the exploitation of the mines.
+
+It may exploit freely and without any restrictions the means of
+communication of which it may become the owner, particularly those
+connecting the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries with the
+means of communication situated in French territory.
+
+9. The French State shall always be entitled to demand the application
+of the German mining laws and regulations in force on the 11th of
+November, 1918, excepting provisions adopted exclusively in view of the
+state of war, with a view to the acquisition of such land as it may
+judge necessary for the exploitation of the mines and their accessories
+and subsidiaries.
+
+The payment for damage caused to immovable property by the working of
+the said mines and their accessories and subsidiaries shall be made in
+accordance with the German mining laws and regulations above referred
+to.
+
+10. Every person whom the French State may substitute for itself as
+regards the whole or part of its rights to the exploitation of the mines
+and their accessories and subsidiaries shall enjoy the benefit of the
+privileges provided in this annex.
+
+11. The mines and other immovable property which become the property of
+the French State may never be made the subject of measures of
+forfeiture, forced sale, expropriation or requisition, nor of any other
+measure affecting the right of property.
+
+The personnel and the plant connected with the exploitation of these
+mines or their accessories and subsidiaries, as well as the product
+extracted from the mines or manufactured in their accessories and
+subsidiaries, may not at any time be made the subject of any measures of
+requisition.
+
+12. The exploitation of the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, which become the property of the French State, will
+continue, subject to the provisions of Paragraph 23 below, to be subject
+to the regime established by the German laws and regulations in force on
+the 11th November, 1918, excepting provisions adopted exclusively in
+view of the state of war.
+
+The rights of the workmen shall be similarly maintained, subject to the
+provisions of the said Paragraph 23, as established on the 11th
+November, 1918, by the German laws and regulations above referred to. No
+impediment shall be placed in the way of the introduction or employment
+in the mines and their accessories and subsidiaries of workmen from
+without the basin.
+
+The employes and workmen of French nationality shall have the right to
+belong to French labor unions.
+
+13. The amount contributed by the mines and their accessories and
+subsidiaries, either to the local budget of the territory of the Sarre
+Basin or to the communal funds, shall be fixed with due regard to the
+ratio of the value of the mines to the total taxable wealth of the
+basin.
+
+14. The French State shall always have the right of establishing and
+maintaining, as incidental to the mines, primary or technical schools
+for its employes and their children, and of causing instruction therein
+to be given in the French language, in accordance with such curriculum
+and by such teachers as it may select.
+
+It shall also have the right to establish and maintain hospitals,
+dispensaries, workmen's houses and gardens, and other charitable and
+social institutions.
+
+15. The French State shall enjoy complete liberty with respect to the
+distribution, dispatch and sale prices of the products of the mines and
+their accessories and subsidiaries.
+
+Nevertheless, whatever may be the total product of the mines, the French
+Government undertakes that the requirements of local consumption for
+industrial and domestic purposes shall always be satisfied in the
+proportion existing in 1913 between the amount consumed locally and the
+total output of the Sarre Basin.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE SARRE BASIN
+
+16. The government of the territory of the Sarre Basin shall be
+intrusted to a commission representing the League of Nations. This
+commission shall sit in the territory of the Sarre Basin.
+
+17. The Governing Commission provided for by Paragraph 16 shall consist
+of five members chosen by the Council of the League of Nations, and will
+include one citizen of France, one native inhabitant of the Sarre Basin
+not a citizen of France, and three members belonging to three countries
+other than France or Germany.
+
+The members of the Governing Commission shall be appointed for one year
+and may be reappointed. They can be removed by the Council of the League
+of Nations, which will provide for their replacement. The members of the
+Governing Commission will be entitled to a salary which will be fixed by
+the Council of the League of Nations, and charged on the local revenues.
+
+18. The Chairman of the Governing Commission shall be appointed for one
+year from among the members of the commission by the Council of the
+League of Nations and may be reappointed. The Chairman will act as the
+executive of the commission.
+
+19. Within the territory of the Sarre Basin the Governing Commission
+shall have all the powers of government hitherto belonging to the German
+Empire, Prussia or Bavaria, including the appointment and dismissal of
+officials, and the creation of such administrative and representative
+bodies as it may deem necessary. It shall have full powers to administer
+and operate the railways, canals, and the different public services.
+
+Its decisions shall be taken by a majority.
+
+20. Germany will place at the disposal of the Governing Commission all
+official documents and archives under the control of Germany, of any
+German State, or of any local authority, which relate to the territory
+of the Sarre Basin or to the rights of the inhabitants thereof.
+
+21. It will be the duty of the Governing Commission to insure, by such
+means and under such conditions as it may deem suitable, the protection
+abroad of the interests of the inhabitants of the territory of the Sarre
+Basin.
+
+22. The Governing Commission shall have the full right of user of all
+property, other than mines belonging, both in public and in private
+domain, to the Imperial German Government, or the Government of any
+German State, in the territory of the Sarre Basin.
+
+As regards the railways, an equitable apportionment of rolling stock
+shall be made by a mixed commission on which the government of the
+territory of the Sarre Basin and the German railways will be
+represented.
+
+Persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails, coming from or
+going to the Sarre Basin, shall enjoy all the rights and privileges
+relating to transit and transport which are specified in the provisions
+of Part XII. (ports, waterways, railways) of the present treaty.
+
+23. The laws and regulations in force n Nov. 11, 1918, in the territory
+of the Sarre Basin, (except those enacted in consequence of the state of
+war,) shall continue to apply. If, for general reasons or to bring
+these laws and regulations into accord with the provisions of the
+present treaty, it is necessary to introduce modifications, these shall
+be decided on, and put into effect by the Governing Commission, after
+consultation with the elected representatives of the inhabitants in such
+a manner as the commission may determine. No modification may be made in
+the legal regime for the exploitation of the mines, provided for in
+Paragraph 12, without the French State being previously consulted,
+unless such modification results from a general regulation respecting
+labor adopted by the League of Nations.
+
+In fixing the conditions and hours of labor for men, women, and
+children, the Governing Commission is to take into consideration the
+wishes expressed by the local labor organizations, as well as the
+principles adopted by the League of Nations.
+
+24. Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 4, no rights of the
+inhabitants of the Sarre Basin acquired or in process of acquisition at
+the date of the coming into force of this treaty, in respect of any
+insurance system of Germany, or in respect of any pension of any kind,
+are affected by any of the provisions of the present treaty.
+
+Germany and the Government of the territory of the Saare Basin will
+preserve and continue all the aforesaid rights.
+
+25. The civil and criminal courts existing in the territory of the Sarre
+Basin shall continue.
+
+A civil and criminal court will be established by the Governing
+Commission to hear appeals from the decisions of the said courts, and to
+decide matters for which these courts are not competent.
+
+The Governing Commission will be responsible for settling the
+organization and jurisdiction of the said court.
+
+Justice will be rendered in the name of the Governing Commission.
+
+26. The Governing Commission will alone have the power of levying taxes
+and dues in the territory of the Sarre Basin.
+
+These taxes and dues will be exclusively applied to the needs of the
+territory.
+
+The fiscal system existing on Nov. 11, 1918, will be maintained as far
+as possible, and no new tax except customs duties may be imposed without
+previously consulting the elected representatives of the inhabitants.
+
+27. The present stipulations will not affect the existing nationality of
+the inhabitants of the territory of the Sarre Basin. No hindrance shall
+be placed in the way of those who wish to acquire a different
+nationality, but in such case the acquisition of the new nationality
+will involve the loss of any other.
+
+28. Under the control of the Governing Commission the inhabitants will
+retain their local assemblies, their religious liberties, their schools,
+and their language. The right of voting will not be exercised for any
+assemblies other than the local assemblies, and will belong to every
+inhabitant over the age of 20 years without distinction of sex.
+
+29. Any of the inhabitants of the Sarre Basin who may desire to leave
+the territory will have full liberty to retain in it their immovable
+property or to sell it at fair prices and to remove their movable
+property free of any charge.
+
+30. There will be no military service, whether compulsory or voluntary,
+in the territory of the Sarre Basin, and the construction of
+fortifications therein is forbidden. Only a local gendarmerie for the
+maintenance of order may be established. It will be the duty of the
+Governing Commission to provide in all cases for the protection of
+persons and property in the Sarre Basin.
+
+31. The territory of the Sarre Basin as defined by Article 48 of the
+present treaty shall be subjected to the French customs regime. The
+receipts from the customs duties on goods intended for local consumption
+shall be included in the budget of the said territory after deduction of
+all costs of collection. No export tax shall be imposed upon
+metallurgical products or coal exported from the said territory to
+Germany, nor upon German exports for the use of the industries of the
+territory of the Sarre Basin. Natural or manufactured products
+originating in the basin in transit over German territory and similarly
+German products in transit over the territory of the basin shall be free
+of all customs duties.
+
+Products which both originate in and pass from the basin into Germany
+shall be free of import duties for a period of five years from the date
+of the coming into force of the present treaty, and during the same
+period articles imported from Germany into the territory of the basin
+for local consumption shall likewise be free of import duties.
+
+During these five years the French Government reserves to itself the
+right of limiting to the annual average of the quantities imported into
+Alsace-Lorraine and France in the years 1911 to 1913 the quantities
+which may be sent into France of all articles coming from the basin,
+which include raw materials and semi-manufactured goods imported duty
+free from Germany. Such average shall be determined after reference to
+all available official information and statistics.
+
+32. No prohibition or restriction shall be imposed upon the circulation
+of French money in the territory of the Sarre Basin. The French State
+shall have the right to use French money in all purchases, payments, and
+contracts connected with the exploitation of the mines or their
+accessories and subsidiaries.
+
+33. The Governing Commission shall have power to decide all questions
+arising from the interpretation of the preceding provisions. France and
+Germany agree that any dispute involving a difference of opinion as to
+the interpretation of the said provisions shall in the same way be
+submitted to the Governing Commission, and the decision of a majority of
+the commission shall be binding on both countries.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--PLEBISCITE
+
+34. At the termination of a period of fifteen years from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, the population of the territory of the
+Sarre Basin will be called upon to indicate their desires in the
+following manner:
+
+A vote will take place, by communes or districts, on the three following
+alternatives: (a) Maintenance of the regime established by the present
+treaty and by this annex; (b) union with France; (c) union with Germany.
+
+All persons without distinction of sex, more than 20 years old at the
+date of the voting, resident in the territory at the date of the
+signature of the present treaty, will have the right to vote.
+
+The other conditions, methods, and the date of the voting shall be fixed
+by the Council of the League of Nations in such a way as to secure the
+liberty, secrecy, and trustworthiness of the voting.
+
+35. The League of Nations shall decide on the sovereignty under which
+the territory is to be placed, taking into account the wishes of the
+inhabitants as expressed by the voting.
+
+(a) If, for the whole or part of the territory, the League of Nations
+decides in favor of the maintenance of the regime established by the
+present treaty and this annex, Germany hereby agrees to make such
+renunciation of her sovereignty in favor of the League of Nations as the
+latter shall deem necessary. It will be the duty of the League of
+Nations to take appropriate steps to adapt the regime definitely adopted
+to the permanent welfare of the territory and the general interests.
+
+(b) If for the whole or part of the territory the League of Nations
+decides in favor of union with France, Germany hereby agrees to cede to
+France in accordance with the decision of the League of Nations all
+rights and title over the territory specified by the League.
+
+(c) If for the whole or part of the territory the League of Nations
+decides in favor of union with Germany, it will be the duty of the
+League of Nations to cause the German Government to be re-established in
+the government of the territory specified by the League.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=President Wilson's Welcome in Paris=
+
+A general view of the Place de l'Etoile, showing the President's
+carriage, passing the triumphant arch on its way to the Murat Castle,
+where President Wilson established his home during his stay in the
+French Capitol.]
+
+36. If the League of Nations decides in favor of the union of the whole
+or part of the territory of the Sarre Basin with Germany, France's
+rights of ownership in the mines situated in such part of the territory
+will be repurchased by Germany in their entirety at a price payable in
+gold. The price to be paid will be fixed by three experts, one nominated
+by Germany, one by France, and one, who shall be neither a Frenchman nor
+a German, by the Council of the League of Nations. The decision of the
+experts will be given by a majority.
+
+The obligation of Germany to make such payment shall be taken into
+account by the Reparation Commission, and for the purpose of this
+payment Germany may create a prior charge upon her assets or revenues
+upon such detailed terms as shall be agreed to by the Reparation
+Commission.
+
+If, nevertheless, Germany after a period of one year from the date on
+which the payment becomes due shall not have effected the said payment,
+the Reparation Commission shall do so in accordance with such
+instructions as may be given by the League of Nations, and, if
+necessary, by liquidating that part of the mines which is in question.
+
+37. If, in consequence of the repurchase provided for in Paragraph 36,
+the ownership of the mines or any part of them is transferred to
+Germany, the French State and French nationals shall have the right to
+purchase such amount of coal of the Sarre Basin as their industrial and
+domestic needs are found at that time to require. An equitable
+arrangement regarding amounts of coal, duration of contract, and prices
+will be fixed in due time by the Council of the League of Nations.
+
+38. It is understood that France and Germany may, by special agreements
+concluded before the time fixed for the payment of the price for the
+repurchase of the mines, modify the provisions of Paragraphs 36 and 37.
+
+39. The Council of the League of Nations shall make such provisions as
+may be necessary for the establishment of the regime which is to take
+effect after the decisions of the League of Nations mentioned in
+Paragraph 35 have become operative, including an equitable apportionment
+of any obligations of the Government of the territory of the Sarre Basin
+arising from loans raised by the commission or from other causes.
+
+From the coming into force of the new regime, the powers of the
+Governing Commission will terminate, except in the case provided for in
+Paragraph 35. (a)
+
+40. In all matters dealt with in the present annex, the decisions of the
+Council of the League of Nations will be taken by a majority.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Alsace-Lorraine_
+
+The high contracting powers, recognizing the moral obligation to redress
+the wrong done by Germany in 1871, both to the rights of France and to
+the wishes of the population of Alsace and Lorraine, which were
+separated from their country in spite of solemn protests of their
+representatives of the Assembly of Bordeaux, agree upon the following
+articles:
+
+=ARTICLE 51.=--The territories which were ceded to Germany in accordance
+with the preliminaries of peace signed at Versailles on the 26th
+February, 1871, and the treaty of Frankfort on the 10th May, 1871, are
+restored to French sovereignty as from the date of the armistice of the
+11th November, 1918.
+
+The provisions of the treaties establishing the delimination of the
+frontiers before 1871 shall be restored.
+
+=ARTICLE 52.=--The German Government shall hand over without delay to
+the French Government all archives, registers, plans, titles, and
+documents of every kind concerning the civil, military, financial,
+judicial, or other administrations of the territories restored to French
+sovereignty. If any of these documents, archives, registers, titles, or
+plans have been misplaced, they will be restored by the German
+Government on the demand of the French Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 53.=--Separate agreements shall be made between France and
+Germany dealing with the interests of the inhabitants of the territories
+referred to in Article 51, particularly as regards their civil rights,
+their business and the exercise of their professions, it being
+understood that Germany undertakes as from the present date to recognize
+and accept the regulations laid down in the annex hereto regarding the
+nationality of the inhabitants or natives of the said territories, not
+to claim at any time or in any place whatsoever as German nationals
+those who shall have been declared on any ground to be French, to
+receive all others in her territory, and to conform, as regards the
+property of German nationals in the territories indicated in Article 51,
+with the provisions of Article 297, and the Annex to Section 4 of Part
+X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+Those German nationals who without acquiring French nationality shall
+receive permission from the French Government to reside in the said
+territories shall not be subjected to the provisions of the said
+article.
+
+=ARTICLE 54=.--Those persons who have regained French nationality in
+virtue of Paragraph 1 of the annex hereto, will be held to be
+Alsace-Lorrainers for the purposes of the present section.
+
+The persons referred to in Paragraph 2 of the said annex will, from the
+day on which they have claimed French nationality, be held to be
+Alsace-Lorrainers with retroactive effect as from the 11th November,
+1918. From those whose application is rejected, the privilege will
+terminate at the date of the refusal.
+
+Such juridical persons will also have the status of Alsace-Lorrainers as
+have been recognized as possessing this quality, whether by the French
+administrative authorities or by a judicial decision.
+
+=ARTICLE 55.=--The territories referred to in Article 51 shall return to
+France, free and quit of all public debts under the conditions laid down
+in Article 255 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 56.=--In conformity with the provisions of Article 256 of Part
+IX. (financial clauses) of the present treaty, France shall enter into
+possession of all property and estate within the territories referred to
+in Article 51, which belong to the German Empire or German States,
+without any payment or credit on this account to any of the States
+ceding the territories.
+
+This provision applies to all movable or immovable property of public or
+private domain, together with all rights whatsoever belonging to the
+German Empire or the German States or to their administrative areas.
+
+Crown property and the property of the former Emperor or other German
+sovereigns shall be assimilated to property of the public domain.
+
+=ARTICLE 57.=--Germany shall not take any action, either by means of
+stamping or by any other legal or administrative measures not applying
+equally to the rest of her territory, which may be to the detriment of
+the legal value or redeemability of German monetary instruments or
+moneys which at the date of the signature of the present treaty are
+legally current, and at that date are in the possession of the French
+Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 58.=--A special convention will determine the conditions for
+repayment in marks of the exceptional war expenditure advanced during
+the course of the war by Alsace-Lorraine or by public bodies in
+Alsace-Lorraine on account of the empire in accordance with German law,
+such as payment to the families of persons mobilized, requisitions,
+billeting of troops, and assistance to persons who have been expelled.
+In fixing the amount of these sums Germany shall be credited with that
+portion which Alsace-Lorraine would have contributed to the empire to
+meet the expenses resulting from these payments, this contribution being
+calculated according to the proportion of the imperial revenue derived
+from Alsace-Lorraine in 1913.
+
+=ARTICLE 59.=--The French Government will collect for its own account
+the imperial taxes, duties, and dues of every kind leviable in the
+territories referred to in Article 51 and not collected at the time of
+the armistice of the 11th November, 1918.
+
+=ARTICLE 60.=--The German Government shall without delay restore to
+Alsace-Lorrainers, (individuals, juridical persons, and public
+institutions,) all property, rights, and interests belonging to them on
+the 11th November, 1918, in so far as these are situated in German
+territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 61.=--The German Government undertakes to continue and complete
+without delay the execution of the financial clauses regarding
+Alsace-Lorraine contained in the armistice conventions.
+
+=ARTICLE 62.=--The German Government undertakes to bear the expense of
+all civil and military pensions which had been earned in Alsace-Lorraine
+on the date of the 11th November, 1918, and the maintenance of which was
+a charge on the budget of the German Empire.
+
+The German Government shall furnish each year the funds necessary for
+the payment in francs, at the average rate of exchange for that year, of
+the sums in marks to which persons resident in Alsace-Lorraine would
+have been entitled if Alsace-Lorraine had remained under German
+jurisdiction.
+
+=ARTICLE 63.=--For the purposes of the obligation assumed by Germany in
+Part VIII. (reparations) of the present treaty to give compensation for
+damages caused to the civil populations of the Allied and Associated
+countries in the form of lines, the inhabitants of the territories
+referred to in Article 51 shall be assimilated to the above mentioned
+populations.
+
+=ARTICLE 64.=--The regulations concerning the control of the Rhine and
+of the Moselle are laid down in Part XII. (ports, waterways, and
+railways) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 65.=--Within a period of three weeks after the coming into
+force of the present treaty the Port of Strasbourg and the Port of Kehl
+shall be constituted, for a period of seven years, a single unit from
+the point of view of exploitation.
+
+The administration of this single unit will be carried on by a manager
+named by the Central Rhine Commission, which shall also have power to
+remove him. He shall be of French nationality. He will reside in
+Strasbourg and will be subject to the supervision of the Central Rhine
+Commission.
+
+There will be established in the two ports free zones in conformity with
+Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways) of the present treaty.
+
+A special convention between France and Germany, which shall be
+submitted to the approval of the Central Rhine Commission, will fix the
+details of this organization, particularly as regards finance.
+
+It is understood that for the purpose of the present article the Port of
+Kehl includes the whole of the area necessary for the movements of the
+port and the trains which serve it, including the harbor, quays and
+railroads, platforms, cranes, sheds and warehouses, silos, elevators and
+hydro-electric plants, which make up the equipment of the port.
+
+The German Government undertakes to carry out all measures which shall
+be required of it in order to assure that all the making up and
+switching of trains arriving at or departing from Kehl, whether for the
+right bank or the left bank of the Rhine, shall be carried on in the
+best conditions possible.
+
+All property rights shall be safeguarded. In particular, the
+administration of the ports shall not prejudice any property rights of
+the French or Baden railroads.
+
+Equality of treatment as respects traffic shall be assured in both ports
+to the nationals, vessels, and goods of every country.
+
+In case at the end of the sixth year France shall consider that the
+progress made in the improvement of the Port of Strasbourg still
+requires a prolongation of this temporary regime, she may ask for such
+prolongation from the Central Rhine Commission, which may grant an
+extension for a period not exceeding three years.
+
+Throughout the whole period of any such extension the free zones above
+provided for shall be maintained.
+
+Pending appointment of the first manager by the Central Rhine
+Commission, a provisional manager, who shall be of French nationality,
+may be appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, subject
+to the foregoing provisions.
+
+For all purposes of the present article the Central Rhine Commission
+will decide by a majority of votes.
+
+=ARTICLE 66.=--The railway and other bridges across the Rhine now
+existing within the limits of Alsace-Lorraine shall, as to all their
+parts and their whole length, be the property of the French State, which
+shall insure their upkeep.
+
+=ARTICLE 67.=--The French Government is substituted in all the rights of
+the German Empire over all the railways which were administered by the
+Imperial Railway Administration, and which are actually working or under
+construction.
+
+The same shall apply to the rights of the empire with regard to railway
+and tramway concessions within the territories referred to in Article
+51.
+
+This substitution shall not entail any payment on the part of the French
+State.
+
+The frontier railway stations shall be established by a subsequent
+agreement, it being stipulated in advance that on the Rhine frontier
+they shall be situated on the right bank.
+
+=ARTICLE 68.=--In accordance with the provisions of Article 268 of
+Chapter 1. of Section I. of Part X. (economic clause) of the present
+treaty, for a period of five years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, natural or manufactured products originating in and
+coming from the territories referred to in Article 51 shall, on
+importation into German customs territory, be exempt from all customs
+duty. The French Government shall fix each year, by decree communicated
+to the German Government, the nature and amount of the products which
+shall enjoy this exemption.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+Further, during the period of five years above mentioned, the German
+Government shall allow the free export from Germany and the free
+reimportation into Germany, exempt from all customs duties and other
+charges (including internal charges), of yarns, tissues, and other
+textile materials or textile products of any kind, and in any condition,
+sent from Germany into the territories referred to in Article 51, to be
+subjected there to any finishing process, such as bleaching, dyeing,
+printing, mercerization, gassing, twisting, or dressing.
+
+=ARTICLE 69.=--During a period of ten years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty, central electric supply works situated in German
+territory, and formerly furnishing electric power to the territories
+referred to in Article 51, or to any establishment the working of which
+passes permanently or temporarily from Germany to France, shall be
+required to continue such supply up to the amount of consumption
+corresponding to the undertakings and contracts current on the 11th
+November, 1918.
+
+Such supply shall be furnished according to the contracts in force and
+at a rate which shall not be higher than that paid to the said works by
+German nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 70.=--It is understood that the French Government preserves its
+right to prohibit in the future in the territories referred to in
+Article 51 all new German participation:
+
+1. In the management or exploitation of the public domain and of public
+services, such as railways, navigable waterways, water works, gas works,
+electric power, &c.
+
+2. In the ownership of mines and quarries of every kind and in
+enterprises connected therewith;
+
+3. In metallurgical establishments, even though their working may not be
+connected with that of any mine.
+
+=ARTICLE 71.=--As regards the territories referred to in Article 51,
+Germany renounces on behalf of herself and her nationals as from the
+11th November, 1918, all rights under the law of the 25th May, 1910,
+regarding the trade in potash salts and generally under any stipulations
+for the intervention of German organizations in the working of the
+potash mines. Similarly she renounces on behalf of herself and her
+nationals all rights under any agreements, stipulations or laws, which
+may exist to her benefit with regard to other products of the aforesaid
+territories.
+
+=ARTICLE 72.=--The settlement of the questions relating to debts
+contracted before the 11th November, 1918, between the German Empire and
+the German States or their nationals residing in Germany on the one
+part, and Alsace-Lorrainers residing in Alsace-Lorraine on the other
+part, shall be effected in accordance with the provisions of Section
+III. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, the expression
+"before the war" therein being replaced by the expression "before the
+11th November, 1918." The rate of exchange applicable in the case of
+such settlement shall be the average rate quoted on the Geneva Exchange
+during the month preceding the 11th November, 1918. There may be
+established in the territories referred to in Article 51, for the
+settlement of the aforesaid debts under the conditions laid down in
+Section III. of Part X (economic clauses) of the present treaty, a
+special clearing office, it being understood that this office shall be
+regarded as a "central office" under the provisions of Paragraph 1 of
+the annex to the said section.
+
+=ARTICLE 73.=--The private property rights and interests of
+Alsace-Lorrainers in Germany will be regulated by the stipulations of
+Section IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 74.=--The French Government reserves the right to retain and
+liquidate all the property, rights and interests which German nationals
+or societies controlled by Germany possessed in the territories referred
+to in Article 51 on Nov. 11, 1918, subject to the conditions laid down
+in the last paragraph of Article 53 above.
+
+Germany will directly compensate its nationals who may have been
+dispossessed by the aforesaid liquidations.
+
+The product of these liquidations shall be applied in accordance with
+the stipulations of Sections III. and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses)
+of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 75.=--Notwithstanding the stipulations of Section V. of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty, all contracts made before the
+date of the promulgation in Alsace-Lorraine of the French decree of 30th
+November, 1918, between Alsace-Lorrainers (whether individuals or
+juridical persons) or others resident in Alsace-Lorraine on the one
+part, and the German Empire or German States and their nationals
+resident in Germany on the other part, the execution of which has been
+suspended by the armistice or by subsequent French legislation, shall be
+maintained.
+
+Nevertheless, any contract of which the French Government shall notify
+the cancellation to Germany in the general interest within a period of
+six months from the date of the coming into force of the present treaty
+shall be annulled except in respect of any debt or other pecuniary
+obligation arising out of any act done or money paid thereunder before
+the 11th November, 1918. If this dissolution would cause one of the
+parties substantial prejudice, equitable compensation, calculated solely
+on the capital employed without taking account of loss of profits, shall
+be accorded to the prejudiced party.
+
+With regard to prescriptions, limitations, and forfeitures in
+Alsace-Lorraine, the provisions of Articles 300 and 301 of Section V.,
+Part X. (economic clauses) shall be applied, with the substitution for
+the expression "outbreak of war" of the expression "11th November,
+1918," and for the expression "duration of the war" of the expression
+"period from the 11th November, 1918, to date of the coming into force
+of the present treaty."
+
+=ARTICLE 76.=--Questions concerning rights in industrial, literary, or
+artistic property of Alsace-Lorrainers shall be regulated in accordance
+with the general stipulations of Section VII. of Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty, it being understood that
+Alsace-Lorrainers holding rights of this nature under German legislation
+will preserve full and entire enjoyment of those rights on German
+territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 77.=--The German Government undertakes to pay over to the
+French Government such proportion of all reserves accumulated by the
+empire or by public or private bodies dependent upon it, for the
+purposes of disability and old age insurance, as would fall to the
+disability and old age insurance fund at Strasbourg.
+
+The same shall apply in respect of the capital and reserves accumulated
+in Germany falling legitimately to other serial insurance funds, to
+miners' superannuation funds, to the fund of the railways of
+Alsace-Lorraine, to other superannuation organizations established for
+the benefit of the personnel of public administrations and institutions
+operating in Alsace-Lorraine, and also in respect of the capital and
+reserves due by the insurance fund of private employes at Berlin by
+reason of engagements entered into for the benefit of insured persons of
+that category resident in Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+A special convention shall determine the conditions and procedure of
+these transfers.
+
+=ARTICLE 78.=--With regard to the execution of judgments, orders and
+prosecutions, the following rules shall be applied:
+
+1. All civil and commercial judgments which shall have been given since
+Aug. 3, 1914, by the courts of Alsace-Lorraine between
+Alsace-Lorrainers, or between Alsace-Lorrainers and foreigners, or
+between foreigners, and which shall not have been appealed from before
+the 11th November, 1918, shall be regarded as final and capable of being
+fully executed.
+
+When the judgment has been given between Alsace-Lorrainers and Germans,
+or between Alsace-Lorrainers and subjects of the allies of Germany, it
+shall only be capable of execution after the issue of an exequatur by
+the corresponding new tribunal in the restored territory referred to in
+Article 51.
+
+2. All judgments given by German courts since the 3d August, 1914,
+against Alsace-Lorrainers for political crimes or misdemeanors shall be
+regarded as null and void.
+
+3. All sentences passed since the 11th November, 1918, by the Imperial
+Court of Leipzig on Appeals against the decisions of the courts of
+Alsace-Lorraine shall be regarded as null and void and shall be so
+pronounced. The papers in regard to the cases in which such sentences
+have been given shall be returned to the courts of Alsace-Lorraine
+concerned.
+
+All appeals to the Imperial Court against decisions of the courts of
+Alsace-Lorraine shall be suspended. In the cases referred to above, the
+papers shall be returned under the aforesaid conditions for transfer
+without delay to the French Cour de Cassation which shall be competent
+to decide them.
+
+4. All prosecutions of Alsace-Lorraine for offenses committed during the
+period between the 11th November, 1918, and the coming into force of the
+present treaty will be conducted under German law except in so far as
+this has been modified by decrees duly published on the spot by the
+French authorities.
+
+All other questions as to competence, procedure or administration of
+justice, shall be determined by a special convention between France and
+Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 79.=--The stipulations as to nationality contained in the annex
+hereto shall be considered as of equal force with the provisions of the
+present section.
+
+All other questions concerning Alsace-Lorraine which are not regulated
+by the present section and the annex thereto, or by the general
+provisions of the present treaty, will form the subject of further
+conventions between France and Germany.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. As from the 11th November, 1918, the following persons are ipso facto
+reinstated in French nationality:
+
+First--Persons who lost French nationality by the application of the
+Franco-German treaty of the 10th May, 1871, and who have not since that
+date acquired any nationality other than German;
+
+Second--The legitimate or natural descendants of the persons referred to
+the immediately preceding paragraph, with the exception of those whose
+ascendants in the paternal line include a German who migrated into
+Alsace-Lorraine after the 15th July, 1870;
+
+Third--All persons born in Alsace-Lorraine of unknown parents or whose
+nationality is unknown.
+
+2. Within the period of one year from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, persons included in any of the following categories may
+claim French nationality:
+
+First--All persons not restored to French nationality under Paragraph 1,
+above, whose ascendants include a Frenchman or French woman who lost
+French nationality under the conditions referred to in the said
+paragraph;
+
+Second--All foreigners not nationals of a German State who acquired the
+status of a citizen of Alsace-Lorraine before the 3d August, 1914;
+
+Third--All Germans domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine, if they have been so
+domiciled since a date previous to 15th July, 1870, or if one of their
+ascendants was at that date domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine;
+
+Fourth--All Germans born or domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine who have served
+in the allied or associated armies during the present war and their
+descendants;
+
+Fifth--All persons born in Alsace-Lorraine before 10th May, 1871, of
+foreign parents, and the descendants of such persons;
+
+Sixth--The husband or wife of any person whose French nationality may
+have been restored under Paragraph 1 or who may have claimed and
+obtained French nationality in accordance with the preceding previsions.
+
+The legal representatives of a minor may exercise on behalf of that
+minor the right to claim French nationality; and if that right has not
+been exercised, the minor may claim French nationality within the year
+following his majority.
+
+Except in the case provided in No. 6 of the present paragraph, the
+French authorities reserve to themselves the right in individual cases
+to reject the claim to French nationality.
+
+3. Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 2, Germans born or domiciled
+in Alsace-Lorraine shall not acquire French nationality by reason of the
+restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France, even though they may have the
+status of citizens of Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+They may acquire French nationality only by naturalization, on condition
+of having been domiciled in Alsace-Lorraine from a date previous to the
+3d August, 1914, and of submitting proof of unbroken residence within
+the restored territory for a period of three years from the 11th
+November, 1918.
+
+France will be solely responsible for their diplomatic and consular
+protection from the date of their application for French naturalization.
+
+4. The French Government shall determine the procedure by which
+reinstatement in French nationality as of right shall be effected, and
+the conditions under which decisions shall be given upon claims to such
+nationality and applications for naturalization, as provided by the
+present annex.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Austria_
+
+=ARTICLE 80.=--Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the
+independence of Austria. Within the frontiers which may be fixed by a
+treaty between that State and the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+she agrees that this independence shall be inalienable, except with the
+consent of the Council of the League of Nations.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--_Czechoslovak State_
+
+=ARTICLE 81.=--Germany, in conformity with the action already taken by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, recognizes the complete independence
+of the Czechoslovak State, which will include the autonomous territory
+of the Ruthenians to the south of the Carpathians. Germany hereby
+recognizes the frontier of this State as determined by the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers and the other interested States.
+
+=ARTICLE 82.=--The old frontier as it existed on Aug. 3, 1914, between
+Austria-Hungary and the German Empire will constitute the frontier
+between Germany and the Czechoslovak State.
+
+=ARTICLE 83.=--Germany renounces in favor of the Czechoslovak State all
+rights and title over the portion of Silesian territory defined as
+follows:
+
+Starting from a point about 2 kilometers southeast of Katscher, on the
+boundary between the Circles (Kreise) of Loebschuetz and Ratibor: the
+boundary between the two Kreise; then, the former boundary between
+Germany and Austria-Hungary up to a point on the Oder immediately to the
+south of the Ratibor-Oderberg railway; thence, toward the northwest and
+up to a point about 2 kilometers to the southeast of Katscher: a line to
+be fixed on the spot passing to the west of Kranowitz.
+
+A commission composed of seven members, five nominated by the Principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, one by Poland, and one by the Czechoslovak
+State, will be appointed fifteen days after the coming into force of the
+present treaty to trace on the spot the frontier line between Poland and
+the Czechoslovak State.
+
+The decisions of this commission will be taken by a majority and shall
+be binding on the parties concerned.
+
+Germany hereby agrees to renounce in favor of the Czechoslovak State all
+rights and title over the part of the Kreise of Loebschuetz comprised
+within the following boundaries in case after the determination of the
+frontier between Germany and Poland the said part of that circle should
+become isolated from Germany: from the southeastern extremity of the
+salient of the former Austrian frontier at about 5 kilometers to the
+west of Loebschuetz southward and up to a point of junction with the
+boundary between the Kreise of Loebschuetz and Ratibor: the former
+frontier between Germany and Austria-Hungary; then, northward, the
+administrative boundary between the Kreise of Loebschuetz and Ratibor up
+to a point situated about 2 kilometers to the southeast of Katscher;
+thence, northwestward and up to the starting point of this definition: a
+line to be fixed on the spot passing to the east of Katscher.
+
+=ARTICLE 84.=--German nationals habitually resident in any of the
+territories recognized as forming part of the Czechoslovak State will
+obtain Czechoslovak nationality ipso facto and lose their German
+nationality.
+
+=ARTICLE 85.=--Within a period of two years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty German nationals over 18 years of age habitually
+resident in any of the territories recognized as forming part of the
+Czechoslovak State will be entitled to opt for German nationality.
+Czechoslovaks who are habitually resident in Germany will have a similar
+right to opt for Czechoslovak nationality.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife, and option by parents will
+cover their children under 18 years of age. Persons who have exercised
+the above right to opt must within the succeeding twelve months transfer
+their place of residence to the State for which they have opted. They
+will be entitled to retain their landed property in the territory of the
+other State where they had place of residence before exercising the
+right to opt. They may carry with them their movable property of every
+description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property. Within the same period
+Czechoslovaks who are German nationals and are in a foreign country will
+be entitled, in the absence of any provisions to the contrary in the
+foreign law, and if they have not acquired the foreign nationality, to
+obtain Czechoslovak nationality and lose their German nationality by
+complying with the requirements laid down by the Czechoslovak State.
+
+=ARTICLE 86.=--The Czechoslovak State accepts and agrees to embody in a
+treaty with the principal Allied and Associated Powers such provisions
+as may be deemed necessary by the said powers to protect the interests
+of inhabitants of that State who differ from the majority of the
+population in race, language or religion.
+
+The Czechoslovak State further accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty
+with the said powers such provisions as they may deem necessary to
+protect freedom of transit and equitable treatment of the commerce of
+other nations.
+
+The proportion and nature of the financial obligations of Germany and
+Prussia, which the Czechoslovak State will have to assume on account of
+the Silesian territory placed under its sovereignty will be determined
+in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the
+present treaty.
+
+Subsequent agreements will decide all questions not decided by the
+present treaty which may arise in consequence of the cession of the said
+territory.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--_Poland_
+
+=ARTICLE 87.=--Germany, in conformity with the action already taken by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, recognizes the complete independence
+of Poland and renounces in her favor all rights and title over the
+territory bounded by the Baltic Sea; the eastern frontier of Germany as
+laid down in Article 27 of Part II. (boundaries of Germany) of the
+present treaty, up to a point situated about two kilometers to the east
+of the Lorzendorf, then a line to the acute angle which the northern
+boundary of Upper Silesia makes about three kilometers northwest of
+Simmenau, then to where the boundary of Upper Silesia has its meeting
+point with the old frontier between Germany and Russia, then this
+frontier to the point where it crosses the course of the Niemen, and
+then the northern frontier of East Prussia, as laid down in Article 28,
+Part II. aforesaid.
+
+The terms of this article do not, however, apply to the territories of
+East Prussia and the free city of Danzig, as defined in Article 28, of
+Part II. (boundaries of Germany,) and in Article 100 of Section XI.
+(Danzig) of this part.
+
+The boundaries of Poland not laid down in the present treaty will be
+subsequently determined by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. A
+commission consisting of seven members, five of whom shall be nominated
+by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, one by Germany, and one
+by Poland, shall be constituted fifteen days after the coming into force
+of the present treaty to delimit on the spot the frontier line between
+Poland and Germany. The decision of the commission will be taken by a
+majority of votes and shall be binding upon the parties concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 88.=--In the portion of Upper Silesia included within the
+boundaries described below the inhabitants will be called upon to
+indicate by a vote whether they wish to be attached to Germany or to
+Poland:
+
+Starting from the northern point of the salient of the old province of
+Austrian Silesia, situated about eight kilometers east of Neustadt, the
+former frontier between Germany and Austria, to its junction with the
+boundary between the Kreise of Loebschuetz and Ratibor; thence in a
+northerly direction to a point about two kilometers southeast of
+Katscher; the boundary between the Kreise of Loebschuetz and Ratibor;
+thence in a southeasterly direction to a point on the course of the Oder
+immediately south of the Ratibor-Oderberg railway: a line to be fixed on
+the ground passing south of Karanowitz;
+
+Thence the old boundary between Germany and Austria, thence the old
+boundary between Germany and Russia to its junction with the
+administrative boundary between Posnania and Upper Silesia; thence this
+administrative boundary to its junction with the administrative boundary
+between Upper and Middle Silesia; thence westward to the point where the
+administrative boundary turns in an acute angle to the southwest about
+three kilometers northwest of Simmenau;
+
+The boundary between Upper and Middle Silesia; thence in a westerly
+direction to a point to be fixed on the ground about two kilometers east
+of Orzendorf: a line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Kein
+Hennersdorf; thence southward to the point where the boundary between
+Upper and Middle Silesia cuts the Stadtel-Karlsruhe road: a line to be
+fixed on the ground passing west of Hennersdorf, Polkowitz, Noldau,
+Steamersdorf and Dammer, and east of Strehlitz, Nassadel, Eckersdorf,
+Schwirz, and Stadtel; thence the boundary between Upper and Middle
+Silesia to its junction with the eastern boundary of the Kreise of
+Falkenberg; thence the eastern boundary of the Kreis of Falkenberg to
+the point of the salient which is three kilometers east of Puschine;
+thence to the northern point of the salient of the old province of
+Austrian Silesia, situated about eight kilometers east of Neustadt: a
+line to be fixed on the ground, passing east of Zulls.
+
+The regime under which this plebiscite will be taken and given effect to
+is laid down in the annex hereto.
+
+The Polish and German Governments hereby respectively bind themselves to
+conduct no prosecutions on any part of their territory and to take no
+exceptional proceedings for any political action performed in Upper
+Silesia during the period of the regime laid down in the annex hereto,
+and up to the settlement of the final status of the country Germany
+hereby renounces in favor of Poland all rights and title over the
+portion of Upper Silesia lying beyond the frontier line fixed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers as this result of the plebiscite.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. Within fifteen days from the coming into force of the present treaty
+the German troops and such officials as may be designated by the
+commission set up under the provisions of Paragraph 2 shall evacuate the
+plebiscite area. Up to the moment of the completion of the evacuation
+they shall refrain from any form of requisitioning in money or in kind
+and from all acts likely to prejudice the material interest of the
+country.
+
+Within the same period the workmen's and soldiers' councils which have
+been constituted in this area shall be dissolved. Members of such
+councils who are natives of another region and are exercising their
+functions at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, or
+who have gone out of office since the 1st March, 1919, shall be
+evacuated.
+
+All military and semi-military unions formed in the said area by the
+inhabitants of the district shall be immediately disbanded. All members
+of such military organizations who are not domiciled in the said area
+shall be required to leave it.
+
+2. The plebiscite area shall be immediately placed under the authority
+of an international commission of four members to be designated by the
+following powers: The United States of America, France, the British
+Empire, and Italy. It shall be occupied by troops belonging to the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and the German Government undertakes to
+give facilities for the transference of troops to Upper Silesia.
+
+3. The commission shall enjoy all the powers exercised by the German or
+by the Prussian Government; except those of legislation or taxation. It
+shall also be substituted for the Government of the Province and the
+Regierungsbezirk.
+
+It shall be within the competence of the commission to interpret the
+powers hereby conferred upon it, and to determine to what extent it
+shall exercise them and to what extent they shall be left in the hands
+of the existing authorities.
+
+Changes in the existing laws and the existing taxation shall only be
+brought into force with the consent of the commission.
+
+The commission will maintain order with the help of the troops which
+will be at its disposal and to the extent which it may deem necessary by
+means of gendarmerie recruited among the inhabitants of the country. The
+commission shall provide immediately for the replacement of the
+evacuated German officials, and, if occasion arises, shall itself order
+the evacuation of such authorities and proceed to the replacement of
+such local authorities as may be required. It shall take all steps which
+it thinks proper to insure the freedom, fairness, and secrecy of the
+vote. In particular, it shall have the right to order the expulsion of
+any person who may in any way have attempted to distort the result of
+the plebiscite by methods of corruption or intimidation.
+
+The commission shall have full power to settle all questions arising
+from the execution of the present clauses. It shall be assisted by
+technical advisers, chosen by it from among the local populations. The
+decision of the commission shall be taken by a majority vote.
+
+4. The vote shall take place at such date as may be determined by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, but not sooner than six months
+or later than eighteen months after the establishment of the commission
+in the area.
+
+The right to vote shall be given to all persons, without distinction of
+sex, who:
+
+(a) Have completed their twentieth year on the 1st of January of the
+year in which the plebiscite takes place;
+
+(b) Were born in the plebiscite area or have been domiciled there since
+a date to be determined by the commission, which shall not be subsequent
+to January 1, 1919, or who have been expelled by the German authorities
+and have not retained their domicile there.
+
+Persons convicted of political offenses shall not exercise their right
+of voting. Every person will vote in the commune where he is domiciled,
+or in which he was born, if he has not retained his domicile in the
+area.
+
+The result of the vote will be determined by the communes according to
+the majority of votes in each commune.
+
+5. On the conclusion of the voting the number of votes cast in each
+commune will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers with a full report as to the taking of the vote
+and a recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the
+frontier of Germany in Upper Silesia. In this recommendation regard will
+be paid to the wishes of the inhabitants, as shown by the vote, and to
+the geographical and economic conditions of the locality.
+
+6. As soon as the frontier has been fixed by the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers the German authorities will be notified by the
+International Commission that they are free to take over the
+administration of the territory which it is recognized should be German;
+the said authorities must proceed to do so within one month of such
+notification and in the manner prescribed by the commission. Within the
+same period and in the manner prescribed by the commission, the Polish
+Government must proceed to take over the administration of the
+territory which it is recognized should be Polish.
+
+When the administration of the territory has been provided for by the
+German and Polish authorities respectively the powers of the commission
+will terminate.
+
+The cost of the Army of Occupation and expenditure by the commission,
+whether in discharge of its own functions or in the administration of
+the territory, will be a charge on the area.
+
+=ARTICLE 89.=--Poland undertakes to accord freedom of transit to
+persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails in transit between
+East Prussia and the rest of Germany over Polish territory, including
+territorial waters, and to treat them at least as favorably as the
+persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails, respectively, of
+Polish or of any other most-favored nationality, origin, importation
+starting point, or ownership, as regards facilities, restrictions, and
+all other matters.
+
+Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar
+duties.
+
+Freedom of transit will extend to telegraphic and telephonic services
+under the conditions laid down by the conventions referred to in Article
+98.
+
+=ARTICLE 90.=--Poland undertakes to permit, for a period of fifteen
+years, the exportation to Germany of the products of the mines in any
+part of Poland in accordance with the present treaty. Such export shall
+be subject to duties or other charges or restrictions on exportation.
+
+Poland agrees to take such steps as may be necessary to secure that such
+products shall be available for sale to purchasers in Germany on terms
+as favorable as are applicable to like products sold under similar
+conditions to purchasers in Poland or in any other country.
+
+=ARTICLE 91.=--German nationals habitually resident in territories
+recognized as forming part of Poland will acquire Polish nationality
+ipso facto and will lose their German nationality. German nationals,
+however, or their descendants who became resident in these territories
+after January 1, 1908, will not acquire Polish nationality without a
+special authorization from the Polish State.
+
+Within a period of two years after the coming into force of the present
+treaty, German nationals over 18 years of age, habitually resident in
+any of the territories recognized as forming part of Poland, will be
+entitled to opt for German nationality. Poles who are German nationals
+over 18 years of age, and habitually resident in Germany, will have a
+similar right to opt for Polish nationality. Option by a husband will
+cover his wife and option by parents will cover their children under 18
+years of age. Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must
+within the succeeding twelve months transfer their place of residence to
+the State for which they have opted. They will be entitled to retain
+their immovable property in the territory of the other State, where they
+had their place of residence before exercising the right to opt. They
+may carry with them their movable property of every description. No
+export or import duties or charges may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property.
+
+Within the same period Poles who are German nationals and are in a
+foreign country will be entitled, in the absence of any provisions to
+the contrary in the foreign law, and if they have not acquired foreign
+nationality, to obtain Polish nationality and to lose their German
+nationality by complying with the requirements laid down by the Polish
+State.
+
+In this portion of Upper Silesia submitted to a plebiscite the
+provisions of this article should only come into force as from the
+definite attribution of the territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 92.=--The proportion and the nature of the financial
+liabilities of Germany and Prussia to be borne by Poland will be
+determined in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty. There shall be excluded from the share
+of such financial liabilities assumed by Poland that portion of the debt
+which, according to the finding of the Reparation Commission referred to
+in the above mentioned article, arises from measures adopted by the
+German and Prussian Governments with a view to German colonization in
+Poland. In fixing under Article 256 of the present treaty the value of
+the property and possessions belonging to the German Empire and to the
+German states which pass to Poland, with the territory transferred
+above, the Reparation Commission shall exclude from the valuation
+buildings, forests, and other State property which belonged to the
+former kingdom of Poland; Poland shall acquire these properties free of
+all costs and charges.
+
+In all the German territory transferred in accordance with the present
+treaty and recognized as forming definitely a part of Poland, the
+property rights and interests of German nationals shall not be
+liquidated under Article 297 by the Polish Government except in
+accordance with the following provisions:
+
+1. The proceeds of the liquidation shall be paid direct to the owner;
+
+2. If, on his application, the mixed arbitral tribunal provided for by
+the Section 6 of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, or an
+arbitrator appointed by that tribunal, is satisfied that the conditions
+of the sale or measures taken by the Polish Government outside of its
+general legislation were unfairly prejudicial to the price obtained,
+they shall have discretion to award to the owner equitable compensation
+to be paid by the Polish Government.
+
+Further agreements will regulate all questions arising out of the
+cession of the above territory, which are not regulated by the present
+treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 93.=--Poland accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty with the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers such provisions as may be deemed
+necessary by the said powers to protect the interests of inhabitants of
+Poland who differ from the majority of the population in race, language
+or religion.
+
+Poland further accepts and agrees to embody in a treaty with the said
+powers such provisions as they may deem necessary to protect freedom of
+transit and equitable treatment of the commerce of other nations.
+
+
+SECTION IX.--_East Prussia._
+
+=ARTICLE 94.=--In the area between the southern frontier of East
+Prussia, as described in Article 28 of Part II. (frontiers of Germany)
+of the present treaty, and the line described below, the inhabitants
+will be called upon to indicate by a vote the State to which they wish
+to belong:
+
+The western and northern boundary of Regierungsbezirk Allenstein to its
+junction with the boundary between the Kreise of Oletsko and Angerburg,
+thence, the northern boundary of the Kreise of Oletsko to its junction
+with the old frontier of East Prussia.
+
+=ARTICLE 95.=--The German troops and authorities will be withdrawn from
+the area defined above within a period not exceeding fifteen days after
+the coming into force of the present treaty. Until the evacuation is
+completed they will abstain from all requisitions in money or in kind
+and from all measures injurious to the economic interests of the
+country.
+
+On the expiration of the above-mentioned period the said area will be
+placed under the authority of an International Commission of five
+members appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. This
+commission will have general powers of administration and, in
+particular, will be charged with the duty of arranging for the vote, and
+of taking such measures as it may deem necessary to insure its freedom,
+fairness, and secrecy. The commission will have all necessary authority
+to decide any questions to which the execution of these provisions may
+give rise. The commission will make such arrangements as may be
+necessary for assistance in the exercise of its functions by officials
+chosen by itself from the local population; its decisions will be taken
+by a majority.
+
+Every person, irrespective of sex, will be entitled to vote who:
+
+(a) Is 20 years of age at the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty, and
+
+(b) Was born within the area where the vote will take place, or has been
+habitually resident there from a date to be fixed by the commission.
+
+Every person will vote in the commune where he is habitually resident
+or, if not habitually resident in the area, in the commune where he was
+born.
+
+The result of the vote will be determined by commune, (Gemeinde,)
+according to the majority of the votes in each commune.
+
+On the conclusion of the voting the number of votes cast in each commune
+will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers with a full report as to the taking of the vote and a
+recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the boundary
+of East Prussia in this region.
+
+In this recommendation, regard will be paid to the wishes of the
+inhabitants as shown by the vote, and to the geographical and economic
+conditions of the locality. The principal Allied and Associated Powers
+will then fix the frontier between East Prussia and Poland in this
+region. If the line fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+is such as to exclude from East Prussia any part of the territory
+defined in Article 94, the renunciation of its rights by Germany in
+favor of Poland, as provided in Article 87, above, will extend to the
+territories so excluded. As soon as the line has been fixed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, the authorities administering
+East Prussia will be notified by the International Commission that they
+are free to take over the administration of the territory to the north
+of the line so fixed, which they shall proceed to do within one month of
+such notification and in the manner prescribed by the commission. Within
+the same period, and as prescribed by the commission, the Polish
+Government must proceed to take over the administration of the territory
+to the south of the line. When the administration of the territory by
+the East Prussian and Polish authorities, respectively, has been
+provided for, the powers of the commission will terminate.
+
+Expenditure by the commission, whether in the discharge of its own
+functions or in the administration of the territory, will be borne by
+the local revenues. East Prussia will be required to bear such
+proportion of any deficit as may be fixed by the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 96.=--In the area comprising the Kreise of Stuhm and Rosenberg,
+and the portion of the Kreise of Marienburg which is situated east of
+the Nogat, and that of Marienwerder east of the Vistula, the inhabitants
+will be called upon to indicate by a vote, to be taken in each commune,
+(Gemeinde,) whether they desire the various communes situated in this
+territory to belong to Poland or to East Prussia.
+
+=ARTICLE 97.=--The German troops and authorities will be withdrawn from
+the area defined in Article 96 within a period not exceeding fifteen
+days after the coming into force of the present treaty. Until the
+evacuation is completed they will abstain from all requisitions in money
+or in kind and from all measures injurious to the economic interests of
+the country. On the expiration of the above-mentioned period the said
+area will be placed under the authority of an International Commission
+of five members appointed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+This commission, supported, if occasion arises, by the necessary forces,
+will have general powers of administration, and, in particular, will be
+charged with the duty of arranging for the vote and of taking such
+measures as it may deem necessary to insure its freedom, fairness, and
+secrecy. The commission will conform as far as possible to the
+provisions of the present treaty relating to the plebiscite in the
+Allenstein area. Its decision will be taken by a majority. Expenditure
+by the commission, whether in the discharge of its own functions or in
+the administration of the territory, will be borne by the local
+revenues.
+
+On the conclusion of the voting, the number of votes cast in each
+commune will be communicated by the commission to the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, with a full report as to the taking of the vote
+and a recommendation as to the line which ought to be adopted as the
+boundary of East Prussia in this region. In this recommendation regard
+will be paid to the wishes of the inhabitants as shown by the vote and
+to the geographical and economic conditions of the locality. The
+principal Allied and Associated Powers will then fix the frontier
+between East Prussia and Poland in this region, leaving in any case to
+Poland for the whole of the section bordering on the Vistula full and
+complete control of the river, including the east bank as far east of
+the river as may be necessary for its regulation and improvement.
+Germany agrees that in any portion of the said territory which remains
+German no fortifications shall at any time be erected.
+
+The principal Allied and Associated Powers will at the same time draw up
+regulations for assuring to the population of East Prussia to the
+fullest extent, and under equitable conditions, access to the Vistula,
+and the use of it for themselves, their commerce, and their boats. The
+determination of the frontier and the foregoing regulations shall be
+binding upon all the parties concerned. When the administration of the
+territory has been taken over by the East Prussian and Polish
+authorities, respectively, the powers of the commission will terminate.
+
+=ARTICLE 98.=--Germany and Poland undertake, within one year of the
+coming into force of this treaty, to enter into conventions of which the
+terms, in case of difference, shall be settled by the Council of the
+League of Nations, with the object of securing on the one hand to
+Germany full and adequate railroad, telegraphic, and telephonic
+facilities for communication between the rest of Germany and East
+Prussia over the intervening Polish territory, and Anthe other hand to
+Poland full and adequate railroad, telegraphic, and telephonic
+facilities for communication between Poland and the free city of Danzig
+over any German territory that may, on the right bank of the Vistula,
+intervene between Poland and the free city of Danzig.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright Harris and Ewing_
+
+Sir Eric Drummond
+
+The first Secretary of the League of Nations. Sir Eric joined the
+British Foreign Office in 1900, and later served as confidential
+secretary to Sir Edward (Viscount) Grey, Herbert H. Asquith, and Arthur
+J. Balfour. In 1917 he accompanied Mr. Balfour to the United States as a
+member of the British High Commission.]
+
+
+SECTION X.--_Memel_
+
+=ARTICLE 99.=--Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers all rights and title over the territories included
+between the Baltic, the northeastern frontier of East Prussia as defined
+in Article 28 of Part II. (frontiers of Germany) of the present treaty
+and the former frontier between Germany and Russia.
+
+Germany undertakes to accept the settlement made by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers in regard to these territories, particularly in so
+far as concerns the nationality of the inhabitants.
+
+
+SECTION XI.--_Free City of Danzig_
+
+=ARTICLE 100.=--Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers all rights and title over the territory comprised
+within the following limits:
+
+From the Baltic Sea southward to the point where the principal channels
+of navigation of the Nogat and Vistula (Weichsel) meet;
+
+The boundary of East Prussia as described in Article 28 of Part II.
+(boundaries of Germany) of the peace treaty;
+
+Thence the principal channel of navigation of the Vistula downstream to
+a point about 6-1/2 kilometers north of the bridge of Dirschau;
+
+Thence northwest to point 5, 1-1/2 kilometers southeast of the Church of
+Guettland, a line to be fixed on the ground;
+
+Thence in a general westerly direction to the salient of the Kreise of
+Berent, 8-1/2 kilometers northeast of Schoeneck;
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing between Muehlbanz on the south
+and Rambeltsch on the north;
+
+Thence the boundary of the Kreise of Berent, westward to the re-entrant
+which it forms 6 kilometers north-northwest of Schoeneck;
+
+Thence to a point on the median line of Lonkener See; a line to be fixed
+on the ground passing north of Neu Fietz and Schatarpi and south of
+Barenhuette and Lonken; thence the median line of the Lonkener See to its
+northernmost point; thence to the southern end of Pollenziner See; a
+line to be fixed on the ground;
+
+Thence the median line of Pollenziner See to its northernmost point;
+
+Thence in a northeasterly direction to a point about one kilometer south
+of Koliebken Church, where the Danzig-Neustadt Railway crosses a stream;
+
+A line to be fixed on the ground passing southeast of Kamehlen, Krissau,
+Fidlin, Sulmin, (Richthof,) Mattern, Schaferei, and to the northwest of
+Neuendorf, Marschau, Czapielken, Hoch and Klein Kelpin, Pulvermuehl,
+Renneberg, and the towns of Oliva and Zoppot;
+
+Thence the course of this stream to the Baltic Sea.
+
+The boundaries described above are drawn on a German map scale
+1-100,000, attached to the present treaty, (Map No. 4.)
+
+=ARTICLE 101.=--A commission composed of three members appointed by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, including a High Commissioner as
+President, one member appointed by Germany, and one member appointed by
+Poland, shall be constituted within fifteen days of the coming into
+force of the present treaty for the purpose of delimiting on the spot
+the frontier of the territory as described above, taking into account as
+far as possible the existing communal boundaries.
+
+=ARTICLE 102.=--The principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to
+establish the town of Danzig, together with the rest of the territory
+described in Article 100, as a free city. It will be placed under the
+protection of the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 103.=--A constitution for the free city of Danzig shall be
+drawn up by the duly appointed representatives of the free city in
+agreement with a High Commissioner to be appointed by the League of
+Nations. The constitution shall be placed under the guarantee of the
+League of Nations.
+
+The High Commissioner will also be intrusted with the duty of dealing in
+the first instance with all differences arising between Poland and the
+free city of Danzig in regard to this treaty or any arrangements or
+agreements made thereunder.
+
+The High Commissioner shall reside at Danzig.
+
+=ARTICLE 104.=--The principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to
+negotiate a treaty between the Polish Government and the free city of
+Danzig which shall come into force at the same time as the establishment
+of said free city, with the following objects:
+
+1. To effect the inclusion of the free city of Danzig within the Polish
+customs frontiers and to establish a free area in the port.
+
+2. To insure to Poland without any restriction the free use and service
+of all waterways, docks, basins, wharves, and other works within the
+territory of the free city necessary for Polish imports and exports.
+
+3. To insure to Poland the control and administration of the Vistula and
+of the whole railway system within the free city; except such street and
+other railways as serve primarily the needs of the free city and of
+postal, telegraphic, and telephonic communication between Poland and the
+Port of Danzig.
+
+4. To insure to Poland the right to develop and improve the waterways,
+docks, basins, wharves, railways, and other works and means of
+communication mentioned in this article, as well as to lease or purchase
+through appropriate processes such land and other property as may be
+necessary for these purposes.
+
+5. To provide against any discrimination within the free city of Danzig
+to the detriment of citizens of Poland and other persons of Polish
+origin or speech.
+
+6. To provide that the Polish Government shall undertake the conduct of
+the foreign relations of the free city of Danzig as well as the
+diplomatic protection of citizens of that city when abroad.
+
+=ARTICLE 105.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty German
+nationals ordinarily resident in the territory described in Article 100
+will ipso facto lose their German nationality, in order to become
+nationals of the free city of Danzig.
+
+=ARTICLE 106.=--Within a period of two years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty German nationals over 18 years of age ordinarily
+resident in the territory described in Article 100 will have the right
+to opt for German nationality.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife and option by parents will cover
+their children less than 18 years of age.
+
+All persons who exercise the right of option referred to above must
+during the ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to
+Germany.
+
+These persons will be entitled to preserve the immovable property
+possessed by them in the territory of the free city of Danzig. They may
+carry with them their movable property of every description. No export
+or import duties shall be imposed upon them in this connection.
+
+=ARTICLE 107.=--All property situated within the territory of the free
+city of Danzig belonging to the German Empire or any German State shall
+pass to the principal Allied and Associated Powers for transfer to the
+free city of Danzig or to the Polish State as they may consider
+equitable.
+
+=ARTICLE 108.=--The proportion and nature of the financial liabilities
+of Germany and of Prussia to be borne by the free city of Danzig shall
+be fixed in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial clauses)
+of the present treaty.
+
+All other questions which may arise from the cession of the territory
+referred to in Article 100 shall be settled by further agreements.
+
+
+SECTION XII.--_Schleswig_
+
+=ARTICLE 109.=--The frontier between Germany and Denmark shall be fixed
+in conformity with the wishes of the population.
+
+For this purpose the population inhabiting the territories of the former
+German Empire situated to the north of a line from east to west, (shown
+by a brown line on the Map No. 3 annexed to the present treaty;)
+
+Leaving the Baltic coast about thirteen kilometers east-northeast of
+Flensburg, running southwest so as to pass southeast of Sygum,
+Ringsberg, Munkbrarup, Adelby, Tastrup, Jarplund, Oversee, and northwest
+of Langballigholz, Langballig, Boenstrup, Ruellschau, Weseby,
+Kleinwolstrup, Gross-Solt; thence westward passing south of Froerup and
+north of Wanderup; thence in a southwesterly direction passing southeast
+of Oxlund, Stieglund, and Ostenau and northwest of the villages on the
+Wanderup-Kollund road; thence in a northwesterly direction passing
+southwest of Loewenstedt, Joldelund, Goldelund and northeast of
+Kalkerheide and Hoegel to the bend of the Soholmer Au, about one
+kilometer east of Soholm, where it meets the southern boundary of the
+Kreise of Tondern; thence following this boundary to the North Sea;
+thence passing south of the islands of Fohr and Amrum and north of the
+islands of Oland and Langeness shall be called upon to pronounce by a
+vote which will be taken under the following conditions:
+
+1. Within a period not exceeding ten days from the coming into force of
+the present treaty, the German troops and authorities (including the
+Oberprasidenten, Regierungs-Prasidenten, Landrathe, Amtsvorsteher,
+Oberbuergermeister) shall evacuate the zone lying to the north of the
+line above fixed.
+
+Within the same period the Workmen's and Soldiers' Councils which have
+been constituted in this zone shall be dissolved; members of such
+councils who are natives of another region and are exercising their
+functions at the date of the coming into force of the present treaty, or
+who have gone out of office since the 1st March, 1919, shall also be
+evacuated.
+
+The said zone shall immediately be placed under the authority of an
+international commission, composed of five members, of whom three will
+be designated by the principal Allied and Associated Powers; the
+Norwegian and Swedish Governments will each be requested to designate a
+member. In the event of their failing to do so, these two members will
+be chosen by the principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+The commission, assisted in case of need by the necessary forces, shall
+have general powers of administration. In particular, it shall at once
+provide for filling the places of the evacuated German authorities, and,
+if necessary, shall itself give orders for their evacuation and proceed
+to fill the places of such local authorities as may be required. It
+shall take all steps which it thinks proper to insure the freedom,
+fairness, and secrecy of the vote. It shall be assisted by German and
+Danish technical advisers chosen by it from among the local population.
+Its decisions will be taken by a majority.
+
+One-half of the expenses of the International Commission and of the
+expenditure occasioned by the plebiscite shall be paid by Germany.
+
+2. The right to vote shall be given all persons, without distinction of
+sex, who:
+
+(a) Have completed their twentieth year at the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty; and
+
+(b) Were born in the zone in which the plebiscite is taken, or had been
+domiciled there since a date before the 1st January, 1900, or had been
+expelled by the German authorities without having retained their
+domicile there.
+
+Every person will vote in the commune (Gemeinde) where he is domiciled
+or of which he is a native.
+
+Military persons, officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers of
+the German Army, who are natives of the zone of Schleswig, in which the
+plebiscite is taken, shall be given the opportunity to return to their
+native place in order to take part in the voting there.
+
+3. In the section of the evacuated zone lying to the north of a line
+from east to west (shown by a red line on Map No. 3, which is annexed to
+the present treaty):
+
+Passing south of the Island of Alsen and following the median line of
+Flensburg Fjord;
+
+Thence leaving the fjord about six kilometers north of Flensburg, and
+following the course of the stream flowing past Kupfermuehle upstream to
+a point north of Niehuus;
+
+Thence passing north of Pattburg and Ellund and south of Froeslee to meet
+the eastern boundary of the Kreise of Tondern at its junction with the
+boundary between the old jurisdiction of Slogs and Kjaer, (Slogs Herred
+and Kjaer Herred;)
+
+Thence the latter boundary to where it meets the Scheidebek;
+
+Thence the course of the Scheidebek, (Alte Au), Sueder Au, and Wied Au
+downstream successively to the point where the latter bends northward,
+about 1,500 meters west of Ruttebuell;
+
+Thence in a west-northwesterly direction to meet the North Sea north of
+Sieltoft;
+
+Thence passing north of the Island of Sylt.
+
+The vote above provided for shall be taken within a period not exceeding
+three weeks after the evacuation of the country by the German troops and
+authorities.
+
+The result will be determined by the majority of votes cast in the whole
+of this section. This result will be immediately communicated by the
+commission to the principal Allied and Associated Governments and
+proclaimed.
+
+If the vote results in favor of the reincorporation of this territory in
+the Kingdom of Denmark, the Danish Government, in agreement with the
+commission will be entitled to effect its occupation with their military
+and administrative authorities immediately after the proclamation.
+
+4. In the section of the evacuated zone situated to the south of the
+preceding section and to the north of the line which starts from the
+Baltic Sea thirteen kilometers from Flensburg and ends north of the
+islands of Oland and Langeness, the vote will be taken within a period
+not exceeding five weeks after the plebiscite shall have been held in
+the first section.
+
+The result will be determined by communes (Gemeinden) in accordance with
+the majority of the votes cast in each commune, (Gemeinde.)
+
+=ARTICLE 110.=--Pending a delimination on the spot, a frontier line will
+be fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers according to a
+line based on the result of the voting, and proposed by the
+International Commission, and taking into account the particular
+geographical and economic conditions of the localities in question.
+
+From that time the Danish Government may effect the occupation of these
+territories which the Danish civil and military authorities, and the
+German Government may reinstate up to the said frontier line the German
+civil and military authorities whom it has evacuated.
+
+Germany hereby renounced definitively in favor of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers all rights of sovereignty over the territories
+situated to the north of the frontier line fixed in accordance with the
+above provisions. The principal Allied and Associated Powers will hand
+over the said territories to Denmark.
+
+=Article 111.=--A commission composed of seven members, five of whom
+shall be nominated by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, one by
+Denmark, and one by Germany, shall be constituted within fifteen days
+from the date when the final result of the vote is known, to trace the
+frontier line on the spot.
+
+The decisions of the commission will be taken by a majority of votes,
+and shall be binding on the parties concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 112.=--All the inhabitants of the territory which is returned
+to Denmark will acquire Danish nationality ipso facto, and will lose
+their German nationality. Persons, however, who had become habitually
+resident in this territory after the 1st October, 1918, will not be able
+to acquire Danish nationality without permission from the Danish
+Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 113.=--Within two years from the date on which the sovereignty
+over the whole or part of the territory of Schleswig subjected to the
+plebiscite is restored to Denmark:
+
+Any person over 18 years of age, born in the territory restored to
+Denmark, not habitually resident in this region and possessing German
+nationality, will be entitled to opt for Denmark.
+
+Any person over 18 years of age habitually resident in the territory
+restored to Denmark will be entitled to opt for Germany.
+
+Option by a husband will cover his wife and option by parents will cover
+their children less than 18 years of age.
+
+Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must within the
+ensuing twelve months transfer their place of residence to the State in
+favor of which they have opted.
+
+They will be entitled to retain the immovable property which they own in
+the territory of the other State in which they were habitually resident
+before opting. They may carry with them their movable property of every
+description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in
+connection with the removal of such property.
+
+=ARTICLE 114.=--The proportion and nature of the financial or other
+obligations of Germany and Prussia which are to be assumed by Denmark
+will be fixed in accordance with Article 254 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+Further stipulations will determine any other questions arising out of
+the transfer to Denmark of the whole or part of the territory of which
+she was deprived by the treaty of Oct. 30, 1864.
+
+
+SECTION XIII.--_Heligoland_
+
+=ARTICLE 115.=--The fortifications, military establishments, and harbors
+of the islands of Heligoland and Dune shall be destroyed under the
+supervision of the principal Allied Governments by German labor and at
+the expense of Germany within a period to be determined by the said
+Governments.
+
+The term "harbors" shall include the Northeast Mole, the West Wall, the
+outer and inner breakwaters and reclaimed land within them, and all
+naval and military works, fortifications, and buildings, constructed or
+under construction, between lines connecting the following positions
+taken from the British Admiralty Chart No. 126 of 19 April, 1918:
+
+(A) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 49 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+39 seconds E.;
+
+(B) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 35 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 54 minutes
+18 seconds E.;
+
+(C) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 14 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 54 minutes
+0 seconds E.;
+
+(D) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 17 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+37 seconds E.;
+
+(E) Lat. 54 degrees 10 minutes 44 seconds N.; long. 7 degrees 53 minutes
+26 seconds E.
+
+These fortifications, military establishments, and harbors shall not be
+reconstructed nor shall any similar works be constructed in future.
+
+
+SECTION XIV.--_Russia and Russian States_
+
+=ARTICLE 116.=--Germany acknowledges and agrees to respect as permanent
+and inalienable the independence of all the territories which were part
+of the former Russian Empire on Aug. 1, 1914.
+
+In accordance with the provisions of Article 259 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses,) and Article 292 of Part X. (economic clauses,) Germany accepts
+definitely the abrogation of the Brest-Litovsk Treaties and of all
+treaties, conventions, and agreements entered into by her with the
+Maximalist Government in Russia.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers formally reserve the rights of Russia
+to obtain from Germany restitution and reparation based on the
+principles of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 117.=--Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of all
+treaties or agreements which may be entered into by the Allied and
+Associated Powers with States now existing or coming into existence in
+future in the whole or part of the former Empire of Russia as it existed
+on August 1, 1914, and to recognize the frontiers of any such States as
+determined therein.
+
+
+
+
+PART IV
+
+German Rights and Interests Outside Germany
+
+
+=ARTICLE 118.=--In territory outside her European frontiers as fixed by
+the present treaty, Germany renounces all rights, titles, and privileges
+whatever in or over territory which belonged to her or to her allies,
+and all rights, titles, and privileges, whatever their origin, which she
+held as against the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+Germany undertakes immediately to recognize and to conform to the
+measures which may be taken now or in the future by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, in agreement where necessary with third powers,
+in order to carry the above stipulation into effect.
+
+In particular, Germany declares her acceptance of the following articles
+relating to certain special subjects:
+
+
+SECTION I.--_German Colonies_
+
+=ARTICLE 119.=--Germany renounces in favor of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers all her rights and titles over her overseas
+possessions.
+
+=ARTICLE 120.=--All movable and immovable property in such territories
+belonging to the German Empire or to any German State shall pass to the
+Government exercising authority over such territories on the terms laid
+down in Article 257 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the present
+treaty. The decision of the local courts in any dispute as to the nature
+of such property shall be final.
+
+=ARTICLE 121.=--The provisions of Section I. (commercial relations) and
+Section IV. (property, rights, and interests) of Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty shall apply in the case of these
+territories whatever be the form of government adopted for them.
+
+=ARTICLE 122.=--The Government exercising authority over such
+territories may make such provisions as it thinks fit with reference to
+the repatriation from them of German nationals, and to the conditions
+upon which German subjects of European origin shall, or shall not, be
+allowed to reside, hold property, trade, or exercise a profession in
+them.
+
+=ARTICLE 123.=--The provisions of Article 260 of Part IX. (financial
+clauses) of the present treaty shall apply in the case of all agreements
+concluded with German nationals for the construction or exploitation of
+public works in the German overseas possessions, as well as any
+sub-concessions or contracts resulting therefrom which may have been
+made to or with such nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 124.=--Germany hereby undertakes to pay in accordance with the
+estimate to be presented by the French Government, and approved by the
+Reparation Commission, reparation for damage suffered by French
+nationals in the Cameroons or the frontier zone by reason of the acts of
+the German civil and military authorities and of German private
+individuals during the period from Jan. 1, 1900, to Aug. 1, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 125.=--Germany renounces all rights under the conventions and
+agreements with France of Nov. 4, 1911, and Sept. 28, 1912, relating to
+equatorial Africa. She undertakes to pay to the French Government, in
+accordance with the estimate to be presented by the Government and
+approved by the Reparation Commission, all the deposits, credits,
+advances, &c., effected by virtue of these instruments in favor of
+Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 126.=--Germany undertakes to accept and observe the agreements
+made or to be made by the Allied and Associated Powers or some of them
+with any other power with regard to the trade in arms and spirits, and
+to the matters dealt with in the general act of Berlin of Feb. 26, 1885,
+the general act of Brussels of July 2, 1890, and the conventions
+completing or modifying the same.
+
+=ARTICLE 127.=--The native inhabitants of the former German overseas
+possessions shall be entitled to the diplomatic protection of the
+Governments exercising authority over those territories.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_China_
+
+=ARTICLE 128.=--Germany renounces in favor of China all benefits and
+privileges resulting from the provisions of the final protocol signed at
+Peking on Sept. 7, 1901, and from all annexes, notes, and documents
+supplementary thereto. She likewise renounces in favor of China any
+claim to indemnities accruing thereunder subsequent to March 14, 1917.
+
+=ARTICLE 129.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply in so far as concerns them
+respectively:
+
+1. The arrangement of Aug. 29, 1902, regarding the new Chinese customs
+tariff.
+
+2. The arrangement of Sept. 27, 1905, regarding Whang-Poo, and the
+provisional supplementary arrangement of April 4, 1912. China, however,
+will no longer be bound to grant to Germany the advantages of privileges
+which she allowed Germany under these arrangements.
+
+=ARTICLE 130.=--Subject to the provisions of Section VIII. of this part,
+Germany cedes to China all the buildings, wharves and pontoons,
+barracks, forts, arms and munitions of war, vessels of all kinds,
+wireless telegraphy installations and other public property belonging to
+the German Government, which are situated or may be in the German
+concessions at Tientsin and Hankow or elsewhere in Chinese territory.
+
+It is understood, however, that premises used as diplomatic or consular
+residences or offices are not included in the above cession, and,
+furthermore, that no steps shall be taken by the Chinese Government to
+dispose of the German public and private property situated within the
+so-called legation quarter at Peking without the consent of the
+diplomatic representatives of the powers which, on the coming into force
+of the present treaty, remain parties to the final protocol of Sept. 7,
+1901.
+
+=ARTICLE 131.=--Germany undertakes to restore to China within twelve
+months from the coming into force of the present treaty all the
+astronomical instruments which her troops in 1900--1901 carried away from
+China, and to defray all expenses which may be incurred in affecting
+such restoration, including the expenses of dismounting, packing,
+transporting, insurance, and installation in Peking.
+
+[Illustration: From Around the World
+
+_Copyright Paul Thompson_
+
+Lord Robert Cecil
+
+A son of Lord Salisbury and one of the most influential statesmen in
+Great Britain during the war and an enthusiastic advocate of a League of
+Nations.]
+
+=ARTICLE 132.=--Germany agrees to the abrogation of the leases from the
+Chinese Government under which the German concessions at Hankow and
+Tientsin are now held.
+
+China, restored to the full exercise of her sovereign rights in the
+above areas, declares her intention of opening them to international
+residence and trade. She further declares that the abrogation of the
+leases under which these concessions are now held shall not affect the
+property rights of nationals or Allied and Associated Powers who are
+holders of lots in these concessions.
+
+=ARTICLE 133.=--Germany waives all claims against the Chinese Government
+or against any Allied or Associated Government arising out of the
+internment of German nationals in China and their repatriation. She
+equally renounces all claims arising out of the capture and condemnation
+of German ships in China or the liquidation, sequestration or control of
+German properties, rights, and interests in that country since Aug. 14,
+1917. This provision, however, shall not affect the rights of the
+parties interested in the proceeds of any such liquidation, which shall
+be governed by the provisions of Part X. (economic clauses) of the
+present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 134.=--Germany renounces, in favor of the Government of his
+Britannic Majesty, the German State property in the British concession
+at Shameen at Canton. She renounces, in favor of the French and Chinese
+Governments conjointly, the property of the German school situated in
+the French concession at Shanghai.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Siam_
+
+=ARTICLE 135.=--Germany recognizes that all treaties, conventions, and
+agreements between her and Siam, and all rights, titles and privileges
+derived therefrom, including all rights of extra territorial
+jurisdiction, terminated as from July 22, 1917.
+
+=ARTICLE 136.=--All goods and property in Siam belonging to the German
+Empire or to any German State, with the exception of premises used as
+diplomatic or consular residences or offices, pass ipso facto and
+without compensation to the Siamese Government.
+
+The goods, property, and private rights of German nationals in Siam
+shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 137.=--Germany waives all claims against the Siamese Government
+on behalf of herself or her nationals arising out of the seizure or
+condemnation of German ships, the liquidation of German property, or the
+internment of German nationals in Siam. This provision shall not affect
+the rights of the parties interested in the proceeds of any such
+liquidation, which shall be governed by the provisions of Part X.
+(economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Liberia_
+
+=ARTICLE 138.=--Germany renounces all rights and privileges arising from
+the arrangements of 1911 and 1912 regarding Liberia, and particularly
+the right to nominate a German receiver of customs in Liberia. She
+further renounces all claim to participate in any measures whatsoever
+which may be adopted for the rehabilitation of Liberia.
+
+=ARTICLE 139.=--Germany recognizes that all treaties and arrangements
+between her and Liberia terminated as from Aug. 4, 1917.
+
+=ARTICLE 140.=--The property, rights, and interests of Germans in
+Liberia shall be dealt with in accordance with Part X. (economic
+clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Morocco_
+
+=ARTICLE 141.=--Germany renounces all rights, titles, and privileges
+conferred on her by the general act of Algeciras of April 7, 1906, and
+by the Franco-German agreements of Feb. 9, 1909, and Nov. 4, 1911. All
+treaties, agreements, arrangements, and contracts concluded by her with
+the Sherifian Empire are regarded as abrogated as from Aug. 3, 1914.
+
+In no case can Germany take advantage of these instruments, and she
+undertakes not to intervene in any way in negotiations relating to
+Morocco which may take place between France and the other powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 142.=--Germany having recognized the French Protectorate in
+Morocco, hereby accepts all consequences of its establishment, and she
+renounces the regime of the capitulations therein.
+
+This renunciation shall take effect as from Aug. 3, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 143.=--The Sherifian Government shall have complete liberty of
+action in regulating the status of German nationals in Morocco and the
+conditions in which they may establish themselves there.
+
+German-protected persons, semsars, and "associes agricoles" shall be
+considered as having ceased, as from Aug. 3, 1914, to enjoy the
+privileges attached to their status and shall be subject to the ordinary
+law.
+
+=ARTICLE 144.=--All property and possessions in the Sherifian Empire of
+the German Empire and the German States pass to the Maghzen without
+payment.
+
+For the purposes of this clause, the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and States shall be deemed to include all the property of
+the crown, the empire, or States, and the private property of the former
+German Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+All movable and immovable property in the Sherifian Empire belonging to
+German nationals shall be dealt with in accordance with Sections III.
+and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+Mining rights which may be recognized as belonging to German nationals
+by the Court of Arbitration set up under the Moroccan mining regulations
+shall form the subject of a valuation, which the arbitrators shall be
+requested to make, and these rights shall then be treated in the same
+way as property in Morocco belonging to German nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 145.=--The German Government shall insure the transfer to a
+person nominated by the French Government of the shares representing
+Germany's portion of the capital of the State Bank of Morocco. The value
+of these shares, as assessed by the Reparation Commission, shall be paid
+to the Reparation Commission for the credit of Germany on account of the
+sums due for reparation. The German Government shall be responsible for
+indemnifying its nationals so dispossessed.
+
+This transfer will take place without prejudice to the repayment of
+debts which German nationals may have contracted toward the State Bank
+of Morocco.
+
+=ARTICLE 146.=--Moroccan goods entering Germany shall enjoy the
+treatment accorded to French goods.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Egypt_
+
+=ARTICLE 147.=--Germany declares that she recognizes the protectorate
+proclaimed over Egypt by Great Britain on Dec. 18, 1914, and that she
+renounces the regime of the capitulations in Egypt. This renunciation
+shall take effect as from Aug. 4, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 148.=--All treaties, agreements, arrangements, and contracts
+concluded by Germany with Egypt are regarded as abrogated as from Aug.
+4, 1914.
+
+In no case can Germany avail herself of these instruments, and she
+undertakes not to intervene in any way in negotiations relating to Egypt
+which may take place between Great Britain and the other powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 149.=--Until an Egyptian law of judicial organization
+establishing courts with universal jurisdiction comes into force,
+provision shall be made, by means of decrees issued by his Highness the
+Sultan for the exercise of jurisdiction over German nationals and
+property by the British consular tribunals.
+
+=ARTICLE 150.=--The Egyptian Government shall have complete liberty of
+action in regulating the status of German nationals and the conditions
+under which they may establish themselves in Egypt.
+
+=ARTICLE 151.=--Germany consents to the abrogation of the decree issued
+by his Highness the Khedive on Nov. 28, 1904, relating to the commission
+of the Egyptian public debt, or to such changes as the Egyptian
+Government may think it desirable to make therein.
+
+=ARTICLE 152.=--Germany consents, in so far as she is concerned, to the
+transfer to his Britannic Majesty's Government of the powers conferred
+on his Imperial Majesty the Sultan, by the convention signed at
+Constantinople on Oct. 29, 1888, relating to the free navigation of the
+Suez Canal.
+
+She renounces all participation in the Sanitary, Maritime, and
+Quarantine Board of Egypt, and consents, in so far as she is concerned,
+to the transfer to the Egyptian authorities of the powers of that board.
+
+=ARTICLE 153.=--All property and possessions in Egypt of the German
+Empire and the German States pass to the Egyptian Government without
+payment.
+
+For this purpose the property and possessions of the German Empire and
+States shall be deemed to include all the property of the crown, the
+empire, or the States, and the private property of the former German
+Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+All movable and immovable property in Egypt belonging to German
+nationals shall be dealt with in accordance with Sections III. and IV.
+of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 154.=--Egyptian goods entering Germany shall enjoy the
+treatment accorded to British goods.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--_Turkey and Bulgaria_
+
+=ARTICLE 155.=--Germany undertakes to recognize and accept all
+arrangements which the Allied and Associated Powers may make with Turkey
+and Bulgaria, with reference to any rights, interests, and privileges
+whatever which might be claimed by Germany or her nationals in Turkey
+and Bulgaria and which are not dealt with in the provisions of the
+present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--_Shantung_
+
+=ARTICLE 156.=--Germany renounces in favor of Japan, all her rights,
+titles, and privileges--particularly those concerning the territory of
+Kiao-Chau, railways, mines, and submarine cables--which she acquired in
+virtue of the treaty concluded by her with China on 6th March, 1898, and
+of all other arrangements relative to the Province of Shantung.
+
+All German rights in the Tsing-tao-Tsinan-Fu railway, including its
+branch lines, together with its subsidiary property of all kinds,
+stations, shops, fixed and rolling stock, mines, plant, and material for
+the exploitation of the mines are and remain acquired by Japan, together
+with all rights and privileges attaching thereto.
+
+The German State submarine cables from Tsing-tao to Shanghai and from
+Tsing-tao to Che Foo, with all the rights, privileges, and properties
+attaching thereto, are similarly acquired by Japan, free and clear of
+all charges and incumbrances.
+
+=ARTICLE 157.=--The movable and immovable property owned by the German
+State in the territory of Kiao-Chau, as well as all the rights which
+Germany might claim in consequence of the works or improvements made or
+of the expenses incurred by her, directly or indirectly, in connection
+with this territory, are and remain acquired by Japan, free and clear of
+all charges and incumbrances.
+
+=ARTICLE 158.=--Germany shall hand over to Japan within three months
+from the coming into force of the present treaty the archives,
+registers, plans, title deeds, and documents of every kind, wherever
+they may be, relating to the administration, whether civil, military,
+financial, judicial or other, of the territory of Kiao-Chau.
+
+Within the same period Germany shall give particulars to Japan of all
+treaties, arrangements or agreements relating to the rights, title or
+privileges referred to in the two preceding articles.
+
+
+
+
+PART V
+
+Military, Naval, and Aerial Clauses
+
+
+In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of
+the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the
+military, naval, and air clauses which follow:
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Military Clauses_
+
+CHAPTER I.--EFFECTIVES AND CADRES OF THE GERMAN ARMY
+
+=ARTICLE 159=--The German military forces shall be demobilized and
+reduced as prescribed hereinafter.
+
+=ARTICLE 160=--1. By a date which must not be later than March 31, 1920,
+the German Army must not comprise more than seven divisions of infantry
+and three divisions of cavalry. After that date the total number of
+effectives in the army of the States constituting Germany must not
+exceed 100,000 men, including officers and establishments of depots. The
+army shall be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of order within the
+territory and to the control of the frontiers.
+
+The total effective strength of officers, including the personnel of
+staffs, whatever their composition, must not exceed 4,000.
+
+2. Divisions and army corps headquarters staffs shall be organized in
+accordance with Table No. 1 annexed to this section.
+
+The number and strength of the units of infantry, artillery, engineers,
+technical services, and troops laid down in the aforesaid table
+constitute maxima which must not be exceeded.
+
+The following units may each have their own depot:
+
+An infantry regiment; a cavalry regiment; a regiment of field artillery;
+a battalion of pioneers.
+
+3. The divisions must not be grouped under more than two army corps
+headquarters staff.
+
+The maintenance or formation of forces differently grouped or of other
+organizations for the command of troops or for preparation for war is
+forbidden.
+
+The Great German General Staff and all similar organizations shall be
+dissolved and may not be reconstituted in any form.
+
+The officers, or persons in the position of officers, in the Ministries
+of War in the different States in Germany and in the administrations
+attached to them, must not exceed three hundred in number and are
+included in the maximum strength of four thousand laid down in the third
+sub-paragraph of the first paragraph of this article.
+
+=ARTICLE 161.=--Army administrative services consisting of civilian
+personnel not included in the number of effectives prescribed by the
+present treaty will have such personnel reduced in each class to
+one-tenth of that laid down in the budget of 1913.
+
+=ARTICLE 162.=--The number of employes or officials of the German
+States, such as customs officers, forest guards, and coast guards shall
+not exceed that of the employes or officials functioning in these
+capacities in 1913.
+
+The number of gendarmes and employes or officials of the local or
+municipal police may only be increased to an extent corresponding to the
+increase of population since 1913 in the districts or municipalities in
+which they are employed.
+
+These employes and officials may not be assembled for military training.
+
+=ARTICLE 163.=--The reduction of the strength of the German military
+forces as provided for in Article 160 may be effected gradually in the
+following manner:
+
+Within three months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+total number of effectives must be reduced to 200,000 and the number of
+units must not exceed twice the number of those laid down in Article
+160.
+
+At the expiration of this period, and at the end of each subsequent
+period of three months, a conference of military experts of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers will fix the reductions to be
+made in the ensuing three months, so that by the 31st of March, 1920, at
+the latest, the total number of German effectives does not exceed the
+maximum number of 100,000 men laid down in Article 160. In these
+successive reductions the same ratio between the number of officers and
+of men, and between the various kinds of units shall be maintained as is
+laid down in that article.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--ARMAMENT, MUNITIONS, AND MATERIAL
+
+=ARTICLE 164.=--Up till the time at which Germany is admitted as a
+member of the League of Nations the German Army must not possess an
+armament greater than the amounts fixed in Table No. 2, annexed to this
+section, with the exception of an optional increase not exceeding
+one-twenty-fifth part for small arms and one-fiftieth part for guns,
+which shall be exclusively used to provide for such eventual
+replacements as may be necessary.
+
+Germany agrees that after she has become a member of the League of
+Nations the armaments fixed in the said table shall remain in force
+until they are modified by the Council of the League. Furthermore she
+hereby agrees strictly to observe the decisions of the Council of the
+League on this subject.
+
+=ARTICLE 165.=--The maximum number of guns, machine guns, trench
+mortars, rifles, and the amount of ammunition and equipment which
+Germany is allowed to maintain during the period between the coming into
+force of the present treaty and the date of March 31, 1920, referred to
+in Article 160, shall bear the same proportion to the amount authorized
+in Table No. 3 annexed to this section as the strength of the German
+Army as reduced from time to time in accordance with Article 163 bears
+to the strength permitted under Article 160.
+
+=ARTICLE 166.=--At the date of March 31, 1920, the stock of munitions
+which the German Army may have at its disposal shall not exceed the
+amounts fixed in Table No. 3 annexed to this section.
+
+Within the same period the German Government will store these stocks at
+points to be notified to the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers. The German Government is forbidden to establish any
+other stocks, depots, or reserves of munitions.
+
+=ARTICLE 167.=--The number and calibre of the guns constituting at the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty the armament of the
+fortified works, fortresses, and any land or coast forts which Germany
+is allowed to retain, must be notified immediately by the German
+Government to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers, and will constitute maximum amounts which may not be exceeded.
+
+Within two months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+maximum stock of ammunition for these guns will be reduced to, and
+maintained at, the following uniform rates: Fifteen hundred rounds per
+piece for those the calibre of which is 10.5 cm. and under; 500 rounds
+per piece for those of higher calibre.
+
+=ARTICLE 168.=--The manufacture of arms, munitions, or any war material
+shall only be carried out in factories or works the locations of which
+shall be communicated to and approved by the Governments of the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers, and the number of which they
+retain the right to restrict.
+
+Within three months from the coming into force of the present treaty all
+other establishments for the manufacture, preparation, storage, or
+design of arms, munitions, or any war material whatever shall be closed
+down. The same applies to all arsenals except those used as depots for
+the authorized stocks of munitions. Within the same period the personnel
+of these arsenals will be dismissed.
+
+=ARTICLE 169.=--Within two months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, German arms, munitions, and war materials, including
+anti-aircraft material, existing in Germany in excess of the quantities
+allowed must be surrendered to the Governments of the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers, to be destroyed or rendered useless. This will
+also apply to any special plant intended for the manufacture of military
+material, except such as may be recognized as necessary for equipping
+the authorized strength of the German Army.
+
+The surrender in question will be effected at such points in German
+territory as may be selected by the said Governments.
+
+Within the same period, arms, munitions, and war material, including
+anti-aircraft material, of origin other than German, in whatever state
+they may be, will be delivered to the said Governments, who will decide
+as to their disposal.
+
+Arms and munitions which on account of the successive reductions in the
+strength of the German Army become in excess of the amounts authorized
+by Tables 2 and 3 of the annex must be handed over in the manner laid
+down above within such periods as may be decided by the conferences
+referred to in Article 163.
+
+=ARTICLE 170.=--Importation into Germany of arms, munitions, and war
+material of every kind shall be strictly prohibited.
+
+The same applies to the manufacture for and export to foreign countries
+of arms, munitions, and war material of every kind.
+
+=ARTICLE 171.=--The use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and
+all analogous liquids, materials or devices being prohibited, their
+manufacture and importation are strictly forbidden in Germany.
+
+The same applies to materials specially intended for the manufacture,
+storage, and use of the said products or devices.
+
+The manufacture and the importation into Germany of armored cars, tanks,
+and all similar constructions suitable for use in war are also
+prohibited.
+
+=ARTICLE 172.=--Within a period of three months from the coming into
+force of the present treaty the German Government will disclose to the
+Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers the nature and
+mode of manufacture of all explosives, toxic substances or other like
+chemical preparations used by them in the war or prepared by them for
+the purpose of being so used.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--RECRUITING AND MILITARY TRAINING
+
+=ARTICLE 173.=--Universal compulsory military service shall be abolished
+in Germany.
+
+The German Army may only be constituted and recruited by means of
+voluntary enlistment.
+
+=ARTICLE 174.=--The period of enlistment for non-commissioned officers
+and privates must be twelve consecutive years.
+
+The number of men discharged for any reason before the expiration of
+their term of enlistment must not exceed in any year 5 per cent. of the
+total effectives as fixed by the second sub-paragraph of Paragraph 1 of
+Article 160 of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 175.=--The officers who are retained in the army must undertake
+the obligation to serve in it up to the age of forty-five years, at
+least.
+
+Officers newly appointed must undertake to serve on the active list for
+twenty-five consecutive years, at least.
+
+Officers who have previously belonged to any formation whatever of the
+army and who are not retained in the units allowed to be maintained must
+not take part in any military exercise, whether theoretical or
+practical, and will not be under any military obligations whatever.
+
+The number of officers discharged for any reason before the expiration
+of their term of service must not exceed in any year 5 per cent. of the
+total effectives of officers provided for in the third sub-paragraph of
+Paragraph 1 of Article 100 of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 176.=--On the expiration of two months from the coming into
+force of the present treaty there must only exist in Germany the number
+of military schools which is absolutely indispensable for the
+recruitment of the officers of the units allowed. These schools will be
+exclusively intended for the recruitment of officers of each arm, in the
+proportion of one school per arm.
+
+The number of students admitted to attend the courses of the said
+schools will be strictly in proportion to the vacancies to be filled in
+the cadres of officers. The students and the cadres will be reckoned in
+the effectives fixed by the second and third sub-paragraphs of Paragraph
+1 of Article 160 of the present treaty.
+
+Consequently, and during the period fixed above, all military academies
+or similar institutions in Germany, as well as the different military
+schools for officers, student officers (aspiranten), cadets
+non-commissioned officers, or student non-commissioned officers
+(aspiranten), other than the schools above provided for, will be
+abolished.
+
+=ARTICLE 177.=--Educational establishments, the universities, societies
+of discharged soldiers, shooting or touring clubs, and, generally
+speaking, associations of every description, whatever be the age of
+their members, must not occupy themselves with any military matters. In
+particular they will be forbidden to instruct or exercise their members,
+or to allow them to be instructed or exercised, in the profession or use
+of arms.
+
+These societies, associations, educational establishments, and
+universities must have no connection with the Ministries of War or any
+other military authority.
+
+=ARTICLE 178.=--All measures of mobilization or appertaining to
+mobilization are forbidden.
+
+In no case must formations, administrative services, or general staffs
+include supplementary cadres.
+
+=ARTICLE 179.=--Germany agrees, from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, not to accredit nor to send to any foreign country any
+military, naval, or air mission, nor to allow any such missions to leave
+her territory, and Germany further agrees to take appropriate measures
+to prevent German nationals from leaving her territory to become
+enrolled in the army, navy, or air service of any foreign power, or to
+be attached to such army, navy, or air service for the purpose of
+assisting in the military, naval, or air training thereof, or otherwise
+for the purpose of giving military, naval, or air instruction in any
+foreign country.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers agree, so far as they are concerned,
+from the coming into force of the present treaty, not to enroll in nor
+to attach to their armies or naval or air forces any German national for
+the purpose of assisting in the military training of such armies or
+naval or air forces, or otherwise to employ any such German national as
+military, naval, or aeronautic instructor.
+
+The present provision, however, does not affect the right of France to
+recruit for the Foreign Legion in accordance with French military laws
+and regulations.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--FORTIFICATIONS
+
+=ARTICLE 180.=--All fortified works, fortresses, and field works
+situated in German territory to the west of a line drawn fifty
+kilometers to the east of the Rhine shall be disarmed and dismantled.
+
+Within a period of two months from the coming into force of the present
+treaty such of the above fortified works, fortresses, and field works as
+are situated in territory not occupied by Allied and Associated troops
+shall be disarmed and within a further period of four months they shall
+be dismantled. Those which are situated in territory occupied by Allied
+and Associated troops shall be disarmed and dismantled within such
+periods as may be fixed by the Allied High Command.
+
+The construction of any new fortification, whatever its nature and
+importance, is forbidden in the zone referred to in the first paragraph
+above.
+
+The system of fortified works of the southern and eastern frontiers of
+Germany shall be maintained in its existing state.
+
+
+=TABLE NO. 1.=
+
+=State and Establishment of Army Corps Headquarters Staffs and of
+Infantry and Cavalry Divisions.=
+
+These tabular statements do not form a fixed establishment to be imposed
+on Germany, but the figures contained in them (number of units and
+strengths) represent maximum figures, which should not in any case be
+exceeded.
+
+ +----------------------+----------+----------------------------+
+ |Unit                  |   Maximum| Max. Strength of Each Unit |
+ |                      |       No.|                            |
+ |                      +----------+----------------------------+
+ |                      |Authorized|      Officers.|    N.C.O.'s|
+ |                      | Division.|               |        Men.|
+ +----------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
+ |Army corps hdq. staffs|         2|             30|         150|
+ |Total for hdq. staffs |        ..|             60|         300|
+ +----------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
+
+
+2. ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INFANTRY DIVISION.
+
+ +--------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
+ |                          |Maximum No.|                             |
+ |                          |  of Such  |                             |
+ |                          |Units in a | Max. Strength of Each Unit  |
+ |                          |  Single   +-----------+-----------------+
+ |           Unit           |  Division |   Officers| N.C.O.'s and Men|
+ +--------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+
+ |Hdqrs. of inf. div.       |          1|         25|               70|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Hdqrs. of divisional inf. |          1|          4|               30|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Hdqrs. of divisional art. |          1|          4|               30|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Regiment of inf.          |          3|         70|            2,300|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(Each regiment comprises 3|           |           |                 |
+ |battalions of infantry.   |           |           |                 |
+ |Each battalion comprises 3|           |           |                 |
+ |companies of infantry and |           |           |                 |
+ |1 machine-gun company.)   |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Trench mortar company     |          3|          6|              150|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Divisional squadron       |          1|          6|              150|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Field artillery regiment  |          1|         85|            1,300|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(Each regiment comprises 3|           |           |                 |
+ |groups of artillery. Each |           |           |                 |
+ |group comprises 3         |           |           |                 |
+ |batteries.)               |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Pioneer battalion         |          1|         12|              400|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(This battalion comprises |           |           |                 |
+ |2 companies of pioneers, 1|           |           |                 |
+ |pontoon detachment, 1     |           |           |                 |
+ |searchlight section.)     |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Signal detachment\        |          1|         12|              300|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |(This detachment comprises|           |           |                 |
+ |1 telephone detachment, 1 |           |           |                 |
+ |listening section, 1      |           |           |                 |
+ |carrier pigeon section.)  |           |           |                 |
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Divisional Med. Service   |          1|         20|              400|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Parks and convoys         |         ..|         14|              800|
+ |                          |           |           |                 |
+ |Total for infantry div.   |         ..|        410|           10,830|
+ +--------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+
+
+3. ESTABLISHMENT OF A CAVALRY DIVISION.
+
+ +------------------------------------+----------+--------+---------+
+ |                                               | Maximum Strength |
+ |                                               |   of Each Unit   |
+ |                                    +----------+------------------+
+ |                                    |[31]Units.|Officers.|N.C.O.'s|
+ |                                    |          |         |and Men.|
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Headquarters of a cavalry division  |         1|       15|      50|
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Cavalry regiment                    |         6|       40|     800|
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |(Each regiment comprises four       |          |         |        |
+ |squadrons.)                         |          |         |        |
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Horse artillery group (three        |         1|       20|     400|
+ |batteries)                          |          |         |        |
+ |                                    |          |         |        |
+ |Total for cavalry division          |        ..|      275|   5,250|
+ +------------------------------------+----------+---------+--------+
+
+[31] Maximum number of such units in single division.
+
+=TABLE NO. 2.=
+
+=Tabular statement of armament establishment for a maximum of seven
+infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, and two army corps
+headquarters staffs.=
+
+ +--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+
+ |Materials.                |  Inft.|  For 7|   Cav.| For 3|  Total|
+ |                          |   Div.|  Inft.|   Div.|  Cav.|Columns|
+ |                          |       |  Divs.|       | Divs.|  2 & 4|
+ +--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+
+ |Rifles                    | 12,000| 84,000|    ...|   ...| 84,000|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Carbines                  |    ...|    ...|  6,000|18,000| 18,000|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Heavy machine guns        |    108|    756|     12|    36|    792|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Light machine guns        |    162|  1,134|    ...|   ...|  1,134|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Medium trench mortars     |      9|     63|    ...|   ...|     63|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |Light trench mortars      |     27|    189|    ...|   ...|    189|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |7.7 cm. guns              |     24|    168|     12|    36|    204|
+ |                          |       |       |       |      |       |
+ |10.5 cm. howitzers        |     12|     84|    ...|   ...|     84|
+ +--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+
+
+
+Army corps headquarters staff establishment
+must be drawn from the increased armaments of
+the divisional infantry.
+
+=TABLE NO. 3.=
+
+=Maximum Stocks Authorized.=
+
+ +----------------------+-----------+---------+-----------+
+ |Material.             |  Maximum  | Estab-  |    Maximum|
+ |                      | Number of |lishment |    Totals,|
+ |                      |   Arms    |Per Unit,|    Rounds.|
+ |                      |Authorized.| Rounds. |           |
+ +----------------------+-----------+---------+-----------+
+ |Rifles                |  84,000 } |     40  | 40,800,000|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Carbines              |  18,000 } |         |           |
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Heavy machine guns    |     792 } |  8,000  | 15,408,000|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Light machine guns    |  1,134 }  |         |           |
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Medium trench mortars |     63    |     40  |     25,200|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Light trench mort's   |    189    |    800  |    151,200|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |Field artillery--     |           |         |           |
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |7.7 cm. guns          |    204    |  1,000  |    204,000|
+ |                      |           |         |           |
+ |10.5 cm. howitzers    |     84    |    800  |     67,200|
+ +----------------------+-----------+---------+-----------+
+
+SECTION II.--_Naval Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 181.=--After the expiration of a period of two months from the
+coming into force of the present treaty the German naval forces in
+commission must not exceed: Six battleships of the Deutschland or
+Lothringen type, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, twelve torpedo
+boats, or an equal number of ships constructed to replace them as
+provided in Article 190.
+
+No submarines are to be included. All other warships except where there
+is provision to the contrary in the present treaty must be placed in
+reserve or devoted to commercial purposes.
+
+=ARTICLE 182.=--Until the completion of the minesweeping prescribed by
+Article 193, Germany will keep in commission such number of minesweeping
+vessels as may be fixed by the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 183.=--After the expiration of a period of two months from the
+coming into force of the present treaty the total personnel of the
+German Navy, including the manning of the fleet, coast defenses, signal
+stations, administration, and other land services, must not exceed
+15,000, including officers and men of all grades and corps. The total
+strength of officers and warrant officers must not exceed 1,500. Within
+two months from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+personnel in excess of the above strength shall be demobilized. No naval
+or military corps or reserve force in connection with the navy may be
+organized in Germany without being included in the above strength.
+
+=ARTICLE 184.=--From the date of the coming into force of the present
+treaty all the German surface warships which are not in German ports
+cease to belong to Germany, who renounces all rights over them. Vessels
+which, in compliance with the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918, are now
+interned in the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers, are declared
+to be finally surrendered. Vessels which are now interned in neutral
+ports will be there surrendered to the Governments of the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers. The German Government must address a
+notification to that effect to the neutral powers on the coming into
+force of the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 185.=--Within a period of two months from the coming into force
+of the present treaty the German surface warships enumerated below will
+be surrendered to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers in such allied ports as the said powers may direct. These
+warships will have been disarmed as provided in Article 23 of the
+armistice, dated Nov. 11, 1918. Nevertheless, they must have all their
+guns on board.
+
+Battleships--Oldenburg, Thuringen, Ostfriesland, Heligoland, Posen,
+Westfalen, Rheinland, and Nassau.
+
+Light Cruisers--Stettin, Danzig, Muenchen, Luebeck, Stralsund, Augsburg,
+Kolberg, and Stuttgart.
+
+And in addition forty-two modern destroyers and fifty modern torpedo
+boats, as chosen by the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 186.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty the
+German Government must undertake, under the supervision of the
+Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers, the breaking
+up of all the German surface warships now under construction.
+
+=ARTICLE 187.=--The German auxiliary cruisers and fleet auxiliaries
+enumerated below will be disarmed and treated as merchant ships.
+
+Ships interned in neutral countries: Berlin, Santa Fe, Seydlitz, Yorck.
+
+Ships interned in Germany: Ammon, Fuerst Buelow, Answald, Gertrud, Bosnia,
+Kigoma, Cordoba, Rugia, Cassel, Santa Elena, Dania, Schleswig, Rio
+Negro, Moewe, Rio Pardo, Sierra Ventana, Santa Cruz, Chemnitz, Schwaben,
+Emil Georg von Strauss, Solingen, Habsburg, Steigerwald, Meteor,
+Franken, Waltraute, Gundomar, Scharnhorst.
+
+=ARTICLE 188.=--On the expiration of one month from the coming into
+force of the present treaty all German submarines, salvage vessels, and
+docks for submarines, including the tubular dock, must have been handed
+over to the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+Such of these submarines, vessels, and docks as are considered by said
+Governments to be fit to proceed under their own power or to be towed
+shall be taken by the German Government into such allied ports as have
+been indicated. The remainder, and also those in course of construction,
+shall be broken up entirely by the German Government under the
+supervision of the said Governments. The breaking up must be completed
+within three months at the most after the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 189.=--Articles, machinery, and material arising from the
+breaking up of German warships of all kinds, whether surface vessels or
+submarines, may not be used except for purely industrial or commercial
+purposes. They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 190.=--Germany is forbidden to construct or acquire any
+warships other than those intended to replace the units in commission
+provided for in Article 181 of the present treaty. The warships intended
+for replacement purposes as above shall not exceed the following
+displacement: Armored ships, 10,000 tons; light cruisers, 6,000 tons;
+destroyers, 800 tons; torpedo boats, 200 tons. Except where a ship has
+been lost, units of the different classes shall only be replaced at the
+end of a period of twenty years in the case of battleships and cruisers,
+and fifteen years in the case of destroyers and torpedo boats, counting
+from the launching of the ship.
+
+=ARTICLE 191.=--The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even
+for commercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 192.=--The warships in commission of the German fleet must only
+have on board or in reserve the allowance of arms, munitions, and war
+material fixed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Within a
+month from the fixing of the quantities as above, arms, munitions and
+war material of all kinds, including mines and torpedoes now in the
+hands of the German Government and in excess of the said quantities,
+shall be surrendered to the Governments of the said powers at places to
+be indicated by them. Such arms, munitions and war material will be
+destroyed or rendered useless. All other stocks, depots or reserves of
+arms, munitions or naval war material of all kinds are forbidden. The
+manufacture of these articles in German territory for, and their export
+to, foreign countries shall be forbidden.
+
+=ARTICLE 193.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty Germany
+will forthwith sweep up the mines in the following areas in the North
+Sea to the eastward of longitude 4 degrees 00 minutes east of Greenwich:
+(1) Between parallels of latitude 53 degrees 00 minutes N. and 59
+degrees 00 minutes N.; (2) to the northward of latitude 60 degrees 30
+minutes N. Germany must keep these areas free from mines. Germany must
+also sweep and keep free from mines such areas in the Baltic as may
+ultimately be notified by the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 194.=--The personnel of the German Navy shall be recruited
+entirely by voluntary engagements entered into for a minimum period of
+twenty-five consecutive years for officers and warrant officers, and
+twelve consecutive years for petty officers, and men. The number engaged
+to replace those discharged for any reason before the expiration of
+their term of service must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum of the
+totals laid down in this section. (Article 183.)
+
+The personnel discharged from the navy must not receive any kind of
+naval or military training or undertake any further service in the navy
+or army. Officers belonging to the German Navy and not demobilized must
+engage to serve till the age of 45 unless discharged for sufficient
+reasons. No officer or man of the German mercantile marine shall receive
+any training in the navy.
+
+=ARTICLE 195.=--In order to insure free passage into the Baltic to all
+nations, Germany shall not erect any fortifications in the area
+comprised between latitudes 55.27 north and 54.00 north and longitudes
+9.00 east and 16.00 east of the meridian of Greenwich, nor install any
+guns commanding the maritime routes between the North Sea and the
+Baltic. The fortifications now existing in this area shall be demolished
+and the guns removed under the supervision of the Allied Governments and
+in periods to be fixed by them. The German Government shall place at the
+disposal of the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers all hydrographical information now in its possession concerning
+the channels and adjoining waters between the Baltic and the North Sea.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+=Berlin Demonstrations Against The Peace Treaty=]
+
+=ARTICLE 196.=--All fortified works and fortifications other than those
+mentioned in Article 195 and in Part III. (political clauses for
+Europe), Section XIII. (Heligoland), now established within fifty
+kilometers of the German coast or on German islands off that coast,
+shall be considered of a defensive nature and may remain in their
+existing condition. No new fortifications shall be constructed within
+these limits. The armament of these defenses shall not exceed, as
+regards the number and calibre of guns, those in position at the date of
+the coming into force of the present treaty. The German Government shall
+communicate forthwith particulars thereof to all the European
+Governments. On the expiration of a period of two months from the coming
+into force of the present treaty the stocks of ammunition for these guns
+shall be reduced to and maintained at a maximum figure of fifteen
+hundred rounds per piece for calibres of 4.1-inch and under, and five
+hundred rounds per piece for higher calibres.
+
+=ARTICLE 197.=--During the three months following the coming into force
+of the present treaty the German high-power wireless telegraphy stations
+at Nauen, Hanover, and Berlin shall not be used for the transmission of
+messages concerning naval, military, or political questions of interest
+to Germany or any State which has been allied to Germany in the war,
+without the assent of the Governments of the principal Allied and
+Associated Powers. These stations may be used for commercial purposes,
+but only under the supervision of the said Governments, who will decide
+the wave length to be used. During the same period Germany shall not
+build any more high-power wireless telegraphy stations in her own
+territory or that of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, or Turkey.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Air Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 198.=--The armed forces of Germany must not include any
+military or naval air forces. Germany may, during a period not extending
+beyond Oct. 1, 1919, maintain a maximum number of 100 seaplanes or
+flying boats, which shall be exclusively employed in searching for
+submarine mines, shall be furnished with the necessary equipment for
+this purpose, and shall in no case carry arms, munitions, or bombs of
+any nature whatever. In addition to the engines installed in the
+seaplanes or flying boats above mentioned, one spare engine may be
+provided for each engine of each of these craft. No dirigible shall be
+kept.
+
+=ARTICLE 199.=--Within two months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty the personnel of the air forces on the rolls of the
+German land and sea forces shall be demobilized. Up to the 1st October,
+1919, however, Germany may keep and maintain a total number of 1,000
+men, including officers, for the whole of the cadres and personnel,
+flying and nonflying, of all formations and establishments.
+
+=ARTICLE 200.=--Until the complete evacuation of German territory by the
+Allied and Associated troops, the aircraft of the Allied and Associated
+Powers shall enjoy in Germany freedom of passage through the air,
+freedom of transit and of landing.
+
+=ARTICLE 201.=--During the six months following the coming into force of
+the present treaty the manufacture and importation of aircraft, parts of
+aircraft, engines for aircraft, and parts of engines for aircraft shall
+be forbidden in all German territory.
+
+=ARTICLE 202.=--On the coming into force of the present treaty all
+military and naval aeronautical material, except the machines mentioned
+in the second and third paragraphs of Article 198, must be delivered to
+the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Delivery
+must be effected at such places as the said Governments may select, and
+must be completed within three months. In particular, this material will
+include all items under the following heads, which are or have been in
+use or were designed for warlike purposes:
+
+Complete airplanes and seaplanes, as well as those being manufactured,
+repaired, or assembled.
+
+Dirigibles able to take the air being manufactured, repaired, or
+assembled.
+
+Plant for the manufacture of hydrogen.
+
+Dirigible sheds and shelters of every kind for aircraft.
+
+Pending their delivery, dirigibles will, at the expense of Germany, be
+maintained inflated with hydrogen; the plant for the manufacture of
+hydrogen, as well as the sheds for dirigibles, may, at the discretion of
+said powers, be left to Germany until the time when the dirigibles are
+handed over.
+
+Engines for aircraft.
+
+Nacelles and fuselages.
+
+Armament (guns, machine guns, light machine guns, bomb-dropping
+apparatus, torpedo-dropping apparatus, synchronization apparatus, aiming
+apparatus).
+
+Munitions (cartridges, shells, bombs, loaded or unloaded, stocks of
+explosives or of material for their manufacture).
+
+Instruments for use on aircraft.
+
+Wireless apparatus and photographic or cinematograph apparatus for use
+on aircraft.
+
+Component parts of any of the items under the preceding heads.
+
+The material referred to above shall not be removed without special
+permission from the said Governments.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Interallied Commissions of Control_
+
+=ARTICLE 203.=--All the military, naval, and air clauses contained in
+the present treaty, for the execution of which a time limit is
+prescribed, shall be executed by Germany under the control of
+interallied commissions specially appointed for this purpose by the
+principal Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 204.=--The Interallied Commissions of Control will be specially
+charged with the duty of seeing to the complete execution of the
+delivery, destruction, demolition, and rendering things useless to be
+carried out at the expense of the German Government in accordance with
+the present treaty. They will communicate to the German authorities the
+decisions which the principal Allied and Associated Powers have reserved
+the right to take, or which the execution of the military, naval, and
+air clauses may necessitate.
+
+=ARTICLE 205.=--The Interallied Commissions of Control may establish
+their organizations at the seat of the Central German Government. They
+shall be entitled as often as they think desirable to proceed to any
+point whatever in German territory, or to send sub-commissions, or to
+authorize one or more of their members to go, to any such point.
+
+=ARTICLE 206.=--The German Government must give all necessary facilities
+for the accomplishment of their missions to the Interallied Commissions
+of Control and to their members. It shall attach a qualified
+representative to each Interallied Commission of Control for the purpose
+of receiving the communications which the commission may have to address
+to the German Government, and of supplying or procuring for the
+commission all information or documents which may be required. The
+German Government must in all cases furnish at its own cost all labor
+and material required to effect the deliveries and the work of
+destruction, dismantling, demolition, and of rendering things useless,
+provided for in the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 207.=--The upkeep and cost of the Commissions of Control and
+the expenses involved by their work shall be borne by Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 208.=--The Military Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the military clauses. In particular it will be its duty to
+receive from the German Government the notifications relating to the
+location of the stocks and depots of munitions, the armament of the
+fortified works, fortresses and forts which Germany is allowed to
+retain, and the location of the works or factories for the production of
+arms, munitions and war material and their operations. It will take
+delivery of the arms, munitions, and war material, will select the
+points where such delivery is to be effected, and will supervise the
+works of destruction and demolition and of rendering things useless
+which are to be carried out in accordance with the present treaty. The
+German Government must furnish to the Military Interallied Commission of
+Control all such information and documents as the latter may deem
+necessary to insure the complete execution of the military clauses, and
+in particular all legislative and administrative documents and
+regulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 209.=--The Naval Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the naval clauses. In particular it will be its duty to
+proceed to the building yards and to supervise the breaking up of the
+ships which are under construction there, to take delivery of all
+surface ships or submarines, salvage ships, docks and the tubular dock,
+and to supervise the destruction and breaking up provided for. The
+German Government must furnish to the Naval Interallied Commission of
+Control all such information and documents as the commission may deem
+necessary to insure the complete execution of the naval clauses, in
+particular the designs of the warships, the composition of their
+armaments, the details and models of the guns, munitions, torpedoes,
+mines, explosives, wireless telegraphic apparatus and in general
+everything relating to naval war material, as well as all legislative or
+administrative documents or regulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 210.=--The Aeronautical Interallied Commission of Control will
+represent the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers
+in dealing with the German Government in all matters concerning the
+execution of the air clauses. In particular it will be its duty to make
+an inventory of the aeronautical material existing in German territory,
+to inspect airplane, balloon, and motor manufactories, and factories
+producing arms, munitions, and explosives capable of being used by
+aircraft, to visit all aerodromes, sheds, landing grounds, parks, and
+depots, to authorize, where necessary, a removal of material, and to
+take delivery of such material. The German Government must furnish to
+the Aeronautical Interallied Commission of Control all such information
+and legislative, administrative or other documents which the commission
+may consider necessary to insure the complete execution of the air
+clauses, and, in particular, a list of the personnel belonging to all
+the German air services, and of the existing material as well as of that
+in process of manufacture or on order, and a list of all establishments
+working for aviation, of their positions, and of all sheds and landing
+grounds.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_General Articles_
+
+=ARTICLE 211.=--After the expiration of a period of three months from
+the coming into force of the present treaty the German laws must have
+been modified and shall be maintained in conformity with this part of
+the present treaty. Within the same period all the administrative or
+other measures relating to the execution of this part of the treaty must
+have been taken.
+
+=ARTICLE 212.=--The following portions of the armistice of Nov. 11,
+1918: Article VI., the first two and the sixth and seventh paragraphs of
+Article VII, Article IX, Clauses I., II., and V. of Annex No. 2 and the
+protocol, dated April 4, 1919, supplementing the armistice of Nov. 11,
+1918, remain in force so far as they are not inconsistent with the above
+stipulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 213.=--So long as the present treaty remains in force, Germany
+undertakes to give every facility for any investigation which the
+Council of the League of Nations, acting if need be by a majority vote,
+may consider necessary.
+
+
+
+
+PART VI
+
+Prisoners of War and Graves
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Prisoners of War_
+
+
+=ARTICLE 214.=--The repatriation of prisoners of war and interned
+civilians shall take place as soon as possible after the coming into
+force of the present treaty and shall be carried out with the greatest
+rapidity.
+
+=ARTICLE 215.=--The repatriation of German prisoners of war and interned
+civilians shall, in accordance with Article 214, be carried out by a
+commission composed of representatives of the Allied and Associated
+Powers on the one part, and of the German Government on the other part.
+
+For each of the Allied and Associated Powers a sub-commission composed
+exclusively of representatives of the interested powers and of delegates
+of the German Government shall regulate the details of carrying into
+effect the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
+
+=ARTICLE 216.=--From the time of their delivery into the hands of the
+German authorities the prisoners of war and interned civilians are to be
+returned without delay to their homes by the said authorities. Those
+among them who before the war were habitually resident in territory
+occupied by the troops of the Allied and Associated Powers are likewise
+to be sent to their homes, subject to the consent and control of the
+military authorities of the Allied and Associated Armies of Occupation.
+
+=ARTICLE 217.=--The whole cost of repatriation from the moment of
+starting shall be borne by the German Government, who shall also provide
+the land and sea transport and staff considered necessary by the
+commission referred to in Article 215.
+
+=ARTICLE 218.=--Prisoners of war and interned civilians awaiting
+disposal or undergoing sentences for offenses against discipline shall
+be repatriated irrespective of the completion of their sentence or of
+the proceedings pending against them.
+
+This stipulation shall not apply to prisoners of war and interned
+civilians punished for offenses committed subsequent to May 1, 1919.
+
+During the period pending their repatriation all prisoners of war and
+interned civilians shall remain subject to the existing regulations,
+more especially as regards work and discipline.
+
+=ARTICLE 219.=--Prisoners of war and interned civilians who are awaiting
+disposal or undergoing sentence for offenses other than those against
+discipline may be detained.
+
+=ARTICLE 220.=--The German Government undertakes to admit to its
+territory without distinction all persons liable to repatriation.
+
+Prisoners of war or other German nationals who do not desire to be
+repatriated may be excluded from repatriation; but the Allied and
+Associated Governments reserve to themselves the right either to
+repatriate them or to take them to a neutral country or to allow them to
+reside in their own territories.
+
+The German Government undertakes not to institute any exceptional
+proceedings against these persons or their families nor to take any
+repressive or vexatious measures of any kind whatsoever against them on
+this account.
+
+=ARTICLE 221.=--The Allied and Associated Governments reserve the right
+to make the repatriation of German prisoners of war or German nationals
+in their hands conditional upon the immediate notification and release
+by the German Government of any prisoners of war who are nationals of
+the Allied and Associated Powers and may still be in Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 222.=--Germany undertakes:
+
+1. To give every facility to the commissions to inquire into the cases
+of those who cannot be traced; to furnish such commissions with all
+necessary means of transport; to allow them access to camps, prisons,
+hospitals, and all other places; and to place at their disposal all
+documents, whether public or private, which would facilitate their
+inquiries.
+
+2. To impose penalties upon any German officials or private persons who
+have concealed the presence of any nationals of any of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, or have neglected to reveal the presence of any such
+after it had come to their knowledge.
+
+=ARTICLE 223.=--Germany undertakes to restore without delay from the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty all articles, money,
+securities, and documents which have belonged to nationals of the Allied
+and Associated Powers and which have been retained by the German
+authorities.
+
+=ARTICLE 224.=--The high contracting parties waive reciprocally all
+repayment of sums due for the maintenance of prisoners of war in their
+respective territories.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Graves_
+
+=ARTICLE 225.=--The Allied and Associated Governments and the German
+Government will cause to be respected and maintained the graves of the
+soldiers and sailors buried in their respective territories.
+
+They agree to recognize any commission appointed by an Allied or
+Associated Government for the purpose of identifying, registering,
+caring for, or erecting suitable memorials over the said graves and to
+facilitate the discharge of its duties.
+
+Furthermore, they agree to afford, so far as the provisions of their
+laws and the requirements of public health allow, every facility for
+giving effect to requests that the bodies of their soldiers and sailors
+may be transferred to their own countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 226.=--The graves of prisoners of war and interned civilians
+who are nationals of the different belligerent States and have died in
+captivity shall be properly maintained in accordance with Article 225 of
+the present treaty.
+
+The Allied and Associated Governments on the one part, and the German
+Government on the other part, reciprocally, undertake also to furnish to
+each other:
+
+1. A complete list of those who have died, together with all information
+useful for identification.
+
+2. All information as to the number and position of the graves of all
+those who have been buried without identification.
+
+
+
+
+PART VII
+
+Penalties
+
+
+=ARTICLE 227.=--The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign
+William II. of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme
+offense against international morality and the sanctity of treaties.
+
+A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby
+assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defense. It will
+be composed of five judges, one appointed by each of the following
+powers: The United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Japan.
+
+In its decision, the tribunal will be guided by the highest motives of
+international policy with a view to vindicating the solemn obligations
+of international undertakings and the validity of international
+morality. It will be its duty to fix the punishment which it considers
+should be imposed.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers will address a request to the
+Government of the Netherlands for the surrender to them of the
+ex-Emperor in order that he may be put on trial.
+
+=ARTICLE 228.=--The German Government recognizes the right of the Allied
+and Associated Powers to bring before military tribunals persons accused
+of having committed acts in violation of the laws and customs of war.
+Such persons shall, if found guilty, be sentenced to punishments laid
+down by law. This provision will apply, notwithstanding any proceedings
+or prosecution before a tribunal in Germany or in the territory of her
+allies.
+
+The German Government shall hand over to the Allied and Associated
+Powers or to such one of them as shall so request, all persons accused
+of having committed an act in violation of the laws and customs of war
+who are specified either by name or by the rank, office, or employment
+which they held under the German authorities.
+
+=ARTICLE 229.=--Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of
+one of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before the
+military tribunals of that power.
+
+Persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of more than one
+of the Allied and Associated Powers will be brought before military
+tribunals composed of members of the military tribunals of the powers
+concerned.
+
+In every case the accused will be entitled to name his own counsel.
+
+=ARTICLE 230.=--The German Government undertakes to furnish all
+documents and information of every kind, the production of which may be
+considered necessary to insure the full knowledge of the incriminating
+acts, the discovery of offenders, and the just appreciation of
+responsibility.
+
+
+
+
+PART VIII
+
+Reparation
+
+
+SECTION I.--_General Provisions_
+
+
+=ARTICLE 231.=--The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and
+Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for
+causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated
+Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of
+the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.
+
+=ARTICLE 232.=--The Allied and Associated Governments recognize that the
+resources of Germany are not adequate, after taking into account
+permanent diminutions of such resources which will result from other
+provisions of the present treaty, to make complete reparation for all
+such loss and damage.
+
+The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany
+undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the
+civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their
+property during the period of the belligerency of each as an Allied or
+Associated Power against Germany by such aggression by land, by sea, and
+from the air, and in general all damage as defined in Annex I. hereto.
+
+In accordance with Germany's pledges, already given as to complete
+restoration for Belgium, Germany undertakes, in addition to the
+compensation for damage elsewhere in this chapter provided for, as a
+consequence of the violation of the treaty of 1839, to make
+reimbursement of all sums which Belgium has borrowed from the Allies and
+Associated Governments up to Nov. 11, 1918, together with interest at
+the rate of 5 per cent. per annum on such sums. This amount shall be
+determined by the Reparation Commission, and the German Government
+undertakes thereupon forthwith to make a special issue of bearer bonds
+to an equivalent amount payable in marks gold, on May 1, 1926, or, at
+the option of the German Government, on the 1st of May in any year up to
+1926. Subject to the foregoing, the form of such bonds shall be
+determined by the Reparation Commission. Such bonds shall be handed over
+to the Reparation Commission, which has authority to take and
+acknowledge receipt thereof on behalf of Belgium.
+
+=ARTICLE 233.=--The amount of the above damage for which compensation is
+to be made by Germany shall be determined by an interallied commission,
+to be called the Reparation Commission, and constituted in the form and
+with the power set forth hereunder and in Annexes II. to VII. inclusive
+hereto.
+
+This commission shall consider the claims and give to the German
+Government a just opportunity to be heard.
+
+The findings of the commission as to the amount of damage defined as
+above shall be concluded and notified to the German Government on or
+before the 1st May, 1921, as representing the extent of that
+Government's obligations.
+
+The commission shall concurrently draw up a schedule of payments
+prescribing the time and manner for securing and discharging the entire
+obligation within a period of thirty years from the 1st May, 1921. If,
+however, within the period mentioned, Germany fails to discharge her
+obligations, any balance remaining unpaid may, within the discretion of
+the commission, be postponed for settlement in subsequent years, or may
+be handled otherwise in such manner as the Allied and Associated
+Governments, acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in this
+part of the present treaty, shall determine.
+
+=ARTICLE 234.=--The Reparation Commission shall after the 1st May, 1921,
+from time to time, consider the resources and capacity of Germany and,
+after giving her representatives a just opportunity to be heard, shall
+have discretion to extend the date and to modify the form of payments,
+such as are to be provided for in accordance with Article 233; but not
+to cancel any part, except with the specific authority of the several
+Governments represented upon the commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 235.=--In order to enable the Allied and Associated Powers to
+proceed at once to the restoration of their industrial and economic
+life, pending the full determination of their claims, Germany shall pay
+in such installments and in such manner (whether in gold, commodities,
+ships, securities, or otherwise) as the Reparation Commission may fix,
+during 1919, 1920, and the first four months of 1921, the equivalent of
+20,000,000,000 gold marks.
+
+Out of this sum the expenses of the armies of occupation subsequent to
+the armistice of the 11th November, 1918, shall first be met, and such
+supplies of food and raw materials as may be judged by the Governments
+of the principal Allied and Associated Powers to be essential to enable
+Germany to meet her obligations for reparation may also, with the
+approval of the said Governments, be paid for out of the above sum. The
+balance shall be reckoned toward liquidation of the amounts due for
+reparation.
+
+Germany shall further deposit bonds as prescribed in Paragraph 12 (c) of
+Annex II. hereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 236.=--Germany further agrees to the direct application of her
+economic resources to reparation as specified in Annexes III., IV., V.,
+and VI., relating respectively to merchant shipping, to physical
+restoration, and to coal and derivatives of coal, and to dyestuffs and
+other chemical products; provided always that the value of the property
+transferred and any services rendered by her under these annexes,
+assessed in the manner herein prescribed, shall be credited to her
+toward liquidation of her obligations under the above articles.
+
+=ARTICLE 237.=--The successive installments, including the above sum,
+paid over by Germany in satisfaction of the above claims, will be
+divided by the Allied and Associated Governments in proportions which
+have been determined upon by them in advance on a basis of general
+equity and of the rights of each.
+
+For the purposes of this division the value of property transferred and
+services rendered under Article 243 and under Annexes III., IV., VI.,
+and VII. shall be reckoned in the same manner as cash payments effected
+in that year.
+
+=ARTICLE 238.=--In addition to the payments mentioned above, Germany
+shall effect, in accordance with the procedure laid down by the
+Reparation Commission, restitution in cash of cash taken away, seized,
+or sequestrated, and also restitution of animals, objects of every
+nature, and securities taken away, seized, or sequestrated, in the cases
+in which it proves possible to identify them in territory belonging to
+Germany or her allies.
+
+Until this procedure is laid down restitution will continue in
+accordance with the provisions of the armistice of 11th November, 1918,
+and its renewals and the protocols thereto.
+
+=ARTICLE 239.=--Germany undertakes to make forthwith the restitution
+contemplated by Article 238 and to make the payments and deliveries
+contemplated by Articles 233, 234, 235, and 236.
+
+=ARTICLE 240.=--Germany recognizes the commission provided for by
+Article 233 as the same may be constituted by the Allied and Associated
+Governments in accordance with Annex II. and agrees irrevocably to the
+possession and exercise by such commission of the power and authority
+given to it under the present treaty. The German Government will supply
+to the commission all the information which the commission may require
+relative to the financial situation and operations and to the property,
+productive capacity, and stocks and current production of raw materials
+and manufactured articles of Germany and her nationals, and, further,
+any information relative to military operations which in the judgment of
+the commission may be necessary for the assessment of Germany's
+liability for reparation as defined in Annex I.
+
+The German Government will accord to the members of the commission and
+its authorized agents the same rights and immunities as are enjoyed in
+Germany by duly accredited diplomatic agents of friendly powers. Germany
+further agrees to provide for the salaries and expenses of the
+commission, and of such staff as it may employ.
+
+=ARTICLE 241.=--Germany undertakes to pass, issue, and maintain in force
+any legislation, orders, and decrees that may be necessary to give
+complete effect to these provisions.
+
+=ARTICLE 242.=--The provisions of this part of the present treaty do not
+apply to the property, rights, and interests referred to in Sections
+III. and IV. of Part X. (economic clauses) of the present treaty, nor to
+the product of their liquidation, except so far as concerns any final
+balance in favor of Germany under Article 243 (a).
+
+=ARTICLE 243.=--The following shall be reckoned as credits to Germany in
+respect of her reparation obligations:
+
+(a) Any final balance in favor of Germany under Sections III. and IV. of
+Part X. (economic clauses) and Section V. (Alsace-Lorraine) of Part III.
+(political clauses for Europe).
+
+(b) Amounts due to Germany in respect of transfers under Part IX.
+(financial clauses), Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways), and
+Section IV. (Sarre Basin) of Part III. (political clauses for Europe).
+
+(c) Amounts which in the judgment of the Reparation Commission should be
+credited to Germany on account of any other transfers under the present
+treaty of property, rights, concessions, or other interests.
+
+In no case, however, shall credit be given for property restored in
+accordance with Article 238.
+
+=ARTICLE 244.=--The transfer of the German submarine cables which do not
+form the subject of particular provisions of the present treaty as
+regulated by Annex VII. hereto.
+
+
+ANNEX I.
+
+Compensation may be claimed from Germany under Article 232 above in
+respect of the total damage under the following categories:
+
+1. Damage to injured persons and to surviving dependents by personal
+injury to or death of civilians caused by acts of war, including
+bombardments or other attacks on land, on sea, or from the air, and all
+the direct consequences thereof, and of all operations of war by the two
+groups of belligerents wherever arising.
+
+2. Damage caused by Germany or her allies to civilian victims of acts of
+cruelty, violence, or maltreatment, (including injuries to life or
+health as a consequence of imprisonment, deportation, internment, or
+evacuation, of exposure at sea, or of being forced to labor by Germany
+or her allies,) wherever arising, and to the surviving dependents of
+such victims.
+
+3. Damage caused by Germany or her allies in their own territory or in
+occupied or invaded territory to civilian victims of all acts injurious
+to health or capacity to work, or to honor, as well as to the surviving
+dependents of such victims.
+
+4. Damage caused by any kind of maltreatment of prisoners of war.
+
+5. As damage caused to the peoples of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+all pensions and compensations in the nature of pensions to naval and
+military victims of war, (including members of the air forces,) whether
+mutilated, wounded, sick or invalided, and to the dependents of such
+victims, the amount due to the Allied and Associated Governments being
+calculated for each of them as being the capitalized costs of such
+pensions and compensations at the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty, on the basis of the scales in force in France at such
+date.
+
+6. The cost of assistance by the Governments of the Allied and
+Associated Powers to prisoners of war and to their families and
+dependents.
+
+7. Allowances by the Governments of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+the families and dependents of mobilized persons or persons serving with
+the forces, the amount due to them for each calendar year in which
+hostilities occurred being calculated for each Government on the basis
+of the average scale for such payments in force in France during that
+year.
+
+8. Damage caused to civilians by being forced by Germany or her allies
+to labor without just remuneration.
+
+9. Damage in respect of all property, wherever situated, belonging to
+any of the Allied or Associated States or their nationals, with the
+exception of naval and military works or materials, which have been
+carried off, seized, injured, or destroyed by the acts of Germany or her
+allies on land, on sea, or from the air, or damage directly in
+consequence of hostilities or of any operations of war.
+
+10. Damage in the form of levies, fines and other similar exactions
+imposed by Germany or her allies upon the civilian population.
+
+
+ANNEX II.
+
+1. The commission referred to in Article 233 shall be called "The
+Reparation Commission," and is hereinafter referred to as "the
+commission."
+
+2. Delegates to the commission shall be nominated by the United States
+of America, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, and the
+Serb-Croat-Slovene State. Each of these powers will appoint one delegate
+and also one assistant delegate, who will take his place in case of
+illness or necessary absence, but at other times will only have the
+right to be present at proceedings without taking any part therein. On
+no occasion shall the delegates of more than five of the above powers
+have the right to take part in the proceedings of the commission and to
+record their votes. The delegates of the United States, Great Britain,
+France, and Italy shall have this right on all occasions. The delegates
+of Belgium shall have this right on all occasions other than those
+referred to below. The delegate of Japan shall have this right on
+occasions when questions relating to damage at sea and questions arising
+under Article 260 of Part IX. (financial clauses) in which Japanese
+interests are concerned are under consideration. The delegate of the
+Serb-Croat-Slovene State shall have this right when questions relating
+to Austria, Hungary, or Bulgaria are under consideration.
+
+Each Government represented on the commission shall have the right to
+withdraw therefrom upon twelve months' notice, filed with the commission
+and confirmed in the course of the sixth month after the date of the
+original notice.
+
+3. Such of the other Allied and Associated Powers as may be interested
+shall have the right to appoint a delegate to be present and act as
+assessor only while their respective claims and interests are under
+examination or discussion, but without the right to vote.
+
+4. In case of the death, resignation or recall of any delegate,
+assistant delegate, or assessor, a successor to him shall be nominated
+as soon as possible.
+
+5. The commission will have its principal permanent bureau in Paris and
+will hold its first meeting in Paris as soon as practicable after the
+coming into force of the present treaty, and thereafter will meet in
+such place or places and at such time as it may deem convenient and as
+may be necessary for the most expeditious discharge of its duties.
+
+6. At its first meeting the commission shall elect from among the
+delegates referred to above a Chairman and a Vice Chairman, who shall
+hold office for one year and shall be eligible for re-election. If a
+vacancy in the Chairmanship or Vice Chairmanship should occur during the
+annual period the commission shall proceed to a new election for the
+remainder of the said period.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+German Press Representatives in Versailles
+
+These men who are shown in their work room in the Hotel Des Reservoirs,
+Versailles, sent the news of the progress of the Peace Treaty throughout
+Germany]
+
+7. The commission is authorized to appoint all necessary officers,
+agents, and employees who may be required for the execution of its
+functions, and to fix their remuneration; to constitute committees,
+whose members need not necessarily be members of the commission, and to
+take all executive steps necessary for the purpose of discharging its
+duties, and to delegate authority and discretion to officers, agents,
+and committees.
+
+8. All proceedings of the commission shall be private unless, on
+particular occasions, the commission shall otherwise determine for
+special reasons.
+
+9. The commission shall be required, if the German Government so desire,
+to hear, within a period which it will fix from time to time, evidence
+and arguments on the part of Germany on any question connected with her
+capacity to pay.
+
+10. The commission shall consider the claims and give to the German
+Government a just opportunity to be heard, but not to take any part
+whatever in the decisions of the commission. The commission shall afford
+a similar opportunity to the allies of Germany when it shall consider
+that their interests are in question.
+
+11. The commission shall not be bound by any particular code or rules of
+law or by any particular rule of evidence or of procedure, but shall be
+guided by justice, equity, and good faith. Its decisions must follow the
+same principles and rules in all cases where they are applicable. It
+will establish rules relating to methods of proof of claims. It may act
+on any trustworthy modes of computation.
+
+12. The commission shall have all the powers conferred upon it, and
+shall exercise all the functions assigned to it by the present treaty.
+
+The commission shall in general have wide latitude as to its control and
+handling of the whole reparation problem as dealt with in this part of
+the present treaty, and shall have authority to interpret its
+provisions. Subject to the provisions of the present treaty, the
+commission is constituted by the several Allied and Associated
+Governments referred to in Paragraphs 2 and 3 above as the exclusive
+agency of the said Governments respectively for receiving, selling,
+holding, and distributing the reparation payments to be made by Germany
+under this part of the present treaty. The commission must comply with
+the following conditions and provisions:
+
+(a) Whatever part of the full amount of the proved claims is not paid in
+gold, or in ships, securities, and commodities or otherwise, Germany
+shall be required, under such conditions as the commission may
+determine, to cover by way of guarantee by an equivalent issue of bonds,
+obligations, or otherwise, in order to constitute an acknowledgment of
+the said part of the debt;
+
+(b) In periodically estimating Germany's capacity to pay, the commission
+shall examine the German system of taxation, first to the end that the
+sums for reparation which Germany is required to pay shall become a
+charge upon all her revenues prior to that for the service or discharge
+of any domestic loan, and, secondly, so as to satisfy itself that, in
+general, the German scheme of taxation is fully as heavy proportionately
+as that of any of the powers represented on the commission.
+
+(c) In order to facilitate and continue the immediate restoration of the
+economic life of the Allied and Associated countries, the commission
+will, as provided in Article 235, take from Germany by way of security
+for and acknowledgment of her debt a first installment of gold bearer
+bonds free of all taxes or charges of every description established or
+to be established by the Government of the German Empire or of the
+German States, or by any authority subject to them; these bonds will be
+delivered on account and in three portions, the marks gold being payable
+in conformity with Article 262 of Part IX. (financial clauses) of the
+present treaty, as follows:
+
+First. To be issued forthwith, 20,000,000,000 marks gold bearer bonds,
+payable not later than May 1, 1921, without interest. There shall be
+specially applied toward the amortization of these bonds the payments
+which Germany is pledged to make in conformity with Article 235, after
+deduction of the sums used for the reimbursement of expenses of the
+armies of occupation and for payment of foodstuffs and raw materials.
+Such bonds as have not been redeemed by May 1, 1921, shall then be
+exchanged for new bonds of the same type as those provided for below,
+(Paragraph 12, c. second.)
+
+Second. To be issued forthwith, further 40,000,000,000 marks gold bearer
+bonds, bearing interest at 2-1/2 per cent. per annum between 1921 and 1926,
+and thereafter at 5 per cent. per annum, with an additional 1 per cent
+for amortization beginning in 1926 on the whole amount of the issue.
+
+Third. To be delivered forthwith a covering undertaking in writing, to
+issue when, but not until, the commission is satisfied that Germany can
+meet such interest and sinking fund obligations, a further installment
+of 40,000,000,000 marks gold 5 per cent. bearer bonds, the time and mode
+of payment of principal and interest to be determined by the commission.
+
+The dates for payment of interest, the manner of applying the
+amortization fund, and all other questions relating to the issue,
+management, and regulation of the bond issue shall be determined by the
+commission from time to time.
+
+Further issues by way of acknowledgment and security may be required as
+the commission subsequently determines from time to time.
+
+(d) In the event of bonds, obligations, or other evidence of
+indebtedness issued by Germany by way of security for or acknowledgment
+of her reparation debt being disposed of outright, not by way of pledge,
+to persons other than the several Governments in whose favor Germany's
+original reparation indebtedness was created, an amount of such
+reparation indebtedness shall be deemed to be extinguished
+corresponding to the nominal value of the bonds, &c., so disposed of
+outright, and the obligation of Germany in respect for such bonds shall
+be confined to her liabilities to the holders of the bonds, as expressed
+upon their face.
+
+(e) The damage for repairing, reconstructing, and rebuilding property in
+the invaded and devastated districts, including reinstallation of
+furniture, machinery and other equipment, will be calculated according
+to the cost at the dates when the work is done.
+
+(f) Decisions of the commission relating to the total or partial
+cancellation of the capital or interest of any verified debt of Germany
+must be accompanied by a statement of its reasons.
+
+13. As to voting, the commission will observe the following rules:
+
+When a decision of the commission is taken, the votes of all the
+delegates entitled to vote, or in the absence of any of them, of their
+assistant delegates, shall be recorded. Abstention from voting is to be
+treated as a vote against the proposal under discussion. Assessors have
+no vote.
+
+On the following questions unanimity is necessary:
+
+(a) Questions involving the sovereignty of any of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, or the cancellation of the whole or any part of the
+debt or obligations of Germany.
+
+(b) Questions of determining the amount and conditions of bonds or other
+obligations to be issued by the German Government and of fixing the time
+and manner for selling, negotiating, or distributing such bonds.
+
+(c) Any postponement, total or partial, beyond the end of 1930, of the
+payment of installments falling due between the 1st May, 1921, and the
+end of 1926 inclusive.
+
+(d) Any postponement, total or partial, of any installment falling due
+after 1926 for a period exceeding three years.
+
+(e) Questions of applying in any particular case a method of measuring
+damages different from that which has been previously applied in a
+similar case.
+
+(f) Questions of the interpretation of the provisions of this part of
+the present treaty.
+
+All other questions shall be decided by the vote of a majority.
+
+In case of any difference of opinion among the delegates, which cannot
+be solved by reference to their Governments, upon the question whether a
+given case is one which requires a unanimous vote for its decision or
+not, such difference shall be referred to the immediate arbitration of
+some impartial person to be agreed upon by the Governments, whose award
+the Allied and Associated Governments agree to accept.
+
+14. Decisions of the commission, in accordance with the powers conferred
+upon it, shall forthwith become binding and may be put into immediate
+execution without further proceedings.
+
+15. The commission will issue to each of the interested powers, in such
+form as the commission shall fix:
+
+First. A certificate stating that it holds for the account of the said
+power bonds of the issues mentioned above, the said certificate, on the
+demand of the power concerned, being divisible in a number of parts not
+exceeding five;
+
+Second. From time to time certificates stating the goods delivered by
+Germany on account of her reparation debt which it holds for the account
+of the said power.
+
+The said certificates shall be registered, and, upon notice to the
+commission, may be transferred by indorsement.
+
+When bonds are issued for sale or negotiation, and when goods are
+delivered by the commission, certificates to an equivalent value must be
+withdrawn.
+
+16. Interest shall be debited to Germany as from 1st May, 1921, in
+respect of her debt as determined by the commission, after allowing for
+sums already covered by cash payments or their equivalent, or by bonds
+issued to the commission, or under Article 243. The rate of interest
+shall be 5 per cent., unless the commission shall determine at some
+future time that circumstances justify a variation of this rate.
+
+The commission, in fixing on 1st May, 1921, the total amount of the debt
+of Germany, may take account of interest due on sums arising out of the
+reparation of material damage, as from 11th November, 1918, up to 1st
+May, 1921.
+
+17. In case of default by Germany in the performance of any obligation
+under this part of the present treaty, the commission will forthwith
+give notice of such default to each of the interested powers and may
+make such recommendations as to the action to be taken in consequence of
+such default as it may think necessary.
+
+18. The measures which the Allied and Associated Powers shall have the
+right to take, in case of voluntary default by Germany, and which
+Germany agrees not to regard as acts of war, may include economic and
+financial prohibitions and reprisals and in general such other measures
+as the respective Governments may determine to be necessary in the
+circumstances.
+
+19. Payments required to be made in gold or its equivalent on account of
+the proved claims of the Allied and Associated Powers may at any time be
+accepted by the commission in the form of chattels, properties,
+commodities, businesses, rights, concessions, within or without German
+territory, ships, bonds, shares, or securities of any kind, or
+currencies of Germany or other States, the value of such substitutes for
+gold being fixed at a fair and just amount by the commission itself.
+
+20. The commission, in fixing or accepting payment in specified
+properties or rights, shall have due regard for any legal or equitable
+interests of the Allied and Associated Powers or of neutral powers or of
+their nationals therein.
+
+21. No member of the commission shall be responsible, except to the
+Government appointing him, for any action or omission as such member. No
+one of the Allied or Associated Governments assumes any responsibility
+in respect of any other Government.
+
+22. Subject to the provisions of the present treaty this annex may be
+amended by the unanimous decision of the Governments represented from
+time to time upon the commission.
+
+23. When all the amounts due from Germany and her allies under the
+present treaty or the decisions of the commission have been discharged
+and all sums received, or their equivalents, shall have been distributed
+to the powers interested, the commission shall be dissolved.
+
+
+ANNEX III.
+
+1. Germany recognizes the right of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+the replacement, ton for ton (gross tonnage) and class for class, of all
+merchant ships and fishing boats lost or damaged owing to the war.
+
+Nevertheless, and in spite of the fact that the tonnage of German
+shipping at present in existence is much less than that lost by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, in consequence of the German aggression,
+the right thus recognized will be enforced on German ships and boats
+under the following conditions:
+
+The German Government on behalf of themselves and so as to bind all
+other persons interested, cede to the Allied and Associated Governments
+the property in all the German merchant ships which are of 1,600 tons
+gross and upward; in one-half, reckoned in tonnage, of the ships which
+are between 1,000 tons and 1,600 tons gross; in one-quarter, reckoned in
+tonnage, of the steam trawlers, and in one-quarter, reckoned in tonnage,
+of the other fishing boats.
+
+2. The German Government will, within two months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty, deliver to the Reparation Commission all
+the ships and boats mentioned in Paragraph 1.
+
+3. The ships and boats mentioned in Paragraph 1 include all ships and
+boats which (a) fly, or may be entitled to fly, the German merchant
+flag; or (b) are owned by any German national, company, or corporation
+or by any company or corporation belonging to a country other than an
+Allied or Associated country and under the control or direction of
+German nationals; or (c) which are now under construction (1) in
+Germany, (2) in other than Allied or Associated countries for the
+account of any German national, company, or corporation.
+
+4. For the purpose of providing documents of title for the ships and
+boats to be handed over as above mentioned, the German Government will:
+
+(a) Deliver to the Reparation Commission in respect of each vessel a
+bill of sale or other document of title evidencing the transfer to the
+commission of the entire property in the vessel free from all
+incumbrances, charges, and liens of all kinds, as the commission may
+require:
+
+(b) Take all measures that may be indicated by the Reparation Commission
+for insuring that the ships themselves shall be placed at its disposal.
+
+5. As an additional part of reparation, Germany agrees to cause merchant
+ships to be built in German yards for the account of the Allied and
+Associated Governments as follows:
+
+(a) Within three months of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+the Reparation Commission will notify to the German Government the
+amount of tonnage to be laid down in German shipyards in each of the two
+years next succeeding the three months mentioned above:
+
+(b) Within twenty-four months of the coming into force of the present
+treaty, the Reparation Commission will notify to the German Government
+the amount of tonnage to be laid down in each of the three years
+following the two years mentioned above;
+
+(c) The amount of tonnage to be laid down in each year shall not exceed
+200,000 tons, gross tonnage;
+
+(d) The specifications of the ships to be built, the conditions under
+which they are to be built and delivered, the price per ton at which
+they are to be accounted for by the Reparation Commission, and all other
+questions relating to the accounting, ordering, building and delivery of
+the ships, shall be determined by the commission.
+
+6. Germany undertakes to restore in kind and in normal condition of
+upkeep to the Allied and Associated Powers, within two months of the
+coming into force of the present treaty, in accordance with procedure to
+be laid down by the Reparation Commission, any boats and other movable
+appliances belonging to inland navigation which since the 1st August,
+1914, have by any means whatever come into her possession or into the
+possession of her nationals, and which can be identified.
+
+With a view to make good the loss in inland navigation tonnage, from
+whatever cause arising, which has been incurred during the war by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and which cannot be made good by means of
+the restitution prescribed above, Germany agrees to cede to the
+Reparation Commission a portion of the German river fleet up to the
+amount of the loss mentioned above, provided that such cession shall not
+exceed 20 per cent. of the river fleet as it existed on the 11th
+November, 1918.
+
+The condition of this session shall be settled by the arbitrators
+referred to in Article 339 of Part XII. (ports, waterways and railways)
+of the present treaty, who are charged with the settlement of
+difficulties relating to the apportionment of river tonnage resulting
+from the new international regime applicable to certain river systems or
+from the territorial changes affecting those systems.
+
+7. Germany agrees to take any measures that may be indicated to her by
+the Reparation Commission for obtaining the full title to the property
+in all ships which have been during the war transferred, or are in
+process of transfer, to neutral flags, without the consent of the Allied
+and Associated Governments.
+
+8. Germany waives all claims of any description against the Allied and
+Associated Governments and their nationals in respect of the detention,
+employment, loss or damage of any German ships or boats, except when
+being made of payments due in respect of the employment of ships in
+conformity with the armistice agreement of the 13th January, 1919, and
+subsequent agreements.
+
+The handing over of the ships of the German mercantile marine must be
+continued without interruption in accordance with the said agreement.
+
+9. Germany waives all claims to vessels or cargoes sunk by or in
+consequence of naval action and subsequently salved, in which any of the
+Allied or Associated Governments or their nationals may have any
+interest, either as owners, charterers, insurers or otherwise,
+notwithstanding any decree of condemnation which may have been made by a
+prize court of Germany or of her allies.
+
+
+ANNEX IV.
+
+1. The Allied and Associated Powers require, and Germany undertakes,
+that, in part satisfaction of her obligations expressed in this part of
+the present treaty, she will, as hereinafter provided, devote her
+economic resources directly to the physical restoration of the invaded
+areas of the Allied and Associated Powers, to the extent that these
+powers may determine.
+
+2. The Allied and Associated Governments may file with the Reparation
+Commission lists showing:
+
+(a) Animals, machinery, equipment, tools, and like articles of
+commercial character, which have been seized, consumed, or destroyed by
+Germany or destroyed in direct consequence of military operations, and
+which such Governments, for the purpose of meeting immediate and urgent
+needs, desire to have replaced by animals and articles of the same
+nature which are being in German territory at the date of the coming
+into force of the present treaty;
+
+(b) Reconstruction materials, (stones, bricks, refractory bricks, tiles,
+wood, window glass, steel, lime, cement, &c.,) machinery, heating
+apparatus, furniture, and like articles of a commercial character which
+the said Governments desire to have produced and manufactured in Germany
+and delivered to them to permit of the restoration of the invaded areas.
+
+3. The lists relating to the articles mentioned in 2 (a), above, shall
+be filed within sixty days after the date of the coming into force of
+the present treaty. The lists relating to the articles in 2 (b), above,
+shall be filed on or before Dec. 31, 1919. The lists shall contain all
+such details as are customary in commercial contracts dealing with the
+subject matter, including specifications, dates of delivery, (but not
+extending over more than four years,) and places of delivery, but not
+price or value, which shall be fixed as hereinafter provided by the
+commission.
+
+4. Immediately upon the filing of such lists with the commission, the
+commission shall consider the amount and number of the materials and
+animals mentioned in the lists provided for above which are to be
+required of Germany. In reaching a decision on this matter the
+commission shall take into account such domestic requirements of Germany
+as it deems essential for the maintenance of Germany's social and
+economic life, and the prices and dates at which similar articles can be
+obtained in the Allied and Associated countries as compared with those
+to be fixed for German articles, and the general interest of the Allied
+and Associated Governments that the industrial life of Germany be not so
+disorganized as to affect adversely the ability of Germany to perform
+the other acts of reparation stipulated for. Machinery, equipment,
+tools, and like articles of a commercial character in actual industrial
+use are not, however, to be demanded of Germany unless there is no free
+stock of such articles respectively which is not in use and is
+available, and then not in excess of 30 per cent. of the quantity of
+such articles in use in any one establishment or undertaking.
+
+The commission shall give representatives of the German Government an
+opportunity and a time to be heard as to their capacity to furnish the
+said materials, articles, and animals. The decision of the commission
+shall thereupon and at the earliest possible moment be communicated to
+the German Government and to the several interested Allied and
+Associated Governments. The German Government undertakes to deliver the
+materials, articles, and animals as specified in the said communication,
+and the interested Allied and Associated Governments severally agree to
+accept the same, provided they conform to the specification given, or
+are not, in the judgment of the commission, unfit to be utilized in the
+work of reparation.
+
+5. The commission shall determine the value to be attributed to the
+materials, articles, and animals to be delivered in accordance with the
+foregoing, and the Allied or Associated Power receiving the same agrees
+to be charged with such value, and the amount thereof shall be treated
+as a payment by Germany to be divided in accordance with Article 237 of
+this part of the present treaty.
+
+In cases where the right to require physical restoration as above
+provided is exercised the commission shall insure that the amount to be
+credited against the reparation obligation of Germany shall be the fair
+value of work done or materials supplied by Germany and that the claim
+made by the interested power in respect of the damage so repaired by
+physical restoration shall be discharged to the extent of the
+proportion which the damage thus repaired bears to the whole of the
+damage thus claimed for.
+
+6. As an immediate advance on account of the animals referred to in
+Paragraph 2 (a) above, Germany undertakes to deliver in equal monthly
+installments in the three months following the coming into force of the
+present treaty the following quantities of live stock:
+
+First. To the French Government, 500 stallions, (3 to 7 years,) 30,000
+fillies and mares, (18 months to 7 years,) type: Ardennais, Boulonnais,
+or Belgian; 2,000 bulls, (18 months to 3 years); 90,000 milch cows, (2
+to 6 years); 1,000 rams, 100,000 sheep, 10,000 goats.
+
+Second. To the Belgian Government, 200 stallions, (3 to 7 years) large
+Belgian type; 5,000 mares, (3 to 7 years) large Belgian type; 5,000
+fillies, (18 months to 3 years); large Belgian type; 2,000 bulls, (18
+months to 3 years) 50,000 milch cows, (2 to 6 years) 40,000 heifers, 200
+rams, 20,000 sheep, 15,000 sows.
+
+The animals delivered shall be of average health and condition. To the
+extent that animals so delivered cannot be identified as animals taken
+away or seized, the value of such animals shall be credited against the
+reparation obligations of Germany in accordance with Paragraph 5 of this
+annex.
+
+7. Without waiting for the decisions of the commission, referred to in
+Paragraph 4 of this annex, to be taken, Germany must continue the
+delivery to France of the agricultural material referred to in Article 3
+of the renewal of the armistice of 16th January, 1919.
+
+
+ANNEX V.
+
+1. Germany accords the following options for the delivery of coal and
+derivatives of coal to the under-mentioned signatories of the present
+treaty.
+
+2. Germany undertakes to deliver to France 7,000,000 tons of coal per
+year for ten years. In addition, Germany undertakes to deliver to France
+annually for a period not exceeding ten years an amount of coal equal to
+the difference between the annual production before the war of the coal
+mines of the Nord and Pas de Calais, destroyed as a result of the war,
+and the production of the mines of the same area during the years in
+question; such delivery not to exceed 20,000,000 tons in any one year of
+the first five years, and 8,000,000 tons in any one year of the
+succeeding five years.
+
+It is understood due diligence will be exercised in the restoration of
+the destroyed mines in the Nord and Pas de Calais.
+
+3. Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium 8,000,000 tons of coal
+annually for ten years.
+
+4. Germany undertakes to deliver to Italy up to the following quantities
+of coal:
+
+    July, 1919, to June, 1920, 4,500,000 tons.
+    July, 1920, to June, 1921, 6,000,000 tons.
+    July, 1921, to June, 1922, 7,500,000 tons.
+    July, 1922, to June, 1923, 8,000,000 tons.
+    July, 1923, to June, 1924, 8,500,000 tons.
+
+and each of the following five years, 8,500,000 tons.
+
+At least two-thirds of the actual deliveries to be land borne.
+
+5. Germany further undertakes to deliver annually to Luxemburg, if
+directed by the Reparation Commission, a quantity of coal equal to the
+pre-war annual consumption of German coal in Luxemburg.
+
+6. The prices to be paid for coal delivered under these options shall be
+as follows:
+
+(a) For overland delivery, including delivery by barge, the German
+pithead price to German nationals, plus the freight to French, Belgian,
+Italian, or Luxemburg frontiers, provided the pithead price does not
+exceed the pithead price of British coal for export. In case of Belgian
+bunker coal, the price shall not exceed the Dutch bunker price. Railroad
+and barge tariffs shall not be higher than the lowest similar rates paid
+in Germany.
+
+(b) For sea delivery, the German export price f. o. b. the German ports,
+or the British export price f. o. b. British ports, whichever may be
+lower.
+
+7. The Allied and Associated Governments interested may demand the
+delivery in place of coal of metallurgical coke in the proportion of
+three tons of coke to four tons of coal.
+
+8. Germany undertakes to deliver to France and to transport to the
+French frontier by rail or by water the following products during each
+of the three years following the coming into force of this treaty:
+
+    Benzol--35,000 tons.
+    Coal tar--50,000 tons.
+    Sulphate of ammonia--30,000 tons.
+
+All or part of the coal tar may, at the option of the French Government,
+be replaced by corresponding quantities of products of distillation,
+such as light oils, heavy oils, anthracine, naphthaline, or pitch.
+
+9. The price paid for coke and for the articles referred to in the
+preceding paragraphs shall be the same as the price paid by German
+nationals under the same conditions of shipment to the French frontier
+or to the German ports, and shall be subject to any advantages which may
+be accorded similar products furnished to German nationals.
+
+10. The foregoing options shall be exercised through the intervention of
+the Reparation Commission, which, subject to the specific provisions
+hereof, shall have power to determine all questions relative to
+procedure and the qualities and quantities of products, the quantity of
+coke which may be substituted for coal, and the times and modes of
+delivery and payment. In giving notice to the German Government of the
+foregoing options the commission shall give at least 120 days' notice of
+deliveries to be made after 1st January, 1920, and at least thirty days'
+notice of deliveries to be made between the coming into force of this
+treaty and the 1st January, 1920. Until Germany has received the demands
+referred to in this paragraph the provisions of the protocol of the 25th
+December, 1918, (execution of Article 6 of the armistice of the 11th
+November, 1918,) remain in force.
+
+The notice to be given to the German Government of the exercise of the
+right of substitution accorded by Paragraphs 7 and 8 shall be such as
+the Reparation Commission may consider sufficient.
+
+If the commission shall determine that the full exercise of the
+foregoing options would interfere unduly with the industrial
+requirements of Germany, the commission is authorized to postpone or to
+cancel deliveries, and in so doing to settle all questions of priority,
+but the coal to replace coal from destroyed mines shall receive priority
+over other deliveries.
+
+
+ANNEX VI.
+
+1. Germany accords to the Reparation Commission an option to require as
+part of reparation the delivery by Germany of such quantities and kinds
+of dyestuffs and chemical drugs as the commission may designate, not
+exceeding 50 per cent. of the total stock of each and every kind of
+dyestuff and chemical drug in Germany or under German control at the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+This option shall be exercised within sixty days of the receipt by the
+commission of such particulars as to stocks as may be considered
+necessary by the commission.
+
+2. Germany further accords to the Reparation Commission an option to
+require delivery during the period from the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty until Jan. 1, 1920, and during each period
+of six months thereafter until Jan. 1, 1925, of any specified kind of
+dyestuff and chemical drug up to an amount not exceeding 25 per cent. of
+the German production of such dyestuffs and chemical drugs during the
+previous six months' period. If in any case the production during such
+previous six months was, in the opinion of the commission, less than
+normal, the amount required may be 25 per cent. of the normal
+production.
+
+Such option shall be exercised within four weeks after the receipt of
+such particulars as to production and in such form as may be considered
+necessary by the commission; these particulars shall be furnished by the
+German Government immediately after the expiration of each six months'
+period.
+
+3. For dyestuffs and chemical drugs delivered under Paragraph 1 the
+price shall be fixed by the commission, having regard to pre-war net
+export prices and to subsequent increases of cost.
+
+For dyestuffs and chemical drugs delivered under Paragraph 2 the price
+shall be fixed by the commission, having regard to pre-war net export
+prices and subsequent variations of cost or the lowest net selling price
+of similar dyestuffs and chemical drugs to any other purchaser.
+
+4. All details, including mode and times of exercising the options and
+making delivery, and all other questions arising under this arrangement
+shall be determined by the Reparation Commission; the German Government
+will furnish to the commission all necessary information and other
+assistance which it may require.
+
+5. The above expression "dyestuffs and chemical drugs" includes all
+synthetic dyes and drugs and intermediate or other products used in
+connection with dyeing, so far as they are manufactured for sale. The
+present arrangement shall also apply to cinchona bark and salts of
+quinine.
+
+
+ANNEX VII.
+
+Germany renounces on her own behalf and on behalf of her nationals in
+favor of the principal Allied and Associated Powers all rights, titles
+or privileges of whatever nature in the submarine cables set out below,
+or in any portions thereof:
+
+    Emden-Vigo: from the Straits of Dover to off Vigo;
+
+    Emden-Brest: from off Cherbourg to Brest;
+
+    Emden-Teneriffe: from off Dunkirk to off Teneriffe;
+
+    Emden-Azores (1): from the Straits of Dover to Fayal;
+
+    Emden-Azores (2): from the Straits of Dover to Fayal;
+
+    Azores-New York (1): from Fayal to New York;
+
+    Azores-New York (2): from Fayal to the longitude of Halifax;
+
+    Teneriffe-Monrovia: from off Teneriffe to off Monrovia;
+
+    Monrovia-Lome: from about latitude 2 degrees 30 minutes north,
+    and longitude 7 degrees 40 minutes west of Greenwich, to about
+    latitude 2 degrees 20 minutes north, and longitude 5 degrees 30
+    minutes west of Greenwich, and from about latitude 3 degrees 48
+    minutes north, and longitude 0 degrees 0 minutes to Lome;
+
+    Lome-Duala: from Lome to Duala;
+
+    Monrovia-Pernambuco: from off Monrovia to off Pernambuco;
+
+    Constantinople-Constanza: from Constantinople to Constanza;
+
+    Yap-Shanghai, Yap-Guam, and Yap-Menado (Celebes): from Yap
+    Island to Shanghai, from Yap Island to Guam Island, and from
+    Yap Island to Menado.
+
+The value of the above-mentioned cables or portions thereof in so far as
+they are privately owned, calculated on the basis of the original cost
+less a suitable allowance for depreciation, shall be credited to Germany
+in the reparation account.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Special Provisions_
+
+=ARTICLE 245.=--Within six months after coming into force of the present
+treaty the German Government must restore to the French Government the
+trophies, archives, historical souvenirs, or works of art carried away
+from France by the German authorities in the course of the war of
+1870--71 and during this last war, in accordance with a list which will
+be communicated to it by the French Government; particularly the French
+flags taken in the course of the war of 1870--71, and all the political
+papers taken by the German authorities on Oct. 10, 1870, at the Chateau
+of Cercay, near Brunoy, (Seine-et-Oise,) belonging at the time to M.
+Rouher, formerly Minister of State.
+
+=ARTICLE 246.=--Within six months of the coming into force of the
+present treaty Germany will restore to his Majesty the King of the
+Hedjaz the original Koran of the Caliph Othman, which was removed from
+Medina by the Turkish authorities and is stated to have been presented
+to the ex-Emperor William II.
+
+Within the same period Germany will hand over to his Britannic Majesty's
+Government the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa, which was removed from the
+protectorate of German East Africa and taken to Germany.
+
+The delivery of the articles above referred to will be effected in such
+place and in such conditions as may be laid down by the Governments to
+which they are to be restored
+
+=ARTICLE 247.=--Germany undertakes to furnish to the University of
+Louvain, within three months after a request made by it and transmitted
+through the intervention of the Reparation Commission, manuscripts,
+incunabula, printed books, maps, and objects of collection corresponding
+in number and value to those destroyed in the burning by Germany of the
+library of Louvain. All details regarding such replacement will be
+determined by the Reparation Commission.
+
+Germany undertakes to deliver to Belgium, through the Reparation
+Commission, within six months of the coming into force of the present
+treaty, in order to enable Belgium to reconstitute her two great
+artistic works:
+
+(a) The leaves of the triptych of the Mystic Lamb painted by the Van
+Eyck Brothers, formerly in the Church of St. Bavon at Ghent, now in the
+Berlin Museum.
+
+(b) The leaves of the triptych of the Last Supper, painted by Dierick
+Bouts, formerly in the Church of St. Peter at Louvain, two of which are
+now in the Berlin Museum and two in the old Pinakothek at Munich.
+
+
+
+
+PART IX
+
+Financial Clauses
+
+
+=ARTICLE 248.=--Subject to such exceptions as the Reparation Commission
+may approve, a first charge upon all the assets and revenues of the
+German Empire and its constituent States shall be the cost of reparation
+and all other costs arising under the present treaty or any treaties or
+agreements supplementary thereto or under arrangements concluded between
+Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers during the armistice or its
+extensions.
+
+Up to May 1, 1921, the German Government shall not export or dispose of,
+and shall forbid the export or disposal of, gold without the previous
+approval of the Allied and Associated Powers acting through the
+Reparation Commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 249.=--There shall be paid by the German Government the total
+cost of all armies of the Allied and Associated Governments in occupied
+German territory from the date of the signature of the armistice of the
+11th November, 1918, including the keep of men and beasts, lodging and
+billeting, pay and allowances, salaries and wages, bedding, heating,
+lighting, clothing, equipment, harness and saddlery, armament and
+rolling stock, air services, treatment of sick and wounded, veterinary
+and remount services, transport service of all sorts, (such as by rail,
+sea, river, or motor lorries,) communications and correspondence, and in
+general the cost of all administrative or technical services, the
+working of which is necessary for the training of troops and for keeping
+their numbers up to strength and preserving their military efficiency.
+
+The cost of such liabilities under the above heads, so far as they
+relate to purchases or requisitions by the Allied and Associated
+Governments in the occupied territories, shall be paid by the German
+Government to the Allied and Associated Governments in marks at the
+current or agreed rate of exchange. All other of the above costs shall
+be paid in gold marks.
+
+=ARTICLE 250.=--Germany confirms the surrender of all material handed
+over to the Allied and Associated Powers in accordance with the
+armistice agreement of the 11th November, 1918, and subsequent armistice
+agreements, and recognizes the title of the Allied and Associated Powers
+to such material.
+
+There shall be credited to the German Government against the sums due
+from it to the Allied and Associated Powers for reparation, the value,
+as assessed by the Reparation Commission referred to in Article 233 of
+Part VIII. (reparation) of the present treaty, of the material handed
+over in accordance with Article 7 of the armistice agreement of the 11th
+November, 1918, Article 3 of the armistice agreement of the 16th
+January, 1919, as well as of any other material handed over in
+accordance with the armistice agreement of the 11th November, 1918, and
+of subsequent armistice agreements, for which, as having non-military
+value, credit should, in the judgment of the Reparation Commission, be
+allowed to the German Government.
+
+Property belonging to the Allied and Associated Governments or their
+nationals restored or surrendered under the armistice agreements in
+specie shall not be credited to the German Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 251.=--The priority of the charges established by Article 248
+shall, subject to the qualifications made below, be as follows:
+
+(a) The cost of the armies of occupation as defined under Article 249
+during the armistice and its extensions;
+
+(b) The cost of any armies of occupation as defined under Article 249
+after the coming into force of the present treaty;
+
+(c) The cost of reparation arising out of the present treaty or any
+treaties or conventions supplementary thereto;
+
+(d) The cost of all other obligations incumbent on Germany under the
+armistice conventions or under this treaty or any treaties or
+conventions supplementary thereto.
+
+The payment for such supplies of food and raw material for Germany and
+such other payments as may be judged by the Allied and Associated Powers
+to be essential to enable Germany to meet her obligations in respect of
+reparation will have priority to the extent and upon the conditions
+which have been or may be determined by the Governments of the said
+powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 252.=--The right of each of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+dispose of enemy assets and property within its jurisdiction at the date
+of the coming into force of the present treaty is not affected by the
+foregoing provisions.
+
+=ARTICLE 253.=--Nothing in the foregoing provisions shall prejudice in
+any manner charges or mortgages lawfully effected in favor of the Allied
+and Associated Powers or their nationals respectively, before the date
+at which a state of war existed between Germany and the Allied and
+Associated Powers concerned, by the German Empire or its constituent
+States, or by German nationals on assets in their ownership at that
+date.
+
+=ARTICLE 254.=--The powers to which German territory is ceded shall,
+subject to the qualifications made in Article 255, undertake to pay:
+
+1. A portion of the debt of the German Empire as it stood on the 1st
+August, 1914, calculated on the basis of the ratio between the average
+for the three financial years 1911, 1912, 1913, of such revenues of the
+ceded territory and the average for the same years of such revenues of
+the whole German Empire as in the judgment of the Reparation Commission
+are best calculated to represent the relative ability of the respective
+territories to make payments.
+
+2. A portion of the debt as it stood on the 1st August, 1914, of the
+German State to which the ceded territory belonged, to be determined in
+accordance with the principle stated above.
+
+Such portions shall be determined by the Reparation Commission.
+
+The method of discharging the obligation both in respect of capital and
+of interest, so assumed, shall be fixed by the Reparation Commission.
+Such method may take the form, inter alia, of the assumption by the
+power to which the territory is ceded of Germany's liability for the
+German debt held by her nationals. But in the event of the method
+adopted involving any payments to the German Government, such payments
+shall be transferred to the Reparation Commission on account of the sums
+due for reparation so long as any balance in respect of such sums
+remains unpaid.
+
+=ARTICLE 255.=--1. As an exception to the above provision and inasmuch
+as in 1871 Germany refused to undertake any portion of the burden of
+the French debt, France shall be, in respect of Alsace-Lorraine, exempt
+from any payment under Article 254.
+
+2. In the case of Poland that portion of the debt which, in the opinion
+of the Reparation Commission is attributable to the measures taken by
+the German and Prussian Governments for the German colonization of
+Poland shall be excluded from the apportionment to be made under Article
+254.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Dreadnoughts Welcoming President Wilson Home
+
+This photograph taken from the Fighting Top of the _Pennsylvania_, shows
+American Warships in the North River, firing a salute in honor of the
+President's return from France on the _George Washington_.]
+
+3. In the case of all ceded territories other than Alsace-Lorraine that
+portion of the debt of the German Empire or German States which in the
+opinion of the Reparation Commission represents expenditure by the
+Governments of the German Empire or States upon the Government
+properties referred to in Article 256 shall be excluded from the
+apportionment to be made under Article 254.
+
+=ARTICLE 256.=--Powers to which German territory is ceded shall acquire
+all property and possessions situated therein belonging to the German
+Empire or to the German States, and the value of such acquisitions shall
+be fixed by the Reparation Commission, and paid by the State acquiring
+the territory to the Reparation Commission for the credit of the German
+Government on account of the sums due for reparation.
+
+For the purposes of this article the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and States shall be deemed to include all the property of
+the Crown, the Empire or the States, and the private property of the
+former German Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+In view of the terms on which Alsace-Lorraine was ceded to Germany in
+1871--France shall be exempt in respect thereof from making any payment
+or credit under this article for any property or possessions of the
+German Empire or States situated therein. Belgium also shall be exempt
+from making any payment or any credit under this article for any
+property or possessions of the German Empire or States situated in
+German territory ceded to Belgium under the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 257.=--In the case of the former German territories, including
+colonies, protectorates, or dependencies, administered by a mandatory
+under Article 22 of Part I. (League of Nations) of the present treaty,
+neither the territory nor the mandatory power shall be charged with any
+portion of the debt of the German Empire or States.
+
+All property and possessions belonging to the German Empire or to the
+German States situated in such territory shall be transferred with the
+territories to the Mandatory Power in its capacity as such, and no
+payment shall be made nor any credit given to those Governments in
+consideration of this transfer.
+
+For the purpose of this article the property and possessions of the
+German Empire and of the German States shall be deemed to include all
+the property of the crown, the empire or the States and the private
+property of the former German Emperor and other royal personages.
+
+=ARTICLE 258.=--Germany renounces all rights accorded to her or her
+nationals by treaties, conventions or agreements, of whatsoever kind, to
+representation upon or participation in the control or administration of
+commissions, state banks, agencies or other financial or economic
+organizations of an international character, exercising powers of
+control or administration, and operating in any of the Allied or
+Associated States, or in Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or Turkey, or in the
+dependencies of these States, or in the former Russian Empire.
+
+=ARTICLE 259.=--1. Germany agrees to deliver within one month from the
+date of the coming into force of the present treaty, to such authority
+as the principal Allied and Associated Powers may designate, the sum in
+gold which was to be deposited in the Reichsbank in the name of the
+Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as security for
+the first issue of Turkish Government currency notes.
+
+2. Germany recognizes her obligation to make annually for the period of
+twelve years the payments in gold for which provision is made in the
+German Treasury bonds deposited by her from time to time in the name of
+the Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt as security
+for the second and subsequent issues of Turkish Government currency
+notes.
+
+3. Germany undertakes to deliver, within one month from the coming into
+force of the present treaty, to such authority as the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers may designate, the deposit gold constituted in the
+Reichsbank or elsewhere, representing the residue of the advance in gold
+agreed to on the 5th of May, 1915, by the Council of the Administration
+of the Ottoman Public Debt to the Imperial Ottoman Government.
+
+4. Germany agrees to transfer to the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers any title that she may have to the sum in gold and silver
+transmitted by her to the Turkish Ministry of Finance in November, 1918,
+in anticipation of the payment to be made in May, 1919, for the service
+of the Turkish internal loan.
+
+5. Germany undertakes to transfer to the principal Allied and Associated
+Powers within a period of one month from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, any sums in gold transferred as pledge or as collateral
+security to the German Government or its nationals in connection with
+loans made by them to the Austro-Hungarian Government.
+
+6. Without prejudice to Article 292 of Part X. (economic clauses) of the
+present treaty, Germany confirms the renunciation provided for in
+Article XV. of the armistice convention of the 11th November, 1918, of
+any benefit disclosed by the treaties of Bucharest and of Brest-Litovsk,
+and by the treaties supplementary thereto.
+
+Germany undertakes to transfer, either to Rumania or to the principal
+Allied and Associated Powers, as the case may be, all monetary
+instruments, specie, securities and negotiable instruments or goods
+which she has received under the aforesaid treaties.
+
+7. The sums of money and all securities, instruments and goods of
+whatever nature, to be delivered, paid and transferred under the
+provisions of this article, shall be disposed of by the principal Allied
+and Associated Powers in a manner hereafter to be determined by these
+powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 260.=--Without prejudice to the renunciation of any rights by
+Germany on behalf of herself or of her nationals in the other provisions
+of the present treaty, the Reparation Commission may, within one year
+from the coming into force of the present treaty, demand that the German
+Government become possessed of any rights and interests of the German
+nationals in any public utility undertaking or in any concession
+operating in Russia, China, Turkey, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria, or
+in the possessions or dependencies of these States or in any territory
+formerly belonging to Germany or her allies, to be ceded by Germany or
+her allies to any power, or to be administered by a mandatary under the
+present treaty, and may require that the German Government transfer,
+within six months of the date of demand, all such rights and interests
+and any similar rights and interests the German Government may itself
+possess, to the Reparation Commission.
+
+Germany shall be responsible for indemnifying her nationals so
+dispossessed and the Reparation Commission shall credit Germany on
+account of sums due for reparation with such sums in respect of the
+value of the transferred rights and interests as may be assessed by the
+Reparation Commission, and the German Government shall, within six
+months from the coming into force of the present treaty, communicate to
+the Reparation Commission all such rights and interests, whether already
+granted, contingent, or not yet exercised, and shall renounce on behalf
+of itself and its nationals in favor of the Allied and Associated Powers
+all such rights and interests which have not been so communicated.
+
+=ARTICLE 261.=--Germany undertakes to transfer to the Allied and
+Associated Powers any claims she may have to payment or repayment by the
+Governments of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, and, in particular
+any claims which may arise, now or hereafter, from the fulfillment of
+undertakings made by Germany during the war to those Governments.
+
+=ARTICLE 262.=--Any monetary obligation due by Germany arising out of
+the present treaty and expressed in terms of gold marks shall be payable
+at the option of the creditors in pounds sterling payable in London;
+gold dollars of the United States of America payable in New York; gold
+francs payable in Paris, or gold lire payable in Rome.
+
+For the purpose of this article, the gold coins mentioned above shall be
+defined as being of the weight and fineness of gold as enacted by law on
+the 1st January, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 263.=--Germany gives a guarantee to the Brazilian Government
+that all sums representing the sale of coffee belonging to the State of
+Sao Paolo in the Ports of Hamburg, Bremen, Antwerp, and Trieste, which
+were deposited with the Bank of the Bleichroeder at Berlin, shall be
+reimbursed, together with interest at the rate or rates agreed upon.
+
+Germany, having prevented the transfer of the sums in question to the
+State of Sao Paolo at the proper time, guarantees also that the
+reimbursements shall be effected at the rate of exchange of the day of
+the deposit.
+
+
+
+
+PART X
+
+Economic Clauses
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Commercial Relations_
+
+CHAPTER I.--CUSTOMS REGULATIONS, DUTIES, AND RESTRICTIONS
+
+
+=ARTICLE 264.=--Germany undertakes that goods the produce or manufacture
+of any one of the Allied or Associated States imported into German
+territory, from whatsoever place arriving, shall not be subjected to
+other or higher duties or charges (including internal charges) than
+those to which the like goods the produce or manufacture of any other
+such State or of any other foreign country are subject.
+
+Germany will not maintain or impose any prohibition or restriction on
+the importation into German territory of any goods the produce or
+manufacture of the territories of any one of the Allied or Associated
+States, from whatsoever place arriving, which shall not equally extend
+to the importation of the like goods the produce or manufacture of any
+other such State or of any other foreign country.
+
+=ARTICLE 265.=--Germany further undertakes that, in the matter of the
+regime applicable on importation, no discrimination against the commerce
+of any of the Allied and Associated States as compared with any other of
+the said States or any other foreign country shall be made, even by
+indirect means, such as customs regulations or procedure, methods of
+verification or analysis, conditions of payment of duties, tariff
+classification or interpretation, or the operation of monopolies.
+
+=ARTICLE 266.=--In all that concerns exportation Germany undertakes that
+goods, natural products or manufactured articles, exported from German
+territory to the territories of any one of the Allied or Associated
+States shall not be subjected to other or higher duties or charges
+(including internal charges) than those paid on the like goods exported
+to any other such State or to any other foreign country.
+
+Germany will not maintain or impose any prohibition or restriction on
+the exportation of any goods sent from her territory to any one of the
+Allied or Associated States which shall not equally extend to the
+exportation of the like goods, natural products or manufactured
+articles, sent to any other such State or to any other foreign country.
+
+=ARTICLE 267.=--Every favor, immunity, or privilege in regard to the
+importation, exportation, or transit of goods granted by Germany to any
+Allied or Associated State or to any other foreign country whatever
+shall simultaneously and unconditionally, without request and without
+compensation, be extended to all the Allied and Associated States.
+
+=ARTICLE 268.=--The provisions of Article 264 to 267 inclusive of this
+chapter and of Article 323 of Part XII. (ports, waterways, and railways)
+of the present treaty are subject to the following exceptions:
+
+(a) For a period of five years from the coming into force of the present
+treaty, natural or manufactured products which both originate in and
+come from the territories of Alsace and Lorraine reunited to France
+shall, on importation into German customs territory, be exempt from all
+customs duty.
+
+The French Government shall fix each year by decree communicated to the
+German Government, the nature and amount of the products which shall
+enjoy this exemption.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+Further, during the period above mentioned the German Government shall
+allow the free export from Germany, and the free reimportation into
+Germany, exempt from all customs duties and other charges, (including
+internal charges,) of yarns, tissues, and other textile materials or
+textile products of any kind and in any condition sent from Germany into
+the territories of Alsace or Lorraine, to be subjected there to any
+finishing process, such as bleaching, dyeing, printing, mercerization,
+gassing, twisting, or dressing.
+
+(b) During a period of three years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty natural or manufactured products which both originate in
+and come from Polish territories which before the war were part of
+Germany shall, on importation into German customs territory, be exempt
+from all customs duty.
+
+The Polish Government shall fix each year, by decree communicated to the
+German Government, the nature and amount of the products which shall
+enjoy this exemption.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+(c) The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to require
+Germany to accord freedom from customs duty, on importation into German
+customs territory, to natural products and manufactured articles which
+both originate in and come from the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, for a
+period of five years from the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+The nature and amount of the products which shall enjoy the benefits of
+this regime shall be communicated each year to the German Government.
+
+The amount of each product which may be thus sent annually into Germany
+shall not exceed the average of the amounts sent annually in the years
+1911--1913.
+
+=ARTICLE 269.=--During the first six months after the coming into force
+of the present treaty, the duties imposed by Germany on imports from
+Allied and Associated States shall not be higher than the most favorable
+duties which were applied to imports into Germany on the 31st July,
+1914.
+
+During a further period of thirty months after the expiration of the
+first six months, this provision shall continue to be applied
+exclusively with regard to products which, being comprised in Section A
+of the First Category of the German Customs Tariff of the 25th December,
+1902, enjoyed at the above-mentioned date (31st July, 1914,) rates
+conventionalized by treaties with the Allied and Associated Powers, with
+the addition of all kinds of wine and vegetable oils, of artificial silk
+and of washed or scoured wool, whether or not they were the subject of
+special conventions before the 31st July, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 270.=--The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to
+apply to German territory occupied by their troops a special customs
+regime as regards imports and exports, in the event of such a measure
+being necessary in their opinion in order to safeguard the economic
+interests of the population of these territories.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--SHIPPING
+
+=ARTICLE 271.=--As regards sea fishing, maritime coasting trade, and
+maritime towage, vessels of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+enjoy, in German territorial waters, the treatment accorded to vessels
+of the most-favored nation.
+
+=ARTICLE 272.=--Germany agrees that, notwithstanding any stipulation to
+the contrary contained in the conventions relating to the North Sea
+fisheries and liquor traffic, all rights of inspection and police shall,
+in the case of fishing boats of the Allied Powers, be exercised solely
+by ships belonging to those powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 273.=--In the case of vessels of the Allied or Associated
+Powers, all classes of certificates or documents relating to the vessel,
+which were recognized as valid by Germany before the war, or which may
+hereafter be recognized as valid by the principal maritime States, shall
+be recognized by Germany as valid and as equivalent to the corresponding
+certificates issued to German vessels.
+
+A similar recognition shall be accorded to the certificates and
+documents issued to their vessels by the Governments of new States,
+whether they have a seacoast or not, provided that such certificates and
+documents shall be issued in conformity with the general practice
+observed in the principal maritime States.
+
+The high contracting parties agree to recognize the flag flown by the
+vessels of an Allied or Associated Power having no seacoast which are
+registered at some one specified place situated in its territory; such
+place shall serve as the port of registry of such vessels.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--UNFAIR COMPETITION
+
+=ARTICLE 274.=--Germany undertakes to adopt all the necessary
+legislative and administrative measures to protect goods the produce or
+manufacture of any one of the Allied and Associated Powers from all
+forms of unfair competition in commercial transactions.
+
+Germany undertakes to prohibit and repress by seizure and by other
+appropriate remedies the importation, exportation, manufacture,
+distribution, sale or offering for sale in its territory of all goods
+bearing upon themselves or their usual get-up or wrappings any marks,
+names, devices, or descriptions whatsoever which are calculated to
+convey directly or indirectly a false indication of the origin, type,
+nature, or special characteristics of such goods.
+
+=ARTICLE 275.=--Germany undertakes on condition that reciprocity is
+accorded in these matters to respect any law, or any administrative or
+judicial decision given in conformity with such law, in force in any
+Allied or Associated State and duly communicated to her by the proper
+authorities, defining or regulating the right to any regional
+appellation in respect of wine or spirits produced in the State to which
+the region belongs or the conditions under which the use of any such
+appellation may be permitted; and the importation, exportation,
+manufacture, distribution, sale or offering for sale of products or
+articles bearing regional appellations inconsistent with such law or
+order shall be prohibited by the German Government and repressed by the
+measures prescribed in the preceding article.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--TREATMENT OF NATIONALS OF ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
+
+=ARTICLE 276.=--Germany undertakes:
+
+(a) not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers to
+any prohibition in regard to the exercise of occupations, professions,
+trade, and industry, which shall not be equally applicable to all aliens
+without exception;
+
+(b) not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers in
+regard to the rights referred to in Paragraph (a) to any regulation or
+restriction which might contravene directly or indirectly the
+stipulations of the said paragraph, or which shall be other or more
+disadvantageous than those which are applicable to nationals of the
+most-favored nation;
+
+(c) not to subject the nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+their property, rights, or interests, including companies and
+associations in which they are interested, to any charge, tax, or
+impost, direct or indirect, other or higher than those which are or may
+be imposed on her own nationals or their property, rights, or interests;
+
+(d) not to subject the nationals of any one of the Allied and Associated
+Powers to any restriction which was not applicable on July 1, 1914, to
+the nationals of such powers unless such restriction is likewise imposed
+on her own nationals.
+
+=ARTICLE 277.=--The nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+enjoy in German territory a constant protection for their persons and
+for their property, rights, and interests, and shall have free access to
+the courts of law.
+
+=ARTICLE 278.=--Germany undertakes to recognize any new nationality
+which has been or may be acquired by her nationals under the laws of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, and in accordance with the decisions of
+the competent authorities of these powers pursuant to naturalization
+laws or under treaty stipulations, and to regard such persons as having,
+in consequence of the acquisition of such new nationality, in all
+respects severed their allegiance to their country of origin.
+
+=ARTICLE 279.=--The Allied and Associated Powers may appoint Consuls
+General, Consuls, Vice Consuls, and Consular Agents in German towns and
+ports. Germany undertakes to approve the designation of the Consuls
+General, Consuls, Vice Consuls, and Consular Agents, whose names shall
+be notified to her, and to admit them to the exercise of their functions
+in conformity with the usual rules and customs.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.--GENERAL ARTICLES
+
+=ARTICLE 280.=--The obligations imposed on Germany by Chapter I. and by
+Articles 271 and 272 of Chapter II. above shall cease to have effect
+five years from the date of the coming into force of the present treaty,
+unless otherwise provided in the text, or unless the Council of the
+League of Nations shall, at least twelve months before the expiration of
+that period, decide that these obligations shall be maintained for a
+further period with or without amendment.
+
+Article 276 of Chapter IV. shall remain in operation, with or without
+amendment, after the period of five years for such further period, if
+any, not exceeding five years, as may be determined by a majority of the
+Council of the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 281.=--If the German Government engages in international trade,
+it shall not in respect thereof have or be deemed to have any rights,
+privileges, or immunities of sovereignty.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Treaties_
+
+=ARTICLE 282.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty and
+subject to the provisions thereof the multilateral treaties,
+conventions, and agreements of an economic or technical character
+enumerated below and in the subsequent articles shall alone be applied
+as between Germany and those of the Allied and Associated Powers party
+thereto:
+
+1. Conventions of March 14, 1884; Dec. 1, 1886, and March 23, 1887, and
+final protocol of July 7, 1887, regarding the protection of submarine
+cables.
+
+2. Convention of Oct. 11, 1909, regarding the international circulation
+of motor cars.
+
+3. Agreement of May 15, 1886, regarding the sealing of railway trucks
+subject to customs inspection, and protocol of May 18, 1907.
+
+4. Agreement of May 15, 1886, regarding the technical standardization of
+railways.
+
+5. Convention of July 5, 1890, regarding the publication of customs
+tariffs and the organization of an international union for the
+publication of customs tariffs.
+
+6. Convention of Dec. 31, 1913, regarding the unification of commercial
+statistics.
+
+7. Convention of April 25, 1907, regarding the raising of the Turkish
+customs tariff.
+
+8. Convention of March 14, 1857, for the redemption of toll dues on the
+Sound and Belts.
+
+9. Convention of June 22, 1861, for the redemption of the Stade Toll on
+the Elbe.
+
+10. Convention of July 16, 1863, for the redemption of toll dues on the
+Scheldt.
+
+11. Convention of Oct. 29, 1888, regarding the establishment of a
+definite arrangement guaranteeing the free use of the Suez Canal.
+
+12. Convention of Sept. 23, 1910, respecting the unification of certain
+regulations regarding collisions and salvage at sea.
+
+13. Convention of Dec. 21, 1904, regarding the exemption of hospital
+ships from dues and charges in ports.
+
+14. Convention of Feb. 4, 1898, regarding the tonnage measurement of
+vessels for inland navigation.
+
+15. Convention of Sept. 26, 1906, for the suppression of nightwork for
+women.
+
+16. Convention of Sept. 26, 1906, for the suppression of the use of
+white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches.
+
+17. Conventions of May 18, 1904, and May 4, 1910, regarding the
+suppression of the white slave traffic.
+
+18. Convention of May 4, 1910, regarding the suppression of obscene
+publications.
+
+19. Sanitary conventions of January, 1892; April 15, 1893; April 3,
+1894; April 19, 1897, and Dec. 3, 1903.
+
+20. Convention of May 20, 1875, regarding the unification and
+improvement of the metric system.
+
+21. Convention of Nov. 29, 1906, regarding the unification of
+pharmacopoeial formulae for potent drugs.
+
+22. Convention of Nov. 16 and 19, 1885, regarding the establishment of a
+concert pitch.
+
+23. Convention of June 7, 1905, regarding the creation of an
+International Agricultural Institute at Rome.
+
+24. Conventions of Nov. 3, 1881, and April 15, 1889, regarding
+precautionary measures against phylloxera.
+
+25. Convention of March 19, 1902, regarding the protection of birds
+useful to agriculture.
+
+26. Convention of June 12, 1902, as to the protection of minors.
+
+=ARTICLE 283.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply the conventions and agreements
+hereinafter mentioned, in so far as concerns them, on condition that the
+special stipulations contained in this article are fulfilled by Germany.
+
+=Postal Conventions:=
+
+Conventions and agreements of the Universal Postal Union concluded at
+Vienna, July 4, 1891.
+
+Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Washington,
+June 15, 1897.
+
+Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Rome May 26,
+1906.
+
+=Telegraphic Conventions:=
+
+International Telegraphic Conventions signed at St. Petersburg July 10,
+(22,) 1875.
+
+Regulations and tariffs drawn up by the International Telegraphic
+Conference, Lisbon, June 11, 1908.
+
+Germany undertakes not to refuse her assent to the conclusion by the new
+States of the special arrangements referred to in the conventions and
+agreements relating to the Universal Postal Union and to the
+International Telegraphic Union, to which the said new States have
+adhered or may adhere.
+
+=ARTICLE 284.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply, in so far as concerns them, the
+International Radio-Telegraphic Convention of July 5, 1912, on condition
+that Germany fulfills the provisional regulations which will be
+indicated to her by the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+If within five years after the coming into force of the present treaty a
+new convention regulating international radio-telegraphic communications
+should have been concluded to take the place of the convention of July
+5, 1912, this new convention shall bind Germany even if Germany should
+refuse either to take part in drawing up the convention or to subscribe
+thereto.
+
+This new convention will likewise replace the provisional regulations in
+force.
+
+=ARTICLE 285.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply in so far as concerns them and
+under the conditions stipulated in Article 272 the conventions
+hereinafter mentioned:
+
+1. The conventions of May 6, 1882, and Feb. 1, 1889, regulating the
+fisheries in the North Sea outside territorial waters.
+
+2. The conventions and protocols of Nov. 16, 1887, Feb. 14, 1893, and
+April 11, 1894, regarding the North Sea liquor traffic.
+
+=ARTICLE 286.=--The International Convention of Paris of March 20, 1883,
+for the protection of industrial property, revised at Washington on June
+2, 1911; the International Convention of Berne of Sept. 9, 1886, for the
+protection of literary and artistic works, revised at Berlin on Nov. 13,
+1908, and completed by the additional protocol signed at Berne on March
+20, 1914, will again come into effect as from the coming into force of
+the present treaty, in so far as they are not affected or modified by
+the exceptions and restrictions resulting therefrom.
+
+=ARTICLE 287.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall apply, in so far as concerns them, the
+Convention of the Hague of July 17, 1905, relating to civil procedure.
+This renewal, however, will not apply to France, Portugal and Rumania.
+
+=ARTICLE 288.=--The special rights and privileges granted to Germany by
+Article 3 of the convention of Dec. 2, 1899, relating to Samoa shall be
+considered to have terminated on Aug. 4, 1914.
+
+=ARTICLE 289.=--Each of the Allied or Associated Powers, being guided by
+the general principles or special provisions of the present treaty,
+shall notify to Germany the bilateral treaties or conventions which such
+Allied or Associated Power wishes to revive with Germany.
+
+The notification referred to in the present article shall be made either
+directly or through the intermediary of another power. Receipt thereof
+shall be acknowledged in writing by Germany. The date of the revival
+shall be that of the notification.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers undertake among themselves not to
+revive with Germany any conventions or treaties which are not in
+accordance with the terms of the present treaty.
+
+The notification shall mention any provisions of the said conventions
+and treaties which, not being in accordance with the terms of the
+present treaty, shall not be considered as revived. In case of any
+difference of opinion, the League of Nations will be called on to
+decide.
+
+A period of six months from the coming into force of the present treaty
+is allowed to the Allied and Associated Powers within which to make the
+notification.
+
+Only those bilateral treaties and conventions which have been the
+subject of such a notification shall be revived between the Allied and
+Associated Powers and Germany; all the others are and shall remain
+abrogated.
+
+The above regulations apply to all bilateral treaties or conventions
+existing between all the Allied and Associated Powers signatories to the
+present treaty and Germany, even if the said Allied and Associated
+Powers have not been in a state of war with Germany.
+
+
+=ARTICLE 290.=--Germany recognizes that all the treaties, conventions,
+or agreements which she has concluded with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria,
+or Turkey since Aug. 1, 1914, until the coming into force of the present
+treaty are and remain abrogated by the present treaty.
+
+
+=ARTICLE 291.=--Germany undertakes to secure to the Allied and
+Associated Powers, and to the officials and nationals of the said
+powers, the enjoyment of all the rights and advantages of any kind which
+she may have granted to Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, or Turkey, or to the
+officials and nationals of these States by treaties, conventions, or
+arrangements concluded before Aug. 1, 1914, so long as those treaties,
+conventions, or arrangements remain in force.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to accept or not the
+enjoyment of these rights and advantages.
+
+
+=ARTICLE 292.=--Germany recognizes that all treaties, conventions, or
+arrangements which she concluded with Russia or with any State or
+Government of which the territory previously formed a part of Russia, or
+with Rumania before Aug. 1, 1914, or after that date until the coming
+into force of the present treaty, are and remain abrogated.
+
+=ARTICLE 293.=--Should an Allied or Associated Power, Russia, or a State
+or Government of which the territory formerly constituted a part of
+Russia have been forced since Aug. 1, 1914, by reason of military
+occupation or by any other means or for any other cause, to grant or to
+allow to be granted by the act of any public authority, concessions,
+privileges, and favors of any kind to Germany or to a German nation,
+such concessions, privileges, and favors are _ipso facto_ annulled by
+the present treaty.
+
+No claims or indemnities which may result from this annulment shall be
+charged against the Allied or Associated Powers or the powers, States,
+Governments, or public authorities which are released from their
+engagements by the present article.
+
+=ARTICLE 294.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty Germany
+undertakes to give the Allied and Associated Powers and their nationals
+the benefit _ipso facto_ of the rights and advantages of any kind which
+she has granted by treaties, conventions or arrangements to
+non-belligerent States or their nationals since Aug. 1, 1914, until the
+coming into force of the present treaty so long as those treaties,
+conventions, or arrangements remain in force.
+
+=ARTICLE 295.=--Those of the high contracting parties who have not yet
+signed, or who have signed but not yet ratified, the Opium Convention
+signed at The Hague on Jan. 23, 1912, agree to bring the said convention
+into force, and for this purpose to enact the necessary legislation
+without delay and in any case within a period of twelve months from the
+coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+Furthermore, they agree that ratification of the present treaty should
+in the case of powers which have not yet ratified the Opium Convention
+be deemed in all respects equivalent to the ratification of that
+convention and to the signature of the special protocol which was opened
+at The Hague in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the Third
+Opium Conference in 1914 for bringing the said convention into force.
+
+For this purpose the Government of the French Republic will communicate
+to the Government of the Netherlands a certified copy of the protocol of
+the deposit of ratifications of the present treaty, and will invite the
+Government of the Netherlands to accept and deposit the said certified
+copy as if it were a deposit of ratifications of the Opium Convention
+and a signature of the additional protocol of 1914.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Debts._
+
+=ARTICLE 296.=--There shall be settled through the intervention of
+clearing offices to be established by each of the high contracting
+parties within three months of the notification referred to in paragraph
+(e) hereafter the following classes of pecuniary obligations:
+
+1. Debts payable before the war and due by a national of one of the
+contracting powers, residing within its territory, to a national of an
+opposing power, residing within its territory.
+
+2. Debts which became payable during the war to nationals of one
+contracting power residing within its territory and arose out of
+transactions or contracts with the nationals of an opposing power,
+resident within its territory, of which the total or partial execution
+was suspended on account of the declaration of war.
+
+3. Interest which has accrued due before and during the war to a
+national of one of the contracting powers in respect of securities
+issued by an opposing power, provided that the payment of interest on
+such securities to the nationals of that power or to neutrals has not
+been suspended during the war.
+
+4. Capital sums which have become payable before and during the war to
+nationals of one of the contracting powers in respect of securities
+issued by one of the opposing powers, provided that the payment of such
+capital sums to nationals of that power or to neutrals has not been
+suspended during the war.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Harris & Ewing
+
+M. Stephen Pichon
+
+Chosen Chairman of the provisional organization of the League of Nations
+in recognition of his long leadership, not only in France but
+internationally, in the work of bringing about a world-wide organization
+to preserve peace.]
+
+The proceeds of liquidation of enemy property, rights, and interests
+mentioned in Section IV. and in the annex thereto will be accounted for
+through the clearing offices, in the currency and at the rate of
+exchange hereinafter provided in Paragraph (d), and disposed of by them
+under the conditions provided by the said section and annex.
+
+The settlements provided for in this article shall be effected according
+to the following principles and in accordance with the annex to this
+section:
+
+(a) Each of the high contracting parties shall prohibit, as from the
+coming into force of the present treaty, both the payment and the
+acceptance of payment of such debts, and also all communications between
+the interested parties with regard to the settlement of the said debts
+otherwise than through the clearing offices.
+
+(b) Each of the high contracting parties shall be respectively
+responsible for the payment of such debts due by its nationals, except
+in the cases where before the war the debtor was in a state of
+bankruptcy or failure, or had given formal indication of insolvency or
+where the debt was due by a company whose business has been liquidated
+under emergency legislation during the war. Nevertheless, debts due by
+the inhabitants of territory invaded or occupied by the enemy before the
+armistice will not be guaranteed by the States of which those
+territories form part.
+
+(c) The sums due to the nationals of one of the high contracting parties
+by the nationals of an opposing State will be debited to the clearing
+office of the country of the debtor, and paid to the creditor by the
+clearing office of the country of the creditor.
+
+(d) Debts shall be paid or credited in the currency of such one of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, their colonies or protectorates, or the
+British Dominions or India, as may be concerned. If the debts are
+payable in some other currency they shall be paid or credited in the
+currency of the country concerned, whether an Allied or Associated
+Power, colony, protectorate, British Dominion, or India, at the pre-war
+rate of exchange.
+
+For the purpose of this provision the pre-war rate of exchange shall be
+defined as the average cable transfer rate prevailing in the Allied or
+Associated country concerned during the month immediately preceding the
+outbreak of war between the said country concerned and Germany.
+
+If a contract provides for a fixed rate of exchange governing the
+conversion of the currency in which the debt is stated into the currency
+of the Allied or Associated country concerned, then the above provisions
+concerning the rate of exchange shall not apply.
+
+In the case of new States the currency in which and the rate of exchange
+at which debts shall be paid or credited shall be determined by the
+Reparation Commission provided for in Part VIII. (Reparation.)
+
+(e) The provisions of this article and of the annex thereto shall not
+apply as between Germany on the one hand and any one of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, their colonies or protectorates, or any one of the
+British Dominions or India on the other hand, unless within a period of
+one month from the deposit of the ratifications of the present treaty by
+the power in question, or of the ratification on behalf of such dominion
+or of India, notice to that effect is given to Germany by the
+Government of such Allied or Associated Power or of such Dominion or of
+India as the case may be.
+
+(f) The Allied and Associated Powers who have adopted this article and
+the annex hereto may agree between themselves to apply them to their
+respective nationals established in their territory so far as regards
+matters between their nationals and German nationals. In this case the
+payments made by application of this provision will be subject to
+arrangements between the allied and associated clearing offices
+concerned.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. Each of the high contracting parties will, within three months from
+the notification provided for in Article 296, Paragraph (e), establish a
+clearing office for the collection and payment of enemy debts.
+
+Local clearing offices may be established for any particular portion of
+the territories of the high contracting parties. Such local clearing
+offices may perform all the functions of a central clearing office in
+their respective districts, except that all transactions with the
+clearing office in the opposing State must be effected through the
+central clearing office.
+
+2. In this annex the pecuniary obligations referred to in the first
+paragraph of Article 296 are described as "enemy debts," the persons
+from whom the same are due as "enemy debtors," the persons to whom they
+are due as "enemy creditors," the clearing office in the country of the
+creditor is called the "Creditor Clearing Office," and the clearing
+office in the country of the debtor is called the "Debtor Clearing
+Office."
+
+3. The high contracting parties will subject contraventions of Paragraph
+(a) of Article 296 to the same penalties as are at present provided by
+their legislation for trading with the enemy. They will similarly
+prohibit within their territory all legal process relating to payment of
+enemy debts, except in accordance with the provisions of this annex.
+
+4. The Government guarantee specified in Paragraph (b) of Article 296
+shall take effect whenever, for any reason, a debt shall not be
+recoverable, except in a case where at the date of the outbreak of war
+the debt was barred by the laws of prescription in force in the country
+of the debtor, or where the debtor was at that time in a state of
+bankruptcy or failure or had given formal indication of insolvency, or
+where the debt was due by a company whose business has been liquidated
+under emergency legislation during the war. In such case the procedure
+specified by this annex shall apply to payment of the dividends.
+
+The terms "bankruptcy" and "failure" refer to the application of
+legislation providing for such juridical conditions. The expression
+"formal indication of insolvency" bears the same meaning as it has in
+English law.
+
+5. Creditors shall give notice to the Creditor Clearing Office within
+six months of its establishment of debts due to them, and shall furnish
+the Clearing Office with any documents and information required of them.
+
+The high contracting parties will take all suitable measures to trace
+and punish collusion between enemy creditors and debtors. The clearing
+offices will communicate to one another any evidence and information
+which might help the discovery and punishment of such collusion.
+
+The high contracting parties will facilitate as much as possible postal
+and telegraphic communication at the expense of the parties concerned
+and through the intervention of the clearing offices between debtors and
+creditors desirous of coming to an agreement as to the amount of their
+debt.
+
+The Creditor Clearing Office will notify the Debtor Clearing Office of
+all debts declared to it. The Debtor Clearing Office will, in due
+course, inform the Creditor Clearing Office which debts are admitted and
+which debts are contested. In the latter case the Debtor Clearing Office
+will give the grounds for the non-admission of debt.
+
+6. When a debt has been admitted, in whole or in part, the Debtor
+Clearing Office will at once credit the Creditor Clearing Office with
+the amount admitted, and at the same time notify it of such credit.
+
+7. The debt shall be deemed to be admitted in full and shall be credited
+forthwith to the Creditor Clearing Office unless within three months
+from the receipt of the notification or such longer time as may be
+agreed to by the Creditor Clearing Office notice has been given by the
+Debtor Clearing Office that it is not admitted.
+
+8. When the whole or part of a debt is not admitted the two clearing
+offices will examine into the matter jointly, and will endeavor to bring
+the parties to an agreement.
+
+9. The Creditor Clearing Office will pay to the individual creditor the
+sums credited to it out of the funds placed at its disposal by the
+Government of its country and in accordance with the conditions fixed by
+the said Government, retaining any sums considered necessary to cover
+risks, expenses, or commissions.
+
+10. Any person having claimed payment of an enemy debt which is not
+admitted in whole or in part shall pay to the clearing office by way of
+fine interest at 5 per cent. on the part not admitted. Any person having
+unduly refused to admit the whole or part of a debt claimed from him
+shall pay by way of fine interest at 5 per cent. on the amount with
+regard to which his refusal shall be disallowed.
+
+Such interest shall run from the date of expiration of the period
+provided for in Paragraph 7 until the date on which the claim shall have
+been disallowed or the debt paid.
+
+Each clearing office shall in so far as it is concerned take steps to
+collect the fines above provided for, and will be responsible if such
+fines cannot be collected.
+
+The fines will be credited to the other clearing office, which shall
+retain them as a contribution toward the cost of carrying out the
+present provisions.
+
+11. The balance between the clearing offices shall be struck monthly,
+and the credit balance paid in cash by the debtor State within a week.
+
+Nevertheless, any credit balances which may be due by one or more of the
+Allied and Associated Powers shall be retained until complete payment
+shall have been effected of the sums due to the Allied or Associated
+Powers or their nationals on account of the war.
+
+12. To facilitate discussion between the clearing offices each of them
+shall have a representative at the place where the other is established.
+
+13. Except for special reasons all discussions in regard to claims will,
+so far as possible, take place at the Debtor Clearing Office.
+
+14. In conformity with Article 296, Paragraph (b), the high contracting
+parties are responsible for the payment of the enemy debts owing by
+their nationals.
+
+The Debtor Clearing Office will therefore credit the Creditor Clearing
+Office with all debts admitted, even in case of inability to collect
+them from the individual debtor. The Governments concerned will,
+nevertheless, invest their respective clearing offices with all
+necessary powers for the recovery of debts which have been admitted.
+
+As an exception the admitted debts owing by persons having suffered
+injury from acts of war shall only be credited to the Creditor Clearing
+Office when the compensation due to the person concerned in respect of
+such injury shall have been paid.
+
+15. Each Government will defray the expenses of the clearing office set
+up in its territory, including the salaries of the staff.
+
+16. Where the two clearing offices are unable to agree whether a debt
+claimed is due, or in case of a difference between an enemy debtor and
+an enemy creditor, or between the clearing offices, the dispute shall
+either be referred to arbitration if the parties so agree under
+conditions fixed by agreement between them, or referred to the mixed
+arbitral tribunal provided for in Section VI. hereafter.
+
+At the request of the Creditor Clearing Office the dispute may, however,
+be submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the place of domicile
+of the debtor.
+
+17. Recovery of sums found by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, the court, or
+the arbitration tribunal to be due shall be effected through the
+clearing offices as if these sums were debts admitted by the Debtor
+Clearing Office.
+
+18. Each of the Governments concerned shall appoint an agent who will be
+responsible for the presentation to the mixed arbitral tribunal of the
+cases conducted on behalf of its clearing office. This agent will
+exercise a general control over the representatives or counsel employed
+by its nationals.
+
+Decisions will be arrived at on documentary evidence, but it will be
+open to the tribunal to hear the parties in person, or, according to
+their preference, by their representatives approved by the two
+Governments, or by the agent referred to above, who shall be competent
+to intervene along with the party or to reopen and maintain a claim
+abandoned by the same.
+
+19. The clearing offices concerned will lay before the mixed arbitral
+tribunal all the information and documents in their possession, so as to
+enable the tribunal to decide rapidly on the cases which are brought
+before it.
+
+20. Where one of the parties concerned appeals against the joint
+decision of the two clearing offices he shall make a deposit against the
+costs, which deposit shall only be refunded when the first judgment is
+modified in favor of the appellant and in proportion to the success he
+may attain, his opponent in case of such a refund being required to pay
+an equivalent proportion of the costs and expenses. Security accepted by
+the tribunal may be substituted for a deposit.
+
+A fee of 5 per cent. of the amount in dispute shall be charged in
+respect of all cases brought before the tribunal. This fee shall, unless
+the tribunal directs otherwise, be borne by the unsuccessful party. Such
+fee shall be added to the deposit referred to. It is also independent of
+the security.
+
+The tribunal may award to one of the parties a sum in respect of the
+expenses of the proceedings.
+
+Any sum payable under this paragraph shall be credited to the clearing
+office of the successful party as a separate item.
+
+21. With a view to the rapid settlement of claims, due regard shall be
+paid in the appointment of all persons connected with the clearing
+offices or with the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal to their knowledge of the
+language of the other country concerned. Each of the clearing offices
+will be at liberty to correspond with the other, and to forward
+documents in its own language.
+
+22. Subject to any special agreement to the contrary between the
+Governments concerned, debts shall carry interest in accordance with the
+following provisions:
+
+Interest shall not be payable on sums of money due by way of dividend,
+interest, or other periodical payments which themselves represent
+interest on capital.
+
+The rate of interest shall be 5 per cent. per annum except in cases
+where, by contract, law, or custom, the creditor is entitled to payment
+of interest at a different rate. In such cases the rate to which he is
+entitled shall prevail.
+
+Interest shall run from the date of commencement of hostilities (or, if
+the sum of money to be recovered fell due during the war, from the date
+at which it fell due) until the sum is credited to the clearing office
+of the creditor.
+
+Sums due by way of interest shall be treated as debts admitted by the
+clearing offices and shall be credited to the Creditor Clearing Office
+in the same way as such debts.
+
+23. Where by decision of the clearing offices or the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal a claim is held not to fall within Article 296, the creditor
+shall be at liberty to prosecute the claim before the courts or to take
+such other proceedings as may be open to him.
+
+The presentation of a claim to the clearing office suspends the
+operation of any period of prescription.
+
+24. The high contracting parties agree to regard the decisions of the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal as final and conclusive, and to render them
+binding upon their nationals.
+
+25. In any case where a Creditor Clearing Office declines to notify a
+claim to the Debtor Clearing Office, or to take any step provided for in
+this annex, intended to make effective in whole or in part a request of
+which it has received due notice, the enemy creditor shall be entitled
+to receive from the clearing office a certificate setting out the amount
+of the claim, and shall then be entitled to prosecute the claim before
+the courts or to take such other proceedings as may be open to him.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Property, Rights, and Interests_
+
+=ARTICLE 297.=--The question of private property, rights, and interests
+in an enemy country shall be settled according to the principles laid
+down in this section and to the provisions of the annex hereto:
+
+(a) The exceptional war measures and measures of transfer (defined in
+Paragraph 3 of the annex hereto) taken by Germany with respect to the
+property, rights, and interests of nationals of Allied or Associated
+Powers, including companies and associations in which they are
+interested, when liquidation has not been completed, shall be
+immediately discontinued or stayed and the property, rights, and
+interests concerned restored to their owners, who shall enjoy full
+rights therein in accordance with the provisions of Article 298.
+
+(b) Subject to any contrary stipulations which may be provided for in
+the present treaty, the Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right
+to retain and liquidate all property, rights, and interests belonging at
+the date of the coming into force of the present treaty to German
+nationals, or companies controlled by them, within their territories,
+colonies, possessions, and protectorates including territories ceded to
+them by the present treaty.
+
+The liquidation shall be carried out in accordance with the laws of the
+Allied or Associated State concerned, and the German owner shall not be
+able to dispose of such property, rights, or interests nor to subject
+them to any charge without the consent of that State.
+
+German nationals who acquire _ipso facto_ the nationality of an Allied
+or Associated Power in accordance with the provisions of the present
+treaty will not be considered as German nationals within the meaning of
+this paragraph.
+
+(c) The price of the amount of compensation in respect of the exercise
+of the right referred to in the preceding Paragraph (b) will be fixed in
+accordance with the methods of sale or valuation adopted by the laws of
+the country in which the property has been retained or liquidated.
+
+(d) As between the Allied and Associated Powers or their nationals on
+the one hand and Germany or her nationals on the other hand, all the
+exceptional war measures, or measures of transfer, or acts done or to be
+done in execution of such measures as defined in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of
+the annex hereto shall be considered as final and binding upon all
+persons except as regards the reservations laid down in the present
+treaty.
+
+(e) The nationals of Allied and Associated Powers shall be entitled to
+compensation in respect of damage or injury inflicted upon their
+property, rights, or interests including any company or association in
+which they are interested, in German territory as it existed on Aug. 1,
+1914, by the application either of the exceptional war measures or
+measures of transfer mentioned in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of the annex
+hereto. The claims made in this respect by such nationals shall be
+investigated, and the total of the compensation shall be determined by
+the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI, or by an
+arbitrator appointed by that tribunal. This compensation shall be borne
+by Germany, and may be charged upon the property of German nationals,
+within the territory or under the control of the claimant's State. This
+property may be constituted as a pledge for enemy liabilities under the
+conditions fixed by Paragraph 4 of the annex hereto. The payment of this
+compensation may be made by the Allied or Associated State, and the
+amount will be debited to Germany.
+
+(f) Whenever a national of an Allied or Associated Power is entitled to
+property which has been subjected to a measure of transfer in German
+territory and expresses a desire for its restitution, his claim for
+compensation in accordance with Paragraph (e) shall be satisfied by the
+restitution of the said property if it still exists in specie.
+
+In such case Germany shall take all necessary steps to restore the
+evicted owner to the possession of his property, free from all
+incumbrances or burdens with which it may have been charged after the
+liquidation, and to indemnify all third parties injured by the
+restitution.
+
+If the restitution provided for in this paragraph cannot be effected,
+private agreements arranged by the intermediation of the powers
+concerned or the clearing offices provided for in the Annex to Section
+III. may be made, in order to secure that the national of the Allied or
+Associated Power may secure compensation for the injury referred to in
+Paragraph (e) by the grant of advantages or equivalents which he agrees
+to accept in place of the property, rights or interests of which he was
+deprived.
+
+Through restitution in accordance with this article the price or the
+amount of compensation fixed by the application of Paragraph (e) will be
+reduced by the actual value of the property restored, account being
+taken of compensation in respect of loss of use or deterioration.
+
+(g) The rights conferred by Paragraph (f) are reserved to owners who are
+nationals of Allied or Associated Powers within whose territory
+legislative measures prescribing the general liquidation of enemy
+property, rights or interests were not applied before the signature of
+the armistice.
+
+(h) Except in cases where, by application of Paragraph (f), restitutions
+in specie have been made, the net proceeds of sales of enemy property,
+rights or interests wherever situated carried out either by virtue of
+war legislation, or by application of this article, and in general all
+cash assets of enemies, shall be dealt with as follows:
+
+(1) As regards powers adopting Section III. and the annex thereto, the
+said proceeds and cash assets shall be credited to the power of which
+the owner is a national, through the clearing office established
+thereunder; any credit balance in favor of Germany resulting therefrom
+shall be dealt with as provided in Article 243.
+
+(2) As regards powers not adopting Section III. and the annex thereto,
+the proceeds of the property, rights and interests, and the cash assets,
+of the nationals or Allied or Associated Powers held by Germany shall be
+paid immediately to the person entitled thereto or to his Government;
+the proceeds of the property, rights and interests, and the cash assets,
+of German nationals received by an Allied or Associated Power shall be
+subject to disposal by such power in accordance with its laws and
+regulations and may be applied in payment of the claims and debts
+defined by this article or Paragraph 4 of the annex hereto. Any
+property, rights and interests or proceeds thereof or cash assets not
+used as above provided may be retained by the said Allied or Associated
+Power and if retained the cash value thereof shall be dealt with as
+provided in Article 243.
+
+In the case of liquidations effected in new States, which are
+signatories of the present treaty as Allied and Associated Powers, or in
+States which are not entitled to share in the reparation payments to be
+made by Germany, the proceeds of liquidations effected by such States
+shall, subject to the rights of the Reparation Commission under the
+present treaty, particularly under Articles 235 and 260, be paid direct
+to the owner. If on the application of that owner the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal, provided for by Section VI. of this part or an arbitrator
+appointed by that tribunal, is satisfied that the conditions of the sale
+or measures taken by the Government of the State in question outside its
+general legislation were unfairly prejudicial to the price obtained,
+they shall have discretion to award to the owner equitable compensation
+to be paid by that State.
+
+(i) Germany undertakes to compensate its nationals in respect of the
+sale or retention of their property, rights or interests in Allied or
+Associated States.
+
+(j) The amount of all taxes and imposts upon capital levied or to be
+levied by Germany on the property, rights, and interests of the
+nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers from the 11th of November,
+1918, until three months from the coming into force of the present
+treaty, or, in the case of property, rights or interests which have been
+subjected to exceptional measures of war, until restitution in
+accordance with the present treaty, shall be restored to the owners.
+
+=ARTICLE 298.=--Germany undertakes, with regard to the property, rights
+and interests, including companies and associations in which they were
+interested, restored to nationals of Allied and Associated Powers in
+accordance with the provisions of Article 297, Paragraph (a) or (f):
+
+(a) to restore and maintain, except as expressly provided in the present
+treaty, the property, rights, and interests of the nationals of Allied
+or Associated Powers in the legal position obtaining in respect of the
+property, rights, and interests of German nationals under the laws in
+force before the war.
+
+(b) not to subject the property, rights, or interests of the nationals
+of the Allied or Associated Powers to any measures in derogation of
+property rights which are not applied equally to the property, rights,
+and interests of German nationals, and to pay adequate compensation in
+the event of the application of these measures.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. In accordance with the provisions of Article 297, Paragraph (d), the
+validity of vesting orders and of orders for the winding up of
+businesses or companies, and of any other orders, directions, decisions,
+or instructions of any court or any department of the Government of any
+of the high contracting parties made or given, or purporting to be made
+or given, in pursuance of war legislation with regard to enemy property,
+rights, and interests is confirmed. The interests of all persons shall
+be regarded as having been effectively dealt with by any order,
+direction, decision, or instruction dealing with property in which they
+may be interested, whether or not such interests are specifically
+mentioned in the order, direction, decision, or instruction. No question
+shall be raised as to the regularity of a transfer of any property,
+rights, or interests dealt with in pursuance of any such order,
+direction, decision, or instruction. Every action taken with regard to
+any property, business, or company, whether as regards its
+investigation, sequestration, compulsory administration, use,
+requisition, supervision, or winding up, the sale or management of
+property, rights, or interests, the collection or discharge of debts,
+the payment of costs, charges or expenses, or any other matter
+whatsoever, in pursuance of orders, directions, decisions, or
+instructions of any court or of any department of the Government of any
+of the high contracting parties, made or given, or purporting to be made
+or given in pursuance of war legislation with regard to enemy property,
+rights or interests, is confirmed. Provided that the provisions of this
+paragraph shall not be held to prejudice the titles to property
+heretofore acquired in good faith and for value and in accordance with
+the laws of the country in which the property is situated by nationals
+of the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to such of the
+above-mentioned measures as have been taken by the German authorities in
+invaded or occupied territory, nor to such of the above mentioned
+measures as have been taken by Germany or the German authorities since
+Nov. 11, 1918, all of which shall be void.
+
+2. No claim or action shall be made or brought against any Allied or
+Associated Power or against any person acting on behalf of or under the
+direction of any legal authority or department of the Government of such
+a power by Germany or by any German national wherever resident in
+respect of any act or omission with regard to his property, rights, or
+interests during the war or in preparation for the war. Similarly no
+claim or action shall be made or brought against any person in respect
+of any act or omission under or in accordance with the exceptional war
+measures, laws, or regulations of any Allied or Associated Power.
+
+3. In Article 297 and this Annex the expression "exceptional war
+measures" includes measures of all kinds, legislative, administrative,
+judicial, or others, that have been taken or will be taken hereafter
+with regard to enemy property, and which have had or will have the
+effect of removing from the proprietors the power of disposition over
+their property, though without affecting the ownership, such as measures
+of supervision, of compulsory administration, and of sequestration; or
+measures which have had or will have as an object the seizure of, the
+use of, or the interference with enemy assets, for whatsoever motive,
+under whatsoever form or in whatsoever place. Acts in the execution of
+these measures include all detentions, instructions, orders or decrees
+of Government departments or courts applying these measures to enemy
+property, as well as acts performed by any person connected with the
+administration or the supervision of enemy property, such as the payment
+of debts, the collecting of credits, the payment of any costs, charges,
+or expenses, or the collecting of fees.
+
+Measures of transfer are those which have affected or will affect the
+ownership of enemy property by transferring it in whole or in part to a
+person other than the enemy owner, and without his consent, such as
+measures directing the sale, liquidation, or devolution of ownership in
+enemy property, or the canceling of titles or securities.
+
+4. All property, rights, and interests of German nationals within the
+territory of any Allied or Associated Power and the net proceeds of
+their sale, liquidation or other dealing therewith may be charged by
+that Allied or Associated Power in the first place with payment of
+amounts due in respect of claims by the nationals of that Allied or
+Associated Power with regard to their property, rights, and interests,
+including companies and associations in which they are interested, in
+German territory, or debts owing to them by German nationals, and with
+payment of claims growing out of acts committed by the German Government
+or by any German authorities since July 31, 1914, and before that Allied
+or Associated Power entered into the war. The amount of such claims may
+be assessed by an arbitrator appointed by Gustave Ador, if he is
+willing, or if no such appointment is made by him by an arbitrator
+appointed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI.
+They may be charged in the second place with payment of the amounts due
+in respect of claims by the nationals of such Allied or Associated Power
+with regard to their property, rights, and interests in the territory of
+other enemy powers, or debts owing to them by nationals of such powers
+in so far as those claims or debts are otherwise unsatisfied.
+
+5. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 297, where immediately
+before the outbreak of war a company incorporated in an Allied or
+Associated State had rights in common with a company controlled by it
+and incorporated in Germany to the use of trade-marks in third
+countries, or enjoyed the use in common with such company of unique
+means of reproduction of goods or articles for sale in third countries,
+the former company shall alone have the right to use these trade-marks
+in third countries to the exclusion of the German company, and these
+unique means of reproduction shall be handed over to the former company,
+notwithstanding any action taken under German war legislation with
+regard to the latter company or its business, industrial property or
+shares. Nevertheless, the former company, if requested, shall deliver to
+the latter company derivative copies permitting the continuation of
+reproduction of articles for use within German territory.
+
+6. Up to the time when restitution is carried out in accordance with
+Article 297, Germany is responsible for the conservation of property,
+rights, and interests of the nationals of Allied or Associated Powers,
+including companies and associations in which they are interested, that
+have been subjected by her to exceptional war measures.
+
+7. Within one year from the coming into force of the present treaty the
+Allied or Associated Powers will specify the property, rights and
+interests over which they intend to exercise the right provided in
+Article 297, Paragraph (f).
+
+8. The restriction provided in Article 297 will be carried out by order
+of the German Government or of the authorities which have been
+substituted for it. Detailed accounts of the action of administrators
+shall be furnished to the interested persons by the German authorities
+upon request, which may be made at any time after the coming into force
+of the present treaty.
+
+9. Until completion of the liquidation provided for by Article 297,
+Paragraph (b), the property, rights and interests of German nationals
+will continue to be subject to exceptional war measures that have been
+or will be taken with regard to them.
+
+10. Germany will within six months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, deliver to each Allied or Associated Power all
+securities, certificates, deeds, or other documents of title held by its
+nationals and relating to property, rights or interests situated in the
+territory of that Allied or Associated Power, including any shares,
+stock, debentures, debenture stock, or other obligations of any company
+incorporated in accordance with the laws of that power.
+
+Germany will at any time on demand of any Allied or Associated Power
+furnish such information as may be required with regard to the property,
+rights, and interests of German nationals within the territory of such
+Allied or Associated Power, or with regard to any transactions
+concerning such property, rights or interests effected since July 1,
+1914.
+
+11. The expression "cash assets" includes all deposits or funds
+established before or after the declaration of war, as well as all
+assets coming from deposits, revenues, or profits collected by
+administrators, sequestrators, or others from funds placed on deposit or
+otherwise, but does not include sums belonging to the Allied or
+Associated Powers or to their component States, provinces, or
+municipalities.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Harris & Ewing
+
+Henry Cabot Lodge
+
+Republican Senator from Massachusetts.
+
+One of the most earnest opponents of the peace treaty as originally
+drawn up.]
+
+12. All investments wheresoever effected with the cash assets of
+nationals of the high contracting parties, including companies and
+associations in which such nationals were interested, by persons
+responsible for the administration, of enemy properties or having
+control over such administration, or by order of such persons or of any
+authority whatsoever shall be annulled. These cash assets shall be
+accounted for irrespective of any such investment.
+
+13. Within one month from the coming into force of the present treaty,
+or on demand at any time, Germany will deliver to the Allied and
+Associated Powers all accounts, vouchers, records, documents, and
+information of any kind which may be within German territory, and which
+concern the property, rights and interests of the nationals of those
+powers, including companies and associations in which they are
+interested, that have been subjected to an exceptional war measure, or
+to a measure of transfer either in German territory or in territory
+occupied by Germany or her allies.
+
+The controllers, supervisors, managers, administrators, sequestrators,
+liquidators, and receivers shall be personally responsible under
+guarantee of the German Government for the immediate delivery in full of
+these accounts and documents, and for their accuracy.
+
+14. The provisions of Article 297 and this annex relating to property,
+rights and interests in an enemy country, and the proceeds of the
+liquidation thereof, apply to debts, credits and accounts, Section III.
+regulating only the method of payment.
+
+In the settlement of matters provided for in Article 297 between Germany
+and the Allied or Associated States, their colonies or protectorates, or
+any one of the British Dominions or India, in respect of any of which a
+declaration shall not have been made that they adopt Section III., and
+between their respective nationals, the provisions of Section III.
+respecting the currency in which payment is to be made and the rate of
+exchange and of interest shall apply unless the Government of the Allied
+or Associated Power concerned shall within six months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty notify Germany that the said provisions are
+not to be applied.
+
+15. The provisions of Article 297 and this annex apply to industrial,
+literary, and artistic property which has been or will be dealt with in
+the liquidation of property, rights, interests, companies, or businesses
+under war legislation by the Allied or Associated Powers, or in
+accordance with the stipulations of Article 297, Paragraph (b).
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Contracts, Prescriptions, Judgments_
+
+=ARTICLE 299.=--(a) Any contract concluded between enemies shall be
+regarded as having been dissolved as from the time when any two of the
+parties become enemies, except in respect of any debt or other pecuniary
+obligation arising out of any act done or money paid thereunder, and
+subject to the exceptions and special rules with regard to particular
+contracts or classes of contracts contained herein or in the annex
+hereto.
+
+(b) Any contract of which the execution shall be required in the general
+interest, within six months from the date of the coming into force of
+the present treaty, by the Allied or Associated Governments of which one
+of the parties is a national, shall be excepted from dissolution under
+this article.
+
+When the execution of the contract thus kept alive would, owing to the
+alteration of trade conditions, cause one of the parties substantial
+prejudice the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section VI. shall
+be empowered to grant to the prejudiced party equitable compensation.
+
+(c) Having regard to the provisions of the Constitution and law of the
+United States of America, of Brazil, and of Japan, neither the present
+Article, nor Article 300, nor the Annex hereto shall apply to contracts
+made between nationals of these States and German nationals; nor shall
+Article 305 apply to the United States of America or its nationals.
+
+(d) The present Article and the Annex hereto shall not apply to
+contracts the parties to which became enemies by reason of one of them
+being an inhabitant of territory of which the sovereignty has been
+transferred, if such party shall acquire under the present Treaty the
+nationality of an Allied or Associated Power, nor shall they apply to
+contracts between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers between
+whom trading has been prohibited by reason of one of the parties being
+in allied or associated territory in the occupation of the enemy.
+
+(e) Nothing in the present Article or the Annex hereto shall be deemed
+to invalidate a transaction lawfully carried out in accordance with a
+contract between enemies if it has been carried out with the authority
+of one of the belligerent Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 300.=--(a) All periods of prescription, or limitation of right
+of action, whether they began to run before or after the outbreak of
+war, shall be treated in the territory of the High Contracting Parties,
+so far as regards relations between enemies, as having been suspended
+for the duration of the war. They shall begin to run again at earliest
+three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty. This
+provision shall apply to the period prescribed for the presentation of
+interest or dividend coupons or for the presentation for repayment of
+securities drawn for repayment or repayable on any other ground.
+
+(b) Where, on account of failure to perform any act or comply with any
+formality during the war, measures of execution have been taken in
+German territory to the prejudice of a national of an Allied or
+Associated Power, the claim of such national shall, if the matter does
+not fall within the competence of the courts of an Allied or Associated
+Power, be heard by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section
+VI.
+
+(c) Upon the application of any interested person who is a national of
+an Allied or Associated Power, the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall order
+the restoration of the rights which have been prejudiced by the measures
+of execution referred to in Paragraph (b), wherever, having regard to
+the particular circumstances of the case, such restoration is equitable
+and possible.
+
+If such restoration is inequitable or impossible the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal may grant compensation to the prejudiced party to be paid by
+the German Government.
+
+(d) Where a contract between enemies has been dissolved by reason either
+of failure on the part of either party to carry out its provisions or of
+the exercise of a right stipulated in the contract itself the party
+prejudiced may apply to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal for relief. The
+tribunal will have the powers provided for in Paragraph (c).
+
+(e) The provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this article shall
+apply to the nationals of Allied and Associated Powers who have been
+prejudiced by reason of measures referred to above taken by Germany in
+invaded or occupied territory, if they have not been otherwise
+compensated.
+
+(f) Germany shall compensate any third party who may be prejudiced by
+any restitution or restoration ordered by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal
+under the provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this Article.
+
+(g) As regards negotiable instruments, the period of three months
+provided under paragraph (a) shall commence as from the date on which
+any exceptional regulations applied in the territories of the interested
+power with regard to negotiable instruments shall have definitely ceased
+to have force.
+
+=ARTICLE 301.=--As between enemies, no negotiable instrument made before
+the war shall be deemed to have become invalid by reason only of failure
+within the required time to present the instrument for acceptance or
+payment or to give notice of non-acceptance or non-payment to drawers or
+indorsers or to protest the instrument, nor by reason of failure to
+complete any formality during the war.
+
+Where the period within which a negotiable instrument should have been
+presented for acceptance or for payment, or within which notice of
+non-acceptance or non-payment should have been given to the drawer or
+indorser within which the instrument should have been protested, has
+elapsed during the war, and the party who should have presented or
+protested the instrument or have given notice of non-acceptance or
+non-payment has failed to do so during the war, a period of not less
+than three months from the coming into force of the present treaty shall
+be allowed within which presentation, notice of non-acceptance or
+non-payment or protest may be made.
+
+=ARTICLE 302.=--Judgments given by the courts of an Allied or Associated
+Power in all cases which, under the present treaty, they are competent
+to decide, shall be recognized in Germany as final, and shall be
+enforced without it being necessary to have them declared executory.
+
+If a judgment in respect of any dispute which may have arisen has been
+given during the war by a German court against a national of an Allied
+or Associated State in a case in which he was not able to make his
+defense, the allied and associated national who has suffered prejudice
+thereby shall be entitled to recover compensation, to be fixed by the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section VI.
+
+At the instance of the national of the Allied or Associated Power the
+compensation above mentioned may, upon order to that effect of the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal, be effected where it is possible by replacing the
+parties in the situation which they occupied before the judgment was
+given by the German court.
+
+The above compensation may likewise be obtained before the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal by the nationals of Allied or Associated Powers who
+have suffered prejudice by judicial measures taken in invaded or
+occupied territories, if they have not been otherwise compensated.
+
+=ARTICLE 303.=--For the purpose of Sections III., IV., V., and VII., the
+expression "during the war" means for each Allied or Associated Power
+the period between the commencement of the state of war between that
+power and Germany and the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+I. _General Provisions_
+
+1. Within the meaning of Articles 299, 300 and 301, the parties to a
+contract shall be regarded as enemies when trading between them shall
+have been prohibited by or otherwise became unlawful under laws, orders
+or regulations to which one of those parties was subject. They shall be
+deemed to have become enemies from the date when such trading was
+prohibited or otherwise became unlawful.
+
+2. The following classes of contracts are excepted from dissolution by
+Article 299 and, without prejudice to the rights contained in Article
+297 (b) of Section IV., remain in force subject to the application of
+domestic laws, orders or regulations made during the war by the Allied
+and Associated Powers and subject to the terms of the contracts:
+
+(a) Contracts having for their object the transfer of estates or of real
+or personal property where the property therein had passed or the object
+had been delivered before the parties became enemies;
+
+(b) Leases and agreements for leases of land and houses;
+
+(c) Contracts of mortgage, pledge, or lien;
+
+(d) Concessions concerning mines, quarries or deposits;
+
+(e) Contracts between individuals or companies and States, provinces,
+municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with
+administrative functions, and concessions granted by States, provinces,
+municipalities, or other similar juridical persons charged with
+administrative functions.
+
+3. If the provisions of a contract are in part dissolved under Article
+299, the remaining provisions of that contract shall, subject to the
+same application of domestic laws as is provided for in Paragraph 2,
+continue in force if they are severable, but where they are not
+severable the contract shall be deemed to have been dissolved in its
+entirety.
+
+
+II. _Provisions Relating to Certain Classes of Contracts_
+
+_Stock Exchange and Commercial Exchange Contracts_
+
+4. (a) Rules made during the war by any recognized exchange of
+commercial association providing for the closure of contracts entered
+into before the war by an enemy are confirmed by the high contracting
+parties, as also any action taken thereunder, provided:--
+
+(i.) That the contract was expressed to be made subject to the rules of
+the exchange or association in question;
+
+(ii.) That the rules applied to all persons concerned;
+
+(iii.) That the conditions attaching to the closure were fair and
+reasonable.
+
+(b) The preceding paragraph shall not apply to rules made during the
+occupation by exchange or commercial associations in the districts
+occupied by the enemy.
+
+(c) The closure of contracts relating to cotton "futures," which were
+closed as on the 31st July, 1914, under the decision of the Liverpool
+Cotton Association, is also confirmed.
+
+_Security_
+
+(5) The sale of a security held for an unpaid debt owing by an enemy
+shall be deemed to have been valid irrespective of notice to the owner
+if the creditor acted in good faith and with reasonable care and
+prudence, and no claim by the debtor on the ground of such sale shall be
+admitted.
+
+This stipulation shall not apply to any sale of securities effected by
+an enemy during the occupation in regions invaded or occupied by the
+enemy.
+
+
+_Negotiable Instruments_
+
+6. As regards powers which adopt Section III. and the Annex thereto the
+pecuniary obligations existing between enemies and resulting from the
+issue of negotiable instruments shall be adjusted in conformity with the
+said Annex by the instrumentality of the Clearing Offices, which shall
+assume the rights of the holder as regards the various remedies open to
+him.
+
+7. If a person has either before or during the war become liable upon a
+negotiable instrument in accordance with an undertaking given to him by
+a person who has subsequently become an enemy, the latter shall remain
+liable to indemnify the former in respect of his liability,
+notwithstanding the outbreak of war.
+
+
+III. _Contracts of Insurance_
+
+8. Contracts of insurance entered into by any person with another person
+who subsequently became an enemy will be dealt with in accordance with
+the following paragraphs:
+
+_Fire Insurance_
+
+9. Contracts for the insurance of property against fire entered into by
+a person interested in such property with another person who
+subsequently became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been dissolved
+by the outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming an enemy,
+or on account of the failure during the war and for a period of three
+months thereafter to perform his obligations under the contract, but
+they shall be dissolved at the date when the annual premium becomes
+payable for the first time after the expiration of a period of three
+months after the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+A settlement shall be effected of unpaid premiums which became due
+during the war, or of claims for losses which occurred during the war.
+
+10. Where by administrative or legislative action an insurance against
+fire effected before the war has been transferred during the war from
+the original to another insurer, the transfer will be recognized and the
+liability of the original insurer will be deemed to have ceased as from
+the date of the transfer. The original insurer will, however, be
+entitled to receive on demand full information as to the terms of the
+transfer, and if it should appear that these terms were not equitable
+they shall be amended so far as may be necessary to render them
+equitable.
+
+Furthermore, the insured shall, subject to the concurrence of the
+original insurer, be entitled to retransfer the contract to the original
+insurer as from the date of the demand.
+
+_Life Insurance_
+
+11. Contracts of life insurance entered into between an insurer and a
+person who subsequently became an enemy shall not be deemed to have been
+dissolved by the outbreak of war, or by the fact of the person becoming
+an enemy.
+
+Any sum which during the war became due upon a contract deemed not to
+have been dissolved under the preceding provision shall be recoverable
+after the war with the addition of interest of five per cent. per annum
+from the date of its becoming due up to the day of payment.
+
+Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of
+premiums, or has become void from breach of the conditions of the
+contract, the assured or his representatives or the persons entitled
+shall have the right at any time within twelve months of the coming into
+force of the present treaty to claim from the insurer the surrender
+value of the policy at the date of its lapse or avoidance.
+
+Where the contract has lapsed during the war owing to non-payment of
+premiums the payment of which has been prevented by the enforcement of
+measures of war, the assured or his representative or the persons
+entitled shall have the right to restore the contract on payment of the
+premiums with interest at five per cent. per annum within three months
+from the coming into effect of the present treaty.
+
+12. Any Allied or Associated Power may within three months of the coming
+into force of the present treaty cancel all the contracts of insurance
+running between a German insurance company and its nationals under
+conditions which shall protect its nationals from any prejudice.
+
+To this end the German insurance company will hand over to the allied or
+associated Government concerned, the proportion of its assets
+attributable to the policies so canceled and will be relieved from all
+liability in respect of such policies. The assets to be handed over
+shall be determined by an actuary appointed by the Mixed Arbitral
+Tribunal.
+
+13. Where contracts of life insurance have been entered into by a local
+branch of an insurance company established in a country which
+subsequently became an enemy country, the contract shall, in the absence
+of any stipulation to the contrary in the contract itself, be governed
+by the local law, but the insurer shall be entitled to demand from the
+insured or his representatives the refund of sums paid on claims made or
+enforced under measures taken during the war, if the making or
+enforcement of such claims was not in accordance with the terms of the
+contract itself or was not consistent with the laws or treaties existing
+at the time when it was entered into.
+
+14. In any case where by the law applicable to the contract the insurer
+remains bound by the contract notwithstanding the non-payment of
+premiums until notice is given to the insured of the termination of the
+contract, he shall be entitled where the giving of such notice was
+prevented by the war to recover the unpaid premiums with interest at
+five per cent. per annum from the insured.
+
+15. Insurance contracts shall be considered as contracts of life
+assurance for the purpose of Paragraphs 11 to 14 when they depend on the
+probabilities of human life combined with the rate of interest for the
+calculation of the reciprocal engagements between the two parties.
+
+
+_Marine Insurance_
+
+16. Contracts of marine insurance including time policies and voyage
+policies entered into between an insurer and a person who subsequently
+became an enemy, shall be deemed to have been dissolved on his becoming
+an enemy, except in cases where the risk undertaken in the contract had
+attached before he became an enemy.
+
+Where the risk had not attached, money paid by way of premium or
+otherwise shall be recoverable from the insurer.
+
+Where the risk had attached, effect shall be given to the contract
+notwithstanding the party becoming an enemy, and sums due under the
+contract either by way of premiums or in respect of losses shall be
+recoverable after the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+In the event of any agreement being come to for the payment of interest
+on sums due before the war to or by the nationals of States which have
+been at war and recovered after the war, such interest shall in the case
+of losses recoverable under contracts of marine insurance run from the
+expiration of a period of one year from the date of the loss.
+
+17. No contract of marine insurance with an insured person who
+subsequently became an enemy shall be deemed to cover losses due to
+belligerent action by the power of which the insurer was a national or
+by the allies or associates of such power.
+
+18. Where it is shown that a person who had before the war entered into
+a contract of marine insurance with an insurer who subsequently became
+an enemy entered after the outbreak of war into a new contract covering
+the same risk with an insurer who was not an enemy, the new contract
+shall be deemed to be substituted for the original contract as from the
+date when it was entered into, and the premiums payable shall be
+adjusted on the basis of the original insurer having remained liable on
+the contract only up till the time when the new contract was entered
+into.
+
+
+_Other Insurances_
+
+19. Contracts of insurance entered into before the war between an
+insurer and a person who subsequently became an enemy other than
+contracts dealt with in Paragraphs 9 to 18 shall be treated in all
+respects on the same footing as contracts of fire insurance between the
+same persons would be dealt with under the said paragraphs.
+
+_Re-Insurance_
+
+20. All treaties of re-insurance with a person who became an enemy shall
+be regarded as having been abrogated by the person becoming an enemy,
+but without prejudice in the case of life or marine risks which had
+attached before the war to the right to recover payment after the war
+for sums due in respect of such risks.
+
+Nevertheless, if, owing to invasion, it has been impossible for the
+re-insured to find another re-insurer, the treaty shall remain in force
+until three months after the coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+Where a re-insurance treaty becomes void under this paragraph, there
+shall be an adjustment of accounts between the parties in respect both
+of premiums paid and payable and of liabilities for losses in respect of
+life or marine risk which had attached before the war. In the case of
+risks other than those mentioned in Paragraphs 11 to 18 the adjustment
+of accounts shall be made as at the date of the parties becoming enemies
+without regard to claims for losses which may have occurred since that
+date.
+
+21. The provisions of the preceding paragraph will extend equally to
+re-insurances existing at the date of the parties becoming enemies of
+particular risks undertaken by the insurer in a contract of insurance
+against any risks other than life or marine risks.
+
+22. Re-insurance of life risks effected by particular contracts and not
+under any general treaty remain in force.
+
+The provisions of Paragraph 12 apply to treaties of re-insurance of life
+insurance contracts in which enemy companies are the re-insurers.
+
+23. In case of a re-insurance effected before the war of a contract of
+marine insurance the cession of a risk which had been ceded to the
+re-insurer shall, if it had attached before the outbreak of war, remain
+valid and effect be given to the contract notwithstanding the outbreak
+of war; sums due under the contract of re-insurance in respect either of
+premiums or of losses shall be recoverable after the war.
+
+24. The provisions of Paragraphs 17 and 18 and the last part of
+Paragraph 16 shall apply to contracts for the re-insurance of marine
+risks.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Mixed Arbitral Tribunal_
+
+=ARTICLE 304.=--(a) Within three months from the date of the coming into
+force of the present treaty, a Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall be
+established between each of the Allied and Associated Powers on the one
+hand and Germany on the other hand. Each such tribunal shall consist of
+three members. Each of the Governments concerned shall appoint one of
+these members. The President shall be chosen by agreement between the
+two Governments concerned.
+
+In case of failure to reach agreement, the President of the tribunal and
+two other persons either of whom may in case of need take his place,
+shall be chosen by the Council of the League of Nations, or, until this
+is set up, by M. Gustave Ador if he is willing. These persons shall be
+nationals of Powers that have remained neutral during the war.
+
+If any Government does not proceed within a period of one month in case
+there is a vacancy to appoint a member of the tribunal, such member
+shall be chosen by the other Government from the two persons mentioned
+above other than the President.
+
+The decision of the majority of the members of the tribunal shall be the
+decision of the tribunal.
+
+(b) The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals established pursuant to Paragraph (a)
+shall decide all questions within their competence under Sections III.,
+IV., V., and VII.
+
+In addition, all questions, whatsoever their nature, relating to
+contracts concluded before the coming into force of the present treaty
+between nationals of the Allied and Associated Powers and German
+nationals shall be decided by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, always
+excepting questions which, under the laws of the Allied, Associated or
+neutral powers, are within the jurisdiction of the national courts of
+those powers. Such questions shall be decided by the national courts in
+question, to the exclusion of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. The party who
+is a national of an Allied or Associated Power may nevertheless bring
+the case before the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal if this is not prohibited by
+the laws of his country.
+
+(c) If the number of cases justifies it, additional members shall be
+appointed and each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal shall sit in divisions. Each
+of these divisions will be constituted as above.
+
+(d) Each Mixed Arbitral Tribunal will settle its own procedure except in
+so far as it is provided in the following Annex, and is empowered to
+award the sums to be paid by the loser in respect of the costs and
+expenses of the proceedings.
+
+(e) Each Government will pay the remuneration of the member of the Mixed
+Arbitral Tribunal appointed by it and of any agent whom it may appoint
+to represent it before the Tribunal. The remuneration of the President
+will be determined by special agreement between the Governments
+concerned, and this remuneration and the joint expenses of each
+tribunal will be paid by the two Governments in equal moieties.
+
+(f) The high contracting parties agree that their courts and authorities
+shall render to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal direct all the assistance in
+their power, particularly as regards transmitting notices and collecting
+evidence.
+
+(g) The high contracting parties agree to regard the decisions of the
+Mixed Arbitral Tribunal as final and conclusive, and to render them
+binding upon their nationals.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. Should one of the members of the Tribunal either die, retire, or be
+unable for any reason whatever to discharge his functions, the same
+procedure will be followed for filling the vacancy as was followed for
+appointing him.
+
+2. The tribunal may adopt such rules of procedure as shall be in
+accordance with justice and equity and decide the order and time at
+which each party must conclude its arguments, and may arrange all
+formalities required for dealing with the evidence.
+
+3. The agent and counsel of the parties on each side are authorized to
+present orally and in writing to the tribunal arguments in support or in
+defense of each case.
+
+4. The tribunal shall keep record of the questions and cases submitted
+and the proceedings thereon, with the dates of such proceedings.
+
+5. Each of the Powers concerned may appoint a secretary. These
+secretaries shall act together as joint secretaries of the tribunal and
+shall be subject to its direction. The tribunal may appoint and employ
+any other necessary officer or officers to assist in the performance of
+its duties.
+
+6. The tribunal shall decide all questions and matters submitted upon
+such evidence and information as may be furnished by the parties
+concerned.
+
+7. Germany agrees to give the tribunal all facilities and information
+required by it for carrying out its investigations.
+
+8. The language in which the proceedings shall be conducted shall,
+unless otherwise agreed, be English, French, Italian, or Japanese, as
+may be determined by the Allied or Associated Power concerned.
+
+9. The place and time for the meetings of each tribunal shall be
+determined by the President of the tribunal.
+
+=ARTICLE 305.=--Whenever a competent court has given or gives a decision
+in a case covered by Sections III., IV., V. or VII., and such decision
+is inconsistent with the provisions of such sections, the party who is
+prejudiced by the decision shall be entitled to obtain redress which
+shall be fixed by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal. At the request of the
+national of an Allied or Associated Power, the redress may, whenever
+possible, be effected by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal directing the
+replacement of the parties in the position occupied by them before the
+judgment was given by the German Court.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--_Industrial Property_
+
+=ARTICLE 306.=--Subject to the stipulations of the present treaty,
+rights of industrial, literary, and artistic property, as such property
+is defined by the International Conventions of Paris and of Berne,
+mentioned in Article 286, shall be re-established or restored, as from
+the coming into force of the present treaty in the territories of the
+high contracting parties, in favor of the persons entitled to the
+benefit of them at the moment when the state of war commenced, or their
+legal representatives. Equally, rights which, except for the war, would
+have been acquired during the war in consequence of an application made
+for the protection of industrial property, or the publication of a
+literary or artistic work, shall be recognized and established in favor
+of those persons who would have been entitled thereto, from the coming
+into force of the present treaty.
+
+Nevertheless, all acts done by virtue of the special measures taken
+during the war under legislative, executive or administrative authority
+of any Allied or Associated Power in regard to the rights of German
+nationals in industrial, literary or artistic property shall remain in
+force and shall continue to maintain their full effect.
+
+No claim shall be made or action brought by Germany or German nationals
+in respect of the use during the war by the Government of any Allied or
+Associated Power, or by any persons acting on behalf or with the assent
+of such Government of any rights in industrial, literary or artistic
+property, nor in respect of the sale, offering for sale, or use of any
+products, articles, or apparatus whatsoever to which such rights
+applied.
+
+Unless the legislation of any one of the Allied or Associated Powers in
+force at the moment of the signature of the present treaty otherwise
+directs, sums due or paid in virtue of any act or operation resulting
+from the execution of the special measures mentioned in Paragraph 1 of
+this article shall be dealt with in the same way as other sums due to
+German nationals are directed to be dealt with by the present treaty;
+and sums produced by any special measures taken by the German Government
+in respect of rights in industrial, literary or artistic property
+belonging to the nationals of the Allied or Associated Powers shall be
+considered and treated in the same way as other debts due from German
+nationals.
+
+Each of the Allied and Associated Powers reserves to itself the right to
+impose such limitations, conditions or restrictions on rights of
+industrial, literary or artistic property (with the exception of
+trade-marks) acquired before or during the war, or which may be
+subsequently acquired in accordance with its legislation, by German
+nationals, whether by granting licenses, or by the working, or by
+preserving control over their exploitation, or in any other way as may
+be considered necessary for national defense or in the public interest,
+or for assuring the fair treatment by Germany of the rights of
+industrial, literary, and artistic property held in German territory by
+its nationals, or for securing the due fulfillment of all the
+obligations undertaken by Germany in the present treaty.
+
+As regards rights of industrial, literary and artistic property acquired
+after the coming into force of the present treaty, the right so reserved
+by the Allied and Associated Powers shall only be exercised in cases
+where these limitations, conditions or restrictions may be considered
+necessary for national defense or in the public interest.
+
+In the event of the application of the provisions of the preceding
+paragraph by any of the Allied or Associated Powers, there shall be paid
+reasonable indemnities or royalties which shall be dealt with in the
+same way as other sums due to German nationals are directed to be dealt
+with by the present treaty.
+
+Each of the Allied or Associated Powers reserves the right to treat as
+void and of no effect any transfer in whole or in part of or other
+dealing with rights of or in respect of industrial, literary or
+artistic property effected after Aug. 1, 1914, or in the future, which
+would have the result of defeating the objects of the provisions of this
+article.
+
+The provisions of this article shall not apply to rights in industrial,
+literary or artistic property which have been dealt with in the
+liquidation of businesses or companies under war legislation by the
+Allied or Associated Powers, or which may be so dealt with by virtue of
+Article 297, Paragraph (b).
+
+=ARTICLE 307.=--A minimum of one year after the coming into force of the
+present treaty shall be accorded to the nationals of the high
+contracting parties, without extension fees or other penalty, in order
+to enable such persons to accomplish any act, fulfill any formality, pay
+any fees, and generally satisfy any obligation prescribed by the laws or
+regulations of the respective States relating to the obtaining,
+preserving or opposing rights to, or in respect of, industrial property
+either acquired before the 1st of August, 1914, or which, except for the
+war, might have been acquired since that date as a result of an
+application made before the war or during its continuance, but nothing
+in this article shall give any right to reopen interference proceedings
+in the United States of America where a final hearing has taken place.
+
+All rights in, or in respect of, such property which may have lapsed by
+reason of any failure to accomplish any act, fulfill any formality, or
+make any payment, shall revive, but subject in the case of patents and
+designs to the imposition of such conditions as each Allied or
+Associated Power may deem reasonably necessary for the protection of
+persons who have manufactured or made use of the subject matter of such
+property while the rights had lapsed. Further, where rights to patents
+or designs belonging to German nationals are revived under this article,
+they shall be subject in respect of the grant of licenses to the same
+provisions as would have been applicable to them during the war, as well
+as to all the provisions of the present treaty.
+
+The period from the 1st August, 1914, until the coming into force of the
+present treaty shall be excluded in considering the time within which a
+patent should be worked or a trade mark or design used, and it is
+further agreed that no patent, registered trade mark or design in force
+on the 1st of August, 1914, shall be subject to revocation or
+cancellation by reason only of the failure to work such patent or use
+such trade mark or design for two years after the coming into force of
+the present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 308.=--The rights of priority, provided by Article IV. of the
+International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of
+Paris, of the 20th March, 1883, revised at Washington in 1911, or by any
+other convention or statute, for the filing or registration of
+applications for patents or models of utility, and for the registration
+of trade marks, designs, and models which had not expired on the 1st
+August, 1914, and those which have arisen during the war, or would have
+arisen but for the war, shall be extended by each of the high
+contracting parties in favor of all nationals of the other high
+contracting parties for a period of six months after the coming into
+force of the present treaty.
+
+Nevertheless, such extension shall in no way affect the right of any of
+the high contracting parties or of any person who before the coming into
+force of the present treaty was _bona fide_ in possession of any rights
+of industrial property conflicting with rights applied for by another
+who claims rights of priority in respect of them, to exercise such
+rights by itself or himself personally, or by such agents or licensees
+as derived their rights from it or him before the coming into force of
+the present treaty; and such persons shall not be amenable to any action
+or other process of law in respect of infringement.
+
+=ARTICLE 309.=--No action shall be brought and no claim made by persons
+residing or carrying on business within the territories of Germany on
+the one part and of the Allied or Associated Powers on the other, or
+persons who are nationals of such powers, respectively, or by any one
+deriving title during the war from such persons, by reason or any action
+which has taken place within the territory of the other party between
+the date of the declaration of war and that of the coming into force of
+the present treaty, which might constitute an infringement of the rights
+of industrial property or rights of literary and artistic property,
+either existing at any time during the war or revived under the
+provisions of Articles 307 and 308.
+
+[Illustration: America's Peace Capitol in Paris
+
+The Hotel Crillon, facing upon the Place de la Concorde, was
+requisitioned to serve during the Peace Conference as the office and
+living quarters of President Wilson's staff.
+
+Copyright Underwood & Underwood]
+
+
+Equally, no action for infringement of industrial, literary or artistic
+property rights by such persons shall at any time be permissible in
+respect of the sale or offering for sale for a period of one year after
+the signature of the present treaty in the territories of the Allied or
+Associated Powers on the one hand or Germany on the other, of products
+or articles manufactured, or of literary or artistic works published,
+during the period between the declaration of war and the signature of
+the present treaty, or against those who have acquired and continue to
+use them. It is understood, nevertheless, that this provision shall not
+apply when the possessor of the rights was domiciled or had an
+industrial or commercial establishment in the districts occupied by
+Germany during the war.
+
+This article shall not apply as between the United States of America on
+the one hand and Germany on the other.
+
+=ARTICLE 310.=--Licenses in respect of industrial, literary, or artistic
+property concluded before the war between nationals of the Allied or
+Associated Powers or persons residing in their territory or carrying on
+business therein, on the one part, and German nationals, on the other
+part, shall be considered as canceled as from the date of the
+declaration of war between Germany and the Allied or Associated Powers.
+But, in any case, the former beneficiary of a contract of this kind
+shall have the right, within a period of six months after the coming
+into force of the present treaty, to demand from the proprietor of the
+rights the grant of a new license, the conditions of which, in default
+of agreement between the parties, shall be fixed by the duly qualified
+tribunal in the country under whose legislation the rights had been
+acquired, except in the case of licenses held in respect of rights
+acquired under German law. In such cases the conditions shall be fixed
+by the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal referred to in Section VI. of this Part.
+The tribunal may, if necessary, fix also the amount which it may deem
+just should be paid by reason of the use of the rights during the war.
+
+No license in respect of industrial, literary, or artistic property,
+granted under the special war legislation of any Allied or Associated
+Power, shall be affected by the continued existence of any license
+entered into before the war, but shall remain valid and of full effect,
+and a license so granted to the former beneficiary of a license entered
+into before the war shall be considered as substituted for such license.
+
+Where sums have been paid during the war by virtue of a license or
+agreement concluded before the war in respect of rights of industrial
+property or for the reproduction or the representation of literary,
+dramatic, or artistic works, these sums shall be dealt with in the same
+manner as other debts or credits of German nationals, as provided by the
+present treaty.
+
+This Article shall not apply as between the United States of America on
+the one hand and Germany on the other.
+
+=ARTICLE 311.=--The inhabitants of territories separated from Germany by
+virtue of the present treaty shall, notwithstanding this separation and
+the change of nationality consequent thereon, continue to enjoy in
+Germany all the rights in industrial, literary, and artistic property to
+which they were entitled under German legislation at the time of the
+separation.
+
+Rights of industrial, literary and artistic property which are in force
+in the territories separated from Germany under the present treaty at
+the moment of the separation of these territories from Germany, or which
+will be re-established or restored in accordance with the provisions of
+Article 306 of the present treaty, shall be recognized by the State to
+which the said territory is transferred and shall remain in force in
+that territory for the same period of time given them under the German
+law.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--_Social and State Insurance in Ceded Territory_
+
+=ARTICLE 312.=--Without prejudice to the provisions contained in other
+articles of the present treaty, the German Government undertakes to
+transfer to any power to which German territory in Europe is ceded, and
+to any power administering former German territory as a mandatory under
+Article 22 of Part I. (League of Nations), such portion of the reserves
+accumulated by the Government of the German Empire or of German States,
+or by public or private organizations under their control, as is
+attributable to the carrying on of social or State insurance in such
+territory.
+
+The powers to which these funds are transferred must apply them to the
+performance of the obligations arising from such insurances.
+
+The conditions of the transfer will be determined by special conventions
+to be concluded between the German Government and the Governments
+concerned.
+
+In case these special conventions are not concluded in accordance with
+the above paragraph within three months after the coming into force of
+the present treaty, the conditions of transfer shall in each case be
+referred to a commission of five members, one of whom shall be appointed
+by the German Government, one by the other interested Government, and
+three by the governing body of the International Labor Office from the
+nationals of other States. This commission shall by majority vote within
+three months after appointment adopt recommendations for submission to
+the Council of the League of Nations, and the decisions of the council
+shall forthwith be accepted as final by Germany and the other Government
+concerned.
+
+
+
+
+PART XI
+
+Aerial Navigation
+
+
+=ARTICLE 313.=--The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+have full liberty of passage and landing over and in the territory and
+territorial waters of Germany, and shall enjoy the same privileges as
+German aircraft, particularly in case of distress by land or sea.
+
+=ARTICLE 314.=--The aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall,
+while in transit to any foreign country whatever, enjoy the right of
+flying over the territory and territorial waters of Germany without
+landing subject always to any regulations which may be made by Germany,
+and which shall be applicable equally to the aircraft of Germany and
+those of the Allied and Associated Countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 315.=--All aerodromes in Germany open to national public
+traffic shall be open for the aircraft of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, and in any such aerodrome such aircraft shall be treated on a
+footing of equality with German aircraft as regards charges of every
+description, including charges for landing and accommodation.
+
+=ARTICLE 316.=--Subject to the present provisions, the rights of
+passage, transit and landing provided for in Articles 313, 314 and 315
+are subject to the observation of such regulations as Germany may
+consider it necessary to enact, but such regulations shall be applied
+without distinction to German aircraft and to those of Allied and
+Associated Countries.
+
+=ARTICLE 317.=--Certificates of nationality, airworthiness, or
+competency, and licenses, issued or recognized as valid by any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers, shall be recognized in Germany as valid and
+as equivalent to the certificates and licenses issued by Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 318.=--As regards internal commercial air traffic, the aircraft
+of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany most favored
+nation treatment.
+
+=ARTICLE 319.=--Germany undertakes to enforce the necessary measures to
+insure that all German aircraft flying over her territory shall comply
+with the rules as to lights and signals, rules of the air and rules for
+air traffic on and in the neighborhood of aerodromes, which have been
+laid down in the convention relative to aerial navigation concluded
+between the Allied and Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 320.=--The obligations imposed by the preceding provisions
+shall remain in force until the 1st January, 1923, unless before that
+date Germany shall have been admitted into the League of Nations or
+shall have been authorized, by consent of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, to adhere to the convention relative to aerial navigation
+concluded between those powers.
+
+
+
+
+PART XII
+
+Ports, Waterways, and Railways
+
+
+SECTION I.--_General Provisions_
+
+=ARTICLE 321.=--Germany undertakes to grant freedom of transit through
+her territories on the routes most convenient for international transit,
+either by rail, navigable waterway, or canal, to persons, goods,
+vessels, carriages, wagons, and mails coming from or going to the
+territories of any of the Allied and Associated Powers (whether
+contiguous or not); for this purpose the crossing of territorial waters
+shall be allowed. Such persons, goods, vessels, carriages, wagons, and
+mails shall not be subjected to any transit duty or to any undue delays
+or restrictions, and shall be entitled in Germany to national treatment
+as regards charges, facilities, and all other matters.
+
+Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar
+duties.
+
+All charges imposed on transport in transit shall be reasonable, having
+regard to the conditions of the traffic. No charge, facility, or
+restriction shall depend directly or indirectly on the ownership or on
+the nationality of the ship or other means of transport on which any
+part of the through journey has been, or is to be, accomplished.
+
+=ARTICLE 322.=--Germany undertakes neither to impose nor to maintain any
+control over transmigration traffic through her territories beyond
+measures necessary to insure that passengers are _bona fide_ in transit;
+nor to allow any shipping company or any other private body,
+corporation, or person interested in the traffic to take any part
+whatever in, or to exercise any direct or indirect influence over, any
+administrative service that may be necessary for this purpose.
+
+=ARTICLE 323.=--Germany undertakes to make no discrimination or
+preference, direct or indirect, in the duties, charges, and prohibitions
+relating to importations into or exportations from her territories, or,
+subject to the special engagements contained in the present treaty, in
+the charges and conditions of transport of goods or persons entering or
+leaving her territories, based on the frontier crossed; or on the kind,
+ownership, or flag of the means of transport (including aircraft)
+employed; or on the original or immediate place of departure of the
+vessel, wagon, or aircraft or other means of transport employed, or its
+ultimate or intermediate destination; or on the route of or places of
+transshipment on the journey; or on whether any port through which the
+goods are imported or exported is a German port or a port belonging to
+any foreign country or on whether the goods are imported or exported by
+sea, by land, or by air.
+
+Germany particularly undertakes not to establish against the ports and
+vessels of any of the Allied and Associated Powers any surtax or any
+direct or indirect bounty for export or import by German ports of
+vessels, or by those of another power, for example by means of combined
+tariffs. She further undertakes that persons or goods passing through a
+port or using a vessel of any of the Allied and Associated Powers shall
+not be subjected to any formality or delay whatever to which such
+persons or goods would not be subjected if they passed through a German
+port or a port of any other power, or used a German vessel or a vessel
+of any other power.
+
+=ARTICLE 324.=--All necessary administrative and technical measures
+shall be taken to shorten, as much as possible, the transmission of
+goods across the German frontiers and to insure their forwarding and
+transport from such frontiers, irrespective of whether such goods are
+coming from or going to the territories of the Allied and Associated
+Powers or are in transit from or to those territories, under the same
+material conditions in such matters as rapidity of carriage and care en
+route as are enjoyed by other goods of the same kind carried on German
+territory under similar conditions of transport.
+
+In particular, the transport of perishable goods shall be promptly and
+regularly carried out, and the customs formalities shall be effected in
+such a way as to allow the goods to be carried straight through by
+trains which make connection.
+
+=ARTICLE 325.=--The seaports of the Allied and Associated Powers are
+entitled to all favors and to all reduced tariffs granted on German
+railways or navigable waterways for the benefit of German ports or of
+any port of another power.
+
+=ARTICLE 326.=--Germany may not refuse to participate in the tariffs or
+combinations of tariffs intended to secure for ports of any of the
+Allied and Associated Powers advantages similar to those granted by
+Germany to her own ports or the ports of any other power.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Navigation_
+
+CHAPTER I.--FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION
+
+=ARTICLE 327.=--The nationals of any of the Allied and Associated Powers
+as well as their vessels and property shall enjoy in all German ports
+and in the inland navigation routes of Germany, the same treatment in
+all respects as German nationals, vessels and property.
+
+In particular the vessels of any one of the Allied or Associated Powers
+shall be entitled to transport goods of any description, and passengers,
+to or from any ports or places in German territory to which German
+vessels may have access, under conditions which shall not be more
+onerous than those applied in the case of national vessels; they shall
+be treated on a footing of equality with national vessels as regards
+port and harbor facilities and charges of every description, including
+facilities for stationing, loading and unloading, and duties and charges
+of tonnage, harbor, pilotage, lighthouse, quarantine, and all analogous
+duties and charges of whatsoever nature, levied in the name of or for
+the profit of the Government, public functionaries, private individuals,
+corporations or establishments of any kind.
+
+In the event of Germany granting a preferential regime to any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers or to any other foreign power, this regime
+shall be extended immediately and unconditionally to all the Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+There shall be no impediment to the movement of persons or vessels other
+than those arising from prescriptions concerning customs, police,
+sanitation, emigration and immigration and those relating to the import
+and export of prohibited goods. Such regulations must be reasonable and
+uniform and must not impede traffic unnecessarily.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--FREE ZONES IN PORTS
+
+=ARTICLE 328.=--The free zones existing in German ports on the 1st
+August, 1914, shall be maintained. These free zones and any other free
+zones which may be established in German territory by the present treaty
+shall be subject to the regime provided for in the following articles.
+
+Goods entering or leaving a free zone shall not be subjected to any
+import or export duty, other than those provided for in Article 330.
+
+Vessels and goods entering a free zone may be subjected to the charges
+established to cover expenses of administration, upkeep and improvement
+of the port, as well as to the charges for the use of various
+installations, provided that these charges shall be reasonable, having
+regard to the expenditure incurred, and shall be levied in the
+conditions of equality provided for in Article 327.
+
+Goods shall not be subjected to any other charge except a statistical
+duty which shall not exceed 1 per mille ad valorem, and which shall be
+devoted exclusively to defraying the expenses of compiling statements of
+the traffic in the port.
+
+=ARTICLE 329.=--The facilities granted for the erection of warehouses,
+for packing and for unpacking goods, shall be in accordance with trade
+requirements for the time being. All goods allowed to be consumed in the
+free zone shall be exempt from duty, whether of excise or of any other
+description, apart from the statistical duty provided for in Article 328
+above.
+
+There shall be no discrimination in regard to any of the provisions of
+the present article between persons belonging to different nationalities
+or between goods of different origin or destination.
+
+=ARTICLE 330.=--Import duties may be levied on goods leaving the free
+zone for consumption in the country on the territory of which the port
+is situated. Conversely, export duties may be levied on goods coming
+from such country and brought into the free zone. These import and
+export duties shall be levied on the same basis and at the same rates as
+similar duties levied at the other customs frontiers of the country
+concerned. On the other hand, Germany shall not levy, under any
+denomination, any import, export, or transit duty on goods carried by
+land or water across her territory to or from the free zone from or to
+any other State.
+
+Germany shall draw up the necessary regulations to secure and guarantee
+such freedom of transit over such railways and waterways in her
+territory as normally give access to the free zone.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--CLAUSES RELATING TO THE ELBE, THE ODER, THE NIEMEN
+(RUSSTROM-MEMEL-NIEMEN), AND THE DANUBE
+
+(I)--_General Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 331.=--The following rivers are declared international:
+
+    The Elbe (Labe) from its confluence with the Vitava (Moldau)
+    and the Vitava (Moldau) from Prague;
+    the Oder (Odra) from its confluence with the Oppa;
+    the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) from Grodno,
+    the Danube from Ulm;
+
+and all navigable parts of these river systems which naturally provide
+more than one State with access to the sea, with or without
+transshipment from one vessel to another; together with lateral canals
+and channels constructed either to duplicate or to improve naturally
+navigable sections of the specified river system, or to connect two
+naturally navigable sections of the same river.
+
+The same shall apply to the Rhine-Danube navigable waterway, should such
+a waterway be constructed under the conditions laid down in Article 353.
+
+=ARTICLE 332.=--On the waterways declared to be international in the
+preceding article, the nationals, property and flags of all powers shall
+be treated on a footing of perfect equality, no distinction being made
+to the detriment of the nationals, property or flag of any power between
+them and the nationals, property or flag of the riparian State itself or
+of the most favored nation.
+
+Nevertheless, German vessels shall not be entitled to carry passengers
+or goods by regular services between the ports of any Allied or
+Associated Power, without special authority from such power.
+
+=ARTICLE 333.=--Where such charges are not precluded by any existing
+conventions, charges varying on different sections of a river may be
+levied on vessels using the navigable channels or their approaches,
+provided that they are intended solely to cover equitably the cost of
+maintaining in a navigable condition, or of improving, the river and its
+approaches, or to meet expenditure incurred in the interests of
+navigation. The schedule of such charges shall be calculated on the
+basis of such expenditure and shall be posted up in the ports. These
+charges shall be levied in such a manner as to render any detailed
+examination of cargoes unnecessary, except in cases of suspected fraud
+or contravention.
+
+=ARTICLE 334.=--The transit of vessels, passengers, and goods on these
+waterways shall be effected in accordance with the general conditions
+prescribed for transit in Section I., above.
+
+When the two banks of an international river are within the same State,
+goods in transit may be placed under seal or in the custody of customs
+agents. When the river forms a frontier, goods and passengers in transit
+shall be exempt from all customs formalities; the loading and unloading
+of goods, and the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, shall
+only take place in the ports specified by the riparian State.
+
+=ARTICLE 335.=--No dues of any kind other than those provided for in the
+present part shall be levied along the course or at the mouth of these
+rivers.
+
+This provision shall not prevent the fixing by the riparian States of
+customs, local octroi, or consumption duties, or the creation of
+reasonable and uniform charges levied in the ports, in accordance with
+public tariffs, for the use of cranes, elevators, quays, warehouses, &c.
+
+=ARTICLE 336.=--In default of any special organization for carrying out
+the works connected with the upkeep and improvement of the international
+portion of a navigable system, each riparian State shall be bound to
+take suitable measures to remove any obstacle or danger to navigation
+and to insure the maintenance of good conditions of navigation.
+
+If a State neglects to comply with this obligation any riparian State,
+or any State represented on the International Commission, if there is
+one, may appeal to the tribunal instituted for this purpose by the
+League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 337.=--The same procedure shall be followed in the case of a
+riparian State undertaking any works of a nature to impede navigation in
+the international section. The tribunal mentioned in the preceding
+article shall be entitled to enforce the suspension or suppression of
+such works, making due allowance in its decisions for all rights in
+connection with irrigation, waterpower, fisheries, and other national
+interests, which, with the consent of all the riparian States or of all
+the States represented on the International Commission, if there be one,
+shall be given priority over the requirements of navigation.
+
+Appeal to the tribunal of the League of Nations does not require the
+suspension of the works.
+
+=ARTICLE 338.=--The regime set out in Articles 332 to 337 above shall be
+superseded by one to be laid down in a General Convention drawn up by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, and approved by the League of Nations,
+relating to the waterways recognized in such Convention as having an
+international character. This Convention shall apply in particular to
+the whole or part of the above-mentioned river systems of the Elbe
+(Labe), the Oder (Odra), the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen), and the
+Danube, and such other parts of these river systems as may be covered by
+a general definition.
+
+Germany undertakes, in accordance with the provisions of Article 379, to
+adhere to the said General Convention as well as to all projects
+prepared in accordance with Article 343 below for the revision of
+existing international agreements and regulations.
+
+=ARTICLE 339.=--Germany shall cede to the Allied and Associated Powers
+concerned, within a maximum period of three months from the date on
+which notification shall be given her, a proportion of the tugs and
+vessels remaining registered in the ports of the river systems referred
+to in Article 331 after the deduction of those surrendered by way of
+restitution or reparation. Germany shall in the same way cede material
+of all kinds necessary to the Allied and Associated Powers concerned for
+the utilization of those river systems.
+
+The number of the tugs and boats and the amount of the material so
+ceded, and their distribution, shall be determined by an arbitrator or
+arbitrators nominated by the United States of America, due regard being
+had to the legitimate needs of the parties concerned, and particularly
+to the shipping traffic during the five years preceding the war.
+
+All craft so ceded shall be provided with their fittings and gear, shall
+be in a good state of repair and in condition to carry goods, and shall
+be selected from among those most recently built.
+
+The cessions provided for in the present article shall entail a credit
+of which the total amount, settled in a lump sum by the arbitrator or
+arbitrators, shall not in any case exceed the value of the capital
+expended in the initial establishment of the material ceded, and shall
+be set off against the total sums due from Germany; in consequence, the
+indemnification of the proprietors shall be a matter for Germany to deal
+with.
+
+
+(2) _Special Clauses Relating to the Elbe, the Oder, and the Niemen
+(Russtrom-Memel-Niemen)_
+
+=ARTICLE 340.=--The Elbe (Labe) shall be placed under the administration
+of an International Commission which shall comprise:
+
+    4 representatives of the German States bordering on the river;
+    2 representatives of the Czechoslovak State;
+    1 representative of Great Britain;
+    1 representative of France;
+    1 representative of Italy;
+    1 representative of Belgium;
+
+Whatever be the number of members present, each delegation shall have
+the right to record a number of votes equal to the number of
+representatives allotted to it.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 341.=--The Oder (Odra) shall be placed under the administration
+of an International Commission, which shall comprise:
+
+    1 representative of Poland;
+    3 representatives of Prussia;
+    1 representative of the Czechoslovak State;
+    1 representative of Great Britain;
+    1 representative of France;
+    1 representative of Denmark;
+    1 representative of Sweden.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 342.=--On a request being made to the League of Nations by any
+riparian State, the Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) shall be placed under
+the administration of an International Commission, which shall comprise
+one representative of each riparian State, and three representatives of
+other States specified by the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 343.=--The International Commissions referred to in Articles
+340 and 341 shall meet within three months of the date of the coming
+into force of the present treaty, The International Commission referred
+to in Article 342 shall meet within three months from the date of the
+request made by a riparian State. Each of these commissions shall
+proceed immediately to prepare a project for the revision of the
+existing international agreements and regulations, drawn up in
+conformity with the General Convention referred to in Article 338,
+should such convention have been already concluded. In the absence of
+such convention, the project for revision shall be in conformity with
+the principles of Articles 332 to 337, above.
+
+=ARTICLE 344.=--The projects referred to in the preceding article shall,
+_inter alia_:
+
+(a) Designate the headquarters of the International Commission, and
+prescribe the manner in which its President is to be nominated;
+
+(b) Specify the extent of the commission's powers, particularly in
+regard to the execution of works of maintenance, control, and
+improvement on the river system, the financial regime the fixing and
+collection of charges, and regulations for navigation;
+
+(c) Define the sections of the river or its tributaries to which the
+international regime shall be applied.
+
+=ARTICLE 345.=--The international agreements and regulations at present
+governing the navigation of the Elbe (Labe), the Oder (Odra), and the
+Niemen (Russtrom-Memel-Niemen) shall be provisionally maintained in
+force until the ratification of the above-mentioned projects.
+Nevertheless, in all cases where such agreements and regulations in
+force are in conflict with the provisions of Articles 332 to 337 above,
+or of the General Convention to be concluded, the latter provisions
+shall prevail.
+
+(3) _Special Clauses Relating to the Danube_
+
+=ARTICLE 346.=--The European Commission of the Danube reassumes the
+powers it possessed before the war. Nevertheless, as a provisional
+measure, only representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Rumania shall constitute this commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 347.=--From the point where the competence of the European
+Commission ceases, the Danube system referred to in Article 331 shall be
+placed under the administration of an international commission composed
+as follows:
+
+    2 representatives of German riparian States;
+
+    1 representative of each other riparian State;
+
+    1 representative of each non-riparian State represented in the
+    future on the European Commission of the Danube.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 348.=--The International Commission provided for in the
+preceding article shall meet as soon as possible after the coming into
+force of the present treaty, and shall undertake provisionally the
+administration of the river in conformity with the provisions of
+Articles 332 to 337, until such time as a definitive statute regarding
+the Danube is concluded by the powers nominated by the Allied and
+Associated Powers.
+
+=ARTICLE 349.=--Germany agrees to accept the regime which shall be laid
+down for the Danube by a conference of the powers nominated by the
+Allied and Associated Powers, which shall meet within one year after the
+coming into force of the present treaty, and at which German
+representatives may be present.
+
+=ARTICLE 350.=--The mandate given by Article 57 of the Treaty of Berlin
+of the 13th July, 1878, to Austria-Hungary, and transferred by her to
+Hungary, to carry out works at the Iron Gates, is abrogated. The
+commission intrusted with the administration of this part of the river
+shall lay down provisions for the settlement of accounts subject to the
+financial provisions of the present treaty. Charges which may be
+necessary shall in no case be levied by Hungary.
+
+=ARTICLE 351.=--Should the Czechoslovak State, the Serb-Croat-Slovene
+State, or Rumania, with the authorization of or under mandate from the
+International Commission undertake maintenance, improvement, weir or
+other works on a part of the river system which forms a frontier, these
+States shall enjoy on the opposite bank, and also on the part of the bed
+which is outside their territory, all necessary facilities for the
+survey, execution and maintenance of such works.
+
+=ARTICLE 352.=--Germany shall be obliged to make to the European
+Commission of the Danube all restitutions, reparations, and indemnities
+for damages inflicted on the commission during the war.
+
+=ARTICLE 353.=--Should a deep-draught Rhine-Danube navigable waterway be
+constructed, Germany undertakes to apply thereto the regime prescribed
+in Articles 332 to 338.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--CLAUSES RELATING TO THE RHINE AND THE MOSELLE
+
+=ARTICLES 354.=--As from the coming into force of the present treaty,
+the Convention of Mannheim of 17th October, 1868, together with the
+Final Protocol thereof, shall continue to govern navigation on the
+Rhine, subject to the conditions hereinafter laid down.
+
+In the event of any provisions of the said Convention being in conflict
+with those laid down by the General Convention referred to in Article
+338 (which shall apply to the Rhine), the provisions of the General
+Convention shall prevail.
+
+Within a maximum period of six months from the coming into force of the
+present treaty, the Central Commission referred to in Article 355 shall
+meet to draw up a project of revision of the Convention of Mannheim.
+This project shall be drawn up in harmony with the provisions of the
+General Convention referred to above, should this have been concluded by
+that time, and shall be submitted to the powers represented on the
+Central Commission. Germany hereby agrees to adhere to the project so
+drawn up.
+
+Further, the modifications set out in the following articles shall
+immediately be made in the Convention of Mannheim.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers reserve to themselves the right to
+arrive at an understanding in this connection with Holland, and Germany
+hereby agrees to accede if required to any such understanding.
+
+=ARTICLE 355.=--The Central Commission provided for in the Convention of
+Mannheim shall consist of nineteen members, viz.:
+
+    Two representatives of the Netherlands;
+
+    Two representatives of Switzerland;
+
+    Four representatives of German riparian States;
+
+    Four representatives of France, which in addition shall appoint
+    the President of the Commission;
+
+    Two representatives of Great Britain;
+
+    Two representatives of Italy;
+
+    Two representatives of Belgium.
+
+
+[Illustration: Drawing by Georges Scott in L'illustration
+
+The White Flags That Meant Defeat for the German Cause and Marked the
+Beginning of the End of the War
+
+German delegates on their way to the armistice conference with Marshal
+Foch reaching the first French lines near Haudroy, November 7, 1918.]
+
+The headquarters of the Central Commission shall be at Strasbourg.
+
+Whatever be the number of members present, each delegation shall have
+the right to record a number of votes equal to the number of
+representatives allotted to it.
+
+If certain of these representatives cannot be appointed at the time of
+the coming into force of the present treaty, the decisions of the
+Commission shall nevertheless be valid.
+
+=ARTICLE 356.=--Vessels of all nations, and their cargoes, shall have
+the same rights and privileges as those which are granted to vessels
+belonging to the Rhine navigation, and to their cargoes.
+
+None of the provisions contained in Articles 15 to 20 and 26 of the
+above-mentioned Convention of Mannheim, in Article 4 of the Final
+Protocol thereof, or in later Conventions, shall impede the free
+navigation of vessels and crews of all nations on the Rhine and on
+waterways to which such Conventions apply, subject to compliance with
+the regulations concerning pilotage and other police measures drawn up
+by the Central Commission.
+
+The provisions of Article 22 of the Convention of Mannheim and of
+Article 5 of the Final Protocol thereof shall be applied only to vessels
+registered on the Rhine. The Central Commission shall decide on the
+steps to be taken to insure that other vessels satisfy the conditions of
+the general regulations applying to navigation on the Rhine.
+
+=ARTICLE 357.=--Within a maximum period of three months from the date on
+which notification shall be given Germany shall cede to France tugs and
+vessels, from among those remaining registered in German Rhine ports
+after the deduction of those surrendered by way of restitution or
+reparation, or shares in German Rhine navigation companies.
+
+When vessels and tugs are ceded, such vessels and tugs, together with
+their fittings and gear, shall be in good state of repair, shall be in
+condition to carry on commercial traffic on the Rhine, and shall be
+selected from among those most recently built.
+
+The same procedure shall be followed in the matter of the cession by
+Germany to France of--
+
+(1) the installations, berthing, and anchorage accommodation, platforms,
+docks, warehouses, plant, &c., which German subjects or German companies
+owned on the 1st August, 1914, in the port of Rotterdam, and
+
+(2) the shares or interests which Germany or German nationals possessed
+in such installations at the same date.
+
+The amount and specifications of such cessions shall be determined
+within one year of the coming into force of the present treaty by an
+arbitrator or arbitrators appointed by the United States of America, due
+regard being had to the legitimate needs of the parties concerned.
+
+The cessions provided for in the present article shall entail a credit
+of which the total amount, settled in a lump sum by the arbitrator, or
+arbitrators mentioned above, shall not in any case exceed the value of
+the capital expended in the initial establishment of the ceded material
+and installations, and shall be set off against the total sums due from
+Germany; in consequence, the indemnification of the proprietors shall be
+a matter for Germany to deal with.
+
+=ARTICLE 358.=--Subject to the obligation to comply with the provisions
+of the Convention of Mannheim or of the convention which may be
+substituted therefor, and to the stipulations of the present treaty,
+France shall have on the whole course of the Rhine included between the
+two extreme points of the French frontiers--
+
+     (a) the right to take water from the Rhine to feed navigation
+     and irrigation canals (constructed or to be constructed) or for
+     any other purpose, and to execute on the German bank all works
+     necessary for the exercise of this right;
+
+     (b) the exclusive right to the power derived from works of
+     regulation on the river, subject to the payment to Germany of
+     the value of half the power actually produced, this payment,
+     which will take into account the cost of the works necessary
+     for producing the power, being made either in money or in power
+     and in default of agreement being determined by arbitration.
+     For this purpose France alone shall have the right to carry out
+     in this part of the river all works of regulation (weirs or
+     other works) which she may consider necessary for the
+     production of power. Similarly, the right of taking water from
+     the Rhine is accorded to Belgium to feed the Rhine-Meuse
+     navigable waterway provided for below.
+
+The exercise of the rights mentioned under (a) and (b) of the present
+article shall not interfere with navigability nor reduce the facilities
+for navigation, either in the bed of the Rhine or in the derivations
+which may be substituted therefor, nor shall it involve any increase in
+the tolls formerly levied under the convention in force. All proposed
+schemes shall be laid before the Central Commission in order that the
+commission may assure itself that these conditions are complied with.
+
+To insure the proper and faithful execution of the provisions contained
+in (a) and (b) above, Germany:
+
+(i) binds herself not to undertake or to allow the construction of any
+lateral canal or any derivation on the right bank of the river opposite
+the French frontiers;
+
+(ii) recognizes the possession by France of the right of support on and
+the right of way over all lands situated on the right bank which may be
+required in order to survey, to build, and to operate weirs which
+France, with the consent of the Central Commission, may subsequently
+decide to establish. In accordance with such consent, France shall be
+entitled to decide upon and fix the limits of the necessary sites, and
+she shall be permitted to occupy such lands after a period of two months
+after simple notification, subject to the payment by her to Germany of
+indemnities of which the total amount shall be fixed by the Central
+Commission. Germany shall make it her business to indemnify the
+proprietors whose property will be burdened with such servitudes or
+permanently occupied by the works.
+
+Should Switzerland so demand, and if the Central Commission approves,
+the same rights shall be accorded to Switzerland for the part of the
+river forming her frontier with other riparian States;
+
+(iii) shall hand over to the French Government, during the month
+following the coming into force of the present treaty, all projects,
+designs, drafts of concessions and of specifications concerning the
+regulation of the Rhine for any purpose whatever which have been drawn
+up or received by the Governments of Alsace-Lorraine or of the Grand
+Duchy of Baden.
+
+=ARTICLE 359.=--Subject to the preceding provisions, no works shall be
+carried out in the bed or on either bank of the Rhine where it forms the
+boundary of France and Germany without the previous approval of the
+Central Commission or of its agents.
+
+=ARTICLE 360.=--France reserves the option of substituting herself as
+regards the rights and obligations resulting from agreements arrived at
+between the Government of Alsace-Lorraine and the Grand Duchy of Baden
+concerning the works to be carried out on the Rhine; she may also
+denounce such agreements within a term of five years dating from the
+coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+France shall also have the option of causing works to be carried out
+which may be recognized as necessary by the Central Commission for the
+upkeep or improvement of the navigability of the Rhine above Mannheim.
+
+=ARTICLE 361.=--Should Belgium, within a period of 25 years from the
+coming into force of the present treaty, decide to create a deep-draught
+Rhine-Meuse navigable waterway, in the region of Ruhrort, Germany shall
+be bound to construct, in accordance with plans to be communicated to
+her by the Belgian Government, after agreement with the Central
+Commission, the portion of this navigable waterway situated within her
+territory.
+
+The Belgian Government shall, for this purpose, have the right to carry
+out on the ground all necessary surveys.
+
+Should Germany fail to carry out all or part of these works, the Central
+Commission shall be entitled to carry them out instead; and, for this
+purpose, the commission may decide upon and fix the limits of the
+necessary sites and occupy the ground after a period of two months after
+simple notification, subject to the payment of indemnities to be fixed
+by it and paid by Germany.
+
+This navigable waterway shall be placed under the same administrative
+regime as the Rhine itself, and the division of the cost of initial
+construction, including the above indemnities, among the States crossed
+thereby shall be made by the Central Commission.
+
+=ARTICLE 362.=--Germany hereby agrees to offer no objection to any
+proposals of the Central Rhine Commission for extending its
+jurisdiction:
+
+(1) to the Moselle below the Franco-Luxemburg frontier down to the
+Rhine, subject to the consent of Luxemburg;
+
+(2) to the Rhine above Basle up to the Lake of Constance, subject to the
+consent of Switzerland;
+
+(3) to the lateral canals and channels which may be established either
+to duplicate or to improve naturally navigable sections of the Rhine or
+the Moselle, or to connect two naturally navigable sections of these
+rivers, and also any other parts of the Rhine River system which may be
+covered by the General Convention provided for in Article 338 above.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.--CLAUSES GIVING TO THE CZECHO-SLOVAK STATE THE USE OF
+NORTHERN PORTS
+
+=ARTICLE 363.=--In the ports of Hamburg and Stettin, Germany shall lease
+to the Czechoslovak State, for a period of ninety-nine years, areas
+which shall be placed under the general regime of free zones and shall
+be used for the direct transit of goods coming from or going to that
+State.
+
+=ARTICLE 364.=--The delimitation of these areas, and their equipment,
+their exploitation, and in general all conditions for their utilization,
+including the amount of the rental, shall be decided by a commission
+consisting of one delegate of Germany, one delegate of the Czechoslovak
+State and one delegate of Great Britain. These conditions shall be
+susceptible of revision every ten years in the same manner.
+
+Germany declares in advance that she will adhere to the decisions so
+taken.
+
+
+SECTION III.--_Railways_
+
+CHAPTER I.--CLAUSES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT
+
+=ARTICLE 365.=--Goods coming from the territories of the Allied and
+Associated Powers, and going to Germany, or in transit through Germany
+from or to the territories of the Allied and Associated Powers, shall
+enjoy on the German railways as regards charges to be collected (rebates
+and drawbacks being taken into account) facilities, and all other
+matters, the most favorable treatment applied to goods of the same kind
+carried on any German lines, either in internal traffic, or for export,
+import or in transit, under similar conditions of transport, for example
+as regards length of route. The same rule shall be applied, on the
+request of one or more of the Allied and Associated Powers, to goods
+specially designated by such power or powers coming from Germany and
+going to their territories.
+
+International tariffs established in accordance with the rates referred
+to in the preceding paragraph and involving through waybills shall be
+established when one of the Allied and Associated Powers shall require
+it from Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 366.=--From the coming into force of the present treaty the
+high contracting parties shall renew, in so far as concerns them and
+under the reserves indicated in the second paragraph of the present
+Article, the conventions and arrangements signed at Berne on the 14th of
+October, 1890, the 20th September, 1893, the 16th July, 1895, the 16th
+June, 1898, and the 19th September, 1906, regarding the transportation
+of goods by rail.
+
+If within five years from the date of the coming into force of the
+present treaty a new convention for the transportation of passengers,
+luggage and goods by rail shall have been concluded to replace the Berne
+convention of the 14th October, 1890, and the subsequent additions
+referred to above, this new convention and the supplementary provisions
+for international transport by rail which may be based on it shall bind
+Germany even if she shall have refused to take part in the preparation
+of the convention or to subscribe to it. Until a new convention shall
+have been concluded, Germany shall conform to the provisions of the
+Berne Convention and the subsequent additions referred to above, and to
+the current supplementary provisions.
+
+=ARTICLE 367.=--Germany shall be bound to co-operate in the
+establishment of through ticket services (for passengers and their
+luggage) which shall be required by any of the Allied and Associated
+Powers to insure their communication by rail with each other and with
+all other countries by transit across the territories of Germany; in
+particular Germany shall, for this purpose, accept trains and carriages
+coming from the territories of the Allied and Associated Powers and
+shall forward them with a speed at least equal to that of her best
+long-distance trains on the same lines. The rates applicable to such
+through services shall not in any case be higher than the rates
+collected on German internal services for the same distance, under the
+same conditions of speed and comfort.
+
+The tariffs applicable under the same conditions of speed and comfort to
+the transportation of emigrants going to or coming from ports of the
+Allied and Associated Powers and using the German railways, shall not be
+at a higher kilometric rate than the most favorable tariffs (drawbacks
+and rebates being taken into account) enjoyed on the said railways by
+emigrants going to or coming from any other ports.
+
+=ARTICLE 368.=--Germany shall not apply specially to such through
+services or to the transportation of emigrants going to or coming from
+the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers, any technical, fiscal or
+administrative measures, such as measures of customs examination,
+general police, sanitary police, and control, the result of which would
+be to impede or delay such services.
+
+=ARTICLE 369.=--In case of transport partly by rail and partly by
+internal navigation, with or without through way-bill, the preceding
+Articles shall apply to the part of the journey performed by rail.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--ROLLING STOCK
+
+=ARTICLE 370.=--Germany undertakes that German wagons shall be fitted
+with apparatus allowing:
+
+(1) of their inclusion in goods trains on the lines such of the Allied
+and Associated Powers as are parties to the Berne Convention of May 15,
+1886, as modified on May 18, 1907, without hampering the action of the
+continuous brake which may be adopted in such countries within ten years
+of the coming into force of the present treaty, and
+
+(2) of the acceptance of wagons of such countries in all goods trains on
+the German lines.
+
+The rolling stock of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy on the
+German lines the same treatment as German rolling stock as regards
+movement, upkeep and repairs.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--CESSIONS OF RAILWAY LINES
+
+=ARTICLE 371.=--Subject to any special provisions concerning the cession
+of ports, waterways and railways situated in the territories over which
+Germany abandons her sovereignty, and to the financial conditions
+relating to the concessionaires and the pensioning of the personnel, the
+cession of railways will take place under the following conditions:
+
+1. The works and installations of all the railroads shall be handed over
+complete and in good condition.
+
+2. When a railway system possessing its own rolling-stock is handed over
+in its entirety by Germany to one of the Allied and Associated Powers,
+such stock shall be handed over complete, in accordance with the last
+inventory before November 11th, 1918, and in a normal state of upkeep.
+
+3. As regards lines without any special rolling-stock, commissions of
+experts designated by the Allied and Associated Powers, on which Germany
+shall be represented, shall fix the proportion of the stock existing on
+the system to which those lines belong to be handed over. These
+commissions shall have regard to the remount of material registered on
+these lines in the last inventory before November 11th, 1918, the length
+of track (sidings included), and the nature and amount of traffic. These
+commissions shall also specify the locomotives, carriages and wagons to
+be handed over in each case; they shall decide upon the conditions of
+their acceptance, and shall make the provisional arrangements necessary
+to insure their repair in German workshops.
+
+4. Stocks of stores, fittings and plant shall be handed over under the
+same conditions as the rolling-stock.
+
+The provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall be applied to the lines
+of former Russian Poland converted by Germany to the German gauge, such
+lines being regarded as detached from the Prussian State System.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN RAILWAY LINES
+
+=ARTICLE 372.=--When as a result of the fixing of new frontiers a
+railway connection between two parts of the same country crosses another
+country, or a branch line from one country has its terminus in another,
+the conditions of working, if not specifically provided for in the
+present treaty, shall be laid down in a convention between the railway
+administrations concerned. If the administrations cannot come to an
+agreement as to the terms of such convention, the points of difference
+shall be decided by commissions of experts composed as provided in the
+preceding Article.
+
+=ARTICLE 373.=--Within a period of five years from the coming into force
+of the present treaty the Czechoslovak State may require the
+construction of a railway line in German territory between the stations
+of Schlauney and Nachod. The cost of construction shall be borne by the
+Czechoslovak State.
+
+=ARTICLE 374.=--Germany undertakes to accept, within ten years of the
+coming into force of the present treaty, on request being made by the
+Swiss Government after agreement with the Italian Government, the
+denunciation of the International Convention of the 13th October, 1909,
+relative to the St. Gothard railway. In the absence of agreement as to
+the conditions of such denunciation, Germany hereby agrees to accept the
+decision of an arbitrator designated by the United States of America.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.--TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
+
+=ARTICLE 375.=--Germany shall carry out the instructions given her, in
+regard to transport, by an authorized body acting on behalf of the
+Allied and Associated Powers:
+
+1. For the carriage of troops under the provisions of the present
+treaty, and of material, ammunition and supplies for army use.
+
+2. As a temporary measure, for the transportation of supplies for
+certain regions, as well as for the restoration, as rapidly as possible,
+of the normal conditions of transport, and for the organization of
+postal and telegraphic services.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--_Disputes and Revision of Permanent Clauses_
+
+=ARTICLE 376.=--Disputes which may arise between interested powers with
+regard to the interpretation and application of the preceding articles
+shall be settled as provided by the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 377.=--At any time the League of Nations may recommend the
+revision of such of these Articles as relate to a permanent
+administrative regime.
+
+=ARTICLE 378.=--The stipulations in Articles 321 to 330, 332, 365, and
+367 to 369 shall be subject to revision by the Council of the League of
+Nations at any time after five years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+Failing such revision, no Allied or Associated Power can claim after the
+expiration of the above period of five years the benefit of any of the
+stipulations in the Articles enumerated above on behalf of any portion
+of its territories in which reciprocity is not accorded in respect of
+such stipulations. The period of five years during which reciprocity
+cannot be demanded may be prolonged by the Council of the League of
+Nations.
+
+
+SECTION V.--_Special Provision_
+
+=ARTICLE 379.=--Without prejudice to the special obligations imposed on
+her by the present treaty for the benefit of the Allied and Associated
+Powers, Germany undertakes to adhere to any general conventions
+regarding the international regime of transit, waterways, ports or
+railways which may be concluded by the Allied and Associated Powers,
+with the approval of the League of Nations, within five years of the
+coming into force of the present treaty.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--_Clauses Relating to the Kiel Canal_
+
+=ARTICLE 380.=--The Kiel Canal and its approaches shall be maintained
+free and open to the vessels of commerce and of war of all nations at
+peace with Germany on terms of entire equality.
+
+=ARTICLE 381.=--The nationals, property, and vessels of all powers
+shall, in respect to charges, facilities, and in all other respects, be
+treated on a footing of perfect equality in the use of the canal, no
+distinction being made to the detriment of nationals, property, and
+vessels of any power between them and the nationals, property, and
+vessels of Germany or of the most favored nations.
+
+No impediment shall be placed on the movement of persons or vessels
+other than those arising out of police, customs, sanitary, emigration or
+immigration regulations, and those relating to the import or export of
+prohibited goods. Such regulations must be reasonable and uniform and
+must not unnecessarily impede traffic.
+
+=ARTICLE 382.=--Only such charges may be levied on vessels using the
+canal or its approaches as are intended to cover in an equitable manner
+the cost of maintaining in a navigable condition, or if improving, the
+canal or its approaches, or to meet expenses incurred in the interests
+of navigation. The schedule of such charged shall be calculated on the
+basis of such expenses, and shall be posted up in the ports.
+
+These charges shall be levied in such a manner as to render any detailed
+examination of cargoes unnecessary, except in the case of suspected
+fraud or contravention.
+
+=ARTICLE 383.=--Goods in transit may be placed under seal or in the
+custody of customs agents; the loading and unloading of goods, and the
+embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, shall only take place in
+the ports specified by Germany.
+
+=ARTICLE 384.=--No charge of any kind other than those provided for in
+the present treaty shall be levied along the course or at the approaches
+of the Kiel Canal.
+
+=ARTICLE 385.=--Germany shall be bound to take suitable measures to
+remove any obstacle or danger to navigation, and to insure the
+maintenance of good conditions of navigation. She shall not undertake
+any works of a nature to impede navigation on the canal or its
+approaches.
+
+=ARTICLE 386.=--In the event of violation of any of the conditions of
+Articles 380 to 386, or of disputes as to the interpretation of these
+articles, any interested power can appeal to the jurisdiction instituted
+for the purpose by the League of Nations.
+
+In order to avoid reference of small questions to the League of Nations,
+Germany will establish a local authority at Kiel qualified to deal with
+disputes in the first instance and to give satisfaction so far as
+possible to complaints which may be presented through the consular
+representatives of the interested powers.
+
+
+
+
+PART XIII
+
+Labor
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Organization of Labor_
+
+Whereas the League of Nations has for its object the establishment of
+universal peace and such a peace can be established only if it is based
+upon social justice;
+
+And whereas conditions of labor exist involving such injustice,
+hardship, and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest
+so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperiled; and an
+improvement of those conditions is urgently required: as, for example,
+by the regulations of the hours of work, including the establishment of
+a maximum working day and week, the regulation of the labor supply, the
+prevention of unemployment, the provision of an adequate living wage,
+the protection of the worker against sickness, disease, and injury
+arising out of his employment, the protection of the children, young
+persons, and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the
+interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own,
+recognition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization
+of vocational and technical education, and other measures:
+
+Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of
+labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve
+the conditions in their own countries;
+
+The high contracting parties, moved by sentiments of justice and
+humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the
+world, agree to the following.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.--ORGANIZATION
+
+=ARTICLE 387.=--A permanent organization is hereby established for the
+promotion of the objects set forth in the preamble.
+
+The original members of the League of Nations shall be the original
+members of this organization, and hereafter membership of the League of
+Nations shall carry with it membership of the said organization.
+
+=ARTICLE 388.=--The permanent organization shall consist of:
+
+(i) a General Conference of Representatives of the Members, and,
+
+(ii) an International Labor Office controlled by the governing body
+described in Article 393.
+
+=ARTICLE 389.=--The meetings of the General Conference of
+Representatives of the Members shall be held from time to time as
+occasion may require, and at least once in every year. It shall be
+composed of four representatives of each of the members, of whom two
+shall be Government delegates and the two others shall be delegates
+representing respectively the employers and the workpeople of each of
+the members.
+
+Each delegate may be accompanied by advisers, who shall not exceed two
+in number for each item on the agenda of the meeting. When questions
+specially affecting women are to be considered by the conference, one at
+least of the advisers should be a woman.
+
+The members undertake to nominate non-Government delegates and advisers
+chosen in agreement with the industrial organizations, if such
+organizations exist, which are most representative of employers or
+workpeople, as the case may be, in their respective countries.
+
+Advisers shall not speak except on a request made by the delegate whom
+they accompany and by special authorization of the President of the
+conference, and may not vote.
+
+A delegate may by notice in writing addressed to the President appoint
+one of his advisers to act as his deputy, and the adviser, while so
+acting, shall be allowed to speak and vote.
+
+The names of the delegates and their advisers will be communicated to
+the International Labor Office by the Government of each of the members.
+
+The credentials of delegates and their advisers shall be subject to
+scrutiny by the conference, which may, by two-thirds of the votes cast
+by the delegates present, refuse to admit any delegate or adviser whom
+it deems not to have been nominated in accordance with this article.
+
+=ARTICLE 390.=--Every delegate shall be entitled to vote individually on
+all matters which are taken into consideration by the conference.
+
+If one of the members fails to nominate one of the non-Government
+delegates whom it is entitled to nominate, the other non-Government
+delegates shall be allowed to sit and speak at the conference, but not
+to vote.
+
+If, in accordance with Article 389, the conference refuses admission to
+a delegate of one of the members, the provisions of the present article
+shall apply as if that delegate had not been nominated.
+
+=ARTICLE 391.=--The meetings of the conference shall be held at the seat
+of the League of Nations, or at such other place as may be decided by
+the conference at a previous meeting by two-thirds of the votes cast by
+the delegates present.
+
+=ARTICLE 392.=--The International Labor Office shall be established at
+the seat of the League of Nations as part of the organization of the
+League.
+
+=ARTICLE 393.=--The International Labor Office shall be under the
+control of a governing body consisting of twenty-four persons, appointed
+in accordance with the following provisions:
+
+The governing body of the International Labor Office shall be
+constituted as follows:
+
+Twelve persons representing the Governments:
+
+Six persons elected by the delegates to the conference representing the
+employers:
+
+Six persons elected by the delegates to the conference representing the
+workers.
+
+Of the twelve persons representing the Governments, eight shall be
+nominated by the members which are of the chief industrial importance,
+and four shall be nominated by the members selected for the purpose by
+the Government delegates to the conference, excluding the delegates of
+the eight members mentioned above.
+
+Any question as to which are the members of the chief industrial
+importance shall be decided by the council of the League of Nations.
+
+The period of office of the members of the governing body will be three
+years. The method of filling vacancies and other similar questions may
+be determined by the governing body, subject to the approval of the
+conference.
+
+The governing body shall, from time to time, elect one of its members to
+act as its Chairman, shall regulate its own procedure, and shall fix its
+own times of meeting. A special meeting shall be held if a written
+request to that effect is made by at least ten members of the governing
+body.
+
+=ARTICLE 394.=--There shall be a Director of the International Labor
+Office, who shall be appointed by the governing body, and, subject to
+the instructions of the Governing Body, shall be responsible for the
+efficient conduct of the International Labor Office and for such other
+duties as may be assigned to him.
+
+The Director or his deputy shall attend all meetings of the governing
+body.
+
+=ARTICLE 395.=--The staff of the International Labor Office shall be
+appointed by the Director, who shall, as far as is possible with due
+regard to the efficiency of the work of the Office, select persons of
+different nationalities. A certain number of these persons shall be
+women.
+
+=ARTICLE 396.=--The functions of the International Labor Office shall
+include the collection and distribution of information on all subjects
+relating to the international adjustment of conditions of industrial
+life and labor, and particularly the examination of subjects which it is
+proposed to bring before the conference with a view to the conclusion of
+international conventions, and the conduct of such special
+investigations as may be ordered by the conference.
+
+It will prepare the agenda for the meetings of the conference.
+
+It will carry out the duties required of it by the provisions of this
+part of the present treaty in connection with international disputes.
+
+It will edit and publish in French and English, and in such other
+languages as the governing body may think desirable, a periodical paper
+dealing with problems of industry and employment of international
+interest.
+
+Generally, in addition to the functions set out in this Article, it
+shall have such other powers and duties as may be assigned to it by the
+conference.
+
+=ARTICLE 397.=--The Government departments of any of the members which
+deal with questions of industry and employment may communicate directly
+with the Director through the representative of their Government on the
+governing body of the International Labor Office, or, failing any such
+representative, through such other qualified official as the Government
+may nominate for the purpose.
+
+=ARTICLE 398.=--The International Labor Office shall be entitled to the
+assistance of the Secretary-General of the League of Nations in any
+matter in which it can be given.
+
+=ARTICLE 399.=--Each of the members will pay the traveling and
+subsistence expenses of its delegates and their advisers and of its
+representatives attending the meetings of the conference or governing
+body, as the case may be.
+
+
+All the other expenses of the International Labor Office and of the
+meetings of the conference or governing body shall be paid to the
+Director by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations out of the
+general funds of the League.
+
+The Director shall be responsible to the Secretary-General of the League
+for the proper expenditure of all moneys paid to him in pursuance of
+this Article.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--PROCEDURE
+
+=ARTICLE 400.=--The agenda of all meetings of the conference will be
+settled by the governing body, who shall consider any suggestion as to
+the agenda that may be made by the Government of any of the members or
+by any representative organization recognized for the purpose of Article
+389.
+
+=ARTICLE 401.=--The Director shall act as the Secretary of the
+Conference, and shall transmit the agenda so as to reach the members
+four months before the meeting of the conference, and, through them, the
+non-Government delegates when appointed.
+
+=ARTICLE 402.=--Any of the Governments of the members may formally
+object to the inclusion of any item or items in the agenda. The grounds
+for such objection shall be set forth in a reasoned statement addressed
+to the Director, who shall circulate it to all the members of the
+permanent organization.
+
+Items to which such objection has been made shall not, however, be
+excluded from the agenda if at the conference a majority of two-thirds
+of the votes cast by delegates present is in favor of considering them.
+
+If the conference decides (otherwise than under the preceding paragraph)
+by two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present that any
+subject shall be considered by the conference, that subject shall be
+included in the agenda for the following meeting.
+
+=ARTICLE 403.=--The conference shall regulate its own procedure, shall
+elect its own President, and may appoint committees to consider and
+report on any matter.
+
+Except as otherwise expressly provided in this part of the present
+treaty, all matters shall be decided by a simple majority of the votes
+cast by the delegates present.
+
+The voting is void unless the total number of votes cast is equal to
+half the number of the delegates attending the conference.
+
+=ARTICLE 404.=--The conference may add to any committees which it
+appoints technical experts, who shall be assessors without power to
+vote.
+
+=ARTICLE 405.=--When the conference has decided on the adoption of
+proposals with regard to an item in the agenda, it will rest with the
+conference to determine whether these proposals should take the form:
+(a) of a recommendation to be submitted to the members for consideration
+with a view to effect being given to it by national legislation or
+otherwise, or (b) of a draft international convention for ratification
+by the members.
+
+In either case a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the
+delegates present shall be necessary on the final vote for the adoption
+of the recommendation or draft convention, as the case may be, by the
+conference.
+
+In framing any recommendation or draft convention of general application
+the conference shall have due regard to those countries in which
+climatic conditions, the imperfect development of industrial
+organization or other special circumstances make the industrial
+conditions substantially different and shall suggest the modifications,
+if any, which it considers may be required to meet the case of such
+countries.
+
+A copy of the recommendation or draft convention shall be authenticated
+by the signature of the President of the conference and of the Director
+and shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the League of
+Nations. The Secretary-General will communicate a certified copy of the
+recommendation or draft convention to each of the members.
+
+Each of the members undertakes that it will, within the period of one
+year at most from the closing of the session of the conference, or if it
+is impossible owing to exceptional circumstances to do so within the
+period of one year, then at the earliest practicable moment and in no
+case later than eighteen months from the closing of the session of the
+conference, bring the recommendation or draft convention before the
+authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for
+the enactment of legislation or other action.
+
+In the case of a recommendation the members will inform the
+Secretary-General of the action taken.
+
+In the case of a draft convention, the member will, if it obtains the
+consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the
+matter lies, communicate the formal ratification of the convention to
+the Secretary-General and will take such action as may be necessary to
+make effective the provisions of such convention.
+
+If on a recommendation no legislative or other action is taken to make a
+recommendation effective, or if the draft convention fails to obtain the
+consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the
+matter lies, no further obligation shall rest upon the member.
+
+In the case of a federal state, the power of which to enter into
+conventions on labor matters is subject to limitations, it shall be in
+the discretion of that Government to treat a draft convention to which
+such limitations apply as a recommendation only, and the provisions of
+this article with respect to recommendations shall apply in such case.
+
+The above Article shall be interpreted in accordance with the following
+principle:
+
+In no case shall any member be asked or required, as a result of the
+adoption of any recommendation or draft convention by the conference to
+lessen the protection afforded by its existing legislation to the
+workers concerned.
+
+=ARTICLE 406.=--Any convention so ratified shall be registered by the
+Secretary-General of the League of Nations, but shall only be binding
+upon the members which ratify it.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright Underwood & Underwood
+
+Paris in War Time
+
+A wonderful photograph made from the top platform of the Eiffel Tower.
+Hovering over the city is a French dirigible, a guardian against the
+dreaded Zeppelins. Paris in war time pursued the even tenor of its way,
+but it was a saddened city where frivolous tourists were not wanted.]
+
+=ARTICLE 407.=--If any convention coming before the conference for final
+consideration fails to secure the support of two-thirds of the votes
+cast by the delegates present, it shall nevertheless be within the right
+of any of the members of the permanent organization to agree to such
+convention among themselves.
+
+Any convention so agreed to shall be communicated by the Governments
+concerned to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who shall
+register it.
+
+=ARTICLE 408.=--Each of the members agrees to make an annual report to
+the International Labor office on the measures which it has taken to
+give effect to the provisions of conventions to which it is a party.
+These reports shall be made in such form and shall contain such
+particulars as the governing body may request. The Directors shall lay a
+summary of these reports before the next meeting of the conference.
+
+=ARTICLE 409.=--In the event of any representation being made to the
+International Labor Office by an industrial association of employers or
+of workers that any of the members has failed to secure in any respect
+the effective observance within its jurisdiction of any convention to
+which it is a party, the Governing Body may communicate this
+representation to the Government against which it is made and may invite
+that Government to make such statement on the subject as it may think
+fit.
+
+=ARTICLE 410.=--If no statement is received within a reasonable time
+from the Government in question, or if the statement when received is
+not deemed to be satisfactory by the Governing Body, the latter shall
+have the right to publish the representation and the statement, if any,
+made in reply to it.
+
+=ARTICLE 411.=--Any of the members shall have the right to file a
+complaint with the International Labor Office if it is not satisfied
+that any other member is securing the effective observance of any
+convention which both have ratified in accordance with the foregoing
+articles.
+
+The Governing Body may, if it thinks fit, before referring such a
+complaint to a Commission of inquiry, as hereinafter provided for,
+communicate with the Government in question in the manner described in
+Article 409.
+
+If the Governing Body does not think it necessary to communicate the
+complaint to the Government in question, or if, when they have made such
+communication, no statement in reply has been received within a
+reasonable time which the Governing Body considers to be satisfactory,
+the Governing Body may apply for the appointment of a Commission of
+inquiry to consider the complaint and to report thereon.
+
+The Governing Body may adopt the same procedure either of its own motion
+or on receipt of a complaint from a Delegate to the Conference.
+
+When any matter arising out of Articles 410 or 411 is being considered
+by the Governing Body, the Government in question shall, if not already
+represented thereon, be entitled to send a representative to take part
+in the proceedings of the Governing Body while the matter is under
+consideration. Adequate notice of the date on which the matter will be
+considered shall be given to the Government in question.
+
+=ARTICLE 412.=--The Commission of Inquiry shall be constituted in
+accordance with the following provisions:
+
+Each of the members agrees to nominate within six months of the date on
+which the present Treaty comes into force three persons of industrial
+experience, of whom one shall be a representative of employers, one a
+representative of workers, and one a person of independent standing, who
+shall together form a panel from which the members of the Commission of
+Inquiry shall be drawn.
+
+The qualifications of the persons so nominated shall be subject to
+scrutiny by the Governing Body, which may by two-thirds of the votes
+cast by the representatives present refuse to accept the nomination of
+any person whose qualifications do not in its opinion comply with the
+requirements of the present article.
+
+Upon the application of the Governing Body, the Secretary-General of the
+League of Nations shall nominate three persons, one from each section of
+this panel, to constitute the Commission of Inquiry, and shall designate
+one of them as the President of the commission. None of these three
+persons shall be a person nominated to the panel by any member directly
+concerned in the complaint.
+
+=ARTICLE 413.=--The members agree that, in the event of the reference of
+a complaint to a commission of inquiry under Article 411, they will
+each, whether directly concerned in the complaint or not, place at the
+disposal of the commission all the information in their possession which
+bears upon the subject-matter of the complaint.
+
+=ARTICLE 414.=--When the Commission of Inquiry has fully considered the
+complaint, it shall prepare a report embodying its findings on all
+questions of fact relevant to determining the issue between the parties
+and containing such recommendations as it may think proper as to the
+steps which should be taken to meet the complaint and the time within
+which they should be taken.
+
+It shall also indicate in this report the measures, if any, of an
+economic character against a defaulting Government which it considers to
+be appropriate, and which it considers other Governments would be
+justified in adopting.
+
+=ARTICLE 415.=--The Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall
+communicate the report of the Commission of Inquiry to each of the
+Governments concerned in the complaint, and shall cause it to be
+published.
+
+Each of these Governments shall within one month inform the
+Secretary-General of the League of Nations whether or not it accepts the
+recommendations contained in the report of the Commission; and if not,
+whether it proposes to refer the complaint to the Permanent Court of
+International Justice of the League of Nations.
+
+=ARTICLE 416.=--In the event of any member failing to take the action
+required by Article 405, with regard to a recommendation or draft
+convention, any other member shall be entitled to refer the matter to
+the Permanent Court of International Justice.
+
+=ARTICLE 417.=--The decision of the Permanent Court of International
+Justice in regard to a complaint or matter which has been referred to it
+in pursuance of Article 415 or Article 416 shall be final.
+
+=ARTICLE 418.=--The Permanent Court of International Justice may affirm,
+vary or reverse any of the findings or recommendations of the Commission
+of Inquiry, if any, and shall in its decision indicate the measures, if
+any, of an economic character which it considers to be appropriate, and
+which other Governments would be justified in adopting against a
+defaulting Government.
+
+=ARTICLE 419.=--In the event of any member failing to carry out within
+the time specified the recommendations, if any, contained in the report
+of the Commission of Inquiry, or in the decision of the Permanent Court
+of International Justice, as the case may be, any other member may take
+against that member the measures of an economic character indicated in
+the report of the Commission or in the decision of the Court as
+appropriate to the case.
+
+=ARTICLE 420.=--The defaulting Government may at any time inform the
+Governing Body that it has taken the steps necessary to comply with the
+recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry or with those in the
+decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice, as the case
+may be, and may request it to apply to the Secretary-General of the
+League to constitute a commission of Inquiry to verify its contention.
+In this case the provisions of Articles 412, 413, 414, 415, 417 and 418
+shall apply, and if the report of the Commission of Inquiry or the
+decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice is in favor of
+the defaulting Government, the other Governments shall forthwith
+discontinue the measures of an economic character that they have taken
+against the defaulting Government.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--GENERAL
+
+=ARTICLE 421.=--The members engage to apply conventions which they have
+ratified in accordance with the provisions of this part of the present
+treaty to their colonies, protectorates, and possessions which are not
+fully self-governing:
+
+1. Except where owing to the local conditions the convention is
+inapplicable, or
+
+2. Subject to such modifications as may be necessary to adapt the
+convention to local conditions.
+
+And each of the members shall notify to the International Labor Office
+the action taken in respect of each of its colonies, protectorates, and
+possessions which are not fully self-governing.
+
+=ARTICLE 422.=--Amendments to this part of the present treaty which are
+adopted by the Conference by a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast
+by the delegates present shall take effect when ratified by the States
+whose representatives compose the Council of the League of Nations and
+by three-fourths of the members.
+
+=ARTICLE 423.=--Any question or dispute relating to the interpretation
+of this part of the present treaty or of any subsequent convention
+concluded by the members in pursuance of the provisions of this part of
+the present treaty shall be referred for decision to the Permanent Court
+of International Justice.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
+
+=ARTICLE 424.=--The first meeting of the Conference shall take place in
+October, 1919. The place and agenda for this meeting shall be as
+specified in the Annex hereto.
+
+Arrangements for the convening and the organization of the first meeting
+of the Conference will be made by the Government designated for the
+purpose in the said Annex. That Government shall be assisted in the
+preparation of the documents for submission to the Conference by an
+International Committee constituted as provided in the said Annex.
+
+The expenses of the first meeting and of all subsequent meetings held
+before the League of Nations has been able to establish a general fund,
+other than the expenses of delegates and their advisers, will be borne
+by the members in Accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of
+the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.
+
+=ARTICLE 425.=--Until the League of Nations has been constituted all
+communications which under the provisions of the foregoing articles
+should be addressed to the Secretary-General of the League will be
+preserved by the Director of the International Labor Office, who will
+transmit them to the Secretary-General of the League.
+
+=ARTICLE 426.=--Pending the creation of a Permanent Court of
+International Justice, disputes which in accordance with this part of
+the present treaty would be submitted to it for decision will be
+referred to a tribunal of three persons appointed by the Council of the
+League of Nations.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+_First Meeting of Annual Labor Conference, 1919_
+
+The place of meeting will be Washington.
+
+The Government of the United States of America is requested to convene
+the conference.
+
+The International Organizing Committee will consist of seven members,
+appointed by the United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy,
+Japan, Belgium, and Switzerland. The committee may, if it thinks
+necessary, invite other members to appoint representatives.
+
+Agenda:
+
+1. Application of principle of the 8-hours day or of the 48-hours week.
+
+2. Question of preventing or providing against unemployment.
+
+3. Women's employment.
+
+    (a) Before and after childbirth, including the question of
+    maternity benefit.
+
+    (b) During the night.
+
+    (c) In unhealthy processes.
+
+
+4. Employment of children:
+
+    (a) Minimum age of employment.
+
+    (b) During the night.
+
+    (c) In unhealthy processes.
+
+5. Extension and application of the International Conventions adopted at
+Berne in 1906 on the prohibition of night work for women employed in
+industry and the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus in the
+manufacture of matches.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_General Principles_
+
+=ARTICLE 427.=--The High Contracting Parties, recognizing that the
+well-being, physical, moral, and intellectual, of industrial wage
+earners is of supreme international importance, have framed, in order to
+further this great end, the permanent machinery provided for in Section
+I, and associated with that of the League of Nations.
+
+They recognize that differences of climate, habits, and customs, of
+economic opportunity and industrial tradition, make strict uniformity in
+the conditions of labor difficult of immediate attainment. But, holding
+as they do, that labor should not be regarded merely as an article of
+commerce, they think that there are methods and principles for
+regulating labor conditions which all industrial communities should
+endeavor to apply, so far as their special circumstances will permit.
+
+Among these methods and principles, the following seem to the High
+Contracting Parties to be of special and urgent importance:
+
+First--The guiding principle above enunciated that labor should not be
+regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce.
+
+Second--The right of association for all lawful purposes by the employed
+as well as by the employers.
+
+Third--The payment to the employed of a wage adequate to maintain a
+reasonable standard of life as this is understood in their time and
+country.
+
+Fourth--The adoption of an eight hours day or a forty-eight hours week
+as the standard to be aimed at where it has not already been attained.
+
+Fifth--The adoption of a weekly rest of at least twenty-four hours,
+which should include Sunday wherever practicable.
+
+Sixth--The abolition of child labor and the imposition of such
+limitations on the labor of young persons as shall permit the
+continuation of their education and assure their proper physical
+development.
+
+Seventh--The principle that men and women should receive equal
+remuneration for work of equal value.
+
+Eighth--The standard set by law in each country with respect to the
+conditions of labor should have due regard to the equitable economic
+treatment of all workers lawfully resident therein.
+
+Ninth--Each State should make provision for a system of inspection in
+which women should take part in order to insure the enforcement of the
+laws and regulations for the protection of the employed.
+
+Without claiming that these methods and principles are either complete
+or final, the High Contracting Parties are of opinion that they are well
+fitted to guide the policy of the League of Nations; and that, if
+adopted by the industrial communities who are members of the League, and
+safeguarded in practice by an adequate system of such inspection, they
+will confer lasting benefits upon the wage earners of the world.
+
+
+
+
+PART XIV
+
+Guarantees
+
+
+SECTION I.--_Western Europe_
+
+=ARTICLE 428.=--As a guarantee for the execution of the present treaty
+by Germany, the German territory situated to the west of the Rhine,
+together with the bridgeheads, will be occupied by Allied and Associated
+troops for a period of fifteen years from the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+=ARTICLE 429.=--If the conditions of the present treaty are faithfully
+carried out by Germany, the occupation referred to in Article 428 will
+be successively restricted as follows:
+
+(i) At the expiration of five years there will be evacuated:--the
+bridgehead of Cologne and the territories north of a line running along
+the Ruhr, then along the railway Juelich, Duren, Euskirchen, Rheinbach,
+thence along the road Rheinbach to Sinzig, and reaching the Rhine at the
+confluence with the Ahr; the roads, railways and places mentioned above
+being excluded from the area evacuated.
+
+(ii) At the expiration of ten years, there will be evacuated:--the
+bridgehead of Coblenz and the territories north of a line to be drawn
+from the intersection between the frontiers of Belgium, Germany and
+Holland, running about 4 kilometers south of Aix-la-Chapelle, then to
+and following the crest of Forst Gremuend, then east of the railway of
+the Urft Valley, then along Blankenheim, Valdorf, Dreis, Ulmen to and
+following the Moselle from Bremm to Nehren, then passing by Kappel and
+Simmern, then following the ridge of the heights between Simmern and the
+Rhine and reaching this river at Bacharach; all the places, valleys,
+roads and railways mentioned above being excluded from the area
+evacuated.
+
+(iii) At the expiration of fifteen years there will be evacuated:--the
+bridgehead of Mainz, the bridgehead of Kehl and the remainder of the
+German territory under occupation.
+
+If at that date the guarantees against unprovoked aggression by Germany
+are not considered sufficient by the Allied and Associated Governments
+the evacuation of the occupying troops may be delayed to the extent
+regarded as necessary for the purpose of obtaining the required
+guarantees.
+
+=ARTICLE 430.=--In case either during the occupation or after the
+expiration of the fifteen years referred to above, the Reparation
+Commission finds that Germany refuses to observe the whole or part of
+her obligations under the present treaty with regard to reparation, the
+whole or part of the areas specified in Article 429 will be re-occupied
+immediately by the Allied of the employed.
+
+=ARTICLE 431.=--If before the expiration of the period of fifteen years
+Germany complies with all the undertakings resulting from the present
+treaty, the occupying forces will be withdrawn immediately.
+
+=ARTICLE 432.=--All matters relating to the occupation and not provided
+for by the present treaty shall be regulated by subsequent agreements,
+which Germany hereby undertakes to observe.
+
+
+SECTION II.--_Eastern Europe_
+
+=ARTICLE 433.=--As a guarantee for the execution of the provisions of
+the present treaty, by which Germany accepts definitely the abrogation
+of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, and of all treaties, conventions and
+agreements entered into by her with the Maximalist Government in Russia,
+and in order to insure the restoration of peace and good government in
+the Baltic Provinces and Lithuania, all German troops at present in the
+said territories shall return to within the frontiers of Germany as soon
+as the Governments of the principal Allied and Associated Powers shall
+think the moment suitable, having regard to the internal situation of
+these territories. These troops shall abstain from all requisitions and
+seizures and from any other coercive measures, with a view to obtaining
+supplies intended for Germany, and shall in no way interfere with such
+measures for national defense as may be adopted by the provisional
+Governments of Esthonia, Letvia, and Lithuania.
+
+No other German troops shall, pending the evacuation or after the
+evacuation is complete, be admitted to the said territories.
+
+
+
+
+PART XV
+
+Miscellaneous Provisions
+
+
+=ARTICLE 434.=--Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of the
+treaties of peace and additional conventions which may be concluded by
+the Allied and Associated Powers with the powers who fought on the side
+of Germany, and to recognize whatever disposition may be made concerning
+the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, of the Kingdom
+of Bulgaria, and of the Ottoman Empire, and to recognize the new States
+within their frontiers as there laid down.
+
+=ARTICLE 435.=--The high contracting parties, while they recognize the
+guarantees stipulated by the treaties of 1815, and especially by the Act
+of 20th November, 1815, in favor of Switzerland, the said guarantees
+constituting international obligations for the maintenance of peace,
+declare nevertheless that the provisions of these treaties, conventions,
+declarations and other supplementary acts concerning the neutralized
+zone of Savoy, as laid down in paragraph 1 of Article 92 of the Final
+Act of the Congress of Vienna, and in paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the
+Treaty of Paris of 20th November, 1815, are no longer consistent with
+present conditions. For this reason the high contracting parties take
+note of the agreement reached between the French Government and the
+Swiss Government for the abrogation of the stipulations relating to this
+zone which are and remain abrogated.
+
+The high contracting parties also agree that the stipulations of the
+treaties of 1815 and of the other supplementary acts concerning the free
+zones of Upper Savoy and the Gex district are no longer consistent with
+present conditions, and that it is for France and Switzerland to come to
+an agreement together with a view to settling between themselves the
+status of these territories under such conditions as shall be considered
+suitable by both countries.
+
+
+ANNEX
+
+1. The Swiss Federal Council has informed the French Government on the
+5th May, 1919, that after examining the provisions of Article 435 in a
+like spirit of sincere friendship it has happily reached the conclusion
+that it was possible to acquiesce in it under the following conditions
+and reservations:
+
+First--The neutralized zone of Haute-Savoie:
+
+(a) It will be understood that as long as the Federal Chambers have not
+ratified the agreement come to between the two Governments concerning
+the abrogation of the stipulations in respect of the neutralized zone of
+Savoy nothing will be definitely settled, on one side or the other, in
+regard to this subject.
+
+(b) The assent given by the Swiss Government to the abrogation of the
+above-mentioned stipulations presupposes, in conformity with the text
+adopted, the recognition of the guarantees formulated in favor of
+Switzerland by the treaties of 1815 and particularly by the declaration
+of 20th November, 1815.
+
+(c) The agreement between the Governments of France and Switzerland for
+the abrogation of the above-mentioned stipulations will only be
+considered as valid if the treaty of peace contains this article in its
+present wording. In addition, the parties to the treaty of peace should
+endeavor to obtain the assent of the signatory powers of the treaties of
+1815 and of the declaration of 20th November, 1815, which are not
+signatories of the present treaty of peace.
+
+Second--Free zone of Haute-Savoie and the district of Gex.
+
+(a) The Federal Council makes the most express reservations to the
+interpretation to be given to the statement mentioned in the last
+paragraph of the above article for insertion in the treaty of peace,
+which provides that "the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and other
+supplementary acts concerning the free zones of Haute-Savoie and the Gex
+district are no longer consistent with the present conditions." The
+Federal Council would not wish that its acceptance of the above wording
+should lead to the conclusion that it would agree to the suppression of
+a system intended to give neighboring territory the benefit of a special
+regime which is appropriate to the geographical and economical situation
+and which has been well tested.
+
+In the opinion of the Federal Council the question is not the
+modification of the customs system of the zones as set up by the
+treaties mentioned above, but only the regulation in a manner more
+appropriate to the economic conditions of the present day of the terms
+of the exchange of goods between the regions in question. The Federal
+Council has been led to make the preceding observations by the perusal
+of the draft convention concerning the future constitution of the zones,
+which was annexed to the note of April 26 from the French Government.
+While making the above reservations the Federal Council declares its
+readiness to examine in the most friendly spirit any proposals which the
+French Government may deem it convenient to make on the subject.
+
+(b) It is conceded that the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and
+other supplementary acts relative to the free zones will remain in force
+until a new arrangement is come to between France and Switzerland to
+regulate matters in this territory.
+
+2. The French Government have addressed to the Swiss Government, on May
+18, 1919, the following note in reply to the communication set out in
+the preceding paragraph:
+
+In a note dated May 5 the Swiss Legation in Paris was good enough to
+inform the Government of the French Republic that the Federal Government
+adhered to the proposed article to be inserted in the Treaty of Peace
+between the Allied and Associated Governments and Germany.
+
+The French Government have taken note with much pleasure of the
+agreement thus reached, and, at their request, the proposed article,
+which had been accepted by the Allied and Associated Governments, has
+been inserted under No. 435 in the peace conditions presented to the
+German plenipotentiaries.
+
+The Swiss Government, in their note of May 5, on this subject, have
+expressed various views and reservations.
+
+Concerning the observations relating to the free zones of Haute-Savoie
+and the Gex district, the French Government have the honor to observe
+that the provisions of the last paragraph of Article 435 are so clear
+that their purport cannot be misapprehended, especially where it implies
+that no other power but France and Switzerland will in future be
+interested in that question.
+
+The French Government, on their part, are anxious to protect the
+interests of the French territories concerned, and, with that object,
+having their special situation in view, they bear in mind the
+desirability of assuring them a suitable customs regime and determining,
+in a manner better suited to present conditions, the methods of
+exchanges between these territories and the adjacent Swiss territories,
+while taking into account the reciprocal interests of both regions.
+
+It is understood that this must in no way prejudice the right of France
+to adjust her customs line in this region in conformity with her
+political frontier, as is done on the other portions of her territorial
+boundaries, and as was done by Switzerland long ago on her own
+boundaries in this region.
+
+The French Government are pleased to note on this subject in what a
+friendly disposition the Swiss Government take this opportunity of
+declaring their willingness to consider any French proposal dealing with
+the system to be substituted for the present regime of the said free
+zones, which the French Government intend to formulate in the same
+friendly spirit.
+
+Moreover, the French Government have no doubt that the provisional
+maintenance of the regime of 1815 as to the free zones referred to in
+the above-mentioned paragraph of the note from the Swiss Legation of May
+5, whose object is to provide for the passage from the present regime to
+the conventional regime, will cause no delay whatsoever in the
+establishment of the new situation which has been found necessary by the
+two Governments. This remark applies also to the ratification by the
+Federal Chambers, dealt with in Paragraph 1 (a), of the Swiss note of
+May 5, under the heading "Neutralized Zone of Haute-Savoie."
+
+=ARTICLE 436.=--The high contracting parties declare and place on record
+that they have taken note of the treaty signed by the Government of the
+French Republic on July 17th, 1918, with His Serene Highness the Prince
+of Monaco defining the relations between France and the Principality.
+
+=ARTICLE 437.=--The high contracting parties agree that, in the absence
+of a subsequent agreement to the contrary, the Chairman of any
+commission established by the present treaty shall, in the event of an
+equality of votes, be entitled to a second vote.
+
+=ARTICLE 438.=--The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where
+Christian religious missions were being maintained by German societies
+or persons in territory belonging to them, or of which the government is
+intrusted to them in accordance with the present treaty, the property
+which these missions or missionary societies possessed, including that
+of trading societies whose profits were devoted to the support of
+missions, shall continue to be devoted to missionary purposes. In order
+to insure the due execution of this undertaking the Allied and
+Associated Governments will hand over such property to boards of
+trustees appointed by or approved by the Governments and composed of
+persons holding the faith of the mission whose property is involved.
+
+The Allied and Associated Governments, while continuing to maintain full
+control as to the individuals by whom the missions are conducted, will
+safeguard the interests of such missions.
+
+Germany, taking note of the above undertaking, agrees to accept all
+arrangements made or to be made by the Allied or Associated Government
+concerned for carrying on the work of the said missions or trading
+societies and waives all claims on their behalf.
+
+=ARTICLE 439.=--Without prejudice to the provisions of the present
+treaty, Germany undertakes not to put forward directly or indirectly
+against any Allied or Associated Power, signatory of the present treaty,
+including those which without having declared war, have broken off
+diplomatic relations with the German Empire, any pecuniary claim based
+on events which occurred at any time before the coming into force of the
+present treaty.
+
+The present stipulation will bar completely and finally all claims of
+this nature, which will be thenceforward extinguished, whoever may be
+the parties in interest.
+
+=ARTICLE 440.=--Germany accepts and recognizes as valid and binding all
+decrees and orders concerning German ships and goods and all orders
+relating to the payment of costs made by any prize court of any of the
+Allied or Associated Powers, and undertakes not to put forward any claim
+arising out of such decrees or orders on behalf of any German national.
+
+The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to examine in such
+manner as they may determine all decisions and orders of German Prize
+Courts, whether affecting the property rights of nationals of those
+powers or of neutral powers. Germany agrees to furnish copies of all the
+documents constituting the record of the cases, including the decisions
+and orders made, and to accept and give effect to the recommendations
+made after such examination of the cases.
+
+The present treaty, of which the French and English texts are both
+authentic, shall be ratified.
+
+The deposit of ratifications shall be made at Paris as soon as possible.
+
+Powers of which the seat of the Government is outside Europe will be
+entitled merely to inform the Government of the French Republic through
+their diplomatic representative at Paris that their ratification has
+been given; in that case they must transmit the instrument of
+ratification as soon as possible.
+
+A first proces-verbal of the deposit of ratifications will be drawn up
+as soon as the treaty has been ratified by Germany on the one hand, and
+by three of the principal Allied and Associated Powers on the other
+hand.
+
+From the date of the first proces-verbal the treaty will come into force
+between the high contracting parties who have ratified it. For the
+determination of all periods of time provided for in the present treaty
+this date will be the date of the coming into force of the treaty.
+
+In all other respects the treaty will enter into force for each power at
+the date of the deposit of its ratification.
+
+The French Government will transmit to all the signatory powers a
+certified copy of the proces-verbaux of the deposit of ratifications.
+
+IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named plenipotentiaries (1) except as
+indicated in the footnotes to the preamble, have signed the present
+treaty.
+
+DONE AT VERSAILLES, in a single copy which will remain deposited in the
+archives of the French Republic, and of which authenticated copies will
+be transmitted to each of the signatory powers.
+
+
+
+
+REJECTION OF THE PEACE TREATY
+
+The Senate Fails to Ratify the Treaty of Versailles With the Revised
+Lodge Reservations by a Vote of 49 to 35
+
+
+The Treaty of Versailles with the Covenant of The League of Nations was
+signed on June 28, 1919, by Germany and by the representatives of the
+Allied and Associated Powers, with the exception of China.
+
+It was ratified by the German National Assembly on July 10th; by the
+British Parliament on July 25th, and by King George on July 31st, by the
+King of Italy on October 7th, by France on October 13th and by Japan on
+October 27th.
+
+On the day the Treaty was signed President Wilson sailed for New York,
+and on July 10th he addressed the Senate and submitted the Treaty to
+that body, which under the Constitution is empowered to give its "advice
+and consent" to treaties negotiated by the Chief Executive. Opposition
+to the Covenant of the League of Nations had previously developed in the
+Senate, especially on the part of the Republican majority. The Foreign
+Affairs Committee, of which Senator Lodge of Massachusetts was Chairman,
+was from the start unalterably opposed to the Treaty unless it contained
+as amendments or as reservations clauses which, it was claimed, would
+safeguard American interests and institutions. In February the
+President, who had made a hurried trip from Paris in order to acquaint
+the American people with the details of the Treaty as it affected this
+country, conferred at the White House with the Foreign Relations
+Committee of the Senate and the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House,
+on which occasion there was a frank and comprehensive discussion, a
+complete stenographic report of which was published in the press. On
+March 3rd Senator Lodge presented a resolution signed by 39 Republican
+Senators and Senators-elect protesting against the Covenant of The
+League of Nations, as it stood. As it required a two-thirds vote of the
+Senate to ratify, these 39 opponents of the treaty would be sufficient
+to reject it, and the virtual effect of this resolution was to give
+warning to the President that the Treaty unless it were to be
+"Americanized" would fail of ratification.
+
+The President on March 5th sailed from New York and returned to Paris to
+take up his work at the Peace Conference, remaining there until the
+Treaty was signed.
+
+On July 15th, the Foreign Relations Committee took the Treaty under
+consideration and conducted hearings on it. One of these, continuing for
+several days, was for the purpose of exposing what the Committee
+regarded as the unjust treatment of China in respect of the cession to
+Japan, under the Treaty, of the German rights in Shantung (Kiauchau).
+
+On August 19th, the Foreign Relations Committee again conferred at the
+White House with the President, and on September 3rd the President
+started on a tour of the country to win support for the Treaty and The
+League of Nations.
+
+On September 10th the Foreign Relations Committee reported the Treaty to
+the Senate with 45 amendments and four reservations.
+
+On September 26th, owing to a nervous breakdown, the President at
+Wichita, Kansas, gave up his tour of the country and returned to
+Washington.
+
+What were known as the Fall amendments to the Treaty were defeated in
+the Senate on October 2nd by 58 to 30, and as this vote indicated the
+unlikelihood of amendments being passed, the Republicans of the Foreign
+Relations Committee changed their tactics, abandoning amendments and
+considering reservations instead. It had been pointed out that American
+amendments to the Treaty would require ratification by Germany and that
+this might nullify the whole Treaty and necessitate the re-opening of
+negotiations, thereby delaying peace indefinitely.
+
+On October 4th the Massachusetts Republican State Convention, before
+which Senator Lodge spoke in defense of his attitude on the Treaty,
+urged prompt ratification of the Peace Treaty with "reasonable and
+effective" reservations.
+
+On October 15th by a vote of 55 to 35 the Senate rejected a proposed
+amendment of the Foreign Relations Committee to the clause affecting the
+German rights in Shantung by virtue of which these would be transferred
+to China.
+
+The deadlock in the Senate had meanwhile aroused widespread criticism
+throughout the country, the attitude of the Republican majority being
+vigorously objected to by influential members of that party. Public
+opinion both in and out of the Republican party was generally in favor
+of ratification with reservations, as was repeatedly indicated by
+"straw" votes among the people.
+
+
+RATIFICATION, WITH ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATIONS, DEFEATED NOV. 19, 1919.
+
+On November 6th Senator Lodge presented 14 reservations which had been
+agreed to by the majority members of the Foreign Relations Committee. On
+November 19th, they were voted on by the Senate, being coupled with the
+following resolution of ratification:
+
+_Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein)_, That
+the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace
+with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919
+subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are
+hereby made a part and condition to this resolution of ratification,
+which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until
+the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been
+accepted by an exchange of notes as a part and a condition of this
+resolution of ratification by at least three of the four principal
+allied and associated powers, to wit, Great Britain, France, Italy, and
+Japan.
+
+1. The United States so understands and construes Article I that in case
+of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in said
+article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether all its
+international obligations and all its obligations under the said
+covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United
+States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the
+United States.
+
+2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country or to
+interfere in controversies between nations--whether members of the
+League or not--under the provisions of Article 10, or to employ the
+military or naval forces of the United States under any article of the
+Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress,
+which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war or
+authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United
+States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.
+
+3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article 22,
+Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with Germany,
+except by action of the Congress of the United States.
+
+4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide
+what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that
+all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its
+internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the
+tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children, and
+in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions,
+are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not
+under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to
+the consideration of the Council or of the Assembly of the League of
+Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of
+any other power.
+
+5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the
+Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in
+said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United
+States depend upon or relate to its long-established policy, commonly
+known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the
+United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the
+jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any
+provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.
+
+6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158,
+and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy
+which may arise under said articles between the Republic of China and
+the Empire of Japan.
+
+7. The Congress of the United States will provide by law for the
+appointment of the representatives of the United States in the Assembly
+and the Council of the League of Nations, and may in its discretion
+provide for the participation of the United States in any commission,
+committee, tribunal, court, council, or conference, or in the selection
+of any members thereof and for the appointment of members of said
+commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences, or
+any other representatives under the Treaty of Peace, or in carrying out
+its provisions, and until such participation and appointment have been
+so provided for and the powers and duties of such representatives have
+been defined by law, no person shall represent the United States under
+either said League of Nations or the Treaty of Peace with Germany, or be
+authorized to perform any act for or on behalf of the United States
+thereunder, and no citizen of the United States shall be selected or
+appointed as a member of said commissions, committees, tribunals,
+courts, councils, or conferences except with the approval of the Senate
+of the United States.
+
+8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will
+regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or
+from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or
+joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.
+
+9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any
+expenses of the League of Nations, or of the secretariat, or of any
+commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized
+under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of
+carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of
+funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress
+of the United States.
+
+10. If the United States shall at any time adopt any plan for the
+limitation of armaments proposed by the Council of the League of
+Nations, under the provisions of Article 8, it reserves the right to
+increase such armaments without the consent of the Council whenever the
+United States is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.
+
+11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion,
+the nationals of a covenant-breaking State, as defined in Article 16 of
+the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States
+or in countries other than that violating said Article 16, to continue
+their commercial, financial, and personal relations with the nationals
+of the United States.
+
+12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in
+any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
+shall, as against citizens of the United States, be taken to mean any
+confirmation, ratification, or approval of any act otherwise illegal or
+in contravention of the right of citizens of the United States.
+
+13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 387
+to 427, inclusive) unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall
+hereafter make provision for representation in the organization
+established by said Part XIII, and in such event the participation of
+the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of
+such act or joint resolution.
+
+14. The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any election,
+decision, report, or finding of the council, or assembly in which any
+member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies, or
+parts of empire, in the aggregate have cast more than one vote, and
+assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of
+the council or assembly arising out of any dispute between the United
+States and any member of the League if such member, or any
+self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united with
+it politically has voted.
+
+Ratification of the above resolution required a two-thirds vote. The
+resolution was lost 55 to 39, the votes of 13 Republican
+"irreconcilables" being cast against the resolution. On a motion to
+reconsider, the resolution was again voted on, this time the vote being
+51 to 41. Senator Underwood's motion for unconditional ratification of
+the Treaty without reservation was then lost 53 to 38.
+
+The crux of the opposition to the Treaty was Article X. In President
+Wilson's view, the Lodge reservation to this article cut the heart out
+of the League of Nations, and nullified its whole structure and
+practical operation. For a time it looked as if the Peace Treaty was
+dead. Public opinion, however, insisted that the Treaty must not be
+allowed to die and that the United States was morally obligated to the
+rest of the world to take its place in the family of nations as a
+signatory to the Treaty with such interpretative reservations as would
+protect America's interests, and at the same time not antagonize other
+nations.
+
+Early in January, 1920, the President in a letter to Senator Hitchcock
+declared against "strong" reservations, and on January 15th, with a view
+to reaching a compromise, there began a series of bi-partisan
+conferences among Senators at which were discussed the various
+reservations that had been a stumbling block, but no agreement could be
+reached. As before, the phraseology and intent of Article X was the
+principal bone of contention.
+
+
+THE TREATY AGAIN BEFORE THE SENATE
+
+On February 10th Senator Lodge reported the Treaty a second time to the
+Senate, and with the original set of reservations. After another month
+of debate and of organized efforts on the part of public spirited
+citizens to exert pressure on the Senators to settle their differences
+and give the nation what it demanded--a Treaty of Peace--the lines were
+again drawn preparatory to another vote. The Senate, sitting in
+Committee of the Whole, took up the Lodge reservations, one after
+another, accepting some virtually without change, modifying or
+amplifying others, until all but Article X had been agreed upon.
+
+Various new drafts of this reservation were suggested, both by Senators
+and by private citizens; some of these were voted on, but none could
+muster the votes necessary for adoption.
+
+Early in March a compromise reservation was worked out by Republicans
+and Democrats, and this was made the occasion of an effort to induce the
+President to give his views on Article X. For convenience in comparison,
+Article X of the League of Nations, the original Lodge reservation, and
+the proposed compromise reservation, are reproduced herewith:
+
+     ARTICLE X OF THE LEAGUE
+
+     The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as
+     against external aggression the territorial integrity and
+     existing political independence of all members of the League.
+     In case of any such aggression the Council shall advise upon
+     the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.
+
+
+     THE ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATION
+
+     The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the
+     territorial integrity or political independence of any other
+     country or to interfere in controversies between
+     nations--whether members of the League or not--under the
+     provision of Article X., or to employ the military or naval
+     forces of the United States under any article of the Treaty for
+     any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which
+     under the Constitution has the sole power to declare war or
+     authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the
+     United States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.
+
+
+     THE PROPOSED COMPROMISE RESERVATION
+
+     The United States assumes no obligation to employ its military
+     or naval forces, its resources, or the economic boycott to
+     preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of
+     any other country under the provisions of Article X., or to
+     employ the military or naval forces of the United States under
+     any other article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any
+     particular case the Congress, which, under the Constitution,
+     has the sole power to declare war, shall, by act or joint
+     resolution, so provide.
+
+
+ARTICLE X, SAYS WILSON, NULLIFIES A SACRED OBLIGATION
+
+The President expressed his views on Article X and the proposed
+reservations to it in a letter to Senator Hitchcock under date of March
+8th, in which he said:
+
+     "There is no escaping the moral obligations which are expressed
+     in positive terms in this article of the covenant. We won a
+     moral victory over Germany, far greater even than the military
+     victory won on the field of battle, because the opinion of the
+     whole world swung to our support and the support of the nations
+     associated with us in the great struggle. It did so because of
+     our common profession and promise that we meant to establish
+     'an organization of peace which should make it certain that the
+     combined power of free nations would check every invasion of
+     right, and serve to make peace and justice the more secure by
+     affording a definite tribunal of opinion to which all must
+     submit and by which every international readjustment that
+     cannot be amicably agreed upon by the peoples directly
+     concerned shall be sanctioned.'
+
+     "This promise and assurance were written into the preliminaries
+     of the armistice and into the preliminaries of the peace itself
+     and constitute one of the most sacred obligations ever assumed
+     by any nation or body of nations. It is unthinkable that
+     America should set the example of ignoring such a solemn moral
+     engagement.
+
+     "For myself, I feel that I could not look the soldiers of our
+     gallant armies in the face again if I did not do everything in
+     my power to remove every obstacle that lies in the way of the
+     adoption of this particular article of the covenant, because we
+     made these pledges to them as well as to the rest of the world,
+     and it was to this cause they deemed themselves devoted in a
+     spirit of crusaders. I should be forever unfaithful to them if
+     I did not do my utmost to fulfill the high purpose for which
+     they fought."
+
+
+"A NEW DOCTRINE IN THE WORLD'S AFFAIRS"
+
+The President said he regarded the stipulations as to constitutional
+methods required by the proposed compromise reservation as superfluous,
+because it was understood at Paris that whatever duties any nation
+undertook under the Treaty would as a matter of course "have to be
+fulfilled by its usual and established constitutional methods of
+action." He said further:
+
+     "Any reservation which seeks to deprive the League of Nations
+     of the force of Article X. cuts at the very heart and life of
+     the covenant itself. Any League of Nations which does not
+     guarantee as a matter of incontestable right the political
+     independence and integrity of each of its members might be
+     hardly more than a futile scrap of paper, as ineffective in
+     operation as the agreement between Belgium and Germany which
+     the Germans violated in 1914.
+
+     "Article X. as written into the Treaty of Versailles represents
+     the renunciation by Great Britain and Japan, which before the
+     war had begun to find so many interests in common in the
+     Pacific; by France, by Italy, by all the great fighting powers
+     of the world, of the old pretensions of political conquest and
+     territorial aggrandisement. It is a new doctrine in the world's
+     affairs and must be recognized or there is no secure basis for
+     the peace which the whole world so desperately needs.
+
+     "If Article X. is not adopted and acted upon, the Governments
+     which reject it will, I think, be guilty of bad faith to their
+     people, whom they induced to make the infinite sacrifices of
+     the war by the pledge that they would be fighting to redeem the
+     world from the old order of force and aggression. They will be
+     acting also in bad faith to the opinion of the world at large,
+     to which they appealed for support in a concerted stand against
+     the aggressions and pretensions of Germany.
+
+     "If we were to reject Article X. or so to weaken it as to take
+     its full force out of it, it would mark us as desiring to
+     return to the old world of jealous rivalry and
+     misunderstandings from which our gallant soldiers have rescued
+     us and would leave us without any vision or new conception of
+     justice and peace. We would have learned no lesson from the
+     war, but gained only the regret that it had involved us in its
+     maelstrom of suffering. If America has awakened, as the rest of
+     the world has, to the vision of a new day in which the mistakes
+     of the past are to be corrected, it will welcome the
+     opportunity to share the responsibilities of Article X.
+
+     "It must not be forgotten, Senator, that the article
+     constitutes a renunciation of all ambition on the part of
+     powerful nations with whom we were associated in the war. It is
+     by no means certain that without this article any such
+     renunciation will take place. Militaristic ambitions and
+     imperialistic policies are by no means dead, even in counsels
+     of the nations whom we most trust and with whom we most desire
+     to be associated in the tasks of peace.
+
+
+     DEMOCRACY VERSUS IMPERIALISM
+
+     "The choice is between two ideals; on the one hand, the ideal
+     of democracy, which represents the rights of free peoples
+     everywhere to govern themselves, and on the other hand the
+     ideal of imperialism which seeks to dominate by force and
+     unjust power, an ideal which is by no means dead and which is
+     earnestly held in many quarters still.
+
+     "Every imperialistic influence in Europe was hostile to the
+     embodiment of Article X. in the covenant of the League of
+     Nations, and its defeat now would mark the complete
+     consummation of their efforts to nullify the Treaty. I hold the
+     doctrine of Article X. as the essence of Americanism. We cannot
+     repudiate it or weaken it without at the same time repudiating
+     our own principles.
+
+     "The imperialist wants no League of Nations, but if, in
+     response to the universal cry of the masses everywhere, there
+     is to be one, he is interested to secure one suited to his own
+     purposes, one that will permit him to continue the historic
+     game of pawns and peoples--the juggling of provinces, the old
+     balances of power, and the inevitable wars attendant upon these
+     things.
+
+     "The reservation proposed would perpetuate the old order. Does
+     any one really want to see the old game played again? Can any
+     one really venture to take part in reviving the old order? The
+     enemies of a League of Nations have by every true instinct
+     centered their efforts against Article X., for it is
+     undoubtedly the foundation of the whole structure. It is the
+     bulwark, and the only bulwark, of the rising democracy of the
+     world against the forces of imperialism and reaction.
+
+     "Either we should enter the League fearlessly, accepting the
+     responsibility and not fearing the role of leadership, which we
+     now enjoy, contributing our efforts toward establishing a just
+     and permanent peace, or we should retire as gracefully as
+     possible from the great concert of powers, by which the world
+     was saved. For my own part, I am not willing to trust to the
+     counsel of diplomats the working out of any salvation of the
+     world from the things which it has suffered."
+
+
+ARTICLE X AS FINALLY ADOPTED
+
+The Article X reservation was again rewritten and when finally adopted
+on March 15 by a vote of 56 to 26, read as follows:
+
+     The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the
+     territorial integrity or political independence of any other
+     country by the employment of its military or naval forces, its
+     resources, or any form of economic discrimination, or to
+     interfere in any way in controversies between nations,
+     including all controversies relating to territorial integrity
+     or political independence, whether members of the League or
+     not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the
+     military or naval forces of the United States, under any
+     article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular
+     case the Congress, which, under the Constitution, has the sole
+     power to declare war or authorize the employment of the
+     military or naval forces of the United States, shall, in the
+     exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution
+     so provide.
+
+
+THE TREATY AGAIN REJECTED
+
+All of the 14 reservations having been debated and adopted in the
+Senate, sitting in Committee of the Whole, a fifteenth reservation
+expressing sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people having been
+added, the resolution of ratification was introduced by Senator Lodge on
+March 19th. The vote stood: in favor of ratification, 49; against, 35.
+By this vote, the Treaty of Versailles was for the second time rejected.
+The resolution was supported by 28 Republicans and 21 Democrats, and
+opposed by 23 Democrats and 12 Republicans. The resolution lacked seven
+votes of the necessary two-thirds, and although it was a Republican
+measure, the opposition of the Republican "irreconcilables" or
+"bitter-enders" was sufficient to defeat it.
+
+
+
+
+THE RESERVATIONS WHICH FAILED
+
+Text of the Preamble and Fifteen Reservations as Adopted by the Senate
+Before the Final Vote on Ratification
+
+
+Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That
+the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace
+with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919,
+subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are
+hereby made a part and condition of this resolution of ratification,
+which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until
+the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been
+accepted as a part and a condition of this resolution of ratification by
+the Allied and Associated Powers, and a failure on the part of the
+Allied and Associated Powers to make objection to said reservations and
+understandings prior to the deposit of ratification by the United States
+shall be taken as a full and final acceptance of such reservations and
+understandings by said powers:
+
+1. The United States so understands and construes Article I. that in
+case of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in
+said article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether
+all its international obligations and all its obligations under the said
+covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United
+States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the
+United States.
+
+2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial
+integrity or political independence of any other country by the
+employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form
+of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies
+between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial
+integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or
+not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or
+naval forces of the United States, under any article of the treaty for
+any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the
+Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the
+employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall,
+in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so
+provide.
+
+3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article
+XXII., Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with
+Germany, except by action of the Congress of the United States.
+
+4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide
+what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that
+all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its
+internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the
+tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children and
+in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions,
+are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not
+under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to
+the consideration of the council or of the Assembly of the League of
+Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of
+any other power.
+
+5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the
+Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in
+said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United
+States depend upon or relate to its long established policy, commonly
+known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the
+United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the
+jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any
+provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.
+
+6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158,
+and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy
+which may arise under said articles.
+
+7. No person is or shall be authorized to represent the United States,
+nor shall any citizen of the United States be eligible, as a member of
+any body or agency established or authorized by said Treaty of Peace
+with Germany except pursuant to an act of the Congress of the United
+States providing for his appointment and defining his powers and duties.
+
+8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will
+regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or
+from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or
+joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.
+
+9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any
+expenses of the League of Nations, or of the Secretariat or of any
+commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized
+under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of
+carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of
+funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress
+of the United States; provided, that the foregoing limitation shall not
+apply to the United States' proportionate share of the expense of the
+office force and salary of the Secretary General.
+
+10. No plan for the limitation of armaments as reported by the Council
+of the League of Nations under the provisions of Article 8 shall be held
+as binding the United States until the same shall have been accepted by
+Congress, and the United States reserves the right to increase its
+armament without the consent of the Council whenever the United States
+is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.
+
+11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion,
+the nationals of a covenant-breaking state as defined in Article XVI. of
+the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States
+or in countries other than such covenant-breaking state, to continue
+their commercial, financial and personal relations with the nationals of
+the United States.
+
+12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in
+any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
+shall, as against citizens of the United States be taken to mean any
+confirmation, ratification or approval of any act otherwise illegal or
+in contravention of the rights of citizens of the United States.
+
+13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 337
+to 427 inclusive), unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall
+hereafter make provision for representation in the organization
+established by said Part XIII., and in such event the participation of
+the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of
+such act or joint resolution.
+
+14. Until Part 1, being the covenant of the League of Nations, shall be
+so amended as to provide that the United States shall be entitled to
+cast a number of votes equal to that which any member of the League and
+its self-governing dominions, colonies or parts of empire, in the
+aggregate, shall be entitled to cast, the United States assumes no
+obligation to be bound, except in cases where Congress has previously
+given its consent, by any election, decision, report, or finding of the
+Council or Assembly in which any member of the League and its
+self-governing dominions, colonies, or parts of empire, in the
+aggregate, have cast more than one vote.
+
+The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision,
+report, or finding of the Council or Assembly arising out of any dispute
+between the United States and any member of the League if such member or
+any self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united
+with it politically has voted.
+
+15. In consenting to the ratification of the Treaty with Germany the
+United States adheres to the principle of self-determination and to the
+resolution of sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people for a
+government of their own choice adopted by the Senate June 6, 1919, and
+declares that when such government is attained by Ireland, a
+consummation which it is hoped is at hand, it should promptly be
+admitted as a member of the League of Nations.
+
+
+The First Meeting of the Council of the League of Nations
+
+
+Representatives of France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Spain,
+Japan and Brazil, members of the Council of the League of Nations, met
+on January 16, 1920, in the "cloak room" of the French Foreign Office
+for the first meeting in the history of the League.
+
+The Council organized by electing Leon Bourgeois Chairman and confirming
+the choice of Sir Eric Drummond of Great Britain as General Secretary.
+The first official act of the League Council was the appointment of a
+commission to trace upon the spot the frontiers of the territory of the
+Saar Basin.
+
+All the members of the Council called for by the covenant of the League,
+with the exception of the representative of the United States, were
+present. Beside M. Bourgeois, the members were Earl Curzon, the British
+Foreign Secretary, for Great Britain; Premier Venizelos, for Greece;
+Carlo Ferraris, Italian Minister of Industry, Commerce, Labor and Food,
+for Italy; Paul Hymans, the Belgian Foreign Minister, for Belgium; Baron
+Matsui, Ambassador to France, for Japan; Dr. Gastoa da Cunha, Ambassador
+to France, for Brazil; Count Quinones de Leon, Ambassador to France, for
+Spain.
+
+
+
+
+PEACE BY CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT FAILS
+
+President Wilson Vetoes Knox Resolution Declaring State of War Ended
+
+
+The failure of the Peace Treaty of ratification for the second time on
+March 19, 1920, with the Lodge reservations attached, and the determined
+refusal of the Republican majority to ratify it in the form desired by
+President Wilson, showed quite conclusively that under existing
+political alignment no peace might be expected for the country through
+the Treaty of Versailles. The Republicans, therefore, turned their
+efforts in a new direction to bring about peace without yielding to the
+President.
+
+On April 1st the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of
+Representatives reported favorably a joint resolution declaring the
+state of war between Germany and the United States at an end and
+terminating the operation of all Congressional acts and Presidential
+proclamations dependent for their duration on the termination of the war
+or of the "present or existing emergency." It gave Germany forty-five
+days in which similarly to declare the ending of the war with the United
+States, and to waive all claims against this country, which she would
+not have had the right to assert had the United States ratified the
+Treaty of Versailles. For failure to comply with this provision, all
+commercial intercourse and the furnishing of loans and other financial
+assistance by this country to Germany were prohibited, except by license
+of the President. In answer to Democratic criticisms that the resolution
+was not only insincere, but also unconstitutional in arrogating to
+Congress the treaty-making power of the President, the Republican
+leaders conceded that, while the negotiation of peace terms rested with
+the President, the declaration of a status of peace was quite within the
+proper functions of Congress.
+
+
+TEXT OF HOUSE RESOLUTION
+
+The original resolution, as introduced in the House, read as follows:
+
+     WHEREAS the President of the United States, in the performance
+     of his constitutional duty to give to Congress information of
+     the state of the Union, has advised Congress that the war with
+     the Imperial German Government has ended;
+
+     _Resolved_, by the Senate and the House of Representatives of
+     the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the
+     state of war declared to exist between the Imperial German
+     Government and the people of the United States by a joint
+     resolution of Congress, approved April 6, 1917, is hereby
+     declared at an end.
+
+     Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating
+     to the date of the termination of the present war, or of the
+     present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint
+     resolutions or proclamations of the President containing
+     provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the
+     war, or of the present or existing emergency, the date when
+     this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and
+     treated as the date of the termination of the war, or of the
+     present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in
+     any act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other
+     mode of determination of the date of the termination of the
+     war, or of the present or existing emergency.
+
+     Section 3--That, with a view to securing reciprocal trade with
+     the German Government and its nationals, and for this purpose,
+     it is hereby provided that unless within forty-five days from
+     the date when this resolution becomes effective the German
+     Government shall duly notify the President of the United States
+     that it has declared a termination of the war with the United
+     States and that it waives and renounces on behalf of itself and
+     its nationals any claim, demand, right or benefit against the
+     United States, or its nationals, that it or they would not have
+     the right to assert had the United States ratified the Treaty
+     of Versailles, the President of the United States shall have
+     the power, and it shall be his duty, to proclaim the fact that
+     the German Government has not given the notification
+     hereinbefore mentioned, and thereupon, and until the President
+     shall have proclaimed the receipt of such notification,
+     commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany
+     and the making of loans or credits, and the furnishing of
+     financial assistance or supplies to the German Government or
+     the inhabitants of Germany, directly or indirectly, by the
+     Government or the inhabitants of the United States, shall,
+     except with the license of the President, be prohibited.
+
+     Section 4--That whoever shall willfully violate the foregoing
+     prohibition, whenever the same shall be in force, shall upon
+     conviction be fined not more than $10,000, or, if a natural
+     person, imprisoned for not more than two years, or both; and
+     the officer, director or agent of any corporation who knowingly
+     participates in such violation shall be punished by a like
+     fine, imprisonment, or both, and any property, funds,
+     securities, papers, or other articles or documents, or any
+     vessel, together with her tackle, apparel, furniture, and
+     equipment, concerned in such violation, shall be forfeited to
+     the United States.
+
+     Section 5--That nothing herein contained shall be construed as
+     a waiver by the United States of its rights, privileges,
+     indemnities, reparations or advantages to which the United
+     States has become entitled under the terms of the armistice
+     signed November 11, 1918, or which were acquired by or are in
+     the possession of the United States by reason of its
+     participation in the war or otherwise; and all fines,
+     forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the
+     United States are hereby ratified, confirmed, and maintained.
+
+
+MINORITY OPPOSITION
+
+The Democratic members of the Foreign Affairs Committee presented a
+minority report severely arraigning the Republican majority both for the
+spirit and the provisions of the resolution, which, the report
+contended, "outrageously surrendered" American rights and, by the spirit
+in which it was conceived, laid open its authors to the charge of "sharp
+practice." The chief points made in the minority report were:
+
+     "The preamble states that the President of the United States,
+     in the performance of his constitutional duty to give to
+     Congress information of the state of the Union, has advised
+     Congress that the war with the Imperial German Government has
+     ended. At no time and under no circumstances has the President
+     made any such assertion.
+
+     "It is true that, on the signing of the armistice, the
+     President, in the course of an address to Congress, used the
+     words, 'the war thus comes to an end.' But he spoke of actual
+     hostilities, as every one knew, and not of the technical state
+     of war.
+
+     "It takes a treaty to end a war. Hostilities had ceased, but
+     the war had not ended, and will not end until it is terminated
+     in a constitutional manner. The drafters of the resolution and
+     the members of the Committee on Foreign Affairs who voted for
+     it knew that this was the case.
+
+     "By quoting this statement of the President as the basis for
+     this resolution the authors of the resolution lay themselves
+     open to the charge of insincerity and sharp practice. The
+     President never declared that the technical state of war which
+     this resolution undertakes to declare at an end had come to an
+     end, and the Supreme Court of the United States has recently
+     declared that what the President had done did not announce the
+     termination of the war.[32]
+
+     [32] The reference is to the Supreme Court decision on the question
+     of war-time prohibition in the Kentucky distilleries case.
+
+     "This resolution contains some provisions that are within the
+     power of Congress, and others that are not. So far as it seeks
+     to declare peace, and so far as it seeks to direct the
+     President to issue a proclamation to the German Government, it
+     trenches upon the treaty-making powers and is not within the
+     power of Congress.
+
+     "So far as it prohibits the United States citizens and
+     residents from commercial intercourse with Germany or its
+     nationals, and provides penalties for the violation of such
+     restriction, it is valid. So far as it attempts to repeal war
+     legislation, it is, of course, within the power of Congress."
+
+With regard to Section 2, which fixed the date of the termination of the
+war as the date when the resolution shall become effective, the report
+said:
+
+     "There is much war and emergency legislation that should be
+     repealed. This section does not repeal this legislation,
+     however, and it gives no relief from the burdens,
+     inconveniences, extravagances and losses which come from the
+     existence of this legislation. Much of this legislation is
+     burdensome, and oppressive in time of peace.
+
+     "Congress has the power to repeal it, and it should address
+     itself to this task instead of frittering away its time in
+     attempting to pass unconstitutional legislation for the purpose
+     of embarrassing the executive department of the Government, or
+     for some other political purpose."
+
+Objection was raised against Section 3 for not adequately protecting
+American rights. The report, which was presented by Representative
+Flood, observed on this subject:
+
+     "The first thought which comes to one's mind in connection with
+     this section is that it gives to Germany and her nationals all
+     the rights they would have had if the United States had
+     ratified the Treaty of Versailles. Without the provisions of
+     the treaty great uncertainty prevails as to the title to and
+     right to use German ships. The Versailles Treaty contains
+     Germany's assent to the use of the property seized by the Alien
+     Property Custodian, amounting to more than $500,000,000, to pay
+     claims of the United States against Germany. This resolution
+     does not pretend to accomplish this result.
+
+     "If we are dependent for a status of peace upon this
+     resolution, I fail to see how we could be able to demand
+     reimbursement for the cost of our army of occupation.
+
+     "Under the treaty Germany can become a League of Nations
+     member, and, having under this resolution all the rights it
+     would have had under the treaty when it became a member of the
+     League, it would be entitled to assert against the United
+     States the same rights which any other nation could assert, had
+     our country ratified the treaty. We would thus be in the
+     position of being compelled to protect the independence and
+     territorial integrity of Germany against the aggressions of any
+     or all of our allies.
+
+     "Section 5 is an attempt to preserve something out of the wreck
+     of American rights which have been so outrageously surrendered
+     in former sections of the resolution."
+
+
+RESOLUTION PASSES HOUSE, 242 TO 150
+
+The first test of strength between the supporters and the opponents of
+the resolution came on April 8th, when a rule limiting debate was
+adopted by a nearly strict party vote of 214 to 155, the Republicans, as
+were to be expected, supporting, and the Democrats opposing the rule.
+The vote on the resolution itself came next day, April 9th, when, after
+a flow of oratory characterized chiefly by bitterly partisan attacks
+from both sides of the House, the resolution was adopted by a vote of
+242 to 150. Twenty-two Democrats joined the Republicans in voting for
+it, and two Republicans broke party lines in opposing it. Despite the
+comfortable majority, however, the result showed that without the
+President's approval efforts to declare peace by Congressional action
+would prove futile, since the vote lacked twenty of the two-thirds
+majority necessary to override a veto.
+
+
+SENATE TAKES UP FIGHT TO FORCE PEACE
+
+The scene now shifted to the Senate. Here the fortunes of the resolution
+were placed in the hands of Senator Philander C. Knox, of Pennsylvania,
+Secretary of State in President Taft's cabinet and a recognized
+authority on international law. Senator Knox redrafted the House
+resolution so as to repeal specifically the joint resolutions of war
+against Germany on April 6, 1917, and against Austria-Hungary on
+December 7, 1917, and thus, by annulling Congressional action declaring
+a state of war, to re-establish _status quo ante bellum_.
+
+Such a solution of the problem, it was felt, did not encroach at all
+upon the President's right of making treaties. In fact, the resolution
+specifically requested the President to open negotiations for the
+purpose of establishing friendly relations and commercial intercourse
+between the United States and Germany, and the United States and the
+successors of the Austro-Hungarian government. The resolution also
+provided for the retention by the United States government of all enemy
+property seized during the war until all American claims against enemy
+governments had been settled, and declared further that, although the
+United States had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nevertheless it
+did not waive any of the "rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations
+or advantages" stipulated for its benefit in the terms of that document.
+
+
+TEXT OF ORIGINAL KNOX RESOLUTION
+
+The text of the Knox resolution, as favorably reported to the Senate on
+April 30th by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, read:
+
+     Joint resolution repealing the joint resolution of April 6,
+     1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United
+     States and Germany, and the joint resolution of December 7,
+     1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the United
+     States and the Austro-Hungarian Government.
+
+     _Resolved_ by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+     United States of America, in Congress assembled, that the joint
+     resolution of Congress passed April 6, 1917, declaring a state
+     of war to exist between the Imperial German Government and the
+     Government and people of the United States, and making
+     provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby
+     declared at an end.
+
+     Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German
+     Government or its successor or successors, and of all German
+     nationalists which was on April 6, 1917, in or has since that
+     date come into the possession or under control of the
+     Government of the United States or of any of its officers,
+     agents, or employees, from any source or by any agency
+     whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no
+     disposition thereof made, except as shall specifically be
+     hereafter provided by Congress, until such time as the German
+     Government has by treaty with the United States, ratification
+     whereof is to be made by and with the advice and consent of the
+     Senate, made suitable provisions for the satisfaction of all
+     claims against the German Government of all persons wheresoever
+     domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United States,
+     whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the
+     German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss,
+     damage or injury to persons or property, directly or
+     indirectly, through the ownership of shares of stock in German,
+     American, or other corporations, or otherwise, and until the
+     German Government has given further undertakings and made
+     provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and
+     consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent
+     allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment,
+     whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters
+     affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation,
+     commerce, and industrial property rights, and confirming to the
+     United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures
+     imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in
+     respect to the property of the German government or German
+     nationalists, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events
+     which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such
+     treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and
+     Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+     To these ends, and for the purpose of establishing fully
+     friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the
+     United States and Germany, the President is hereby requested
+     immediately to open negotiations with the Government of
+     Germany.
+
+     Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating
+     to the date of the termination of the present war or of the
+     present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint
+     resolutions or proclamations of the President containing
+     provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the
+     war or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this
+     resolution becomes effective, shall be construed and treated as
+     the date of the termination of the war or of the present or
+     existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of
+     Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of
+     determining the date of the termination of the war or of the
+     present or existing emergency.
+
+     Section 3--That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of
+     Congress it shall be determined otherwise, the United States,
+     although it has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not
+     waive any of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations,
+     or advantages to which it and its nationals have become
+     entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11,
+     1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or which,
+     under the Treaty of Versailles, have been stipulated for its
+     benefit as one of the principal allied and associated powers
+     and to which it is entitled.
+
+     Section 4--That the joint resolution of Congress, approved
+     December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between
+     the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the
+     Government and people of the United States, and making
+     provisions to prosecute the same, be and the same is hereby
+     repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an end,
+     and the President is hereby requested immediately to open
+     negotiations with the successor or successors of said
+     Government for the purpose of establishing fully friendly
+     relations and commercial intercourse between the United States
+     and the Governments and peoples of Austria and Hungary.
+
+
+A DEMOCRAT PAYS HIS RESPECTS TO REPUBLICANS
+
+The attitude of leaders of the Democratic party on Republican maneuvers
+to force peace by Congressional action was indicated by a statement
+issued by Homer S. Cummings, chairman of the Democratic National
+Committee, in which the Knox resolution was characterized as "renewed
+evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the
+Republican party," and which, according to Mr. Cummings, proposed
+dishonor in the name of peace. As reported in the press, the statement
+said:
+
+     "The so-called Knox peace resolution, which has just been
+     reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is
+     renewed evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the
+     heart of the Republican party. In the name of peace it proposes
+     dishonor.
+
+     "An analysis of the resolution discloses that:
+
+     "First, it recognizes the defect in the recent House
+     resolution, which attempted to make a separate treaty with
+     Germany by act of Congress.
+
+[Illustration: Senator Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania
+
+A former United States Attorney-General and Secretary of State, and one
+of the "irreconcilable" opponents of the League of Nations and Treaty of
+Versailles. He was the author of the peace resolution declaring war with
+Germany ended which was passed by Congress but vetoed by President
+Wilson.]
+
+     "Second, as an alternative proposition, it requests the
+     President to commence negotiations for a separate peace with
+     Germany.
+
+     "Third, it seeks to terminate, by a paper resolution, a state
+     of war without protecting American rights.
+
+     "Fourth, it attempts to take advantage of the provisions of the
+     Treaty of Versailles without becoming a party to that treaty
+     and,
+
+     "Fifth, it requests the President to negotiate a separate peace
+     with Austria.
+
+     "These are the outstanding features of the resolution. If any
+     group of leaders a year ago had dared to suggest that we should
+     abandon our allies and negotiate a separate treaty of peace,
+     they would have found themselves isolated and discredited.
+     Republican leaders have lost their moral sense in their mad
+     lust for power.
+
+     "There has not been one moment since November, 1918, during
+     which America has not suffered in honor, prestige, and power,
+     as the result of the elections of that year. Since that time
+     everything has been in confusion, and the frantic attempt of
+     Republican leaders to find a legal method in which to do the
+     dishonorable thing merely adds to the confusion. There is but
+     one clear path of duty. It is likewise the path of honor and of
+     peace and of permanent security.
+
+     "The path lies straight before us, and consists simply in
+     ratifying the treaty of peace which our companions in arms have
+     already ratified. The more the matter is debated the more it
+     will become apparent that there are no substitutes for the
+     requirements of plain duty and American honor."
+
+
+KNOX URGES SEPARATE PEACE WITH GERMANY
+
+On May 5th the debate on the resolution was opened in the Senate with a
+carefully prepared speech by Senator Knox, which outlined in detail
+arguments not only for the propriety and validity of the resolution, but
+for the absolute necessity of its adoption. Senator Knox contended that
+the war had ended, in fact and in law; that the objects for which the
+United States had entered the struggle had been achieved; that a
+"power-maddened administration" was continuing the technical state of
+war solely for the purpose of coercing the Senate into ratifying the
+Versailles Treaty, which had been universally discredited in all its
+parts; and that, since there was no hope of co-operation from the
+President, Congress must find means of ending the technical state of
+war independently of him. Said Senator Knox:
+
+     "The welfare and safety of the nation imperatively demands that
+     we know we have peace. The whole world seethes with revolution.
+     Our own nation is in ferment and turmoil. Force and strife are
+     rampant and threaten the destruction not only of our property,
+     but of our free institutions and even of our very lives. And
+     yet we stand, and have stood for months, as a rudderless ship
+     foundering in the trough of tremendous seas. We must not dare
+     longer to delay a return to the ordered government of peace. As
+     a preliminary step, the Executive must be returned to his
+     peace-time powers and prerogatives. Need, propriety, wisdom,
+     cannot question this. The resolution before us is designed to
+     bring us to this.
+
+
+     WILSON TO BLAME
+
+     "The course of the President ever since he cruised to Europe to
+     participate in the Peace Conference leaves no chance for doubt
+     that he will continue hereafter as heretofore to thwart, so far
+     as he is able, every attempt on the part of the Senate, the
+     Congress, or the people, to take any action immediately or
+     remotely affecting, in however slight a degree, through change
+     or modification, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles as
+     it came to us fresh from his signature. He preferred to keep
+     the country in an alleged state of war for now almost a year
+     rather than abate one jot or tittle of the full measure his
+     isolated will had set for the nation. Constitutional order,
+     lawful functions, rights and duties of position, oaths of
+     office as affecting the members of this body, he has noticed
+     only to bring into contempt. He has conjured up every power
+     within the whole vast executive domain in his efforts to compel
+     this Senate to surrender its will and judgment to him, to
+     become mere automatons to register his mandate--to approve this
+     treaty in its last minutiae of detail as he sent it to us.
+
+     "Now, in the face of this situation, it will be idle for us to
+     pass any resolution looking to the immediate establishment of
+     peace that does not contemplate the unqualified acceptance of
+     the treaty, if that resolution requires from the President the
+     performance of any act or duty in order to secure peace,
+     because if we do, he will, if the statements of his
+     representatives are accepted, so delay or ignore that act or
+     duty as to defeat the end and purpose of our action, for in his
+     opinion wisdom lies only in following the behests of his will.
+     Therefore, if the resolution is to be effective, it must be
+     self-operative. Nothing necessary to the bringing of peace must
+     be left for his accomplishment.
+
+
+WHY UNITED STATES WENT TO WAR
+
+"Our purposes, as stated by the President, were three-fold:
+
+"First, the defeat and elimination of the Imperial German Government and
+Prussian autocracy;
+
+"Next, the liberation from their yoke of despotism of the Germans
+themselves--for whom we had nothing but sympathy and friendship--to the
+end that they might be masters of their own fates and fortunes; and
+
+"Lastly, the establishment, as sincere friends of the German people, of
+intimate relations of mutual advantage between them and us.
+
+"In so far as my information goes, the German Government never declared
+war against the United States. They merely accepted the status which
+this declaration recognized and probably created; for it must be
+remembered that while we interpreted, and rightly so, that German
+submarine warfare, as directed against the United States, was illegal,
+constituting acts of war, the German Government never acquiesced in that
+view and, on the contrary, maintained the legality of all general
+measures taken.
+
+"The Imperial German Government, against whom we declared war, did cease
+to exist at the time of the signing of the armistice, leaving us from
+thence on without any titular enemy against which to wage a war unless
+we were warring with the German people, and we have clearly estopped
+ourselves to make such a contention.
+
+"Thus from this point of view also the armistice brought us not alone
+the end of hostilities, but the actual peace. There remained only the
+making of arrangements covering the ordinary peace-time intercourse.
+
+
+WAR AT END, IN FACT AND IN LAW
+
+"As a matter of law and of fact we are at peace with Germany; first,
+because of the terms of the armistice of November 11, 1918, its
+amendments and renewals; second, because of the 'silent ceasing' of
+hostilities; third, because of the disappearance, the extinction of the
+Government against which we declared war, and fourth, because of the
+negotiation by us and our allies or associates in the war with the
+people who were lately our enemies, and the ratification by our allies
+or associates and our enemies, of a treaty of peace which specifically
+provides both for the termination of hostilities to be followed by a
+resumption of diplomatic relations, and also for the status that should
+exist during our future peace-time intercourse; which treaty is now in
+force and observed everywhere except in the United States, and has in
+fact and in international law brought peace to the whole world,
+including ourselves.
+
+     "Having thus in law and in fact international peace, having
+     nothing left but a domestic status of war created by a
+     legislative declaration of war, with no hostilities heretofore
+     or now existent or possible in the territory over which this
+     paper-war status exists, it is not only legally sound, but
+     economically, morally, and patriotically necessary and
+     indispensable that we at once repeal the declaration of war and
+     so immediately end the despotic war powers with which a
+     power-maddened administration continues to misrule this great
+     people.
+
+
+VERSAILLES TREATY IMPOSSIBLE
+
+"To what end has all this juggling with obvious facts and universally
+recognized principles been maintained? The answer is easy and known to
+all. The purpose has been to coerce the Senate to approve the Treaty of
+Versailles--a treaty that is almost universally discredited in all its
+parts. The majority of its negotiators concede this. Its economic terms
+are impossible; its League of Nations is an aggravated imitation of the
+worst features of the ill-fated and foolish Holy Alliance of a century
+ago. It promises little but mischief unless recast on such radical lines
+as will entirely obliterate its identity.
+
+"Wisdom requires the negotiation of a separate treaty between the United
+States and Germany, which should provide reciprocal rights and
+obligations between us and that country alone."
+
+
+KNOX RESOLUTION PASSES BOTH HOUSES
+
+In the course of its consideration in the Senate, the provision of the
+resolution requesting the President to negotiate a separate treaty with
+Germany was eliminated, but the request for a treaty with the successors
+of the Austro-Hungarian government was retained. In its amended form the
+resolution was brought to a decision in the Senate on May 15th, and
+adopted by a vote of 43 to 38, three Democrats voting with its
+supporters and one Republican with the opposition.
+
+As the text of the Knox resolution adopted by the Senate differed from
+the measure which had been passed by the House of Representatives on
+April 9th, the House, to expedite matters, dropped its own resolution,
+and passed, on May 21st, the Senate draft by a vote of 228 to 139,
+seventeen short of the two-thirds majority necessary to override the
+expected Presidential veto.
+
+
+TEXT OF AMENDED RESOLUTION
+
+The text of the peace resolution as passed by the Senate and later
+concurred in by the House of Representatives, read as follows:
+
+     The joint resolution of Congress, passed April 6, 1917,
+     declaring a state of war to exist between the Imperial German
+     Government and the Government and people of the United States,
+     and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same
+     is hereby repealed and said state of war is hereby declared at
+     an end.
+
+     Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German
+     Government, or its successor or successors, and of all German
+     nationals which was on April 6, 1917, is or has since that date
+     come into the possession or under control of the Government of
+     the United States or any of its officers, agents or employees
+     from any source or by any agency whatsoever, shall be retained
+     by the United States and no disposition thereof made, except as
+     shall specifically be hereafter provided by Congress, until
+     such time as the German Government has, by treaty with the
+     United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with
+     the advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions
+     for the satisfaction of all claims against the German
+     Government of all persons, wheresoever domiciled, who owe
+     permanent allegiance to the United States, whether such persons
+     have suffered through the acts of the German Government or its
+     agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage, or injury to their
+     persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the
+     ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other
+     corporations, or have suffered damage directly in consequence
+     of hostilities or any operations of war, or otherwise, or until
+     the German Government has given further undertakings and made
+     provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and
+     consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent
+     allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment,
+     whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters
+     affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation,
+     commerce and industrial property rights, and confirming to the
+     United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures
+     imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in
+     respect to the property of the German Government or German
+     nationals, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events
+     which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such
+     treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and
+     Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+     That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of
+     the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency
+     in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the
+     President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the
+     termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, the
+     date when this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and
+     treated as the date of the termination of the war or of the present
+     or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of
+     Congress or joint resolution, providing any other mode of
+     determining the date of the termination of the war or of the
+     present or existing emergency.
+
+     That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it
+     shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although it
+     has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any
+     of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or
+     advantages to which it and its nationals have become entitled
+     under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or
+     any extensions or modifications thereof or which under the
+     Treaty of Versailles have been stipulated for its benefit as
+     one of the principal allied and associated powers and to which
+     it is entitled.
+
+     That the joint resolution of Congress approved December 7,
+     1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial
+     and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and
+     the people of the United States and making provisions to
+     prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed, and
+     said state of war is hereby declared at an end, and the
+     President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations
+     with the successor or successors of said Government for the
+     purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial
+     intercourse between the United States and the Governments and
+     peoples of Austria and Hungary.
+
+
+PRESIDENT'S VETO
+
+The resolution now came before the President for his signature. On May
+27th he returned it to the House without his approval, and in an
+accompanying message explained the reasons for his veto. The President
+did not touch upon the question of constitutionality which had been
+raised frequently during the debates, but gave as his chief reason
+refusal to become party to an action which, he felt, would place
+"ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States."
+
+Following is the text of President Wilson's message vetoing the peace
+resolution:
+
+     "_To the House of Representatives:_
+
+     "I return herewith, without my signature, House Joint
+     Resolution 327, intended to repeal the Joint Resolution of
+     April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the
+     United States and Germany, and the Joint Resolution of December
+     7, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United
+     States and the Austro-Hungarian Government, and to declare a
+     state of peace. I have not felt at liberty to sign this
+     resolution because I cannot bring myself to become party to an
+     action which would place ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry
+     and honor of the United States.
+
+     "The resolution seeks to establish peace with the German Empire
+     without exacting from the German Government any action by way
+     of setting right the infinite wrongs which it did to the
+     peoples whom it attacked and whom we professed it our purpose
+     to assist when we entered the war. Have we sacrificed the lives
+     of more than one hundred thousand Americans and ruined the
+     lives of thousands of others and brought upon thousands of
+     American families an unhappiness that can never end for
+     purposes which we do not now care to state or take further
+     steps to attain?
+
+     "The attainment of these purposes is provided for in the Treaty
+     of Versailles by terms deemed adequate by the leading statesmen
+     and experts of all the great peoples who were associated in the
+     war against Germany. Do we now not care to join in the effort
+     to secure them?
+
+     "We entered the war most reluctantly. Our people were
+     profoundly disinclined to take part in a European war, and at
+     last did so, only because they became convinced that it could
+     not in truth be regarded as only a European war, but must be
+     regarded as a war in which civilization itself was involved and
+     human rights of every kind as against a belligerent Government.
+     Moreover, when we entered the war we set forth very definitely
+     the purposes for which we entered, partly because we did not
+     wish to be considered as merely taking part in a European
+     contest. This Joint Resolution which I return does not seek to
+     accomplish any of these objects, but in effect makes a complete
+     surrender of the rights of the United States so far as the
+     German Government is concerned.
+
+     "A treaty of peace was signed at Versailles on the
+     twenty-eighth of June last which did seek to accomplish the
+     objects which we had declared to be in our minds, because all
+     the great Governments and peoples which united against Germany
+     had adopted our declarations of purpose as their own and had in
+     solemn form embodied them in communications to the German
+     Government preliminary to the armistice of November 11, 1918.
+     But the treaty, as signed at Versailles, has been rejected by
+     the Senate of the United States, though it has been ratified by
+     Germany. By that rejection and by its methods we had in effect
+     declared that we wish to draw apart and pursue objects and
+     interests of our own, unhampered by any connections of interest
+     or of purpose with other Governments and peoples.
+
+     "Notwithstanding the fact that upon our entrance into the war
+     we professed to be seeking to assist in the maintenance of
+     common interests, nothing is said in this resolution about the
+     freedom of navigation upon the seas, or the reduction of
+     armaments, or the vindication of the rights of Belgium, or the
+     rectification of wrongs done to France, or the release of the
+     Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire from the
+     intolerable subjugation which they have had for so many
+     generations to endure, or the establishment of an independent
+     Polish State, or the continued maintenance of any kind of
+     understanding among the great powers of the world which would
+     be calculated to prevent in the future such outrages as Germany
+     attempted and in part consummated.
+
+     "We have now, in effect, declared that we do not care to take
+     any further risks or to assume any further responsibilities
+     with regard to the freedom of nations or the sacredness of
+     international obligations or the safety of independent peoples.
+     Such a peace with Germany--a peace in which none of the
+     essential interests which we had at heart when we entered the
+     war is safeguarded--_is_, or ought to be, inconceivable, as
+     inconsistent with the dignity of the United States, with the
+     rights and liberties of her citizens, and with the very
+     fundamental conditions of civilization.
+
+     "I hope that in these statements I have sufficiently set forth
+     the reasons why I have felt it incumbent upon me to withhold my
+     signature.
+
+    WOODROW WILSON.
+    THE WHITE HOUSE, _May 27, 1920._"
+
+Next day, May 28th, the resolution was brought before the House in an
+attempt to repass it over the veto, but the vote, 219 to 152, lacked
+twenty-nine of the necessary two-thirds majority. On the original House
+resolution, passed April 9th, the vote had been 242 to 150, and on the
+Knox resolution, passed by the House on May 21st, 228 to 139. A few days
+later Congress adjourned until the winter session in December.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAP OF EUROPE REMADE
+
+Proposed Form of Government, Countries from Which Formed and Ethnic or
+Racial Stock of Newly Established Political Units Resulting from the
+World War.
+
+(From a paper prepared in January, 1920, by O. P. Austin, Statistical
+Department, National City Bank.)
+
+
+ =========================================================================
+             |[33]Area |   [33]   | Date |Form of   |Countries  |Ethnic or
+             |         |Population|estab-|Govern-   |from which |  Racial
+             |         |          |lished|ment      |formed     |  Stock
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Poland      |  141,854|36,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Russia,    | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1916 |          |Germany,   | Semitic
+             |         |          |      |          |Austria-   |
+             |         |          |      |          |Hungary    |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Czecho-     |   60,000|13,000,000|Oct., |Republic  |Austria-   |   Slavic
+ Slovakia    |         |          | 1918 |          |Hungary    |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Jugo-Slavia |   85,000|10,500,000|Oct., |Kingdom   |Hung,      | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |Serbia,    |  Serbs,
+             |         |          |      |          |Bosnia,    |  Croats
+             |         |          |      |          |Herzegovina,
+             |         |          |      |          |Mont.      |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ukrainia    |  215,000|30,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Russia,    |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1917 |          |Austria-   |
+             |         |          |      |          |Hungary    |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Esthonia    |    7,300| 1,750,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Livonia     |   17,000| 1,650,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Courland    |   10,000|   600,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Letvia      |    9,000| 1,500,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     |  Letts
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           | (Balto-
+             |         |          |      |          |           |  Slavs)
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Lithuania   |   90,000|10,000,000|Apr., |Republic  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |Germania
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ White Russia|  140,000| 5,000,000| May, |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ North Russia|  275,000|   400,000|Nov., |Military  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |Gov       |           |  Finns
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rus. Fed.   | Undet'd | Undet'd  |Nov., |Soviet Rep|Russia     |  Slavic
+ Soviet Rep  |         |          | 1917 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Don Rep     |   63,000| 4,000,000|Jan., |Military  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |Gov       |           | Cossack
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kuban Rep   |   36,000| 3,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Russia     |  Slavic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Tauride Rep |   23,000| 1,800,000|Mar., |Republic  |Russia     | Slavic,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Terek Rep   |   28,000| 1,300,000|Sept.,|Republic  |Russia     |  Turko-
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Tatar-      |  175,000| 9,000,000|Oct., |Military  |Russia     |  Turko-
+ Bashkir Rep |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Yakutsk Rep |1,000,000|   400,000| May, |Military  |Siberian   | Yakuts,
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |Russia     | Cossack
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep. of     | Undet'd | Undet'd  |Dec., |Military  |Siberian   |  Slav,
+ Siberia               |          | 1917 |          |Russia     | Mongol,
+             |         |          |      |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep. of     |   40,000| 2,500,000|Jan., |Republic  |Russia,    |Georgian,
+ Georgia     |         |          | 1918 |          |Turkey     | Armenian
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep. of     |  400,000| 6,500,000|Jan., |Military  |Russia     |  Turko-
+ Turkestan   |         |          | 1918 |          |           |  Tartar
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Eastern     |   68,000|   250,000| May, |Military  |Russia     |  Balto-
+ Karelia     |         |          | 1919 |          |           |  Slavic
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Finland     |  125,000| 3,500,000|Dec., |Republic  |Russia     |  Finns
+             |         |          | 1917 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Murman      |   35,000|   100,000|July, |Military  |Russian    |  Finns
+ Region      |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ German Rep  |  175,000|60,000,000|Nov., |Republic  |Germany    | Germanic
+             |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Rep of      |   28,000|10,000,000|Oct., |Republic  |Austria    | Germanic
+ German      |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ Austria     |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Hungarian   |   32,000| 9,000,000|Nov., |Soviet    |Hungary    |  Magyar
+ Rep         |         |          | 1918 |Rep.      |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ [34]Rumania |  110,000|12,500,000|      |Kingdom   |Rumania,   |Rumanian,
+             |         |          | 1919 |          |Hungary,   |  Magyar
+             |         |          |      |          |Bessarabia |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Turkey in   |   10,000| 1,900,000|      |Undet'd   |Turkey     | Turkish
+ Europe      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Anatolia,   |  145,000| 5,000,000|      |Undet'd   |Turkey     | Turkish
+ Asia Minor  |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Armenia,    |   75,000| 2,500,000|Aug., |Undet'd   |Turkey     |Armenians
+ Asia Minor  |         |          | 1918 |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Mesopotamia,|  143,000| 2,000,000| 1917 |British   |Turkey     |  Turks,
+ Asia Minor  |         |          |      |Admin.    |           |  Arabs,
+             |         |          |      |          |           | Persian
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Syria, Asia |   37,000| 1,000,000| 1919 |Undet'd   |Turkey     | Syrian,
+ Minor       |         |          |      |          |           | Turkish
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Palestine,  |   16,000|   500,000| 1917 |British   |Turkey     |  Turks,
+ Asia Minor  |         |          |      |Admin.    |           |  Arabs,
+             |         |          |      |          |           |   Jews
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kingdom of  |   96,500|   300,000|June, |Kingdom   |Turkey     |  Arabs,
+ Hejaz       |         |          | 1916 |          |           |  Turks
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Nejd & Hasa,| No data | No data  | 1913 |Emirate   |Turkey     |  Arabs
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Jebel       | No data | No data  | 1918 |Emirate   |Turkey     | Bedouin
+ Shammar,    |         |          |      |          |           |
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Asir, Arabia| No data | No data  | 1918 |Principate|Turkey     |  Arabs
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Yemen,      | No data | No data  | 1918 |Imamate   |Turkey     |  Arabs
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Koweit,     | No data | No data  | 1918 |Sultanate |Turkey     |  Arabs
+ Arabia      |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Oman, Arabia|   82,000|   500,000| 1913 |G. Brit & |Turkey     |  Arabs
+             |         |          |      |France    |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Egypt       |  350,000|12,000,000| 1914 |Great     |Turkey     | Egyptian
+             |         |          |      |Britain   |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ German East |  384,000| 8,000,000| 1918 |Great     |German     |  Bantu
+ Africa      |         |          |      |Britain   |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ German S. W.|  322,000|   200,000| 1915 |British S.|German     Hottentots
+ Africa      |         |          |      |Africa    |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kamerun     |  191,000| 2,500,000| 1916 |British & |German     | Sudanese
+             |         |          |      |French    |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Togo        |   33,000| 1,000,000| 1914 |Allied Mil|German     | Hamitic
+             |         |          |      |          |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kaiser      |   70,000|   250,000| 1918 |Australia |German     |  Malay
+ Wilhelm Land|         |          |      |          |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ger. Samoan |    1,200|    40,000| 1918 |Australia |German     |  Samoan
+ Islands     |         |          |      |          |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Nauru       |  [35]   |          | 1918 |Mandate-- |German     |  Samoan
+ Islands     |         |          |      |British   |Colony     |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ger. S.     |   15,000|   350,000| 1918 |Australia |German     |  Malay
+ Pacific     |         |          |      |Japan     |Colony     |
+ Islands     |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Ger. N.     |    5,000|   600,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German     |  Malay
+ Pacific     |         |          |      |Japan     |Colony     |
+ Islands     |         |          |      |          |           |
+ ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+---------
+ Kiau Chau   |      200|   200,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German     | Chinese
+             |         |          |      |Japan     |Colony     |
+ =========================================================================
+
+[33] Latest available estimate.
+
+[34] Enlarged by absorption of Hungarian territory.
+
+[35] A small island in the Marshall Group occupied as a wireless
+station; also known as Pleasant Island.
+
+
+
+
+OUR PART IN WINNING THE WAR
+
+Official Figures That Reveal the Enormous Contribution of This
+Country in Men, Money and Supplies
+
+
+              FIGURES OF AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR[36]
+                        Revised to August 1, 1919
+
+    Total armed forces, including
+    Army, Navy, Marine Corps,  etc.                         4,800,000
+    Total men in the Army                                   4,000,000
+    Men who went overseas                                   2,086,000
+    Men who fought in France                                1,390,000
+    Greatest number sent in one month                         306,000
+    Greatest number returning in one month                    333,000
+    Tons of supplies shipped from America to France         7,500,000
+    Total registered in draft                              24,234,021
+    Total draft inductions                                  2,810,296
+    Greatest number inducted in one month                     400,000
+    Graduates of Line Officers' Training Schools               80,568
+    Cost of war to April 30, 1919                     $21,850,000,000
+
+    Cost of Army to April 30, 1919                    $13,930,000,000
+    Battles fought by American troops                             13
+    Months of American participation in the war                    19
+    Days of battle                                                200
+    Days of duration of Meuse-Argonne battle                       47
+    Americans in Meuse-Argonne battle                       1,200,000
+    American casualties in Meuse-Argonne battle               120,000
+    American battle deaths in war                              50,300
+    American wounded in war                                   205,690
+    American deaths from disease                               57,500
+    Total deaths in the Army                                  115,500
+
+    [36] From the _War with Germany_--A STATISTICAL SUMMARY, by Leonard P.
+    Ayres, Colonel, General Staff, U. S. A. (For statistics of American
+    casualties revised to the end of 1919, see Vol. III, pp. 403-6.)
+
+The part played by the United States in the war is statistically and
+graphically summarized in a compact little book prepared by Colonel
+Leonard P. Ayres of the Statistical Staff of the War Department.
+Attentively as the public may have followed the published reports of the
+many progressive steps and stages of our preparation for and
+participation in the war, much of the matter in _The War With Germany--A
+Statistical Summary_ will have surprising interest. It is the first time
+a comprehensive view of the character and magnitude of our war
+activities has been made possible through anything so concrete and
+authoritative. The data were obtained from official reports, during the
+war, to the President, Secretary of War and Chief-of-Staff from the
+American Peace Commission in Paris, from the files of the Supreme War
+Council in Versailles, and other sources; and though, as Colonel Ayres
+states, it was still impossible to get final figures on some points or
+wholly reliable ones on others, care was taken to insure the degree of
+reliability reasonably practicable. The diagrams, figures and other
+information presented here and elsewhere in this volume are reproduced
+from Colonel Ayres' _Summary_, second edition, revised to August 1,
+1919.
+
+[Illustration: Official Government Statistics.
+
+Male Population Registered and Not Registered]
+
+
+THE SELECTIVE SERVICE
+
+"The willingness," Colonel Ayres says, "with which the American people
+accepted the universal draft was the most remarkable feature in the
+history of our preparation for war. It is a noteworthy evidence of the
+enthusiastic support given the war program that, despite the previous
+hostility to the principle of universal liability for military service,
+a few months after the selective service law was passed, the standing of
+the drafted soldier was fully as honorable in the estimation of his
+companions and of the country in general as was that of the man who
+enlisted voluntarily. Moreover, the record of desertions from the Army
+shows that the total was smaller than in previous wars and a smaller
+percentage occurred among drafted men than among those who volunteered.
+The Selective Service Law was passed on May 19, 1917, and as
+subsequently amended, it mobilized all the man power of the nation from
+the ages of 18 to 45 inclusive. Under this act, 24,234,021 men were
+registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the
+military service on the first draft. But during the war, from April 6,
+1917, to November 11, 1918, about 4,000,000 served in the Army of the
+United States." The total number serving the armed forces of the
+country, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps and other services, amounted
+to 4,800,000. Approximately five men out of every 100 citizens were in
+arms. Of these, 2,086,000, constituting the American Expeditionary
+Force, were in service on the Western front. Those who saw actual
+fighting were 1,390,000.
+
+It is interesting in this connection to record the fact that in our
+greatest previous war, the Civil War, 2,400,000 men served in the
+Northern Armies and in the Navy. In that struggle 10 men in each 100
+inhabitants of the Northern States served as soldiers or sailors.
+
+The fact is pointed out by Colonel Ayres that though the British sent to
+France more men in their first year than we did in our first year, it
+took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 men in France
+whereas the United States reached that strength in France in a year and
+a half. But as an offset, it must be borne in mind that the British had
+to use men from the beginning to fill terrible casualty gaps, which was
+not the case with the American steadily building forces, and that the
+British also were sending men to several other battle fronts than those
+of France.
+
+
+HOW THE DRAFT WAS MADE UP
+
+Under the draft, registrants were subjected to a preliminary examination
+by the local boards to determine who were not of sufficient soundness
+and vigor for military life. Those accepted as qualified for service
+were sent to training camps where they underwent a second examination
+and rejections were made of those in any serious way defective. The not
+surprising result of the examinations was the demonstration that men
+representing the highest order of physical condition came from
+agricultural districts, the country bred boys far excelling those reared
+in the city. Taken by States it is noteworthy that men from the Middle
+West and those from Kentucky and Arkansas of the Southern States had the
+highest record, their physical condition enabling 70 to 80 percent. to
+pass the two examinations. The lowest percentage was in the New England
+States, in New York, in Michigan and in Western States that have for
+years been health resorts, where subnormal persons from all over the
+country resort. The percentage of men from those states who passed the
+two examinations was but 50 to 59. The intermediate ranges were 60 to
+69. Under the two examinations not only did country boys make a better
+showing than city boys (100,000 country boys would furnish for military
+service 4,700 more soldiers than would an equal number of city boys),
+but the white registrants were better than the colored, the native-born
+better than the alien-born. Under the analysis 100,000 whites would
+furnish 1,240 more soldiers than would an equal number of colored; and
+100,000 native-born would yield 3,500 more soldiers than would the like
+number of foreign-born. As 3,500 men are equivalent to an infantry
+regiment at full war strength, the value of these differences can be
+appreciated.
+
+[Illustration: Official Government Statistics.
+
+Comparative Losses of Merchant Shipping During the War]
+
+About 200,000 commissioned officers were required for the Army. Less
+than 9,000 were in the Federal Service at the beginning of the
+war,--5,791 were Regulars and 3,199 were officers of the National Guard
+in Federal Service. Thus out of every six officers one had had previous
+training in the army, Guard or ranks; three trained for their
+commissions in officers' training camps; two went from civil life into
+the army with little or no military training--the latter being in the
+majority physicians, ministers or technical men.
+
+
+CAMPS AND TRAINING
+
+Shelter was constructed in a few months for the accommodation of
+1,800,000 men under training. For the National Guard and National Army
+divisions there were 16 camps and 16 cantonments, chiefly in the North.
+For National Guard Units organized during the summer of 1917 there were
+canvas camps in the South. One division, the Rainbow, required no
+training field, as it was assembled directly at Camp Mills for early
+transportation to France. The average American soldier who went to
+France received six months' training before he sailed and two months
+more in a quiet sector after reaching France, before entering the battle
+line.
+
+The infantry soldier was trained in the division, the American typical
+unit, composed of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Before the
+signing of the armistice there had been trained and sent overseas 42
+divisions, the training of 12 more was well advanced and 4 others were
+being organized. Had the war continued this country would have had 80
+divisions overseas before July, 1919, and 100 by the end of that year.
+
+This country had the benefit in its training camps of 547 of the ablest
+French and English officers who had seen service on the Western front
+and were sent over to bring to the training of our men the approved
+methods developed in the experiences of the war. There were besides 226
+non-commissioned British officers detailed as instructors. Colonel Ayres
+says they rendered services out of all proportion to their number, being
+a significant contribution to our training program.
+
+
+GETTING THE TROOPS OVER
+
+Especially impressive are the figures dealing with troop movements:
+
+     "During our nineteen months of war more than 2,000,000 American
+     soldiers were carried to France. Half a million of these went
+     over in the first thirteen months, the others in the last six
+     months.
+
+     "The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918,
+     when 306,000 soldiers were carried to Europe, and June, 1919,
+     when 364,000 were brought home to America.
+
+     "Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York.
+     Half of them landed in England and the other half landed in
+     France.
+
+     "Among every 100 Americans who went over forty-nine went in
+     British ships, forty-five in American ships, three in Italian,
+     two in French, and one in Russian shipping under English
+     control.
+
+     "Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every seventy days
+     and our troopships one complete trip every thirty-five days.
+
+     "The cargo fleet was almost exclusively American. It reached
+     the size of 2,700,000 dead-weight tons and carried to Europe
+     about 7,500,000 tons of cargo.
+
+     "The greatest troopship among all the ships has been the
+     _Leviathan_, which landed 12,000 men (the equivalent of a
+     German division) in France every month.
+
+     "The fastest transports have been the _Great Northern_ and the
+     _Northern Pacific_, which have made complete turn-arounds,
+     taken on new troops and started back again in nineteen days."
+
+
+TRANSPORTATION EXTRAORDINARY
+
+_Apropos_ of the rapid transportation Colonel Ayres says:
+
+     "In June (1918) with the German drives in full swing, the
+     Allies called on us to continue the extraordinary
+     transportation of troops begun in April. The early movement had
+     been met by filling up the divisions that sailed with the best
+     trained men wherever they could be found. Divisions embarked
+     after July 1 had to meet shortages with men called to the
+     colors in the spring. By November the average period of
+     training in the United States had been shortened to close to
+     four months, and the average for the period July 1 to Nov. 11
+     was probably five months.
+
+     "In the last months of the war, the induction of men was
+     carried forward at top speed and every device was used for
+     hastening training. The result fully justified the effort. Into
+     the great Meuse-Argonne offensive we were able to throw a force
+     of 1,200,000 men, while we had many thousands of troops engaged
+     in other parts of the line. Our training camp officers stood up
+     to the test; our men with their intensive drilling in
+     open-order fighting, which has characterized American
+     training, routed the best of the German divisions from the
+     Argonne Forest and the Valley of the Meuse."
+
+
+FEEDING AND CLOTHING PROBLEMS
+
+When an army is 3,000 or 4,000 miles from its sources of supply the
+amounts of supplies in reserve and in transit are enormous as compared
+with the quantities actually consumed each month. As an example the army
+purchases of blankets in 1918 were two and one-quarter times as great as
+the entire American production in 1914. Put differently, the blankets
+bought in one year for the use of 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 soldiers would
+have been sufficient to make good the normal consumption of blankets by
+100,000,000 American civilians for two and a quarter years. So
+proportionately with other things, the rule for clothing was that for
+every man at the front there must be a three months' reserve in France,
+another two or three months' reserve in the United States and a third
+three months' supply continuously in transit.
+
+The same thing was true of other supplies and munitions. The need for
+reserves and the time required for transportation called for the supply
+of enormous quantities and called for it at once.
+
+     An indication of the quartermaster problem may be obtained from
+     the fact that between April 6, 1917, and May 31, 1918, there
+     was delivered to the army 131,800,000 pairs of wool stockings,
+     85,000,000 undershirts, 83,600,000 drawers, 30,700,000 pairs of
+     shoes, 26,500,000 flannel shirts, 21,700,000 blankets,
+     21,700,000 wool breeches, 13,900,000 wool coats, and 8,300,000
+     overcoats. When the troop movement was speeded up in 1918
+     Colonel Ayres states that the margin of woolen clothing was
+     dangerously narrow, and to secure these and other articles in
+     sufficient quantity it was found necessary to take control of
+     all states of the manufacturing process, from assembling the
+     raw material to inspecting the finished product.
+
+     At no time was there a shortage of food in the expeditionary
+     forces. Soldiers sometimes went hungry in this as in all other
+     wars, but the condition was local and temporary. It occurred
+     because of transportation difficulties during periods of active
+     fighting or rapid movement when the units outran their rolling
+     kitchens.
+
+     In France American engineers built seventeen new ship berths
+     and 1,000 miles of standard and 125 miles of narrow gauge
+     railroads. The Signal Corps strung 100,000 miles of telephone
+     wires, and 40,000 American made motor trucks were shipped
+     overseas. In this country army construction projects cost
+     twice as much as the Panama Canal and were on nearly as large a
+     scale overseas.
+
+The storage space constructed in France was more than nine-tenths as
+large as that built at home. The amount of food on hand from the time
+the American troops entered active fighting never fell below a 45 days'
+supply, and at the time of the submarine scare, was kept at 59 to 72
+days' supply.
+
+Likewise the supply of clothing arose to the emergency of combat.
+
+     "The records of the quartermaster show that during the six
+     months of hard fighting, from June to November, the enlisted
+     man in the A. E. F. received on the average:
+
+     "Slicker and overcoat, every 5 months; blanket, flannel shirt,
+     and breeches, every 2 months; coat, every 79 days; shoes and
+     puttees, every 51 days; drawers and undershirt, every 34 days;
+     woolen socks, every 23 days."
+
+
+GUNS AND MUNITIONS
+
+When war was declared we had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield rifles.
+The American Enfield rifle was designed and manufactured. The total
+production of the two up to the signing of the armistice was over
+2,500,000. The production of rifle ammunition amounted to 3,500,000,000,
+of which half was shipped overseas, in addition to the 200,000,000
+rounds secured from the French and British.
+
+     During the war the Browning automatic rifle and the Browning
+     machine gun were developed, put into quantity production and
+     used in large numbers in the final battles in France. Before
+     the war the allowance of machine guns in the American Army was
+     four guns to a regiment; the allowance now is 336 to a
+     regiment, testimony to the demonstrated importance in war of
+     that effective weapon. The Browning machine guns are believed
+     to be more effective than the corresponding weapons used in any
+     other army.
+
+     The total number of machine guns produced in America up to the
+     end of 1918 was 226,557, of these 69,960 being of the light
+     Browning and 56,612 of the heavy Browning type. The Vickers
+     field machine guns produced totaled 12,125, the other field
+     guns 6,366, the Lewis aircraft guns, 39,200, the Browning
+     aircraft 580, the Marlin aircraft 38,000, and the Vickers
+     aircraft 3,714. Before Nov. 1, 1918, 29,000 light Brownings,
+     27,000 heavy Brownings, and 1,500,000,000 rounds of rifle and
+     machine-gun ammunition were shipped.
+
+     When war was declared the United States had sufficient light
+     artillery to equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found
+     itself confronted with the problem of preparing to equip
+     5,000,000 men. To meet the situation, it was decided in June,
+     1917, to allot our guns to training purposes and to equip our
+     forces in France with artillery conforming to the French and
+     British standard calibers. It was arranged that we should
+     purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for
+     our first divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts
+     of steel, copper and other raw materials so that they could
+     either manufacture guns for us in their own factories or give
+     us guns out of their stocks and replace them by new ones made
+     from our materials.
+
+     Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery
+     units produced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal
+     to all those purchased from the French and British during the
+     war. The number of rounds of complete artillery ammunition
+     produced in American plants was in excess of 20,000,000, as
+     compared with 10,000,000 rounds secured from the French and
+     British. In the first twenty months after the declaration of
+     war by each country, the British did better than we did in the
+     production of light artillery, and we excelled them in
+     producing heavy artillery and both light and heavy shells.
+
+
+THE ARTILLERY SUPPLY
+
+Colonel Ayres says:
+
+     "The most important single fact about our artillery in France
+     is that we always had a sufficient supply of light artillery
+     for the combat divisions that were ready for front-line
+     service. This does not mean that when the divisions went into
+     the battle line they always had their artillery with them, for
+     in a number of cases they did not.
+
+     "The result of the compilation is to show that in every 100
+     days that our combat divisions were in line they were supported
+     by their own artillery for seventy-five days, by British
+     artillery for five days, by French for one and one-half days,
+     and were without artillery for eighteen and one-half days out
+     of the 100. Of these eighteen and one-half days, however,
+     eighteen days were in quiet sectors and only one-half of one
+     day in each hundred was in active sectors. There are only three
+     records of American divisions being in an active sector without
+     artillery support. The total of these three cases amounts to
+     one-half of 1 per cent., or about fourteen hours out of the
+     typical 100 days just analyzed.
+
+     "The facts can be summarized in round numbers with approximate
+     accuracy by saying that we had in France 3,500 pieces of
+     artillery of which nearly 500 were made in America, and we used
+     on the firing line 2,250, of which over 100 were made in
+     America."
+
+
+THE CAMPAIGN OF 1919
+
+At the conclusion of his chapter on rifles and machine guns Colonel
+Ayres has an interesting bit of semi-critical comment on the question
+of foresight, of which some desk-experts have been inclined to doubt the
+United States authorities were possessed. He says:
+
+     "At this point it is appropriate to comment on the fact that
+     there are many articles of munitions in which American
+     production reached great amounts by the fall of 1918 but which
+     were not used in large quantities at the front because the
+     armistice was signed before big supplies of them reached
+     France. In the main, these munitions are articles of ordnance
+     and aviation equipment, involving such technical difficulties
+     of manufacture that their production could not be improvised or
+     even greatly abbreviated in time.
+
+     "As the production figures are scrutinized in retrospect, and
+     it is realized that many millions of dollars were spent on army
+     equipment that was never used at the front, it seems fair to
+     question whether prudent foresight could not have avoided some
+     of this expense.
+
+     "Perhaps the best answer to the question is to be found in the
+     record of a conference that took place in the little French
+     town of Trois Fontaines on October 4, 1918, between Marshal
+     Foch and the American Secretary of War.
+
+     "In that conference the Allied Commander-in-Chief made final
+     arrangements with the American Secretary as to the shipment of
+     American troops and munitions in great numbers during the fall
+     and winter preparatory for the campaign of 1919.
+
+     "This was one day before the first German peace note and 38
+     days before the end of the war, but Marshal Foch was then
+     calling upon America to make her great shipments of munitions
+     and her supreme contribution of man-power for the campaign of
+     the following year."
+
+
+GAS AND EXPLOSIVES
+
+One of the striking contributions to the cause of the Allies was the
+enormous quantity of smokeless powder and high explosives produced. From
+April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918, the production of smokeless powder
+in the United States was 632,000,000 pounds, which was almost equal to
+the combined production of France and Great Britain. But by the time the
+war ended the production of smokeless powder in this country was 45 per
+cent. greater than that of France and Great Britain combined.
+
+The output of high explosives, T.N.T. and others, increased rapidly from
+its pre-war status to a quantity 40 percent. greater than that of Great
+Britain, and nearly double the French production at the close of the
+war.
+
+     "The result of the high rate of production of both smokeless
+     powder and high explosives was that the artillery ammunition
+     program was never held up for lack of either the powder which
+     hurls the bullet or the shell from the gun, or the high
+     explosive which makes the shell effective when it reaches its
+     destination."
+
+Colonel Ayres says of toxic gases:
+
+     "When the clouds of chlorine suddenly enveloped the British and
+     French lines in the Ypres salient, early in 1915, a new weapon
+     was introduced into the war. That it was a powerful weapon is
+     evidenced by the fact that during the year 1918 from 20 to 30
+     percent. of all our battle casualties were due to gas.
+
+     "At the time we entered the war we had practically no
+     experience in manufacturing toxic gases, and no existing
+     facilities which could be readily converted to such use. At the
+     signing of the armistice we were equipped to produce gas at a
+     more rapid rate than France, England, or Germany."
+
+
+THE AIR SERVICE
+
+     "On the declaration of war the United States had fifty-five
+     training airplanes, of which fifty-one were classified as
+     obsolete and the other four as obsolescent. When we entered the
+     war the Allies made the designs of their planes available to us
+     and before the end of hostilities furnished us from their own
+     manufacture 3,800 service planes.
+
+     "Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602
+     men from elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses.
+     More than 5,000 pilots and observers were sent overseas. The
+     total personnel of the Air Service, officers, students, and
+     enlisted men, increased from 1,200 at the outbreak of the war
+     to nearly 200,000 at its close.
+
+     "There were produced in the United States to Nov. 30, 1918,
+     more than 8,000 training planes and more than 16,000 training
+     engines.
+
+     "The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the
+     only plane the United States put into quantity production.
+     Before the signing of the armistice 3,227 had been completed
+     and 1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was successfully used at
+     the front for three months.
+
+     "The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's
+     chief contribution to aviation. Before the armistice 13,574 had
+     been completed, 4,435 shipped to the expeditionary forces, and
+     1,025 delivered to the Allies.
+
+     "The first fliers in action wearing the American uniforms were
+     members of the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to
+     the American service in December, 1917.
+
+     "The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in
+     April to 45 in November, 1918. On Nov. 11 the 45 squadrons had
+     an equipment of 740 planes.
+
+     "Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American
+     aviators 667, or nearly one-fourth, were of American
+     manufacture.
+
+     "American air squadrons played important roles in the battles of
+     Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought
+     down in combat 755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes
+     numbered only 357."
+
+     "The squadrons were of four types: Observation squadrons, whose
+     business it is to make observations, take photographs, and
+     direct artillery fire; pursuit squadrons, using light fighting
+     planes to protect the observation planes at their work, to
+     drive the enemy from the air, or to _strafe_ marching columns
+     by machine-gun fire; the day bombers, whose work was the
+     dropping of bombs on railways or roads; and the night bombers,
+     carrying heavier bomb loads for the destruction of strategic
+     enemy works."
+
+[Illustration: _Official Government Statistics_
+
+Production of Training Planes and Engines to the End of Each Month]
+
+At the armistice there were on the front 20 pursuit squadrons, 18
+observation squadrons and 7 bomber squadrons with 1,238 flying officers
+and 740 service planes, in addition to which there were 23 balloon
+companies.
+
+
+CARGO SHIPMENTS
+
+Altogether, from our entrance into the war through April, 1919, the Army
+shipped from this side of the Atlantic nearly seven and a half million
+tons (7,500,000) of cargo.
+
+Included in the cargo shipment were 1,791 consolidation locomotives of
+the 100-ton type. Of these, 650 were shipped, set up on their own wheels
+so that they could be unloaded in France and run off in a few hours
+under their own steam.
+
+The Army also shipped 26,994 standard-gauge freight cars; motor car
+trucks to the number of 47,018, and rails and fittings for the
+reinforcing of French railways and for the construction of our own lines
+of communications to the aggregate of 423,000 tons. The Army also
+shipped 68,694 horses and mules.
+
+
+SIGNAL CORPS STATISTICS
+
+In order to operate the transportation of supplies in France the Signal
+Corps strung its wires over nearly every part of that country. At the
+end of the war the Signal Corps was operating 282 telephone exchanges
+and 133 complete telegraph stations. The telephone lines numbered
+14,956, reaching 8,959 stations. More than 100,000 miles of wire had
+been strung. The peak load of operation reached was 47,555 telegrams a
+day, averaging 60 words each.
+
+[Illustration: _Official Government Statistics_
+
+Number of Battle Aeroplanes in Each Army at the Date of the Armistice]
+
+
+CONSTRUCTION STATISTICS
+
+In building factories and storage warehouses for supplies as well as
+housing for troops, 200,000 workmen in the United States were kept
+continuously occupied for the period of the war.
+
+The operations of the Construction Division constituted what was
+probably the largest contracting business ever handled in one office.
+The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were
+about $800,000,000.
+
+Construction projects were conducted in France by the Corps of Engineers
+under the services of supplies. Up to the signing of the armistice these
+projects had been undertaken to the number of 831, distributed all over
+France. To economize tonnage, materials were obtained in Europe as far
+as possible. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries, and its own
+logging camps and saw-mills. The labor force consisted largely of
+American soldiers and German prisoners, though French and English
+civilians and Chinese coolies were used wherever available.
+
+
+TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE
+
+Of our combat forces Colonel Ayres says:
+
+     "Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France
+     took part in battle. The number who reached France was
+     2,086,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service in the
+     front line.
+
+     "American combat forces were organized into divisions, which
+     consisted of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were
+     the largest on the Western front, since the British division
+     numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Germans about
+     12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and
+     several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service of
+     supply troops.
+
+     "Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active
+     combat service, while the others were used for replacements or
+     were just arriving during the last month of hostilities. The
+     battle record of the United States Army in this war is largely
+     the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were
+     Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National
+     Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops.
+
+     "American combat divisions were in battle for 200 days, from
+     the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular division after
+     long training in quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the
+     Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During these
+     200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11
+     were joint enterprises with the French, British, and Italians,
+     and 2 were distinctively American.
+
+     "At the time of their greatest activity in the second week of
+     October all 29 American divisions were in action. They then
+     held 101 miles of front, or 23 percent. of the entire allied
+     battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war
+     they held, during the greater part of the time a front longer
+     than that held by the British. Their strength tipped the
+     balance of man-power in favor of the Allies, so that from the
+     middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the Allied forces
+     were superior in numbers to those of the enemy."
+
+[Illustration: Our Flag in Alsace
+
+A scene in Alsace after the armistice when American doughboys occupied a
+small town. They were welcomed there by the inhabitants.]
+
+The total battle advances of the American divisions amounted to 782
+kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17
+miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They
+captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench
+mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter
+the enemy advance toward Paris, and to turn retreat into a triumphant
+offensive.
+
+It is stated in reference to the part played by the American divisions
+in the Argonne-Meuse that it was the 77th Division of New York selective
+draft men that achieved the greatest advance against the enemy--71-1/2
+kilometers, or nearly 45 miles.
+
+In that battle the American Army captured 16,059 prisoners, liberated
+150 French towns and villages, and as an army penetrated 34 miles into
+territory previously held by the Germans.
+
+
+THE DEADLIEST WAR
+
+In his chapter on "Health and Casualties," Colonel Ayres reminds us that
+"the war was undoubtedly the bloodiest that has ever been fought." The
+total battle deaths is given as 7,450,200. Russia led the death list
+with 1,700,000; Germany came next with 1,600,000; France next with
+1,385,300; Great Britain next with 900,000; Austria, 800,000; Italy,
+364,000; Turkey, 250,000; Serbia and Montenegro, 125,000; Belgium,
+102,000; Rumania and Bulgaria 100,000 each; the United States, 50,300;
+Greece, 7,000; Portugal, 2,000.
+
+Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part, 2 were killed
+or died of disease during the period of hostilities. Among the other
+nations between 20 and 25 in every 100 were killed or died.
+
+The total deaths were greater than all the deaths in all wars for more
+than one hundred years previous. In the above figures only deaths
+resulting directly from action are included. The total deaths from all
+causes is very much larger. Some of the armies lost more heavily through
+disease and privation than from battle. With regard to civilians' deaths
+due to the war, see Volume XII.
+
+[Illustration: Secretary of War Baker Drawing Registration Numbers
+
+The head of the War Department is drawing for the first capsule after
+the registration of young men who have become of age in the past year.
+All told 24,000,000 names were registered in the draft.
+
+National Service Magazine]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+    A
+
+    Abbas Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.
+
+    Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
+
+    Abbeville agreement,
+      on U. S. military participation in War, v: 128, 284;
+      text, v: 378.
+
+    Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.
+
+    Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.
+
+    _Aboukir_, British cruiser,
+      sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.
+
+    Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Acceleration, in projectiles, viii: 111.
+
+    Achi Baba,
+      key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170;
+      _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Acre, taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.
+
+    Adana, British objective in Turkish campaigns, ii: 90.
+
+    Adler, Friedrich,
+      kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Stuergkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.
+
+    Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    _Admiral Charner_,
+      French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.
+
+    Adramyti, Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.
+
+    Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.
+
+    Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.
+
+    Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, xii: 71.
+
+    A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.
+
+    Aerial photography,
+      in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14;
+      gun cameras, description, viii: 216;
+      value, viii: 226, 331;
+      difficulties, viii: 228;
+      U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235;
+      future, viii: 234;
+      _see also_ Photography.
+
+    Aeronautics:
+
+      Airplanes,
+        conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123;
+        use of depth bombs by, iv: 332;
+        torpedo planes, iv: 335;
+        number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
+        as war weapon, viii: _Intro._, xi: 214;
+        detection by sound-rangers, viii: 20;
+        machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216;
+        Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189;
+        Farman plane, viii: 189;
+        utility in scouting, viii: 189;
+        Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192;
+        Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192;
+        Allied and German types compared, viii: 194;
+        Spad biplanes, viii: 194;
+        general utility planes, viii: 196;
+        Gotha biplanes, viii: 196;
+        Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223;
+        aero engines, development of, viii: 198-200;
+        Liberty motor, viii: 199;
+        construction, essentials in, viii: 200;
+        maneuvering, types of, viii: 200;
+        Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201;
+        French types, viii: 202, 206;
+        British types, viii: 203-206;
+        British planes, viii: 203;
+        D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204;
+        German equipment, viii: 206;
+        pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
+        national supremacy, viii: 207;
+        machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208;
+        aerial marksmanship, viii: 210;
+        "C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades,
+          viii: 214-216;
+        navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;
+        bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224;
+        A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221;
+        Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
+        Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222;
+        Caproni triplanes, viii: 223;
+        Caudron bombers, viii: 223;
+        Letord bombers, viii: 223;
+        Voisin bombers, viii: 223;
+        Breguet bombers, viii: 224;
+        spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308;
+        signals for landing in dark, viii: 335;
+        value in directing artillery fire, viii: 337, xi: 277;
+        ambulance planes, viii: 379;
+        U. S., in War, xi: 218;
+        development, xi: 219;
+        use against submarines, xi: 239;
+        commercial uses, xii: 103.
+      Aviators,
+        duties, iii: 392;
+        kinds of patrol, iii: 392;
+        fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358;
+        qualifications, xi: 215.
+      Balloons,
+        development for war use, iv: 288;
+        in naval operations, iv: 289;
+        number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
+        functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
+        parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263;
+        hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.
+
+      Dirigibles,
+        use in coast patrol, iv: 290;
+        compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;
+        in long-distance transportation, viii: 243-245;
+        British types, viii: 245;
+        _R-34_, description, viii: 245, 254;
+        _R-34_, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
+        U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257;
+        U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257;
+        U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257;
+        mooring masts, viii: 245;
+        development in different countries, viii: 254;
+        _R-33_, sister ship of _R-34_, viii: 254;
+        Zeppelins, _see below_ under Aeronautics.
+      Navigation,
+        rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 246.
+      Observation,
+        in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 13, 337, xi: 277;
+        uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
+        utility in War, xi: 216.
+      Seaplanes,
+        in battle of Jutland, iv: 107;
+        for submarine spotting, iv: 285;
+        U. S. _N-C-4_ first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240;
+        N-C flying boats, description, viii: 236-240.
+      Zeppelins,
+        progress in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241;
+        use during War, viii: 246-248;
+        description, viii: 248-254;
+        number in crew, viii: 254.
+        _See also_ under each country.
+
+    Aeroplane, see Aeronautics, Airplane.
+
+    Afghanistan,
+      put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104;
+      friendly to England during War, vi: 78;
+      changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80;
+      border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.
+
+    Africa,
+      dark continent, i: 10;
+      European penetration, i: 48;
+      "spheres of influence," i: 96.
+
+    African campaigns, iii: 250-256;
+      tropical peculiarities, iii: 250;
+      German handicaps, iii: 252;
+      operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252;
+      in Togoland, iii: 252;
+      in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253;
+      in German East Africa, iii: 255.
+
+    Agadir incident,
+      Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.
+
+    _Agamemnon_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      hit by gunfire, iv: 43.
+
+    Agram,
+      suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
+
+    Ahmed Fevzi, Turkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.
+
+    Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
+
+    Air raids,
+      Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333;
+      use of Zeppelins in, viii: 246;
+      success of, xi: 216;
+      on:
+        England,
+          Aug. 9, '15, i: 381;
+          Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;
+          Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;
+          Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;
+          Jan. 31, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 1, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 5, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 19, '16, i: 384;
+          Apr. 1--3, '16, i: 385;
+          Apr. 24, '16, i: 385;
+          Aug. 9, '16, i: 386;
+          Sept. 23, '16, i: 388;
+          Sept. 25, '16, i: 388;
+          Oct. 1, '16, i: 388;
+          attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4;
+          first attack on London, iii: 41.
+        Paris,
+          Jan. 30, '16, i: 384;
+          Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.
+
+    Aircraft, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Aire valley, description, v: 73;
+     scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.
+
+    Airships, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Aisne, battles of:
+      Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36.
+      Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
+        French start offensive, iii: 73;
+        early French success, iii: 73;
+        battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;
+        Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76.
+      May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135;
+        situation before German offensive, iii: 92;
+        Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93;
+        Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93;
+        Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93;
+        Chateau-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93;
+        Germans reach Marne, iii: 93;
+        American troops check enemy, iii: 94.
+
+    Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183;
+      artillery, important feature, v: 171;
+      A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.
+
+    Aisne-Meuse sector,
+      Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1--11, '18, iii: 103.
+
+    Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.
+
+    Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.
+
+    Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.
+
+    Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.
+
+    Albania,
+      primitiveness of people, i: 92;
+      William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206;
+      Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397;
+      Serbians retreat into, iii: 160;
+      Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120;
+      promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.
+
+    Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.
+
+    Albert,
+      captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98;
+      captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.
+
+    Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.
+
+    Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.
+
+    _Albert of Belgium_,
+      poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228;
+      by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.
+
+    _Albion_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Albrecht, Grand Duke of Wuerttemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.
+
+    _Alcantara_,
+      British armed liner, sinks German _Greif_, iv: 200.
+
+    _Alcedo_, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.
+
+    Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.
+
+    Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,
+      re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;
+      foreign policy, vi: 355;
+      head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.
+
+    Alexanderson alternator,
+      for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.
+
+    Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.
+
+    Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch,
+      commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140;
+      biography, ix: 238.
+
+    Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.
+
+    Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.
+
+    _Algonquin_,
+      American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.
+
+    All-American (82nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates,
+      convention of, '17, vi: 164.
+
+    All-Russian Government of Siberia,
+      formation, vi: 191;
+      collapse, vi: 193.
+
+    Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T.,
+      commands 90th Div., v: 196;
+      in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.
+
+    Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,
+      British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193;
+      defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213;
+      captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48;
+      strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
+      at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171;
+      commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25;
+      biography, ix: 194-199.
+
+    Allenstein,
+      Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;
+      occupied by Russians, iii: 111.
+
+    Alliances, Holy Alliance,
+      formation, i: 33;
+      conflict of European, i: 93-101;
+      Three Emperors' League, i: 95;
+      Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115;
+      Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98;
+      Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2;
+      Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107;
+      Balkan League, i: 204;
+      _see also_ under name of alliance.
+
+    Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.
+
+    Allies, superiority in inventiveness, i: _Intro. ix_;
+      agree not to make separate peace, i: 146;
+      defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1;
+      lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55;
+      unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50;
+      unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214;
+      man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403;
+      "Will to win" _vs._ German efficiency, ii: 100;
+      underestimate German strength, ii: 101;
+      propaganda among German troops, ii: 321;
+      plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8;
+      Balkan blunder, iii: 156;
+      fail to support Rumania, iii: 214;
+      casualties, iii: 404;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      war aims, iv: 6;
+      military position, '17, iv: 10;
+      lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
+      gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206;
+      make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213;
+      appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378;
+      secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
+      send troops to Russia, vi: 187;
+      intervene in Siberia, vi: 192;
+      intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320;
+      occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325;
+      secret treaties, '16--'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334;
+      overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36;
+      war cost, xii: 27, 107;
+      plan of economic boycott against Germany, xii: 102;
+      rise in national debts, xii: 114;
+      list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, xii: 179.
+
+    Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Almereyda, traitorous editor of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105.
+
+    _Alnwick Castle_,
+      British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.
+
+    Alpini, description, ii: 242.
+
+    Alsace-Lorraine, early history, i: 210-212;
+      annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212;
+      formed into _Reichsland_, i: 213;
+      German dictatorship in, i: 213;
+      fidelity to France during War, i: 215;
+      German immigration into, i: 215;
+      German constitution for, '11, i: 215;
+      French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197;
+      exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226.
+
+    Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.
+
+    Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Alvensleben, G. C. A. von,
+      German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.
+
+    _Amalfi_, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat,
+      July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.
+
+    Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.
+
+    Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.
+
+    Ambulance, first use, vii: 9;
+      Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31;
+      difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376;
+      improved types of stretchers, viii: 377;
+      drawn by dogs, viii: 379;
+      airplane ambulances, viii: 379;
+      hospital trains, viii: 380;
+      perils of driving, x: 92.
+
+    American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.
+
+    American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.
+
+    American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany,
+      vii: 88.
+
+    American Escadrille, _see_ Lafayette Escadrille.
+
+    A. E. F., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.
+
+    American Jewish Committee, relief for Belgium, vii: 350;
+      relief for Palestine, vii: 350;
+      organization, vii: 354.
+
+    American Relief Administration,
+      for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141;
+      Herbert Hoover director-general, xii: 141.
+
+    American Students' Committee of Ecole des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.
+
+    American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.
+
+    Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.
+
+    Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.
+
+    Amiens, strategic importance, ii: 69;
+      German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389;
+      British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.
+
+    Aminullah Khan,
+      murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.
+
+    Ammunition:
+      Bullets, component parts, viii: 1;
+        steel-piercing, viii: 60-64;
+        Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63;
+        advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93;
+        types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214;
+        U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, xii: 284.
+      Explosives, function, viii: 1;
+        detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1;
+        explosive _compound_ and explosive _mixture_ compared, viii: 2;
+        black powder, viii: 2;
+        guncotton, viii: 2;
+        nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2;
+        driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2;
+        smokeless powder, viii: 4;
+        primers, viii: 6;
+        composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6;
+        cordite, viii: 6;
+        trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6;
+        ballistic tests, viii: 7;
+        muzzle flash, viii: 7;
+        manufacture, xi: 282-284;
+        U. S. war production of smokeless powder, xii: 285;
+          of high explosives, xii: 285;
+          of T.N.T., xii: 285.
+      Shells, high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288;
+        non-ricochet, iv: 333;
+        star, iv: 334, viii: 77;
+        gas, U. S. production, v: 324;
+        kinds, viii: 8;
+        used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23;
+        structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46;
+        illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74;
+        rifle lights, viii: 75;
+        reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110;
+        forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112;
+        computation of air resistance, viii: 113;
+        U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, xii: 284;
+        shrapnel, _see below_.
+      Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287;
+        invention, viii: 72;
+        description, viii: 72;
+        manufacture, viii: 72-74.
+
+    Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.
+
+    Anatolia, area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.
+
+    _Ancona_,
+      Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384;
+      controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking,
+        summary, i: 361;
+      torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.
+
+    Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.
+
+    Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Andrassy, Count Julius,
+      member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311;
+      statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.
+
+    Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D.,
+      Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
+
+    Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., xii: 111.
+
+    Annunzio, Gabriele D', _see_ D'Annunzio.
+
+    Anti-aircraft guns, range, ii: 264;
+      effectiveness, v: 308.
+
+    Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    _Antilles_,
+      U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 337.
+
+    Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Antwerp, Belgian Government moves to, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375;
+      captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15;
+      strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.
+
+    Anzac Cove,
+      landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.
+
+    Anzacs, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Apponyi, Count Albert, advocates war, vi: 307;
+      leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.
+
+    Apremont, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;
+      captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.
+
+    _Arabia_, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.
+
+    _Arabic_,
+      British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15,
+        i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20;
+      loss of life in sinking, i: 323;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.
+
+    Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Arbitration, Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94;
+      international treaties of, i: 103.
+
+    Archangel, Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395;
+      limited value as port, iii: 161;
+      A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.
+
+    Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9--19, '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Ardennes, strategic importance, ii: 6;
+      topography, ii: 87, v: 73;
+      French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.
+
+    Arditi, description, ii: 240.
+
+    _Arethusa_, British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
+      sinks German _Bluecher_ at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.
+
+    Argentine, German population of, i: 79;
+      ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390;
+      neutrality, vi: 389;
+      soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.
+
+    Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.
+
+    Argonne Forest, military topography, v: 73, 217, 234;
+      battle of, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+
+    _Ariadne_,
+      German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
+      sunk, iv: 241.
+
+    Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    _Ark Royal_,
+      mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.
+
+    Armaments, international movement for reduction, i: _Intro. xi_;
+      battleships, xi: 280-282.
+
+    Armenia, military operations in, iii: 260-263;
+      massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331;
+      early history, vi: 231;
+      fate under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      independent government established. Aug., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.
+
+    Armentieres,
+      occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359;
+      recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.
+
+    Armies, _see under_ name of country.
+
+    Armies of Occupation,
+      Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;
+      conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.
+
+    Armistice, with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
+      with Germany, Nov. 11, '18,
+        i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
+      false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400;
+      terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399;
+      with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400;
+      celebrations, iii: 402;
+      with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.
+
+    Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.
+
+    Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.
+
+    Army of Occupation, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Army schools, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Arnim, Gen. von, commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14;
+      launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.
+
+    Arras, battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72;
+      Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70;
+      British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72;
+      German casualties, iii: 72;
+      results, iii: 72.
+
+    Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Arsiero, captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238;
+      retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.
+
+    Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.
+
+    Artillery:
+      Anti-aircraft, v: 308.
+      Bore, explained, viii: 7, 111;
+        bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7;
+        rifling, viii: 7, 111.
+      Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280.
+      Field, French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287;
+        German and Austrian, viii: 22;
+        structure and operation, viii: 22;
+        U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25;
+        U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23;
+        U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24;
+        U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24;
+        development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140;
+        French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140.
+      Heavy, mobile German guns, ii: 287;
+        German superiority, ii: 288;
+        U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45;
+        use in offensive, v: 304;
+        French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308;
+        U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39;
+        U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39;
+        long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274;
+        structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46;
+        super-range guns impractical, viii: 47;
+        U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51;
+        British naval super-guns, viii: 53;
+        manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58;
+        shell velocity of, viii: 314;
+        destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336;
+        kinds used during War, xi: 274;
+        naval, xi: 280-282.
+      Howitzers, Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278;
+        U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24;
+        U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39;
+        French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53;
+        use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274.
+      Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131.
+      Mortars, limitations, viii: 30;
+        range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31;
+        German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36;
+        absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112;
+        device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112;
+        functions, viii: 118;
+        Stokes mortar, viii: 141;
+        trench mortars captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.
+      Range-finding, muzzle velocity, viii: 7;
+        by sight, viii: 8-14;
+        telescopic range-finder, viii: 9;
+        problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13;
+        use of aircraft in, viii: 13;
+        by sound, viii: 14-16;
+        use of photography in, viii: 14;
+        direct and indirect fire, viii: 28;
+        zones of fire, viii: 32;
+        altering range by change of projectile and powder charge,
+          viii: 32;
+        air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.
+        _See also_ under each country.
+
+    Artistic rights,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.
+
+    Artois, Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46;
+      battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.
+
+    Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.
+
+    Asir, Principate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    _Askold_, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.
+
+    Asquith, Herbert Henry,
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204;
+      biography, ix: 30-35.
+
+    Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.
+
+    Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.
+
+    _Asturias_,
+      British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.
+
+    Athletics, for A. E. F., _see_ Sports.
+
+    Atkins, Tommy, nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230;
+      fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.
+
+    Atrocities, German, summary of crimes, i: 400;
+      Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346;
+      burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277;
+      in Marne district, iii: 297-300;
+      at Senlis, iii: 334-337;
+      in Belgium, vi: 84;
+      destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.
+
+    Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.
+
+    _Audacious_,
+      British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.
+
+    Auffenberg, Gen. von,
+      commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.
+
+    Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.
+
+    Australia, war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
+      army strength, iii: 405;
+      naval strength, iv: 58;
+      history prior to '14, vi: 37;
+      area and population, vi: 37;
+      pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39;
+      recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40;
+      conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42;
+      conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41;
+      labor unrest, '16, vi: 42;
+      Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42;
+      coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
+      "Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
+      Australian Workers' Union,
+        similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45;
+      "One Big Union" movement, vi: 45;
+      labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time,
+        '17, vi: 45;
+      war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45;
+      soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in public debt, xii: 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.
+
+    Austria, Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
+      Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, xii: 197;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Austria-Hungary:
+      Army, German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105;
+        requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311;
+        for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
+      Blockade of, vi: 253;
+        food shortage due to, vi: 312.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
+        battle deaths, v: 363;
+        Aug., '14--Aug., '15, vi: 311;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
+      Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war,
+        ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,
+          i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
+        on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375;
+        reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
+        on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
+        by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;
+        on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375;
+        by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386;
+        diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;
+        by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
+        by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393.
+      Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321;
+        forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317;
+        cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321.
+      Foreign policy,
+        German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252;
+        not a colonizing nation, i: 37;
+        Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41;
+        world position in 1871, i: 47;
+        gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50;
+        subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133;
+        joins Triple Alliance, i: 95;
+        annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109;
+        ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14,
+          i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
+        during last days before War, i: 126;
+        unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
+        reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
+        antagonism to Russia, vi: 306;
+        antagonism to Italy, vi: 308;
+        ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355;
+        opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356;
+        anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
+        suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396.
+      Internal conditions, race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306;
+        loyalty of German elements, vi: 307;
+        revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308;
+        effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309;
+        parliamentary disturbances, '15--'16, vi: 311;
+        labor troubles, vi: 311, 314;
+        revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313;
+        revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317;
+        Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
+        Bolshevism, vi: 319.
+      National anthem, xi: 332.
+      Navy, development, iv: 364;
+        surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364;
+        _Monarch_ sunk, x: 290;
+        _Wien_ sunk, x: 290;
+        _Viribus Unitis_
+          sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.
+      Peace negotiations,
+        proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18,
+          i: 397;
+        appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399;
+        asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27--29, '18, i: 399;
+        Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315;
+        asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252;
+        armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52;
+        Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321;
+        armistice terms, vi: 364.
+      Population, in 1860, i: 40;
+        German, i: 79, vi: 306;
+        Hungarian, i: 79;
+        Slav, i: 79.
+      Press, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306;
+        attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310;
+        attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314;
+        _Arbeiter Zeitung_ preaches radicalism, vi: 315;
+        comment on peace terms, vi: 322.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      War cost, money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, July, '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 114.
+
+    Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: _Intro. x._
+
+    Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
+
+    Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.
+
+    Aviators, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.
+
+    Avocourt Woods, French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384;
+      scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.
+
+    _Ayesha, S. S._, _Emden's_
+      landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191;
+      abandoned, iv: 192.
+
+    Aylmer, Gen.,
+      commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.
+
+    Ayres, Col. Leonard P.,
+      extracts from _The War with Germany--a Statistical Summary_,
+        by, xii: 280-289.
+
+
+    B
+
+    Babtie, Surg.-Gen.
+      responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia,
+        iii: 367.
+
+    "Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.
+
+    Baccarat sector, assigned to A. E. F., v: 11;
+      training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.
+
+    Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.
+
+    Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.
+
+    Bagdad,
+      captured by British, Mar. 11, '17,
+        i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48;
+      description, iii: 332.
+
+    Bagdad Railway, German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80;
+      Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295;
+      menaced by Serbia, ii: 33;
+      "largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290;
+      beginnings, 1871, ii: 291;
+      Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292;
+      Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora,
+        1888, ii: 292;
+      British oppose German concessions, ii: 292;
+      German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292;
+     _La Societe Imperiale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_,
+        terms of concession to, ii: 292;
+      Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292;
+      clash of European interests, ii: 292;
+      compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294;
+      sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294;
+      Pan-German policy, ii: 296;
+      internationalization, ii: 297;
+      cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213;
+      opened, '15, vi: 258;
+      route, xi: 4.
+
+    Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W.,
+      commander of U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_,
+        sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.
+
+    Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.
+
+    Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.
+
+    Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.
+
+    Baker, Newton D., biography, ix: 323-326;
+      conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, xii: 285.
+
+    Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.
+
+    Bakhireff, Vice-Adm.,
+      commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.
+
+    Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.
+
+    Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, biography, ix: 40-44;
+      visits America, ix: 44.
+
+    Balkan League, i: 204.
+
+    Balkan Wars, '12--'13, i: 109, 204;
+      unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110;
+      Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198;
+      London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204;
+      London Peace Conference, i: 204;
+      war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206;
+      Rumanian intervention, i: 206;
+      peace terms, i: 206;
+      German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.
+
+    Balkans, conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89;
+      international position in '14, i: 62;
+      area, i: 90, 92;
+      independent states in, i: 92;
+      population in '14, i: 92;
+      racial mixtures, i: 92;
+      policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114;
+      German dynasties in, i: 96;
+      German designs on, ii: 27;
+      civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.
+
+    Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.
+
+    Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.
+
+    Ballistics,
+      computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.
+
+    Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.
+
+    Baltic Provinces, early history, vi: 226;
+      Russian duplicity in, vi: 226;
+      under domination of German landlords, vi: 226;
+      revolt, '05, vi: 227;
+      form Lettish Legion, vi: 227;
+      Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228;
+      overrun by Germans, vi: 230;
+      ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.
+
+    _Baltimore_,
+      U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.
+
+    Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution,
+      Mar.--May, '19, vi: 300.
+
+    Bamford, Brig.-Gen.,
+      commander 1st Div., v: 250;
+      of 26th Div., v: 252.
+
+    Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.
+
+    Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.
+
+    Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Bapaume,
+      taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157;
+      British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;
+      captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.
+
+    Barbed wire,
+      French use in trench defense, v: 13;
+      impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68;
+      value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152;
+      French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155;
+      Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152;
+      Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.
+
+    Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.
+
+    Barracks, Adrian type, v: 8;
+      constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.
+
+    Barrage, North Sea,
+      Allied mine, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
+      artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.
+
+    Barrett, Sir Arthur,
+      commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.
+
+    Barricourt Wood,
+      taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262;
+      heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.
+
+    Barrow, Sir Edmund,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
+
+    Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.
+
+    Bartlett, Brig.-Gen.,
+      commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.
+
+    Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.
+
+    Baruch, Bernard M.,
+      Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, xii: 72;
+      member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    Base hospitals, _see_
+      Hospitals;
+      Red Cross.
+
+    Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.
+
+    Basra,
+      occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180;
+      British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.
+
+    Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.
+
+    Battles:
+      Aisne,
+        Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36;
+        Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
+        May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135.
+      Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375.
+      Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389.
+      Ardahan, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.
+      Argonne, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+      Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72.
+      Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42.
+      Augustovo, iii: 118.
+      "Battle of France," Sept.--Nov., '18, iii: 100-103.
+      Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43.
+      Cambrai,
+        Nov., '17,
+          i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156;
+        Sept.--Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52.
+      Cantigny,
+        May 28, '18, i: 395;
+        '18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380.
+      Champagne,
+        Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46;
+        July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158.
+      Chateau-Thierry,
+        May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43.
+      Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132.
+      Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308.
+      Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384.
+      Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253.
+      Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308.
+      Flanders,
+        June--July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299;
+        _see also_ Yser.
+      Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, xii: 205.
+      Isonzo, _see_ Italian Front.
+      Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.
+      Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29.
+      Kars, '15, iii: 260.
+      Kut-el-Amara,
+        i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29.
+      Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23.
+      Liege, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9.
+      Lys, iii: 91.
+      Marne,
+        Sept., '14,
+          i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258,
+          iii: 30-34, xi: 12;
+        July--Aug., '18,
+          ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326,
+          iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387.
+      Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130.
+      Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360.
+      Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21--23, '14,
+        i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10.
+      Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375.
+      Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377.
+      Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116.
+      Ravaruska, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122.
+      Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392.
+      St. Mihiel,
+        Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37;
+        Sept. 12, '18,
+          ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46.
+      San, May 15--17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136.
+      Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18.
+      Somme,
+        July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314;
+        Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24;
+        Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46.
+      Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116.
+      Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329;
+        _see also_ Verdun.
+      Verdun,
+        i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189,
+        iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22.
+      Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349.
+      Ypres,
+        Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41;
+        Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320;
+        July--Sept., '17, ii: 128;
+        Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363.
+      Yser,
+        Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40;
+        July, '17, iii: 77.
+        _See also_ under name of engagement.
+
+    Bauer, Herr Gustav,
+      chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.
+
+    Bauer, Otto,
+      leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314;
+      activities, '18, vi: 318;
+      becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.
+
+    Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.
+
+    Bavaria,
+      socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;
+      revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298;
+      soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300;
+      Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300;
+      Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich,
+        Mar., '19, vi: 300.
+
+    Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.
+
+    Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.
+
+    Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Beatty, Adm. Sir David,
+      at battle of Jutland, iv: 99;
+      British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
+      at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246;
+      arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383;
+      biography, ix: 283-287.
+
+    Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
+
+    Beaucourt,
+      captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388;
+      British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.
+
+    Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.
+
+    Beaumont,
+      taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48;
+      Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64;
+      captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.
+
+    Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.
+
+    Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: _Intro. ix._
+
+    Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.
+
+    Belfort,
+      defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215;
+      bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.
+
+    Belgian Relief, _see_ Belgium; War Relief.
+
+    _Belgian Prince, S. S._, sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.
+
+    _Belgium, 1918_, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.
+
+    Belgium:
+      Army,
+        increase in, '09--'12, i: 144;
+        dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234;
+        German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
+        escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 4;
+        mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378;
+        strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202;
+        for military operations, _see under_ name of campaign.
+      Casualties,
+        total in War, iii: 404;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        battle deaths, xii: 289.
+      Coal production '13--'15, xii: 48.
+      Food, _see_ Relief, below.
+      Neutrality,
+        guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229;
+        British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224;
+        defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143;
+        German violation,
+          Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146;
+        France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380;
+        King Albert appeals to England, i: 223;
+        violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224;
+        Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224;
+        German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380;
+        German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9;
+        Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229;
+        German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230;
+        German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381;
+        German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231;
+        British offer of help, i: 232;
+        appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233;
+        German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234;
+        evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234;
+        Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236;
+        German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4;
+        military topography of German border, ii: 6;
+        French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8;
+        effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206;
+        Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346;
+        composition of invading forces, iii: 10;
+        French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20;
+        invasion creates national unity, vi: 84;
+        Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84;
+        deportation of civilian population, vi: 84;
+        for invasion and military operations,
+       _see_ name of engagement.
+      Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 180.
+      Peace Treaty,
+        claims against Holland, vi: 89;
+        acquires Moresnet, xii: 188;
+        acquires Eupen, xii: 188;
+        acquires Malmedy, xii: 188;
+        reparation by Germany, xii: 218.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Relief, Commission for,
+        in Belgium, vii: 116-144;
+        famine conditions, vii: 117;
+        early relief organization, vii: 118;
+        Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136;
+        _Comite Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation_,
+          vii: 120;
+        overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127;
+        care of children, vii: 134;
+        American contributions, vii: 139-144;
+        dependence on imports for existence, xii: 136.
+      Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145.
+      War cost,
+        debt to U.S., xii: 18;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        war cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 114.
+
+    Belgrade,
+      captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357;
+      recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397;
+      retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6--8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.
+
+    Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.
+
+    Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., commander 33rd Div., v: 144;
+     in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
+
+    Belleau Wood, battle of,
+      June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43;
+      strategic importance, v: 138;
+      renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139;
+      Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.
+
+    Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
+
+    Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.
+
+    Benedict XV, Pope, makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390;
+      offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;
+      biography, ix: 405.
+
+    Benes, Edward, seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397;
+      member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.
+
+    Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.
+
+    Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.
+
+    Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.
+
+    Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.
+
+    Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.
+
+    Bergson, Henri,
+      French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.
+
+    Berlin, revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284;
+      Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287;
+      Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289;
+      second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.
+
+    Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, _see_ Bagdad Railway.
+
+    Berlin Conference, '85,
+      divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.
+
+    Berlin, Congress of, 1878,
+      Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93;
+      terms of settlement at, i: 93;
+      defects of settlement, i: 93.
+
+    Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von,
+      expounds German Kultur in _Germany and the Next War_, i: 67;
+      on desirability of a European war, i: 131;
+      striking quotations from, i: 179.
+
+    Bernstein, Herr,
+      German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._
+
+    Bernstorff, Count Johann von,
+      activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326;
+      biography, ix: 133.
+
+    Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.
+
+    Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.
+
+    Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.
+
+    Bessarabia, Russian offensive in, starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382;
+      invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.
+
+    Bethincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von,
+      German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117;
+      "scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146;
+      statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344;
+      proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262;
+      resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266;
+      biography, ix: 121-126;
+      admission of German guilt, ix: 121;
+      opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.
+
+    "Big Bertha,"
+      German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.
+
+    Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.
+
+    Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.
+
+    Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.
+
+    Bismarck, Prince Otto von, builder of German Empire, i: 41;
+      Near East policy, i: 48;
+      forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359;
+      forms Triple Alliance, i: 95;
+      colonial policy, i: 97;
+      representative of Junker class, i: 258;
+      plan for universal empire, ii: 2;
+      publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.
+
+    Bismarck, Major von, German military attache in Switzerland, vi: 380.
+
+    Bissell, Lieut.,
+      commands detachment defending bridge at Chateau-Thierry,
+        May 31, '18, v: 134.
+
+    Bissolati, Signor,
+      Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362;
+      against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.
+
+    Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.
+
+    Bitlis, captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263;
+      evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386;
+      recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.
+
+    "Black Cobra Bill,"
+      nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India,"
+        vi: 78.
+
+    _Black Prince_,
+      British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.
+
+    Black Sea, Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47;
+      Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Blanc Mont,
+      captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.
+
+    Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.
+
+    Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.
+
+    "Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.
+
+    Blind, Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99;
+      Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259;
+      Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259;
+      number blinded in War, vii: 260.
+
+    Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.
+
+    Bliss, Gen. Tasker H.,
+      U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.
+
+    Blockade, of Allies by Germany, _see_ Submarine Warfare;
+      of Germany by Allies, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.
+
+    _Bluecher_,
+      German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.
+
+    Blue and Gray (29th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Blue Ridge (80th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Bobo, Capt. Stephen N.,
+      story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.
+
+    Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.
+
+    Boers, rebel against British, '14, vi: 49;
+      Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49;
+      aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50;
+    _see_ also South Africa, Union of.
+
+    Bohemia, Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311;
+      early history, vi: 396;
+      oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396;
+      press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396;
+      formation of army, '17, vi: 398;
+      National Council, vi: 399;
+    _see also_ Czechoslovakia.
+
+    Boirault tank, viii, 153.
+
+    Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17--18, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Bolivia,
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
+      Peace Conference, delegate to, xii: 180.
+
+    Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.
+
+    Bolshevism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi._;
+      doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
+      as product of high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      in: Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45.
+        Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319.
+        Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346.
+        Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400.
+        Finland, provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
+          suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200.
+        Germany, _see_ Spartacides.
+        Hungary, riots, Jan.--Feb., '19, vi: 324;
+          success, Mar., '19, vi: 325.
+        India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77.
+        Poland, spread in, vi: 223.
+        Russia,
+          peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18,
+            ii: 272, VI: 183;
+          propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322;
+          Russian troops incited to desert and revolt,
+            iii: 269, vi: 155, 164;
+          doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
+          navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164;
+          Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169;
+          movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173;
+          arguments used to win populace, vi: 175;
+          Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17,
+            vi: 175;
+          increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177;
+          overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183;
+          Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179;
+          dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181;
+          Bolshevik land program, vi: 181;
+          opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181;
+          Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183;
+          Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185;
+          Red Army raised, vi: 185;
+          reign of terror, vi: 187;
+          state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187;
+          Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference,
+            vi: 188;
+          Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198;
+          progress in Letvia, vi: 228;
+          financing German Spartacides, vi: 281;
+          connection with Maximalists, vi: 314;
+          Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115;
+          currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii._
+        Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.
+
+    Bombs:
+      Aerial, viii: 221-225.
+      Depth, evolution of, iv: 307;
+        for combating U-boats, iv: 317;
+        development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
+        launching mechanism, iv: 331;
+        invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
+        description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
+      Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.
+
+    Bona, bombarded by _Breslau_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.
+
+    Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J.,
+      battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.
+
+    _Bonnet Rouge_, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.
+
+    Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.
+
+    Bordeaux, French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375;
+      embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    Borden, Sir Robert, Premier of Canada, vi: 24;
+      urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.
+
+    "Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111.
+
+    Boris, Czar of Bulgaria,
+     succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.
+
+    Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.
+
+    Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;
+      devastated, '18, vi: 363.
+
+    Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Botchkareva (Butchkareff),
+      Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.
+
+    Botha, Gen. Louis,
+      commander of British South African troops, iii: 253;
+      policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47;
+      biography, ix: 191-193.
+
+    Bott, Capt. Alan,
+      British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.
+
+    Bourassa, Henri, Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30;
+      opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.
+
+    Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.
+
+    Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
+
+    Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.
+
+    _Bouvet_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.
+
+    Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.
+
+    Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attache in U. S., dismissed, i: 276;
+      share in passport frauds, i: 315;
+      German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.
+
+    Boy Scouts, war-time activities, British, xi: 94;
+      Belgian, xi: 98;
+      French, xi: 98;
+      American, xi: 100-116.
+
+    Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, xii: 102.
+
+    Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.
+
+    Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C.,
+      commander of British submarine _E-14_, iv: 209.
+
+    Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    _Brabanconne, La_, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.
+
+    Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
+
+    Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.
+
+    Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.
+
+    Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.
+
+    Brazil, German population of, i: 79;
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
+      declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.
+
+    Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.
+
+    Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.
+
+    Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    _Bremen_,
+      German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.
+
+    Breshkovsky, Catherine,
+      leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;
+      prophecy on Russia, ix: 231;
+      biography, ix: 348.
+
+    _Breslau_, German cruiser,
+      outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14,
+        i: 375, iv: 13;
+      sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.
+
+    Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.
+
+    Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of,
+      between Russia and Germany, a dictated "German peace,"
+        ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268;
+      effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314;
+      abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, xii: 205.
+
+    _Bretelle_, definition of, v: 16.
+
+    Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.
+
+    Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
+
+    Bridges, pontoons, viii: 299;
+      portable steel, viii: 301.
+
+    Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse,
+      action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.
+
+    Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.
+
+    _Brilliant_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.
+
+    _Bristol_,
+      British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.
+
+    Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.
+
+    _Britannia_, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.
+
+    _Britannic_,
+      British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.
+
+    British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.
+
+    Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.
+
+    _Broke_,
+      British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
+
+    Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E.,
+      head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.
+
+    Browning machine-guns, description, viii: 84-87;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
+
+    Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.
+
+    Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch,
+      commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119;
+      biography, ix: 232-235.
+
+    Brussels, occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14;
+      German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.
+
+    _Brussels_, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.
+
+    Bryan, William Jennings, policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321;
+      resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.
+
+    Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.
+
+    Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.
+
+    Bucharest, Treaty of,
+      between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352;
+      Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.
+
+    Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B.,
+      cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180;
+      promoted to major-general, v: 182;
+      commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Buckeye (37th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18--'19, vi:323.
+
+    Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.
+
+    Buffaloes (92nd Division), _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.
+
+    Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.
+
+    Bulgaria, German ruler of, i: 96;
+      defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18,
+        i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48;
+      key to Balkan situation, ii: 28;
+      tool of Germany, ii: 28;
+      enmity for Serbia, ii: 32;
+      reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32;
+      enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343;
+      Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329;
+      mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342;
+      invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289;
+      effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270;
+      racial characteristics, vi: 338;
+      desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339;
+      geographical position, vi: 341;
+      attitude toward Allies, vi: 341;
+      proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341;
+      terms for entering War, vi: 341;
+      antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342;
+      Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343;
+      result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344;
+      cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344;
+      friction with Germany, vi: 344;
+      attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344;
+      dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345;
+      Bolshevism in, vi: 346;
+      terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      war cost, Oct., '15--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debt, xii: 114;
+      for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
+
+    Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,
+      in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18,
+        v: 62,167, 189, 383;
+      of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390;
+      of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388;
+      biography, ix: 218-221.
+
+    Bullets, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Buelow, Gen. von,
+      commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10;
+      on Italian Front, iii: 247.
+
+    Buelow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.
+
+    Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
+
+    _Bulwark_, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.
+
+    Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132;
+      biography, ix: 223-226.
+
+    Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.
+
+    Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.
+
+    _Buresk, S. S._, _Emden's_ collier, iv: 188.
+
+    Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.
+
+    Burnham, Gen.,
+      commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.
+
+    Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.
+
+    Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.
+
+    Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.
+
+    Byng, Gen. Sir Julian,
+      commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371;
+      fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142;
+      personal traits, iii: 376.
+
+    Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.
+
+
+    C
+
+    _Cabinga, S. S._, prize of German raider _Emden_, iv: 172.
+
+    Cables,
+      German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty,
+        xii: 225.
+
+    Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.
+
+    Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.
+
+    Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
+      Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241;
+      biography, ix: 225-229.
+
+    Caillaux, Joseph,
+      arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393;
+      accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.
+
+    Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Calais, German drive for, iii: 40;
+      Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.
+
+    Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Callaghan, Adm. Sir George,
+      commander of British Grand Fleet,
+      relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.
+
+    Cambrai, German base in France, ii: 86;
+      first battle of, Nov., '17,
+        Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280;
+      Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, 337-340
+      (Philip Gibbs's description), viii: 142, 156;
+      American engineers at, iii: 82;
+      German prisoners captured, iii: 82;
+      German counter-offensive, iii: 82;
+      "best-kept secret of War," iii: 337;
+      adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338;
+      Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340;
+      second battle of, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213;
+      captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.
+
+    Cambrai-St. Quentin sector,
+      Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.
+
+    Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H., commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
+      commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.
+
+    Cameroons (Kamerun) conquered by Allies,
+      Aug., '14--Feb., '16, iii: 252, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, '16, xii: 279.
+
+    _Camilla, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    Camouflage, use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241;
+      for masking machine-guns, v: 287;
+      development, viii: 136;
+      in nature, viii: 336;
+      war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.
+
+    Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    _Campbells Are Coming_, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.
+
+    Canada, becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43;
+      army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343;
+      characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343;
+      war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23;
+      enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24;
+      political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25;
+      war donations by provinces, vi: 25;
+      Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25;
+      Premier Borden's view of Canada
+        as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25;
+      Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26;
+      voluntary enlistments, vi: 26;
+      increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26;
+      increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26;
+      bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28;
+      Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30;
+      failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36;
+      conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36;
+      Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31;
+      labor against conscription, vi: 32;
+      Liberals support conscription, vi: 32;
+      Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32;
+      Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33;
+      War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34;
+      Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34;
+      results of election, '17, vi: 35;
+      pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35;
+      secessionist talk, vi: 36;
+      Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36;
+      loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+      coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48;
+      nationalization plans for railroads, xii: 90;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Aug., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in public debt, xii: 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179;
+    _see also_ Great Britain.
+
+    Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.
+
+    _Canadians_, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.
+
+    Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.
+
+    Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.
+
+    Cannon, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    _Canopus_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
+      in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64;
+      in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Cantigny,
+      captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124;
+      American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141;
+      significance of capture, v: 34;
+      Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.
+
+    Cantonments, U. S., description, xi: 155;
+      soldiers' life at, xi: 159;
+      construction of, xii: 125.
+
+    _Cap Trafalgar_, armed German liner,
+      battle with British _Carmania_,
+      Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
+
+    Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.
+
+    Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.
+
+    Caporetto, Italian disaster at,
+      Oct. 21--Nov. 1, '17, effect on Western Front, ii: _Intro. xx_;
+      Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246;
+      wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246;
+      army demoralized, iii: 247;
+      causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129;
+      retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250;
+      effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.
+
+    Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.
+
+    Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.
+
+    Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166;
+      monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.
+
+    Carbonyl chloride, _see_ Phosgene.
+
+    Carden, Vice-Adm.,
+      commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28;
+      at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.
+
+    Carency, French attack at, May 11--12, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Carignan-Sedan-Mezieres railroad,
+      vital importance to Germans, v: 387;
+      threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.
+
+    _Carmania_, armed British liner,
+      battle with German _Cap Trafalgar_,
+      Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
+
+    _Carnarvon_, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.
+
+    _Carnetta, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.
+
+    Carpathian Mts., Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26;
+      Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360;
+      topography, iii: 108;
+      Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124;
+      Austrian attacks, Jan.--Mar., '15, iii: 132;
+    _see also_ Russian Front.
+
+    Carpenter, Capt.,
+      commander of _Vindictive_ at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263;
+      account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.
+
+    Carrel, Dr. Alexis,
+      invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds,
+        viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289;
+      wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310;
+      biography, ix: 310-313.
+
+    Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.
+
+    Carso Plateau, description, ii: 244, iii: 239;
+      Italian advance across, June, '15--Oct., '17, ii: 245;
+    _see also_ Italian Front.
+
+    Carson, Sir Edward,
+      leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60;
+      biography, ix: 50-53.
+
+    Cary, Gen. Langle de,
+      commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.
+
+    Casement, Sir Roger,
+      hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53;
+      negotiations with Germany, vi: 57;
+      captured, vi: 58.
+
+    _Cassin_, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.
+
+    Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.
+
+    Castelnau, Gen., commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16;
+      stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38;
+      appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46;
+      at Verdun, iii: 304.
+
+    Casualties, among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284;
+      total in War, iii: 403;
+      classified by belligerents, iii: 404;
+      civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405;
+      per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64;
+      in World War compared with all other wars, 1800--1913, xii: 25;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, xii: 25;
+      total battle deaths, by countries, xii: 288;
+    _see also_ under campaign, battle, and country.
+
+    Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Caucasus, military operations in, Oct., '14--Jan., '15, ii: 91-92;
+      iii: 260-263, xi: 29;
+      early history, vi: 231;
+      conflict of racial interests, vi: 231;
+      Russian misrule in, vi: 231;
+      demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231;
+      effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232;
+      rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.
+
+    Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.
+
+    Causes, of War,
+      summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: _Intro. vii_;
+      complexity of, i: 2;
+      conflict of political systems, i: 4;
+      conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5;
+      element of individual responsibility, i: 5;
+      German desire for war, i: 8;
+      colonial rivalry, i: 14;
+      Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121;
+      German ambitions for world power, i: 83;
+      murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii;
+      Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117;
+      Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119;
+      Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120;
+      statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120;
+      racial element in, i: 120;
+      German territorial ambitions, i: 122;
+      German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139;
+      German statement of English responsibility, i: 193;
+      Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193;
+      Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346;
+    _see also_ Germany, Responsibility for War.
+
+    Cavalry, function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
+      Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120;
+      German military critic on importance of, ii: 260;
+      use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206;
+    _see also_ under armies of each country.
+
+    Cavell, Edith, executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382;
+      story of, x: 172;
+      betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.
+
+    "C. C. Gear,"
+      for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades,
+        viii: 214-216.
+
+    Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
+
+    Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.
+
+    Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War,
+        vii: 352;
+    _see also_ Jews.
+
+    Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.
+
+    Central Powers, unity of command established, ii: 330;
+      general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110;
+      mobilized strength, iii: 430;
+      war casualties, iii: 404;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313;
+      Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
+      war cost, xii: 27, 107;
+      rise in national debts, xii: 114;
+    _see also_
+        Austria-Hungary;
+        Bulgaria;
+        Germany;
+        Turkey.
+
+    Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.
+
+    Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16--'18, xii: 37.
+
+    Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.
+
+    Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.
+
+    Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.
+
+    Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Chalons, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375;
+      system of trench defenses, v: 44.
+
+    Chamberlain, Austen,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
+
+    Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm.,
+      commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.
+
+    Champagne, French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46;
+      as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67;
+      German offensive checked, July 15--17, '18,
+        v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148;
+      A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15--17, '18,
+        v: 148-158.
+
+    Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Chanak, town on Dardanelles, iv: 24;
+      bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.
+
+    Channel ports, importance to Allies, ii: _Intro. viii_;
+      German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359;
+      opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of,
+        ii: 172;
+      Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.
+
+    _Chant du Depart, Le_, French patriotic song, xi: 333.
+
+    Chapman, Victor,
+      member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.
+
+    Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.
+
+    _Charge of the Tank Brigade_,
+       poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.
+
+    _Charlemagne_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+      ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388;
+      secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace,
+        Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315;
+      conciliatory policy, vi: 313;
+      overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317;
+      letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317;
+      leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319;
+      biography, ix: 371-373.
+
+    Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.
+
+    Charteves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.
+
+    Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.
+
+    Chateau-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
+      Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320;
+      re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184;
+      German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F.,
+        May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43;
+      location and importance, v: 133;
+    _see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.
+
+    Chateauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.
+
+    Chatel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
+
+    Chatillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.
+
+    Chatillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.
+
+    Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.
+
+    Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.
+
+    Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.
+
+    Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
+
+    Chemical warfare,
+      poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr.,
+        '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285;
+      first use against Russians, iii: 288-292;
+      Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322;
+      German projector batteries, v: 28;
+      U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401;
+      gas warfare development, v: 321;
+      kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172;
+      mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321;
+      phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170;
+      U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325;
+      invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: _Intro. ix_;
+      methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165;
+      gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316;
+      gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320;
+      poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167;
+      carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166;
+      nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166;
+      carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168;
+      chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170;
+      vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172;
+      diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
+      xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
+      chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
+      sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
+      Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172;
+      methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179;
+      oxygen helmets, viii: 173;
+      gas masks, viii: 174-178;
+      use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176;
+      fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178;
+      use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178;
+      wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178;
+      U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal,
+        viii: 179-187, xii: 285;
+      gas gangrene, xi: 287;
+      international law on, xi: 313;
+      general description, xi: 313-323.
+
+    Chemin des Dames, battle and capture of,
+      by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132;
+      Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76;
+      training area for 26th Div., v: 117.
+
+    _Chemung, S. S._,
+      American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.
+
+    Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.
+
+    Children in the War, xi: _Intro. ix-xiii_, 56-84;
+      letters of, xi: 60, 74-84;
+      brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67;
+      Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69;
+      "The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69;
+      American relief for European, xi: 84-93.
+
+    Chile, neutral during War, vi: 390;
+      Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.
+
+    Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.
+
+    China, under foreigners' yoke, i: 18;
+      defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20;
+      forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38;
+      U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57;
+      special Japanese interests in,
+        recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;
+      international position of, '14, i: 63;
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389;
+      declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
+      coolie labor in France, ii: 377, xii: 80, 85;
+      siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257;
+      Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259;
+      origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248;
+      Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385;
+      coal production, '13--'15, xii: 48;
+      refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 167;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206;
+      Kiao-Chau (Shantung)
+        transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+        _see also_ Kiau-Chau; Shantung.
+
+    "Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179.
+
+    Chipilly Ridge,
+      33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.
+
+    Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    Chlorine, first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres,
+      Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285;
+      poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168;
+      use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.
+
+    Chlorpicrin, description of, v: 321;
+      use in chemical warfare, viii: 171;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.
+
+    _Choising, S. S._,
+      _Emdens's_ survivors transfer from _Ayesha_ to, iv: 192.
+
+    Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.
+
+    Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.
+
+    Chunuk Bair, Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172;
+      Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Churchill, Winston Spencer,
+      advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: _Intro. x, xiv._, 29, 200;
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
+      member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;
+      defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56;
+      biography, ix: 44-47.
+
+    Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.
+
+    Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.
+
+    Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of,
+      compared with World War, ii: _Intro. xiii._
+
+    Civilian deaths, due to War, iii: 405;
+      money value of, xii: 25.
+
+    Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.
+
+    Clarkson, Grosvenor B.,
+      Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 115;
+      on causes of high cost of living, xii: 142-148.
+
+    Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von,
+      influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.
+
+    Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.
+
+    Clayton-Bulwer Treaty,
+      between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.
+
+    Clemenceau, Georges, makes _Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures, vi: 105;
+      forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
+      disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108;
+      publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus
+        offering to make peace, vi: 315;
+      biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125;
+      record as Premier, ix: 12;
+      view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13;
+      bibliography, ix: 13;
+      faith in Foch, ix: 151;
+      at the Peace Conference, xii: 149-163;
+      excludes Germans from, xii: 162.
+
+    Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.
+
+    Clery-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
+
+    Clery-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.
+
+    Clifford, Rev. J. H.,
+      "Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.
+
+    Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.
+
+    Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    Coal, abundance secret of German power, i: 267;
+      German production, 1880--1913, i: 267;
+      seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20;
+      consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331;
+      Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377;
+      U. S. production, '18--'19, xii: 46;
+      production by chief countries, '13--'17, xii: 47;
+      war-time price of, xii: 48;
+      Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries
+        to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224.
+
+    Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.
+
+    "Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.
+
+    Coblenz, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392;
+      bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394;
+      conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.
+
+    Cochin, Lieut.,
+      French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.
+
+    Codes, detection of, v: 319.
+
+    Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.
+
+    Coffin, H. E.,
+      Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, xii: 69;
+      views on industrial preparedness, xii: 69;
+      member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    Cohalan, Justice,
+      leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.
+
+    Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Cologne, bridgehead at, occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400;
+      conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.
+
+    Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.
+
+    Colonies, important share of British, in winning War, i: 13;
+      loss of German, i: 13;
+      German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14;
+      share of French, in final victory, i: 14;
+      European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14;
+      era of colonization by European nations, i: 26;
+      influence on development of naval power, i: 28;
+      colonization during 19th century, i: 37;
+      in Far East, i: 38;
+      expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.
+
+    _Columbia, S. S._,
+      American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Combles, captured by Allies,
+      Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59;
+      recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.
+
+    _Comite Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation_,
+      organization, vii: 120.
+
+    Commerce, national rivalries, i: 262;
+      English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253;
+    _see also_ Trade, under name of country.
+
+    Commerce raiders, German, exploits of _Emden_, iv: 166-194;
+    _Koenigsberg_, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195;
+    _Karlsruhe_, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196;
+    _Koenigin Luise_, operations in English Channel, iv: 197;
+    _Meteor_, activities in Baltic, iv: 197;
+    _Moewe_, converted merchantman, iv: 197;
+    _Seeadler_, iv: 198;
+    _Wolf_, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.
+
+    Commissaries, political, in Russia, demoralize army, iii: 268;
+      Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181;
+    _see also_ Russia.
+
+    Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.
+
+    Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87;
+      for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.
+
+    Communication, lines of,
+      French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;
+      between France and Germany, v: 214.
+
+    Compass, for airplanes, viii: 220;
+      Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
+
+    Comrades in Service, vii: 284.
+
+    _Conduct of War, The_, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.
+
+    _Confederation Generale du Travail_,
+      French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.
+
+    Congo, Belgian exploitation of, i: 50;
+      creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.
+
+    Congo Conference, '84--'85, i: 16.
+
+    Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.
+
+    Congressional Medal of Honor,
+      list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
+
+    Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox,
+      Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.
+
+    Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader,
+      wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60;
+      Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53.
+
+    Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.
+
+    Conscription, _see under_ name of country.
+
+    Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
+
+    Constantine, King of Greece, abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390;
+      opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202;
+      biography, ix: 380-382.
+
+    Constantinesco, M.,
+      inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.
+
+    Constantinople, Russian ambitions for, i: 63;
+      captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90;
+      Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27;
+      key to early ending of War, ii: 29;
+      early history, iv: 18;
+    _see also_
+      Gallipoli Campaign;
+      Turkey.
+
+    Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.
+
+    Constanza, captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221;
+      bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Constituent Assembly, Russian,
+      dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.
+
+    Contraband, _see_ Germany, Blockade.
+
+    Contracts, between German and Allied nationals,
+      Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge,
+        xii: 240-243.
+
+    Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.
+
+    Cook, Lieut. S. W.,
+      co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.
+
+    Co-operative Societies, Siberia,
+      organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.
+
+    Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.
+
+    Corfu, seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160;
+      meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.
+
+    _Cormoran, S. S._,
+      converted into auxiliary cruiser by _Emden's_ crew, vi: 169.
+
+    _Cornwall_, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.
+
+    _Cornwallis_, British battleship sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389;
+      at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Coronel, battle of, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308;
+      comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65;
+      Von Spee's account of, iv: 66;
+      British account of, iv: 67;
+      losses, iv: 68;
+      Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.
+
+    Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.
+
+    Cossacks, origin, vi: 146;
+      fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.
+
+    Cost of living, _see_ Prices;
+    _also_ under each country.
+
+    Cost of War, capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, xii: 25;
+      importance of money as war weapon, xii: 1;
+      compared with previous wars, xii: 24;
+      value of property destroyed, xii: 24, 25;
+      economic loss in man-power, xii: 25;
+      value of production loss, xii: 26;
+      value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
+      cost to Allies and Central Powers, xii: 27, 107;
+      meaning of "cost of war," xii: 105;
+      difficulties of computing money equivalent, xii: 105;
+      range of expenditures, xii: 105;
+      expenditures of different belligerents, xii: 106-107;
+      methods used to raise war funds, xii: 107-114;
+      taxation _vs._ borrowing, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debts of belligerents, xii: 114;
+    _see also_ under each belligerent.
+
+    Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.
+
+    Cote de Chatillon, capture of,
+      by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.
+
+    Cotes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69.
+
+    Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.
+
+    Coulommiers,
+      Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.
+
+    Council of National Defense, U. S.,
+    _see_ United States, Council of National Defense.
+
+    Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Courland, early history, vi: 226;
+      Republic of, established Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Baltic Provinces.
+
+    Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    _Covington_, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.
+
+    Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.
+
+    Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher,
+      commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel,
+        iv: 63, ix: 308.
+
+    Crandell, Miss Marion G.,
+      American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313.
+
+    _Cressy_, British cruiser, sunk by _U-9_,
+      Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.
+
+    Crile, Col. George W.,
+      first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anaesthetic, vii: 68.
+
+    Croats, early history, vi: 354;
+      antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.
+
+    Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313.
+
+    Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.
+
+    Cromer, Lord,
+      chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.
+
+    Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert, commander 80th Div., v: 144;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
+
+    Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.
+
+    Crown Prince of Germany, _see_ Frederick William.
+
+    Crown Prince of Prussia, _see_ Frederick William.
+
+    Ctesiphon,
+      British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182;
+      description of Arch of, iii: 331;
+      collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.
+
+    Cuba, revolt against Spain, i: 56;
+      declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.
+
+    Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Cumieres, captured and lost by Germans, May 23--27, '16, iii: 54, 312.
+
+    Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
+
+    Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.
+
+    _Cushing_,
+      American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.
+
+    Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.
+
+    Custer (85th) Division, _see_ U. S. Army.
+
+    Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, xii: 229.
+
+    Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.
+
+    _Cyclops_, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.
+
+    Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.
+
+    Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.
+
+    Czar of Russia, _see_ Nicholas II.
+
+    Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192;
+      capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192;
+      attack on Hungary, April--May, '19, vi: 326;
+      antagonism to Italy, vi: 362;
+      independence recognized, vi: 399;
+      German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399;
+      Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400;
+      against Bolshevism, vi: 400;
+      claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, xii: 197;
+      use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, xii: 253;
+      Republic established, Oct., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, Oct., '18, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Bohemia.
+
+    Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+      appointment as, vi: 313;
+      peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314;
+      resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.
+
+    Czernowitz, taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122;
+      abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384;
+      recaptured by Russians, June 17--18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144;
+      occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.
+
+
+    D
+
+    _Daffodil_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.
+
+    Dalmatia, Italian claims for, vi: 361;
+      conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.
+
+    D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.
+
+    Damascus,
+      captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.
+
+    Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.
+
+    Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    "Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93.
+
+    Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.
+
+    Dankl, Gen.,
+      commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.
+
+    Dannevoux,
+     scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    D'Annunzio, Gabriele,
+      pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality,
+        ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343;
+      manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368;
+      claims Fiume, vi: 369;
+      seizes Fiume, vi: 370;
+      biography, ix: 343-345;
+      author of _Song of the Dardanelles_, ix: 343;
+      message to America, ix: 344.
+
+    _Danton_, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.
+
+    Danube River, as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214;
+      bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221;
+      internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    Danzig, demanded by Poland, vi: 225;
+      made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, xii: 203.
+
+    Dardanelles, Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161;
+      closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28;
+      strategic importance, ii: 29;
+      Narrows, critical point, ii: 29;
+      topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
+      modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
+      early history, iv: 18-22;
+      early fortifications, iv: 19;
+      closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20;
+      forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20;
+      fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20;
+      forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21;
+      importance to Turkey, iv: 23;
+      importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26;
+      description, xi: 14;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Dardanelles Expedition, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.
+
+    Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.
+
+    Davis, Richard Harding,
+      description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273;
+      description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.
+
+    Davison, Henry P., Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i;
+      biography, ix: 339.
+
+    De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.
+
+    De Valera, Prof. Eamonn, elected to Parliament, vi: 62;
+      arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65;
+      elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55;
+      address to America, ix: 55.
+
+    Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun,
+      battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.
+
+    Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.
+
+    Debts, national, of belligerents, xii: 111-114;
+      between German and Allied nationals,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, xii: 232-236.
+
+    Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor,
+      list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
+
+    _Deductions from the World War_,
+      by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.
+
+    _Defender_,
+      British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    _Defense_, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.
+
+    Defense, elements in, iv: 4;
+      French trench system of, v: 12;
+      Gouraud's method of, against infiltration,
+        v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
+    _see also_ Tactics.
+
+    Defense of the Realm Act, British,
+      as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14;
+      used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.
+
+    Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.
+
+    Delcasse, Theophile,
+      dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99;
+      resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
+
+    Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.
+
+    Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Democracy, in Europe, as result of the War, i: _Intro. x_;
+      rise of, during 19th century, i: 29;
+      among American colonists, i: 29;
+      development in France, i: 30;
+      European reaction, 1814--40, i: 32;
+      failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32;
+      growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04--'14, i: 293.
+
+    Demotika, ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344;
+      Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.
+
+    Denikin, Gen., report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270;
+      leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.
+
+    Denmark, war with Prussia, 1864, i: _Intro. vii_;
+      neutral during War, vi: 393;
+      popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393;
+      war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.
+
+    Depth bomb, evolution of, iv: 307;
+      use in fighting submarines, iv: 317;
+      development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
+      launching mechanism, iv: 331;
+      invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
+      for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332;
+      description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
+
+    _Der Kampf_, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.
+
+    _Der Tag_, the German "millennium," xi: 195.
+
+    _Derflinger_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, justifies German war policy, i: 120;
+      heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316;
+      character sketch of, ix: 353.
+
+    _Derriere Chez Mon Pere_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
+
+    D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet,
+      commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31;
+      commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347;
+      signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.
+
+    Destroyers,
+      effectiveness against submarines, viii: _Intro. viii._
+
+    Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.
+
+    _Deutschland_, German merchant submarine,
+      arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214;
+      Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215;
+      feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.
+
+    Devastation of France,
+      by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67;
+      French protest to neutrals, iii: 68;
+      German excuses for, iii: 68.
+
+    _Devoir, Le_, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.
+
+    D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.
+
+    D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.
+
+    _Dhair Hissar_, Turkish torpedo-boat in AEgean, iv: 49.
+
+    Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.
+
+    Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.
+
+    Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes,
+      defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.
+
+    Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T.,
+      commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51;
+      commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132;
+      commands 3rd Div. at Chateau-Thierry, v: 132;
+      commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+
+    Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas),
+      use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
+
+    Dinant,
+      Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.
+
+    Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
+
+    Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.
+
+    Dirigibles, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Disarmament, Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194;
+      German answer to British proposals, i: 195.
+
+    Disease,
+      statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;
+      early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177;
+      preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248;
+      results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195;
+      sanitation, vii: 253;
+      inoculation against, vii: 253;
+      prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397;
+      anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;
+    _see also_
+        Infection;
+        Medical Science;
+        Sanitation.
+
+    Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272.
+
+    "Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.
+
+    Dixmude, occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376;
+      evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376;
+      occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29--30, '18, i: 397;
+      German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.
+
+    Dixmude-Ypres sector,
+      Allied offensive, Sept. 28--Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.
+
+    Djemal Pasha,
+      commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.
+
+    Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.
+
+    Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.
+
+    Dniester River,
+      Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Dobrudja, German conquest of, Sept.--Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221;
+      description of, iii: 215;
+      disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220;
+      dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344;
+      overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.
+
+    Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.
+
+    Dogger Bank, battle of,
+      British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253;
+      eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250;
+      Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.
+
+    Dogs in War, as ambulance drawers, viii: 379;
+      varied activities, xi: 340-347;
+      story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367;
+      story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402;
+      effect of food shortage on, xii: 40.
+
+    Dommartin-la-Montagne,
+      captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69, 212.
+
+    Don Republic, established Jan., '18, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Dormans, 28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53;
+      location, v: 133.
+
+    Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.
+
+    Douaumont Fort, at Verdun,
+      captured by Germans, Feb. 25--26, '16,
+        i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305;
+      French recapture and lose, May 22--25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310;
+      retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
+
+    Doughboys, spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370;
+    _see also_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.
+
+    Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.
+
+    Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Draft, _see_ Conscription under name of country.
+
+    _Drake_, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    _Dresden_, German cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
+      in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70;
+      sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.
+
+    Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.
+
+    Drop bombs, viii: 76.
+
+    Drummond, Sir James Eric,
+      first Secretary-General of League of Nations, xii: 186.
+
+    Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.
+
+    Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.
+
+    Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.
+
+    Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.
+
+    Duds, deloading of, v: 326.
+
+    Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Duff, Sir Beauchamp,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.
+
+    Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.
+
+    Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.
+
+    Duma, Russian, reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;
+      struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144;
+      forces dismissal of Stuermer as Premier, vi: 142;
+      Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144;
+      refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146;
+      activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155;
+      establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155;
+    _see also_ Russia.
+
+    Dumba, Dr. Constantin,
+      Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275;
+      dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.
+
+    Dun-sur-Meuse, captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;
+      bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.
+
+    Dunant, Henri,
+      influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.
+
+    Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B.,
+      brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
+      commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.
+
+    Dunkirk, bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380;
+      bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380;
+      German drive for, '14, iii: 40.
+
+    Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.
+
+    Dunne, Edw. F.,
+      member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.
+
+    Durazzo, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384;
+      naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399;
+      occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399;
+      retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.
+
+    Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.
+
+    Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.
+
+    Duval, traitorous owner of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105;
+      found guilty and shot, vi: 106.
+
+    Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.
+
+    Dyestuffs,
+      German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, xii: 224.
+
+
+    E
+
+    _E-7_, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.
+
+    _E-9_, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.
+
+    _E-11_, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.
+
+    _E-14_, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.
+
+    _E-50_, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.
+
+    _E-54_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.
+
+    Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300.
+
+    East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice
+      on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv._
+
+    East Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 255;
+      acquired by Great Britain, '18, xii: 271;
+      area and population, xii: 271.
+
+    East Prussia,
+      Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116;
+      battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;
+      effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227;
+      German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account,
+        ii: 353-357;
+      plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110;
+      importance, iii: 112;
+      Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113;
+      strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113;
+      decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113;
+      Russian withdrawal, iii: 116;
+      plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, xii: 200.
+
+    Eastern Front, fortifications of, iii: 109;
+      strategic aspects, iii: 110;
+      Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118;
+    _see also_ East Prussia;
+        Galicia;
+        Mazurian Lakes;
+        Poland.
+
+    Eastern Karelia, military government established, May, '19, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, xii: 279.
+
+    Ebert, Friedrich,
+      elected President of Germany, Feb., '19,
+        vi: _Intro. xiii_, 292;
+      appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273;
+      establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
+      states government's determination to put down Spartacides,
+        Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287;
+      outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+      German press comment on personality, vi: 293;
+      biography, ix: 135-138.
+
+    Economic strategy, in war, theory and example of, ii: 16;
+      Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, xii: 102.
+
+    Ecuador, proletarian unrest, vi: 392;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.
+
+    Education, bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29;
+      A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280;
+      A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281;
+      Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281;
+      demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282;
+      A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282;
+      work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282;
+      U. S. soldier students at French and British universities,
+        vii: 282, 290;
+      Army Educational Committee, vii: 282;
+      A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282;
+      Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.
+
+    Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.
+
+    Edwards, Maj.-Gen.,
+      commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;
+      relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.
+
+    Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.
+
+    Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.
+
+    Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service,
+      tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.
+
+    Egypt, British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48;
+      British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99;
+      anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188;
+      political unrest, iii: 188;
+      operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189;
+      Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190;
+      Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191;
+      tribesmen suppressed, '16--'17, iii: 191;
+      resentment against British domination, vi: 67;
+      popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330;
+      Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69;
+      Great Britain declares protectorate over,
+        Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, xii: 279;
+      Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70;
+      insurrection, '19, vi: 71;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, '14, xii: 279.
+
+    Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.
+
+    Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.
+
+    Eisner, Kurt,
+      becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18,
+        vi: 273, 280;
+      appeals to German national government on behalf of
+        Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
+      assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.
+
+    El Arish, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189;
+      taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.
+
+    El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.
+
+    El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Elbe,
+      internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, xii: 248.
+
+    Electric drive, description and advantages of, iv: 322;
+      successfully applied in _U. S. S. New Mexico_, iv: 322.
+
+    Electric welding, use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319;
+      use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.
+
+    Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.
+
+    Elliott, Col.,
+      leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.
+
+    Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
+
+    Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E.,
+      as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124;
+      assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.
+
+    _Emden_, German commerce raider, exploits of, iv: 166-194;
+       method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173;
+      bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174;
+      attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178;
+      lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184;
+      attacked by _Sydney_ off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185;
+      destruction of, report of captain of _Sydney_, iv: 187;
+      summary of raiding activities, iv: 189;
+      landing force at Keeling escapes on _Ayesha_, iv: 190-194.
+
+    Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liege, iii: 10.
+
+    Emont Wood, cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+      37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.
+
+    Emplacements,
+      duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.
+
+    _Empress Maria_, Russian dreadnought,
+       blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.
+
+    Enfield rifle, facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347;
+      standard British service rifle, viii: 95;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
+
+    Engineering, development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319;
+      relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.
+
+    Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, xii: 286.
+
+    England, _see_ Great Britain.
+
+    Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.
+
+    Entertainment,
+      27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299;
+      Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343;
+      for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277;
+      at Winchester camp, vii: 287;
+      for Army of Occupation, vii: 292;
+      for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295;
+      "Y" program for Navy, vii: 299;
+      by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.
+
+    Enver Pasha, leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270;
+      commander of Turkish army, iii: 164;
+      in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260;
+      biography, ix: 270-274.
+
+    Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.
+
+    Epieds, German stand at, in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184;
+      General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.
+
+    Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Ersatz, German, i: 72.
+
+    Erskine, Prof. John, member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282;
+      educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.
+
+    Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
+
+    Erzberger, leader of German Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_;
+      becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: _Intro. xiii._
+
+    Erzerum,
+      captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.
+
+    Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.
+
+    Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Esnes, location of, v: 217;
+      4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.
+
+    Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1--3, '18, v: 254.
+
+    Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
+
+    Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.
+
+    Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10--11, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.
+
+    Esthonia, early history, vi: 226;
+      independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, xii: 279;
+      area, xii: 279;
+      population, '18, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Baltic Provinces.
+
+    Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Etraye, threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82;
+      ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86;
+      captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.
+
+    Europe, area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9;
+      race rivalries in, i: 21;
+      alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2;
+      general conditions, winter '17--'18, v: 1, 113;
+      military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.
+
+    Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh,
+      commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.
+
+    Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.
+
+    Exermont Valley, slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+      heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.
+
+    Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.
+
+    Explosives, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Extraterritoriality, explained, i: 17;
+      Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18;
+      Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.
+
+
+    F
+
+    _Falaba, S. S._, British steamer,
+      sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.
+
+    Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von,
+      sent to regain Bagdad, ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 196;
+      invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218;
+      replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg,
+        iii: 61;
+      biography, ix: 262.
+
+    Falkland Islands, battle of,
+      British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14,
+        i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308;
+      strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70;
+      von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70;
+      Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71;
+      German cruiser _Dresden_ escapes, iv: 74;
+      British casualties, iv: 74;
+      German loss in men and ships, iv: 74;
+      importance of victory, iv: 74;
+      Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79;
+      eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.
+
+    Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.
+
+    _Falmouth_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
+      at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.
+
+    _Fanning_, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
+
+    Fanning Island,
+      Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.
+
+    Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.
+
+    _Farewell_, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.
+
+    Farman airplane, viii: 189.
+
+    Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S.,
+      commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145;
+      in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.
+
+    Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.
+
+    Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    Fayolle, Gen.,
+      commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18,
+        ii: 152;
+      decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
+
+    _Fearless_,
+      British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.
+
+    Ferdinand, Archduke Francis,
+    _see_ Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.
+
+    Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
+      proclamation to army, vi: 340;
+      appeals to Germany, vi: 347;
+      character, ix: 378;
+      biography, ix: 378-380.
+
+    _Ferdinand of Bulgaria_, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.
+
+    Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.
+
+    Fere Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.
+
+    Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian,
+      comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism,
+        ii: 365-372;
+      sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.
+
+    Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.
+
+    Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.
+
+    Finland, signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393;
+      political history, 1809--1914, vi: 196;
+      granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196;
+      autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196;
+      threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196;
+      socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196;
+      nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196;
+      German aid against Russification, vi: 196;
+      declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198;
+      base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198;
+      Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
+      Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198;
+      Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198;
+      White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198;
+      General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199;
+      Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200;
+      new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200;
+      Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200;
+      origin of inhabitants, vi: 200;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    _Finland_, U. S. transport sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392;
+      torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.
+
+    _Firedrake_,
+      British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.
+
+    Fisher, Adm. Lord John,
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
+      views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203;
+      biography, ix: 288-290.
+
+    Fisher, Prof. Irving,
+      analysis of high cost of living, xii: _Intro._
+
+    Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.
+
+    Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B.,
+      Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
+
+    Fismes, captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61;
+      taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July--Aug., '18, v: 189;
+      General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18,
+        v: 192.
+
+    Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.
+
+    Fiume, conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365;
+      arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366;
+      Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference
+        in controversy over, vi: 368-370, xii: 159;
+      occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370;
+      awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.
+
+    _Five Souls_, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.
+
+    Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.
+
+    Flanders, battles of:
+      Oct., '14, nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299;
+        extent of battle line, iii: 38;
+        Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40;
+        Germans repulsed, iii: 40.
+      Aug., '17, failure of British offensive, ii: 56;
+        Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343;
+        description of, iii: 78-80;
+        duration, iii: 78;
+        objects, iii: 78;
+        Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79;
+        Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79;
+        Allied gains, Sept.--Oct., '17, iii: 79;
+        results, iii: 79.
+      Sept., '18, Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.
+
+    Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.
+
+    Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Fleury, at Verdun, captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386;
+      captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.
+
+    Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    _Florence H._, cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.
+
+    Florina, occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208;
+      occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.
+
+    "Flying Dutchman," name applied to _Emden_, iv: 187.
+
+    Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
+      strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213;
+      at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154;
+      theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137;
+      takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130;
+      as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at Ecole de Guerre,
+        ii: 103, 137, 220;
+      share in victory at first Marne battle,
+        ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220;
+      author of _Principles of War_, summary, ii: 104;
+      conception of _mind_ as determining factor in victory,
+        ii: 138;
+      on functions of a general, ii: 138;
+      theories on battle tactics, ii: 138;
+      commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138;
+      organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138;
+      famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33;
+      given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14,
+        ii: 143, iii: 38;
+      floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145;
+      stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220;
+      commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148;
+      appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148;
+      appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148;
+      sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149;
+      French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149;
+      appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18,
+        ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41;
+      analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154;
+      made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97;
+      Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170;
+      General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220;
+      commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18;
+      repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33;
+      member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
+      text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380;
+      biography, ix: 148-153;
+      Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151;
+      pronunciation of name, ix: 151;
+      bibliography, ix: 153;
+      members of family killed in War, ix: 153;
+      military commandments, xi: 55;
+      conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18,
+        xii: 277.
+
+    Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.
+
+    Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.
+
+    Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.
+
+    Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.
+
+    Food, sent to Europe from U. S., '16--'18, xii: 36;
+      importance in winning War, xii: 40, 135;
+      War's effect on neutrals, xii: 42;
+      European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, xii, 42;
+      situation in Europe after armistice, xii: 43;
+      world's requirements and supply, '19, xii: 44;
+      use of potatoes as, xii: 47;
+      U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, xii: 135;
+      problem of national self-sufficiency, xii: 135;
+      war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138;
+      national tastes in, xii: 138;
+      scientific rations _vs._ personal taste, xii: 139;
+      scientific rations as conservation measure, xii: 139;
+      Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139;
+      war-time government control, xii: 140;
+      U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141;
+    _see also_ under each country.
+
+    Foreign Legion, American enlistments in, '14--'17, iii: 391;
+      in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168;
+      heroic story of, x: 27-32;
+      history, xi: 193.
+
+    Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.
+
+    Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
+
+    Foret Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
+
+    Forges, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306;
+      captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    _Formidable_,
+      British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.
+
+    Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.
+
+    Fortescue, Granville,
+      description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.
+
+    Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    "Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, xii: 163-165.
+
+    "Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.
+
+    "Foyers du Soldats," comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310;
+      number, vii: 311;
+      locations, vii: 313.
+
+    Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.
+
+    France:
+      Air Service, strength at end of War, viii: 201;
+        personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206.
+      Army, increase in, for '14, i: 132;
+        German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
+        military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12;
+        German military critic on, ii: 256;
+        uniform, ii: 286;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 3;
+        morale, '17, iv: 10;
+        relations with A. E. F., v: 22;
+        type of service rifle, viii: 95;
+        medical service, viii: 362-365;
+        Chasseurs, xi: 189;
+        Spahi, xi: 189;
+        Zouaves, xi: 189;
+        Tirailleurs, xi: 191;
+        Foreign Legion, xi: 193;
+        _see also_ Foreign Legion;
+        for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.
+      Artillery, famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287;
+        plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14;
+        520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war, by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140;
+        on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
+        on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
+        on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382;
+        popular reception of, '14, vi: 95.
+      Food, potato crop, xii: 47;
+        war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138.
+      Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37;
+        world position, 1871, i: 47;
+        world position, '14, i: 59;
+        Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain,
+          i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2;
+        Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98;
+        Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99;
+        Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
+        Anglo-French agreement for united action
+          against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220;
+        Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220;
+        pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223;
+        French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382;
+        Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315;
+        claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+        Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334.
+      Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
+      Frontiers, topography of German border, ii: 6;
+        defenses, iii: 2;
+        natural gateways on, v: 214.
+      Industries, war-time disorganization, xii: 79;
+        economic value of A. E. F. to, xii: 86;
+        German destruction in invaded territory, xii: 87.
+      Internal politics, development of democracy, i: 30;
+        organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97;
+        fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100;
+        nation united in War aims, vi: 101;
+        mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102;
+        Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103;
+        fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103;
+        effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103;
+        Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103;
+        _Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17,
+          vi: 104;
+        Painleve forms new Cabinet, vi: 105;
+        Painleve ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
+        Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106;
+        Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106;
+        growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109;
+        class war, '19, vi: 110;
+        Jaures parade, '19, vi: 110;
+        significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110;
+        French peace aims, vi: 111;
+        May Day riots, '19, vi: 111;
+        class war intensified, vi: 113.
+      Labor, war achievements, ii: 373-382;
+        shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373;
+        skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374;
+        women as munition workers, ii: 376;
+        foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377;
+        importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377;
+        use of colonials, ii: 377;
+        use of prisoners of war, ii: 377;
+        size of labor army, ii: 377;
+        housing of war workers, ii: 377;
+        co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378;
+        protection for women workers, ii: 379;
+        war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379;
+        state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380;
+        growth of syndicalism, ii: 381;
+        demand for share in management, ii: 381;
+        selective assignment to industries, xii: 79.
+      Minerals, German plans for seizure of iron mines,
+        i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20;
+        coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
+      Morale, of people during War, i: _Intro. xiii_, ii: 383-392;
+        war-time unity, ii: 385;
+        factors in war-time unity, ii: 392;
+        depression, '17--'18, v: 2.
+      Munitions, statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373;
+        immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373.
+      Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;
+        increase in, for '14, i: 132;
+        entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12;
+        strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373;
+        war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373;
+        work in Dardanelles, iv: 375;
+    _Fusiliers marins_, French naval gunners,
+        on Western Front, iv: 376;
+        protection of French coast, iv: 377;
+        anti-submarine activities, iv: 378.
+      Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179;
+        _see also_ Peace Conference.
+      Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264;
+        _see also_ Peace Treaty.
+      Population, in 1860, i: 40;
+        in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
+        in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
+        growth since 1870 compared with that of Germany, i: 262.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, unprecedented war-time demands on, xii: 91;
+        equipment shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286.
+      Reconstruction, material needs, xii: 87.
+      Shipping, war losses, xii: 87.
+      War cost, loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., xii: 4;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18, 31;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        Andre Tardieu's estimate, xii: 86;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 109;
+        loans, xii: 111;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 111-113, 114.
+      War relief, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austrian throne, i: 111;
+      murdered with consort at Sarajevo,
+        June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4;
+      responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112;
+      responsibility disclaimed, i: 246;
+      causes and results of murder, vi: 135;
+      national policy, vi: 356.
+
+    Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+      dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313;
+      tragedies of reign, vi: 305;
+      proclamation against Italy, vi: 310;
+      biography, ix: 370-373.
+
+    Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier,
+      vii: 101.
+
+    Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.
+
+    Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.
+
+    Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Frantz, Gen. von,
+      protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.
+
+    _Frauenlob_, German cruiser,
+      torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Frederick William, German Crown Prince,
+      moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13;
+      commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
+      renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340;
+      commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10;
+      commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303;
+      detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      biography, ix: 367-369.
+
+    Free Milk for France, fund started, vii: 376;
+      object, vii: 376;
+      French testimonials, vii: 379.
+
+    Freedom of the seas, U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324;
+      Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of,
+        ii: 27;
+      definition, xi: 18.
+
+    French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.
+
+    French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres,
+      report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9;
+      first British commander-in-chief in France,
+        ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180;
+      publishes _1914_, account of military operations of year,
+        ii: 159;
+      summary of _1914_, ii: 160-174;
+      arrival in France, ii: 161;
+      dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France,
+        ii: 164, 169;
+      expose of British shell shortage, ii: 173;
+      overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports,
+        ii: 174;
+      commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
+      official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24;
+      relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52;
+      biography, ix: 177-181;
+      Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.
+
+    French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.
+
+    French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.
+
+    Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Fresnes-en-Woevre,
+      taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.
+
+    Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.
+
+    Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von,
+      German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War,
+        ii: 10;
+      summary of his _Deductions from the World War_, ii: 254;
+      exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.
+
+    Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.
+
+    Fryatt, Capt. Chas.,
+      executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269;
+      attempts to ram _U-33_, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265;
+      Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.
+
+    Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen.,
+      German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.
+
+    Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Fyfe, Hamilton,
+      defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.
+
+
+    G
+
+    _G-13_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.
+
+    G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.
+
+    Gaba Tepe. _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo,
+      for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.
+
+    Gaedke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.
+
+    Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Galicia,
+      German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, 360
+     (Ludendorff's account), iii: 135-138;
+      Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124;
+      General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120;
+      Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121;
+      rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121;
+      last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147;
+      Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.
+
+    Gallieni, Gen. Joseph-Simon,
+      prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28;
+      biography, ix: 161-164;
+      Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.
+
+    Gallipoli Campaign,
+      Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles,
+        ii: _Intro. x, xii_, 29, 200;
+      reasons for,
+        ii: _Intro. xii_, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57;
+      failure of initial naval attack, ii: _Intro. xv_;
+      reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: _Intro. xv_;
+      weakness, ii: _Intro. xvi_;
+      strategy, ii: 27-31;
+      Feb.--Dec., '15, ii: 27-31;
+      Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173;
+      Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure,
+        appointment and personnel, ii: 197;
+      persons named as responsible, ii: 198;
+      summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200;
+      British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200;
+      campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200;
+      Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203;
+      Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53;
+      Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56;
+      military operations, Apr. 25, '15--Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177;
+      Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15,
+        iii: 162;
+      composition of Allied forces, iii: 162;
+      Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32;
+      Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164;
+      composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164;
+      topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
+      defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
+      British plans for landing attack, iii: 167;
+      Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, iv: 36-42
+      (Adm. de Robeck's official report), x: 35-40;
+      Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167, 352
+      (Masefield's description), iv: 36 (official report);
+      Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355;
+      Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170;
+      Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May--June, '15, iii: 170;
+      "war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171;
+      Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173;
+      Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171;
+      Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
+      last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15,
+        iii: 173, 355-358. (Masefield's description);
+      last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355;
+      last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357;
+      last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
+      obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173;
+      Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174;
+      evacuation, Nov., '15--Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358;
+      casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51;
+      reasons for failure, iii: 177;
+      bibliography, iii: 177;
+      Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343;
+      Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341;
+      Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350;
+      soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353;
+      Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356;
+      Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28;
+      initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28;
+      British plan of operations, iv: 30;
+      preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15--Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30;
+      bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42;
+      Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32;
+      Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet,
+        Mar., '15, iv: 32;
+      Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49;
+      number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33;
+      Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 34 (official report), 47;
+      Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34;
+      French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;
+      heroic minesweeping, iv: 43;
+      Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45;
+      analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War,
+        iv: 51;
+      cost of expedition, iv: 51;
+      lessons of, iv: 52;
+      mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56;
+      Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330;
+      Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321;
+    _see also_ Dardanelles.
+
+    Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.
+
+    Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.
+
+    Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.
+
+    Gardens, cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131;
+      by A. E. F., v: 330.
+
+    Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.
+
+    Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.
+
+    _Garibaldi_, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.
+
+    _Garibaldi Hymn_, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.
+
+    Garrisons, use of small _groupes de combat_ by French, v: 13.
+
+    Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Gas, _see_ Chemical warfare.
+
+    Gas gangrene, _see_ Gangrene.
+
+    Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.
+
+    Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    _Gaulois_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.
+
+    Gaza, Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26--27, '17, iii: 192;
+      captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.
+
+    Generalship, British, in the War,
+      analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378;
+      physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371;
+      mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371;
+      personal gallantry, iii: 371;
+      as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371;
+      mental characteristics, iii: 371;
+      mostly conservative men, iii: 372;
+      no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374;
+      personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373;
+      ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373;
+      faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374;
+      desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374;
+      efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374;
+      Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375;
+      faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375;
+      Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375;
+      tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375;
+      final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378;
+      success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378;
+      inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378;
+      chief shortcoming, iii: 378.
+
+    Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.
+
+    Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.
+
+    Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.
+
+    George V, King of England,
+      receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
+      biography, ix: 392-395.
+
+    Georgia, early history of people, vi: 231;
+      Republic established, Jan., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.
+
+    German-Americans, distribution and characteristics, i: 278;
+      Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.
+
+    German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.
+
+    _Germania, To_, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.
+
+    Germany:
+      Air Service,
+        passing of supremacy, vii: 201;
+        strength at end of War, viii: 202;
+        pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
+        equipment and strength, viii: 206;
+        supremacy over Allies, viii: 207;
+        bombing planes, viii: 221-222;
+        A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221;
+        Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
+        Lizenz bombers, viii: 222;
+        Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248;
+        Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254;
+        military service abolished under Peace Treaty, xii: 214;
+        surrendered to Allies, xii: 215.
+      Area, of Republic, xii: 279.
+      Army,
+        aristocratic character, i: 69;
+        system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6;
+        tradition of efficiency, i: 72;
+        conception of duties, i: 72;
+        increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131;
+        dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21;
+        loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47;
+        manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65;
+        loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18,
+          ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270;
+        German critic's opinion of, ii: 257;
+        machine-gun equipment, ii: 275;
+        heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282;
+        invisibility of uniform, ii: 286;
+        recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318;
+        desertions, ii: 309;
+        punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318;
+        Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333;
+        agitators undermine morale, ii: 320;
+        reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61;
+        best equipped, iii: 272;
+        infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17;
+        construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37;
+        sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274;
+        return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282;
+        Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79;
+        trench systems, viii: 124-129;
+        adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134;
+        machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134;
+        method of attack, viii: 137;
+        "holding" troops, viii: 144;
+        "shock" troops, viii: 144;
+        training, xi: 195-204;
+        cavalry, xi: 196;
+        discipline, xi: 202;
+        reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, xii: 209, 211;
+        reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, xii: 210, 212;
+        table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 212;
+        for military operations, _see_ Western Front;
+        _also_ name of campaign or engagement.
+      Artillery,
+        superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36;
+        guns captured by Allies, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103;
+        development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22;
+        11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36;
+        long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47;
+        structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46.
+      Bagdad Railway, interest in, _see_ Bagdad Railway.
+      Belgian neutrality, violation of, _see_ Belgium, Neutrality.
+      Blockade of, effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253, xii: 97 (German view);
+        Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377;
+        controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+        British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318;
+        Allied trade blacklist, i: 335;
+        controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
+        measures to starve Germany, i: 358;
+        objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16;
+        food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294;
+        report of German scientists on, ii: 17;
+        estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17;
+        meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18;
+        statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18;
+        shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18;
+        increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18;
+        reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254;
+        increase in tilled land, ii: 19;
+        international law on, ii: 21;
+        difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86;
+        German isolation, ii: 21;
+        value of, ii: 22;
+        effect on civilian population, ii: 99;
+        use of dog flesh as food, xii: 41;
+        after-War food conditions, xii: 45;
+        U. S. export license system, xii: 99;
+        German trade with neutrals, xii: 100;
+        smuggling, xii: 100;
+        Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;
+        pre-War food production, xii: 136-138;
+        war-time food problems, xii: 136.
+      Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, xii: 186.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
+        princes killed in battle, ix: 237;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206.
+      Coal, production, 1880--1913, i: 267;
+        secret of power, i: 267;
+        production, '13--'15, xii: 48.
+      Colonies, loss of, i: 13;
+        acquisition of African, i: 50, 95;
+        acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81;
+        acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82;
+        South American settlements, i: 84;
+        area and population of African, i: 96, xii: 279;
+        understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200;
+        necessity as outlet for population, i: 262;
+        important motive in war policy, ii: 13;
+        conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256;
+        New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38;
+        Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
+        surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 206;
+        Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, xii: 209, 279;
+        distribution among Allies, xii: 279;
+        area and population, xii: 279;
+        _see also_ name of colony.
+      Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war,
+        on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;
+        on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375;
+        by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375;
+        on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;
+        by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+        on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;
+        by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35;
+        diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
+        diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
+        Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390;
+        by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390.
+      Defeat, causes of,
+        underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: _Intro. ix_;
+        underestimate of British, ii: _Intro, viii_;
+        strategic, ii: 15;
+        faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221;
+        collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329;
+        analysis of, ii: 99;
+        German efficiency _vs._ Allies' "will to win," ii: 100;
+        Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120;
+        failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221;
+        Russian campaigns, ii: 221;
+        adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222;
+        forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222;
+        miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224;
+        launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225;
+        failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255;
+        not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304;
+        Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government,
+          ii: 301-304, 310;
+        Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Strategy;
+        for military operations, _see_ Western Front,
+        _also_ campaign or engagement.
+      Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Food, _see_ Blockade.
+      Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44;
+        influence of industrialism on, i: 77;
+        domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133;
+        Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;
+        ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13;
+        expansion in South America, i: 84;
+        Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86;
+        jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87;
+        plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;
+        ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27;
+        enters Triple Alliance, i: 95;
+        dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96;
+        sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192;
+        Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330;
+        Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;
+        hatred of Great Britain,
+          i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264;
+        Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat
+          _Panther_ to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;
+        negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12,
+          i: 106, 194-197;
+        dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258;
+        von Buelow's statement of policy, i: 173;
+        Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190;
+        ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192;
+        _Hymn of Hate_, i: 194;
+        negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;
+        Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204;
+        Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207;
+        unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
+        Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209;
+        hatred of France, i: 215;
+        Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23--Aug. 3, '14,
+          i: 218-227;
+        refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223;
+        Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229;
+        Russian policy, i: 239;
+        statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14;
+        plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15;
+        anti-British plans in East, ii: 27;
+        "Gott strafe England," vi: 251;
+        Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251;
+        desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322;
+        friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344;
+        attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376;
+        relations with Japan, vi: 382;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism.
+      Fortifications,
+        demolition under Peace Treaty terms, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214.
+      Health, effect of War on, iii: 406.
+      Industries,
+        rise as industrial power, i: 75-78;
+        state aid, i: 76;
+        influence on foreign policy, i: 77;
+        industrial mobilization, xii: 80;
+        effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, xii: 97;
+        use of potash boycott against U. S., xii: 98.
+      Internal politics,
+        political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26;
+        failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32;
+        unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1;
+        political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156;
+        strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;
+        powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156;
+        William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97;
+        Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155;
+        composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156;
+        composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156;
+        powers of Emperor, i: 156;
+        dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258;
+        social classes, i: 258;
+        Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258;
+        change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260;
+        struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260;
+        basis of national strength, i: 260;
+        social legislation, i: 264;
+        Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties,
+          vi: _Intro. ix-xvi_;
+        party principles compared, vi: _Intro. ix, xii_;
+        Social-Democratic leaders, vi: _Intro. ix_;
+        Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: _Intro. x_;
+        leaders of the Revolution, vi: _Intro. x_;
+        strength of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_;
+        strength of Conservatives, vi: _Intro. xi, xiv, xv_;
+        Conservative principles, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+        principles of Social-Democrats, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+        principles of National-Liberals, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+        policies of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_;
+        National-Liberal strength, vi: _Intro. xv_;
+        strength of Democratic Party, vi: _Intro. xv_;
+        Germany politically undeveloped, vi: _Intro. xv_;
+        city governments non-partisan, vi: _Intro. xvi_;
+        public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250;
+        anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250;
+        Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262;
+        Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260;
+        beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260;
+        "preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262;
+        Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;
+        Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk,
+          vi: 268;
+        labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17,
+          vi: 268;
+        strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260;
+        reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270;
+        Germany faces defeat, vi: 270;
+        Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling
+          as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;
+        Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government,
+          vi: 270;
+        Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271;
+        Ludendorff's regime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
+        revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
+        Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272;
+        Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272;
+        establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280;
+        revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277;
+        Ebert, as Chancellor,
+          establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277;
+        Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277;
+        radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278;
+        Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279;
+        spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280;
+        Independents demand immediate social reconstruction
+          before political reform, vi: 280;
+        Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280;
+        Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280;
+        return of "victorious" army to Berlin
+          strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282;
+        Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert,
+          Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283;
+        Central Council votes for election of National Assembly,
+          Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283;
+        Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+        Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283;
+        Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved,
+          Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+        Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution,
+          Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+        Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist regime, vi: 284;
+        hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298;
+        Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
+        Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
+        Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;
+        National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290;
+        National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291;
+        Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies,
+          vi: 292;
+        Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+        Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+        composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292;
+        German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293;
+        middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294;
+        Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298;
+        Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300;
+        Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
+        second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske,
+          Mar., '19, vi: 299;
+        Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet,
+          Apr.--May, '19, vi: 300-301;
+        forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
+        press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
+        Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor
+          to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304;
+        National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms,
+          June 22, '19, vi: 305.
+      International concessions,
+        surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.
+      Iron, plans for annexation of French ore lands,
+        i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15;
+        importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267;
+        seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20.
+      Kultur, Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160;
+        great men of, i: 64;
+        significance, i: 64;
+        manifestations, i: 64;
+        spokesmen of, i: 66;
+        gospel of conquest, i: 66;
+        educational program for dissemination of, i: 67;
+        supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148;
+        doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68;
+        relation to militarism, i: 69;
+        German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149;
+        strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals,
+          i: 149;
+        Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152;
+        transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152;
+        materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154;
+        national egoism, i: 154;
+        contributions to world culture, i: 154;
+        definition and exposition of, i: 158;
+        compared with _culture_, i: 158;
+        Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160;
+        right to conquest, i: 161;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Militarism.
+      Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, _see_ Luxemburg.
+      Militarism, war as national policy, i: _Intro. vii_, 70;
+        basic conception, i: 69;
+        glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69;
+        Henri Bergson on, i: 152;
+        Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155;
+        Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162;
+        Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162;
+        Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171;
+        German pride in, i: 163;
+        compared with Christianity, i: 165;
+        compared with British policy, i: 165;
+        force in place of diplomacy, i: 166;
+        "World power or downfall," i: 170;
+        von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171;
+        German statement of policy, i: 171-173;
+        striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179;
+        Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181;
+        German denial of, i: 182;
+        compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1;
+        statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14;
+        explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260;
+        compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero,
+          ii: 365-372;
+        pre-War preparedness, vi: 249;
+        _see also_ under Germany,
+        Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism.
+      Morale, demands of War on nation, ii: 302;
+        fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311;
+        change between '17 and '18, v: 2.
+      Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Navy, strength in '06, i: 101;
+        negotiations with British for curbing naval program,
+          i: 106, 194-197;
+        increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131;
+        strength threat to British security, i: 196;
+        surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18,
+          i: 400,
+         iv: 142-144, 383-384 (list and description of major units),
+             385-387 (German eye-witness account),
+             387-390 (American eye-witness account),
+             390-394 (British eye-witness account),
+        xii: 213 (Peace Treaty terms);
+        hemmed in by British, ii: _Intro. viii_;
+        efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256;
+        strength of China Squadron, iv: 58;
+        operations in Pacific, iv: 60;
+        strategy of defense, iv: 86;
+        operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91;
+        superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94;
+        use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94;
+        High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96;
+        North Sea raids, iv: 136;
+        mission during War, iv: 138;
+        development, iv: 362;
+        Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380;
+        revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283;
+        morale, iv: 294;
+        mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266;
+        Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, xii: 212-214;
+        _see also_ Submarine warfare.
+      Occupation by Allies, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226;
+        conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.
+      Pan-Germanism,
+        ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe,
+          i: 78, xi: 4;
+        Pan-German League, objects, i: 79;
+        propaganda in U. S., i: 79;
+        policy in South America, i: 84;
+        Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152;
+        Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2;
+        first steps toward under William II, ii: 2;
+        goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13;
+        Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296;
+        compared with Roman imperialism,
+          by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;
+        expounded by Friedrich Naumann in _Mitteleuropa_, vi: 258;
+        _see also_ under Germany, Foreign policy, Militarism.
+      Peace negotiations,
+        Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18,
+          i: 399, vi: 271;
+        armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399,
+          iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
+        war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14;
+        condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;
+        Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316;
+        Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;
+        Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335;
+        drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390;
+        armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;
+        Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183;
+        Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17,
+          vi: 262-264;
+        Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266;
+        Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17,
+          vi: 266;
+        forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
+        Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302;
+        press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
+        National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19,
+          vi: 304;
+        Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179, 182;
+        Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, xii: 264;
+        _see also_ Peace, moves for.
+      Population, in 1860, i: 40;
+        compared with France, 1874--1914, i: 61;
+        emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277;
+        emigration to South America, i: 79;
+        growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262;
+        relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262;
+        rapid increase, i: 277;
+        of Republic, xii: 279.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Propaganda, in U. S. before War, i: 79;
+        activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133;
+        artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149;
+        preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181;
+        appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268;
+        von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273;
+        activities of German agents in U. S.,
+          i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348;
+        Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274;
+        instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317;
+        Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347;
+        on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128;
+        following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123;
+        in Spain, xii: 101.
+      Railroads, war-time deterioration, viii: 283;
+        efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285;
+        Peace Treaty regulations, xii: 253.
+      Reparation, views of U. S. press on, xii: 24;
+        estimates of capacity to pay, xii: 159;
+        cession of Sarre coalfields to France, xii: 189;
+        Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.
+      Responsibility for War,
+        German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138;
+        unwillingness to cooperate to prevent World War,
+          i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250;
+        responsibility denied, i: 116-120;
+        Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117;
+        Hellferich's justification, i: 119;
+        statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120;
+        Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120;
+        German case against Great Britain, i: 121;
+        evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131;
+        complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252;
+        Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250;
+        statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139;
+        Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War,
+          July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
+        Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War,
+          i: 246, 250;
+        Dr. Muehlon's disclosures, i: 250-254;
+        Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, xii: 217;
+        _see also_ Causes of the War.
+      Royal family, xi: 149;
+    _see also_
+        William II;
+        Frederick William.
+      Shipping,
+        increase in tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with British, i: 77;
+        increase in tonnage, '00--'04, i: 263;
+        Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264;
+        German resourcefulness, i: 264;
+        tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264;
+        tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264;
+        tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264;
+        tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264.
+      Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+      Strategy,
+        seizure of French coal and iron mines,
+          i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20;
+        general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8;
+        estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4;
+        conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10;
+        topography of German western frontier, ii: 6;
+        invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9;
+        mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14,
+          ii: 11;
+        probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14,
+          ii: 13;
+        reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13;
+        destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, xii: 23;
+        defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22;
+        East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24;
+        invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25;
+        failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31;
+        military plans for '17, ii: 53;
+        necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65;
+        at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66;
+        selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67;
+        plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149;
+        retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86;
+        causes of failure, ii: 99;
+        faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215;
+        Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233;
+        Col. Gaedke on German war plans and results, ii: 270;
+        underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272;
+        fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304;
+        Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion
+          through Belgium, ii: 345;
+        Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346;
+        alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17--'18, v: 3;
+        general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133;
+        _see also_
+          under Germany, Defeat, causes of;
+       _also_ Western Front;
+          campaign or engagement.
+      Submarine warfare, _see_ Submarine warfare.
+      Trade, 1880--1914, compared with British, i: 77;
+        tariff policy, i: 78;
+        production and import of grains, ii: 17;
+        dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20;
+        war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, xii: 100;
+        anti-German toy boycott in New York, xii: 99;
+        Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, xii: 102;
+        customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 229;
+        suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, xii: 230.
+      Treaties,
+        pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, xii: 231;
+        with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
+        with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
+        with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232;
+        _see also_ Brest-Litovsk Treaty;
+          Bucharest, Treaty of;
+          Peace Treaty;
+          Triple Alliance.
+      War booty, value, xii: 22.
+      War cost, financial mobilization, ii: 265, xii: 21;
+        gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265;
+        loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        method of raising war funds, xii: 21;
+        system of loans, xii: 21, 113;
+        estimate of expenditures, xii: 21;
+        currency inflation, xii: 22;
+        war finance system compared with British, xii: 22;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, Aug., '14--Oct. '19, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 109;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.
+      Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, xii: 214.
+
+    _Germany and the Next War_, book by General von Bernhardi,
+      striking quotations from, i: 179.
+
+    Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Gesnes, location, v: 217;
+      captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.
+
+    Gibbons, Floyd, account of _Laconia_ sinking, iv: 226-229.
+
+    Gibbs, Philip, analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221;
+      account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337;
+      description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360;
+      analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.
+
+    Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Gifford, Walter S.,
+      Director U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    Ginchy, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
+      description of battle, x: 147-155.
+
+    Giolitti,
+      Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.
+
+    Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.
+
+    Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.
+
+    _Glasgow_, British cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;
+      hit by gunfire, iv: 68;
+      in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Gleaves, Adm.,
+      convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.
+
+    _Glenart Castle_, British hospital ship,
+      sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.
+
+    _Glory of War, The_, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.
+
+    Glossop, Capt. John C. T.,
+      commands _Sydney_ in engagement with _Emden_, iv: 187.
+
+    _Gloucester Castle_,
+      British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.
+
+    Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    _Gneisenau_, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
+      sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;
+      eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.
+
+    _God Save the King_, English national anthem, xi: 326.
+
+    Godfrey, Dr. Hollis,
+      member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    _Goeben_, German battle cruiser,
+      eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters,
+        Aug., '14, iv: 13-16;
+      far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16;
+      sold to Turkey, iv: 16;
+      damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.
+
+    Gold, Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, xii: 226;
+      deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.
+
+    Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.
+
+    _Goliath_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
+      sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.
+
+    Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der,
+      heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164;
+      commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199;
+      biography, ix: 268.
+
+    Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.
+
+    Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister, reactionary government of, vi: 143;
+      gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144;
+      issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.
+
+    Gompers, Samuel,
+      member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense,
+        xii: 116.
+
+    Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.
+
+    _Good-by-ee_, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.
+
+    _Good Hope_,
+      Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64;
+      hit by gunfire, iv: 66;
+      sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.
+
+    Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.
+
+    Gorizia, Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244;
+      captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;
+      life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244;
+      key to Isonzo, iii: 239.
+
+    _Goshawk_, British destroyer,
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.
+
+    Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.
+
+    Goettingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.
+
+    Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, at first Ypres battle, ii: 171;
+      responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army,
+        Mar., '18, ii: 190-197;
+      decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
+
+    Gouraud, Gen.,
+      defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18,
+        ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
+      famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45;
+      qualities as leader, v: 46.
+
+    Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225;
+      exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.
+
+    Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.
+
+    Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.
+
+    Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Grand Fleet, British, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.
+
+    Grand Pre, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.
+
+    Granger, Dr. Amedee,
+      invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.
+
+    Graves, war, A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for care of, xii: 217.
+
+    Great Britain:
+      Air Service, formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202;
+        strength at end of War, viii: 202;
+        types of airplanes, viii: 203-206;
+        Bristol planes, viii: 203;
+        Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223;
+        D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204;
+        types of dirigibles, viii: 245;
+        dirigible _R-34_ crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
+        dirigibles _R-33_ and _R-34_, description, viii: 254.
+      Army, German contempt for, i: 191;
+        lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
+        ammunition shortage, '14,
+          ii: _Intro. xiii_, 173 (Viscount French's expose);
+        deficiency in trained men, ii: 113;
+        deficiency in material, ii: 114;
+        Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120;
+        machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275;
+        artillery equipment, ii: 125;
+        Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125;
+        artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126;
+        ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.--Nov., '18, ii: 130;
+        military hospitals in France, ii: 131;
+        total strength in France, ii: 131;
+        service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132;
+        Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133;
+        Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134;
+        changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135;
+        Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136;
+        opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256;
+        pre-War organization, iii: 3;
+        Intelligence service, iii: 383;
+        strength, '14--'18, iii: 404, 405;
+        strength in Italy, iii: 405;
+        strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405;
+        "Pal" regiments, vi: 6;
+        slackers driven into service, vi: 6;
+        origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230;
+        types of rifles used, viii: 95;
+        Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85;
+        Senegalese troops, x: 116;
+        British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189;
+        for military operations, _see_ campaign or engagement.
+      Blockade by Germany, _see_ Submarine warfare.
+      Blockade of Germany, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405;
+        causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118;
+        at Gallipoli, iii: 177;
+        in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364;
+        in '17, iii: 382;
+        in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288;
+        _see also_ campaign or engagement.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47;
+        war-time fuel control, xii: 51.
+      Cost of living,
+        increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: _Intro. xxii_;
+        price movements in England and U. S. since 1780,
+          xii: _Intro. viii-x_;
+        criticism of government policy, xii: 28.
+      Declarations of war,
+        on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of,
+          i: 145, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's statement), 375;
+        on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;
+        on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
+        on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382.
+      Food, effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10;
+        police prevent hoarding, vi: 11;
+        government control of, xii: 34, 59;
+        Food Control Committee established, xii: 34;
+        sugar shortage, xii: 34, 138;
+        meat control, xii: 34;
+        war-time fish supply, xii: 34;
+        wheat control, xii: 35;
+        increase in crop production, '16--'18, xii: 40;
+        work of women in production of, xii: 40;
+        effect of food shortage on dogs, xii: 40;
+        potato crop, xii: 47;
+        war-time problems, xii: 138.
+      Foreign policy, value of U. S. good-will, i: 35;
+        world position, 1871, i: 44;
+        Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48;
+        acquires control of Egypt, i: 48;
+        extent of colonial empire, i: 59;
+        international position, '14, i: 59;
+        policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218;
+        Anglo-French good-will, i: 98;
+        treaty with France, '04, i: 99;
+        agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104;
+        Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104;
+        negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program,
+          '12, i: 106, 194-197;
+        statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106;
+        agreement with France for united action against "third Power,"
+          '12, i: 107, 220;
+        negotiations to prevent World War, July--Aug., '14,
+          i: 115, 124, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's account),
+          247-249 (Prince Lichnowsky's account);
+        policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224;
+        arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06,
+          i: 143, 231;
+        promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220;
+        statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189;
+        negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;
+        Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will,
+          i: 198;
+        agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200;
+        agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200;
+        question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218;
+        freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218;
+        Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of
+          Belgian neutrality, i: 224;
+        offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232;
+        influence in the East, ii: 27;
+        claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+        Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334;
+        _see also_ Triple Entente.
+      Industries during War, peace and war productivity compared,
+        xii: 19, 77-79;
+        women in, xiii: 25;
+        bonuses to labor, xii: 28;
+        provisions for settlement of labor disputes, xii: 79.
+      Internal politics, Imperial unity through war,
+        i: _Intro. xiv_;
+        political philosophy compared with German, i: 165;
+        members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198;
+        political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1;
+        industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2;
+        labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6;
+        Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6;
+        treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8;
+        pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12;
+        Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13;
+        Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14;
+        Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14;
+        conditions at close of War, vi: 15;
+        general elections, '18, vi: 16-17;
+        industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17;
+        ship-builders' strike, vi: 19;
+        Glasgow riots, vi: 19;
+        strike in electrical trades prevented
+          by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20;
+        Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20;
+        commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed,
+          Feb., '19, vi: 20;
+        truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22;
+        after-War problems, vi: 23.
+      Munitions, expose of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173;
+        production compared with that of Central Empires, xii: 78;
+        work of Ministry of Munitions, xii: 78.
+      Navy, protector of lines of supply, i: 15;
+        rise to world supremacy, i: 28;
+        strength in '06, i: 101;
+        negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program,
+          i: 106, 194-197;
+        general strategy during War, ii: _Intro. vii_, iv: 85-93;
+        ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13;
+        squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58;
+        ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58;
+        problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86;
+        Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet,
+          Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88;
+        minesweeping operations, iv: 91;
+        convoy of troopships, iv: 92;
+        bases, iv: 92;
+        extracts from Jellicoe's _The Grand Fleet, 1914--1916_,
+          iv: 93-97;
+        unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93;
+        lack of destroyers, iv: 94;
+        Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96;
+        Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96;
+        make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97;
+        make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119;
+        Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140;
+        statistics on transport of troops, '15--'18, iv: 239;
+        18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53;
+        _see also_
+          battle or engagement;
+          Gallipoli Campaign.
+      Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 179;
+        _see also_ Peace Conference.
+      Peace Treaty, press views, vi: 22;
+        ratified, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264;
+        _see also_ Peace Treaty with Germany.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, system of war-time government control, xii: 89.
+      Royal family, xi: 150-152;
+        _see also_ George V.
+      Shipping, tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77;
+        government control of ship-building, xii: 95;
+        tonnage in '14, xii: 95;
+        yearly tonnage production, '14--'17, xii: 96;
+        war-time shortage of, xii: 96.
+      Strategy, analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice,
+        ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_;
+        naval, iv: 85-93.
+      Trade, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77;
+        pre-War position, xii: 18-19;
+        pre-War and war-time compared, xii: 78.
+      War cost, financial position at start of War, xii: 1, 18;
+        loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, xii: 4;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+        exchange rates with U. S., xii: 19;
+        extravagance in expenditure of war funds, xii: 19-20;
+        taxes, xii: 20, 107, 108, 111;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        currency inflation, xii: 27-28;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 105;
+        total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+        war loans, xii: 111;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 111, 114.
+
+    _Great Northern, S. S._, speed record as army transport, v: 358.
+
+    Greece, revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34;
+      breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17,
+        i: 390, vi: 345;
+      anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206;
+      Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16,
+        iii: 210;
+      Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210;
+      King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245;
+      war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+    _see also_ Salonika Campaign.
+
+    Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.
+
+    Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    _Greif_, German armed liner,
+      sunk in fight with British _Alcantara_, iv: 200.
+
+    Grenades, number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
+      ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119;
+      Germans first to use, viii: 119;
+      Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119;
+      nature, viii: 119;
+      technique of throwing, viii: 120;
+      kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.
+
+    Grenfell, Capt. Francis O.,
+      first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.
+
+    Gresham, Pvt.,
+      one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.
+
+    Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon,
+      efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247;
+      mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198;
+      efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198;
+      negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia,
+        '12--'14, i: 200;
+      speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War,
+        Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
+      biography, ix: 35-40;
+      bibliography, ix: 40;
+      advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.
+
+    Grierson, Gen. Sir James,
+      commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.
+
+    Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.
+
+    Grimm, Swiss Socialist,
+      expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.
+
+    Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.
+
+    _Groupes de Combat_, function in French defensive, v: 12.
+
+    Guatemala,
+      severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Guepratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.
+
+    _Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne_,
+     French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
+
+    Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
+
+    _Gulflight_, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15,
+      i: 319, 380, iv: 218.
+
+    Gumbinnen, Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16--24, '14, iii: 111;
+      retaken by Germans, iii: 116.
+
+    Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Guncotton, composition and detonating properties, viii: 2;
+    _see also_ Ammunition.
+
+    Gunpowder, black, composition and explosive properties, viii: 2;
+      smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4;
+      muzzle flash, viii: 7;
+    _see also_ Ammunition.
+
+    Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.
+
+    Guns, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    _Guns of Verdun_, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.
+
+    Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.
+
+    Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231.
+
+    Gyles, Midshipman Donald,
+      heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.
+
+    Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.
+
+
+    H
+
+    Haase, Herr,
+      leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+      in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.
+
+    Habibullah Khan,
+      Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.
+
+    Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.
+
+    Hague Conference, establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94;
+      convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103;
+      accomplishments, i: 103.
+
+    Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.
+
+    Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.
+
+    Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas,
+      analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136;
+      theories on warfare, ii: 118;
+      on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120;
+      on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120;
+      on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123;
+      on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics,
+        ii: 123, 126;
+      on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133;
+      on British military organization, ii: 134;
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force,
+        Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46;
+      famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120;
+      personal traits, iii: 373;
+      biography, ix: 181-184.
+
+    Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.
+
+    Haldane, Gen., commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371;
+      personal traits, iii: 377.
+
+    Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.
+
+    Halicz, Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380;
+      captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121;
+      recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.
+
+    Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.
+
+    Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Haller, Gen.,
+      leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216.
+
+    Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.
+
+    Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, _see_ Bagdad Railway.
+
+    Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.
+
+    Hamel, captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395;
+      work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281;
+      share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.
+
+    Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.
+
+    Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian,
+      Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32;
+      succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174;
+      despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.
+
+    _Hampshire_, British cruiser,
+      sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.
+
+    Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.
+
+    Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.
+
+    Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.
+
+    Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.
+
+    Hapsburgs, rise and downfall, vi: 305;
+    _see also_
+      Austria-Hungary;
+      Charles Francis;
+      Francis Joseph.
+
+    Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, _see_ Kei Hara.
+
+    Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.
+
+    Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G.,
+      Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403;
+      commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167;
+      commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.
+
+    Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Harden, Maximilian, on sordid nature of World War, i: 123;
+      on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274;
+      on American war prosperity, i: 311;
+      optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254;
+      on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.
+
+    Hardinge, Lord,
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.
+
+    Harington, Sir John,
+      "brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375.
+
+    Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.
+
+    Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.
+
+    Hart, Prof. Albert B.,
+      summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings,
+        i: 358-362.
+
+    Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
+
+    Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French, Mar. 25, '15, i: 378;
+    Dec., '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Hartwell, William, first officer of _S. S. Brussels_,
+      report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.
+
+    Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
+
+    Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.
+
+    Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.
+
+    Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Hausen, Gen. von,
+      commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.
+
+    Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.
+
+    Havre, Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376;
+      embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    _Hawke_, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.
+
+    Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.
+
+    Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by,
+      of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137.
+
+    Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.
+
+    Hedjaz, Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199;
+      kingdom established under secret treaties, '16--'17,
+        vi: 334, xii: 279;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Heeringen, Gen. von,
+      commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.
+
+    _Hela_, German cruiser
+      torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.
+
+    Helfferich, Karl, on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119;
+      director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252;
+      German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252;
+      biography, ix: 353.
+
+    _Helgoland_, German battleship,
+      mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
+
+    Heligoland,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on,
+        xii: 205.
+
+    Heligoland Bight, naval battle of,
+      British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243;
+      Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.
+
+    Helmets, steel, devised by French, viii: 64;
+      process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64;
+      rate of production, viii: 65;
+      efficiency as protection, viii: 65;
+      process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68;
+      bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.
+
+    Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.
+
+    _Henri IV_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Henry, Prince, of Prussia, visits U. S., '02, i: 80;
+      escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.
+
+    Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.
+
+    Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Hermannstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386;
+      Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29--30, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor,
+      comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15--18, '18,
+        v: 158;
+      retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.
+
+    Hertzog, Gen.,
+      anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50;
+      heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19,
+        vi: 52.
+
+    Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;
+    _see also_ Bosnia-Herzegovina.
+
+    _Hesperian, S. S._,
+      torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.
+
+    Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.
+
+    Hickory (30th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    High Sea Fleet, _see_ Germany, Navy.
+
+    Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Hill 60, at Ypres,
+      captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42;
+      captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.
+
+    Hill 190, near Roncheres, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.
+
+    Hill 204, near Chateau-Thierry,
+      captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56;
+      dominating situation, v: 133;
+      captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.
+
+    Hill 223, near Chatel Chehery,
+      captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
+
+    Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+        Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Hill 242, near Cote de Chatillon,
+      captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.
+
+    Hill 244, near Chatel Chehery,
+      captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
+
+    Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
+
+    Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Hill 269,
+      captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18,
+        v: 240;
+      held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.
+
+    Hill 288, near Cote de Chatillon,
+      captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.
+
+    Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.
+
+    Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.
+
+    Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,
+      put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 24, 353, iii: 112;
+      destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26--31, '14,
+        ii: 24, 353 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 112-116, ix: 242;
+      campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245;
+      Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300;
+      appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16,
+        ii: 326, iii: 61;
+      made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331;
+      proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18,
+       ii: 335;
+      first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;
+      biography, ix: 242-249;
+      nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242;
+      decorated for valor, ix: 246;
+      popularity, ix: 249.
+
+    Hindenburg Line,
+      German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70;
+      Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100;
+      extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301;
+      strategic purpose, iii: 66;
+      devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67;
+      reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70;
+      27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British,
+        break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+        iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393;
+      Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69;
+      Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218;
+      First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.
+
+    Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L., promotion, v: 182;
+      commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;
+      commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219;
+      commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.
+
+    Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan,
+      German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
+
+    Hipper, Rear-Adm. von,
+      commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15,
+        iv: 246;
+      commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16,
+        iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.
+
+    Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.
+
+    Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.
+
+    Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A.,
+      work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.
+
+    _Hogue_, British cruiser, torpedoed by _U-9_,
+      Sept. 22, '14,
+      eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280;
+      as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.
+
+    Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D.,
+      blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.
+
+    "Holding" troops, German, viii: 144.
+
+    Holland, _see_ Netherlands.
+
+    _Holland No. 9_, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.
+
+    Holy Alliance, formation of, i: 33;
+      defects of, i: 35.
+
+    Holy War, declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330;
+      to destroy British control in East, ii: 27;
+      failure of, ii: 31;
+      response to, in India, vi: 74.
+
+    Home Rule, Irish, _see_ Ireland.
+
+    Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.
+
+    Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A.,
+      commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland,
+        iv: 117;
+      lost with sinking of _Invincible_, iv: 120.
+
+    Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine,
+      report on American relief work, vii: 366.
+
+    Hoover, Herbert C.,
+      appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;
+      pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85;
+      organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119;
+      organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium,
+        vii: 119, xii: 136;
+      account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124;
+      biography, ix: 316-323;
+      bibliography, ix: 323;
+      work as U. S. Food Administrator, xii: 35;
+      report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, xii: 42;
+      director-general of American Relief Administration, xii: 141.
+
+    Horn, Lieut. Werner,
+      German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border,
+        i: 316, x: 368.
+
+    Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.
+
+    Horne, Gen.,
+      commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai,
+        Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213;
+      characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.
+
+    Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
+
+    Horses, utility in the War, viii: 397;
+      hospitals for, viii: 398;
+      number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 278.
+
+    Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max,
+      exploit in command of submarine _E-9_, iv: 207.
+
+    Horvath, Gen., sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192;
+      resigns from government, vi: 193.
+
+    Hospitals: British, in France, ii: 131.
+      French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365.
+      United States, _see_ U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+
+    Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.
+
+    House, Col. E. M.,
+      U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84;
+      biography, ix: 70-76.
+
+    Howitzers, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia,
+      advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40;
+      for vigorous war policy, vi: 40;
+      delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40;
+      forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription,
+        vi: 42.
+
+    Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.
+
+    _Humber_, British monitor, description, iv: 281.
+
+    Humbert, Charles, French Senator,
+      implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.
+
+    Hungary, war sentiment, '14, vi: 306;
+      parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311;
+      Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311;
+      "Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311;
+      Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312;
+      effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313;
+      "bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18,
+        vi: 322;
+      National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322;
+      Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, xii: 279;
+      Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323;
+      armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323;
+      Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324;
+      Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328;
+      military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325;
+      Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326;
+      the Red Army, vi: 326;
+      area and population, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Austria-Hungary.
+
+    _Hunley_, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.
+
+    Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.
+
+    "Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303.
+
+    Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khedive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.
+
+    Hutier, Gen. von, commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149;
+      new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41,
+        viii: 143-145.
+
+    Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.
+
+    Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.
+
+    Hydroplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    _Hymn of Hate_, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.
+
+    _Hymn of the Lusitania_, German, i: 365.
+
+
+    I
+
+    _I Want to Be an Angel_, aviators' song, xi: 338.
+
+    Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;
+
+    Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Immelmann, Capt., German ace,
+      death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.
+
+    Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.
+
+    _Imperatritsa_, Russian battleship,
+      burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.
+
+    _Implacable_, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    _In Flanders Fields_, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.
+
+    Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.
+
+    _Indefatigable_, British battle cruiser,
+      sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.
+
+    Indemnity, _see_ Reparation.
+
+    Index numbers, for measuring price changes, xii: _Intro. vii._
+
+    India,
+      troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns,
+        ii: _Intro._ _xxiii_;
+      Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27;
+      response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74;
+      casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      agitation for autonomy, vi: 72;
+      response to British war needs, vi: 72;
+      reasons for loyalty, vi: 73;
+      Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74;
+      political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75;
+      caste system, description of, vi: 75;
+      influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76;
+      suffering from famine, '18--'19, vi: 76;
+      Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77;
+      Bolshevism in, vi: 77;
+      "Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78;
+      coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48;
+      War cost, Aug., '14--Mar. '19, xii: 106;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.
+
+    Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.
+
+    Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.
+
+    _Indomitable_,
+      British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Industrial rights,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.
+
+    Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.
+
+    Infection, in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;
+      causes, viii: 369;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289;
+      prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289;
+    _see also_
+        Disease;
+        Medical science;
+        Sanitation.
+
+    "Infiltration," new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19;
+      Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against,
+        v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.
+
+    _Inflexible_, British battle cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35;
+      at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
+
+    Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.
+
+    Insterburg,
+      important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.
+
+    Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany,
+      funds to be transferred to Allies, xii: 246.
+
+    Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.
+
+    Inter-Allied Commissions of Control,
+      to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, xii: 215.
+
+    Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16,
+      decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.
+
+    Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.
+
+    Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.
+
+    Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139.
+
+    Inter-Allied War Council, _see_ Supreme War Council.
+
+    International law, formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26;
+      German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139;
+      Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328;
+      comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282;
+      German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
+      controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare,
+        i: 317-326, 329-335, 339, 357-361 (chronological summary);
+      U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15,
+        i: 323;
+      controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare,
+        i: 326;
+      President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution,
+        i: 327;
+      controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+        on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
+      on blockades, ii: 21;
+    _see also_
+        Germany, Blockade of;
+        Submarine warfare.
+
+    International rivalries, factors in, 1890--1914, i: 58-63.
+
+    International Sanitary Commission,
+      for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.
+
+    _Intrepid_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;
+      sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
+
+    Inventions,
+      displace importance of strategy in war, viii: _Intro. vii._
+
+    _Invincible_, British battle cruiser, armament, iv: 70;
+      blown up at Jutland, iv: 119;
+      at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.
+
+    _Iphigenia_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;
+      sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
+
+    Ireland, history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53;
+      Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50;
+      situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53;
+      loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55;
+      Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55;
+      spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57;
+      Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57;
+      Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57;
+      Irish Volunteers, vi: 57;
+      sympathy with Germany, vi: 57;
+      German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58;
+      Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53;
+      Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58;
+      proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60;
+      Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53;
+      collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60;
+      leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53;
+      Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61;
+      Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18,
+        vi: 61-63;
+      De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61;
+      De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62;
+      Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62;
+      government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64;
+      struggle over conscription, vi: 64;
+      Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64;
+      Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18,
+        vi: 64;
+      delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64;
+      movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65;
+      Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65;
+      Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66;
+      Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52;
+      De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.
+
+    Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.
+
+    _Iris_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Irish-Americans, support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65;
+      Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65;
+      delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.
+
+    Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Iron, importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267;
+      importance in war, i: 268;
+      French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15;
+      French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.
+
+    _Irresistible_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.
+
+    Isherwood, Lieut.-Com.,
+      co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.
+
+    Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.
+
+    Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Isonzo Front, _see_ Italian Front.
+
+    Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.
+
+    Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply,
+      iii: 83, v: 11, 330.
+
+    Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.
+
+    _Italia Irredenta_, definition, xi: 18.
+
+    Italian Front,
+      Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: _Intro. xx_;
+      most difficult theater of War, ii: 48;
+      general military topography,
+        ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25;
+      general strategy at start of War,
+        ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241;
+      topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239;
+      Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248;
+      topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230;
+      Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239;
+      Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240;
+      results of '15 campaign, ii: 51;
+      Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;
+      Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.--Dec., '17,
+        ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37;
+      Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17,
+        ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248;
+      last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249;
+      victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18,
+        ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249;
+      Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244;
+      Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244;
+      Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244;
+      casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian,
+        during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248;
+      Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247;
+      Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247;
+      Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat,
+        Oct.--Dec., '17, ii: 248;
+      Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249;
+      American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394;
+      bibliography, iii: 249;
+      aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.
+
+    _Italian Front, On the_, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.
+
+    Italy:
+      Army, German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
+        Arditi, description of, ii: 240;
+        Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240;
+        Alpini, description of, ii: 242;
+        Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242;
+        Granatieri, description of, ii: 242;
+        pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226;
+        effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128;
+        for military operations, _see_ Italian Front.
+      Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        total battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Declarations of war, on Austria, May 23, '15,
+        i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18;
+        on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;
+        on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;
+        on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+        belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310.
+      Foreign policy, international position, '14, i: 61;
+        ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61;
+        member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114;
+        war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114;
+        neglected by Germany, i: 255;
+        Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256;
+        refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6;
+        Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48;
+        parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists,
+          ii: 236, vi: 123-126;
+        Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies,
+          ii: 236, vi: 123;
+        Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;
+        attitude toward U. S., ii: 245;
+        public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116;
+        pro-German sentiment, vi: 118;
+        pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119;
+        territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120;
+        Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120;
+        secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War,
+          vi: 122, 361;
+        occupation of Austrian territories following armistice,
+          vi: 129, 364;
+        unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308;
+        claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+        hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370;
+        Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361;
+        Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370.
+      Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127.
+      Internal politics, unification, i: 39;
+        parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party,
+          ii: 236, vi: 123-126;
+        Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies,
+          ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;
+        Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;
+        D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124;
+        strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128;
+        political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114;
+        popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116;
+        pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119;
+        attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117;
+        pro-German sympathies, vi: 118;
+        King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125;
+        obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126;
+        fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127;
+        coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16,
+          vi: 127;
+        pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128;
+        fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129;
+        Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129;
+        Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369.
+      Navy, strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368;
+        War record, iv: 368;
+        blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369.
+      Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179.
+      Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Royal family, xi: 141-143;
+        _see also_ Victor Emmanuel.
+      War cost, Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130;
+        relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131;
+        financial position at start of War, xii: 1;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+        value of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property destroyed, xii: 26;
+        average daily war cost, xii: 106;
+        total war cost, May, '15--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 107, 109;
+        loans, xii: 113;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.
+
+
+    J
+
+    Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386.
+
+    _Jacob Jones_,
+      U. S. destroyer sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393;
+      report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349.
+
+    Jador, battle of,
+      Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.
+
+    Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194.
+
+    Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128.
+
+    Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Japan, abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18;
+      acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20;
+      acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20;
+      rise as world power, '05, i: 20;
+      adopts "open door" policy, 1854, i: 38;
+      Root-Takahira agreement on "open door" in China, '08, i: 57;
+      Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest
+        in China, '17, i: 58;
+      international position in '14, i: 63;
+      Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107;
+      Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357;
+      siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau),
+        Aug. 23--Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;
+      total casualties, iii: 404;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      naval strength, iv: 58;
+      naval service to Allies, iv: 367;
+      motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382;
+      sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193;
+      the "Yellow Peril," origin of phrase, vi: 248;
+      ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau,
+        Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382;
+      declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382;
+      internal politics during War, vi: 384;
+      forces China to accede to "Group Demands," '15, vi: 385;
+      summary of concessions obtained under "Group Demands," vi: 385;
+      ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386;
+      treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386;
+      imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386;
+      Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388;
+      Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388;
+      opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388;
+      separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+      ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264;
+    _see also_
+        Kiau-Chau;
+        Shantung.
+
+    Jaroslav, fortress on San,
+      captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123;
+      retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389.
+
+    Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr.,
+      discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297.
+
+    Jaulgonne, location, v: 133;
+      captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383.
+
+    _Jaureguiberry_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Jaures, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95.
+
+    Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John,
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14,
+        iv: 88;
+      analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97;
+      biography, ix: 275-282;
+      bibliography, ix: 282.
+
+    Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196.
+
+    Jerusalem,
+      captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326;
+      Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325;
+      work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323.
+
+    _Jeszcze Polska_, Polish national anthem, xi: 331.
+
+    Jews, distress in war areas, vii: 349;
+      number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376;
+      number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376;
+      number in Germany, vii: 349;
+      number in Turkey, vii: 349, 368 (outside Palestine), 376;
+      number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376;
+      number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376;
+      American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368;
+      American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350;
+      organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354;
+      American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354;
+      funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16--'17,
+        vii: 355-356;
+      American relief for destitute in Russian Poland,
+        vii: 356-358, 360-363;
+      refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for,
+        vii: 356, 363-365;
+      conditions in Galicia, vii: 358;
+      number dependent on war relief, by countries,
+        vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376;
+      work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360;
+      American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368;
+      contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368;
+      aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369;
+      relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374;
+      reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376;
+      extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375;
+      number in Lithuania, vii: 376;
+      number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376;
+      number in Russia, vii: 376;
+      number in Serbia, vii: 376;
+      number in Rumania, vii: 376;
+      number in Bulgaria, vii: 376;
+      number in Greece, vii: 376;
+      number in Hungary, vii: 376;
+      number in Persia, vii: 376.
+
+    Jihad, _see_ Holy War.
+
+    Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques Cesar,
+      fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30;
+      controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports,
+       ii: 172;
+    _General Joffre and His Battles_, book by Raymond Recouly,
+        summary of, ii: 182-189;
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46;
+      technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62;
+      biography, ix: 154-161;
+      visit to U.S., ix: 161;
+      bibliography, ix: 161;
+      intimate anecdote of, ix: 269.
+
+    Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H.,
+      in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196;
+      at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.
+
+    Joint Distribution Committee,
+      for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354.
+
+    Jonc de Mer Ridge,
+      Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296.
+
+    Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197.
+
+    Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria,
+      commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119.
+
+    Jugoslavs, in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249;
+      Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306;
+      attack Hungarian Republic, April--May, '19, vi: 326;
+      racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354;
+      Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363;
+      clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359;
+      meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans
+        for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359;
+      conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast,
+        vi: 359-363, 364-370;
+      Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram,
+        Mar., '18, vi: 363;
+      establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364;
+      seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364;
+      armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18,
+        vi: 364;
+      struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia,
+        vi: 365-370;
+      establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia,
+        Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366;
+      recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366;
+      President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume,
+        vi: 369;
+      claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary
+        in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399;
+      area and population of united kingdom, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Serbia.
+
+    Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90.
+
+    Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.
+
+    Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16,
+      description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136;
+      outline in brief, iv: 99-104;
+      opposing commanders, iv: 99;
+      British ships and men lost, iv: 100;
+      German ships and men lost, iv: 100;
+      moral victory for Germans, iv: 100;
+      criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101;
+      greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102;
+      conditions influencing, iv: 102;
+      strength and composition of fleets engaged,
+        iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119;
+      disposition of British forces, iv: 104;
+      first phase, iv: 106-113;
+      Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110;
+      Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108;
+      accuracy of German fire, iv: 108;
+    _Indefatigable_ sunk, iv: 108;
+      fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109;
+    _Queen Mary_ blown up, iv: 110;
+      critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113;
+      second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115;
+      weather conditions, iv: 113;
+      critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115;
+      third phase, iv: 115-130;
+      Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129;
+      Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty,
+        iv: 117;
+      British miscalculate position, iv: 117;
+      Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119;
+      Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129;
+    _Invincible_ blows up, iv: 119;
+      Adm. Hood lost with _Invincible_, iv: 119-120;
+    _Shark_, _Defence_, and _Black Prince_ sunk, iv: 121;
+      low visibility, iv: 121-123;
+      British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125;
+      German destroyers sunk, iv: 126;
+      Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126;
+      Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127;
+      critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129;
+      fourth phase, iv: 131-136;
+      night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131;
+      Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133;
+      critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136;
+      effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135;
+      lessons taught by, iv: 135;
+      account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156;
+      authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146;
+      British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156;
+      German eye-witness account, iv: 256;
+      British eye-witness account, iv: 258.
+
+    Juvigny, captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F.,
+      Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384;
+      32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259.
+
+
+    K
+
+    _K-13_, British submarine,
+      account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315.
+
+    "Kahkos," description, viii: 257.
+
+    Kaiser, _see_ William II.
+
+    Kaiser Wilhelm Land, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29.
+
+    Kaledin, Gen., commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142;
+      leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192.
+
+    _Kambana_, Bulgarian newspaper,
+      statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342.
+
+    Kamerun, _see_ Cameroons.
+
+    Kamio, Gen.,
+      Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257.
+
+    Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206.
+
+    Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380.
+
+    _Karlsruhe_, German sea-raider,
+      battle with British cruiser _Bristol_, Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63;
+      career in Atlantic, iv: 196.
+
+    Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Karolyi, Count Michael,
+      pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307;
+      leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311;
+      forms "Independence and 1848" Party, '16, vi: 311;
+      appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323;
+      resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325;
+      biography, ix: 144-147.
+
+    Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260.
+
+    Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader,
+      opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._
+
+    Kavala, bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+      occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344.
+
+    _Kawachi_, Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from _Emden_,
+      Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190.
+
+    _Keep the Home Fires Burning_, American soldiers' song, xi: 336.
+
+    _Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy_,
+      American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388.
+
+    Keirsbilk, Alois Van,
+      Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360.
+
+    Kellermann, Bernhard,
+      German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286.
+
+    Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191.
+
+    Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Kemmel, Mount,
+      stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360;
+      occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397;
+      key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381;
+      27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286.
+
+    Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
+
+    _Kent_, British cruiser
+      at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70;
+      sinks _Nuernberg_, iv: 74.
+
+    Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch,
+      speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144;
+      leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;
+      pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151;
+      Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155;
+      character sketch, vi: 155;
+      abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;
+      Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;
+      member of "Group of Toil," vi: 160;
+      becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165;
+      struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171;
+      declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171;
+      struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179;
+      overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181;
+      biography, ix: 104-109;
+      bibliography, ix: 109.
+
+    Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331.
+
+    Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220.
+
+    Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255.
+
+    Keystone (28th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191.
+
+    _Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa_,
+      Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior,
+      removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140.
+
+    Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau), seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82;
+      siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24--Nov. 7, '14,
+        iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;
+      German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+      area and population, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Shantung.
+
+    Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, xii: 255.
+
+    Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372.
+
+    Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Kilid-Bahr, fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45;
+      objective of British landing forces, iii: 167;
+      bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359.
+
+    _Kimigayo_, Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.
+
+    _King Edward VII_,
+      British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert,
+      drowned in sinking of cruiser _Hampshire_, June 5, '16,
+        i: 385, ix: 168;
+      attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: _Intro. xv_;
+      dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169;
+      member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;
+      responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202;
+      influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202;
+      biography, ix: 168-176;
+      bibliography, ix: 176;
+      military commandments, xi: 55.
+
+    _K-K-K-Katy_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
+
+    Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,
+      leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10;
+      occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21;
+      defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14,
+        ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34;
+      strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of,
+        by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168;
+      avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28;
+      biography, ix: 266-268.
+
+    Knights of Columbus, war-time activities of, vii: 328-339;
+      organizing for war work, vii: 330;
+      funds raised, vii: 331;
+      war work expenditures, vii: 332;
+      War Activities Committee, vii: 334;
+      employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338.
+
+    Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287.
+
+    Knox peace resolution,
+      declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end,
+        passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles,
+        xii: 273-277;
+      text of original resolution
+        asking the President to make separate peace, xii: 273-274;
+      text of amended resolution, xii: 277;
+      vetoed by President Wilson, xii: 277;
+      President's veto message, xii: 278.
+
+    Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Koenig, Paul, head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317;
+      German spy in U. S., x: 347.
+
+    Koenig, Capt. Paul,
+      commander of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_,
+      personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274.
+
+    Koja Chemen Tepe, at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172;
+      Anzac assault on, iii: 173;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich,
+      Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188;
+      declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194;
+      leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194;
+      biography, ix: 239-241.
+
+    Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.
+
+    _Koeln_, German cruiser
+      sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    _Koenigin Luise_, German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.
+
+    Koenigsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111.
+
+    _Koenigsberg_, German sea-raider,
+      sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.
+
+    Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of,
+      by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225.
+
+    Korea, acquired by Japan, i: 20;
+      struggle for independence, vi: 388.
+
+    Kornilov, Gen. Laurus,
+      appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky,
+        vi: 164;
+      rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171;
+      imprisoned, vi: 171;
+      leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192;
+      biography, ix: 235-237.
+
+    Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189.
+
+    Kovel, military importance, ii: 42.
+
+    Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138.
+
+    Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense,
+      extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234;
+      A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+        v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262;
+    _see also_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+
+    Krithia, at Gallipoli, Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    _Kronprinz Wilhelm_,
+      comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378;
+      interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380.
+
+    Kronstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218;
+      recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220;
+      military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164.
+
+    Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352.
+
+    Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave,
+      head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265;
+      husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352.
+
+    Kuban Republic, established, Nov., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214.
+
+    Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
+
+    Kultur, German, _see_ Germany, Kultur.
+
+    Kum Kale,
+      French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15,
+        iv: 41;
+      Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42;
+      Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44.
+
+    Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180.
+
+    Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.
+
+    Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134.
+
+    Kut-el-Amara, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181;
+      siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16,
+        iii: 183, 318-320;
+      number of British surrendered, iii: 318;
+      conditions in, during siege, iii: 364.
+
+
+    L
+
+    La Bassee, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378.
+
+    La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    Labor, anti-war spirit, xii: 65;
+      importance in winning the War, xii: 68;
+      floating, xii: 68;
+      women in war industries, xii: 83-85;
+      Peace Treaty charter for international organization, xii: 255-261;
+    _see also_ under each country.
+
+    Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20.
+
+    "Labyrinth," captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380;
+      designation for German trenches between
+      Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42.
+
+    _Laconia, S. S._, Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 225-229.
+
+    Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68.
+
+    _Lafayette_, poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.
+
+    Lafayette Escadrille, formation, iii: 391;
+      first members, iii: 391;
+      Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391;
+      first casualties, iii: 391;
+      equipment of fliers, iii: 392;
+      propaganda among Germans, iii: 392;
+      total casualties, iii: 392;
+      story of, x: 196-202.
+
+    Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.
+
+    La Fere, British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;
+      captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;
+      recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52;
+      German base in France, ii: 86;
+      French attacks on, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384.
+
+    Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
+
+    Lamont, Thomas W.,
+      financial adviser to U. S. delegation to Peace Conference,
+        xii: 149;
+      account of Peace Conference at work, xii: 149-163;
+      member of Reparations Commission, xii: 158.
+
+    Lamprecht, Prof. Karl,
+      German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155.
+
+    Landres-St. Georges, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263;
+      bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311.
+
+    Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277.
+
+    Landsturm, German, i: 72.
+
+    Landwehr, German, i: 72.
+
+    Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367.
+
+    Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336.
+
+    Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314.
+
+    Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162.
+
+    Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12.
+
+    Lansing-Ishii Note,
+      '17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386.
+
+    Laon, captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;
+      German base in France, ii: 86;
+      captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52.
+
+    La Peyrere, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12.
+
+    La Pultiere Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
+
+    _Lars Kruse_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.
+
+    _La Societe Imperiale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_,
+      formation, ii: 292;
+      terms of concession to, ii: 292.
+
+    _Last Long Mile, The_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389.
+
+    Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24;
+      speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24;
+      against Imperial federation, vi: 26;
+      declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33.
+
+    League of Nations, Charles W. Eliot on, i: _Intro. xiii_;
+      international co-operation during War, i: _Intro. xiii_;
+      summary of provisions, i: _Intro. xiv_;
+      proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369;
+      spirit of, xii: 155;
+      prominent advocates, xii: 155;
+      drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, xii: 155;
+      analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178;
+      text of Covenant in full, xii: 182-185;
+      countries invited to join, xii: 186;
+      original members, xii: 186;
+      Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, xii: 186;
+      U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-270;
+      first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, xii: 270.
+
+    Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, xii: 53.
+
+    Leave areas, "Y" service at, vii: 269;
+    _see also_ Y. M. C. A.
+
+    Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334.
+
+    Le Cateau, battle of, Aug. 26, '14,
+      criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French,
+        ii: 162, 174;
+      account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23.
+
+    Le Charmel, German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185;
+      Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192.
+
+    Le Chene Tondu,
+       German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+      captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
+
+    Lee service rifle, viii: 95.
+
+    _Leelanaw, S. S._, American steamship
+      sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.
+
+    _Leipzig_, German cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
+      sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;
+      eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80.
+
+    Lejeune, Gen.,
+      commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Leman, Gen., defender of Liege, iii: 11.
+
+    Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    Lemberg,
+      battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1--3, '14,
+        i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16;
+      recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137;
+      military importance, ii: 42;
+      seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217.
+
+    Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169.
+
+    Lenin, Nicolai, urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140;
+      leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163;
+      overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181;
+      becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17,
+        vi: 181;
+      policies of government, vi: 181;
+      biography, ix: 109-115;
+      bibliography, ix: 115.
+
+    Lens, Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42;
+      objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70;
+      held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72.
+
+    _Leon Gambetta_, French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15,
+      iv: 373.
+
+    _Leonardo da Vinci_, Italian dreadnought
+      blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138.
+
+    L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
+
+    Le Pretre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.
+
+    Lescarboura, Austin C., on trench warfare, viii: 133;
+      opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251;
+      on use of dogs in War, xi: 340.
+
+    Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295.
+
+    Les Eparges, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;
+      captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212.
+
+    Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223.
+
+    Letts, peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226;
+      early history, vi: 226;
+      rebellion of '05, vi: 227;
+      form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227;
+      join Bolsheviki, vi: 228.
+
+    Letvia, Republic of, established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    _Leviathan_, work as U. S. transport, xii: 275.
+
+    Levicu, Dr.,
+      leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19,
+        vi: 300.
+
+    Lewis machine-gun, description, viii: 81;
+      rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82;
+      use on airplanes, viii: 87;
+      U. S. production figures for aircraft, xii: 284.
+
+    Liberty Loans, U. S., popularity, xii: 10;
+      selection of drive periods, xii: 11;
+      influence on national thrift, xii: 11-16;
+      subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12;
+      New York City subscriptions, by borough, xii: 12;
+      compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, xii: 16;
+      amounts raised, xii: 113;
+      effect on German morale, xii: 126;
+      number of subscribers, xii: 127;
+      methods used in selling campaigns, xii: 127-134;
+      sales psychology, xii: 132;
+      Victory Way, xii: 133;
+      number of persons engaged in drives, xii: 134;
+      statistics, xii: 134;
+    _see also_ U. S., War cost.
+
+    Liberty motor, description, viii: 199;
+      production figures, xii: 285.
+
+    Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.
+
+    Libyan Desert, military operations in '16--'17, iii: 191.
+
+    Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England,
+      negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12--'14,
+        i: 196, 250;
+      account of events leading to World War, i: 246;
+      author of _Memorandum_, account of diplomatic experiences
+        in England, i: 250;
+      biography, ix: 131-133.
+
+    Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338.
+
+    "Liebau Employment Agency,"
+      center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338.
+
+    Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader,
+      sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: _Intro. x_;
+      votes against war credits, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+      protest against War, '14, vi: 249;
+      imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141;
+      freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272;
+      leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142;
+      organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
+      killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142;
+      biography, ix: 138-143;
+      elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140;
+      expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141;
+      bibliography, ix: 142.
+
+    Liege, forts constructed, 1890, i: 143;
+      captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375,
+        ii: 348 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 10, xi: 9.
+
+    Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,
+      commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18,
+        v: 56;
+      commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390;
+      in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109;
+      commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390;
+      commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390;
+      biography, ix: 218.
+
+    Lightning (78th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Lille, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406.
+
+    _Lille, Laon and St. Die_, poem by John Finley, vi: 82.
+
+    Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.
+
+    Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319.
+
+    Linsingen, Gen. von,
+      commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132.
+
+    Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.
+
+    _Lion_, British battle cruiser,
+      Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241;
+      disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Liquid fire, first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381;
+      how used, viii: 120;
+      story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18.
+
+    Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171.
+
+    Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Listening device, for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308;
+    _see also_
+      Hydrophones;
+      Microphone.
+
+    Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of,
+      xii: 244-246.
+
+    Lithuania, struggle for independence, vi: 234-236;
+      opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234;
+      fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236;
+      Cabinet of '18, vi: 236;
+      fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236;
+      Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Little Russia, _see_ Ukraine.
+
+    Livonia, early history, vi: 226;
+      Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279;
+    _see also_ Baltic Provinces.
+
+    Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222.
+
+    _Llandovery Castle_, torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Lloyd George, David,
+      advocates aggressive campaign against Austria,
+        ii: _Intro. x, xx_;
+      becomes British Prime Minister,
+        ii: _Intro. xx_, vi: 10, ix: 28;
+      military policy, ii: _Intro, xxi_;
+      becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, xii: 78;
+      appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27;
+      speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10;
+      statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12;
+      indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14;
+      conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20;
+      biography, ix: 21-30;
+      bibliography, ix: 30;
+    _see also_ Peace Conference.
+
+    Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, xii: 111.
+
+    Locomotives, number shipped to France from U. S., xii: 95, 286;
+    _see also_ Railroads.
+
+    Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot,
+      leads opposition to Peace Treaty, xii: 264;
+      original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 265;
+      revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 269.
+
+    Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129.
+
+    Logan, Col. James A.,
+      Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101.
+
+    Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252.
+
+    London,
+      air raids on, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;
+        Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;
+        Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;
+        Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41;
+      welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
+      American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288.
+
+    _London_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107.
+
+    _Long, Long Trail_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
+
+    Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Longwy, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6.
+
+    Loos, British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25;
+      captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46;
+      faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375.
+
+    _Lord Nelson_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Lorraine, value of iron deposits, i: 267;
+      French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151.
+
+    Losses, _see_
+      Casualties;
+      Prisoners of war.
+
+    "Lost Battalion," under Major Whittlesey
+      cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239;
+      attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242;
+      rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;
+      units composing, v: 363.
+
+    Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322.
+
+    Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
+
+    Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    "Lousy Champagne," location, v: 43.
+
+    Louvain, captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;
+      burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;
+      description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277.
+
+    Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration
+      by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225.
+
+    Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116.
+
+    Lowestoft,
+      attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385.
+
+    Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138.
+
+    Lubomirsky, Prince,
+      appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214.
+
+    "Lucky Bag," explanation of term, iv: 171.
+
+    Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Chateau-Thierry, v: 132.
+
+    Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von, War account, ii: 298-365;
+      estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300;
+      appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16,
+        ii: 326, iii: 61;
+      denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333;
+      resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271;
+      opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337;
+      war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344;
+      brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345;
+      share in capture of Liege, ii: 348;
+      appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 351;
+      account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;
+      appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front,
+        Sept., '14, ii: 357;
+      failure of "Spring Drive" loses War, '18, vi: 270;
+      biography, ix: 250-257.
+
+    Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254.
+
+    Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196.
+
+    Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr., American aviator, story of, x: 211-214;
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191.
+
+    _Lullaby for a Baby Tank_, poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.
+
+    Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309.
+
+    Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.
+
+    Luneville, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20;
+      retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.
+
+    _Lurcher_, British destroyer
+      at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    _Lusitania, S. S._,
+      German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319;
+      sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15,
+        i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), 380,
+        xi: 20, 237;
+      loss of life, i: 319, 362;
+      U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320;
+      Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320;
+      Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320;
+      U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323;
+      summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking,
+        i: 358;
+      dimensions, i: 362;
+      number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362;
+      number in crew, i: 362;
+      not armed, i: 363;
+      German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365;
+      eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222;
+      Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222;
+      Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223.
+
+    Lutsk, captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381;
+      recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382;
+      recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382;
+      captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142.
+
+    _Luetzow_, German battle cruiser
+      sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.
+
+    Luxemburg, Duchess of, _see_ Marie Adelaide.
+
+    Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of,
+      invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10;
+      annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94;
+      Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189.
+
+    Luxemburg, Rosa,
+      German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249;
+      imprisoned, '16, vi: 262;
+      leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;
+      views on social revolution, ix: 147.
+
+    Lvov, Prince George E.,
+      Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17,
+        vi: 155;
+      manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159;
+      forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;
+      biography, ix: 100-102;
+      President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, xii: 82.
+
+    Lynch, George,
+      inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68.
+
+    Lys, battle of, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91;
+      Portuguese troops flee under German attack,
+        ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;
+      Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91;
+      Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91.
+
+    Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116.
+
+    _Lynx_, British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.
+
+
+    M
+
+    Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199.
+
+    Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.
+
+    MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas,
+      leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2--3, '18, v: 61;
+      commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84;
+      biography, ix: 213-217.
+
+    Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386.
+
+    Macdonald, Ramsay, endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;
+      defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.
+
+    Macdowell, Major T. W.,
+      wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
+
+    Macedonia, promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32;
+      occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344;
+      military operations in, _see_ Salonika Campaign.
+
+    Machine-guns, use of, in British Army, ii: 125;
+      British and German equipments, Aug., '14, ii: 275;
+      utility in trench warfare, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;
+      nests, construction of, v: 37;
+      pits, v: 287;
+      number on A. E. F. front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
+      predecessors of modern types, viii: 78;
+      Hiram Maxim's invention, 1883, viii: 78;
+      German pre-War preparedness, viii: 78;
+      effectiveness, viii: 79, 136;
+      usefulness compared with rifle, viii: 79;
+      German Machine-Gun Corps, viii: 79;
+      principal types, viii: 80-87;
+      Maxim gun, viii: 80, 87;
+      Benet-Mercier gun, viii: 80;
+      Lewis gun, viii: 81-82;
+      Browning gun, viii: 84-87;
+      on airplanes, viii: 86-87, 189-192, 196, 208-216;
+      Hotchkiss gun, viii: 87;
+      German and Allied equipments compared, Aug., '14, viii: 134;
+      tank _vs._ machine-gun, viii: 150-151;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284;
+      number captured by Americans, xii: 288.
+
+    Mackensen, Field-Marshal August von,
+      commander of Teuton forces conquering Serbia, ii: 34, iii: 156;
+      leads invasion of Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 222;
+      leader of offensive through Galicia and Poland, ii: 233, iii: 128;
+      commands Bulgarian forces, iii: 218;
+      biography, ix: 257-261.
+
+    Madeline Farm,
+      Germans resist attacks on, by 80th and 3rd Divs., Oct. 6, '18,
+        v: 241;
+      captured by Americans, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245.
+
+    _Madelon, Le_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
+
+    Madras,
+      bombarded by German raider _Emden_, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174.
+
+    _Magdeburg_, German cruiser sunk by Russians, Aug., '14,
+      iv: 365.
+
+    Maghdaba, British defeat Turks at, iii: 192.
+
+    Magnes, Dr. Judah L.,
+      visits Europe for Jewish war relief, vii: 356, 360.
+
+    _Magpies in Picardy_, poem by "Tipcuca," xi: 224.
+
+    Magyars, predominance in Austria-Hungary, vi: 306;
+      loyalty to Empire, vi: 306;
+      rebel against new Czechoslovak government, vi: 399;
+    _see also_
+        Austria-Hungary;
+        Hungary.
+
+    Mahon, Gen., commands British at Salonika, iii: 202.
+
+    Maidos, defenses of Gallipoli at, iv: 24.
+
+    _Mainz_, German cruiser,
+      sunk in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Mainz,
+      occupation by Allies and conditions for withdrawal from, xii: 261.
+
+    Maize, imports of, by Germany, ii: 17.
+
+    _Majestic_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk by submarine at Gallipoli, May 27, '15, iv: 50.
+
+    Malancourt, captured by Germans, Mar., '16, iii: 51;
+      location, v: 217;
+      4th Engrs. build artillery road from, to Esnes, Sept., '18, v: 226.
+
+    Malborghetto, captured by Italians, iii: 244.
+
+    _Mali Journal_, Serbian newspaper,
+      on antagonism to Austria-Hungary, vi: 356.
+
+    Malingering, devices for detection of, viii: 358-361.
+
+    Malinov, succeeds Radoslavov as Bulgarian Premier, vi: 346;
+      statement on circumstances of Bulgarian surrender, vi: 347.
+
+    Malleterre, Gen., discussion of Allied victory, ii: 206;
+      Professor of Military Geography at Ecole de Guerre, ii: 220;
+      eulogy of Foch and Petain, ii: 220.
+
+    Mallon, Capt. George H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Malmedy, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.
+
+    Malmoe, meeting of Scandinavian rulers at,
+      and pledge of mutual neutrality, vi: 393.
+
+    Malvy, French Minister of Interior,
+      tried for criminal neglect, iv: 10;
+      implicated in _Bonnet Rouge_ case, vi: 105;
+      exiled from France, vi: 106.
+
+    Mametz, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Manchuria, Japanese penetration of, i: 20.
+
+    Mangin, Gen.,
+      attacks Germans on Villers-Cotterets and Soissons line, July, '18,
+        ii: 210, v: 159;
+      appointed commander of Verdun sector, iii: 62;
+      successful attack at Verdun, Dec., '16, iii: 62.
+
+    Mann, Maj.-Gen. William A.,
+      relieved of command of 42nd Div., '17, v: 109.
+
+    Mannerheim, Gen., commands Finnish White Guards, vi: 198;
+      dictator of Finnish de facto Republic, '18, vi: 200.
+
+    Manning, Corp. Sidney E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    Manoury, Gen.,
+      commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 182, 184.
+
+    Mantou, Prof., interpreter to Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.
+
+    _Maple Leaf Forever, The_, Canadian national hymn, xi: 330.
+
+    March, Gen. Peyton C.,
+      Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, biography, ix: 210-212.
+
+    Margate, bombed by German airmen, Oct. 22, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Marie, Queen of Rumania, appeal for American aid, vi: 349.
+
+    Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg,
+      resigns in favor of sister, vi: 94;
+      biography, ix: 383-384.
+
+    _Marina, S. S._, British freighter
+      sunk by German submarine, Oct. 28, '16, i: 335, 388.
+
+    Marines, U. S., _see_ U. S., Marines.
+
+    Maritz, Col., rebel Boer leader,
+      joins Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, iii: 254, vi: 50.
+
+    _Markomannia_, auxiliary to German raider _Emden_,
+      iv: 170, 172.
+
+    Marlin aircraft guns, U. S. production figures, xii: 284;
+    _see also_ Machine-guns.
+
+    Marne, Allied retreat to the, Aug.--Sept., '14, iii: 20-30;
+      topography of salient, v: 42, 133.
+
+    Marne, battles of:
+      Sept., '14, report of Field-Marshal French on preliminary action,
+          ii: 9;
+        outline of maneuvers, ii: 9;
+        Foch's generalship at, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 220, iii: 31-34;
+        described by French participant, ii: 182;
+        Gen. Manoury's share in victory, ii: 182;
+        military situation preceding, ii: 183;
+        Allied generals under Joffre at, ii: 184;
+        German commanders at, ii: 184;
+        effect of Russian invasion of East Prussia on, ii: 227;
+        analysis of, by a German military critic, ii: 258;
+        detailed account of, iii: 30-36;
+        casualties at, iii: 35.
+      July, '18, Foch's strategy, ii: 77, ii: 154;
+        Ludendorff's account, ii: 322-324;
+        Ludendorff's comment on casualties, ii: 326;
+        Ludendorff's comment on A. E. F. fighting, ii: 326;
+        general account of battle, iii: 95-97, v: 129;
+        detailed account of A. E. F. participation,
+          v: 47-61, 148-192, 382;
+        reasons for failure of German offensive, v: 54;
+        German artillery captured by Americans, v: 56;
+        stand of 38th Inf. against German attempts to cross Marne,
+          July 15, '18, v: 150-153, x: 381-387;
+        Pershing's message to troops, v: 191;
+        Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192;
+        work of tanks at, viii: 148;
+        _see also_
+          Aisne-Marne Offensive;
+          Champagne.
+
+    Marne District, German destruction in, iii: 297-300.
+
+    Marne (3rd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Mars, A. E. F. base hospital at, v: 400.
+
+    _Marseillaise_, French national anthem,
+      an Alsatian song, i: 211;
+      effect on French audience, i: 211;
+      words, xi: 326.
+
+    Marseilles, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
+
+    Marshal, Gen., commander of British capturing Bagdad, xi: 48.
+
+    Marshall, Louis, President American Jewish Relief Committee,
+      vii: 354.
+
+    Martin, Miss Winona C.,
+      American "Y" worker killed in France, vii: 313.
+
+    Martin, Dr. Franklin, member of Advisory Commission,
+      U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    Martinpuich, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Mary, Queen of England, biography, ix: 392-395.
+
+    Masaryk, T. G., leader of movement for Czech independence, vi: 397.
+
+    Masefield, John,
+      description of British embarkation for Gallipoli, iii: 350;
+      account of Gallipoli fighting, iii: 352, 355-358;
+      description of soldier's life at Gallipoli, iii: 353.
+
+    Mata-Hari, woman spy, executed by French, Oct. 15, '17, i: 392;
+      discloses tank secret to Germans, x: 360.
+
+    Matz Valley, German attacks during '18 offensive, ii: 76.
+
+    Maubeuge, Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103.
+
+    Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley,
+      Mesopotamian successes, '16--'17,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_, 90, iii: 185;
+      biography, ix: 194-199.
+
+    Maurepas, captured by French during battle of the Somme, iii: 58.
+
+    Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick,
+      on general strategy of the War, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv._
+
+    Mauser rifle, description, viii: 95.
+
+    Max, Burgomaster of Brussels,
+      demand of concessions from Germans, iii: 14.
+
+    Maxim, Hiram, invents machine-gun, 1883, viii: 78.
+
+    Maxim machine-gun, description, viii: 80;
+      modified type used by Germans and Austrians, viii: 87.
+
+    Maximilian of Baden, Prince,
+      appointed German Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;
+      appeals to Wilson for armistice, vi: 270.
+
+    Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, biography, ix: 296.
+
+    Mazurian Lakes, topography of district, iii: 108;
+      difficulty of military operations in, iii: 113;
+      Russian armies annihilated by Hindenburg, Aug., '14, iii: 113-116;
+      second battle, Feb., '15, iii: 130;
+    _see also_ Tannenberg, battle of.
+
+    McAdoo, William G., biography, ix: 329-331;
+      Director General, U. S. Railroad Administration, xii: 88.
+
+    McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. U. G.,
+      as colonel commands 38th Inf. Regt. in second battle of the Marne,
+        July, '18, v: 152;
+      commands 180th Inf. Brig, at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 209;
+      biography, ix: 216.
+
+    McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W.,
+      succeeds Gen. Harbord as Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Aug., '17,
+        v: 102;
+      Pershing's appreciation, v: 403-404;
+      biography, ix: 216.
+
+    McCaw, Brig.-Gen. Walter D., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    McLemore Resolution, warning to Americans not to
+      travel on belligerent ships, i: 327;
+      President Wilson opposes, i: 327;
+      defeated, i: 328.
+
+    McLeod, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle,
+      German spy, discloses tank secret, x: 360.
+
+    McMahon, Maj.-Gen. James E., in command of 5th Div., May, '18,
+      v: 128;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202;
+      relieved of command of 5th Div., Oct., '18, v: 252.
+
+    McMurtry, Capt. George C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H.,
+      in command of 78th Div., June, '18, v: 144;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
+
+    Meat packers, profits before and during War, xii: 56.
+
+    Mecca, captured by Arabs, July 15, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Medeah Farm, captured by 67th French Div., Oct. 3, '18, v: 256.
+
+    Medical Corps, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Medical science, use of X-ray, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;
+      development under war needs, viii: 361-365, xi: 286-291;
+      rifle and shell wounds, relative dangers of, viii: 361;
+      French medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365;
+      danger of infection in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;
+      treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;
+      treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of nerve cord lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of fractures, viii: 367;
+      new method of amputation, viii: 367;
+      prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367, xi: 287;
+      prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287-288;
+      treatment of shell shock, viii: 368;
+      causes of infection, viii: 369;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 288-289;
+      mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;
+      artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;
+      artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;
+      reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;
+      use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;
+      artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
+      prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;
+      anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;
+      making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;
+    _see also:_
+        Disease;
+        Infection;
+        Reconstruction of disabled;
+        Sanitation;
+        Surgery.
+
+    Medwa, Turks defeated at, by British, Jan., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Mehun, U. S. Ordnance repair shop at, v: 350.
+
+    Memel, captured by Russians, Mar. 19, '15, i: 378;
+      evacuated by Russians, Mar. 21, '15, i: 378;
+      raided by Russian fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 365;
+      Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 203.
+
+    _Men of Harlech_, Welsh national hymn, xi: 330.
+
+    Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles T., commander 42nd Div., '17, v: 109;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202.
+
+    Mensheviki, Russian political party, doctrines of, vi: 148.
+
+    Menshikov, Russian imperialist,
+      outlines plan of conquest, '14, vi: 134.
+
+    Merchant marine, _see_ Shipping.
+
+    Mercier, Cardinal Desire,
+      biography and war-time activities, ix: 341-343.
+
+    _Mersey_, British monitor, in Flanders and East Africa, iv: 281.
+
+    Mersey, Lord, official report on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+      i: 362-365.
+
+    Merville salient, evacuation of, by Germans, iii: 98.
+
+    Mesopotamia, German dream of acquisition, ii: 27;
+      British irrigation schemes in, ii: 295;
+      terrain and climate, iii: 178;
+      historic background of modern battlefields, iii: 329-334;
+      disposition under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Mesopotamian Campaign,
+      strategic importance and Allied plan of operations,
+        ii: _Intro. xvi_, 87-91, iii: 178-180;
+      British land troops at Fao to protect oil fields, Nov., '14,
+        ii: _Intro. xvi_, iii: 180;
+      Gen. Nixon pursues Turks and threatens Bagdad, '15,
+        ii: _Intro. xvi_, 91, iii: 180-182;
+      British defeated at Ctesiphon and driven into
+        Kut-el-Amara, Dec., '15, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 91, 182-183;
+      siege of Kut and Gen. Townshend's surrender,
+        Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16,
+        ii: _Intro. xvii_, 91, iii: 183-185, 363, 364;
+      British reorganize campaign after Kut disaster,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_, 92, iii: 185;
+      British capture Bagdad, Mar. 11, '17,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_, 92, iii: 187;
+      British landing force advances to Basra and Kurna, Dec., '14,
+        iii: 180;
+      British capture Kut-el-Amara, Sept., '15, iii: 181;
+      unsuccessful attempts to relieve siege of Kut, iii: 184-185;
+      Gen. Maude placed in command of British, '16, iii: 185;
+      causes of and responsibility for British disaster,
+        report of Royal Commission, iii: 185, 363-370;
+      battle of Sannyat, iii: 185-187;
+      bibliography, iii: 187;
+      personnel of Commission of inquiry, iii: 363;
+      conditions in Kut during siege, iii: 364;
+      casualties in attempts to relieve Kut, iii: 364.
+
+    Messines Ridge,
+      British mine and blow up German positions, June, '17,
+        ii: 56, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;
+      nature of German defenses, iii: 77;
+      casualties, British and German, iii: 77;
+      recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 360.
+
+    _Messudiyeh_, Turkish warship
+      blown up in Dardanelles, Dec. 13, '14, i: 376, x: 317.
+
+    Mestrovitch, Sgt. James I.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    _Meteor_, German raider in Baltic, iv: 197.
+
+    Metternich, Prince, theory of government, i: 33.
+
+    Metz, bombarded by British airmen, Jan. 14, '18, i: 393;
+      entered by French, Nov. 19, '18, i: 400;
+      Allied plan for capture of, Nov., '18, v: 274.
+
+    Meurer, Vice-Adm.,
+      German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
+
+    Meurthe River, line of defense before Nancy, iii: 19.
+
+    Meuse River, French forced to retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20;
+      German attempt to invade France through valley of, '14, v: 199.
+
+    Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+      concentration of A. E. F. for, Sept., '18, ii: 84, v: 75, 218, 388;
+      objectives, ii: 84, 214, 387;
+      topography of battleground, ii: 214, v: 73-74, 90, 217-218;
+      strategic importance, ii: 215, v: 214-216, 387;
+      breakdown of A. E. F. supply service, ii: 215;
+      Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 334;
+      detailed account of battle, Sept. 25--Nov. 11. '18,
+        iii: 100, v: 72-95, 213-253, 260-279;
+      extent of A. E. F. front, v: 72-73, 217, 390;
+      Allied plan of campaign, v: 73, 75, 216, 218;
+      A. E. F. divisions participating, with positions in line,
+        v: 74, 219-222, 388;
+      German defenses, position and strength, v: 74, 217-218, 388;
+      A. E. F. advance to Kriemhilde position, v: 78-82;
+      Allies break through Kriemhilde line, v: 83-88;
+      Germans dislodged and thrown across the Meuse, Nov., '18, v: 88-95;
+      number of French troops participating, v: 220, 388;
+      German strength, v: 220, 388;
+      day by day account of operations, Sept. 25--Oct. 3, v: 222-233;
+      number of Allied airplanes, v: 223, 388;
+      day by day account, Oct. 4--31, v: 234-253;
+      day by day account of last phase, Nov. 1--11, v: 260-279;
+      Argonne Forest cleared of Germans, Nov. 3, '18, v: 266;
+      number of Allied tanks used, v: 315, 388;
+      sector assigned to A. E. F., v: 385;
+      Pershing's official report, v: 386-393;
+      Allies' artillery strength, v: 388;
+      strength of First Army, A. E. F., v: 390, xii: 280;
+      desperate nature of fighting, v: 390-391;
+      Germans appeal for Armistice, Nov. 6, '18, v: 391;
+      German guns captured, v: 393;
+      German prisoners captured, v: 393;
+      casualties of First Army, v: 393, xii: 280;
+      magnitude of operations, v: 393.
+
+    Mexico, German plot to involve in war with U. S., i: 347.
+
+    Meyer-Waldeck, Capt., German governor of Tsing-Tau, iii: 257.
+
+    Mezieres, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375;
+      Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103;
+      captured by French, Nov. 9,. '18, iii: 103;
+      fortified French frontier town, v: 215.
+
+    Mezieres-Sedan railroad,
+      key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387.
+
+    Mezy, Germans force passage of Marne at, July 15, '18, v: 150.
+
+    Mice, uses in war, vii: 229.
+
+    Michael, Grand Duke,
+      designated as successor by Czar on abdication, vi: 156;
+      renounces succession to Russian throne Mar., '17, vi: 156.
+
+    Michaelis, Georg, statement of German war aims, ii: 14;
+      appointment as German Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266.
+
+    Michel position,
+      section of Hindenburg Line on St. Mihiel Front, v: 69.
+
+    Michitch, Gen., Serbian commander,
+      stops advance of Austrian invaders, Dec., '14, iii: 394.
+
+    Michler, Gen., decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
+
+    Microphone, instrument for detection of U-boats, iv: 308, xi: 241;
+    _see also_ Hydrophones.
+
+    Milan, bombarded by Austrian airmen, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Miles, Capt. Wardlaw L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    Militarism, German, _see_ Germany, Militarism.
+
+    Military commandments, by Kitchener and Foch, xi: 55.
+
+    Military training, universal,
+      advocated by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: _Intro. xii_;
+      German system of, i: 71;
+      Bernhardi's defense of, i: 162;
+      Roosevelt's advocacy of, for U. S., i: 326;
+      abolition of, in Germany under Peace Treaty, xii: 211.
+
+    Milk supply, German, ii: 18.
+
+    Miller, Lieut. John Q., observation pilot, story of, x: 232-235.
+
+    Miller, Major Oscar F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Millicent Sutherland Ambulance, vii: 107.
+
+    Milne, Adm.,
+      commander of British fleet in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.
+
+    Milne, Pvt. W. J.,
+      awarded Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
+
+    Milyukov, Paul M., Russian statesman,
+      exposes treachery of Stuermer, Nov., '16, vi: 142;
+      assails Government distribution of food, Feb., '17, vi: 144;
+      Minister of Foreign Affairs in Provisional Government, Mar., '17,
+        vi: 158;
+      statement of loyalty to Allied cause, vi: 158, 159;
+      biography, ix: 102-103.
+
+    Mines, submarine,
+      North Sea mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324, viii: 274;
+      use of trawlers for sweeping, iv: 292;
+      use in fighting U-boats, iv: 312;
+      use of Paravanes as protection against, iv: 313;
+      methods of laying, iv: 326.
+
+    Mining, in land operations, blowing up of Messines Ridge by British,
+      iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;
+      of Austrian positions in Alps by Italians, viii: 311.
+
+    Minkler, C. T., inventor of depth bomb, iv: 330.
+
+    Miraumont, evacuated by Germans, iii: 64.
+
+    Mirbach, Count von, assassinated by Bolsheviki, vi: 187.
+
+    Missionaries, European, as colonial pioneers in East, i: 17.
+
+    Missions, German Christian,
+      continuity guaranteed by Peace Treaty, xii: 263.
+
+    Missy, scene of hard fighting by 1st Div., July, '18, v: 55;
+      1st Div. makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., v: 174.
+
+    Mitau, captured by Germans, Aug. 2, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Mitrovitza, captured by Germans, Nov. 23, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Mixed Arbitral Tribunal,
+      establishment and functions under Peace Treaty, xii: 243.
+
+    Mkwawa, Sultan, skull of,
+      Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany, xii: 225.
+
+    Mobile ordnance repair shops,
+      description and functions, v: 350, viii: 294-298.
+
+    _Moewe_, German raider, activities, iv: 197.
+
+    Moffat, John, systematizes American war relief, vii: 87;
+      decorated for relief work, vii: 87.
+
+    Moffett, Capt. Wm. A.,
+      commander of Great Lakes Naval Training Station, iv: 318.
+
+    _Moltke_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Moltke, Field-Marshal von, views on German strategy, ii: 14.
+
+    Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, biography, ix: 264.
+
+    _Monarch_, Austrian battleship
+     torpedoed by Italians at Trieste, x: 290.
+
+    Monastir, evacuated by Serbs, Dec. 3, '15, i: 382;
+      retaken by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, i: 388, iii: 208.
+
+    Moncy Wood, captured by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Mondement, Germans driven back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 33.
+
+    Mondragon, Gen., of Mexico, designer of self-loading rifle, viii: 90.
+
+    Money,
+      effect of unsecured paper money on prices, xii: _Intro. viii_;
+      inflation chief cause of high prices, xii: _Intro. xii_, 27;
+      war-time inflation in U. S., xii: _Intro. xii_;
+      inflation throughout world, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      functions, xii: _Intro. xv_;
+      standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuating cost of living,
+        xii: _Intro. xv_;
+      inflation defined, xii: 28;
+      effects of inflation, xii: 29;
+      revaluation of gold standard, xii: 31;
+    _see also_ Prices.
+
+    Monfalcone, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.
+
+    _Monge_, French submarine, rammed by Austrian warship, x: 295.
+
+    Monitors, revival of discarded naval type, iv: 280;
+      description of British type, iv: 281;
+      service at Dardanelles, iv: 282;
+      service at Trieste, iv: 283;
+      service in Serbia, iv: 283;
+      construction of, iv: 284.
+
+    _Monmouth_, British cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
+      struck during battle, iv: 66;
+      sunk by _Nuernberg_, iv: 67, ix: 308.
+
+    Monneaux, location, v: 133.
+
+    Monro, Gen., Sir Charles,
+      sent to India to develop military resources,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii_;
+      succeeds Gen. Hamilton at Gallipoli, iii: 174;
+      conducts evacuation of Gallipoli, iii: 174.
+
+    Monroe Doctrine, barrier against European expansion in America, i:37;
+      interpretation under Roosevelt, i: 84;
+      upheld by Roosevelt against German coercion of Venezuela, i: 86.
+
+    Mons,
+      captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375;
+      British retreat from, Aug., '14,
+        ii: 162 (Viscount French's account),
+        iii: 277-281 (John Buchan's description);
+      British gallantry at, xi: 10.
+
+    Monsard, taken by Fourth Corps, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206.
+
+    Mont Blanc, captured by 2nd Div., v: 393.
+
+    Mont Mare Wood, passage by 89th Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Mont St. Pere-Charteves, location, v: 133.
+
+    Mont St. Quentin, captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Mont Sec, dominating position on St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 199.
+
+    Mont Wood, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
+
+    Montauban, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Montblainville, captured by 28th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 325.
+
+    Montdidier, captured by French, Aug. 11, '18, i: 397;
+      1st Div. relieves French near, v: 29.
+
+    Montdidier-Noyon defensive, by Allies, June 9--15, '18,
+        iii: 94, v: 129, 139-141;
+      conditions leading to German attack, v: 139;
+      Allied use of artillery during, v: 139.
+
+    Monte Nero, captured by Italians, iii: 244.
+
+    Montecuccoli, Adm.,
+      responsible for development of Austrian navy, iv: 364.
+
+    Montenegro, declares war on Austria, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375;
+      declares war on Germany, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
+      forced to surrender to Austria, Feb., '16, vi: 358-359;
+      joins Jugoslav union, vi: 366;
+      battle deaths, xii: 288.
+
+    Montfaucon, German stronghold in Meuse-Argonne sector, v: 78, 218;
+      captured by 79th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 224-225.
+
+    Montfaucon Wood, captured by 37th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    Montmedy, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375.
+
+    Montmirail, German objective in last drive on Paris, v: 36;
+      headquarters of 28th Div., June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    Montrebeau Wood, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 237.
+
+    Montrieul-aux-Lions, headquarters of 2nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    Moore, Rear-Adm. Sir Archibald,
+      second in command of British in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Morale, Allied and German during winter, '17--'18, v: 1;
+      German, weakened by failure of great offensive, July, '18, v: 53;
+      American, under hardships of Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 87, 232;
+      Allied and German, Sept., '18, v: 213.
+
+    Moranville, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 9, '18, v: 277.
+
+    Morava-Maritza Valley,
+      approach to Constantinople through Serbia, iii: 150.
+
+    Moravia, early history, vi: 396;
+      nationalistic aspirations, vi: 396.
+
+    Moresnet, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.
+
+    Moreuil salient, military operations in, Aug.--Sept., '18, iii: 98;
+      Allied attack on Albert-Montdidier line, iii: 98;
+      Albert captured by British, Aug., '18, iii: 98;
+      British attack on the Scarpe, Sept., '18, iii: 98.
+
+    Morgan, Miss Anne, war relief activities, vii: 92.
+
+    Morine Wood, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
+
+    Morocco,
+      French control of, recognized by Great Britain, '04, i: 99, 202;
+      Kaiser's famous speech at Tangier on German policy, Mar., '05,
+        i: 99, 202;
+      European crisis on dispatch of German gunboat _Panther_
+        to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;
+      storm center of European diplomacy, i: 202;
+      Prince Lichnowsky's views on German policy, i: 204;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+
+    Mort Homme, _see_
+      Dead Man's Hill;
+      Verdun.
+
+    Mortars, _see_ Artillery.
+
+    Morton, Maj.-Gen. Charles G.,
+      commands 29th Div., June, '18, v: 146;
+      takes command of sector on right bank of Meuse, Oct. 10, '18,
+        v: 246.
+
+    Moscow,
+      municipal elections annulled by reactionary Protopopov, '17,
+        vi: 143;
+      Conference called by Kerensky, '17, vi: 167;
+      meeting of Soviet Congress, Mar., '18, vi: 185.
+
+    Moselle River,
+      German attempt to enter France through valley of, '14, v: 199.
+
+    Mosley, Brig.-Gen. G. Van H.,
+      Chief of Co-ordination, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
+
+    Motors, airplane, production in U. S., xii: 285;
+      Liberty, production figures, xii: 285.
+
+    Motor Transport Corps, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Motor trucks, important function in Verdun defense,
+        iii: 50, viii: 289-291;
+      mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions,
+        v: 350, v: 294-298;
+      armored cars, viii: 286;
+      Paris buses as war transports, viii: 286;
+      use as ambulances, viii: 287;
+      number in use by belligerents, Aug., '14, viii: 288;
+      number in use at front, June, '15, viii: 288;
+      number shipped to France from U. S., viii: 288, xii: 95, 286;
+      Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.
+
+    Mott, Dr. John R.,
+      General Secretary, Y. M. C. A. War Work Council, vii: 261.
+
+    _Mount Vernon_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17,
+      iv: 337.
+
+    _Mousquet_, French destroyer
+      sunk by _Emden_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 181.
+
+    Mouzay, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272.
+
+    Muecke, Lieut. Hellmuth von,
+      account of exploits of German raider _Emden_,
+        iv: 167-187, 190-194.
+
+    Mudros, British advance base for Gallipoli campaign,
+      iii: 164, iv: 30.
+
+    Muehlon, Dr. William,
+      disclosures of German complicity in forcing War,
+      i: 133-136, 250-254.
+
+    Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., commands 28th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.
+
+    Mules, number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286.
+
+    Muelhausen, captured by French, Aug. 8, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Mueller, Capt. Karl von,
+      commander of German raider _Emden_, iv: 166.
+
+    Munich, murder of Kurt Eisner
+      and Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 298;
+      Spartacides establish Soviet, vi: 300;
+      Soviet overthrown by Noske, May, '19, vi: 301.
+
+    Muensterberg, Prof. Hugo, on "Russian Peril," vi: 250.
+
+    Murfin, Capt. O. G., in charge of U. S. Navy mine bases, iv: 325.
+
+    Murman Region,
+      Military Government of, established, July, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Murmansk, fighting between Allies and Bolsheviki at, vi: 187.
+
+    Murray, Gen., commands British troops defending Suez, iii: 191.
+
+    Mush, captured by Russians, Feb. 18, '16, i: 384, iii: 263;
+      evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Mushi, captured by British, Mar. 13, '16, i: 384.
+
+    Mustard gas, use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 171-172, xi: 321;
+      use of "Sag Paste," as protection against, v: 324;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 186.
+
+
+    N
+
+    Namazieh Battery, at Gallipoli, iv: 45.
+
+    Namur, forts of, constructed, 1890, i: 143;
+      captured by Germans, Aug., '14, i: 375, iii: 14-15.
+
+    Nancy, German advance on, checked, Aug., '14, iii: 19;
+      important frontier fortress, v: 199, 215.
+
+    Nantillois, captured by 315th Inf., Sept. 28, '18, v: 228.
+
+    Napier, Rear-Adm. T. D. W.,
+      commander of British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at Jutland,
+      iv: 120.
+
+    Naples, bombed by German aviators, Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.
+
+    Napoleon, Fort, at Gallipoli,
+      bombarded by French battleship _Gaulois_, Mar. 2, '15, iv: 43.
+
+    Narew, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 111.
+
+    _Narodna Odbrana_, Serbian patriotic society,
+      accused of responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand,
+        i: 112.
+
+    _Narodni Savetz_, Bulgarian patriotic organization, vi: 341.
+
+    Narrows, at Dardanelles,
+      defenses of bombarded by Allies, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45.
+
+    Narva, captured by Germans, Mar. 5, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Nasarie, taken by British, '15, iii: 181.
+
+    Nasmith, Lieut.-Com.,
+      captain of British submarine _E-11_ in Sea of Marmora,
+      iv: 210.
+
+    Nasrullah Khan, instigator of Habibullah Khan's assassination,
+      vi: 80.
+
+    National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87;
+    _see also_ War relief.
+
+    National anthems, words and histories of, xi: 325-332.
+
+    National Council of Austrian Women, peace appeals, '17, vi: 314.
+
+    National Guard, U. S., federalized, Aug. 5, '17, i: 390;
+    _see also_ U. S., Army.
+
+    National Volunteers,
+      Irish organization enlisted to aid British, vi: 57.
+
+    National War Work Council,
+      of American Y. M. C. A., formation, vii: 262;
+      _see also_ Y. M. C. A.
+
+    Nationalism, problems of, i: 23;
+      development in Europe since 1648, i: 26;
+      factor in racial unification, v: _Intro. viii_;
+      growth during 19th century, v: _Intro. ix_;
+    _see also_ under name of country.
+
+    Nations of the world, political positions in 1871, i: 44-60.
+
+    Naumann, Friedrich,
+      author of _Mittel Europa_, statement of German war aims,
+        vi: 258;
+      views on trench frontiers, viii: 126.
+
+    _Nautilus_, submarine invented by Robert Fulton, 1800, iv: 202.
+
+    Naval Batteries, U. S., on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45.
+
+    Naval power, influence on result of War, i: 13;
+      function as protector of supply routes, i: 15;
+      development as adjunct to colonization, i: 28.
+
+    Naval raids, German bombardment of English coast towns, iv: 244-246.
+
+    Naval stations, British, around the world, i: 15.
+
+    Navarino, battle of, 1827, i: 34.
+
+    Navies, _see_ under each country.
+
+    Navigation, freedom of, for Allies,
+      over German waterways, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 247-253;
+      Elbe, Oder, Niemen, and Danube internationalized
+        under Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    "Navy Hut," American "Y" center at Brest, vii: 302.
+
+    Nazareth, captured by British, Sept. 21, '18, iii: 198.
+
+    N-C Flying Boats, development and description, viii: 236-240;
+    _N-C-4_ first airplane to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240.
+
+    Near East, European rivalries in, i: 38;
+      German policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;
+    _see also_
+        Balkans;
+        Germany, Foreign policy.
+
+    "Near victories," of the War, ii: 206.
+
+    _Nebraskan, S. S._, American steamer
+      attacked by German submarine, May 25, '15, i: 320.
+
+    Neibaur, Pvt. Thomas C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
+
+    _Nembo_, Italian destroyer,
+      battle with Austrian U-boat, Oct. 16, '16, iv: 369.
+
+    Nesle, occupied by French cavalry Mar., '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Netherlands, international position in '14, i: 61;
+      refuses to cede Dutch Flanders to Belgium, vi: 89;
+      strength of army, '14, vi: 375, 378;
+      maintains armed neutrality, vi: 375-377;
+      neutrality condemned by British press, vi: 376;
+      effect of submarine warfare on, vi: 377-378;
+      merchant marine seized by Allies, Mar., '18, vi: 378;
+      claims Scheldt and Maastricht area, '18, vi: 378;
+      generous host to Belgian refugees, vii: 168-175;
+      war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.
+
+    "Netherlands Overseas Trust," vi: 377.
+
+    Neufchateau, training area for 26th and 42nd Divs., v: 6.
+
+    Neutrals, increase in shipping, xii: 100;
+      trade with Germany, xii: 100.
+
+    Neuve Chapelle, captured by British, Mar. 9--10, '15, i: 378, iii: 41;
+      faulty British generalship at, iii: 375.
+
+    Neuve Eglise, captured by British, Sept. 2, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Newbolt, Sir Henry,
+      account of Smith-Dorrien's battle at Le Cateau, Aug. 26, '14,
+        ii: 176-182.
+
+    New Guinea, German, captured by Australians, '14, vi: 38.
+
+    _New Mexico_, U. S. battleship,
+      propelled by electricity, iv: 322.
+
+    New Zealand, war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      area and population, vi: 37;
+      loyalty to Great Britain, vi: 46;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107, 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.
+
+    _New Zealand_, British cruiser
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv 241;
+      in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Niblack, Rear-Adm. Albert P., biography, ix: 295.
+
+    Nicaragua, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Nicholas, Grand Duke, Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies, iii: 119;
+      removed as Commander-in-Chief and sent to Caucasus, Sept., '15,
+        iii: 140, 262;
+      biography, ix: 229-231.
+
+    Nicholas, King of Montenegro,
+      surrenders to Austrians, Feb., '16, vi: 359;
+      deposed, vi: 366.
+
+    Nicholas II, Czar of Russia,
+      takes personal command of army, Sept., '15, iii: 140, vi: 141;
+      influence of Rasputin over court, vi: 141;
+      issues undated order for dismissal of Duma, '17, vi: 144;
+      abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;
+      biography, ix: 374-376.
+
+    _Nicholson_ U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
+
+    Niemen, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 110.
+
+    Niemen River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    Nietzsche, Friedrich,
+      German apostle of gospel of force, i: 67, ii: 2;
+      striking quotations from, i: 179-180.
+
+    Nieuport, captured by Germans, Oct. 24, '14, i: 376.
+
+    Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192.
+
+    Nightingale, Florence, pioneer army nurse, vii: 11.
+
+    _1914_, by Viscount French,
+      account of military operations of year, summary with extracts,
+        ii: 159-174.
+
+    Nish, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 5, '15, i: 382, iii: 158;
+      retaken by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, iii: 213.
+
+    Nish-Salonika Railroad, cut by Bulgarians, iii: 158.
+
+    Nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166.
+
+    Nitti, Francesco S.,
+      Italian minister, opposes policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.
+
+    Nivelle, Gen. Robert,
+      succeeds Joffre as French Commander-in-Chief,
+        ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 62;
+      in supreme command of Allied forces on Western Front, '16, ii: 54;
+      plans campaign of '17, ii: 54;
+      defends Verdun, '16, iii: 54, 61, 310;
+      biography, ix: 167-168.
+
+    Nixon, Gen. Sir John,
+      commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 182;
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 367.
+
+    "No Man's Land," definition, v: 17.
+
+    Nolan, Brig.-Gen. D. E.,
+      Chief of Intelligence (G-2), G. H. Q., A. E. F.,
+      Sept., '17, v: 101;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 221.
+
+    Nonsard, captured by 1st Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
+
+    Norman Compensating Foresight, use in range-finding, viii: 211.
+
+    North German Confederation, formation, i: 43, ii: 1.
+
+    North German Lloyd Line, tonnage and capital, i: 264.
+
+    North Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Japan, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    North Sea,
+      Allied mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
+      problem of belligerents in, iv: 86, 91;
+      German naval raids, iv: 136.
+
+    _Northern Pacific, S. S._, speed record as transport, v: 358.
+
+    Norway, pro-Ally sympathies, vi: 394.
+
+    Noske, Gen., suppresses Berlin Spartacides, vi: 289;
+    overthrows Munich Soviet, vi: 300-301.
+
+    _Nottingham_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Nouart, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
+
+    Novo Georgievsk, Russian attack at, Oct., '14, iii: 126;
+      captured by Germans, Aug., '15, iii: 138.
+
+    Noyon, captured by French, Aug. 28, '18, i: 397, ii: 158;
+      occupied by French, March 18, '17, iii: 68;
+    _see also_ Montdidier-Noyon defensive.
+
+    Nugent, Gen., commander of 36th Ulster Div., iii: 377.
+
+    _Nur-el-Bahr_, British cruiser
+      sunk off Sollum, Nov. 6, '15, ii: 190.
+
+    _Nuernberg_, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;
+      sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 74.
+
+    Nurses, U. S. Army Nurse Corps, vii: 203;
+    _see also_
+        Red Cross;
+        War relief.
+
+    O
+
+    _O Patria, O Rei, O Povo_, Portuguese national hymn, xi: 329.
+
+    Obrenovatz, captured by Austrians, Oct. 18, '15, i: 382.
+
+    O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, escape from German prison, x: 257.
+
+    Observation balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    _Ocean_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31, 35, 48.
+
+    Oches, taken by 77th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Oder River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.
+
+    Odessa, importance as military base, iii: 161.
+
+    Ogons Wood, captured by A. E. F., Oct. 5, '18, v: 230, 237, 239.
+
+    _Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning_,
+      American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    O'Kelly, J. T., Irish representative to Peace Conference, vi: 65.
+
+    Okuma, Count, influence on Japanese foreign policy, vi: 384;
+      biography, ix: 87.
+
+    "Old Dutch Cleansers," nickname for 9.2-in. British howitzers,
+      v: 308.
+
+    Old Hickory (30th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    O'Leary, Jeremiah, pro-German propagandist in U. S., x: 345.
+
+    O'Leary, Sgt. Michael, wins Victoria Cross, x: 71.
+
+    Oman, acquired by Allies, '13, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Omsk, capital of All-Russian Government, vi: 191.
+
+    _Onslow_, British destroyer at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.
+
+    "Open Door" policy in China, i: 57;
+    _see also_ China.
+
+    Opium Convention, Jan. 23, '12,
+      put into force by Peace Treaty, xii: 232.
+
+    Opium War, against China, 1840, i: 38.
+
+    "Oppy Line," captured by British in Arras battle, iii: 72.
+
+    Optical glasses, for A. E. F., viii: 326.
+
+    Orange Free State,
+      becomes part of Union of South Africa, 1899, vi: 47;
+      opposition to Great Britain, vi: 50-52;
+      _see also_ South Africa, Union of.
+
+    Orders in Council,
+      British, establish blockade of Germany, i: 312, 318, ii: 16, 21;
+      _see also_ Germany, Blockade of.
+
+    Orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.
+
+    Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele,
+      Italian statesman, forms coalition cabinet, Oct., '17, vi: 129;
+      foreign policy, vi: 362, 366;
+      demands Fiume for Italy, vi: 368;
+      withdraws from Peace Conference on Fiume crisis, vi: 368;
+      biography, ix: 85-87.
+
+    Orly, U. S., aircraft factory at, v: 313.
+
+    Ornes, captured by Germans, '16, iii: 48.
+
+    Orphans, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Orsova, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 7, '16, i: 386, iii: 218;
+      evacuated by Rumanians, Nov. 24, '16, i: 389, iii: 222.
+
+    Orsova Railway, captured by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221.
+
+    O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., commander, 27th Div., v: 196, 281;
+      account of history of 27th Div., v: 281-300.
+
+    O'Shea, Corp. Thomas E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Ossowetz, besieged by Germans, iii: 118, 130;
+      captured, Aug., '15, iii: 138.
+
+    Ostend, seat of Belgian government moved to, Oct. 5, '14, i: 376;
+      occupied by Germans, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376, iii: 38;
+      raided by British May, '18, iv: 279;
+      evacuated by Germans, xi: 52.
+
+    Ostrovo, Lake,
+      Allied counter-attack against Bulgars at, Sept., '16, iii: 208.
+
+    _Otranto_, British auxiliary cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, iv: 65.
+
+    Ourcq River,
+      crossed by 42nd Div. in pursuit of Germans, July, '18, v: 50, 187;
+      course and topography of region, v: 133;
+      A. E. F. fighting at, commended by Gen. Degoutte, v: 192.
+
+    _Over There_, American soldier song, xi: 336.
+
+    Over-There Theater League,
+      organization and activities, vii: 277, 339-342.
+
+    Ovillers, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Oxygen, for gas victims, iii: 320.
+
+    Oxygen helmets as defense against poison gas, viii: 173.
+
+
+    P
+
+    Paderewski, Ignace Jan, returns to Poland as popular hero, vi: 220;
+      becomes Prime Minister, vi: 223;
+      defeated for presidency, vi: 225;
+      biography, ix: 95-98.
+
+    Paes, Dr. Sidonio,
+      President of Portugal, assassinated, Dec., '18, vi: 374.
+
+    Paget, Sir Ralph, Chairman,
+      International Sanitary Commission for Serbian typhus relief,
+      iii: 398.
+
+    Painleve, Paul, succeeds Ribot as French premier, '17, vi: 105.
+
+    "Pal" regiments, British recruiting device, vi: 6.
+
+    Palestine, strategic importance, ii: _Intro. xviii, xxi_, 87-90;
+      conquered by Gen. Allenby,
+        ii: _Intro. xx_, 92-94, 218, iii: 192-200, 322-326;
+      capture of Gaza, Mar. 26--27, '17, ii: 92, iii: 192;
+      capture of Jerusalem, Dec. 11, '17,
+        ii: 92, iii: 193-196, 322-326 (description of Allenby's entry);
+      British and Turkish manpower, ii: 93, iii: 200;
+      destruction of Turkish army, Sept., '18, ii: 94, 218, iii: 198;
+      Damascus captured, Oct. 1, '18, iii: 199;
+      Aleppo captured, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200;
+      bibliography, iii: 200;
+      disposition under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 322;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Palmer, Frederick, comment on Marne fighting, July, '18, v: 158;
+      tribute to 1st Div., v: 234.
+
+    Pan-Germanism, _see_ Germany.
+
+    Pan-Slavism, aspirations, i: 244;
+      "Greater Serbia" propaganda, i: 244;
+      fight for control of Ukraine by Russia, vi: 241;
+      Russia aims at annexation of Ruthenia, '14, vi: 241;
+      Bulgaria's attitude toward, vi: 340;
+    _see also_ Slavs.
+
+    Panama, declares war on Germany, Apr, 7. '17, i: 389;
+      Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.
+
+    Panama Canal, U. S. gains control of, i: 84.
+
+    Pannes, captured by 42nd Div., v: 211.
+
+    _Panther_, German gunboat sent to Agadir, July, '11,
+      i: 104, 203.
+
+    Paolucci, Dr.,
+      helps Lieut.-Col. Rossetti to sink Austrian warship
+       _Viribus Unitis_, x: 297-303.
+
+    Papacy, relation to Italian government, i: 61.
+
+    Papeete, bombarded by German fleet, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 62.
+
+    Papen, Capt. Franz von,
+      German Military Attache in U. S., dismissed for unneutral conduct,
+        i: 276;
+      share in passport frauds, i: 314;
+      activities as arch-spy in U. S., x: 328-329.
+
+    Parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263.
+
+    Parades, first American troops in Paris, July 4, '17, v: 107;
+      Allied troops on Bastille Day in Paris, July 14, '18, v: 147;
+      27th Div. in New York City, Mar. 25, '19, v: 299.
+
+    Parajd, captured by Rumanians, Oct. 5, '16, i: 388.
+
+    Paravane, protective device against submarine mine, iv: 313.
+
+    Paris, air raids on, Jan. 29--30, '16, i: 384;
+      Mar. 11, '18, i: 395;
+      German advance on, '14, ii: 6, iii: 28, vi: 97;
+      bombarded by long-range gun from St. Gobain Forest,
+        ii: 154, iii: 88, viii: 45-47;
+      welcome to Gen. Pershing, June 13, '17, v: 97;
+      German drive on, May 27--Aug. 6, '18, battles in Marne salient,
+        v: 129-139, 141, 147;
+      parade of Allies, July 14, '18, v: 147;
+      panic in, during German drive, '18, v: 378;
+      May Day rioting, May, '19, vi: 111.
+
+    Paris Conference, 1856, guarantees Turkish power in Europe, i: 39.
+
+    "Paris Group," organization of, Medical Department, A. E. F., v: 346.
+
+    Pasha Dagh, Australian objective in Gallipoli attack, iii: 170;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Pashitch, Nicholas, Premier of Serbia,
+     negotiations with Italy for settling Adriatic rivalry, vi: 362;
+      biography, ix: 120.
+
+    Passchendaele Ridge, captured by British, Oct.--Nov., '17, ii: 56, 79;
+      recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 377.
+
+    Passenheim, Russians defeated at, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iii: 116.
+
+    Passport frauds, German activities in U. S., i: 314, x: 333.
+
+    Patriotic songs, xi: 332-335.
+
+    Patrol boats, work in combating submarines, iv: 292.
+
+    Patrolling, training A. E. F. in, v: 117.
+
+    Patrols, German system of, in the Vosges, v: 26.
+
+    Patterson, Miss Hannah J.,
+      awarded D. S. M. for work on Woman's Committee,
+      Council of National Defense, xii: 125.
+
+    Pau, Gen. Paul,
+      commands French forces invading Alsace, Aug. 14, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Peace Conference, Paris,
+      U. S. delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;
+      conciliatory attitude of Austrian delegates, vi: 321;
+      negotiation with Hungarian Soviet, Apr., '19, vi: 326;
+      Fiume crisis, vi: 366-370, xii: 159;
+      prestige of Japanese delegation, vi: 388;
+      dispute over Teschen district, vi: 400;
+      inside story of, by Thos. W. Lamont,
+        financial adviser to U. S. delegation, xii: 149-163;
+      complexity of task, xii: 149;
+      rapidity of work, xii: 149;
+      open diplomacy, xii: 149;
+      Supreme Council, members and method of evolving Peace Treaty,
+        xii: 150-153;
+      "Big Four," xii: 150, 152;
+      "Big Three," xii: 150;
+      Conference procedure, xii: 156;
+      commissions, xii: 156;
+      delays, xii: 156;
+      language difficulties, xii: 157;
+      Reparations Commission, organization and work, xii: 158, 219-221;
+      Shantung controversy, xii: 160;
+      Germans excluded from negotiation, xii: 161;
+      Belgian demands, xii: 161;
+      signing of Peace Treaty with Germany, ceremonies, xii: 165-169;
+      list of delegates, xii: 179-182;
+    _see also_ Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.
+
+    Peace moves, President Wilson asks belligerents
+      to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 335;
+      response to Wilson's note, i: 336;
+      Wilson's "Peace without victory" speech, i: 336;
+      Pope Benedict's appeal, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390, ix: 405;
+      Germany accepts Pope's offer, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;
+      text of letter from Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary
+        to Prince Sixtus making secret offer of peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63;
+      German attempts in '16 and '17 fail, ii: 270, 316, vi: 263;
+      German moves condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;
+      Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;
+      Russian Provisional Government urges Allies
+        to revise peace aims, May, '17, vi: 161;
+      German Socialists demand peace without annexations, '15, vi: 258;
+      Bethmann-Hollweg proposes peace of understanding, '16--'17, vi: 262;
+      German popular demand for
+        "peace without annexations or indemnities," vi: 266-268;
+      Emperor Charles forces offer by Teutonic allies, Dec. 12, '16,
+        vi: 313;
+      demonstrations in Sofia, vi: 346;
+    _see also_
+        Armistice;
+        and under each country.
+
+    Peace Treaty with Germany,
+      Versailles, '19, criticism by British liberal press, vi: 22;
+      terms presented to Germans, May 7, '19, vi: 302, xii: 161;
+      condemned by German press, vi: 302-304;
+      Germany consents to sign, June 22, '19, vi: 304, xii: 163;
+      how drafted, described by Thos. W. Lamont,
+        financial adviser to U. S. delegation, xii: 149-161;
+      text, work of technicians, xii: 150;
+      French demands, xii: 153;
+      evolution of Covenant of League of Nations, xii: 155;
+      Belgian demands, xii: 161;
+      ceremonies of signing, xii: 165-169;
+      analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178;
+      signed June 28, '19, xii: 179;
+      text in full, xii: 179-263;
+      preamble, giving list of nations allied against Germany,
+        and their delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179-182;
+      League of Nations, text of Covenant, xii: 182-185;
+      boundaries of Germany, xii: 186;
+      provisions concerning Luxemburg, xii: 189;
+      demolition of German fortifications, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214;
+      Sarre Basin settlement, xii: 189-194;
+      Alsace-Lorraine, provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197;
+      Germany acknowledges independence of Austria, xii: 197;
+      provisions for independence of Czechoslovak State, xii: 197;
+      independence and boundaries of Poland, xii: 198-200;
+      plebiscite for East Prussia, xii: 200;
+      provisions concerning Memel, xii: 203;
+      Danzig made free city, xii: 203;
+      plebiscite provisions for Schleswig, xii: 204;
+      Heligoland, destruction of fortifications on, xii: 205;
+      provisions concerning Russo-German relations, xii: 205;
+      Brest-Litovsk Treaties abrogated, xii: 205;
+      German colonies surrendered to Allies, xii: 206;
+      German rights in China surrendered, xii: 206;
+      German rights in Siam surrendered, xii: 208;
+      German rights in Liberia surrendered, xii: 208;
+      German rights in Morocco surrendered, xii: 208;
+      German rights in Egypt surrendered, xii: 208;
+      Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to Japan, xii: 209;
+      reduction of German army and military equipment,
+        xii: 209, 210, 211, 212;
+      universal military service abolished in Germany, xii: 211;
+      new German army, table of organization for, xii: 212;
+      German navy, surrender and reduction, xii: 212-214;
+      German wireless stations, regulation by Allies, xii: 214;
+      German military air service abolished, xii: 214;
+      existing German air service surrendered to Allies, xii: 215;
+      Interallied Commissions of Control
+        to supervise execution of military terms, xii: 215;
+      repatriation of prisoners of war, xii: 216;
+      war graves, care of, xii: 217;
+      punishment of Germans guilty of war crimes, xii: 217;
+      reparation terms imposed on Germany, xii: 217-225;
+      Reparation Commission, formation and functions, xii: 219-221;
+      shipping, restitution for Allied shipping sunk, xii: 222;
+      reconstruction, German obligations, xii: 223;
+      coal, German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224;
+      dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, xii: 224;
+      submarine cables, German, surrendered to Allies, xii: 225;
+      trophies of war, return of, to France by Germany, xii: 225;
+      Koran of Caliph Othman,
+        return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225;
+      Sultan Mkwawa,
+        skull of, return by Germany to Great Britain, xii: 225;
+      Louvain, University of,
+        restoration by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225;
+      art objects,
+        carried by Germans from Belgium, restoration of, xii: 225;
+      gold, restriction on German export of, xii: 226;
+      Armies of Occupation,
+        Allied, in Germany, expense to be borne by Germany, xii: 226;
+      ceded territories, share in German national debt, xii: 226;
+      Alsace-Lorraine,
+        exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226;
+      Poland, share in German national debt, xii: 227;
+      international concessions,
+        surrender by Germany of rights in, xii: 228;
+      gold, deliveries of, by Germany to Allies, xii: 228;
+      customs duties, regulations imposed on Germany, xii: 229;
+      privileges for Allied shipping to be granted by Germany, xii: 230;
+      trade competition, Germany to suppress unfair methods, xii: 230;
+      Allied nationals, treatment of, by Germany, xii: 230;
+      pre-War treaties between Allies and Germany revived, xii: 231;
+      treaties among Teutonic allies abrogated, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated, xii: 232;
+      Opium Convention, Jan, 23, '12, put into force, xii: 232;
+      debts, between German and Allied nationals,
+        methods of payment, xii: 232-236;
+      property rights of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany,
+        methods of restitution, xii: 236-240;
+      contracts, between German and Allied nationals,
+        status and methods of discharge, xii: 240-243;
+      Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions, xii: 243;
+      literary rights, provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246;
+      artistic rights, provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246;
+      industrial rights, provisions for re-establishment of,
+        xii: 244-246;
+      ceded territories, social insurance funds of,
+        to be transferred to Allies by Germany, xii: 246;
+      aerial navigation, rules for, xii: 246;
+      freedom of transit,
+        for Allied goods and nationals through Germany, xii: 247, 253;
+      ports, Allied, discrimination against,
+        by Germany forbidden, xii: 247;
+      navigation, Allied, over German waterways, xii: 247-253;
+      Elbe, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Oder, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Niemen, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Danube, internationalized, xii: 248;
+      Rhine, international control and rules for navigation,
+        xii: 250-253;
+      use of northern German ports by Czechoslovak State, xii: 253;
+      German railways, provisions relating to, xii: 253;
+      Kiel Canal, rules of navigation through, xii: 255;
+      labor, international organization for improving conditions of,
+        xii: 255-261;
+      guarantees for execution, exacted from Germany, xii: 261;
+      Armies of Occupation, conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261;
+      Savoy, neutralized zone of, provisions concerning, xii: 262;
+      German Christian missions, continuity guaranteed, xii: 263;
+      prize courts, provision concerning decisions of, xii: 263;
+      signed, June 28, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by Germany, July 10, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by Great Britain, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by King of Italy, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by France, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264;
+      ratified by Japan, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264;
+      U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-278;
+      Fall amendments to, defeated in U. S. Senate, Oct. 2, '19,
+        xii: 264;
+      original Lodge reservations defeated in U. S. Senate, Nov. 19, '19,
+        xii: 265-266;
+      original Lodge reservations, text, xii: 265;
+      defeated in U. S. Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20,
+        xii: 266-269;
+      Pres. Wilson's opinion on Lodge reservations, xii: 267;
+      revised Lodge reservations, text, xii: 269;
+      efforts of Congress to declare peace
+        by joint resolution in substitution for, xii: 271-278;
+      Knox Resolution, xii: 273, 277;
+      President Wilson's message vetoing Knox Resolution, xii: 278.
+
+    Pearce, Padraic,
+      Provisional President of Irish Republic, vi: 60, ix: 53.
+
+    Peck, Pvt. Archie A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Penang harbor, attacked by _Emden_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178.
+
+    People's Relief Committee, for Jewish relief, formation, vii: 354.
+
+    Pepper Hill, at Verdun,
+      attacked by Germans, Apr. 18, '16, iii: 52, 304.
+
+    Periscope, description, viii: 165, xi: 245.
+
+    Perkins, Pvt. Michael J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    Permanent Blind Relief War Fund,
+      organization and activities, vii: 255-259.
+
+    Peronne, French objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;
+      captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.
+
+    Peronne-Ham sector, Allied drive on, Sept., '18, ii: 158.
+
+    Pershing, Gen. John J.,
+      offers A. E. F. to Foch, Mar. 28, '18, v: 30, 120, 380, ix: 153;
+      sails for Europe, May, '17, v: 97;
+      reception in England, June, '17, v: 97;
+      reception in France, June, '17, v: 97;
+      reasons for selection of American Army zone, '18, v: 110;
+      farewell speech to 1st Div., Chaumont-en-Vixen, Apr., '18, v: 121;
+      urges attack with A. E. F., July, '18, v: 158;
+      extract from report on Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 182;
+      assumes tactical command of American forces in battle area,
+        v: 192, 384, ix: 205;
+      extract from report on St. Mihiel attack, v: 212;
+      starts Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 213;
+      extract from report on preparation for Meuse-Argonne attack,
+        v: 218;
+      divides A. E. F. combat units into two Armies, Oct. 9, '18,
+        v: 246, 390;
+      personal message to each soldier in A. E. F., v: 353;
+      official report on A. E. F., v: 373-404;
+      appeal to War Dept. for troops, Dec., '17, v: 373;
+      insists on independent American Army in France, v: 385;
+      Alsatian ancestry, ix: 166;
+      origin of name, ix: 166;
+      biography, ix: 199-210.
+
+    Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.
+
+    Persia, divided into "spheres of influence"
+      by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104, vi: 335;
+      sympathy with Turkey, vi: 330;
+      pro-German sentiment, vi: 336-337;
+      Great Britain in control, '19, vi: 338.
+
+    _Persia, S. S._, British merchantman
+      sunk in Mediterranean, Dec. 30, '15, i: 384;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 224.
+
+    Peru, dispute with Chile over Tacna-Arica district, vi: 390;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Petain, Marshal Henri Philippe,
+      defender of Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 50, 54, 304, xi: 22;
+      eulogy of, by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 220;
+      biography, ix: 164-166.
+
+    Peter I, King of Serbia,
+      accompanies his nation in retreat, iii: 281, 284;
+      reenters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;
+      foreign policy, vi: 355;
+      biography, ix. 398-399.
+
+    Petrograd, food shortage in, vi: 141;
+      workmen's delegates on War Industrial Committee arrested, vi: 143;
+      during the Revolution, vi: 144-153.
+
+    Petroseny, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386.
+
+    Peuvillers, captured by 128th Inf. Regt., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Peyton, Maj.-Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.
+
+    Pflanzer, Gen. von, Austrian commander in Bukovina, iii: 132.
+
+    Philippines, acquired by U. S., i: 56.
+
+    Phillipeville, bombarded by _Goeben_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.
+
+    Phonotelemeter, description of, viii: 20.
+
+    Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride),
+      use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 168-170;
+      manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 184.
+
+    Photography in war, work of U. S. Signal Corps, v: 319;
+      use in artillery range-finding, viii: 14;
+      value of aerial photography, viii: 226, 331;
+      types of aerial cameras, viii: 228, 332-334;
+      De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333;
+      work of U. S. aerial photographers, viii: 228, 235;
+      personnel of Photographic Section, U. S. Air Service, viii: 234;
+      future, viii: 234;
+      making pictorial history of War, viii: 329-331;
+      production of photographic supplies by U. S., viii: 355;
+      mobile developing laboratories, viii: 335;
+    _see also_ Aerial photography.
+
+    Piave River,
+      Italian stand at, after Caporetto rout, ii: 58, 250, iii: 248.
+
+    Picardy Front, German choice for final drive, '18, ii: 69;
+      advantages of, for German offensive, '18, ii: 69.
+
+    Pichon, Stephen, French Foreign Minister,
+      speech before Chamber of Deputies
+      on secret Entente agreements of '16--'17, vi: 334.
+
+    Pigeons, war uses, v: 239, 319, viii: 328.
+
+    Pike, Lieut.-Col. Emory J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor,
+      x: 400.
+
+    Pill-boxes, description, iii: 79, viii: 130;
+      battle tactics in use of, viii: 130-133.
+
+    Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, leads Polish troops against Russia, vi: 202;
+      jailed by Germans, vi: 214;
+      assumes dictatorship of Poland, vi: 219;
+      dictatorship not recognized by Allies, vi: 222;
+      Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paderewski cabinet, vi: 223;
+      becomes president of Polish Republic, vi: 225;
+      biography, ix: 92-95.
+
+    Pirot, occupied by Bulgars, Oct. 28, '15, i: 382.
+
+    Pistols, Schwarzlose automatic pistol, mechanism, viii: 90;
+      use as military weapon, viii: 116-117.
+
+    "Place in the sun," speech by Kaiser, '01, i: 95;
+      definition of phrase, ii: 27;
+      German control of Balkans as means of attaining, ii: 27.
+
+    Plava, captured by Italians June 10, '15, i: 380, iii: 244.
+
+    _Players, The_, poem by Francis Bickley, ix: 290.
+
+    Pleinchamps Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
+
+    Ploechti, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.
+
+    Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert, commander of British Second Army, ii: 214;
+      a great military chief, iii: 375;
+      offensive in Flanders, Sept., '18, v: 213.
+
+    Plunkett, Rear-Adm. Chas. P.,
+      commander of U. S. Naval Railway Batteries on Western Front,
+        v: 306, viii: 45.
+
+    Plunkett, Sir Horace,
+      Irish leader, chairman of Irish Convention, '18, vi: 62.
+
+    Plymouth, England, U. S. subchaser base, iv: 359.
+
+    Poincare, Raymond, President of French Republic, biography,
+      ix: 14-19;
+      bibliography, ix: 19.
+
+    _Points d'Appui_, definition, v: 13.
+
+    Pola, Italian naval raid on, Nov. 2, '16, iv: 369;
+      Italians sink Austrian dreadnought at, May 14, '18, iv: 372;
+      Austrian dreadnought _Viribus Unitis_ blown up
+      by Italians at, Nov. 1, '18, x: 297-303.
+
+    Poland, topography, iii: 106-108;
+      German invasion of, and unsuccessful attacks on Warsaw,
+      Sept., '14--Feb., '15, iii: 116-118, 124-127, 128-132;
+      Austrian invasion of, iii: 118-120;
+      conquered by Austro-German forces, July--Sept., '15,
+        iii: 137-141, vi: 311;
+      battle of the Salients, July, '15, iii: 138;
+      Warsaw captured by Germans, Aug. 4, '15, iii: 138;
+      civilian deaths due to war-time privation, iii: 406;
+      early history and pre-War condition, vi: 201;
+      Russian promise of autonomy, '14, vi: 201;
+      Austrian Poles support Central Powers, vi: 202;
+      Poles under Pilsudski fight against Russia, vi: 202;
+      war-time destitution in, vi: 204-210;
+      German reforms in, vi: 208;
+      German policy, vi: 210-213;
+      Germany promises reestablishment of Polish Kingdom, Nov. 5, '16,
+        vi: 210;
+      Germany demands Polish troops, vi: 213;
+      freed by Russian Revolution, vi: 213;
+      Germany sets up Regency, vi: 214;
+      denied representation at Brest-Litovsk by Germany, vi: 214;
+      revolt against Teuton domination, '18, vi: 216;
+      capture of Lemberg from Ruthenians, Nov. 5, '18, vi: 217;
+      proclamation of Republic, vi: 218-219;
+      Pilsudski becomes dictator, Nov., '18, vi: 219;
+      Germans expelled, Dec., '18, vi: 220;
+      political struggle between classes, vi: 220;
+      Conservatives support Paderewski, vi: 220;
+      Warsaw Revolt against Pilsudski fails, vi: 220-222;
+      war against Bolsheviki, vi: 222-224;
+      war with Ukraine over Cholm, vi: 222, 248;
+      dispute with Czechs over Teschen, vi: 222, 400;
+      compromise cabinet of Paderewski and Pilsudski, Feb. 9, '19,
+        vi: 223;
+      Provisional Government recognized by Allies, Feb., '19, vi: 225;
+      Pilsudski elected President, vi: 225;
+      claims for Danzig, vi: 225;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for independence and boundaries of,
+        vi: 226, xii: 18-200;
+      American war relief for Jews in, vii: 356-358, 360-363, 375;
+      value of property loss, xii: 26;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+      share in German national debt, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 227;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Political parties, _see_ under countries.
+
+    _Pommern_, German battleship
+      torpedoed by British submarine _E-9_, July 2, '15, iv: 208.
+
+    Pont-a-Mousson, on Toul-St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 119.
+
+    Pontoons, viii: 299-300.
+
+    _Pontoporros_, auxiliary to German raider _Emden_, iv: 172.
+
+    Pope, _see_ Benedict XV.
+
+    Pope, Corp. Thomas A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397;
+
+    Poperinghe line,
+      British-American line of defense in Flanders, v: 287, 289.
+
+    Population, decrease in births due to War, iii: 406;
+      effects of War on, xii: 25.
+
+    Port Arthur, seized by Russia from China, i: 20;
+      acquired by Japan, i: 20;
+      11-in. siege guns first used by Japanese at, viii: 34.
+
+    Ports, French, selected for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;
+      Allied, Peace Treaty provisions against discrimination by Germany,
+        xii: 247.
+
+    Portugal, international position in '14, i: 62;
+      rout of army before German offensive, Apr., '18,
+        ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;
+      war casualties, iii: 404, v: 364;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      internal strife, vi: 372-375;
+      enters War as British ally, vi: 373;
+      President Paes assassinated, Dec. '18, vi: 374;
+      Royalist uprising suppressed, '19, vi: 375;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.
+
+    Posen, revolt of Polish population against Germany, vi: 225;
+      awarded to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.
+
+    Potash, German boycott of U. S., xii: 98.
+
+    Potatoes, world production by countries, xii: 47;
+      as food, xii: 47;
+      German system of drying and crushing, xii: 47.
+
+    Potsdam Conference of German war leaders, July 5, '14, i: 136;
+      decision for war, i: 249.
+
+    Potts, Pvt. Frederick, wins Victoria Cross at Gallipoli, x: 138.
+
+    Powder, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Power plants, built by A. E. F. Engineer Corps, v: 333.
+
+    Pozieres, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
+
+    Prague,
+      meeting of Czechoslovak representatives at, Apr. 2, '18, vi: 398.
+
+    Prauthory, Haute-Marne, headquarters, 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.
+
+    _President Lincoln_, U. S. transport
+      sunk, May 31, '18, i: 395, iv: 337;
+      eye-witness account, iv: 340.
+
+    Press:
+      Austria-Hungary, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306;
+        Hungarian journals support war, vi: 307;
+        _Pester Lloyd_ for war, '14, vi: 308;
+        _Oesterreichische Rundschau_ attacks Italy, '15, vi: 310;
+        _Vossische Zeitung_ on strikes, Jan., '18, vi: 314;
+        _Arbeiter Zeitung_, radical organ, vi: 315;
+        _Arbeiter Zeitung_ on peace terms, vi: 322;
+        _Has Haroda_ on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396.
+      Bulgaria, statement against Russia by _Kambana_, June, '15,
+        vi: 342.
+      Germany, _Militaerische Rundschau_ advocates immediate war, '14,
+         vi: 249;
+        Socialist organ _Vorwaerts_ supports Kaiser, vi: 249;
+        _Liller Kriegszeitung_ preaches hate of England, vi: 252;
+        optimistic attitude of _Frankfurter Zeitung_, Nov., '14,
+          vi: 253;
+        Maximilian Harden ridicules in _Zukunft_ talk
+          of German starvation, vi: 254;
+        alarm over prospects of starvation, '15, vi: 255;
+        submarine warfare urged, vi: 256, 265;
+        on German successes, '15, vi: 258;
+        _Vorwaerts_ demands statement of peace aims, vi: 258;
+        _Frankfurter Zeitung_ on seriousness
+          of Allied blockade, '15--'16, vi: 261;
+        _Vorwaerts_ on food shortage, vi: 261;
+        demand war to finish, '17, vi: 264;
+        gospel of hate against England, vi: 264-265;
+        _Taglische Rundschau_
+          on German demoralization, Dec., '18, vi: 284;
+        _Vorwaerts_ on industrial unrest, Dec., '18, vi: 286;
+        comments on Ebert as President, vi: 293;
+        on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
+        Maximilian Harden on peace terms, vi: 303.
+      Great Britain, condemns Dutch neutrality, vi: 376.
+      Italy, _Corriere della Sera_ and _Secolo_
+        advocate conciliation with Jugoslavs, vi: 362.
+      Serbia, expressions of hatred for Austria-Hungary
+        by _Politika_, _Mali Journal_, _Balkan_, _Zastava_, vi: 356;
+        _Samouprava_ denounces Italian treaty, '15, vi: 361.
+      Turkey, _Ikdam_ for war, vi: 330;
+        _Tanine_ on Dardanelles expedition vi: 330;
+        _Hillal_ acclaims victory, '15, vi: 331.
+      United States, attitude on U. S. neutrality, i: 308;
+        on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 319;
+        on _Arabic_ torpedoing, i: 322;
+        on German indemnity, xii: 24.
+
+    Pressel, Dr. Wilhelm von,
+      builds first spur of Bagdad railway, 1871, ii: 291.
+
+    Pressure gauges, on airplanes, viii: 220.
+
+    "Preventive arrests,"
+      for suppressing pacifist agitation in Germany, vi: 262.
+
+    Prices,
+      analysis of, by Prof. Irving Fisher, xii: _Intro. vii-xvii_;
+      high cost of living as result of War, xii: _Intro. vii_, 143;
+      index numbers, xii: _Intro. vii_;
+      rise in U. S., '13--'19, xii: _Intro. vii-viii_;
+      influence of unsecured paper money on, xii: _Intro. viii_;
+      chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780,
+        xii: _Intro. viii_;
+      before and after great wars of history, xii: _Intro. ix_;
+      percent. rise in warring countries, xii: _Intro. x_;
+      present high level not due to scarcity, xii: _Intro. x_;
+      inflation as cause of high prices, xii: _Intro. xii_, 27;
+      countries arranged in order of high prices,
+        xii: _Intro. xii-xiii_;
+      extent of currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      high cost of living as breeder of Bolshevism,
+        xii: _Intro. xiii-xiv_;
+      purchasing power of wages, '13--'18, xii: _Intro. xiv_;
+      remedies for high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiv-xv_;
+      standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuation in,
+        xii: _Intro. xv_;
+      effect of wars on, xii: 27;
+      reduced production as cause of high prices, xii: 27, 38-40;
+      "fair price" lists, xii: 54;
+      rise in U. S., '14--'18, xii: 56-59;
+      present, compared with Civil War days, xii: 57, 75;
+      effects of government control in Great Britain, xii: 59;
+      government control in U. S., xii: 59;
+    _see also_ Cost of living, under name of country.
+
+    Prilep, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 17, '15, i: 382;
+      occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Primers, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.
+
+    _Prince George_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Prince, Norman, member Lafayette Escadrille, death, iii: 391.
+
+    Princes' Island, conference of Russian factions at, fails, vi: 188.
+
+    _Princess Royal_, British cruiser, in Battle of Jutland, iv: 108;
+      in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    _Principles of War_, treatise by Marshal Foch,
+      ii: 80, 104, ix: 152.
+
+    _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, German raider,
+      puts into Hampton Roads for repairs, Mar. 10, '15, i: 378;
+      interned by U. S., Apr. 7, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Priority system, among U. S. industries during War, xii: 73-75.
+
+    Pripet marshes, Russian offensive against Austria, June, '16, ii: 42;
+      description, iii: 108.
+
+    Prisoners of war, classified by countries, iii: 404;
+      work of Swiss Red Cross for, vi: 380;
+      work of American Y. M. C. A. for, vii: 302-310;
+      Crown Princess of Sweden's work for, vii: 308;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for repatriation of, xii: 216.
+      Austria-Hungary, captured by Serbs, description of, iii: 395;
+        humane treatment by Serbs, iii: 400;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      French, diary describing life in German prison, iii: 300;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      German, captured in Somme battle, iii: 60;
+        in battle of Cambrai, iii: 82;
+        in St. Mihiel drive, iii: 99, v: 71, 207;
+        during Allied drive, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103;
+        total in War, iii: 404;
+        at Cantigny, v: 33;
+        taken by A. E. F. in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56;
+        first capture by A. E. F., v: 113;
+        clothed by U. S. Salvage Service, v: 331;
+        captured in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 394;
+        total captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.
+      Russian, sufferings of, in German prison camp, iii: 300;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      Turkish, captured by British in Palestine campaign,
+        ii: 94, iii: 199;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      United States, first captured by Germans, iii: 84;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404;
+        work of American Red Cross for, vii: 37-39, 71.
+        _See also_
+          under battle or campaign;
+          countries.
+
+    Prize courts, Peace Treaty provision for decisions of, xii: 263.
+
+    Profiteering, xii: 55;
+      U. S. meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56.
+
+    Prohibition, U. S. war-time act passed, July 7, '17, i: 390;
+      Russian government forbids sale of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;
+      voluntary abstention urged in England by Lloyd George, '14, vi: 2-3;
+      use of vodka substitutes in Russia, vi: 138;
+      imposed by Bela Kun's government in Hungary, vi: 325.
+
+    Propaganda, _see_
+      Allies;
+      Germany.
+
+    Property rights, of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany,
+      Peace Treaty provisions for restitution of, xii: 236-240.
+
+    Protopopoff, Russian Minister of Interior,
+      in German employ, ii: 59, vi: 143;
+      causes Rumanian entry into War for German interest, ii: 59;
+      gains power at court through Rasputin, vi: 143;
+      reactionary policy, vi: 143;
+      surrenders to Duma during Revolution, March, '17, vi: 153.
+
+    _Provence II_, French cruiser
+      sunk by U-boat, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376.
+
+    Pruitt, Corp. John H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.
+
+    Prussia, war with Denmark, 1864, i: _Intro. vii_, 41;
+      autocratic form of government, i: 29;
+      assumes leadership of German states under Bismarck, i: 40;
+      population in 1860, i: 40;
+      Seven Weeks' War against Austria, 1866, i: 41;
+      representation in Imperial Bundesrat, ii: 71;
+      traditional policy of force, i: 150;
+      controlling share in government of German Empire, i: 156;
+      King of, powers as German Emperor, i: 156;
+      relations with Great Britain, stages in evolution of, i: 168;
+      Prussianization of Germany, i: 258;
+      plan of imperial development, ii: 1;
+    _see also_ Germany.
+
+    Przasnyz, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '15, i: 378, iii: 131;
+      recaptured by Russians, Feb. 27, '15, i: 378.
+
+    Przemysl, invested by Russians, Sept. 16, '14, i: 376, iii: 123-124;
+      Russians forced to raise siege, Oct. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 125;
+      reinvested by Russians, Nov. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 127, xi: 16;
+      captured by Russians, Mar. 22--23, '15,
+        i: 378, iii: 134, 292-293, xi: 16;
+      number of Austrians surrendering, i: 378, iii: 134, 293;
+      recaptured by Austro-German forces, June 1--2, '15,
+        i: 380, ii: 234, iii: 136.
+
+    Pskov, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Psychological tests, for gauging intelligence of army recruits,
+      vii: 216, viii: 349-351.
+
+    Psycho-physiological tests,
+      for determining fitness of recruits for specific duties,
+        viii: 351-356.
+
+    Putnik, Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of Serbian army, iii: 150.
+
+    Pys, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.
+
+
+    Q
+
+    "Q" ships, British decoys for U-boats, iv: 296.
+
+    Quebec, not enthusiastic for War, vi: 26;
+      failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 30;
+      move for secession from Dominion, vi: 33, 36;
+      Draft Boards defeat conscription by blanket exemptions, vi: 36;
+      draft riots, vi: 36;
+    _see also_ Canada.
+
+    _Queen_, British battleship at Dardanelles, iv: 33.
+
+    _Queen Elizabeth_,
+      British dreadnought at Dardanelles, ii: _Intro. xv_, iv: 31.
+
+    _Queen Mary_, British cruiser blown up at Jutland, iv: 110, 258;
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
+
+    Queenstown, Ireland,
+      base for U. S. destroyer and subchaser detachment, iv: 357.
+
+    Quennemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
+
+    Quien, Gaston, betrayer of Edith Cavell, x: 352.
+
+    Quinn, Jim, citation for D. S. C., July 18, '18, v: 171.
+
+
+    R
+
+    _R-34_, British dirigible, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
+      similarity to Zeppelin, viii: 254.
+
+    Races, European rivalries, i: 21.
+
+    Rada, Central Council of Ukraine,
+      formed after Russian revolution, vi: 243.
+
+    Radio, _see_ Wireless.
+
+    Radoslavov, Vassil, Bulgarian Premier,
+      heads patriotic organization, _Narodni Savetz_, vi: 341;
+      statement of Bulgarian war demands, vi: 341;
+      German sympathies, vi: 343;
+      resigns, June 17, '18, vi: 346.
+
+    Raemakers, Louis, Dutch cartoonist of the War, ix: 190.
+
+    Rafa, Turks defeated by British at, Jan., '17, iii: 192.
+
+    Raids, _see_
+      Air raids;
+      Naval raids.
+
+    Raikes, Lieut.-Com. Robert H. T.,
+      commander of British submarine _E-54_,
+        battle with German U-boats, iv: 212.
+
+    Railroads, German ambition for Calais-Persia route, ii: 2;
+      Russian military, iii: 105;
+      Petrograd-Berlin, iii: 111;
+      Transylvanian, cut by Rumanians, iii: 218;
+      Orsova, taken by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221;
+      Cernavoda-Constanza, captured by Teuton allies, Oct., '16, iii, 221;
+      in Trentino, iii: 230;
+      in Isonzo sector, iii: 239;
+      in Uganda, iii: 255;
+      in Transcaucasia, iii: 260;
+      number of troop trains needed to move a U. S. division, v: 20;
+      French, available for A. E. F. use, v: 110;
+      St. Mihiel-Metz, cut, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206;
+      German lines of communication in occupied territory, v: 215;
+      Mezieres-Sedan, key to German lines of communication
+        on Western Front, v: 216, 387;
+      built by Engineer Corps, A. E. F., in France,
+        v: 333, 334, 403, xii: 283;
+      equipment sent to France from U. S., v: 403, xii: 95, 286;
+      war functions, viii: 283;
+      collapse of Russian system, under war stress, viii: 283;
+      work of German railroads during War, viii: 283-285;
+      narrow-gauge, at the front, viii: 302;
+    _see also_ Bagdad Railway.
+
+    Railway Artillery Reserve, U. S., formation, v: 305;
+      units composing, v: 305;
+      engagements on Western Front, v: 306-308;
+    _see also_ U. S. Army, Artillery.
+
+    Rainbow (42nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Rambucourt, on Toul sector, v: 116.
+
+    Ramscappelle, German success at, Oct. 30, '14, iii: 40.
+
+    _Ramsey_, British patrol boat,
+      sunk by German auxiliary cruiser _Meteor_, iv, 197.
+
+    Ramsgate, bombarded by German destroyers, Nov. 25, '16, i: 389.
+
+    Range-finder, telescopic, structure and use of, viii: 9.
+
+    Range-finding, _see_
+      Artillery;
+      Hydrophones;
+      Microphone;
+      Phonotelemeter.
+
+    Rapallo Conference, iii: 84.
+
+    Rappes, Bois des, captured by 3rd Div., Oct., '18, v: 85.
+
+    Rasputin, Gregory, influence over Czarina and Russian court, vi: 141;
+      assassinated, '16, vi: 141;
+      influence places Protopopov in power, vi: 143;
+      biography, ix: 345-347.
+
+    Ravaruska, Russian success in battle of, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122;
+      captured by Austro-German forces, June 20, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Rawlinson, Gen., commander of British Fourth Army, ii: 214, iii: 371.
+
+    Raynal, Major, defender of Fort Vaux, iii: 55, 313.
+
+    Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., commander, 30th Div., June, '18, v: 146;
+      commands 2nd Corps, v: 290, 382, 394;
+      biography, ix: 223-224.
+
+    Read, Lieut.-Com.,
+      pilots _N-C-4_, first airplane across Atlantic, viii: 240.
+
+    Rebais, Germans beaten back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 32.
+
+    Reconstruction of devastated war areas,
+      German obligations under Peace Treaty, xii: 223.
+
+    Reconstruction of disabled,
+      American help for vocational training of French disabled,
+        vii: 79, 92-95;
+      program of European belligerents, vii: 175;
+      in U. S. Army, vii: 175-186, 210-216, 222, 233-239;
+      importance of first aid, vii: 178;
+      treatment of shell-shock, vii: 179;
+      percent. of injured returned to service, vii: 180;
+      system of vocational training for U. S. service men,
+        vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;
+      educational personnel for training of U. S. service men,
+        vii: 180, 185;
+      care of blinded U. S. service men, vii: 182, 213;
+      correcting speech defects in U. S. military hospitals,
+        vii: 182, 213;
+      work of U. S. dental officers, vii: 210;
+      in civilian industries, vii: 240-245;
+      mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;
+      artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;
+      artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;
+      remaking shell-torn faces, viii: 390;
+      artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
+    _see also_
+        Medical science;
+        Surgery.
+
+    Recouly, Raymond, account of first Marne battle, ii: 182-186;
+      account of Verdun battle, ii: 186-189.
+
+    Recreation, for service men, _see_
+      Entertainment;
+      Sports.
+
+    Recruiting, _see_ under country.
+
+    Red Army, in Russia, organized by Trotzky, vi: 185;
+      in Munich, raised by Munich Soviet, vi: 300;
+      in Hungary, under Communist Government, vi: 326.
+
+    Red Cross:
+      American, relief work in Italy, ii: 250, vii: 42, 82;
+        Henry P. Davison, Chairman of War Council, vii: 1;
+        war-time activities, summary, vii: 1;
+        amount of contributions to, vii: 1;
+        increase in membership, vii: 1;
+        personnel in France, vii: 1;
+        Clara Barton, mother of, vii: 12;
+        peace time activities, vii: 14;
+        war organization, vii: 15-27;
+        raising war funds, vii: 15-27;
+        total relief expenditures, vii: 27;
+        range of activities, vii: 29;
+        location of base hospitals, vii: 30;
+        location of ambulance companies, vii: 30-31;
+        sanitary service, vii: 31-32;
+        nursing personnel, vii: 33;
+        canteen service, vii: 33, 42, 47-49, 54, 57;
+        auxiliary activities for service men's comfort, vii: 34;
+        recruiting services of nation's womanhood, vii: 34;
+        home service work, vii: 35;
+        services abroad, vii: 35-40;
+        hospital work in France, vii: 37, 45;
+        work for American prisoners in Germany, vii: 37-39, 71;
+        relief activities in England, vii: 40, 45;
+        with the Navy, vii: 41;
+        relief work among belligerents during U. S. neutrality,
+          vii: 43-46;
+        hospital work in Germany, vii: 45;
+        hospital work in Austria-Hungary, vii: 45;
+        relief for Serbia, vii: 45, 84;
+        stories of overseas service with fighting men, vii: 47-72;
+        work for wounded, vii: 49-54, 56, 60-64;
+        ambulance service at the front, vii: 49-51;
+        tales of wounded, vii: 51-54;
+        hotels for service men in Paris, vii: 54;
+        supplying delicacies to wounded, vii: 56;
+        huts, vii: 59;
+        entertainment, vii: 60;
+        as bureau of information, vii: 62-64;
+        helping doughboys shop in France, vii: 64;
+        department store for overseas service men, vii: 66;
+        production of surgical dressings, vii: 67;
+        production of nitrous oxide, vii: 68;
+        baths and laundries behind the lines, vii: 70;
+        Children's Bureau, activities for welfare of child war sufferers,
+          vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;
+        relief among Allied civilians, vii: 73-85;
+        relief among French refugees, vii: 73;
+        fight against tuberculosis in France, vii: 75;
+        education of French disabled, vii: 79;
+        relief for Belgian refugees, vii: 82;
+        relief in Rumania, vii: 84;
+        work in Palestine, vii: 84;
+        Institute for the Blind, vii: 259;
+        letters of appreciation from refugee children, xi: 60;
+        Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90-93;
+        help by Boy Scouts, xi: 108;
+        letter from "Chinese citizen boy," xi: 179.
+      International, in Switzerland, vi: 380;
+        World League of, vii: 3;
+        history of development, vii: 4-14;
+        Florence Nightingale, first field nurse, vii: 11;
+        U. S. becomes member, vii: 14.
+
+    _Red Cross Nurse_, poem by Edith Thomas, vii: 279.
+
+    "Red Monday," during Russian Revolution, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150.
+
+    "Red Week," rioting during, in Italy, June, '14, vi: 114.
+
+    "Reds," _see_ Bolshevism.
+
+    Reeves, Col. Ira L.,
+      military superintendent, A. E. F. University at Beaune, vii: 283.
+
+    Refrigerating plants, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 403.
+
+    Refugees, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Regan, 2nd Lieut. Patrick, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
+
+    Reichstag, German, limitations as legislative body, i: 71;
+      composition and powers, i: 156.
+
+    Reims (Rheims), abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
+      re-occupied by French, Sept. 15, '14, i: 376;
+      Cathedral bombarded by Germans, iii: 74, vi: 97;
+      attacked by Crown Prince, June, '18, iii: 95;
+      description of surrounding country, v: 43;
+      gateway between Germany and France, v: 215.
+
+    _Reiter's Morganlied_, German air, xi: 335.
+
+    Relief, _see_ War relief.
+
+    Religion, diversity of, obstacle to world federation, i: 25;
+      work of Y. M. C. A. with troops overseas, vii: 283-285.
+
+    Remington self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89;
+    _see also_ Rifles.
+
+    Remonville, location, v: 217;
+      captured by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
+
+    Remounts, construction of depots for, by A. E. F., v: 333;
+      procuring of, for A. E. F., v: 399.
+
+    Renault tank, description, viii: 156;
+    _see also_ Tanks.
+
+    Rennenkampf, Gen.,
+      commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, '14,
+        ii: 24, 227, iii: 110;
+      driven out of East Prussia by Hindenburg, ii: 25, 229, iii: 116;
+      Ludendorff's account of retreat, ii: 355;
+    _see also_
+        East Prussia;
+        Tannenberg, battle of.
+
+    Renner, Dr., becomes Austrian Chancellor, '19, vi: 319;
+      Bolshevik uprising against, vi: 321;
+      conciliatory attitude at Peace Conference, vi: 321.
+
+    Renwick, George, description of Munich under Red Terror, vi: 301.
+
+    Repair shops, U. S. Ordnance, in France, v: 350.
+
+    Reparation, by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.
+
+    Reparation Commission, formation and functions, xii: 158, 219-221.
+
+    Repatries, returned French exiles, xi: 75.
+
+    Repington, Colonel,
+      military correspondent of _London Times_,
+      exposes British shell shortage, May, '15, ii: 174.
+
+    Replacement system, plan for A. E. F., '17, v: 102, 399.
+
+    Respirators, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324;
+      utility as defense against poison gas, viii: 174-178;
+    _see also_ Chemical warfare.
+
+    Responsibility for the War, _see_ Germany,
+      Responsibility for War.
+
+    Retreats, famous examples of, in history, iii: 280.
+
+    _Return, The_, poem by John Freeman, ix: 331.
+
+    Reval, seized by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.
+
+    Reventlow, Count Ernst Zu,
+      condemnation of democratic rule in Germany, vi: 284.
+
+    Reville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Revolver, use as military weapon, viii: 117.
+
+    Reynolds, Col. C. R., Chief Surgeon, Second Army, v: 346.
+
+    Rheims, _see_ Reims.
+
+    Rhine River, French strategy in regard to, ii: 8;
+      German fortifications on, Peace Treaty provisions concerning,
+        xii: 189;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for international control and navigation,
+        xii: 250-253.
+
+    Ribot, Alexandre, succeeds Briand as French Premier, '17, vi: 103.
+
+    Rice, Brig.-Gen. John H., Chief Ordnance Officer, A. E. F., v: 350.
+
+    Richthofen, Capt. Baron Manfred Freiherr von,
+      career as aviator, x: 253-255.
+
+    Rickenbacker, Capt. Eddie, career as aviator, x: 259-264.
+
+    Rieka, Slav name of Fiume, vi: 365.
+
+    Rifles,
+      type used by A. E. F., description and reasons for adoption,
+        v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;
+      U. S. production figures, v: 347, xii: 284;
+      types, viii: 84, 88-105;
+      Browning automatic, viii: 84;
+      automatic, difference from machine-gun, viii: 88;
+      importance of rapid fire, viii: 88;
+      self-loading, compared with machine-gun, viii: 88;
+      principal self-loading types, viii: 89-91;
+      Remington, viii: 89;
+      Sjorgen, viii: 89;
+      Winchester, viii: 89;
+      rifle fire and artillery compared, viii: 92;
+      range of military rifle, viii: 92;
+      "danger zone" in rifle fire, viii: 93;
+      advantages of sharp-nosed bullet, viii: 93;
+      comparison to gas engine, viii: 94;
+      British service rifles, description, viii: 95;
+      Lee type, viii: 95;
+      Enfield-M type, viii: 95;
+      French service rifle, description, viii: 95;
+      German Mauser, description, viii: 95;
+      sighting devices, viii: 96-102;
+      definition of "bore," viii: 111;
+      definition and purpose of "rifling," viii: 111.
+
+    Rifle lights, viii: 75.
+
+    "Rifling" of gun, definition and purpose, viii: 111-112.
+
+    Riga, occupied by Germans, Sept. 3, '17, i: 390, iii: 147, iv: 136.
+
+    Riga, Gulf of, description, iv: 136-137;
+      German naval operations in, '15--'17, iv: 137-138;
+      battle of, and capture of dominating islands by Germans,
+        Oct. 12--18, '17, iv: 137-138.
+
+    Rintelen, Capt. Franz von, German agent in U. S., i: 315.
+
+    Ritchings, Lieut.-Col. Arthur,
+      rise from constable to lieutenant-colonel, x: 378.
+
+    _River Clyde_, British transport at Gallipoli, iii: 168, iv: 39.
+
+    Riviera, A. E. F. leave area, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 269.
+
+    Rizzo, Commander Luigi,
+      sinks Austrian battleships in motor-boat attack, iv: 370;
+      sinks Austrian battleships, _Wien_ and _Monarch_,
+        in Trieste harbor, x: 290.
+
+    _Road to France, The_, poem by Daniel M. Henderson, vi: 131.
+
+    Roads, construction by A. E. F. in France, v: 334, 403.
+
+    Robb, 1st Lieut. George S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Robeck, Vice-Adm. de,
+      succeeds Vice-Adm. Carden in command
+      of Allied fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 32.
+
+    Roberts, Lieut. E. M., record as aviator, x: 249-252.
+
+    Roberts, Corp. Harold W.,
+      American tank driver, wins Congressional Medal of Honor,
+        x: 402, xi: 386.
+
+    Robertson, Gen. Sir William,
+      appointed British Chief of General Staff, ii: _Intro. xviii_;
+      biography, ix: 184-186.
+
+    Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., commander U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
+
+    Rockwell, Kiffin,
+      member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed in Vosges, iii: 391.
+
+    Rodman, Admiral, biography, ix: 293-295.
+
+    Rodzianko, Michael V., President of Russian Duma, vi: 150.
+
+    Rogers, Maj.-Gen. H. L., Chief Quartermaster of A. E. F., v: 332.
+
+    Rohrbach, Paul, German publicist, on Anglo-German rivalry, vi: 251.
+
+    Romagne, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 14, '18. v: 250.
+
+    Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, American cemetery at, v: 403.
+
+    Romani, Turks defeated by British at, Aug., '16, iii: 192.
+
+    Romanoffs, _see_
+      Nicholas II;
+      Russia, Royal family.
+
+    Romorantin, U. S., aircraft plant at, v: 313.
+
+    Roncheres, captured by 3rd Div., July 28, '18, v: 188.
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, war record, x: 238.
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, war record, x: 241.
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, record as aviator, x: 241-249;
+      killed in air fight, x: 245-249.
+
+    Roosevelt, Theodore, fight against "big business," i: 293;
+      against U. S. neutrality, i: 299;
+      temperament contrasted with that of Pres. Wilson, i: 299;
+      probable course of action if President during War, i: 302;
+      pro-German sentiments in '14, i: 309;
+      statement on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320;
+      statement on universal military training, Nov., '15, i: 326;
+      attacks Pres. Wilson's note asking
+        belligerents for statement of war aims, i: 337.
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore, Jr.,
+      commands 26th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 126;
+      at Sedan, Nov. 7, '18, v: 269;
+      war record, x: 241.
+
+    Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, Jr., "Y" worker in Bordeaux, vii: 267;
+      in charge of Aix-les-Bains leave area, vii: 269.
+
+    Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57.
+
+    Rosenwald, Julius, member,
+      Advisory Commission of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    Rossetti, Lieut.-Col. R.,
+      sinks Austrian warship _Viribus Unitis_ in Pola harbor,
+        x: 297-303.
+
+    Rosyth, advance base for British battle cruisers, iv: 91, 94;
+      meeting place for arranging surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
+
+    Roulers, German base in France, ii: 86.
+
+    Rowlatt, Justice, author of "Black Cobra Bill" of India, '18, vi: 78.
+
+    Royal Air Force, British, _see_ Great Britain, Air Service.
+
+    _Royal Edward_, British transport sunk, Aug. 13, '15, i: 381.
+
+    Royal families, _see_ country.
+
+    Roye, captured by Allies, Aug. 27, '18, i: 397, ii: 157.
+
+    Rozyshche, captured by Russians, June, '16, iii: 144.
+
+    Rue, training area for 27th Div., '18, v: 286.
+
+    Ruggles orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.
+
+    Ruhleben, German prison camp, American "Y" work at, vii: 303.
+
+    _Rule Britannia_, British patriotic song, xi: 333.
+
+    Rumania, gains independence from Turkey, i: 92;
+      intervention in Second Balkan War, '13, i: 206;
+      declares war on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
+      Germany declares war on, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;
+      Turkey declares war on, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
+      Bulgaria declares war on, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386;
+      reasons for entry into War, ii: 59, iii: 214, vi: 348-349;
+      betrayed by Russia, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;
+      natural resources, ii: 59;
+      invades Transylvania, ii: 60, iii: 217, vi: 313, xi: 28;
+      conquered by Teuton forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn,
+        ii: 60, iii: 218-224, vi: 349, xi: 29;
+      topography, iii, 214;
+      failure of Allied support, iii: 214;
+      army, training and equipment, iii: 215;
+      strategy of campaigns, iii: 216;
+      Bucharest captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222;
+      government moved to Jassy, Nov., '16, iii: 223, vi: 349;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      total casualties, iii: 404, vi: 353, xii: 289;
+      civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405;
+      attacks Hungarian republic, '19, vi: 326;
+      race problems, vi: 348;
+      policy of neutrality, vi: 348;
+      secret treaty with Allies as war price, iii: 349;
+      suffering under Teuton invasion, vi: 349, 353;
+      struggle with Russian Bolsheviki in Bessarabia, vi: 350-352;
+      signs peace treaty with Central Powers, May 7, '17, vi: 352;
+      peace terms imposed by Germany, vi: 352;
+      conditions after armistice, Nov., '18, vi: 353;
+      royal family, ix: 399-402;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      value of property loss, xii: 26;
+      war cost, Aug., '16--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debt, xii: 114;
+      Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180;
+      former treaties with Germany abrogated by Treaty of Versailles,
+        xii: 232;
+      area, '19, xii: 279;
+      population, '19, xii: 279.
+
+    _Rumania_, poem by George Edward Woodberry, vi: 347.
+
+    Rumanian National Hymn, xi: 329.
+
+    Rumanian Relief Committee of America, vii: 109.
+
+    Rumeli Medjidieh Battery, Fort at Gallipoli, iv: 45;
+      bombarded by Allied fleet, iv: 45.
+
+    Rupel, Greek fortress, seized by Bulgars, May, '16, iii: 207.
+
+    _Rupert Brooke_, poem by Moray Dalton, vii: 285.
+
+    Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, army commands, iii: 10, 61.
+
+    Ruroede, Carl, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.
+
+    Russell, Bertrand, British philosopher,
+      dismissed from Cambridge University
+      for supporting conscientious objectors, vi: 8;
+      on effects of War, vi: 11.
+
+    _Russell_, British battleship
+      sunk in Mediterranean, Apr. 27, '16, i: 385.
+
+    Russia:
+      Army, mobilization, July 31, '14, i: 375, iii: 264;
+        German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
+        man-power available, ii: 27;
+        lack of resources to equip manpower, ii: 27-28;
+        shortage of ammunition, ii: 231, iii: 264;
+        machine-gun equipment, ii: 232;
+        artillery equipment deficient, ii: 232;
+        collapse of, ii: 340 (Ludendorff on),
+          iii: 146, 267-270 (Gen. Denikin's report), v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
+        organization and strength, iii: 104;
+        weaknesses, iii: 105;
+        Czar takes personal command, Sept. 8, '16, iii: 140;
+        leading commanders pledge support to Republican Government,
+          Mar., '17, iii: 145;
+        vice in, iii: 267;
+        causes of demoralization, iii: 268;
+        balloting substituted for fighting, iii: 268;
+        desertions, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;
+        Bolshevist propaganda in, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;
+        Cossack cavalry, strength, vi: 146;
+        fraternization with enemy, vi: 157, 161;
+        Kerensky abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;
+        Red Army raised by Trotzky, vi: 185;
+        for military operations, _see_
+          Russian Front;
+          battle or campaign.
+      Casualties, total in War, iii: 404;
+        civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 406;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48.
+      Cost of living, percent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._
+      Declarations of war, pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria,
+        July 27, '14, i: 114;
+        by Germany against, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;
+        by Austria against, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
+        on Bulgaria by, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;
+        on Turkey by, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;
+        reception by populace, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;
+        ultimatum to Bulgaria, Oct. 4, '15, vi: 343.
+      Food, shortage, vi: 141, 144, 145;
+        potato crop, xii: 47.
+      Foreign policy, Asiatic expansion, i: 20;
+        seizure of Port Arthur from China, i: 20;
+        gains freedom of action in Black Sea, 1871, i: 47;
+        world position in '14, i: 62;
+        ambitions in Near East checked by Congress of Berlin, i: 93;
+        German influence, i: 95, 240;
+        Entente Cordiale with France, 1891, i: 98;
+        member of Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106;
+        settlement of Persian question with Great Britain, '07, i: 104;
+        Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
+        Balkan policy, i: 114;
+        pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
+        negotiations in attempt to prevent the War, i: 126-129;
+        hatred of Germany, i: 242;
+        German view of, i: 242;
+        betrayal of Rumania by German agents in Government,
+          ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;
+        imperialistic ambitions, vi: 132;
+        treachery of Government exposed by Milyukov, Nov., '16, vi: 142;
+        secret treaties made public by Trotzky, vi: 183;
+        Soviet Government makes peace with Germany, vi: 183-185;
+        relations of Soviet with Allies, vi: 187-188;
+        hostility to Ukrainian nationalistic aspirations, vi: 241;
+        treaty with Japan, '16, vi: 386;
+        for relations with Finland, _see_ Finland.
+      Industries, inadequate for war needs, ii: 27-28;
+        hampered by lack of port facilities, iii: 161;
+        chaotic condition during War, xii: 82.
+      Internal politics, war enthusiasm, Aug., '14, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;
+        prohibition of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;
+        revolutionary outbreaks before War, vi: 132-134;
+        Socialists oppose War, vi: 134;
+        attack of Duma on War Office for inefficiency, Aug., '15, vi: 136;
+        Minister of War Sukhomlinov arrested and disgraced, vi: 136;
+        request for new ministry refused by Czar, '15, vi: 136;
+        Duma dissolved, Sept., '15, vi: 136;
+        peace sentiment, '15, vi: 138;
+        Lenin advocates defeat of Russia, vi: 140;
+        Stuermer succeeds Goremykin as Prime Minister, vi: 140;
+        Duma reconvenes, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;
+        attack of Socialist Cheidze on Government, vi: 140;
+        influence of Rasputin at Court, vi: 141;
+        Rasputin murdered, vi: 141;
+        Stuermer becomes Foreign Minister, July, '16, vi: 142;
+        Stuermer dismissed under accusations of corruption and treachery,
+          vi: 142;
+        repressive policy of Protopopov, Minister of Interior, '17,
+          vi: 143;
+        Golytsin succeeds to Premiership, '17, vi: 143;
+        threats of revolt in Duma, Feb., '17, vi: 144;
+        Revolution starts in Petrograd, Mar., '17, vi: 145;
+        Duma disobeys Czar's order of dismissal, Mar., '17, vi: 146;
+        leaders and policies at start of Revolution, vi: 148;
+        revolutionary scenes in Petrograd, Mar. 11--15, '17, vi: 148-156;
+        Czar disregards appeals for liberal ministry, vi: 150, 151;
+        Red Monday, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150-153;
+        arrest of ministers of old regime, vi: 153;
+        reform _vs._ revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 153-157;
+        Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates formed, Mar. 12, '17,
+          vi: 155;
+        Provisional Government under Prince Lvov formed by Duma,
+          Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155;
+        Czar abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;
+        struggle between Provisional Government and Soviet on war policy,
+          vi: 158-160;
+        fall of Liberal ministry and formation of coalition cabinet,
+          vi: 160;
+        peasant societies, vi: 160;
+        statement of policy by coalition Government, vi: 161;
+        Bolshevist uprising suppressed, July, '17, vi: 161-165;
+        Kerensky becomes virtual dictator, vi: 165;
+        rivalry between Kerensky and Kornilov for power, vi: 167-171;
+        Moscow Conference, vi: 167;
+        Kornilov rebellion fails, vi: 169;
+        Kerensky declares Russia a Republic, Sept. 15, '17, vi: 171;
+        Bolshevist revolution overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 171-181;
+        Lenin becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries,
+          vi: 181;
+        Trotzky becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs, vi: 181;
+        Bolshevist program, vi: 181;
+        opposition of middle classes to Bolshevik rule, vi: 181;
+        Constituent Assembly dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185;
+        Congress of Soviets substituted for Constituent Assembly, vi: 185;
+        reign of terror under Bolshevist regime, vi: 187.
+      Navy, Black Sea fleet bombards Bosphorus forts, iv: 49;
+        strength of Black Sea fleet, iv: 50;
+        development, iv: 364;
+        strength of Baltic fleet, iv: 364;
+        war record, iv: 364-366;
+        part in Revolution, iv: 366, vi: 164.
+      Peace negotiations,
+        Brest-Litovsk Treaty ends war with Central Powers, Mar., '18,
+          ii: 63, 273, vi: 183;
+        armistice with Germany signed, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;
+        movement for peace by radicals and conservatives, '15, vi: 138;
+        Soviet demands immediate Socialist peace conference, vi: 161;
+        nature of Bolshevik peace propaganda, vi: 171-175;
+        Versailles Treaty, provisions on, Russo-German relations,
+          xii: 205;
+        treaties with Germany abrogated by Versailles Treaty, xii: 232.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, military, iii: 105;
+        Petrograd-Berlin line, iii: 111;
+        importance of Warsaw as junction, iii: 138;
+        Brest-Litovsk line, military importance, iii: 138;
+        collapse under war stress, viii: 283.
+      Royal family, xi: 145-149;
+        _see also_ Nicholas II.
+      War cost, currency inflation by Bolsheviki, xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+        financial position at start of War, xii: 1;
+        loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2;
+        debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+        money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+        value of property loss, xii: 26;
+        average daily cost, xii: 106;
+        total cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '17, xii: 107;
+        taxation, xii: 109;
+        loans, xii: 113;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.
+
+    Russian Front,
+      German analysis of strength and strategic importance,
+        Aug., '14, ii: 12-16;
+      strategic plans of Russia and Central Powers,
+        ii: 22, 225 (Gen. Gourko's explanation), iii: 109-110;
+      Russian invasion of Galicia, '14--'15,
+        ii: 22-24, 26, iii: 118-124, 127, 132-134;
+      Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, ii: 23, iii: 121;
+      operations in East Prussia, '14,
+        ii: 24, 227-229 (Gen. Gourko's account),
+        353-357 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 110-116;
+      battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;
+      campaigns in Poland,
+        ii: 25, 26, 229, 361-365 (Ludendorff's account),
+        iii: 116-120, 124-127, 128-132, 137-141;
+      Przemysl, siege and capture by Russians,
+        ii: 26, iii: 123, 125, 127, 134, 292, xi: 16;
+      successful Teuton counter-offensive in Galicia under Mackensen,
+        May, '15, ii: 26, 233, 360 (Ludendorff's account),
+        iii: 135-137, 294-296, vi: 258, 311;
+      Warsaw, German attacks on and capture,
+        ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138;
+      Brusiloff's offensive in Galicia, '16, ii: 42-44, 235, iii: 141-145;
+      Russian collapse, '17,
+        ii: 54, 340 (Ludendorff on),
+        iii: 146, 267-270 (Gen. Denikin's report), v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
+      campaigns in Caucasus and Armenia,
+        ii: 91-92, iii: 260-263, vi: 331, xi: 29;
+      capture of Erzerum, Feb. 16, '16, ii: 91, iii: 262-263;
+      effect of invasion of East Prussia on first Marne battle, ii: 227;
+      reasons for weakness of Russian fortresses, ii: 230;
+      Przemysl recaptured by Teuton forces, June 1--2, '15,
+        ii: 234, iii: 136;
+      Lemberg recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, ii: 234, iii: 137;
+      topography, iii: 106-109;
+      last Russian offensive in Galicia, July, '17, iii: 146;
+      battle experiences on, iii: 316;
+      activities of A. E. F. against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;
+      description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;
+    _see also_
+        East Prussia;
+        Galicia;
+        Mazurian Lakes;
+        Poland.
+
+    Russky, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading Galicia, iii: 119.
+
+    Ruthenians, clash with Poles for control of eastern Galicia,
+      vi: 217, 248;
+      cultural freedom under Austrian rule, vi: 241;
+      attempts at forced Russification during Russian occupation
+        of Galicia, vi: 243.
+
+    Ryan, Michael J., Irish-American delegate to Peace Conference vi: 66.
+
+
+    S
+
+    Saarbruecken, British air raid on, Oct. 25, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Saarburg, occupied by French, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375.
+
+    "Sacred Egoism," Italian foreign policy of, vi: 120.
+
+    "Sacred Way, The," highway to Verdun, iii: 50.
+
+    Sag paste, developed by U. S. Chemical Warfare Service
+      as protection against mustard gas, v: 324.
+
+    Said Pasha Zagloul, Egyptian Nationalist leader, vi: 70.
+
+    Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.
+
+    St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211.
+
+    St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259.
+
+    St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257.
+
+    St. Gobain, German defensive system captured by
+      Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52;
+      Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47.
+
+    _St. Louis_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.
+
+    St. Mihiel,
+      occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199;
+      recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12--15, '18,
+        ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 384-386 (Pershing's report),
+        xi: 46;
+      strategic importance of A. E. F. operations,
+        ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386;
+      strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18,
+        iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386;
+      German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18,
+        iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386;
+      German artillery captured at, Sept., '18,
+        iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386;
+      Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386;
+      topography of salient, v: 65, 199;
+      list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions
+        in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
+      strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208;
+      strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against,
+        Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386;
+      effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386.
+
+    St. Nazaire,
+      debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396.
+
+    St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
+
+    St. Quentin, German base in France, ii: 86;
+      Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18,
+      ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197,
+      iii: 86-91, 381-390 (Philip Gibbs's account);
+      unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68;
+      captured by British, iii: 101.
+
+    St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301.
+
+    St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive,
+        Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212.
+
+    Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman,
+      causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388;
+      personal sketch, ix: 92.
+
+    Sakharoff, Gen., Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142;
+      sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223.
+
+    Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier,
+      pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany,
+        ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126;
+      Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127.
+
+    Salonika Campaign, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of,
+      ii: _Intro. xix_;
+      Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62;
+      Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202;
+      attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory,
+        iii: 202, 206;
+      strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213;
+      Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202;
+      Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202;
+      Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.--Nov., '15,
+        iii: 204-205;
+      Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204;
+      Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205;
+      Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207;
+      Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207;
+      Allies increase forces, May--Aug., '16, iii: 207;
+      Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210;
+      Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies,
+        iii: 212;
+      Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212;
+      final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender,
+        Sept.--Oct., '18, iii: 212-213.
+
+    Salvage service, British, activities of, ii: 131;
+      A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348;
+      general functions, xi: 308-313.
+
+    Salvation Army, war work, vii: 379-400;
+      tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393;
+      "Ma" Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384;
+      care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391;
+      home service, vii: 393;
+      huts and hostel service, vii: 395;
+      clothing bureau, vii: 397;
+      work with A. E. F., vii: 397;
+      as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399;
+      employment bureaus, vii: 399;
+      finances, vii: 400.
+
+    Samoa, German, captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48.
+
+    _Samouprava_, Serbian journal,
+      denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.
+
+    Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Samsonoff, Gen.,
+      commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia,
+        defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14,
+          ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116;
+      Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228;
+      Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355;
+    _see also_ Tannenberg, battle of.
+
+    San, battle of the, May 15--17, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    _San Diego_, U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.
+
+    _San Francisco_, U. S. cruiser
+      used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.
+
+    San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284.
+
+    Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164.
+
+    Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Sanitation, Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32;
+      Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps,
+        war-time activities, vii: 191, 253;
+      prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;
+      making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;
+      taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89;
+    _see also_
+        Disease;
+        Infection.
+
+    Sanniyat,
+      British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185.
+
+    Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223.
+
+    Sapieha, Prince Eustace,
+      attempted _coup d'etat_ against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222.
+
+    Sarajevo, _see_ Serajevo.
+
+    Sarrail, Gen., commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
+      defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303;
+      commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202.
+
+    Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.
+
+    Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189-194.
+
+    Save River,
+      Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151.
+
+    Savoy,
+      neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 262.
+
+    Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299.
+
+    Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15,
+      i: 381.
+
+    Sazonov, Serge,
+      resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16,
+        vi: 142;
+      biography, ix: 98-99.
+
+    Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392.
+
+    Scapa Flow, British naval base, iv: 93;
+      German warships interned at, iv: 143.
+
+    Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
+
+    Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158.
+
+    _Scharnhorst_, German cruiser
+      in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
+      sunk in battle of Falkland Islands,
+        iv: 70, 72, 82 (eye-witness account), xi: 308.
+
+    Scheidemann, Philip,
+      leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: _Intro. xii_;
+      member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
+      elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
+      biography, ix: 135-138.
+
+    Scheldt River, Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89;
+      strategic position, vi: 375.
+
+    Schleswig, Danish attitude toward, vi: 393;
+      plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, xii: 204.
+
+    Schlieffen, Gen. Count von,
+      author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345.
+
+    Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.
+
+    Scholz, Walter,
+      accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371.
+
+    School of the soldier, xi: 159;
+      of the squad, xi: 161.
+
+    Schools, general educational program
+      for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities,
+        v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
+      for children in war zones, xi: 65-66;
+      U. S. Army training schools, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334.
+
+    Science, in the War, Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124;
+      displaces importance of military strategy, viii: _Intro. vii._
+
+    _Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled_,
+      Scottish national song, xi: 331.
+
+    Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101.
+
+    "Scrap of paper," Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement
+      on Belgian neutrality, i: 146.
+
+    Seaplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94.
+
+    Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272.
+
+    Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28.
+
+    Secours National, American Committee of the,
+      organization and activities, vii: 105;
+      _see also_ War relief.
+
+    Sector, defined, v: 14.
+
+    Sedan, key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87;
+      A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53;
+    _see also_ Mezieres-Sedan railroad.
+
+    Sedd-el-Bahr, fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    _Seeadler_, career as German raider, iv: 198.
+
+    _Seed-Time_, poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.
+
+    Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142.
+
+    Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    Seicheprey,
+      German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43.
+
+    Seitz, Karl,
+      Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322.
+
+    Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331.
+
+    "Self-determination," not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16.
+
+    Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, xii: 105-114.
+
+    Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132.
+
+    Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18.
+
+    Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192.
+
+    Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181.
+
+    _Send Out the Army_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116.
+
+    Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337.
+
+    Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
+
+    Septsarges Wood,
+      fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
+
+    Serajevo,
+      Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at,
+        i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4;
+      attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153.
+
+    Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190.
+
+    Serbia, Balkan ambitions in conflict with
+      Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363;
+      Austria charges with responsibility for murder
+      of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246;
+      Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375;
+      conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113;
+      Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
+      Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375;
+      Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33;
+      anti-Austrian societies, i: 244;
+      declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375;
+      Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382;
+      conquest of, by Teutonic allies,
+        ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18;
+      Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers,
+        ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400;
+      Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156;
+      unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146;
+      lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393;
+      size, organization, and fighting qualities of army,
+        iii: 148, vii: 144;
+      topography, iii: 150;
+      generalship during War, iii: 150;
+      typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148;
+      retreat into Albania, '15,
+        iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158;
+      army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286;
+      effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160;
+      casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358;
+      American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168;
+      prisoners of war, iii: 404;
+      total war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 288;
+      early history, vi: 354;
+      Austrophile policy, vi: 355;
+      Russophile policy, vi: 355;
+      anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356;
+      clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast,
+        vi: 360-363, 364-370;
+      statement of war aims, vi: 363;
+      letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166;
+      debt to U. S., xii: 18;
+      money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25;
+      value of property loss, xii: 26;
+      war cost, July, '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107;
+      rise in national debt, xii: 114;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+    _see also_ Jugoslavs.
+
+    _Serbia_, poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.
+
+    Sergy, captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188;
+      Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
+
+    Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Seringes-et-Nesles, captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188;
+      Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
+
+    Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.
+
+    Services of Supply (S. O. S.), _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41.
+
+    _Severn_, British monitor,
+      in attack on German cruiser _Koenigsberg_, iv: 195, 282;
+      description, iv: 281.
+
+    _Seydlitz_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151.
+
+    Shantung, Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82;
+      Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385;
+      Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, xii: 160;
+      German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, xii: 209;
+    _see also_ Kiau-Chau.
+
+    Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369.
+
+    Shells, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Shipping, British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
+      controversy between U. S. and Great Britain
+      on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+      list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356;
+      list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
+      list of sinkings by German raider _Emden_, iv: 189;
+      tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324;
+      value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
+      statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14--Dec., '17, xii: 91;
+      statistics on losses, Aug., 14--Dec., '17, xii: 92;
+      neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, xii: 98;
+      war-time increase in neutral, xii: 100;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for replacement
+        by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, xii: 222;
+      Peace Treaty provisions on privileges
+        to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, xii: 230;
+    _see also_ Germany, Blockade of;
+        Submarine Warfare.
+
+    "Shock" troops, German, viii: 144.
+
+    Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116.
+
+    Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8;
+      invention, viii: 72;
+      description, viii: 72;
+      manufacture, viii: 72-74;
+    _see also_ Ammunition.
+
+    Siam, delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180;
+      German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.
+
+    Siberia, Russian expansion in, i: 20;
+      early history, vi: 189;
+      relations with Russia, vi: 189;
+      movement for autonomy, vi: 189;
+      Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189;
+      anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk,
+        vi: 191;
+      "Cooperatives," nature of, vi: 191;
+      Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192;
+      Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192;
+      Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192;
+      unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192;
+      intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193;
+      reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193;
+      Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194;
+      anarchy and civil war, vi: 194;
+      Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386;
+      American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293.
+
+    Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L.,
+      commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106.
+
+    Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
+
+    Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373.
+
+    Siegfried Line, _see_ Hindenburg Line.
+
+    Signalling, means of, viii: 322;
+      work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329;
+      use of pigeons in, viii: 328;
+    _see also_ U. S. Army, Signal Corps.
+
+    Silesia, Upper,
+      awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226.
+
+    Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344.
+
+    Silver, rise in value, due to War, xii: 32.
+
+    Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293.
+
+    Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191.
+
+    Sinn Fein, _see_ Ireland.
+
+    _Sirius_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.
+
+    Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191.
+
+    Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma,
+      letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer
+        to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315.
+
+    Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.
+
+    Skinker, Capt. Alexander R.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet,
+      vi: 160.
+
+    Skoda howitzers, viii: 22;
+    _see also_ Artillery.
+
+    Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247.
+
+    Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362.
+
+    Slavs, distribution and culture, i: 238;
+      in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307;
+      antagonism to Latins, vi: 359;
+      antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360;
+    _see also_ Jugoslavs;
+        Pan-Slavism;
+        Russia;
+        Serbia.
+
+    Slovaks, _see_
+      Bohemia;
+      Czechoslovakia.
+
+    _Smile, Smile, Smile_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
+
+    Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196.
+
+    Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace,
+      commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174;
+      Viscount French's criticism of,
+        for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174;
+      Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182;
+      Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28.
+
+    Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311.
+
+    Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126.
+
+    Smokeless powder, _see_ Ammunition.
+
+    Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, xii: 100.
+
+    Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan,
+      sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326;
+      biography, ix: 187-190;
+      advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, xii: 155.
+
+    Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171.
+
+    Snowden, Philip,
+      British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;
+      defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.
+
+    Socialism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi_;
+      Socialists, _see_ under country.
+
+    Soissons, occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
+      Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive,
+        July 18--21, '18, v: 130, 158-183;
+      recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188.
+
+    Soldau, captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111;
+      recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114.
+
+    _Soldier, The_, poem by Rupert Brooke, x: _facing p_. 1.
+
+    Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils, in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283;
+      dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates,
+        Dec., '18, vi: 283.
+
+    Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization,
+        iii: 268.
+
+    Soldiers' Councils, of Austria,
+      vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320;
+      seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321.
+
+    Soldier's creed, xi: 170.
+
+    Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.
+
+    Somme, battles of:
+      July--Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24;
+        Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55;
+        battle line at start, ii: 46;
+        results, ii: 46-47 (Haig's report), iii: 56, 61, 63;
+        loss of German morale, ii: 47;
+        effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;
+        British artillery at, ii: 126;
+        Foch in command of French, ii: 148;
+        Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16,
+          iii: 55;
+        Allied man-power, iii: 55;
+        amount of ammunition used, iii: 56;
+        description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16,
+          iii: 57;
+        Allies' first objectives, iii: 58;
+        Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58;
+        Pozieres captured by British, iii: 59;
+        Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59;
+        Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59;
+        works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64;
+        Germans captured, iii: 60;
+        extent of battle area, iii: 61;
+        casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61;
+        a "blood-bath" for Germans, iii: 63;
+        effect on Germany, iii: 63;
+        importance, iii: 63.
+      Mar.--Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197,
+        iii: 86-91,
+        381-390
+        (Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines);
+        German method of attack, iii: 88;
+        Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89;
+        results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch,
+          iii: 89;
+        British casualties, iii: 390.
+
+    Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
+
+    Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111.
+
+    _Song of the Dardanelles_, poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.
+
+    Sonnino, Baron Sidney,
+      advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies,
+        ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;
+      becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120;
+      insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366;
+      policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369;
+      biography, ix: 82-85.
+
+    Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.
+
+    Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46.
+
+    Souchon, Adm.,
+      Commander of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_,
+        iv: 14.
+
+    South Africa, Union of,
+      forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14--'15,
+        iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
+      strength of army, iii: 405;
+      war casualties, iii: 405;
+      formation after Boer War, vi: 47;
+      British policy in, vi: 47;
+      political parties and policies, vi: 47-49;
+      Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47;
+      Unionists, vi: 47;
+      Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49;
+      Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49;
+      Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14,
+        vi: 49-50;
+      parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment,
+        vi: 50-52;
+      Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52;
+      Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference
+      to plead for independence, vi: 52;
+      war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107;
+      rise in public debt, xii: 114;
+      delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179.
+
+    South Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Southwest Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Soviet, _see_ Bavaria;
+      Bolshevism;
+      Hungary;
+      Russia;
+      Saxony;
+      Spartacides.
+
+    Spad biplane, viii: 194.
+
+    Spahis, description, xi: 189.
+
+    Spain, as a naval power, i: 28;
+      loss of colonial empire, i: 35;
+      international position in '14, i: 62;
+      policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370;
+      growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371;
+      war-time prosperity, vi: 372;
+      German propaganda in, xii: 101.
+
+    Spartacides, German, beginnings, vi: 260;
+      leaders, vi: 278;
+      excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
+      urge social revolution, vi: 279;
+      allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281;
+      program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18,
+        vi: 283;
+      plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283;
+      insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
+      Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289;
+      defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290;
+      instigate labor strikes, vi: 294;
+      establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301;
+      establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
+      second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19,
+        vi: 299-300;
+    _see also_ Germany, Internal politics.
+
+    Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian,
+      commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations,
+        iv: 59-62;
+      defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69;
+      biography, ix: 306-309.
+
+    Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
+
+    Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18.
+
+    Spies, German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350;
+      in England, x: 348;
+      the "spy mill," x: 355;
+      disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360;
+      dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368;
+      plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377;
+      within French lines, x: 379.
+
+    _Spires of Oxford_, poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.
+
+    Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279.
+
+    Sports, in A. E. F., at Winchester Camp, vii: 288;
+      in Army of Occupation, vii: 293;
+      general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317.
+
+    Springfield rifle, standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347;
+      reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type,
+        v: 347, viii: 96;
+      comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105;
+    _see also_ Rifles.
+
+    Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308.
+
+    _Srpska Narodna Himna_, Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.
+
+    Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349.
+
+    Stanislau, captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132;
+      recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132;
+      recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334.
+
+    _Star-spangled Banner_, American national anthem, xi: 325.
+
+    Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346.
+
+    Stefanik, Gen.,
+      member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.
+
+    Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G.,
+      share in development of tanks, viii: 155.
+
+    Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, xii: 32.
+
+    Stokes, Anson Phelps,
+      Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F.,
+        vii: 281.
+
+    Stokes mortar, use as "artillery of accompaniment," viii: 141.
+
+    Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J.,
+      inventor of "Y" gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.
+
+    Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
+
+    Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334.
+
+    _Storstad, S. S._, Belgian relief ship
+      sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.
+
+    _Strassburg_, German cruiser
+      in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Strategy, of the War,
+      Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_;
+      Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14,
+        ii: _Intro. vii_;
+      British policy of combined land and naval attack,
+       ii: _Intro. viii_;
+      factors in formation of British military policy,
+        ii: _Intro. viii_;
+      importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared,
+        ii: _Intro. x-xxiii_, 11-14, 87-90,
+        171-172 (Field-Marshal French's opinion);
+      Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria,
+        ii: _Intro. x, xx_;
+      comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles
+        and Austrian campaigns, ii: _Intro. xii_;
+      advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War,
+        ii: _Intro. xiii_;
+      value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 87-90;
+      reasons for British campaign in Palestine,
+        ii: _Intro. xviii, xxi_, 87-90;
+      British position in secondary theaters of war, '17,
+        ii: _Intro. xix_;
+      advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: _Intro. xix_;
+      Allies' problem, ii: _Intro. xxi_;
+      Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: _Intro. xxiii_;
+      general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133;
+      French plans, '14, ii: 6-11;
+      German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first,
+        Aug., '14, ii: 11-16;
+      probable results of a vigorous German offensive
+        against Russia in '14, ii: 13;
+      economic strategy,
+        Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22;
+      absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40;
+      German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41;
+      Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41;
+      German plans for '17, ii: 53;
+      Allied plans for '17, ii: 54;
+      reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front,
+        ii: 63-69, 288;
+      object of war, ii: 68;
+      choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69;
+      importance of Amiens, ii: 69;
+      German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97;
+      Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77;
+      theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137;
+      destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80;
+      of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July--Nov., '18,
+        ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213;
+      Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94;
+      causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99;
+      German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115;
+      necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116;
+      Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120;
+      war of position on Western Front, ii: 148;
+      task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151;
+      Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225;
+      Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290;
+      importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290;
+      defined, iv: 1;
+      relation of naval, to land, iv: 2;
+      offensive defined, iv: 4;
+      essentials of naval, iv: 4;
+      criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
+      British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86;
+      Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140;
+      German alternatives, '17--'18, v: 3;
+      old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40;
+    _see also_
+        campaign, engagement, or front;
+        Foch;
+        Germany;
+        Tactics.
+
+    Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph,
+      in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328.
+
+    Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377.
+
+    Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S.,
+      commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
+
+    Strong, Dr. Richard P.,
+      in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148.
+
+    Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204.
+
+    Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144.
+
+    Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick,
+      British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308.
+
+    Stuergkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312.
+
+    Stuermer, Boris, Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59;
+      succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140;
+      becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142;
+      dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142.
+
+    Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382;
+      Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    Sub-chaser _No. 28_,
+      experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354.
+
+    Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90.
+
+    Submarines, development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245;
+      voyage of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_
+        across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274;
+      life aboard, iv: 235-239;
+      greatest achievement of War, viii: _Intro. viii_;
+      description, viii: 264-266;
+    _see also_ name of submarine.
+
+    Submarine warfare, Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327;
+      comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282;
+      German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
+      Germany announces blockade of Great Britain,
+        effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany over,
+        i: 317-326, 328-335, 339,
+        357-361 (chronological summary, with list of ships sunk,
+        Aug., '14--Apr., '16), iv: 223;
+      President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note, i: 317;
+      American ship _William P. Frye_ sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319;
+    _Falaba_ sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
+      American tanker _Gulflight_
+        torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
+      German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships,
+        May 1, '15, i: 319;
+    _Lusitania_ sunk, May 7, '15,
+      i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), iv: 220;
+      controversy between U. S. and Germany on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+        i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;
+      American steamer _Nebraskan_ attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320;
+    _Arabic_ sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223;
+      Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361;
+    _Hesperian_ torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325;
+      controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary
+        over sinking of _Ancona_, Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223;
+      Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16,
+        i: 327;
+      British passenger steamer _Sussex_ sunk, Mar. 24, '16,
+        i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20;
+      U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over _Sussex_
+        sinking, i: 329-331, 361;
+      German apology for _Sussex_ sinking, i: 333;
+      activities of _U-53_ off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334;
+      freighter _Marina_ sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334;
+    _Arabia_ sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334;
+      Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17,
+        i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272,
+        306-307 (Ludendorff's account of decision),
+        iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35;
+      Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare,
+        i: 344;
+      U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17,
+        i: 344-345;
+      U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347;
+      American steamer _Algonquin_
+        sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348;
+      influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War,
+        i, 348, 368, ii: 53;
+      President Wilson's speech before Congress,
+        stating case against Germany and asking
+        for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
+      list of American ships attacked, i: 356;
+      list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
+    _Persia_ sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224;
+      effectiveness, ii: _Intro. xvii_, 22, 54, iv: 239;
+      German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140;
+      British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56;
+      Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308;
+      efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318;
+      methods of combating,
+        iv: _Intro. xi_, 284-287, 304-317, 324-334,
+        viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239;
+      North Sea mine barrage, iv, _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274;
+    _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, and _Hogue_
+      sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280;
+      exploits of British submarine _E-9_, iv: 207;
+      exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212;
+    _Laconia_ sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225;
+      Belgian Relief ship _Storstad_ torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229;
+    _Alnwick Castle_ sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230;
+      hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232;
+    _Belgian Prince_ sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232;
+      use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287;
+      net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274;
+      torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats,
+        iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248;
+      depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon,
+        iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239;
+      nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274;
+      use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats,
+        iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281;
+      zigzagging, iv: 310;
+      smoke screen, iv: 311;
+      camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343;
+      arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278;
+      U. S. transport _Tuscania_ torpedoed, iv: 336;
+      U. S. transport _Covington_ sunk, July, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _Mount Vernon_
+        torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _Antilles_ torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _Finland_ torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337;
+      U. S. transport _President Lincoln_
+        sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340;
+      U. S. destroyer _Cassin_ torpedoed, iv: 343;
+      U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_ sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346;
+      Italian cruisers _Amalfi_ and _Garibaldi_ sunk, iv: 369;
+      French cruiser _Leon Gambetta_
+        sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373;
+      French cruiser _Provence II_ sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376;
+      French battleship _Danton_ sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376;
+      French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378;
+      first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107;
+      effect on British food supply, vi: 10;
+      effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: _Intro. viii_;
+      fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278;
+      account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297;
+      value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26;
+    _see also_
+        Germany, Blockade of;
+        Shipping.
+
+    Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191.
+
+    Suez Canal, neutralized, 1888, i: 16;
+      construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48;
+      Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48;
+      importance, ii: 27;
+      German designs on, ii: 27;
+      Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192.
+
+    _Suffolk_, Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.
+
+    _Suffren_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      mysterious disappearance, iv: 376.
+
+    Sugar, shortage in England, xii: 34;
+      method of war-time distribution in U. S., xii: 46;
+      war-time shortage, xii: 138.
+
+    Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, xii: 46.
+
+    Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War,
+      arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136.
+
+    Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P.,
+      placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391;
+      as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18,
+        v: 167;
+      at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202;
+      tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235;
+      in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391.
+
+    Sunshine (40th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69.
+
+    Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
+
+    Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393.
+
+    Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84.
+
+    Surgery, early history, vii: 4-6;
+      in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224;
+      use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;
+      war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365;
+      treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;
+      treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;
+      treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366;
+      treatment of fractures, viii: 367;
+      new method of amputation, viii: 367;
+      prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367;
+      prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289;
+      artificial arms, viii: 384-388;
+      artificial legs, viii: 388-390;
+      use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;
+      reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;
+      artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
+    _see also_ Infection;
+        Medical Science;
+        Reconstruction of disabled;
+        U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+
+    Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
+
+    _Sussex_, British passenger steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16,
+       i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20;
+      U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations
+        with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361;
+      German apology for sinking, i: 333.
+
+    Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli,
+       Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173;
+    _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.
+
+    Suwalki, Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111;
+      captured by Germans, iii: 116;
+      evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118.
+
+    Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90.
+
+    Sweden, international position in, '14, i: 62;
+      policy of neutrality, vi: 394;
+      relations with Finland, vi: 395;
+      Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395.
+
+    Swierzynski, Joseph, forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219;
+      declares Poland republic, vi: 219.
+
+    _Swift_, British destroyer,
+      account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
+
+    Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.
+
+    _Swiftsure_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
+
+    Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D.,
+      on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290;
+      conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14,
+        ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256.
+
+    Switch position, defined, v: 16.
+
+    Switzerland, system of citizen army, i: _Intro. xii_;
+      international position, '14, i: 62;
+      policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379;
+      antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380;
+      implication of Intelligence Dept.
+        of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380;
+      Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office
+        by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380;
+      Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380;
+      Red Cross activities, vi: 380;
+      Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.
+
+    _Sydney_, Australian cruiser,
+      destroys German raider _Emden_, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.
+
+    Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire
+      through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214.
+
+    Syria,
+      placed under French control by secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+
+    T
+
+    Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218.
+
+    Tactics, battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108;
+      new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208;
+      trench warfare and "war of movement,"
+       compared by German military critic, ii: 259;
+      German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19;
+      French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17;
+      parallel of resistance, v: 12;
+      line of resistance, v: 12;
+      line of surveillance, v: 12;
+      line of support, v: 12;
+      center of resistance, v: 14;
+      adaptation of American divisional organization
+      to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21;
+      elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23;
+      American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117;
+      use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28;
+      value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31;
+      method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39;
+      von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145;
+      Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack
+        by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
+      A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114;
+      new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161;
+      use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287;
+    _see also_ Strategy;
+        Trench warfare;
+        battle or campaign.
+
+    Taft, William Howard,
+      statement on U. S. action on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320.
+
+    Tagliamento River,
+      reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17,
+        ii: 58, iii: 248;
+    _see also_ Italian Front.
+
+    Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
+
+    Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior,
+      responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332.
+
+    Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    _Tanine_, Turkish newspaper,
+      comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.
+
+    Tanks, Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124;
+      use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281;
+      development, description, and battle uses,
+        ii: 273-290 (Maj.-Gen. Swinton on),
+        v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264;
+      German opinion of value, ii: 273-274;
+      invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256;
+      purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256;
+      Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256;
+      fore-runners of idea, ii: 276;
+      British experimentation, '15--'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257;
+      origin of word "tank," ii: 277;
+      first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277;
+      first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16,
+        ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253;
+      successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17,
+        ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, 337-340 (Philip Gibbs's description),
+        viii: 142,156;
+      use in Allied retreat, Mar.--June, '18, ii: 280;
+      British "Whippets," ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;
+      use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282;
+      lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281;
+      use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18,
+        ii: 281;
+      first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281;
+      development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257;
+      German type, ii: 282, viii: 159;
+      effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283;
+      saving of war material in use, ii: 284;
+      casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284;
+      in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177;
+      number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388;
+      number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350;
+      value as infantry support, viii: 141-143;
+      tank _vs._ machine gun, viii: 150-151;
+      decisive factor in smashing German trench system,
+        viii: 150-152, xi: 261;
+      uses in peace times, viii: 151;
+      French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153;
+      Boirault machine, viii: 153;
+      French electric tank, viii: 155;
+      French "baby" Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260;
+      British and French types compared, viii: 156;
+      U. S. types, viii: 158;
+      requirements for successful tank, viii: 158;
+      future possibilities, viii: 160;
+      account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62;
+      German method of defense against, xi: 264;
+      account of battle between, xi: 265-266;
+      sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270;
+      for U. S. Tank Corps, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
+
+    Tannenberg, battle of,
+      Hindenburg crushes Russian armies
+      invading East Prussia, Aug., '18,
+      ii: 24-25, 228-229 (Gen. Gourko's account),
+      353-354 (Ludendorff's comments on), iii: 112-116.
+
+    Tardenois salient,
+     strategic aspects, with description of terrain,
+       ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58;
+    _see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.
+
+    Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120.
+
+    Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204.
+
+    Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206.
+
+    Taxation, in paying for cost of War, xii: 108-114;
+    _see also_ under each country.
+
+    Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187.
+
+    Tear gas, _see_ Chemical warfare;
+      Chlorpicrin;
+      Zylyl bromide.
+
+    Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306.
+
+    Telegraphy, development and use of wireless,
+      in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322;
+      U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325.
+
+    Telephones, development and use of wireless,
+      in the War, viii: 316-320;
+      U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326.
+
+    Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister,
+      militarist policy, vi: 386-388;
+      biography, ix: 90.
+
+    Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs
+      in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.
+
+    Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia
+      for possession of, vi: 400.
+
+    Tetanus, causes and treatment of,
+      in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287.
+
+    Teutonic Allies, _see_ Central Powers.
+
+    Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.
+
+    Theatricals, for service men, _see_ Entertainment.
+
+    Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391.
+
+    _There Will Come Soft Rains_, poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.
+
+    _These Be the Days That Call for Men_,
+      poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: _Intro. x._
+
+    _Thetis_, British cruiser
+      blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264.
+
+    "They shall not pass,"
+      French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21.
+
+    Thiaucourt, captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210;
+      American cemetery at, v: 400.
+
+    Thiaumont, captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313;
+      recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
+
+    Thiepval, Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
+      stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59.
+
+    Thomas, Albert,
+      French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382.
+
+    Thomas, J. H., British labor leader,
+      conference with Lloyd George on strike by "Triple Alliance," vi: 22.
+
+    Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of _Falaba_
+      by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319.
+
+    Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95.
+
+    _Thuringen_, German battleship,
+      crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
+
+    _Tiger_, British cruiser, hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108;
+      in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
+
+    Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111.
+
+    Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309.
+
+    Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191.
+
+    Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221.
+
+    Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,
+      share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301;
+      biography, ix: 298-306;
+      submarine policy, ix: 302.
+
+    Tisza, Count Stephan, Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306;
+      political opposition to, '16, vi: 311;
+      Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313;
+      biography, ix: 144-147.
+
+    T. N. T., _see_ Trinitrotoluol.
+
+    Togoland, conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    "Tommy Atkins," nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230;
+      description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189.
+
+    Torcy, location, v: 37, 133;
+      Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192;
+      captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383.
+
+    Torpedoes, description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258;
+      device for launching from air, iv: 335.
+
+    Toul, headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193;
+      important fortified city, v: 199.
+
+    Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115.
+
+    Tours, A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313;
+      headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332.
+
+    Towers, Commander,
+      in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240.
+
+    Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles,
+      besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29;
+      forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29;
+      biography, ix: 194.
+
+    Tracer bullets, viii: 211.
+
+    Tractors, artillery, U. S., number in use in France, v: 350;
+      supplant horses, viii: 40.
+
+    Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66.
+
+    Transports,
+      Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships,
+        ii: 317-318;
+      account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops
+       to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162;
+      list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic
+        for first time, June,'17, iv: 160;
+      equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165;
+      transportation of A. E. F. overseas,
+        with statistics on number of troops carried
+        and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used,
+        iv: 162-165, v: 285, 379, xii: 94-95, 283;
+      British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239;
+      U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343.
+
+    Transvaal, _see_ South Africa, Union of.
+
+    Transylvania,
+      invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218;
+      desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War,
+        iii: 214, vi: 349;
+      topography of frontier, iii: 214;
+      Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn,
+        Sept.--Oct.,'16, iii: 220;
+      attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313.
+
+    Trawlers, use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292;
+      battle with submarine, iv: 294.
+
+    Treaties,
+      Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146;
+      treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18,
+        ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268;
+      Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies,
+        price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
+      Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118;
+      secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey,
+        '16--'17, vi: 334;
+      agreement between Rumania and Allies as price
+        for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349;
+      treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers,
+        May,'17, vi: 352;
+      pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies
+        revived by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 231;
+      agreements among Central Powers abrogated
+        by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Rumania
+        abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
+      treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by
+        Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232;
+    _see also_ Alliances;
+        Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.
+
+    Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263.
+
+    Treitschke, Heinrich von,
+      German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66;
+      theory of supremacy of State, i: 148;
+      biography, i: 174;
+      philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175;
+      theory of German greatness, i: 175;
+      hatred for England, i: 175;
+      summary of political philosophy, i: 177;
+      American student's recollection of, i: 178.
+
+    _Trench Duty_, poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.
+
+    Trench feet, viii: 396.
+
+    Trench warfare,
+      adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14,
+        ii: _Intro. vii_, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;
+      opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171;
+      compared with "war of movement" by German military critic, ii: 259;
+      description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130;
+      use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152;
+      value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161;
+      use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;
+      life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173;
+      French defensive system, v: 12-17;
+      night fighting, viii: 74;
+      reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123;
+      kinds of trenches, viii: 123;
+      description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;
+      disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129;
+      "pill-boxes," viii: 130-132;
+      use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141;
+    _see also_ Barbed wire;
+        Machine gun;
+        Tanks.
+
+    Trentino, _see_ Italian Front.
+
+    Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143.
+
+    Treves, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382;
+      Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
+
+    _Trevier_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
+
+    Trieste,
+      unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16--'17,
+        ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26;
+      promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361;
+      American troops landed at,
+        to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366;
+      sinking of Austrian battleships _Wien_ and _Monarch_
+        in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290.
+
+    Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.),
+      composition and explosive properties, viii: 6;
+      American output of, xii: 285.
+
+    Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,
+      formation, 1882, i: 95;
+      terms, i: 95;
+      military strength, i: 95;
+      solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208;
+      Italian position in, i: 255;
+      French estimate of, ii: 4;
+      repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115;
+    _see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.
+
+    Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain,
+      formation, i: 98, 106;
+      not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218;
+      Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107;
+      Anglo-French agreement for united action
+        against "third power," Nov., '12, i: 107, 220;
+      attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129;
+      agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146;
+      German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2;
+    _see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.
+
+    Tripoli, Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109;
+      town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199.
+
+    Tritton, Sir William,
+      share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257.
+
+    _Triumph_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
+      sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50.
+
+    Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker
+      at, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 285.
+
+    Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
+
+    Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of,
+      by Germany, to France, xii: 225.
+
+    Trotzky, Leon,
+      becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia,
+        Nov., '17, vi: 181;
+      publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183;
+      as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185;
+      biography, ix: 116-119;
+      bibliography, ix: 119.
+
+    Troubridge, Adm., takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284;
+      in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14,
+        iv: 13.
+
+    Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186.
+
+    Tsing Tau, _see_ Kiau-Chau.
+
+    Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252.
+
+    Turkestan, Republic of, established, Jan., '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Turkey:
+      Army, Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207;
+        organization, iii: 164;
+        Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330;
+        for military operations, _see_
+          Caucasus;
+          Gallipoli Campaign;
+          Mesopotamian Campaign;
+          Palestine;
+          Suez Canal.
+      Casualties, total in War, iii: 404;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        battle deaths, xii: 288.
+      Declarations of war,
+        renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11;
+        by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;
+        by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378;
+        Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14,
+          i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14;
+        by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;
+        on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
+        diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;
+        strategic victory for Germany, ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28;
+        welcomed by Russia, vi: 134;
+        welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330.
+      Foreign relations,
+        extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18;
+        continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856,
+          i: 39;
+        international position, '14, i: 63;
+        subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18;
+        settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93;
+        pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330;
+        strategic importance as Germanic ally,
+          ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28, 87-90;
+        Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28;
+        escape of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_
+          into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey,
+          iv: 14-17, vi: 330;
+        Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334;
+        Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344;
+        dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345.
+      Internal affairs, form of government, i: 90;
+        constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92;
+        Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109;
+        Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333;
+        war sentiment, vi: 330;
+        Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333.
+      Navy, purchase of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_,
+        iv: 16-17, vi: 330;
+        strength, iv: 50.
+      Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies,
+        Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334.
+      Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
+      War cost, Nov., '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107;
+        rise in national debt, xii: 114.
+
+    Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    Turner, 1st Lieut. William S.,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed _Lusitania_, i: 362.
+
+    _Turtle_, submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.
+
+    _Tuscania_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18,
+      i: 393, iv: 336.
+
+    Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218.
+
+    Typhoid, U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195;
+      immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393;
+      manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393.
+
+    Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148.
+
+    _Tyulen_, Russian submarine,
+      captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.
+
+
+    U
+
+    _U-9_, German submarine,
+      sinks British cruisers _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, _Hogue_,
+        Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.
+
+    _U-15_, first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.
+
+    _U-29_, German submarine,
+      rammed by British battleship _Dreadnought_, Mar., '15, iv: 305.
+
+    _U-53_, German submarine,
+      activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.
+
+    _U-58_, German submarine,
+      captured by U. S. destroyers _Fanning_ and _Nicholson_,
+        iv: 349.
+
+    _U-117_, German submarine,
+      activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.
+
+    U-boats, _see_ Submarines;
+      Submarine warfare.
+
+    Udine, bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382;
+      captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247.
+
+    Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196.
+
+    Ukraine, early history, vi: 239-241;
+      pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243;
+      Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243;
+      autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243;
+      movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244;
+      struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248;
+      conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk,
+        vi: 246-247;
+      revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248;
+      war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248;
+      population and area, xii: 279.
+
+    Ulianov, Vladimir, _see_ Lenin, Nicolai.
+
+    Ulster, _see_ Ireland.
+
+    Uniforms, military,
+      invisibility of French, ii: 286;
+      invisibility of German,
+        ii: 286, iii: 272 (description by Richard Harding Davis).
+
+    United Kingdom, _see_ Great Britain.
+
+    United States:
+      Army, morale, i: 369, v: _Intro. xii_, 9, 71-72;
+        National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390;
+        strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380;
+        nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98;
+        A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18,
+          ii: 152, v: 120, 380;
+        transportation overseas, with statistics on rate and means of,
+          ii: 317 (Ludendorff's comment on), iv: 10-12,
+          157-165 (Adm. Gleaves' account of first convoy across Atlantic),
+          v: 106, 128, 284, 373-379 (Pershing's report),
+          xii: 94-95, 283, Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities,
+          ii: 326;
+        first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17,
+          iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106;
+        first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;
+        first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17,
+          iii: 84, v: 112;
+        on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394;
+        total strength, iii: 403, xii: 280-281, 282;
+        strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, xii: 280-281, 282, 287;
+        combat value, v: 4;
+        training in France,
+          v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312,
+          314, 325, 327,
+          373-378 (Pershing's report on arrangements
+          with French and British), xi: 171-173,
+        _see also_ under each Division;
+        living conditions in France, v: 8;
+        first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10;
+        supplies for,
+          with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement,
+          v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400,
+          xii: 283-284,
+         _see also_ under U. S. Army, Services of Supply;
+        size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, xii, 282, 287;
+        size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163;
+        adaptation of American divisional organization
+          to French system of trench warfare, v: 21;
+        offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29;
+        patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117;
+        distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area,
+          June, '18, v: 41, 141-147;
+        combat units in France organized into First Army
+          under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384;
+        Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97;
+        General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102;
+        training of officers, with statistics,
+          v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, xii: 280, 282;
+        general educational program for A. E. F.
+          at army centers and European universities,
+          v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
+        organization of corps, v: 109;
+        number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions,
+          Sept., '18, v: 197;
+        number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions,
+          Nov. 1, '18, v: 253;
+        divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393;
+        American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288;
+        air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas,
+          v: 312, xii: 285;
+        tank schools, v: 314;
+        gas warfare training, v: 325, 327;
+        statistics on health and disease in,
+          v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195,
+        _see also_ under U. S. Army, Medical Service;
+        rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type,
+          v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;
+        Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353;
+        list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372;
+        replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399;
+        Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404;
+        on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;
+        return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395;
+        procuring of remounts, v: 399;
+        A. E. F. mail service, v: 402;
+        system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402;
+        military justice in, v: 403;
+        punishments in, v: 403;
+        intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;
+        training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction,
+          xi: 155-165, xii: 282;
+        soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168;
+        pay, xi: 168;
+        cantonment construction, xii: 125, 282;
+        statistics on participation in War, xii: 280-289;
+        total battles fought by A. E. F., xii: 280, 287;
+        total days in battle, xii: 280, 287;
+        number of troops in battle, xii: 280, 287;
+        total of ordnance and prisoners captured, xii: 288;
+        for branches and units, _see_ below;
+        for detail of military operations,
+          _see_ name of battle or campaign.
+
+        Adjutant General's Department, functions, v: 402.
+        Air Service, record in France, v: 309-313, xii: 285-286;
+          losses, v: 309;
+          number of enemy planes and balloons shot down by, v: 309;
+          strength at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 309, xii: 285, 286;
+          strength and activities of balloon companies, v: 311-312;
+          growth, v: 312, xii: 285;
+          total personnel, v: 312, xii: 285;
+          training schools, v: 312, xii: 285;
+          dependence on Allies, v: 401 (Pershing's report);
+          types of aerial navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;
+          work of aerial photographers, viii: 228-235;
+          airplane production, xii: 285;
+          types of aero squadrons, xii: 286;
+          for N-C flying boats and dirigibles, _see_ U. S., Navy.
+        Artillery,
+          first shot of War fired by A. E. F., Oct.27, '17,
+            i: 392, iii: 84, v: 112;
+          dependence of A. E. F. on French and British for,
+            v: 111, 348, 401, xii: 284;
+          heavy artillery (Coast Artillery Corps),
+            battle activities in France, v: 303-308;
+          organization and units of Railway Artillery Reserve, v: 305;
+          Naval Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45;
+          anti-aircraft batteries, v: 308;
+          trench mortar battalions, v: 308;
+          number of cannon and trench mortars at the front,
+            Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
+          description of types of field guns, viii: 22-28;
+          description of types of heavy guns, viii: 36-42;
+          description of prospective 121-mile range gun, viii: 48-51;
+          production figures, xii: 284;
+          captured by A. E. F., xii: 288.
+        Chemical Warfare Service,
+          organization and activities,
+            v: 321-327, 401 (Pershing's report), viii: 179-187;
+          poison gases used, v: 321-322;
+          experimentation and development, v: 323-324;
+          gas masks and other defense equipment issued to A. E. F.,
+            v: 324;
+          gas shell production, v: 325, viii: 186;
+          gas defense training, v: 325;
+          duties of gas officer, v: 325;
+          deloading and examination of unexploded German shells,
+            v: 325-326;
+          use of poison gas by artillery and infantry, v: 326;
+          activities of A. E. F. gas troops, v: 327;
+          invention of Lewisite, deadliest poison gas, viii: 172;
+          poison gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187;
+          daily output compared with German, French, British, viii: 179.
+        Dental Corps, organization and activities, vii: 209-210.
+        Engineer Corps,
+          heroic stand by A. E. F. engineer troops against German break
+            through British lines, Mar., '18, iii: 89, v: 123;
+          organization and activities overseas,
+            v: 332-336, 399-400, xii: 283, 287;
+          construction of barracks, v: 332, 400;
+          construction of hospitals, v: 332, 400;
+          construction of docks, v: 332, 400, xii: 283;
+          railroad construction, v: 333, 334, 400, xii: 283;
+          insuring clean water supply for A. E. F., v: 333;
+          construction of refrigerating plants, v: 333, 400;
+          construction of bakeries, v: 333, 400;
+          activities of Forestry Division, v: 334, 400, xii: 287;
+          work with combat troops, v: 335;
+          Pershing's tribute to, v: 336;
+          road construction in France, v: 400.
+        Graves Registration Service,
+          _see_ U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.
+        Inspector General's Department, functions of, v: 402-403.
+        Judge Advocate General's Department, functions of, v: 403.
+        Medical Service,
+          war-time organization and activities,
+            v: 336-347, 402, vii: 175-239, 245-254;
+          field hospitals and medical work at the front,
+            v: 337-338, vii: 178, 230-233, 249-254;
+          evacuation hospitals, v: 338, vii: 178, 251;
+          hospital trains, v: 339, vii: 199, 251, viii: 380;
+          hospital construction in France, 340-342;
+          A. E. F. base hospitals, v: 340, 400;
+          "Hospital Centers," v: 341, 400;
+          capacity of A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342;
+          statistics on patients treated in A. E. F. hospitals,
+            v: 342, 352, 402;
+          statistics on personnel, v: 343-344, vii: 177, 201-203;
+          statistics on disease and wounded,
+            v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;
+          procurement of supplies for use overseas, v: 344, vii: 222-224;
+          volunteer organizations co-operating with,
+            v: 344, vii: 187-189, 219, _see also_ Red Cross;
+          organization in France, v: 345-346;
+          letter of commendation from Pershing, v: 346;
+          total number of hospital patients treated during War, v: 352;
+          number of hospitals and patients treated in U. S., v: 352,
+            vii: 201;
+          venereal disease, statistics on, and methods of combating,
+            v: 402, vii: 208-209;
+          physical reconstruction of disabled and mutilated,
+            vii: 175-176, 180-186, 210-216, 233-239,
+          _see also_ Reconstruction of disabled;
+          war-time mobilization of medical profession of U. S.,
+            vii: 187-189, 203, 219-222;
+          Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteer Medical Service Corps,
+            vii: 187, 203;
+          work of women physicians, vii: 188;
+          system of war-time organization, vii: 191, 203;
+          activities of Division of Sanitation, vii: 191-196;
+          construction of hospitals in U. S., vii: 196-198;
+          number of patients returned from overseas
+            for treatment in U. S., vii: 200;
+          army nurses, number and organization, vii: 203;
+          work of Division of Laboratories and Infectious Diseases
+            in control of communicable diseases, vii: 203-209;
+          functions of Division of Medicine, vii: 216-219;
+          testing mentality of recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;
+          classification of soldiers by vocations, vii: 216-217;
+          physical examination of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281;
+          treatment of special diseases and injuries, vii: 218, 222;
+          training of personnel, vii: 222, 225.
+        Military Police,
+          _see_ U. S. Army, Provost Marshal General's Department.
+        Motor Transport Corps,
+          organization and functions, v: 328, 351, 401.
+        Nurse Corps, organization and personnel, vii: 203.
+        Ordnance Department,
+          functions and war-time activities,
+            v.: 347-351, 401 xii: 284-285;
+          size of personnel at start of War, v: 347;
+          reasons for adoption of type of rifle used by A. E. F.,
+            v: 347, viii: 96, 102;
+          rifle production figures, v: 347, xii: 284;
+          statistics of ammunition and explosive production,
+            v: 350, xii: 284, 285;
+          artillery production figures,
+            v: 350, xii: 284, _see also_ under U. S. Army, Artillery;
+          machine-gun production, v: 350, xii: 284;
+          number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;
+          mobile repair shops, v: 350, viii: 294-298;
+          supply bases and workshops, v: 350;
+          strength of A. E. F. personnel, v: 350;
+          letter of praise from Pershing, v: 351.
+        Provost Marshal General's Department, functions, v: 403.
+        Quartermaster Corps,
+          organization and functions, v: 328-332, 400, xii: 283;
+          growth of personnel in France, June, '17--Dec., '18, v: 328;
+          scope of duties, v: 328, 400;
+          methods of procuring supplies, v: 328;
+          supply depots in France, v: 329-330;
+          amount of bread consumed by A. E. F., v: 330;
+          statistics on oil and fuel for A. E. F., v: 331;
+          Salvage Service, activities of, v: 331, 400, viii: 345-348;
+          delousing facilities for A. E. F., v: 331;
+          acquisition of burial grounds for A. E. F. dead
+            and care of graves (Graves Registration Service), v: 331, 400;
+          A. E. F. expenditures, v: 332;
+          statistics on issue of blankets and clothing, xii: 283.
+        Salvage Service, _see_ U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.
+        Services of Supply (S. O. S.),
+          establishment and functions,
+            iii: 83, v: 328-352, 396-401 (Pershing's report on);
+          coordination of procurement and distribution
+            of supplies for A. E. F., v: 396-397;
+          purchasing activities overseas, v: 397;
+          reclassification system for A. E. F., v: 399;
+          personnel, Nov. 11, '18 v: 401;
+          _see also_ under U. S. Army,
+            Engineer Corps,
+            Motor Transport Corps,
+            Ordnance Department,
+            Quartermaster Corps,
+            Transportation Corps.
+        Signal Corps,
+          activities in France, v: 317-320, 401,
+            viii: 322-331, xi: 303-308, xii: 283, 286-287;
+          A. E. F. telephone and telegraph system
+            at the front and behind the lines,
+            with statistics on number of exchanges,
+            miles of wire, etc.,
+            v: 317, 318, 320, 401, viii: 322-326, xii: 283, 287;
+          statistics on personnel, v: 317;
+          American women operators with A. E. F., v: 317;
+          organization of field signal battalions, v: 317;
+          devices for communication used at the front, v: 318, viii: 322;
+          "listening-in" and detection of enemy codes, v: 319;
+          work of Photographic Division in making moving-pictures of War,
+            v: 319-320, viii: 329-331;
+          laying of cable across English Channel, v: 320, 401;
+          supplying A. E. F. with field glasses, viii: 326;
+          supplying A. E. F. with wrist-watches, viii: 327;
+          use of pigeons as messengers, viii: 328-329.
+        Tank Corps,
+          man British tanks in action for first time, Sept. 29, '18,
+            ii: 281;
+          organization, v: 314;
+          tank schools overseas, v: 314;
+          American tanks in action, v: 315-316, 401;
+          number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;
+          dependence on French and British, v: 401.
+        Transportation Corps, functions, v: 400.
+        Veterinary Corps, activities, vii: 225-227.
+        First Army, formation, Aug. 10, '18, v: 64, 192-195, 384;
+          reorganized and divided into First and Second Armies,
+            Oct. 9, '18, v: 83, 246, 274;
+          drive against and reduction of St. Mihiel salient, Sept. 12--15,
+          _see_ St. Mihiel;
+          Meuse-Argonne drive, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
+        Second Army, formation, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 274;
+          operations in direction of Briey Iron Basin and Metz,
+            v: 274-279, 390, 393;
+          casualties, v: 279.
+        Third Army (Army of Occupation),
+          formation, Nov. 14, '18, v: 280, 395;
+          occupation of Coblenz bridgehead, v: 394-395.
+        First Corps,
+          operations in Allied counter-offensive in Marne salient,
+            July, '18, v: 56, 191-192
+            (commendations from Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          shifted to Toul sector, Aug. 13, '18, v: 62;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 90, 91, 92, 220, 388, 390, 391;
+          reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92;
+          formation, Jan., '18, v: 109.
+        Second Corps,
+          breaks through Hindenburg Line
+          in co-operation with British, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 87, 393;
+          prisoners captured, v: 87, 393;
+          formation, v: 382.
+        Third Corps,
+          operations in valley of the Vesle in Allied counter-offensive,
+          Aug., '18, v: 62, 191-192
+          (commendations from Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          transferred to Verdun region, Sept., '18, v: 62, 384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+          v: 74, 78, 90, 219, 260, 388, 390, 391;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        Fourth Corps,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 206, 386;
+          co-operation in Meuse-Argonne attack, Sept., '18, v: 220;
+          forms part of Second Army, v: 275;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        Fifth Corps,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 69, 202, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 90, 92, 219, 388, 390, 391.
+        Sixth Corps, part of Second Army, v: 275.
+        Seventh Corps, in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        1st Division,
+          training in France, v: 6-12, 106-108, 111-117;
+          transferred from Lorraine to relieve
+          French on Montdidier front, Apr., '18, v: 29, 121, 380;
+          captures Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 31-34, 124-128, 380;
+          in drive on Soissons flank in Allied counter-offensive
+            on Marne salient, July 18--22, '18,
+            v: 53-56, 130, 158-182, 191 (Pershing's commendation), 382;
+          casualties during operations in Marne salient, July, '18,
+            v: 55, 181;
+          captures Berzy-le-Sec, July 21, '18, v: 55, 180, 383;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 211, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 80-81, 83, 88, 91-92, 231, 234, 237,
+            240-246, 248-250, 268-270;
+          relieved in Meuse-Argonne by 42nd Div., Oct. 12, '18,
+            v: 83, 248;
+          record march for relief of 80th Div. and advance on Sedan,
+            Nov. 5--7, '18, v: 91, 92, 269;
+          arrival and organization in France, v: 106-108, 109;
+          enters front-line trenches for first time, Oct., '17, v: 111;
+          artillery unit fires first shot of War for A. E. F.,
+            Oct. 23, '17, v: 112;
+          casualties in Cantigny sector, Apr. 25--July 7, '18,
+            v: 128, 141;
+          in support of French in Montdidier-Noyon defensive,
+            June, '18, v: 129, 139;
+          makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F.,
+            July 18, '18, v: 174;
+          casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 211;
+          tribute to bravery from a German colonel, v: 246;
+          captures Sommerance, Oct. 11, '18, v:248;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 248;
+          citation for record in Meuse-Argonne by Pershing, v: 248;
+          summary of history, v: 355;
+          units composing, v: 355;
+          total casualties, v: 355;
+          prisoners and war material captured, v: 355;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        2nd Division, training in France, v: 6-12, 119;
+          goes into front line position on Marne salient,
+            June 4, '18, v: 37, 132, 136;
+          in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6--26, '18,
+            v: 39, 129, 135-139, 192, 382,
+            x: 1-10 (account of Marines in action);
+          captures Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;
+          in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient,
+            July 18--22, '18, v: 55, 130, 158-182,
+            191 (Pershing's commendation), 382;
+          captures Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 210, 386;
+          operations in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army,
+          Oct. 1--6, '18, v: 79, 241, 254-258, 393;
+          captures Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79, 241, 257, 393;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18,
+            v: 88, 90, 92, 95, 262-270, 274, 391;
+          capture of and drive through Landres-St. George,
+            Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 262-263;
+          arrival and organization in France, v: 108;
+          captures Vaux, July 1, '18, v: 138, 382;
+          casualties in Marne offensive, July, '18, v: 179;
+          prisoners and guns captured in Marne offensive, v: 179;
+          captures Beaumont, v: 266;
+          summary of history, v: 355;
+          units composing, v: 355;
+          total casualties, v: 355;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 355;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        3rd Division,
+          repulses German attempts to cross Marne at Chateau-Thierry,
+            May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 132-135, 381, xi: 43;
+          in second battle of the Marne, July 15--29, '18,
+            v: 52-53, 56, 143, 148-153, 183-186, 187-188,
+            191-192 (tributes of Pershing and Degoutte), 382, 383,
+            x: 381-387;
+          stand of 38th Inf. Regt. against German attempts to cross Marne,
+            July 15, '18, v: 2, 150-153, x: 381-387;
+          captures Jaulgonne and Charteves during second Marne battle,
+            July, '18, v: 56, 383;
+          in reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 211;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 80, 81, 83, 85, 231, 233, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245,
+            247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 389;
+          arrival in France, v: 128;
+          occupies Chateau-Thierry, July 21, '18, v, 184;
+          casualties during battles in Marne salient, June--July, '18,
+            v: 188;
+          summary of history, v: 356;
+          units composing, v: 356;
+          total casualties, v: 356;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        4th Division,
+          in Aisne-Marne Allied counter-offensive, July 18--Aug. 12, '18,
+            v: 60, 61-62, 130, 168, 183, 184, 191, 383;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 69, 202, 212, 386;
+          reaches Vesle River in pursuit of Germans, Aug., '18,
+            v: 62, 191;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 236, 239, 245, 246,
+            248, 250, 252, 388;
+          arrival in France, v: 128;
+          training in France, v: 143;
+          casualties during Aisne-Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18,
+            v: 191;
+          summary of history, v: 356;
+          units composing, v: 356;
+          total casualties, v: 356;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        5th Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 210, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 85, 90, 92, 93-95, 248, 250, 262, 264, 270, 271, 272, 391;
+          captures Clery-le-Grand, Nov. i, '18, v: 90, 262;
+          captures Clery-le-Petit and Doulcon, Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264;
+          forces crossing of Meuse in Meuse-Argonne battle,
+            Nov. 3--5, '18, v: 92, 93-94, 264, 270;
+          captures Mouzay, Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272;
+          captures Dun-sur-Meuse, Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 128;
+          enters trenches in the Vosges, June, '18, v: 128, 381;
+          casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 210;
+          captures Cunel and clears Bois de la Pultiere, Oct. 14, '18,
+            v: 250;
+          position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 272;
+          summary of history, v: 357;
+          units composing, v: 357;
+          total casualties, v: 357;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 357;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        6th Division, arrival and training overseas, v: 197;
+          summary of history, v: 357;
+          units composing, v: 357;
+          casualties, v: 357.
+        7th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 198;
+          starts first offensive as part of Second Army, Nov. 10, '18,
+            v: 277, 279;
+          summary of history, v: 357;
+          casualties, v: 357;
+          units composing, v: 358.
+        8th Division, summary of history, v: 368;
+          in Siberia, v: 368;
+          in Germany, v: 368;
+          units composing, v: 368.
+        26th Division, arrival and training in France,
+          v: 6-12, 108, 117-118;
+          raided by Germans at Seicheprey, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122;
+          goes into position on Marne sector, July 9, '18, v: 46, 138;
+          in second battle of the Marne, July 15--24, '18,
+            v: 56, 58, 130, 155, 168, 183, 184, 185, 186,
+            191-192 (tributes from Pershing and Degoutte), x: 76-78;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 86-87, 220, 252, 270, 271, 272, x: 78-79;
+          goes into Toul sector, Apr., '18, v: 120;
+          casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 186;
+          summary of history, v: 358;
+          units composing, v: 358;
+          total casualties, v: 358;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
+        27th Division,
+          organization and training in U. S., v: 196, 281-284, 358;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 196, 284-286;
+          war record, v: 281-300 (by Maj.-Gen. O'Ryan), 358, 393;
+          with Gen. Byng's Third British Army, July, '18, v: 286;
+          operations with British in Flanders, July--Aug., '18,
+            v: 286-290;
+          breaks through Hindenburg Line with British Fourth Army,
+            Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 290-297, 393;
+          casualties in assault of Hindenburg Line, v: 295;
+          return to U. S., v: 299;
+          commendation from Field-Marshal Haig, v: 299;
+          total casualties, v: 358;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
+        28th Division,
+          in second battle of the Marne and pursuit of Germans across
+            Vesle River, July--Aug., '18, v: 53, 56, 60, 62, 130, 153-154,
+            183-184, 188, 190, 191-192, (praise by Pershing and Degoutte),
+            383;
+          drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne, Aug.--Sept., '18,
+            v: 62, 260, 383-384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 218, 220-221, 225, 227, 229, 231, 237-239, 241,
+            243, 388;
+          arrival in France, v: 128;
+          training in France, v: 143;
+          sent to Marne sector as reserve to French army
+            defending road to Paris, June, '18, v: 143, 153;
+          casualties in second Marne battle, July 15--21, '18, v: 184;
+          captures Apremont, Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
+          captures Le Chene Tondu, Oct. 4, '18, v: 239;
+          captures Chatel Chehery, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;
+          operations as part of Second Army in direction of
+            Metz and Briey, Nov., '18, v: 274-279;
+          summary of history, v: 358;
+          units composing, v: 359;
+          total casualties, v: 359;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.
+        29th Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
+          Sept.--Oct. '18, v: 74, 86, 244, 246, 252;
+          captures Etraye ridge, Oct. 23, '18, v: 86, 252;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 359;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne battles, v: 253;
+          summary of history, v: 359;
+          units composing, v: 359;
+          total casualties, v: 359;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.
+        30th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 146, 300;
+          with British in Belgium, July--Aug., '18, v: 286, 300;
+          summary of organization, v: 300, 359;
+          breaks through St. Quentin Tunnel sector of Hindenburg Line,
+            Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 301-303, 393;
+          casualties, v: 359;
+          units composing, v: 360;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.
+        31st Division, history, v: 368;
+          units composing, v: 368.
+        32nd Division,
+          drives Germans to Vesle in Allied counter-offensive on
+            Marne salient, July--Aug., '18,
+            v: 60-61, 62, 130, 188-190, 191-192
+            (praise by Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          captures Cierges, July 31, '18, v: 60, 188;
+          captures Fismes, Aug. 6, '18, v: 61, 189;
+          captures Juvigny, Aug. 30, '18, v: 62, 258-259, 384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 80, 83, 84-85, 231, 237, 240, 241, 245, 247,
+            248, 250, 252, 389;
+          captures Gesnes, Oct. 5, '18, v: 81, 240;
+          captures Bantheville, Oct. 18, '18, v: 84-85, 252;
+          arrival in France, v: 119, 360;
+          casualties in Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18, v: 190;
+          captures Romagne, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250;
+          summary of history, v: 360;
+          units composing, casualties, v: 360;
+          in Army of Occupation, 360, 395.
+        33rd Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 83, 219, 224, 225, 228, 230, 234, 236, 244,
+            246, 388;
+          arrival and training in France under British, v: 144, 260;
+          attack on Hamel with Australians, July 4, '18, v: 144, 260;
+          with British in attack near Amiens, Aug., '18, v: 260;
+          summary of history, v: 360;
+          units composing, v: 360;
+          casualties, v: 360;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.
+        34th Division, summary of history, v: 368;
+          units composing, v: 369.
+        35th Division,
+          in First Army reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18,
+            v: 66, 203;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18,
+            v: 74, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 388;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 128, 197;
+          captures Charpentry and Baulny, Sept. 27, '18, v: 227;
+          unsuccessful attack on Exermont, Sept. 29, '18, v: 231;
+          summary of history, v: 361;
+          units composing, v: 361;
+          casualties, v: 361;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.
+        36th Division, arrival in France, v: 196;
+          operations with French Fourth Army in Champagne, Oct., '18,
+            v: 254, 257, 258, 393;
+          casualties in Champagne, v: 258;
+          summary of history, v: 361;
+          units composing, v: 361;
+          total casualties, v: 361;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.
+        37th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18,
+          v: 74, 78-79, 219, 224, 227, 229, 230, 231, 388;
+          operations in Belgium, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 83, 279-280, 393;
+          arrival in France, v: 145;
+          casualties in Belgian campaign, v: 280;
+          summary of history, v: 361;
+          units composing, v: 362;
+          total casualties, v: 362;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 362.
+        38th Division, organization and summary of history, v: 369;
+          units composing, v: 369.
+        39th Division (5th Depot),
+          organization and summary of history, v: 198, 369;
+          units composing, v: 369.
+        40th Division (6th Depot),
+          organization and summary of history, v: 197, 369;
+          units composing, v: 370.
+        41st Division (1st Depot),
+          organization and summary of history, v: 109, 370;
+          units composing, v: 370.
+        42nd Division,
+          arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 21, 109, 118, 142;
+          in the Vosges (Baccarat) sector, v: 21, 28, 118, 142;
+          joins French Fourth Army in Champagne defensive, July, '18,
+            v: 44-51, 129-130, 142-143, 155-158;
+          in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient,
+            July 25--Aug. 2, '18,
+            v: 56, 58-61, 130, 186-187, 188-189,
+            191-192 (praise by Pershing and Degoutte), 383;
+          takes Foret de Fere and crosses Ourcq in pursuit of Germans,
+            July 26--28, '18, v: 58-59, 187, 383;
+          captures Sergy, Seringes-et-Nesles, and Hill 212,
+            July 28, '18, v: 59, 188;
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 83, 84, 88, 91, 92, 220, 248, 250-252, 262, 269, 390;
+          capture of Cote de Chatillon, Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84, 250-252;
+          reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92, 269;
+          casualties in Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18, v: 189;
+          summary of history, v: 362;
+          units composing, v: 362;
+          total casualties, v: 362;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 362;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
+        76th Division, summary of history, v: 196, 370;
+          units composing, v: 370.
+        77th Division,
+          drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne after second Marne
+            battle, Aug.--Sept., '18, v: 62, 190, 260, 383-384;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 79, 81, 85, 88, 90-91, 92, 95, 220, 225, 227, 229,
+            231-232, 234, 239, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 250, 252, 262,
+            263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 388, 391, xii: 288;
+          outflanks German positions at Champigneulle in
+            Meuse-Argonne drive, Nov. 1--2, '18, v: 88, 263;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 141;
+          isolation and rescue of "Lost Battalion," Oct. 2--7, '18,
+            v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243;
+          capture of St. Juvin, Oct. 12, '18, v: 250;
+          attack on Grand Pre, Oct. 16, '18, v: 252;
+          summary of history, v: 362;
+          units composing, v: 363;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 363;
+          casualties, v: 363.
+        78th Division,
+          as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18,
+            v: 65, 202, 210;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 85, 91, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 391;
+          captures Briquenay, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 144;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;
+          summary of history, v: 363;
+          units composing, v: 363;
+          total casualties, v: 363;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 363.
+        79th Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 78-79, 80, 219, 224, 225, 226, 228, 230, 231, 262,
+            265, 270-272, 388;
+          captures stronghold of Montfaucon, Sept. 27, '18, v: 78-79, 225;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 363;
+          captures Nantillois, Sept. 28, '18, v: 228;
+          summary of history, v: 363, casualties, v: 363;
+          units composing, v: 364;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.
+        80th Division,
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 83, 88, 91, 219, 224, 226, 227, 230, 234, 237,
+            239, 241, 245, 246, 248, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266-268,
+            388, 391;
+          captures Buzancy, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 144;
+          battle for Brieulles-sur-Meuse, Sept. 27--28, '18, v: 226, 227;
+          capture of Bois des Ogons, Oct. 4--5, '18, v: 237, 239;
+          repulsed in attacks on Madeleine Farm, Oct. 6, '18, v: 241;
+          Madeleine Farm captured, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245;
+          unsuccessful attacks on Cunel, Oct. 10--11, '18, v: 246, 248;
+          captures Beaumont with 2nd Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266;
+          casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;
+          summary of history, v: 364;
+          units composing, v: 364;
+          total casualties, v: 364;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.
+        81st Division, arrival and training in France, v: 197;
+          operations in direction of Briey and Metz as part of
+            Second Army, v: 274-278;
+          captures Grimancourt, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277;
+          position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 278;
+          summary of history, v: 364;
+          units composing, v: 364;
+          casualties, v: 364;
+          prisoners captured, v: 364.
+        82nd Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 65, 68, 71, 202, 208, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+          v: 74, 83, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 390;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 143;
+          composite character, v: 143;
+          summary of history, v: 143, 365;
+          units composing, v: 365;
+          casualties, v: 365;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 365.
+        83rd Division, summary of history, v: 146, 371, 399;
+          units composing, v: 371.
+        84th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 371, 399;
+          units composing, v: 371.
+        85th Division, summary of history, v: 197, 371;
+          units composing, v: 371.
+        86th Division, summary of history, v: 372;
+          units composing, v: 372.
+        87th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 372;
+          units composing, v: 372.
+        88th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 365;
+          units composing, v: 365;
+          casualties, v: 365.
+        89th Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 70, 202, 210, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 391;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 365;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;
+          summary of history, v: 365;
+          units composing, v: 366;
+          casualties, v: 366;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.
+        90th Division,
+          in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 208-210, 386;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18,
+            v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 272, 274, 391;
+          arrival and training in France, v: 196;
+          casualties in St. Mihiel drive, v: 210;
+          captures Stenay, Nov. 10, '18, v: 272;
+          in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;
+          summary of history, v: 366;
+          units composing, v: 366;
+          total casualties, v: 366;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.
+        91st Division,
+          as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203;
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18,
+            v: 74, 78, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 232, 246, 388;
+          transferred to Belgium under French Sixth Army, Oct., '18,
+            v: 83, 279, 393;
+          operations in Belgium, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 83, 279, 393;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 366;
+          captures Spitaals-Bosschen, Oct. 31, '18, v: 279;
+          captures Audenarde, Nov. 2, '18, v: 279;
+          summary of history, v: 366;
+          units composing, 367;
+          casualties, v: 367;
+          prisoners and guns captured, v: 367.
+        92nd Division (colored),
+          in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 233;
+          organization and arrival in France, v: 145, 367;
+          summary of history, v: 367;
+          units composing, v: 367;
+          casualties, v: 367.
+        93rd Division (colored), summary of history, v: 367;
+          units composing, v: 367;
+          casualties, v: 368.
+      Casualties, in submarine warfare during neutrality, i: 357;
+        first time in War, Nov., '17, i: 392, v: 113;
+        total in War, iii: 404;
+        total dead, iii: 404, xii: 280;
+        number wounded, iii: 404, v: 344, xii: 280;
+        prisoners or missing, iii: 404;
+        in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 71, 212, 386;
+        in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18, v: 393,
+          xii: 280;
+        on Russian Front, v: 394;
+        total deaths overseas, classified according to cause, v: 402;
+        battle deaths, v: 402, xii: 280, 289;
+        deaths from disease, v: 402, vii: 179, 195, xii: 280;
+        money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25;
+        _see also_ U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+      Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47;
+        war-time shortage, xii: 48;
+        conservation measures under Fuel Administration, xii: 48-50;
+        extent of mining operations, xii: 50;
+        production compared with other staples, xii: 50;
+        waste in use, xii: 51;
+        Fuel Administration priority list, xii: 75;
+        production for '18--'19, xii: 146.
+      Conscription, Franklin Lane on lessons taught by, i: 370;
+        Conscription Act passed, Apr. 28--May 18, '17,
+          i: 390, iii: 83, xii: 280-281;
+        health statistics of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281-282;
+        total number of registrants, xii: 280, 281;
+        number inducted into service, xii: 280, 281.
+      Cost of living,
+        high prices most striking economic effect of War,
+          xii: _Intro. vii_;
+        "index numbers" as measure of price changes,
+          xii: _Intro. vii_;
+        comparison of index numbers, '13--'19, xii: _Intro. vii-viii_;
+        chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780,
+          xii: _Intro. viii-x_;
+        rise in, '14--'18, xii: _Intro. x_, 56-59;
+        existing high prices not due to scarcity, xii: _Intro. x-xi_;
+        currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_, 143;
+        chart showing relation of, to money in circulation, '14--'18,
+          xii: _Intro. xiii_;
+        high prices as breeder of Bolshevism, xii: _Intro. xiii-xiv_;
+        purchasing power of wages, '13--'18, xii: _Intro. xiv_;
+        remedies proposed for reducing high cost of living,
+          xii: _Intro. xiv-xv_, 147;
+        standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuations in,
+          xii: _Intro. xv_;
+        scarcity as cause of high prices, xii: 39, 142;
+        "fair price" lists, xii: 54;
+        profiteering, xii: 55, 143;
+        meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56;
+        present, compared with Civil War prices, xii: 57, 75;
+        rise in clothing prices, xii: 58, 142, 145;
+        government price-fixing, xii: 59;
+        monthly price changes, '12--'18, xii: 60;
+        analysis of, by Council of National Defense, xii: 142-148;
+        relation between wages and prices in estimating, xii: 142;
+        housing problem, xii: 142;
+        curtailed production since Armistice, xii: 142;
+        food consumption statistics, xii: 142;
+        influence of War on prices, xii: 143;
+        food supply statistics, '18--'19, xii: 143-144;
+        reasons for high food prices, xii: 144;
+        reduction in shoe output for '19, xii: 146;
+        coal production, '18--'19, xii: 146;
+        reduction in iron and steel production, '19, xii: 147;
+        reasons for high cost of living,
+        summarized by Council of National Defense, xii: 147;
+        _see also_
+          Prices;
+          U. S., Food.
+      Council of National Defense,
+        activities of General Medical Board of, vii: 187-189;
+        creation by Congress, '16, xii: 115;
+        duties, xii: 116;
+        members, xii: 116;
+        Advisory Commission of, pre-War activities, xii: 117;
+        committees, xii: 122;
+        distinguished membership of committees, xii: 122;
+        non-partisanship of, xii: 124;
+        expenses, xii: 124;
+        work of Field Division, xii: 124;
+        results of activities, xii: 124;
+        War Industries Board established, xii: 125;
+        cantonment construction, xii: 125;
+        share in victory, xii: 126;
+        analysis of causes of and remedies for high cost of living,
+          xii: 142-148.
+      Declarations of war,
+        transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;
+        impelling causes for, i: 301, 341, 348, 368, ii: 53;
+        effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;
+        diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17,
+          i: 344-345, 389;
+        text of President Wilson's speech before Congress asking for
+          declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
+        text of declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 6, '17, i: 355;
+        Franklin Lane on effects of entry into War on American life,
+          i: 366-373;
+        diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary severed, Apr. 8, '17,
+          i: 389;
+        diplomatic relations with Turkey severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;
+        declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393;
+        effect on final result of War,
+          ii: 220, 273 (a German military critic's view), iii: 83;
+        Ludendorff's comments on, ii: 341;
+        effect on French, ii: 387;
+        effect on British, vi: 11;
+        _see also_ under Submarine warfare.
+      Employment Service, war-time activities, xii: 67.
+      Food,
+        Herbert Hoover appointed Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;
+        position of U. S. as producer, '17, xii: 35;
+        wheat production _vs._ consumption, 1890--1914, xii: 35;
+        corn production _vs._ consumption, 1890--1914, xii: 35;
+        voluntary rationing, xii: 35;
+        exports to Europe before and during War, xii: 36, 135;
+        conservation, xii: 37, 40, 141;
+        war-time increase in production, statistics, xii: 37;
+        increased production more important than conservation, xii: 38;
+        crop acreage, '10--'18, xii: 38;
+        crop yields, '10--'18, xii: 39;
+        Hoover's report on European relief, xii: 42;
+        war-time government control, xii: 46, 59, 140;
+        Sugar Equalization Board, functions, xii: 46;
+        war-time sugar distribution, xii: 46;
+        potato crop, xii: 47;
+        "fair price" lists, xii: 54;
+        functions of Food Administration, xii: 59, 140;
+        statistics on quantity and prices, June, '18--June, '19,
+          xii: 61-65;
+        price comparisons, '13--'19, xii: 64;
+        wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141;
+        consumption statistics, xii: 142;
+        production statistics, '18--'19, xii: 143;
+        wheat production, '18--'19, xii: 143;
+        meat production, '18--'19, xii: 144;
+        corn crop, '18, xii: 144;
+        reasons for high prices, xii: 144;
+        _see also_ under U. S., Cost of living.
+      Food Administration, _see_ under U. S., Food.
+      Foreign relations, policy of isolation, i: 50;
+        abandonment of policy of isolation, i: 52-58;
+        early relations with China and Japan, i: 53;
+        African interests, i: 54;
+        Congo policy, i: 54;
+        armed expeditions sent beyond borders, 1836--1861, i: 54;
+        intervention in Cuba, i: 56;
+        "open door" policy in China, i: 57;
+        Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57;
+        Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;
+        policy in Venezuelan controversy with Germany, '02, i: 86;
+        participation in European conferences, i: 86;
+        participation in Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86;
+        German plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;
+        arbitration treaties, i: 103;
+        emergence from War as World Power, i: 371;
+        after-War mission, i: 372.
+      Fuel Administration, _see_ under U. S., Coal.
+      German-owned property, extent, xii: 33-34.
+      Industries during War,
+        regulations for conservation of leather by War Industries Board,
+          xii: 53;
+        duties and powers of War Industries Board, xii: 72;
+        priority system, xii: 73-75;
+        distribution of war contracts, xii: 74;
+        response to war needs, xii: 115;
+        creation of Council of National Defense, xii: 115;
+        duties of Council of National Defense, xii: 116;
+        pre-War movement for industrial preparedness, xii: 117;
+        pre-War activities of Advisory Commission,
+          Council of National Defense, xii: 118;
+        committees of Council of National Defense, xii: 122;
+        organization and personnel of War Industries Board, xii: 125;
+        share in final victory, xii: 126;
+        _see also_ under U. S., Council of National Defense, Labor.
+      Labor, women in war industries, xii: 25;
+        war-time safeguards for workers, xii: 66;
+        organizing for war production, xii: 67;
+        Employment Service of Department of Labor, war-time activities,
+          xii: 67;
+        war-time strikes, xii: 68;
+        importance in winning War, xii: 68-69;
+        size of working population, xii: 71;
+        immigration as source of labor supply, xii: 71;
+        war-time dislocation, xii: 71;
+        Mediation Commission for settling labor unrest, xii: 71;
+        activities of Advisory Labor Council, xii: 71;
+        Gen. Crowder's "Work or fight" order, xii: 72;
+        women as railway workers during War, xii: 84;
+        settlement of war-time disputes in shipyards, xii: 94;
+        attitude to War, xii: 121.
+      Marine Corps, strength, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 403;
+        in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6--26, '18,
+          v: 39, 130, 135-139, 382, x: 1-10;
+        capture of Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;
+        in second battle of the Marne, July 18--19, '18,
+          v: 55, 130, 159, 167-170, 174-175, 178-179;
+        capture of Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174-175;
+        in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct., '18,
+          v: 79, 241, 255-257;
+        capture of Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79-80, 241, 257;
+        in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18,
+          v: 95, 262-263, 266, 270, 274;
+        arrival in France, v: 106, 108;
+        incorporated in 2nd Div., v: 108;
+        not in Chateau-Thierry battle of May 31--June 3, '18,
+          as popularly supposed, v: 130, 135;
+        casualties at Belleau Wood, June, '18, v: 139;
+        name of Belleau Wood changed by French
+          to _Bois de la Brigade de Marine_, v: 139;
+        casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 179;
+        in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 210;
+        in drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 262-263;
+        force crossing of Meuse, Nov. 10, '18, v: 270, 274;
+        _see also_ under U. S. Army, 2nd Division.
+      Navy,
+        Rear-Adm. Mayo on war-time accomplishments of,
+          iv: _Intro. vii-xiii_;
+        supplying guns and gun crews for merchant ships,
+          iv: _Intro. viii_, 314;
+        laying of North Sea mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330;
+        anti-submarine coast patrol, iv: _Intro. xii_;
+        Naval gunners on Western Front,
+         iv: _Intro. xii_, 323, v: 306, viii: 42-45;
+        transportation of A. E. F. to France,
+          iv: _Intro. xii_, 157-165 (account of first
+          expedition across Atlantic, June, '17, by Adm. Gleaves),
+          xii: 94-95, 283;
+        lessons of the War, iv: _Intro. xiii_;
+        destroyer flotilla on anti-submarine patrol duty in war zone,
+          iv: 157, 315-317, 343;
+        development of depth bomb by, iv: 307, 330;
+        strength of personnel before War and at armistice, iv: 317;
+        training of new personnel, iv: 317;
+        war-time expansion in ships and equipment, iv: 318-319;
+        repair of damaged interned German liners, iv: 319-321;
+        laying of oil pipe line across Scotland, iv: 322;
+        invention of "Y" gun for discharge of depth bombs, iv: 331;
+        development of aerial bombs for use by seaplanes against U-boats,
+          iv: 332;
+        development of star shells for illuminating enemy positions
+          in dark, iv: 334;
+        invention of torpedo plane, iv: 335;
+        adventures of transports in war zone, iv: 335-343;
+        capture of German submarine _U-58_, Nov. 18, '17, iv: 349;
+        Secretary Daniels' report on activities in European waters,
+          iv: 356-359;
+        co-operation with British,
+          iv: 356 (Secretary Daniels on),
+          359-361 (tributes by Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Beatty);
+        development and description of N-C flying boats, viii: 236-240;
+        _N-C-4_ first airplane to cross Atlantic, viii: 240;
+        types of dirigibles used by, viii: 245, 255-257.
+      Neutrality,
+        Dr. Eliot's summary of reasons for pro- and anti-German feeling,
+          i: 270-273;
+        von Jagow's defense against anti-German criticisms, i: 273;
+        Maximilian Harden's views on, i: 274;
+        German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen,
+          i: 282;
+        position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
+        French opinion of, i: 287;
+        unpopular with all belligerents, i: 288;
+        British opinion of, i: 289;
+        Gabriel Hanotaux's views on, i: 290;
+        conflict of sympathies, i: 297;
+        psychology of, i: 297;
+        increasing pro-Ally sentiment, i: 299;
+        attitudes of Wilson and Roosevelt compared, i: 299, 302;
+        German violations against, i: 300;
+        transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;
+        effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;
+        attitude of press, i: 309;
+        Austro-Hungarian protest of unfairness of, i: 309;
+        Maximilian Harden's views on American war prosperity, i: 310;
+        Bryan's statement on, Jan. 20, '15, i: 311;
+        controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of
+          neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
+        controversy with Germany on submarine warfare,
+          i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, 357-361
+          (chronological summary with list of ships sunk);
+        President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note to Germany,
+          i: 317;
+        President Wilson's "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372;
+        controversy with Germany on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+          i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;
+        statements of Taft and Roosevelt on _Lusitania_ sinking,
+          i: 320;
+        note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 322;
+        attitude of press on torpedoing of _Arabic_, i: 323;
+        controversy with Austria-Hungary on torpedoing of _Ancona_,
+          i: 326, 361;
+        McLemore Resolution warning Americans not to travel on
+          belligerent ships, i: 327;
+        McLemore Resolution defeated, i: 328;
+        note threatening severance of diplomatic relations
+          with Germany over sinking of _Sussex_, Apr. 18, '16,
+          i: 329-331;
+        issues of '16 Presidential campaign, i: 334;
+        controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of
+          neutral mail, i: 335;
+        President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims,
+          Dec. 18, '16, i: 336;
+        Lansing's statement of problems of, i: 339;
+        diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17,
+          i: 344-345, 389;
+        President Wilson orders U. S. merchantmen armed, i: 347;
+        American casualties from submarine warfare during, i: 357;
+        President Wilson issues proclamation of, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;
+        _see also_ Germany, Blockade of;
+          Submarine warfare.
+      Peace Conference, delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;
+        list of delegates, xii: 179;
+        for work of delegates at, _see_ Peace Conference;
+        _also_ under name of delegate.
+      Peace Treaty, fight against, in Senate, xii: 264-278;
+        Fall amendments to, defeated, Oct. 2, '19, xii: 264;
+        ratification with original Lodge reservations defeated,
+          Nov. 19, '19, xii: 265-266;
+        text of original Lodge reservations, xii: 265;
+        defeated in Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, xii: 266-269;
+        President Wilson's opinion of Lodge reservations, xii: 267;
+        text of revised Lodge reservations, xii: 269;
+        efforts to declare peace by Congressional resolution,
+          xii: 271-278;
+        text of peace resolution introduced in House of Representatives,
+          Apr. 1, '20, xii: 271;
+        Knox resolution declaring peace with Germany passed by Congress,
+          May 15--21, '20, xii: 273-277;
+        text of original Knox resolution proposing separate peace
+          with Germany and successors of Austria-Hungary, xii: 273;
+        text of amended Knox resolution, xii: 277;
+        President Wilson vetoes Knox resolution, xii: 277;
+        text of President Wilson's veto message, xii: 278.
+      Population, European immigration, i: 37;
+        German immigration in 1882 and 1910, i: 75;
+        size, characteristics, and distribution of German element in,
+          i: 79, 277-279;
+        ratio of increase in urban and rural, 1890--1910, xii: 35.
+      Press, attitude on neutrality, i: 309;
+        attitude on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320;
+        attitude on torpedoing of _Arabic_, i: 323;
+        views on German indemnity, xii: 24.
+      Prisoners of war, first captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17,
+        iii: 84, v: 112;
+        total lost in War, iii: 404.
+      Railroads, war-time operation under government control, xii: 87-90;
+        reasons for government control, xii: 88;
+        defects in management, xii: 89;
+        equipment sent to France, xii: 95;
+        pledge of maximum war-time service by, xii: 121.
+      Shipping, war-time building program, with statistics, xii: 92-94;
+        war losses, xii: 94;
+        neutral tonnage chartered for war service, xii: 98;
+        war-time cargo fleet, statistics on tonnage and shipments,
+          xii: 283, 286.
+      Trade, with Germany through neutrals, ii: 21;
+        increase in exports, '12--'17, xii: 1;
+        luxury imports, xii: 8-9;
+        decrease in luxury imports, '14--'18, xii: 58;
+        hostility to trade with Germany, xii: 99;
+        War Trade Board export license system, xii: 99.
+      War cost, currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_, 28-31, 143;
+        loans floated in U. S. by foreign countries, Aug., '14--Jan., '17,
+          xii: 2;
+        sources and amounts of war-time taxation, xii: 2-9, 109-111;
+        income taxes, with comparison of rates in England and France,
+          xii: 2-6;
+        criticisms of war tax law, xii: 5-6;
+        President Wilson's tax program, xii: 6-7;
+        luxury taxes, xii: 7-9;
+        war-time prosperity, xii: 9-10;
+        loans in early U. S. history, xii: 10;
+        Liberty Loans, floating of, with statistics on amounts raised
+          and number of subscribers, xii: 10-16, 113, 126-135;
+        repayment of loans made to Allies, xii: 11;
+        Liberty Loan subscriptions by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12;
+        Liberty Loan subscriptions in New York City, xii: 12;
+        comparison of war debt with pre-War national debt,
+          xii: 16, 113, 114;
+        hourly war expenditures, xii: 16;
+        comparison of war cost with previous expenditures, xii: 16;
+        distribution of war expenditures, xii: 16;
+        amount of loans to Allies, xii: 16, 18, 31;
+        short-term certificates of indebtedness, xii: 16;
+        War Savings Stamps, amount raised by, xii: 18,134;
+        problem of liquidating national debt, xii: 18;
+        accumulation of Europe's gold supply in U. S., xii: 29;
+        credit expansion, xii: 30;
+        pre-War cash reserves, xii: 30;
+        transition from debtor to creditor nation, with statistics,
+          xii: 31;
+        daily, monthly, and total war cost, Apr., 17--June, '19,
+          xii: 106-108.
+      War Industries Board, _see_ under U. S., Industries during War.
+
+    Uruguay, failure of soviet plot in, vi: 392;
+      delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.
+
+    Uskub, captured by Bulgarians, Oct., '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204;
+      recaptured by Allies, Sept., '18, iii: 213.
+
+
+    V
+
+    _V-187_,
+      German destroyer sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
+
+    Vaccine, manufacture of anti-typhoid, viii: 393;
+    _see also_ Disease.
+
+    Vacuum tubes, in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320.
+
+    Valenciennes, Germans use as gateway into France, v: 215.
+
+    Valley, Count Arco, assassin of Kurt Eisner, vi: 298.
+
+    Van, occupied by Russians, May 23, '15, iii: 262.
+
+    Van Iersal, Sgt. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
+
+    Vanquois, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Varennes, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Vaux, town in Marne salient, location, v: 133;
+      captured by 2nd Div., July 1, '18, v: 138, 382.
+
+    Vaux, Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, June 7, '16,
+        i: 385, iii: 54, 313;
+      evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, i: 388, iii: 62;
+      German efforts at capture repulsed, Mar., '16,
+        ii: 189, iii: 52, 306,
+        327-329 (description by French officer participating in defense);
+      Major Raynal, defender of, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313;
+    _see also_ Verdun.
+
+    Veles, captured by Bulgarians, Oct. 28--29, '15, i: 382,
+      iii: 158, 204;
+      recaptured by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
+
+    Velocity of projectiles, viii: 111.
+
+    Vencheres Wood, captured by 179th Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.
+
+    Vendieres, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Venereal diseases,
+      statistics on, and methods of combating in U. S. Army,
+      v: 402, vii: 208-209.
+
+    Venezuela, pro-German attitude during War, vi: 392.
+
+    _Vengeance_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
+
+    Venizelos, Eleutherios, pro-Ally policy during Greek neutrality,
+     iii: 202;
+      establishes revolutionary government in Crete, Sept., '16, iii: 210;
+      biography, ix: 76-82;
+      bibliography, ix: 81.
+
+    Verdun,
+      strategic value and reasons for German campaigns against,
+        i: 268, ii: 6, 13, 36-39, 188, 189, iii: 46, 302,
+        v: 199, 215, xi: 21;
+      effect of battle of the Somme on German offensive against,
+        ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;
+      eliminated by Germans as scene of '18 offensive, ii: 67;
+      battles of, Feb., '16--Sept., '17,
+        ii: 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61-62, 79, 302-315, 327-329,
+        viii: 289-291, xi: 21-22;
+      comparison of German attack, Feb., '16,
+        with tactics at first battle of the Marne, ii: 186;
+      "They shall not pass," French watchword of defense at,
+        ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21;
+      Petain commands defenders, Feb.--May, '16, ii: 189, iii: 50, 304;
+      Germans capture Fort Douaumont, Feb. 25, '16,
+        ii: 189, iii: 48, 304-305;
+      German attacks on Fort Vaux repulsed, Mar., '16,
+        ii: 189, iii: 52, 306, 327-329
+        (described by French officer taking part in defense);
+      German Crown Prince in command of attacking forces,
+        iii: 47, 48, 303;
+      use of motor transports in defense of, iii: 50, viii: 289-291;
+      battles for Dead Man's Hill (Le Mort Homme), Mar.--May, '16,
+        iii: 51, 53-54, 306-307, 308, 310-313;
+      Cumieres captured and lost by Germans, May, '16, iii: 54, 312;
+      Gen. Nivelle appointed to command of French defenders, May, '16,
+        iii: 54, 310;
+      Fort Vaux captured by Germans, June 7, '16, iii: 54, 313;
+      German efforts to capture Fort Souville defeated, iii: 55;
+      Thiaumont captured by Germans, June 23--24, '16,
+        and recaptured by French, iii: 55, 313;
+      Nivelle's surprise attack, Oct., '16, iii: 61;
+      Fort Douaumont recaptured by French, Oct., '16, iii: 61;
+      Fort Vaux evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, iii: 62;
+      Gen. Mangin succeeds Nivelle as French commander at,
+        Dec., '16, iii: 62;
+      Mangin launches successful offensive, Dec., '16, iii: 62;
+      final French victories regain all important positions,
+        Aug.--Sept., '17, iii: 79;
+      Ludendorff's comment on German blunder at, iii: 302;
+      description of intensity of fighting at, by French participant,
+        iii: 308;
+      Major Raynal, defender of Fort Vaux, awarded Legion of Honor,
+        iii: 313;
+      freed from threat of further German attacks by suppression of
+        St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 208.
+
+    Verrieres, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
+
+    Versailles Treaty, _see_ Peace Treaty with Germany.
+
+    Very, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
+
+    Very pistol, use in signalling, v: 319.
+
+    Vesle River,
+      Germans driven across, in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient,
+      July--Aug., '18, v: 60-62, 188-191, 383;
+      Germans driven from, to the Aisne, Aug.--Sept., '18,
+        v: 62, 260, 383-384.
+
+    Vesnitch, Dr. M. R., Serbian diplomat,
+      statement of Jugoslav attitude toward Italian aggrandizement,
+        vi: 366.
+
+    Veterinary,
+      treatment of sick and injured animals in War,
+        vii: 225-227, viii: 397-399.
+
+    Vickers machine-gun, use on airplanes, viii: 87;
+      U. S. production figures, xii: 284.
+
+    Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, biography, ix: 395-398.
+
+    Victory Way, in New York City, xii: 133.
+
+    Vienna, war-time privation in, vi: 312;
+      riots, '18, vi: 316;
+      after-War distress, vi: 318;
+      Bolshevik uprising suppressed, Apr., '19, vi: 320-321.
+
+    Vierstaat Ridge,
+      captured by British and 27th Div., A. E. F., Sept. 1--2, '18,
+        v: 290.
+
+    Vierzy, captured by 2nd Div., July 18, '18, v: 55, 174.
+
+    Vigneulles,
+      junction of 1st and 26th Divs. at, closes St. Mihiel salient,
+      Sept., '18, v: 69, 211, 212.
+
+    Ville-devant-Chaumont, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
+
+    Villepigue, Corp. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Villers Wood, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 15, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Villers-Cotterets, concentration of Allied forces near,
+      for Marne counter-offensive, July, '18, ii: 154, v: 161.
+
+    Villers-devant-Dun, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.
+
+    Villers-sous-Preney, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.
+
+    Vilna, captured by Germans, Sept., '15, iii: 141.
+
+    Vilosnes-sur-Meuse captured by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271.
+
+    Vimy Ridge, captured by Canadians, Apr. 9, '17, iii: 70, 343-349;
+      strategic importance, iii: 343;
+      London _Times'_ account of battle, iii: 346-348;
+      decorations for gallantry at, iii: 349.
+
+    _Vindictive_, British cruiser at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262;
+      sunk in Ostend Channel, iv: 279;
+    _see also_ Zeebrugge Raid.
+
+    _Viribus Unitis_, Austrian battleship
+      sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, May 15, '18, i: 395, x: 297-303.
+
+    _Vive La France!_ poem by Charlotte H. Crawford, vi: 94.
+
+    Viviani, Rene, French statesman, biography, ix: 19-21.
+
+    Vladivostok, seized by Czechoslovak troops, June, '18, vi: 192;
+      Allies send troops to, vi: 193;
+    _see also_ Siberia.
+
+    Vocational training,
+      for war cripples, American help for French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95;
+      for American disabled, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;
+      modern attitude on, viii: 387;
+    _see also_ Reconstruction of disabled.
+
+    Vodka, war-time prohibition of, in Russia, iii: 265, vi: 135;
+      use of harmful substitutes for, vi: 138.
+
+    Voisin bombing planes, viii: 223.
+
+    Voldemaras, Prof.,
+      forms first independent Lithuanian cabinet, vi: 236.
+
+    Vologodsky, Peter,
+      head of liberal Siberian government at Omsk, vi: 191.
+
+    Voormezeele, captured by 30th Div., Aug. 31--Sept. 1, '18, v: 300.
+
+    Vosges Mountains, military importance, ii: 6;
+      place in scheme of general French strategy, ii: 9;
+      French occupy passes of, Aug., '14, iii: 16;
+      French offensive in, Dec., '15, iii: 46;
+      as training area for A. E. F.,
+        v: 118, 197, _see also_ under each Division.
+
+
+    W
+
+    Waalker, Sgt. Reider, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
+
+    _Wacht am Rhine, Die_, German national song, xi: 332.
+
+    Wales, Prince of, personal sketch, ix: 395, xi: 150-152.
+
+    Walker, Col. William H.,
+      head of U. S. poison-gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 181.
+
+    Wallace, Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.
+
+    Wallachia, German offensive in, iii: 221.
+
+    Walsh, Frank P.,
+      member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66;
+      biography, ix: 337-339.
+
+    War, as a simple art, iii: 137;
+      definition of, iv: 1;
+      desirability, v: _Intro. x_;
+      extent of modern, v: _Intro. x_;
+      German policy of, _see_ Germany, Kultur, Militarism.
+
+    War Babies' Cradle,
+      organization and relief activities of, vii: 107, xi: 56.
+
+    War Committee (or Council) of British Cabinet,
+      members, Nov., '14, ii: 198;
+      responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 200;
+      responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
+
+    War Industries Board, U. S., _see_ U. S., Industries during War.
+
+    War relief:
+      American, plan of _Stars and Stripes_ for adoption of
+        French orphans, vii: 72, xi: 80;
+        Children's Bureau of American Red Cross, relief activities for
+          Allied children, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;
+        vocational training for French war cripples, vii: 79, 92-95;
+        beginnings of American relief work, vii: 85;
+        Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 85, 119, xii: 136, 141;
+        Lafayette Fund, vii: 85;
+        Committee of Mercy, vii: 87;
+        American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 87, 91;
+        National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87-90;
+        John Moffat's activities in early development of, vii: 87;
+        American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany,
+          vii: 88, 96;
+        Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 88, 108;
+        French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116;
+        benefit bazaars, vii: 90;
+        "Hero Land" bazaar, vii: 90;
+        American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 91, xi: 85;
+        American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92;
+        American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92;
+        War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies, vii: 95;
+        Le Bien-Etre du Blesse, vii: 96;
+        French Tuberculosis War Victims' Fund, vii: 97;
+        American Committee of the Charities of the Queen of the Belgians,
+          vii: 98;
+        for war blind, vii: 99, 255-260 (Permanent Blind Relief War Fund);
+        Franco-American Committee for the Protection of
+          Children of the Frontier, vii: 101, xi: 85;
+        American Committee of the Secours National, vii: 105;
+        Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;
+        aid for French victims of shell-shock and nervous derangements,
+          vii: 106;
+        War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56;
+        relief work of American alumni of Ecole des Beaux Arts, vii: 108;
+        relief for Serbia, vii: 109, 144-168;
+        relief for Rumania, vii: 109;
+        Commission for Relief in Belgium, organization and activities,
+          vii: 116-144;
+        Millard Shaler, early organizer of Belgian relief, vii: 119;
+        Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343-349;
+        for Jewish war sufferers, vii: 349-376;
+        Free Milk for France fund, vii: 376-379;
+        American Relief Administration for feeding newly liberated
+        peoples, xii: 141.
+      Belgian, Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98.
+      British, in Serbia, iii: 398;
+        Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, vii: 95;
+        British and Canadian Patriotic Fund, vii: 99;
+        British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99;
+        Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101;
+        Chelsea War Refugees Fund for Belgian refugees in England,
+          vii: 106;
+        London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107;
+        St. Dunstan's Home for blind, vii: 259.
+      Dutch, for Belgian refugees and interned soldiers, vii: 168-175.
+      French, vocational training for disabled, vii: 92-95;
+        Le Bien-etre du Blesse, vii: 96;
+        Secours National, vii: 105;
+        Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;
+        relief for victims of shell-shock and nervous derangement,
+          vii: 106;
+        War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56.
+    _See also_ Knights of Columbus;
+        Red Cross;
+        Salvation Army;
+        Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+    War Risk Insurance, Bureau of, for U. S. fighting men, vii: 176.
+
+    War Savings Stamps, U. S., amount sold, xii: 18, 134.
+
+    War terms and soldier slang, definitions of, xi: 359-362.
+
+    War Trade Board, U. S., _see_ U. S., Trade.
+
+    War Zone, _see_
+      Germany, Blockade of;
+      Submarine warfare.
+
+    Warburg, Felix M., treasurer American Jewish Relief Committee,
+      vii: 354.
+
+    Ward, Pvt. Calvin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
+
+    Warehouses, location of great A. E. F. supply depots in France,
+      v: 330;
+      construction of, by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.
+
+    Warfare, _see_ Strategy;
+      Tactics;
+      Trench warfare.
+
+    Warneford, Flight Sub-Lieut. R. A. J., brings down first Zeppelin,
+      ii: 269, x: 223.
+
+    _Warrior_, British cruiser sunk at Jutland, iv: 260.
+
+    Warsaw, German attacks on and capture of, Aug. 5, '15,
+      i: 381, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138.
+
+    _Warspite_, British warship at battle of Jutland, iv: 260.
+
+    Washington Inn, for American officers in London, vii: 288.
+
+    _Wasted_, poem, xi: 100.
+
+    Watches, for A. E. F., viii: 327.
+
+    Water supply, for A. E. F., construction of facilities for, v: 333;
+      modern methods for making safe for use of armies, viii: 394-396.
+
+    _We Are Fred Karno's Army_, British soldiers' song, xi: 338.
+
+    _Wearing of the Green_, Irish patriotic air, xi: 334.
+
+    Weather forecasting, importance of, in war, xi: 296-303.
+
+    Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, commander of _U-9_,
+      sinks British cruisers _Aboukir, Cressy_, and _Hogue_,
+      iv: 205, x: 274-280.
+
+    Wedell, Hans von, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.
+
+    Weimar, meeting place of German National Assembly, Feb., '19, vi: 291.
+
+    Wekerle, Dr., succeeds Count Tisza as Premier of Hungary, vi: 314;
+      suppresses Jugoslav congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
+
+    Welland Canal, German plot for destruction of, i: 318.
+
+    Wellborn, Col., director of U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
+
+    Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn,
+      succeeds Jellicoe as British First Sea Lord, Dec. 26, '17, i: 393.
+
+    West, Sgt. Chester H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
+
+    West Prussia, award to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.
+
+    Western Front,
+      establishment by Germans of trench lines from
+        North Sea to Swiss border following first Marne battle,
+        Sept., '14, ii: _Intro. vii_, 11, iii: 37,
+        viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;
+      relative importance compared with Eastern theatre of war,
+        ii: _Intro. x-xxiv_ (Gen. Maurice on), 11-14, 87-89,
+        171 (opinion of Field-Marshal French);
+      the _vital_ front, ii: _Intro. xxiii_;
+      Allied retreat to the Marne, Aug.--Sept., '18,
+        ii: 9, 166, 183, iii: 20-30;
+      German "strategic" retreat to Hindenburg Line, '17,
+        ii: 53, iii: 66-70;
+      reasons for German offensive of Mar.--July, '18, ii: 65-67;
+      German strength, Mar., '18, ii: 65, 75, iii: 383, v: 120;
+      Allied strength Mar., '18, ii: 66;
+      choice of sector by Germans for great offensive of Mar., '18,
+        ii: 67-69, 311, iii: 86;
+      great German offensive begun, Mar. 21, '18,
+        ii: 70, 150, 308-316 (Ludendorff's account),
+        iii: 86, 359, v: 23, 120, 130, 380, vi: 270;
+      break through Allied line and rout of British Fifth Army near
+        St. Quentin in great German drive, Mar., '18,
+        ii: 70-74, 150-152, 190-197, iii: 86-91,
+        381-390 (account by Philip Gibbs), v: 373;
+      German drive against Channel ports, Apr., '18,
+        ii: 75, 153, iii: 91, 359-363;
+      German casualties in offensive of Mar.--Apr., '18, ii, 75;
+      German drive to the Marne, May--July, '18,
+        ii: 76-79, 154, 320, iii: 92-96, v: 35, 41-53, 129, 130;
+      Allied counter-offensive and retreat of Germans out of
+        France and Belgium, July 18--Nov. 11, '18,
+        ii: 80-87, 154, 156-159, 209-216
+        (resume by Gen. Malleterre), 324-326 (Ludendorff's account),
+        331-340 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 96-104, v: 72, 192, 213;
+      battle line, July 18, '18, ii: 82;
+      German bases in France captured in Allied counter-offensive,
+      July--Nov., '18, ii: 86;
+      campaigns on, first phase, maneuvering for position, ii: 112;
+      second phase, war of attrition, ii: 112;
+      third phase, final stroke, ii: 113;
+      necessity for frontal attack on, ii: 116;
+      Foch's analysis of weakness of German position, July, '18, ii: 154;
+      Allied and German man-power, Oct., '18, ii: 159;
+      British man-power, Aug., '18, ii: 214;
+      British shell supply, Aug., '18, ii: 214;
+      military situation, Nov., '18, ii: 215;
+      general topography, iii: 2;
+      battle line, Jan., '15, iii: 41;
+      German prisoners and guns captured by Allies,
+        July--Nov., '18, iii: 104;
+      A. E. F. deciding factor in last campaigns on, v: 23-25;
+      first American sector established, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192-193, 384;
+      American front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 95;
+      five major German offensives on, v: 96;
+      effect of Russian withdrawal from War on, v: 113;
+      German lines of defense and communications, v: 214-216;
+      for details of engagements or sectors, _see_ name of battle,
+      campaign, or sector.
+
+    Wet, Gen. Christian de,
+      leader of Boer rebellion against British, '14, vi: 50.
+
+    Wettig, Carl, discloses German plot to blow up ships, x: 374.
+
+    Wexford, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
+
+    Wheat, production and imports by Germany, ii: 17;
+      government price-fixing in U. S., xii: 59;
+      U. S. exports to Allies, July, '17--July,'18, xii: 141;
+      statistics on production in U. S., '18--'19, xii: 143;
+    _see also_ Food.
+
+    _Where Do We Go From Here, Boys?_,
+      American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Whiddy Island, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
+
+    Whippets, British baby tanks, ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;
+    _see also_ Tanks.
+
+    Whitby, bombarded by German fleet, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
+
+    White Russia, Republic of, established, May, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Whittlesey, Major Charles W.,
+      commander of "Lost Battalion," isolation and rescue in
+      Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 2--7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243;
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    _Why Did We Join the Army?_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
+
+    Wickersham, Geo. W.,
+      analysis of Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 170-178.
+
+    Wickersham, 2nd Lieut. J. Hunter,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
+
+    _Wien_, Austrian battleship torpedoed by
+      Italians in Trieste harbor, i: 393, x: 290.
+
+    Wieringen,
+      German Crown Prince's home at, after flight from Germany, vi: 278.
+
+    Wilhelm, Kaiser, _see_ William II.
+
+    Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, biography, ix: 401-405.
+
+    Wilhelmshaven, revolt of German navy at, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
+
+    Willard, Daniel, chairman of Advisory Commission,
+      U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.
+
+    William I, becomes first German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871, i: 44.
+
+    William II, of Germany,
+      abdicates throne, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399, ii: 340, vi: 273;
+      conception of powers as Emperor, i: 73;
+      becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97, 185, ix: 358;
+      arrogance, i: 97;
+      visits Turkey, i: 98, 207;
+      famous speech at Tangier, Mar., '05, i: 99;
+      complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, July, '14,
+        i: 133-136, 252;
+      interview in London _Daily Telegraph_ declaring friendship for
+        England, Oct. 28, '18, i: 186;
+      advice to troops to be "terrible as Huns," i: 186;
+      reprimanded by Reichstag and Bundesrat for _Daily Telegraph_
+        interview, i: 189;
+      Lloyd George's opinion of, i: 189;
+      Kruger telegram supporting cause of Boers against Great Britain,
+        Jan. 3, 1898, i: 192;
+      statement about "sharpness of German sword," ii: 161;
+      Ludendorff's estimate of weakness, ii: 317;
+      Supreme War Lord, ii: 331;
+      author of phrase "Yellow peril," vi: 248;
+      retirement to Amerongen after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
+      biography and sketch of personality, ix: 355-367, xi: 139-141;
+      bibliography, ix: 367;
+      Peace Treaty provisions for trial for war guilt, xii: 217.
+
+    William of Wied, becomes ruler of Albania, i: 206.
+
+    _William P. Frye_,
+      American ship sunk by Germans, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319, 378.
+
+    Wilson, Adm. Henry B., biography, ix: 295-296.
+
+    Wilson, Gen.,
+      British representative on Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84.
+
+    Wilson, Major,
+      develops idea of tank as fighting machine, viii: 155.
+
+    Wilson, William B.,
+      U. S. Secretary of Labor, on anti-war spirit of laboring classes,
+        xii: 65.
+
+    Wilson, Woodrow,
+      assumes leadership of liberal Democrats, i: 295;
+      temperament contrasted with Roosevelt's, i: 299;
+      "Strict accountability" note to Germany on U-boat warfare, i: 317;
+      "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372, ix: 62;
+      opposition to McLemore Resolution, i: 327;
+      note to belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18,. '16, i: 336;
+      "Peace without victory" speech, Jan., '17, i: 337, ix: 64;
+      speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany,
+        Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
+      effects of diplomacy, ii: 390;
+      position in Fiume dispute, vi: 369;
+      biography and personal sketch, ix: 55-69, xi: 131-135;
+      "Fourteen Points," ix: 67, xii: 163-165;
+      bibliography, ix: 69;
+      stricken ill during tour for ratification of Peace Treaty,
+        Sept., '19, xii: 264;
+      opinion of Lodge reservations, xii: 267;
+      message vetoing Knox Resolution, xii: 278;
+      for relations with belligerents during neutrality,
+      _see_ Germany, Blockade of;
+        Submarine warfare;
+      for work at Peace Conference, _see_ Peace Conference.
+
+    Winchester self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.
+
+    Windhoek, captured by British, May 12, '15, i: 380, iii: 255.
+
+    Wire entanglements, _see_ Barbed wire.
+
+    Wireless, use by A. E. F. Signal Corps, v: 317, 318-319;
+      development under war needs, viii: 315;
+      apparatus for generation and transmission of radio waves,
+        viii: 315-318;
+      Goldschmidt alternator, viii: 316;
+      Alexanderson alternator, viii: 316-318;
+      use of vacuum tubes in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320;
+      types of aerials, viii: 320;
+      U. S. Navy wireless stations, location and method of operation,
+        viii: 320-322.
+
+    Wisloka River,
+      battle between Germans and Russians on banks of, May, '15, iii: 136.
+
+    Woevre River,
+      Germans driven into plains of, by A. E. F. advance in
+      Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 94.
+
+    Wold, Pvt. Nels, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
+
+    _Wolf_, seaplane-carrier German raider, activities, iv: 198.
+
+    Women in War, French munition workers, ii: 376;
+      Pershing's tribute, v: 404;
+      as Y. M. C. A. workers in Europe, vii: 267-271;
+      Russian Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205-210;
+      British, in war industries, xii: 25;
+      American, in war industries, xii: 26, 84-85;
+      British, as farm laborers, xii: 40;
+      effects of entry into industries on social organization, xii: 83-84;
+    _see also_ Nurses;
+        Red Cross;
+        Salvation Army;
+        War relief;
+        Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+    Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard,
+      on lessons of the War, iii: _Intro. vii-x_;
+      in command of 89th Div., during training period, v: 146, 365.
+
+    Woodfill, 1st Lieut. Samuel,
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
+
+    World empires, development toward, before War, i: 23;
+      rivalry of ambitions for, i: 25.
+
+    World federation, ideal of, i: 25;
+      religious diversity an obstacle to, i: 25.
+
+    World League of Red Cross Societies, organization and objects, vii: 3.
+
+    World War, results,
+      i: _Intro. ix-xiv_ (summary by Dr. Eliot),
+      vii: _Intro. ix_ (Dr. Manning on spiritual);
+      areas involved, i: 9;
+      effect on population, xii: 25;
+    _see also_ Causes of War;
+        Cost of War;
+        Germany, Responsibility for War.
+
+    Wounded, _see_
+      Ambulance;
+      Carrel-Dakin treatment;
+      Hospitals;
+      Infection;
+      Medical Science;
+      Reconstruction of disabled;
+      Surgery;
+      U. S. Army, Medical Service.
+
+    Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., commander of 35th Div., v: 128, 361;
+      commander of 89th Div., v: 146, 365;
+      commander of Seventh Corps, v: 395;
+      biography, ix: 221-223.
+
+    Wuerttemberg, Duke of, in command of German Northern Armies, iii: 61.
+
+    Wynne, Mrs. Hilda,
+      experiences as ambulance driver, vii: 105, x: 186-188.
+
+
+    X
+
+    Xivray, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
+
+    X-ray, use in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376.
+
+    Xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.
+
+
+    Y
+
+    "Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 331.
+
+    Yachts, converted, work in anti-submarine patrol, iv: 292.
+
+    Yakutsk Republic, established, May, '18, xii: 279;
+      area and population, xii: 279.
+
+    Yankee (26th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.
+
+    Yarmouth, bombarded by German raiders, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 244.
+
+    Yemen, Imamate of, established, '18, xii: 279.
+
+    York, Sgt. Alvin C., account of exploits as fighter, x: 13-18;
+      gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
+
+    Young, Lt.-Com. E. Hilton, account of Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 269-279.
+
+    Young, Lieut. I. E. R.,
+      account of air battle against German raiders over London, x: 215.
+
+    Young Men's Christian Association:
+      American, organization for war work and program of activities,
+        vii: 261-266;
+        recognition by War Department as welfare agency, vii: 262;
+        personnel, number and character, vii: 266;
+        casualties in overseas service, vii: 267;
+        women's work with, overseas, vii: 267-271;
+        Work in A. E. F. leave areas, vii: 269;
+        at the front with combat troops, vii: 271-277;
+        award of Distinguished Service Crosses to workers, vii: 272;
+        with the "Lost Battalion," vii: 273;
+        huts used as targets by Germans, vii: 274;
+        awards of _Croix de Guerre_ to workers, vii: 275, 313;
+        hotels for service men, vii: 277;
+        entertainment for service men, vii: 277-279;
+        educational work for A. E. F., vii: 280-283, 290;
+        religious activities among troops, vii: 283-285;
+        activities for A. E. F. in United Kingdom, vii: 286-290;
+        Eagle Hut in London, vii: 288, 300;
+          in Italy, vii: 290;
+        with Army of Occupation, vii: 291-293;
+        with A. E. F. in Russia and Siberia, vii: 293-298;
+        Navy service, vii: 298-302;
+        Navy Hut at Brest, vii: 302;
+        work among prisoners of war, Allied and Teuton, vii: 302-310;
+        care of American war prisoners in Germany, vii: 309;
+        _Foyers du Soldats_ for French soldiers, vii: 310-313;
+        _Foyers du Marin_ for French sailors, vii: 313;
+        athletics for A. E. F., vii: 313-317;
+        work for Russian army and civilians, vii: 318-319.
+      British, in Egypt, vii: 321, 322;
+        at Gallipoli, vii: 321;
+        in Sudan, vii: 322;
+        in Palestine and Jerusalem, vii: 322-323;
+        in Mesopotamia, vii: 324.
+      Indian, welfare work in India, vii: 327.
+      International, in Egypt, vii: 322;
+        in Mesopotamia, vii: 324-327.
+
+    Young Turks, force constitutional government in Turkey, '08, i: 109.
+
+    Ypres, battles of:
+      Oct.--Nov., '14, ii: 144, 170-171 (Field-Marshal French's account),
+      iii: 41.
+      Apr., '15, first use of gas in warfare by Germans,
+        ii: 222, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316.
+      July--Oct., '17, ii: 128 (Haig's account of use of artillery in),
+        iii: 78-79.
+      Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 360-363 (description by Philip Gibbs).
+
+    Yser, battles of, Oct., '14, ii: 220, iii: 40;
+      July, '17, iii: 77-78.
+
+    Yudenitch, Gen., Russian commander,
+     campaign against and capture of Erzerum, iii: 262-263.
+
+
+    Z
+
+    Zabern incident, i: 72.
+
+    Zeebrugge Raid, British exploit in blocking German submarine
+      base on Belgian coast, Apr., '18, iv: 261-279;
+      ships participating, iv: 262;
+      official Admiralty report, iv: 262-265;
+      Capt. Carpenter's account, iv: 266-268;
+      British casualties, iv: 268;
+      account of Lieut.-Com. Young of _Vindictive_, iv: 269-279.
+
+    Zemstvos, Russian, congress of, prohibited by Protopopov, vi: 143;
+      succeeded by local "soviets," vi: 164;
+      war-time activities, xii: 82.
+
+    _Zemtchug_, Russian cruiser sunk by German raider _Emden_,
+      Oct. 28, '14, iv: 179.
+
+    Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von,
+      inventor of Zeppelin dirigible airships, biography, ix: 250-252.
+
+    Zeppelins, description of structural features,
+      with discussion of utility during war and peace,
+        ii: 262-269, viii: 241-254;
+      raids on England, ii: 266, iii: 41,
+        viii: 246, _see also_ Air raids;
+      exploit of Sub-Lieut. Warneford in bringing down first
+        Zeppelin of War, ii: 269, x: 223-225;
+      development in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241;
+      compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;
+      flight of _L-59_ to Egypt, viii: 243.
+
+    Zigzagging, as defense against U-boat attack, iv: 310.
+
+    Zimmermann, Dr. Alfred F. M., German Foreign Secretary,
+      attempt to force from Ambassador Gerard
+      guarantees for German-owned property in U. S., i: 345;
+      text of note attempting to involve Mexico and Japan
+        in war against U. S., i: 347.
+
+    Zouaves, description, xi: 189.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+I.--PORTRAITS
+
+
+    A.
+
+    Adams, Sgt, Harry J., x: 42.
+
+    Ador, Gustave, President of Switzerland,
+      with President Poincare of France, xii: 154.
+
+    Ahmed, Sultan, Shah of Persia, i: 104.
+
+    Albert, King of the Belgians, at the front, ii: 5;
+      with Queen Elizabeth, ii: 157, vii: 140;
+      inspecting British tank, ii: 278;
+      equestrian statue, iii: 379;
+      portrait studies, vii: 121, ix: 386;
+      symbolic painting of, ix;
+    _facing p._ 386 (in color);
+      entry into Bruges, ix: 390;
+      inspecting U. S. sailors, xi: 129.
+
+    Albert, Prince, of England, xi: 150, 151 (as aviator).
+
+    Alexander, King of Greece, iii: 206.
+
+    Alexander I, Czar of Russia, i: 35.
+
+    Alexander, Prince Regent of Serbia, vi: 357, vii: 147.
+
+    Alexander, Maj.-Gen. Robert, v: 221.
+
+    Alexandra, former Czarina of Russia, ix: 377;
+      with royal family, xi: 146.
+
+    Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England, ix: 394.
+
+    Alexandrina Irene, Princess, daughter of German Crown Prince, xi: 149.
+
+    Alexis, Czarevitch, of Russia,
+      ii: 227, xi: 145, 146, 148 (last photograph).
+
+    Alfonso, King of Spain, with son, vi: 371.
+
+    Allen, B. S., vii: 115.
+
+    Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., v: 201.
+
+    Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,
+      ii: 89, 177, iii: 323 (entering Jerusalem), ix: 197.
+
+    Allied Food Council, members of, ix: 322.
+
+    Ames, Winthrop, vii: 340.
+
+    Anastasia, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., v: 93.
+
+    Aonzo, Lieut., iv: 365.
+
+    Aosta, Duke of, iii: 240.
+
+    Armenian Patriarch, of Jerusalem, vi.: 332.
+
+    Arnim, Count von, ii: 222.
+
+    Arnim, Gen. Sixt von, iii: 88.
+
+    Arthur, Julia, vii: 344.
+
+    Asquith, Herbert H., ix: 31.
+
+    Astor, Mrs. Vincent, as Y. M. C. A. canteen worker, vii: 270.
+
+    Atkinson, Sgt. Ralph M., x: 61.
+
+    Averescu, Gen., iii: 216.
+
+
+    B
+
+    Bailey, Maj.-Gen. C. J., v: 275.
+
+    Bain, H. F., vii: 115.
+
+    Baker, Newton D.,
+      v: 39 (with Gen. Pershing), 375, ix: 324,
+      xii: 117 (with members of Council of National Defense),
+      xii: 289 (drawing first draft number).
+
+    Baldwin, Dr. E. R., vii: 69.
+
+    Balfour, Arthur James, ix: 41;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Barker, Col. William, vii: 391.
+
+    Barton, Clara, vii: 12.
+
+    Baruch, Bernard M.,
+      xii: 117 (with members of U.S. Council of National Defense), 119.
+
+    Bates, Blanche, vii: 344.
+
+    Bauer, Gustav, vi: 304.
+
+    Beatty, Adm. Sir David,
+      iv: 11 (coming on board U. S. battleship _New York_),
+      102, 149 (with King George), ix: 284.
+
+    Belgian royal children, xi: 130.
+
+    Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., v: 219.
+
+    Belrose, L., vii: 115.
+
+    Benedict XV, Pope, i: 164.
+
+    Benson, Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_;
+      with Secretary Daniels and Sir Eric Geddes, iv: 357.
+
+    Benson, 1st Lieut. Philip, x: 210.
+
+    Berchtold, Count, i: 137, ix: 143.
+
+    Bergmann, Gen., ix: 267.
+
+    Bernhardi, Gen, Frederick von, i: 169.
+
+    Bernstorff, Count Johann von, ix: 134, x: 327.
+
+    Bertle, Sir Francis L., ii: 131.
+
+    Bethel, Brig.-Gen. Walter A., v: 38.
+
+    Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals),
+      iii: 2, vi: 265, ix: 123.
+
+    Bigelow, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.
+
+    Biggs, Dr. H. M., vii: 69.
+
+    Binkley, Sgt. David U., x: 97.
+
+    Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, iii: 375.
+
+    Bishop, Col. William A., x: 216, 219.
+
+    Bismarck, Prince Otto von, i: 43;
+      with Napoleon III, i: 44;
+      at Congress of Berlin, i: 49;
+      at proclamation of German Empire, i: 55;
+      dictating surrender of French in Franco-Prussian War, i: 163;
+      dictating terms of peace to French after Franco-Prussian War,
+        i: 212.
+
+    Bissing, Gen. von, ii: 99.
+
+    Bliss, Gen, Tasker H., v: 110;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Bohlen, Krupp von, i: 135.
+
+    Bonstelle, Jessie, vii: 344.
+
+    Booth, Miss Evangeline, vii: 392.
+
+    Boothby, George, vii: 335.
+
+    Borden, Sir Robert, vi: 25.
+
+    Botchkareva, Marie, x: 184.
+
+    Botha, Gen. Louis, vi: 49, ix: 192.
+
+    Brent, Bishop, xi: 250.
+
+    Breshkovsky, Catherine, vi: 150, ix: 348.
+
+    Briand, Aristide,
+      i: 398 (presiding at first Allied Conference, Mar., '16), ii: 386.
+
+    Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count, ix: 137, xii: 169.
+
+    Brown, Brig.-Gen. Preston, v: 86.
+
+    Brunswick, Duke and Duchess of, i: 168.
+
+    Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei, iii: 143, ix: 233.
+
+    Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,
+      v: _facing p._ 396 (in color), ix: 220, x: 17 (with staff).
+
+    Buelow, Prince Bernhard von, ix: 129.
+
+    Bunch, Maj. Henry E., x: 83.
+
+    Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, v: 249, ix: 226.
+
+    Bunsen, Sir Maurice de, i: 126.
+
+    Burdick, "Mother," vii: 385.
+
+    Burr, Sgt. George E., x: _facing p._ 102 (in color).
+
+    Butterfield, Sgt. William M., x: 343.
+
+    Byng, Sir Julian, iii: 338.
+
+
+    C
+
+    Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, iii: 229, 231, 233, ix: 228.
+
+    Caillaux, M., vi: 104.
+
+    Cambon, Jules, i: 128.
+
+    Cambon, Paul, ii: 384.
+
+    Cameron, Pvt. Charles, x: 144.
+
+    Campbell, Capt. Douglass, x: _facing p._ 152 (in color).
+
+    Canterbury, Archbishop of, vii: 299.
+
+    Carden, Vice-Adm., iii: 174.
+
+    Carney, Pvt. Fred, x: 53.
+
+    Carpenter, Capt., iv: 266, 267.
+
+    Carpentier, Georges, as airman, x: 207.
+
+    Carranza, Gen. Venustiano, i: 320.
+
+    Carrel, Dr. Alexis, ix: 311, xi: 289.
+
+    Carson, Sir Edward, vi: 66, ix: 51.
+
+    Carty, Col., x: 48.
+
+    Casement, Sir Roger, vi: 56, 57 (on trial for treason), ix: 54.
+
+    Castelnau, Gen. de, with Gen. d'Esperey, ii: 141.
+
+    Castlereagh, Lord, i: 29.
+
+    Cavour, Count Camillo, i: 43.
+
+    Cecil, Lord Robert, xii: 207.
+
+    Chamberlain, Austen, ii: 90.
+
+    Chapman, Victor, x: 170.
+
+    Charles I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
+      ii: 65, iii: 140 (in Warsaw), ix: 373.
+
+    Charles Theodore, Prince, son of King Albert of Belgium, xi: 130.
+
+    Churchill, Winston Spencer, vi: 10, ix: 45 (with wife).
+
+    Churchill, Mrs. Winston Spencer, ix: 45.
+
+    Clarkson, Grosvenor B.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Clausewitz, Carl von, i: 166.
+
+    Clayburgh, Mme., vii: 344.
+
+    Clemenceau, Georges, near the front, iii: 35;
+      decorating a priest, iii: 85;
+      portrait study, ix: 3;
+      leaving Peace Conference, ix: 6;
+      in his study, ix: 11;
+      in uniform of a poilu, ix: 12;
+      visiting a liberated French village, xi: 126;
+      at Somme battle front, xi: 127;
+      presiding at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Clementel, French Minister of Commerce, xii: 106.
+
+    Clifford, Rev. J. H., x: 33.
+
+    Coffin, Howard E.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Colmar, Mayor of, i: 328.
+
+    Commission for Relief in Belgium, members of, vii: 115.
+
+    Connaught, Duke of, with King George, i: 124;
+      inspecting troops, vi: 33;
+      with Archbishop of Canterbury at a Y. M. C. A. hut, vii: 299.
+
+    Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, v: 104.
+
+    Constantine, former King of Greece, iii: 203, ix: 381 (with family).
+
+    Council of National Defense,
+      U. S., with Advisory Commission, members of, xii: 117.
+
+    Cozens, W. J., vii: 115.
+
+    Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, iv: 63.
+
+    Craig, Capt., vi: 66.
+
+    Craig, Brig.-Gen. Malin, v: 80.
+
+    Crile, Dr. George W., vii: 68.
+
+    Cronkhite, Maj.-Gen. Adelbert, v: _facing p._ 146 (in color).
+
+    Currie, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Arthur, iii: 346 (with Pershing), 377, vi: 28.
+
+    Czar of Russia, _see_ Nicholas II.
+
+
+    D
+
+
+    D'Amade, Gen., ii: 163.
+
+    Daniels, Josephus, with Franklin Roosevelt, i: 359;
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_;
+      with Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Benson, iv: 357;
+      portrait study, x: 327;
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Danilo Alexander, Prince, of Montenegro, iii: 153.
+
+    D'Annunzio, Gabriele, vi: 121.
+
+    Dasch, Pvt. Carl W., x: 50.
+
+    Davis, Brig.-Gen. Robt. C., v: 291.
+
+    Davison, Henry P., vii: 3, 17.
+
+    Dawson, Sgt. Clarence W., x: 310.
+
+    De La Ray, Gen., vi: 49.
+
+    Derby, Dr. Richard, x: 242.
+
+    Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, vi: 297.
+
+    D'Esperey, Gen., with Gen. Castelnau, ii: 141.
+
+    Devereaux, Pvt. Harold J., x: 134.
+
+    De Wet, Gen. Christian, vi: 49.
+
+    Diaz, Gen., ii: 367.
+
+    Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., v: 52.
+
+    Disraeli, Benjamin, i: 50.
+
+    Djavid Bey, ii: 28.
+
+    Djevad Bey, Col., iii: 356.
+
+    Dmitrieff, Gen. Radko, iii: 136.
+
+    Dougherty, Color Sgt. Hardy C, x: 110.
+
+    Doumergue, French Minister of Colonies, vi: 104, xii: 106.
+
+    Drummond, Sir Eric, xii: 202.
+
+    Dubail, Gen. and Madame, xi: 47.
+
+    Duffy, Father, vii: 335.
+
+    Dugan, Maj.-Gen. Thomas B., v: 226.
+
+    Dumba, Dr. Constantin, x: 328.
+
+    Dunant, Henri, vii: 10.
+
+    Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., v: 10.
+
+
+    E
+
+    Earle, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Ebert, Friedrich,
+      vi: 293 (delivering speech of acceptance to election as
+      German President), ix: 136.
+
+    Edward VII, of England,
+      with Kaiser, i: 188;
+      with son (present King George V) and
+      grandson (present Prince of Wales), ii: 3.
+
+    Edwards, Maj.-Gen. Clarence R.,
+      v: 66 (with Gen. Liggett), 253.
+
+    Eggeman, Judge, vii: 335.
+
+    Eggers, Sgt., x: 105.
+
+    Einem, Gen. von,
+      with Kaiser and other leading German generals, i: 130.
+
+    Eisner, Kurt, vi: 289.
+
+    Eitel, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168.
+
+    Eitel Friedrich, Princess, of Prussia, i: 168.
+
+    Elena, Queen of Italy, xi: 142.
+
+    Elizabeth, Queen of Belgium,
+      ii: 157, vii: 140, ix: 389, xi: 130 (with her children).
+
+    Ellis, Pvt. M. B., x: 119.
+
+    Eltinge, Brig.-Gen. Leroy, x: 283.
+
+    Ely, Maj.-Gen. Hanson E., v: 123.
+
+    Enver Pasha, iii: 262, ix: 271.
+
+    Erzberger, Mathias, meeting with Foch to arrange armistice, v: 392.
+
+    Eugene, Archduke, of Austria, with staff, i: 139.
+
+
+    F
+
+    Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich von,
+      i: 130 (with other leading German generals), iii: 223, ix: 262.
+
+    Fallow, Capt. Thomas H., x: 161.
+
+    Feng Kuo-Chang, Gen., i: 58.
+
+    Ferdinand, former Czar of Bulgaria, iii: 156, 211, ix: 379.
+
+    Ferdinand, King of Rumania,
+      iii: 219 (decorating troops), 221, ix: 400.
+
+    Ferguson, Sgt. Dugald E., x: 77.
+
+    Ferguson, Elsie, vii: 341.
+
+    Fernandez, Bijou, vii: 344.
+
+    Fisher, Adm. Lord John, ix: 289.
+
+    Fiske, Brig.-Gen. Harold B., v: 103.
+
+    Fitzgerald, John, vii: 335.
+
+    Flagler, Maj.-Gen. Clement A. F., v: 209.
+
+    Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
+      ii: 86 (inspecting Rhine fortifications with Gen. Mangin),
+      139, 142 (reviewing guards at St. Germain-en-Laye),
+      v: 392 (meeting German armistice delegates),
+      ix: 148, 151 (an early portrait), xi: 47, 136.
+
+    Forstner, Lieut. von, i: 73.
+
+    Foulois, Brig.-Gen Benjamin D., v: 310.
+
+    Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, of Austria,
+      i: 3 (with family), 111, 113 (shortly before assassination),
+      vi: 360 (with Kaiser).
+
+    Francis Joseph I, late Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ix: 371.
+
+    Frederick, Archduke, of Austria, ii: 24.
+
+    Frederick, King of Denmark, vi: 393.
+
+    Frederick the Great, i: 22.
+
+    Frederick III, German Emperor, i: 183.
+
+    Frederick William, former Crown Prince of Prussia and of Germany,
+      with Crown Princess, i: 117;
+      with leading German generals, i: 130;
+      with members of royal family, i: 168;
+      bestowing decorations, ii: 38;
+      portrait studies, ii: 311, 339, ix: 368 (with one of his children);
+      on Verdun front, iii: 48, 307;
+      with staff, iii: 304;
+      with father and son, vi: 263.
+
+    Frederick William III, King of Prussia, i: 34.
+
+    French, Field-Marshal Viscount John, iii: 24, ix: 178, xi: 360.
+
+    French cabinet, members of, '13, vi: 304.
+
+    Freytag-Loringhoven, Baron von, ii: 255.
+
+    Fritz, Pvt. Albert, x: 80.
+
+
+    G
+
+    Gallieni, Gen. Joseph Simon, ix: 162.
+
+    Galopin, Gen., xi: 47.
+
+    Garfield, Harry A., xii: 49.
+
+    Garibaldi, Capt., x: 64.
+
+    Garibaldi, Gen., x: 64.
+
+    Gasette, Miss Grace, vii: 190.
+
+    Gaultney, Corp. Walter E., x: _facing p._ 200 (in color).
+
+    Gay, G. I., vii: 115.
+
+    Geddes, Sir Eric,
+      iv: 357 (with Josephus Daniels and Adm. Benson), ix: 314.
+
+    George, Prince, of England, xi: 151.
+
+    George V, King of England,
+      with Duke of Connaught, i: 124;
+      with father (Edward VII) and Prince of Wales, ii: 3;
+      aboard U. S. battleship _New York_, iv: 11, 85;
+      with Adm. Beatty, iv: 149;
+      inspecting gun on a U. S. battleship, iv: 346;
+      decorating a U. S. soldier, v: 383;
+      bust presented to American Y. M. C. A. in London, vii: 286;
+      with Lloyd George, ix: 29;
+      portrait study, ix: 393;
+      at baseball game between U. S. service teams in London, xi: 153;
+      on tour of inspection, xi: 314.
+
+    Gerard, James W., i: 303 (with embassy staff in Berlin), 322.
+
+    German Crown Princess, with Crown Prince, i: 117;
+      with members of royal family, i: 168;
+      with daughter and German Empress, xi: 149.
+
+    Gibbons, Cardinal James, vii: _Intro. vi._
+
+    Gibson, Harvey D., vii: 103.
+
+    Gibson, Hugh, vi: 88, vii: 115.
+
+    Gifford, Walter S.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Giovanna, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.
+
+    Gleaves, Vice-Adm. Albert, iv: 159.
+
+    Glossop, Capt. John C. T., iv: 186.
+
+    Godfrey, Dr. Hollis,
+     with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, ix: 269.
+
+    Gompers, Samuel P., xii: 87.
+
+    Gordon, Maj.-Gen. Walter H., v: 223.
+
+    Gorgas, Surgeon-General William C., vii: 192.
+
+    Gori, Lieut., with Commander Rizzo and Lieut. Aonzo, iv: 365.
+
+    Gortchakoff, Prince, i: 181.
+
+    Goschen, Sir Edward, i: 125.
+
+    Gough, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Hubert de la Poer, iii: 376.
+
+    Gouraud, Gen. Henri, ii: 122, 210, iii: 229, v: 44.
+
+    Gourko, Gen. Basil, ii: 226.
+
+    Graham, Sgt. Clyde, x: 166.
+
+    Grayson, Rear-Adm., xii: _Intro. xvii._
+
+    Greek delegates to Paris Peace Conference, ix: 80.
+
+    Greek royal family, ix: 381.
+
+    Grey, Sir Edward, ix: 36.
+
+    Griffin, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Grismer, Mrs. Joseph, vii: 344.
+
+    Grouitch, Madame Slavko, vii: 145.
+
+    Guendele, Gen. von,
+     with German armistice delegates, meeting Foch, v: 392.
+
+    Gustav, King of Sweden, vi: 395.
+
+    Guynemer, Capt. Georges, x: 203.
+
+
+    H
+
+    Haakon VII, King of Norway, i: 133.
+
+    Haan, Maj.-Gen. William G., v: 24.
+
+    Haeseler, Gen. von, with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.
+
+    Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, ii: 113, 114, iii: 374, ix: 182.
+
+    Haldane, Lord, i: 108.
+
+    Hall, Capt. James Norman, x: 201.
+
+    Hamill, Dr. Samuel M., vii: 69.
+
+    Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, ii: 30, iii: 162.
+
+    Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G., v: _facing p._ 36 (in color).
+
+    Harden, Maximilian, vi: 303.
+
+    Hartman, Sgt. William A., x: 167.
+
+    Hartz, Gen. William W., v: 255.
+
+    Hay, Maj.-Gen. William H., v: 279.
+
+    Helfferich, Dr. Karl, iii: 2, ix: 354.
+
+    Helmick, Maj.-Gen. Eli, v: 268.
+
+    Heming, Violet, vii: 344.
+
+    Henderson, Arthur, ix: 48.
+
+    Herren, Sgt. William, x: 323.
+
+    Hertling, Count von,
+      i: 273, vi: 259 (addressing Prussian Chamber of Deputies).
+
+    Hill, R. F., vii: 115.
+
+    Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and other leading German generals),
+      ii: 207, 299 (with Ludendorff), 325 (with Ludendorff), 361,
+      iii: 113, vi: 291, ix: 243, 248 (wooden statue of),
+      364 (with Kaiser and Ludendorff).
+
+    Hinds, Maj.-Gen. Ernest, v: 320.
+
+    Hines, Maj.-Gen. John L., v: 182.
+
+    Hines, Walker D., xii: 90.
+
+    Hinkle, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.
+
+    Hohenberg, Duchess of,
+      i: 3 (with husband, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
+      of Austria, and family), 111, 113
+      (with husband, shortly before assassination).
+
+    Holt, Dr. L. Emmett, vii: 69.
+
+    Honnold, W. L., vii: 115.
+
+    Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace, iv: 120.
+
+    Hoover, Sgt. Charles S., x: 126.
+
+    Hoover, Herbert C., vii: 115, 122, ix: 317.
+
+    Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max K., iv: 207.
+
+    House, Col. Edward M.,
+      ix: 71 (with Mrs. House), 74, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference).
+
+    Houston, David F.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Howe, Capt. Maurice W., x: 312.
+
+    Howze, Maj.-Gen. Robert L., v: 185.
+
+    Hsauen Tung, ex-Emperor of China, i: 17.
+
+    Hughes, Sir Sam, vi: 35.
+
+    Hughes, William Morris, vi: 39.
+
+    Hurley, Edward N., with Charles M. Schwab, ix: 336.
+
+
+    I
+
+    Ingenohl, Vice-Adm., iv: 68.
+
+    Ireland, Maj.-Gen. Merritt A., vii: 194.
+
+    Ishii, Viscount, ix: 89.
+
+    Italian royal children, xi: 142.
+
+    Italian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 118.
+
+    Ivanoff, Gen., iii: 127.
+
+
+    J
+
+    Jagow, Gottliev von, iii: 2, ix: 127.
+
+    Janeway, Dr. Theodore C., vii: 250.
+
+    Janis, Elsie, vii: 294.
+
+    Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John, v: 100, ix: 276.
+
+    Joan of Arc, i: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Joffre, Marshal Joseph Jacques Cesar, with Gen. Nivelle, ii: 12;
+      in trenches with Kitchener, ii: 164;
+      examining German prisoners, ii: 173;
+      at Verdun, iii: 50;
+      with Gen. Pershing, v: 57;
+      painting in color, ix: _facing p._ 154;
+      decorating French officer, ix: 158;
+      at West Point, ix: 160;
+      at Lafayette statue in Brooklyn, xi: 7;
+      portrait studies, xi: 11, 268;
+      with other leading French generals and Pershing, xi: 47.
+
+    Jones, R. H., vii: 115.
+
+    Jutta, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.
+
+
+    K
+
+    Kaiser, _see_ William II.
+
+    Karolyi, Count, ix: 146.
+
+    Kei Hara, vi: 387.
+
+    Kenney, Maj., with Maj. Whittlesey, v: 238.
+
+    Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch, vi: 145, ix: 105.
+
+    Key, Francis Scott, xi: 325.
+
+    Kitchener, Field-Marshal Earl Horatio Herbert,
+      ii: 164 (in trenches with Joffre), 165, 203, ix: 169, 171.
+
+    Klotz, Louis, at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and group of German generals), 377,
+      ii: 9, ix: 267 (with staff).
+
+    Koenig, Capt. Paul, iv: 214.
+
+    Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich, ix: 240.
+
+    Korniloff, Gen., ii: 235, vi: 168.
+
+    Korth, Sgt. Herman, x: _facing p._ 254 (in color).
+
+    Krauss, Gen. F. M. C., with Archduke Eugene of Austria, i: 139.
+
+    Kreger, Brig.-Gen. Edward A., v: 230.
+
+    Krobatin, Austrian Minister of War, with Archduke Eugene, i: 139.
+
+    Kropotkin, Prince Peter, vi: 136.
+
+    Kruger, Oom Paul, i: 192.
+
+    Krupp, Alfred, i: 160.
+
+    Krupp, Bertha, ix: 353.
+
+    Krupp von Bohlen, i: 135.
+
+    Kuhl, Gen. von, ix: 267.
+
+    Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., v: 224.
+
+    Kuropatkin, Gen., iii: 269.
+
+
+    L
+
+    Lafayette, Marquis de, xi: 6.
+
+    Lafayette Escadrille, members, x: 197, 200.
+
+    Lane, Franklin K.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. W. C., v: 343.
+
+    Langham, Pvt. George W., x: 99.
+
+    Lansing, Robert, at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Lassiter, Maj.-Gen. William, v: 145.
+
+    Latham, Sgt., x: 105.
+
+    Lathrop, Mrs. Benjamin G., vii: 94.
+
+    Laurier, Sir Wilfred, vi: 26.
+
+    Law, Andrew Bonar, conferring with French cabinet members, xii: 106;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Le Jeune, Maj.-Gen. John A., v: 256.
+
+    Leman, Gen., i: 144.
+
+    Lenihan, Brig.-Gen. Michael J., vii: 335.
+
+    Lenin, Nicolai, ix: 111.
+
+    Leonard, Benny, viii: 108.
+
+    Leopold, Crown Prince of Belgium, xi: 130, 145.
+
+    Leopold, Prince, of Bavaria,
+      i: 130 (with group of German generals), iii: 140 (in Warsaw).
+
+    Lepley, Sgt. James B., x: 251.
+
+    Lewis, Sgt. Stacy A., x: 302.
+
+    Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, i: 196, ix: 132.
+
+    Liebknecht, Karl, ix: 139.
+
+    Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,
+      v: _facing p._ 108 (in color), 66 (with Maj.-Gen. Edwards),
+      ix: 219.
+
+    Lincoln, Tribitsch, x: 345.
+
+    Lipton, Sir Thomas,
+      with Duchess of Westminster and her Red Cross nurses on board the
+      yacht _Erin_, vii: 136.
+
+    Li Yuan-Hung, Gen., i: 57.
+
+    Lloyd George, David, addressing a crowd, vi: 5;
+      return to London from Peace Conference, vi: 21;
+      portrait studies, ix: 22, xii: 151;
+      with King George, ix: 29;
+      at Peace Conference, xii: 160.
+
+    Lloyd George, Mrs. David, ix: 24.
+
+    Lloyd George, Miss, xi: 121.
+
+    Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, xii: 239.
+
+    Lohvitsky, Gen., vi: 144.
+
+    Londonderry, Lord, vi: 66.
+
+    Lovett, Judge Robert S., vii: 90.
+
+    Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von,
+      with Kaiser and group of German generals, i: 130;
+      with Hindenburg, ii: 299, 325;
+      portrait study, ix: 251;
+      with wife, ix: 253;
+      with Kaiser and Hindenburg, ix: 364.
+
+    Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, x: 192, 197, xi: 228, 229.
+
+    Luke, Lieut. Frank, x: 212.
+
+    Luxemburg, Rosa, vi: 281.
+
+    Lvoff (Lvov), Prince George E., vi: 159, ix: 101.
+
+
+    M
+
+    MacArthur, Maj.-Gen. Douglas, v: _Intro. viii_, ix: 213.
+
+    MacDonald, Ramsay, vi: 3.
+
+    Mackensen, Field-Marshal August Anton Ludwig von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and group of leading German generals),
+      iii: 137, 222, ix: 258.
+
+    Mafalda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.
+
+    Maja Vajiravudth, King of Siam, vi: 80.
+
+    Malvy, M., vi: 104.
+
+    Mangin, Gen., inspecting Rhine fortifications with Foch, ii: 86.
+
+    Manning, Corp. Sidney E., x: 122.
+
+    Manning, Rev. Dr. William T., vii: _Intro. viii._
+
+    Mapes, L. D., vii: 115.
+
+    March, Gen. Peyton C., ix: 211.
+
+    Maria, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.
+
+    Marie, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    Marie, Queen of Rumania, vii: 111, ix: 402.
+
+    Marie Adelaide, Grand-Duchess of Luxemburg, i: 78, ix: 383.
+
+    Marie Jose, Princess, of Belgium, xi: 130, 144.
+
+    Marlborough, Duchess of, vii: 131.
+
+    Marshall, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William R., iii: 333.
+
+    Martin, Dr. Franklin,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Mary, Princess, of England, xi: 150.
+
+    Mary, Queen of England, ix: 394.
+
+    Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley, iii: 184, ix: 195.
+
+    Maudhuy, Gen. de, ii: 144.
+
+    Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick B., ii: _Intro. ix._
+
+    Max, Burgomaster, of Brussels, iii: 272.
+
+    Max, Prince, of Baden, vi: 302.
+
+    Mayhew, 2nd Lieut. Carl C., x: 136.
+
+    Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, iv: _Intro. ix_, ix: 297.
+
+    McAdoo, Eleanor, xi: 133.
+
+    McAdoo, William G., ix: 330, xii: _Intro. xi._
+
+    McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. Ulysses G., v: 389, ix: 217.
+
+    McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W., v: 101, ix: 215.
+
+    McGlachlin, Maj.-Gen. Edward F., v: 228.
+
+    McGowan, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    McIntrye, Miss Gladys and Irene,
+      being decorated for distinguished service at the front, vii: 395;
+      collecting funds for Salvation Army, vii: 398.
+
+    McKaig, Corp. F. H., x: 300.
+
+    McKeogh, Lieut. Arthur, x: 140.
+
+    McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H., v: 251.
+
+    Meissner, Maj. James A., x: 231.
+
+    Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., v: 190.
+
+    Mercier, Cardinal Desire,
+      i: 235, ix: _facing p._ 340 (in color), 342.
+
+    Metternich, Count von, i: 34.
+
+    Michaelis, Georg, ii: 302.
+
+    Millerand, Alexandre, i: 333, ii: 388.
+
+    Milyukov, Paul, v: 158.
+
+    Minkiewicz, Secretary of Provisions for Poland, vii: 355.
+
+    Mishich, Gen. Voivode, with staff, ii: 35.
+
+    Mitchel, Col., vii: 335.
+
+    Moffat, John, vii: 86.
+
+    Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey, iii: 357.
+
+    Moltke, Field-Marshal von, i: 48, 55.
+
+    Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), ix: 265.
+
+    Montenegro, royal family, iii: 153.
+
+    Moore, Mast.-Sig.-Elect. E. J., x: _facing p._ 304 (in color).
+
+    Morgan, Miss Anne, vii: 93.
+
+    Morgan, John Pierpont, xii: _Intro. xiv._
+
+    Mosley, Brig.-Gen. George V. H., v: 341.
+
+    Mueller, Commander Karl von, iv: 168, 173.
+
+    Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., v: 205.
+
+    Muensterberg, Prof. Hugo, vi: 268.
+
+
+    N
+
+    Napoleon I, Emperor of France,
+      i: 7 (retreating after Waterloo), ii: 88.
+
+    Napoleon III, Emperor of France, i: 36, 44.
+
+    Nash, J. A., vii: 115.
+
+    Nellmond, Earl Edler von,
+      with Archduke Eugene of Austria and staff, i: 139.
+
+    Netherlands, royal family, vii: 172.
+
+    Neville, Gen., decorating colors of 6th Marine Regt., x: 199.
+
+    Nicholas, Grand-Duke, Nicolaevitch,
+      of Russia, with Czar, iii: 112, vi: 154;
+      portrait studies, iii: 115, ix: 230.
+
+    Nicholas, former King of Montenegro, i: 114, iii: 153 (with family).
+
+    Nicholas II, former Czar of Russia,
+      with Grand-Duke Nicholas, iii: 112, vi: 154;
+      inspecting Red Cross workers, vii: 359;
+      portrait study, ix: 375;
+      with royal family, xi: 146, 148 (last photograph).
+
+    Nightingale, Florence, vii: 11.
+
+    Nivelle, Gen., with Marshal Joffre, ii: 12.
+
+    Nolan, Brig.-Gen. Dennis E., v: 105.
+
+    Northcliffe, Lord, vi: 12.
+
+    Nourey Bey, Capt., iii: 356.
+
+    Nugent, Sgt. John F., x: 23.
+
+
+    O
+
+    Oberndorff, Count von,
+      German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.
+
+    O'Brien, Corp. John J., x: _facing p._ 354 (in color).
+
+    O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, x: 256.
+
+    Okuma, Count, i: 19, vi: 385, ix: 88 (with wife).
+
+    Olga, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    O'Neil, Peggy, vii: 342.
+
+    Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, ix: 86.
+
+    O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., v: 282.
+
+    Oscar, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168, vi: 221.
+
+    Oshima, Gen., vi: 385.
+
+    Owen, H., vii: 115.
+
+
+    P
+
+    Paderewski, Ignace, vi: 206 (with Polish Mission in New York), ix: 97.
+
+    Painleve, Paul, iii: 83.
+
+    Palmer, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Papen, Capt. Franz von, x: 328.
+
+    Parrish, Sgt. Grady, x: 25.
+
+    Pashitch, N., iii: 151.
+
+    Passard, Jean, xi: 74.
+
+    Patriquin, Jean, vii: 344.
+
+    Pelltier, Gen., xi: 47.
+
+    Pendleton, Lieut. George H., x: 154.
+
+    Pershing, Gen. John J., with Gen. Currie, iii: 346;
+      painting in color, v: _frontispiece_;
+      with Secretary of War Baker, v: 39;
+      with Joffre, v: 57, ix: 208;
+      with Marshal Petain, v: 98;
+      at tomb of Lafayette, v: 99;
+      with U. S. nurses in France, vii: 78;
+      portrait study, ix: 200;
+      on Mexican border, ix: 206;
+      with group of French generals, xi: 47;
+      as a boy, xi: 123;
+      in the field, xi: 124.
+
+    Petain, Marshal Henri Philipp,
+      ii: 149, 186 (on Verdun front), iii: 52,
+      v: 99 (with Pershing), ix: 165.
+
+    Peter, King of Serbia, iii: 149.
+
+    Pichon, Stephen, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference), 233.
+
+    Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, ix: 93, 95.
+
+    Pius X, Pope, i: 27.
+
+    Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert. C. O., ii: 162.
+
+    Poincare, Raymond, visiting the front, ii: 218;
+      portrait study, ix: 15;
+      with President Ador of Switzerland, xii: 154.
+
+    Poincare, Mme. Raymond, ix: 16.
+
+    Poland, W. B., vii: 15.
+
+    Polish Military Mission to U. S., vi: 206.
+
+    Politis, Nicholas, ix: 80.
+
+    Popes, _see_
+      Benedict XV;
+      Pius X.
+
+    Porro, Gen., iii: 229.
+
+    Prince, Norman, x: 170.
+
+    Princip, slayer of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand,
+     arrest following crime, i: 5.
+
+    Pringle, Capt., with Vice-Adm. Wemyss, iv: 323.
+
+    Prussian royal family, i: 168.
+
+    Puryear, 1st Lieut. George W., x: 179.
+
+
+    R
+
+    Rasputin, vi: 142 (surrounded by female admirers), ix: 346.
+
+    Rathenau, Dr. Walter, vi: 275.
+
+    Rawlinson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 171, iii: 88.
+
+    Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., ix: 224.
+
+    Reading, Lord Rufus, xii: 110.
+
+    Rennenkampf, Gen., ii: 25, iii: 110.
+
+    Rickard, E., vii: 115.
+
+    Rickenbacker, Capt. "Eddie," with mother and sister, x: 260.
+
+    Rizzo, Com., with Lieuts. Aonzo and Gori, iv: 365.
+
+    Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, iv: 35.
+
+    Roberts, Field-Marshal Earl, i: 315, iii: 371, vi: 2.
+
+    Robertson, Gen. Sir William R., iii: 373, ix: 185.
+
+    Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 315.
+
+    Rodman, Rear-Adm. Hugh,
+      welcoming King George on U. S. battleship _New York_, iv: 11;
+      with Adm. Sims on _New York_, iv: 95;
+      portrait study, ix: 294.
+
+    Romanos, Athos, ix: 80.
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, x: 245.
+
+    Roosevelt, Franklin D., with Josephus Daniels, i: 359;
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, x: 243.
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, x: 244.
+
+    Roosevelt, Theodore,
+      i: 161 (with Kaiser at military maneuvers),
+      x: 239, 240 (with family),
+      xi: 114 (reviewing Boy Scouts at Sagamore Hill),
+      400 (with grandchild).
+
+    Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore Jr., x: 241, 247.
+
+    Root, Elihu, in Moscow, vi: 166.
+
+    Rosenfelt, Henry H., vii: 350.
+
+    Rosenwald, Julius,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Rubinstein, Madam Ida, vii: 374.
+
+    Ruprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), ii: 217, iii: 382.
+
+    Russell, Brig.-Gen. Edgar, v: 318.
+
+    Russell, Col. F. F., vii: 69.
+
+    Russian Princesses, as war nurses, xi: 147.
+
+    Russian royal family, xi: 146, 148 (last photograph.).
+
+    Russian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 174.
+
+    Russky, Gen., iii: 105.
+
+    Ryan, John D., xii: 125.
+
+
+    S
+
+    Salisbury, Lord, i: 56.
+
+    Samsonoff, Gen., ii: 223, iii: 111.
+
+    Sanders, Gen. Liman von, vi: 286.
+
+    Sarrail, Gen., iii: 207.
+
+    Sazonov, Serge, i: 119, vi: 141.
+
+    Scheidemann, Philipp, ix: 136, 137 (with members of cabinet).
+
+    Schurz, Carl, i: 53.
+
+    Schwab, Charles M., ix: 333, 336 (with Edward N. Hurley).
+
+    Seeger, Alan, x: 142.
+
+    Sengier, E., vii: 115.
+
+    Shaler, M. K., vii: 115.
+
+    Sherman, Corp. Whitney D., x: 66.
+
+    Shimamura, Adm., vi: 385.
+
+    Sims, Adm. William S.,
+      i: 391, iv: _frontispiece_ (in color),
+      95 (on board battleship _New York_ with Adm. Rodman),
+      ix: 292 (with family).
+
+    Skinner, Mrs. Otis, vii: 344.
+
+    Smith, Brig.-Gen. Harry A., v: 45.
+
+    Smith, Margaret, vii: 344.
+
+    Smith, Capt. Richard T., x: 69.
+
+    Smith, Maj.-Gen. William R., v: 207.
+
+    Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace, ii: 175.
+
+    Smuts, Gen. Jan Christiaan, iii: 256, ix: 188.
+
+    Snow, Maj. William A., x: 320.
+
+    Sonnino, Baron Sidney, ix: 83.
+
+    Sothern, E. H., vii: 340.
+
+    Soukhomlinoff, Gen., iii: 122.
+
+    Sparks, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Sparrows, Com.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Spee, Adm. Count von, iv: 60, ix: 307.
+
+    Stage Women's War Relief Committee, members of, vii: 344.
+
+    Stebbins, Miss Katherine, vii: 276.
+
+    Steidl, Sgt. August, x: 93.
+
+    Stein, Corp. Fred C., x: 182.
+
+    Stewart, Lieut.-Col. John W., x: 163.
+
+    Stowers, Sgt. Joseph H., x: 90.
+
+    Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick C. D., iv: 79.
+
+    Sturgis, Maj.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 194.
+
+    Sultans, of Turkey, iii: 357, vi: 331.
+
+    Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P., v: 85.
+
+    Sutherland, Duchess of, at her hospital in France, vii: 109.
+
+    Swinton, Maj.-Gen., ii: 274.
+
+    Symington, 1st Lieut. James M., x: 88.
+
+
+    T
+
+    Taft, William Howard, xii: 175.
+
+    Talbot, Dr. F. B., vii: 69.
+
+    Talleyrand, i: 32.
+
+    Tardieu, Andre, i: 286, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference).
+
+    Tatiana, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.
+
+    Taylor, Rear-Adm.,
+      with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Terauchi, Count, ix: 91.
+
+    Thaw, Maj. William, x: 197.
+
+    Thenault, Capt., x: 197.
+
+    Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,
+      i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals),
+      ii: 261, iv: 2, 221, ix: 299.
+
+    Townshend, Gen., iii: 365.
+
+    Treitschke, Prof. Heinrich von, i: 174.
+
+    Trotzky, Leon, ii: 232, ix: 111.
+
+    Turkish Crown Prince, iii: 356.
+
+    Turkish Sultans, iii: 357, vi: 331.
+
+    Turner, Lieut. Benjamin E., x: 159.
+
+    Turner, Pvt. Robert I., x: 159.
+
+    Tyrwhitt, Commodore, iv: 251 (with officers of _Arethusa_), 259.
+
+
+    U
+
+    Uehara, Gen., vi: 385.
+
+    Umberto, Crown Prince, of Italy, xi: 143.
+
+    Usher, Rear-Adm. Nathaniel R., iv: 320.
+
+
+    V
+
+    Venizelos, Eleutherios, iii: 202, ix: 77, 80.
+
+    Victor Emanuel, King of Italy,
+      iii: 229, vi: 122, ix: 396, xi: 152 (with Prince of Wales).
+
+    Victoria, former Empress of Germany, i: 187, ix: 366, xi: 149.
+
+    Vincent, Mrs. Walter, vii: 344.
+
+    Viviani, Rene, ii: 161, vi: 104, ix: 20.
+
+
+    W
+
+    Wadehouse, British Commissioner, at Cyprus, i: 176.
+
+    Wales, Prince of,
+     ii: 3 (with father and grandfather),
+     xi: 149, 150 (at age of sixteen), 152 (with King of Italy).
+
+    Walker, Brig.-Gen. Meriweather I., v: 353.
+
+    Wallace, Maj.-Gen., iii: 372.
+
+    Walsh, Frank P., ix: 338.
+
+    Walsh, Sgt. Patrick, x: 101.
+
+    Watson, Lieut.-Col. George L., x: 151.
+
+    Watts, Capt., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._
+
+    Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, iv: 305.
+
+    Weigel, Maj.-Gen. William, v: _facing p._ 308 (in color).
+
+    Welch, Dr. W. H., vii: 69.
+
+    Wemyss, Adm. Sir Rosslyn, on board a U. S. battleship, iv: 323;
+      meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.
+
+    Westminster, Duchess of, with her nurses, vii: 136.
+
+    Weygand, Gen., meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.
+
+    Wharton, Mrs. Edith, vii: 100.
+
+    Wheeler, Margaret, vii: 344.
+
+    White, Henry, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference), 167.
+
+    White, J. B., vii: 115.
+
+    Whitlock, Brand, vi: 83, vii: 117 (with wife), x: 175.
+
+    Whittlesey, Maj. Charles, with Maj. Kenney, v: 238.
+
+    Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands,
+     vii: 172 (with heir and Prince Consort), ix: 404.
+
+    Willard, Daniel,
+      xii: 117 (with members of U. S. Council of National Defense), 122.
+
+    William I,
+      Emperor of Germany, portrait study, i: 45;
+      entry into Versailles, 1871, i: 46;
+      being proclaimed German Emperor, 1871, i: 55;
+      triumphal return to Berlin after Franco-Prussian War, i: 150.
+
+    William II, former Emperor of Germany, at age of nineteen, i: 70;
+      entering Jerusalem, 1898, i: 97;
+      with leading German generals, i: 130;
+      with Theodore Roosevelt, watching military maneuvers, i: 161;
+      in coronation robes, i: 185;
+      with Edward VII of England, i: 188;
+      statue as monk in Metz Cathedral, i: 211;
+      watching troop movements in France, i: 217;
+      parading with sons in Berlin, ii: 258;
+      on way to memorial service with family, ii: 261;
+      portrait studies, ii: 306, ix: 359;
+      on visit to the front, ii: 330;
+      with Gen. von Einem, iii: 117;
+      on Eastern Front, vi: 221, ix: 356;
+      with Crown Prince and grandson, vi: 263;
+      with six sons, vi: 298;
+      with Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, vi: 360;
+      with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, ix: 364;
+      in conversation with a German officer, ix: 365;
+      with the Empress, ix: 366;
+      at age of six, xi: 140;
+      at age of sixteen, xi: 141.
+
+    Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 71.
+
+    Wilson, William B.,
+      with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.
+
+    Wilson, Woodrow,
+      addressing Congress, i: 329;
+      portrait studies, ix;
+    _frontispiece_ (in color), 57, 59, xi: 132, xii: 181;
+      delivering speech of acceptance of renomination for Presidency,
+        '16, ix: 61;
+      delivering second inaugural address, ix: 65;
+      marching with service men, xi: 134;
+      with Adm. Grayson in Brussels, xii: _Intro. xvii_;
+      on board _George Washington_ on way to Peace Conference,
+        xii: 187.
+
+    Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow,
+      ix: 63,
+      xii: 187 (on board _George Washington_ on way to France).
+
+    Wines, Sgt. Pearl J., x: 236.
+
+    Winn, Maj.-Gen. Frank L., v: 187.
+
+    Winterfeld, Gen. von,
+      German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.
+
+    Witenmeyer, Maj.-Gen. Edmund, v: 215.
+
+    Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard,
+      iii: _Intro. ix_, ix: 160 (at West Point with Joffre).
+
+    Woyrsch, Gen. von, iii: 140.
+
+    Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., v: 127, ix: 222.
+
+
+    X
+
+    Xenia, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.
+
+
+    Y
+
+    Yankoff, Gen., vi: 341.
+
+    Yanushkevitch, Gen., ii: 231.
+
+    Yolanda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 143.
+
+    York, Sgt. Alvin C., x: 14, 15.
+
+    Yuan Shih-k'ai, i: 57.
+
+
+    Z
+
+    Zeppelin, Count von, ii: 263.
+
+
+
+
+II.--GENERAL
+
+
+    _Aboukir_, British cruiser, iv: 206.
+
+    Aden, harbor of, vi: 330.
+
+    Aerial photographs,
+      being assembled to form map of enemy country, viii: 235.
+
+    Aeronautics:
+      Airplanes, Wright-Martin reconnaissance plane, ii: 124;
+      directing artillery fire, ii: 129;
+        in Palestine, ii: _facing p._ 220 (in color);
+        target as seen from height, ii: 354;
+        Italian fighting plane, iii: 243;
+        British airplanes in mass formation, iii: 383;
+        attacking submarine, iv: 83, 198, 285;
+        mechanism for launching from deck of battleship, iv: 141;
+        construction of, iv: _facing p._ 286 (in color), viii: 218;
+        torpedo-plane, iv: 306;
+        aviator "true-ing" plane, v: 311;
+        assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313;
+        British flyer dropping wreath on comrade's grave inside
+          German lines, vii: 188;
+        aviator dropping bombs, viii: _frontispiece_ (in color), 219;
+        plane starting flight, viii: _facing p._ 188 (in color);
+        Spad plane, viii: 190;
+        Richthofen's "Traveling Circus," viii: 191;
+        De Haviland-4, viii: 192, xi: 217;
+        machine-gun mountings on, viii: 193, 209, 211;
+        German armored plane, showing detail of construction, viii: 195;
+        German night bomber, viii: 202;
+        German hydroplane, viii: 203;
+        Handley-Page bomber, viii: 204, 220;
+        manufacture of propellers, viii: 205, 239;
+        Leoning monoplane, viii: 207;
+        Curtis triplane, viii: 210;
+        British seaplanes, viii: 213, 237;
+        camouflaged carrier-ship for, viii: 215;
+        bomb-carrying devices on, viii: 219, 224, 227;
+        German Albatross, viii: 222;
+        Caproni triplane, viii: 223;
+        Martin bomber, viii: 234;
+        a U. S. two-seater, viii: _facing p._ 348 (in color);
+        airplane ambulance, viii: 368;
+        A. E. F. hangar in France, x: 124;
+        an air duel, x: 204;
+        in battle formation, x: 217, 228;
+        Burgess tractor, x: 392;
+        patrolling over A. E. F. sector, xi: 138;
+        Curtiss biplane, xi: 215;
+        Wright warplane, xi: 218;
+        inspection before flight, xi: 220;
+        testing engine before installation, xi: 221;
+        circling above U. S. battleship _Connecticut_, xi: 223;
+        U. S. pursuit plane, xi: 225;
+        skeleton of airplane body, xi: 227;
+        planes used for carrying Pershing's mail, xi: 348.
+      Balloons, French sausage type, iii: 305, viii: 260;
+        operating with naval convoy, iv: 289;
+        uses of hydrogen vs. helium for inflation of, viii: 244;
+        U. S. sausage type, viii: 258;
+        French spherical type, viii: 261;
+        cable reel of kite balloon, viii: 262.
+      Dirigibles, Zeppelin being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265;
+        interior of a Zeppelin, ii: 269;
+        British dirigible convoying U. S. troopship, iv: 291;
+        French type, viii: 242;
+        repairing a French type, viii: 245;
+        early type of Zeppelin, viii: 247;
+        Zeppelin _L-49_ shot down by French, viii: 249;
+        interior of British _R-34_, viii: 251;
+        fuel tanks on Zeppelin _L-49_, viii: 253;
+        _R-34_ being filled with gas at Mineola, viii: 255;
+        U. S. type, viii: 256;
+        pilot's gondola on a Zeppelin, x: 226;
+        Zeppelin _L-15_ sinking, x: 361.
+
+    Aeroplanes, _see_ Aeronautics, Airplanes.
+
+    Africa, battle scene in, iii: 251;
+      scene in German East Africa, iii: 255;
+      natives, vi: 48.
+
+    Agadir, i: 106.
+
+    Airplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    Air raids, funeral of English victims, ii: 300;
+      London school children seeking shelter under desks, vii: 361;
+      protection of French works of art against, x: 364.
+
+    Airships, _see_ Aeronautics, Balloons, Dirigibles.
+
+    Aisne River, A. E. F. advance trenches near, v: 259;
+      airplane view of French hospital on, vii: 63.
+
+    Albatross airplane, viii: 222.
+
+    Albert, ruins of, i: _facing p._ 300 (in color);
+      ruins of Church of Notre Dame, xi: 23.
+
+    Algeciras Conference, i: 99.
+
+    _Alnwick Castle_, British liner, iv: 231.
+
+    Alpini, iii: 228.
+
+    Alps, scene on Austro-Italian border, ii: 237;
+      Austrian stronghold on, ii: 241.
+
+    Alsace, a valley in, iii: 21;
+      forest behind trenches, iii: 47;
+      American troops entering, May 27, '18, v: 267.
+
+    Alsace-Lorraine, German lookout tower, i: 221;
+      reunion with France symbolized, ii: 391.
+
+    Ambulances, group of American drivers and cars, vii: 31, 213;
+      French, mounted on auto trucks, vii: 202;
+      American, at Verdun, vii: 207, 251;
+      improvised British, in Mesopotamia, vii: 260;
+      gathering wounded after battle, vii: 400, xi: 209;
+      dog-drawn, viii: 378;
+      woman driver, x: 186;
+    _see also_ under country, Army;
+        Hospitals;
+        Wounded.
+
+    "America," painting by Rene Mal, v: 50.
+
+    American Fund for French Wounded, a Paris fete for, vii: 59;
+      distributing clothing to refugees, vii: 102;
+      surgical dressing department, vii: 221;
+      packing kits for soldiers, vii: 246.
+
+    American Jewish War Relief, bureau of information, vii: 351.
+
+    Amerongen, former German Kaiser's residence at,
+      after abdication, ix: 358.
+
+    _Amethyst_, British cruiser, iv: 255.
+
+    Amherst College, Army Training Corps at drill, xi: 170.
+
+    Amiens, protecting art treasures from German bombardment, ii: 68.
+
+    Amsterdam, a food riot, vi: 377.
+
+    _Anglia_, British hospital ship, vii: 253.
+
+    Annapolis, U. S. Naval Academy students, xi: 165.
+
+    Anti-aircraft guns, v: 11, viii: 10, 13, 16, xi: 188.
+
+    Antwerp, town hall, ii: 169;
+      barbed-wire entanglements in streets, ii: 345;
+      Red Cross trains at, vii: 118.
+
+    _Arabic_, sinking of, iv: 224.
+
+    Arabs, iii: 332;
+      gun dance, iii: 368.
+
+    _Arethusa_, British destroyer, officers of, iv: 251.
+
+    Argonne Forest,
+      territory lying before A. E. F. to advance through, v: 75;
+      U. S. infantrymen advancing through, v: 82, 247;
+      inside German trenches, v: 214;
+      A. E. F. officers' headquarters, v: 217;
+      captured German dugout, v: 235;
+      men of 77th Div. in, v: 244;
+      concealed German artillery, xi: 53.
+
+    _Arkansas_, U. S. battleship,
+      close-up, showing gun fire, iv: 361;
+      cleared for action, iv: 392.
+
+    Armenians, murdered by Turks, vii: 96.
+
+    Armentieres, British clearing ruins of, i: 240.
+
+    Armies, _see_ name of country;
+    _also_ Battle scenes.
+
+    Armistice,
+      German delegates passing through French lines on way to meet Foch,
+        ii: 390, xii: 251;
+      first meeting of Allied and German delegates, v: 392;
+      Paris celebration, vi: 107.
+
+    Armor,
+      breast-plate for soldier as protection against bullet, viii: 68.
+
+    Armor plate, forging of, viii: 62, xii: 70.
+
+    Arras, town hall, ii: 85;
+      ruins of Cathedral, ii: 351, iii: 67;
+      ruins of, iii: 279.
+
+    Artificial hands and arms for war cripples,
+      eating with mechanical hands, vii: 234;
+      doing farm work, vii: 235;
+      doing carpenter work, viii: 383;
+      manufacture of artificial arms and legs, viii: 385;
+      doing mechanical work, xi: 290.
+
+    Artillery, manufacturing 16-in. guns at Watervliet Arsenal, i: 304;
+      line of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159;
+      heavy guns on way to front, ii: 147;
+      ricochet and non-ricochet shells, i: 333;
+      disappearing gun, v: 307;
+      mortar battery, viii: 3;
+      railway-mount guns, viii: 29, xi: 278;
+      big gun in position for action, viii: 31;
+      8-in. howitzer with caterpillar mount, viii: 40;
+      tractor for hauling, viii: 42;
+      breech-block and bore of big gun, viii: 44;
+      construction of long-range gun, viii: 47, 55;
+      field guns, old and new types, viii: 56;
+      manufacture of shells, viii: 73;
+      path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74;
+      huge naval gun, xi: 273;
+      shrapnel exploding, xi: 275;
+      heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279;
+      camouflaged gun and gunners, xi: 292, 293;
+      construction of howitzers, xii: 73;
+      of different belligerents, _see_ name of country;
+      in action, _see_ Battle scenes;
+    _also_ Shells.
+
+    Assouan, vi: 78.
+
+    Astronomical instruments, Chinese,
+      carried by Germans from Peking, vi: 255.
+
+    _Asturias_, hospital ship, i: 293.
+
+    Athens, war-time crowds, iii: 155.
+
+    Australia, army, embarking for overseas, ii: 201, vi: 38, 40;
+      landing at Gallipoli, iii: 167, iv: 40;
+      charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353.
+
+    Austria-Hungary, army,
+      reservists in New York reporting for service, i: 281;
+      Alpine defenses, ii: 241;
+      artillery captured by Italians, ii: 287;
+      cavalry entering Polish village, iii: 123;
+      in Carpathian trenches, iii: 142;
+      on Isonzo front overlooking Italian positions, iii: 236;
+      resting, vi: 211;
+      at field mass, vi: 308;
+      in Tyrol stronghold, vi: 309;
+      siege gun, viii: 26.
+
+    Auteuil, tent hospital at, vii: 205, 206;
+      hospital workers serving coffee to convalescents, vii: 243.
+
+    _Ayesha_, schooner
+      used by crew of _Emden_ to escape in, iv: 191.
+
+
+    B
+
+    _B-2_, British submarine, iv: 58.
+
+    Badges and medals of American Red Cross,
+      vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color).
+
+    Badonville, raid on German trenches near, v: 232.
+
+    Bagdad, iii: 186;
+      Arabs in, iii: 332.
+
+    Bairnsfather, Capt. Bruce, cartoons by, ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26.
+
+    Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.
+
+    _Baltic_, life-boats, iv: 234.
+
+    _Baltimore_, U. S. cruiser, iv: 329.
+
+    Barbed-wire, as trench protection, ii: 284;
+      entanglements of, in Antwerp streets, ii: 345;
+      in Tsing-Tau defenses, iv: 61;
+      cutting device, viii: 154;
+      cutting entanglements by hand, xi: 254.
+
+    Barcy, battlefield of, iii: 25.
+
+    Baseball, U. S. army men playing, vii: 315;
+      King George at game between U. S. Army and Navy teams in London,
+        xi: 153.
+
+    Battalion of Death, Russian women's, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208;
+      Polish women's, vi: 218.
+
+    Battle scenes,
+      charge by Prussian cuirassiers in Franco-Prussian War, i: 214;
+      French soldiers in the Vosges charging on skis, i: 216;
+      Belgians behind street barricades repulsing Germans, i: 312;
+      French machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43;
+      night bombardment by artillery, ii: 102;
+      airplane view during action on Western Front, ii: 105;
+      the dead after battle in Flanders, ii: 117;
+      British charge at Montaubon, ii: 121;
+      holes shot by shell fire, ii: 133, v: 236;
+      fight for Kemmel Hill, ii: 152;
+      poilus charging, ii: 185;
+      Allied dead on battlefield, ii: 194;
+      Highlanders attacking near Ypres, ii: 213;
+      Belgians on skirmish duty, ii: 347;
+      killed and debris on Marne battlefield, iii: 27, 94;
+      Germans crossing Marne River, iii: 32;
+      flash-light photograph at night, iii: 44;
+      British charging during battle of the Somme, iii: 57;
+      German charge at Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;
+      British bombardment of Passchendaele Ridge, iii: 78;
+      in Meuse-Argonne, iii: 101;
+      on Russo-German front, iii: 119;
+      in African jungle, iii: 251;
+      fight for Erzerum, iii: 263;
+      heap of Serbian dead, iii: 283;
+      cavalry charge, iii: 289;
+      killed German outposts, iii: 291;
+      directing battle by telephone, iii: 314;
+      Australians charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353;
+      at Messines Ridge, iii: 360;
+      battle wreckage, iii: 361, vi: 367, xi: 302, 309;
+      British blowing up ammunition dumps, iii: 384;
+      wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385;
+      Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389;
+      naval action, iv: 17;
+      warship struck by torpedo, iv: 55;
+      British landing party at Zeebrugge, iv: 265;
+      U. S. Marines at Belleau Wood, v: 137;
+      Russian retreat from Galicia, vi: 180;
+      Russians charging through barbed wire, vi: 186;
+      Italian killed, vi: 310;
+      vision of Christ on battlefield, vii: 5;
+      ambulance men gathering wounded, vii: 400, xi: 209;
+      effect of howitzer fire on fort, viii: 135;
+      British Rifle Brigade at Neuve Chapelle, x: 11;
+      liquid fire attack, x: 19;
+      attack with grenades, x: 21;
+      night naval attack at Dardanelles, x: 36;
+      British meeting Turk attack at Gallipoli, x: 39;
+      charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45;
+      tanks advancing, x: 59;
+      Italians hard pressed by enemy, x: 63;
+      winning a Victoria Cross, x: 72;
+      British artillery in action, x: 107, 129;
+      Highlanders fighting through Loos, x: 157;
+      long-range bombardment of Austrian positions by Italians, x: 359;
+      hand-to-hand fight on destroyer _Broke_, x: 370;
+      Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192;
+      tanks in action, xi: 252, 256, 263;
+      shrapnel explosion, xi: 275;
+      gas attack, xi: 319;
+    _see also_ Dead;
+        Wounded.
+
+    Battleship in process of construction,
+      iv: _facing p._ 126 (in color).
+
+    _Bayern_, German battleship, iv: 389.
+
+    Beersheba, iii: 199.
+
+    Belgium,
+      triumphant, symbolic painting, iii: _facing p._ 380 (in color).
+      Army, cavalry troops after defense of Liege, i: 208;
+        at mess with French soldiers, i: 241;
+        behind street barricade fighting Germans, i: 312;
+        cavalryman, ii: 160;
+        scouting, ii: 286;
+        on skirmish duty, ii: 347;
+        a "fighting priest" in trenches, iii: 15;
+        cavalry in trenches, iii: 19;
+        a sentry, iii: 285;
+        snipers, iii: 287;
+        anti-aircraft gun, viii: 13;
+        field gun, viii: 24.
+      Neutrality, facsimile of signatures to Treaty of 1839 guaranteeing,
+        i: 147.
+      Relief, supply ship on way from U. S., vii: 120;
+        relief packages, vii: 126;
+        making cradles for babies, vii: 141;
+        warehouse full of supplies, vii: 143;
+        relief workers in New York packing clothing for, vii: 165;
+        home return of refugees, ix: _facing p._ 368 (in color);
+        Queen Elizabeth medal for workers, ix: 391.
+
+    Benet-Mercier machine gun, viii: 82.
+
+    Berlin, victorious entry of William I, 1871, i: 150;
+      royal palace, i: 158;
+      soldiers leaving for the front, i: 191;
+      wreckage after food riots, vi: 256;
+      a public square, Nov., '18, vi: 257;
+      Brandenburger Gate, vi: 272;
+      Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3;
+      proclamation of German Republic, Nov. 8, '18, vi: 277;
+      barricaded streets during revolution, vi: 279;
+      transporting food by tram, vi: 282;
+      Spartacan demonstration, Feb., '19, vi: 290;
+      fighting between government troops and radicals, vi: 299;
+      demonstrations against Peace Treaty, vi: 301, xii: 214.
+
+    Berlin, Congress of, 1878, i: 49;
+      British caricature of, i: 51.
+
+    Bethlehem, Pa., a steel plant at, xii: 67.
+
+    Bethune, airplane view of, ii: 127.
+
+    Bibles, for U. S. service men, vii: 284.
+
+    "Big Bertha," German long-range gun,
+      fragment of shell used in bombarding Paris,
+        viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;
+      diagram of shell, viii: 53;
+      prepared base for, viii: 61.
+
+    Black Watch Regiment, British, x: 56.
+
+    Blind, learning modelling in clay, vii: 256;
+      benefit entertainment in New York for aid of, vii: 258;
+      learning basketry, vii: 259.
+
+    _Bluecher_, German cruiser, iv: 247;
+      sinking of, in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 249.
+
+    Blue Cross, care of horses wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.
+
+    "Blue Devils," French, iii: 49, v: 151.
+
+    Bolsheviki, agitator addressing troops, vi: 165;
+      Madrid demonstration, vi: 372.
+
+    Bombs, bomb-room in a British fuse factory, ii: 119;
+      illuminating bombs exploding, v: 133;
+      aviator dropping, viii: _frontispiece_ (in color),
+        219 (apparatus for, on German plane);
+      devices for carrying, on airplanes, viii: 224, 227;
+      French women manufacturing, xi: 283;
+    _see also_ Depth charge.
+
+    Bosphorus, i: 12, iii: 369.
+
+    Bouillonville, street scene, v: 160.
+
+    _Bouvet_, French battleship, iv: 48.
+
+    Boy Scouts,
+      Red Cross men of future, xi: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+      daily good turn, xi: _facing p._ 96 (in color);
+      pledging allegiance to flag, xi: 97;
+      at salute, xi: 98;
+      wounded scout, xi: 99;
+      as war gardeners, xi: 101, 115, 116;
+      on visit to White House, xi: 102;
+      bridging stream, xi: 103;
+      learning cooperation, xi: 104;
+      camping, xi: 105;
+      as town cleaners, xi: 106;
+      as wireless operators, xi: 107;
+      in hiking outfit, xi: 108;
+      Third Liberty Loan poster, xi: 109;
+      field map making, xi: 110;
+      signalling, xi: 111, _facing p._ 224 (in color);
+      encampment, xi: 112;
+      emergency coast guards, xi: 113;
+      on review before Theodore Roosevelt, xi: 114;
+      as wood cutters, xi: 117;
+      listening to scoutmaster around the camp-fire,
+        xi: _facing p._ 118 (in color).
+
+    Brandenburger Gate, Berlin, vi: 272.
+
+    Bread tickets, German, vi: 261.
+
+    Brest, debarkation of A. E. F., v: 3.
+
+    Breton peasant, v: 160.
+
+    Breton-Pretot machine, for cutting barbed wire, viii: 153.
+
+    Brialmont type of fort, ii: 350.
+
+    _Britannia_, British tank in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142.
+
+    Brown University, Army Training Corps, xi: 163.
+
+    Browning machine-gun, light type, viii: 85;
+      heavy type, viii: 85.
+
+    Bruges, airplane view, viii: 232;
+      entry of King Albert into, ix: 390.
+
+    Brussels, town hall, i: 140;
+      bird's-eye view, i: 201;
+      during German occupation, i: 253;
+      Senate chamber used as church by Germans, i: 311;
+      German soldiers visiting Art Museum, ii: 344;
+      Palace of Justice, iii: 271;
+      King Albert's palace, ix: 387.
+
+    Bucharest, royal palace, ii: 62;
+      bird's-eye view, vi: 352.
+
+    Buckingham Palace, London, i: 127;
+      on night of declaration of war, i: 138.
+
+    Budapest, the quay, vi: 325.
+
+    Bulgaria, mountain village, vi: 339;
+      peasant women, vi: 340;
+      army, supply train behind the lines, vi: 343.
+
+    Bullets, diagram showing path of, viii: 93;
+      types of, used by airmen, viii: 212.
+
+    Burgess tractor, in flight, x: 392.
+
+    Burmese troops, vi: 6.
+
+
+    C
+
+    Cambrai, Canadians in, iii: 80.
+
+    Camels, as cavalry mounts, iii: 192;
+      caravan resting, iii: 367;
+      use by British in Egyptian campaign, vi: 68;
+      for carrying wounded, vi: 71;
+      as transport train in Asia Minor, vi: 333.
+
+    Cameroons, battle scene, iii: 251;
+      native market, vi: 52.
+
+    Camouflage, concealed British guns, ii: 123, 128;
+      wooden cannon, vi: 238;
+      screened railroad tracks, vi: 247, viii: 337;
+      over roadway, vi: 368;
+      example of need for, viii: 338;
+      soldier disguised by, viii: 339, 342;
+      for railway-mount guns, viii: 343, 347;
+    _Mauretania_ in "dazzle" paint, viii: 344;
+      protected gun and gunners, xi: 292;
+      camouflaged mortar, xi: 293.
+
+    Canada, army recruiting by phonograph, i: 314;
+      veterans of second battle of Ypres, i: 379;
+      being reviewed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 114;
+      forestry unit, ii: 130;
+      presentation of colors, ii: 342;
+      going over top at Vimy Ridge, iii: 69;
+      in Cambrai, iii: 80;
+      in Flanders, iii: 345;
+      on hike, iii: 346;
+      artillery at the front, iii: 348;
+      90th Winnipeg Rifles, vi: 24;
+      1st Battalion, vi: 29;
+      guarding International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34;
+      encamped at Toronto, viii: 305;
+      digging trenches, viii: 140.
+
+    Canteens,
+      for service men, scenes in, vii: 7,
+        56, _facing p._ 96 (in color), 268, 270, 394;
+      Red Cross automobile canteen, vii: 248;
+      group of Y. M. C. A. women workers, vii: 269.
+
+    Cantigny, men of 1st Div., A. E. F., advancing at, ii: 271;
+      French flame throwers after the attack, v: 32;
+      French sappers at ruins of, v: 33;
+      French and American veterans of, v: 125.
+
+    Cape Town, parade to aid recruiting, i: 383;
+      bird's-eye view, vi: 50.
+
+    Caproni triplane, viii: 223.
+
+    Carbon monoxide producer, viii: 187.
+
+    Carrel-Dakin treatment ward in a war hospital, xi: 288.
+
+    Cartoons:
+      American, civilization obscured by war, i: 87;
+        burning of American manufacturing plants, i: 275;
+        response to Europe's appeal for aid, i: 276;
+        on preparedness, i: 280, 297, 335, iv: 315;
+        German submarine warfare, i: 300, iv: 227;
+        responsibility of rulers for war, i: 314;
+        futility of diplomacy, i: 325, 326;
+        German hatred of U. S., i: 330;
+        barbarian's contempt for warring Europe, i: 335;
+        war debt for future generations, ii: 297;
+        German intrigue with Mexico, ii: 341;
+        disregard of international law by belligerents, iv: 230;
+        Iron Cross, v: 23;
+        Red Cross, vii: 28;
+        effect of U. S. loans to Allies, xii: 10;
+        Europe's dependence on American food supply, xii: 144.
+      Austrian, conception of hatred, i: 149;
+        Zeppelin attacks on England, i: 302.
+      Belgian, on German brutality, vii: 129.
+      British, Kaiser's project of Mittel-Europa, i: 10;
+        Bismarck's resignation from Chancellorship, from _Punch_,
+          i: 74;
+        German hypocrisy, _Punch_, Sept. 9, '14, i: 90;
+        U. S. indifference to German outrages, _Punch_,
+          Sept. 23, '14, i: 91;
+        Kaiser as protector of Islam, _Punch_, Apr. 5, '15, i: 100;
+        Germany's naval aspirations, _Punch_, July 12, '05, i: 105;
+        German advances to Holland, _Punch_, Jan. 11, '11, i: 118;
+        French desire to revenge 1870, i: 121;
+        French alarm over Austrian defeat, 1866, from _Punch_,
+          i: 123;
+        frightfulness of war, i: 195;
+        Kaiser's Eastern policy, _Punch_, May 10, 1890, i: 203;
+        German use of frightfulness, _Punch_, Feb. 17, '15, i: 284;
+        Kaiser world's enemy, _Punch_, Aug. 19, '14, i: 294;
+        U. S. protests at British maritime acts, _Punch_,
+          Jan. 6, '15, i: 298;
+        Kaiser's attitude on peace, _Punch_, Sept. 23, '18, i: 316;
+        U. S. relations with Germany, _Punch_, Apr. 21, '15, i: 324;
+        German atrocities, i: 351;
+        Capt. Bruce Bairnsfather's caricatures of life at the front,
+          ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26;
+        Belgium's defiance of Germany, _Punch_, Oct. 21, '14,
+          iii: 9, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 275;
+        German military failures, _Punch_, Nov. 4, '14, iii: 29;
+        Kaiser outcast from civilization, Feb. 19, '15, iii: 299;
+        Kaiser's plan for invasion of England, _Punch_,
+          Oct. 28, '14, iv: 3;
+        German alliance with Austria and Bulgaria, iv: 6;
+        Germany's attempted blockade of England, _Punch_,
+          Feb. 17, '15, iv: 9;
+        loyalty of India, _Punch_, Sept. 9 '14, x: 341.
+      Dutch, Raemaekers' conception of Kultur, i: 222;
+        Reims Cathedral as temple of war, i: 231;
+        Germany's decline in strength, '17, i: 307;
+        Raemaekers on German deportation of Belgian workmen, i: 363;
+        Flemish "prosperity," Raemaekers' view of, vi: 85;
+        Raemaekers' conception of Kaiser haunted by sins, vi: 285.
+      French, "They shall not pass," i: 230.
+      German, British policy with regard to Asiatics, i: 54;
+        Hague Temple of Peace, i: 94;
+        British difficulties with India, i: 101;
+        caricature of Sir Edward Grey, i: 198;
+        influences forcing U. S. into war, i: 289;
+        injustice of U. S. war against Germany, i: 290;
+        Japanese menace against U. S., i: 290;
+        on Allied Somme offensive, '16, i: 301;
+        U. S. munition trade, i: 307;
+        British advances to Bulgaria, i: 310;
+        Dr. Karl Helfferich, i: 318;
+        U. S. difficulties with Mexico, i: 323;
+        mailed fist, ii: _Intro. xix_;
+        on British censorship, ii: 101;
+        on British slackers, ii: 180;
+        on spy scare in England, ii: 260;
+        on U. S. neutrality, ii: 304;
+        British failure to accomplish war aims, iv: 192;
+        on submarine success, iv: 217;
+        British indifference to American submarine losses, iv: 229;
+        frightfulness of war, iv: 232;
+       use of works of art as defense, v: 13.
+      Italian, extent of British Empire, i: 122;
+         on U. S. entry into war, i: 299;
+         on Italian neutrality, ii: 359;
+        Germany's invasion of Belgium, iii: 274.
+      Japanese, German reverses, iv: 175.
+      Norwegian, German conception of freedom of the sea, i: 357.
+      Unidentified, intervention of Powers to save Turkey, 1878, i: 41.
+
+    Cartridges, kinds, viii: 60.
+
+    Casement, Sir Roger, German passport of, ix: 52.
+
+    Castle, Vernon, flying, xi: 214.
+
+    Catapult, used for launching airplanes, iv: 141;
+      use in hauling grenades, viii: 119.
+
+    Cavell, Edith, funeral procession entering Westminster Abbey, x: 177;
+      Norwich memorial to, x: 180.
+
+    Chamber of Deputies, French, xi: 2.
+
+    Chasseur Alpin, ii: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Chateau-Thierry, river front, ii: 82;
+      bird's-eye view, ii: 156, v: 34: x. 4;
+      ruins of, ii: 272;
+      street barricade, v: 61;
+      company of 26th Div. going out of action at, v: 153.
+
+    Chaumont, Pershing's headquarters at, vii: 317.
+
+    Chavaniac, Chateau of, Lafayette's birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 6;
+      interior view, vii: 113.
+
+    Chemical warfare, gas mask adjusted for use, v: 140;
+      filling tanks with phosgene, v: 322;
+      filling shells with mustard gas, v: 323, viii: 165;
+      testing an American gas mask, v: 325;
+      American "Model 1919" gas mask, v: 326;
+      gas training for American troops, viii: 121;
+      poison gas in iron drums, viii: 163;
+      effect of gas on leather gloves, viii: 167;
+      filling shells with phosgene, viii: 169;
+      frozen cube of mustard gas, viii: 172;
+      early types of gas masks, viii: 174, 175;
+      French "Model M-2" gas mask, viii: 175;
+      American "Model K. T." gas mask, viii: 176;
+      types of gas masks used by different belligerents, viii: 177;
+      diagram of gas mask, viii: 178;
+      views of U. S. poison gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal,
+        viii: 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187;
+      gas masks for horses, xi: 315;
+      Germans under gas attack, xi: 317;
+      a gas attack before invention of masks, xi: 319.
+
+    Chemin des Dames, soldiers exploring captured territory, ii: 78.
+
+    Children in war:
+      American, cultivating war garden, ii: 17;
+        new commander-in-chief, xi: _facing p._ 368 (in color).
+      Armenian, refugees from Turkey at Salonika, vii: 369.
+      Belgian, greeting British relief worker, vii: 134;
+        wounded, vii: 242;
+        under care of Red Cross, xi: 85;
+        refugees in France, xi: 86.
+      British, London school-children in air raid drill, vii: 361;
+        as war gardeners, xi: 364, 367.
+      French, making friends with American soldiers, v: 164, xi: 81;
+        outfitted with clothing by American Fund for French Wounded,
+          vii: 102;
+        cared for by Red Cross, vii: 200, 201, 368;
+        war nurseries, vii: 211, 217;
+        going to school with gas masks, vii: 352;
+        being photographed with mothers by Germans for identification,
+          xi: 59;
+        school in war zone, xi: 66;
+        little soldier asleep, xi: 70;
+        repatriated war refugees, xi: 75;
+        seeking safety in cellars, xi: 76;
+        offering prayers of thanksgiving, xi: 78;
+        treasuring presents of toys, xi: 79;
+        American Red Cross worker with little refugee, xi: 87;
+        Red Cross sketches used in educational campaign
+          for proper care of, xi: 87-90;
+        refugees at La Jonchere Sanatorium, xi: 91;
+        playing at war, xi: 120, 374, 376, 379, 381, 383, 385;
+        posing for doughboy, xi: _facing p._ 270 (in color);
+        tribute to marching U.S. soldiers,
+          xi: _facing p._ 324 (in color);
+        school-girls waiting to welcome Gen. Petain, xii: 114.
+      German, day home for soldiers' children in Berlin, xi: 64.
+      Italian, group of war refugees, xi: 67;
+        young hero, xi: 68;
+        in underground Venetian school, xi: 69;
+        refugees in London, xi: 92.
+      Russian, Archangel school-children, xi: 379.
+      Serbian, war orphans, vii: 148;
+        the little sergeant, xi: 71;
+        war sufferers, xi: 73.
+        _See also_
+          Boy Scouts;
+          Refugees.
+
+    Christmas card for Kaiser from Uncle Sam,
+      xi: _facing p._ 248 (in color).
+
+    _City of Portland_, U. S. motor ship, launching of, xii: 96.
+
+    Clemenceau, Georges, boyhood home, ix: 4;
+      scene of attempted assassination, ix: 9;
+      pen with which signed Peace Treaty, ix: 13.
+
+    Cleveland, view of docks and shipping, xii: 148.
+
+    Colmar, iii: 66.
+
+    Cologne, bridge across Rhine at, i: 157.
+
+    Colt machine-gun, viii: 80;
+      mounted on motor cycle, viii: 81;
+      use against air craft, viii: 83.
+
+    Committee of Mercy, caring for Belgian children, vii: 134;
+      helping refugees from Louvain, vii: 137.
+
+    Congress, U. S., President Wilson addressing, i: 329.
+
+    _Connecticut_, U. S. battleship, xi: 222.
+
+    Constantinople, general view, i: 60, iii: 369, vi: 345;
+      Galata Bridge, iii: 165;
+      Golden Horn, iv: 29, vi: 337;
+      Mosque of St. Sophia, vi: 232;
+      Imperial Treasury, vi: 233.
+
+    Constanza, harbor of, i: 199.
+
+    Convoy system, Allied, iv: 7.
+
+    Copenhagen, bird's-eye view, i: 132.
+
+    Cornell University, machine-gun squad, xi: 157.
+
+    _Cornwallis_, British,
+      battleship in action at Dardanelles, iv: 42.
+
+    Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195.
+
+    Cracow, Florian Gate, vi: 203;
+      Cathedral, vi: 204.
+
+    Craonne, ruins of French church after bombardment, i: 396.
+
+    Crillon, Hotel,
+      headquarters of American peace delegation at Paris, xii: 245.
+
+    Culebra Cut, Panama Canal, i: 85.
+
+    Curtis triplane, viii: 210.
+
+    Curtiss biplane, xi: 215.
+
+    Cyprus, scene during ceremonies of British annexation of, i: 176.
+
+    Czechoslovak girls in native dress, vi: 398.
+
+
+    D
+
+    _Daffodil_, British ferry boat, after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.
+
+    _Danton_, French battleship, iv: 377.
+
+    Danube River, iii: 217.
+
+    Danzig, vi: 296.
+
+    Dardanelles, iv: 21, vi: 329;
+      night bombardment at, by British warships, x: 36.
+
+    Dartmouth College, student regiment at drill, xi: 157.
+
+    De Haviland-4 airplane, viii: 192, xi: 217.
+
+    De Wet, Gen., surrender to Gen. Botha, iii: 254.
+
+    Dead, after a battle in Flanders, ii: 117;
+      field strewn with Allied dead, ii: 194;
+      poilu saluting grave of comrade,
+      iii: _facing p._ 100 (in color);
+      Serbians killed in defending Belgrade, iii: 283;
+      German outposts killed on Galician front, iii: 291;
+      loading trawlers with the killed in
+        Gallipoli fighting for burial at sea, iv: 52;
+      Italians killed in front of Austrian positions, vi: 310;
+      Armenians murdered by Turks, vii: 96;
+      gravestones for A. E. F. buried in France, x: 115;
+      cartload of, from battlefield, x: 349.
+
+    Decorations, German Crown Prince bestowing Iron Cross, ii: 39;
+      first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;
+      Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85;
+      Rumanian King decorating troops, iii: 219;
+      Gen. Helmick awarding D. S. C. to colored troops, v: 268;
+      King George of England decorating U. S. soldier, v: 383;
+      badges and medals of American Red Cross,
+        vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color);
+      Salvation Army girls being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395;
+      Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158;
+      honoring French war heroes, x: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+      Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th U. S. Marine Regt., x: 199.
+
+    Delhi, vi: 74.
+
+    Depth charge exploding, iv: 198, x: 307.
+
+    Detroit, automobiles ready for shipment, xii: 17.
+
+    _Deutschland_, German merchant submarine, iv: 215, xi: 236;
+      at Baltimore, x: 270;
+      returning to Bremen, x: 273.
+
+    Dinant, fortress and town of, i: 143, ii: 349;
+      a chateau near, iii: 13.
+
+    Dixmude, destruction of, i: _facing p._ 198 (in color).
+
+    Dogs in war, drawing Belgian artillery, ii: 196;
+      searching for Germans, iii: 18;
+      as Red Cross workers, vii: 156, 222;
+      pulling ambulance, viii: 378;
+      French war dogs, xi: 341;
+      Dutch war dogs pulling machine gun, xi: 343;
+      training French war dogs, xi: 345;
+      Italian despatch dogs, xi: 347;
+      Italian war dogs carrying supplies to Front, xi: 363.
+
+    Douaumont, Fort, view from air, viii: 228.
+
+    Dublin, ruins of Sinn Fein Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61;
+      street fighting, '16, vi: 58.
+
+    Duma, Russian, meeting-place, vi: 173.
+
+    Dynamos, carried away by Germans from French and Belgian factories,
+      vi: 250.
+
+
+    E
+
+    Eagle Hut, American Y. M. C. A. honor for service men in London,
+      vii: 264, 288, 320.
+
+    Eagle Hut, Y. M. C. A. house for service men in
+      Bryant Park, New York City, vii: 265.
+
+    East Africa, German, Hindu shop, vi: 51;
+      native troops, vi: 253;
+      rural scene, vi: 254.
+
+    Echternach, vi: 92.
+
+    Egypt, supply depot, vi: 67;
+      native troops, vi: 69;
+      laborers in France, vi: 70;
+      northern, vi: 81.
+
+    Ehrenbreitstein, German fortress at, i: 156.
+
+    Eiffel Tower, equipped with searchlight, ii: 267.
+
+    _Emden_, German cruiser, iv: 171;
+      before the war, iv: 173;
+      ashore on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 182.
+
+    Enfield rifle, viii: 98, 100, 103, 104.
+
+    Erzerum, fight for, iii: 263;
+      general view of, iii: 268.
+
+    Essey, ruins of, v: 156.
+
+
+    F
+
+    _Falaba_, sinking of, by U-boat, x: 287.
+
+    "Fantom of Death," xi: 395.
+
+    Fere-en-Tardenois, ruins of, ii: 323.
+
+    _Feuta_, Austrian cruiser, iv: 283.
+
+    Fismes, Hotel de Ville, ruins of, v: 191.
+
+    Fiume, vi: 315.
+
+    Flanders, German trenches, ii: 109;
+      the killed after a battle, ii: 117;
+      French and Belgian ammunition trains on way to front, ii: 193;
+      German artillery in, iii: 36.
+
+    Flirey, ruins of, v: 151.
+
+    _Florida_, U. S. battleship, guns of, iv: 350.
+
+    Food conservation, drying fruits and vegetables, xii: 52;
+      municipal canning station, xii: 61;
+      a community conference on, xii: 140.
+
+    Ford baby tank, xi: 262.
+
+    Foreign Legion, vi: 229, x: 28, xi: 194.
+
+    France:
+      Army, advancing in the Vosges on skis, i: 216;
+        at mess with Belgian troops, i: 241;
+        on guard on Swiss border, i: 259;
+        Chasseur Alpin ("Blue Devils"),
+          ii: _frontispiece_ (in color), iii: 49, v: 151;
+        machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43;
+        scouts on the Meuse, ii: 45;
+        sappers at work, ii: 73;
+        poilu on guard in Alsace, ii: _facing p._ 136 (in color);
+        receiving instructions before going into trenches, ii: 153;
+        poilus charging, ii: 185;
+        grenadiers at Chemin des Dames, ii: 215;
+        on march with American soldiers, ii: 219;
+        soldiers' wives waiting in line to get government allowance,
+          ii: 378;
+        poilu, iii: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+        first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;
+        Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85;
+        field kitchen, iii: 311;
+        flame throwers at Cantigny, v: 32;
+        sappers at Cantigny, v: 33;
+        wounded poilu being supported by doughboy, v: 50;
+        sketches of poilu types, v: 156;
+        supply train on way to front, v: 302;
+        wounded soldier being brought in by American comrade, v: 386;
+        North African trooper, vi: _facing p._ 378 (in color);
+        wounded soldiers in Switzerland, vi: 381;
+        types of infantry equipment, viii: 71;
+        soldiers watching bombardment in the Vosges,
+          viii: _facing p._ 122 (in color);
+        testing fitness of soldiers, viii: 352, 353;
+        Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158;
+        decorating war heroes, x: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+        brave wounded, x: 112;
+        spahis, x: 117;
+        group of airmen, x: 207;
+        soldiers resting, x: 367, xi: 190;
+        cavalry on march, xi: 49;
+        sappers with tools, xi: 312;
+        war-dogs, xi: 341, 345;
+        _see also_ Battle scenes.
+      Artillery, on Champagne front, ii: 66;
+        heavy guns on way to front, ii: iii, v: 349;
+        bringing shells to advanced positions, iii: 59;
+        big railway-mount guns, iii: 65, v: 166, viii: 35;
+        famous "75's," iii: 93;
+        supply of shells, iii: 312;
+        155-mm. guns, v: 172;
+        biggest gun used in war, viii: 52;
+        a big shell, viii: 57.
+      Industry, ruined machinery of a manufacturing plant, ii: 77;
+        dynamos carried away by Germans, vi: 250.
+      Navy, warship taking on provisions, iv: 177;
+        device for detection of U-boats, iv: 308;
+        battleships in battle order, iv: 374;
+        naval guns on Western Front, viii: 341, 343;
+        _see also_ name of war vessel.
+      Parliament, Chamber of Deputies, xi: 2.
+
+    "France Aroused," sculpture, i: 142.
+
+    Free Milk for France, poster, vii: 377;
+      American girls raising funds for, vii: 378.
+
+    Freiburg, vi: 288.
+
+    Fryatt, Capt. Charles, body being escorted through Dover streets,
+      x: 267;
+      funeral cortege entering St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 268;
+      grave, x: 269.
+
+    _Furious_, British floating aerodrome, iv: 287.
+
+
+    G
+
+    Galicia, oil wells, iii: 144;
+      ruined oil fields, iii: 265;
+      German soldiers marching through, xi: 17.
+
+    Gallipoli, British troops landing, iii: 167, iv: 37, 40;
+      wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172;
+      Anzac trenches, iii: 170, 171, 342;
+      Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, iii: 341;
+      Anzac camp, iii: 351;
+      Australians charging, iii: 353;
+      loading trawlers with Allied dead for burial at sea, iii: 354;
+      bombardment of fortifications by Allied warships, iv: 38;
+      signaling by heliograph at, vi: 228;
+      British meeting Turkish attack, x: 39;
+      scene behind Anzac lines, xi: 15.
+
+    Gas masks, types of, v: 326, viii: 174, 175, 176, 177, 178.
+
+    Geneva, interior of Victoria Hall, xii: 172.
+
+    _George Washington_, U. S. transport used by President Wilson
+      for trip to France for Peace Conference, xii: 162;
+      starting on first trip across with the President, xii: 187.
+
+    Germany:
+      Army, Southwest African cavalry, i: 11;
+        Southwest African camel corps, i: 96;
+        machine-gun abandoned in Belgium, i: 237;
+        reservists reporting to colors, i: 248;
+        soldiers bivouacked in ballroom, i: 252;
+        infantry marching to Ostend, i: 349;
+        firing from behind defensive shelter, ii: 29;
+        signal corps at work, ii: 100;
+        in trenches in Flanders, ii: 109;
+        in underground quarters, ii: 256;
+        soldier surrendering, ii: 295, v: 48;
+        group of airmen, ii: 336;
+        at mess on Eastern Front, ii: 362;
+        in Poland, iii: 108, vi: 207;
+        entrenched machine-gun battery, iii: 131;
+        staff officers observing bombardment, iii: 134;
+        field telephone station, iii. 295;
+        struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399;
+        in trenches in Argonne, v: 214;
+        in a Russian forest, vi: 212;
+        building trenches, vi: 245;
+        war booty, vi: 250;
+        soldier harvesting, vi: 251;
+        East African troops, vi: 253;
+        pay-day, vi: 267;
+        wounded being gathered by ambulance men, vii: 208;
+        plan of underground village for troops, viii: 126;
+        first line trench shelters at Pleimont, viii: 131;
+        "pill-boxes," viii: 132;
+        officer's underground bed-room, viii: 133;
+        a trench, viii: 134;
+        infantry resting, xi: 10, 199;
+        in Galicia, xi: 17;
+        bridging a river, xi: 27;
+        entering bombarded Russian town, xi: 34;
+        Uhlans, xi: 196;
+        troops returning to rear, xi: 197;
+        troops on church parade, xi: 201;
+        entering Lemberg, xi: 203;
+        _see also_ Battle scenes.
+      Artillery, anti-aircraft gun, ii: 364;
+        in Flanders, iii: 36;
+        howitzers, iii: 128, viii: 32;
+        observation tower, viii: 15;
+        fragment of long-range shell used in bombarding Paris,
+          viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;
+        diagram of long-range shell, viii: 53;
+        prepared position for "Big Bertha," viii: 61.
+      National Assembly, in session, vi: 274.
+      Navy, naval base at Kiel, ii: 56;
+        battle cruisers, iv: 146;
+        submarine dry-dock in Kiel Canal, iv: 202;
+        coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212;
+        interior of a U-boat, iv: 237;
+        officers and men of captured U-boat, iv: 238;
+        captured U-boats in Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297;
+        surrender of fleet to Allies at Scapa Flow,
+          iv: 381, 382, 383, 386, 390;
+        naval gun captured on Western Front, viii: 30;
+        details of U-boats, viii: 265, 267;
+        aboard a torpedo boat, x: 278;
+        _see also_ Submarines;
+        _also_ name of vessel.
+      Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3.
+      Ship-building yard, ii: 19.
+
+    Gibraltar, Rock of, ii: _Intro. xiv._
+
+    _Gloucester Castle_, British hospital ship, iv: 233.
+
+    _Goeben_, German cruiser, v: 15.
+
+    Gold $5,000,000 in kegs on way from U. S. to Europe, i: 269.
+
+    Golden Horn, Constantinople, iv: 29, vi: 337.
+
+    Grand Pre, ruins of, v: 263.
+
+    "Gratitude March,"
+      Polish school-boy's tribute to American children, xi: 390, 392.
+
+    Great Britain:
+      Army, in German East Africa, i: 14, iii: 252;
+        New Guinea colonials, i: 81;
+        railroad construction in France, ii: 44, v: 296;
+        machine-gun unit on Western Front, ii: 125;
+        regiment of Highlanders, ii: 172;
+        motor lorries on way to front, ii: 192, iii: 5;
+        street barricade against Germans in a French town, ii: 289;
+        assisting in recruiting, ii: 310;
+        descending Mount of Olives in Palestine,
+          ii: _facing p._ 332 (in color);
+        cavalry in trenches, ii: 19;
+        on Italian Front, iii: 241;
+        in Cameroons, iii: 251;
+        supply train, iii: 317;
+        advance medical station in Palestine, iii: 326;
+        cavalry resting, iii: 362;
+        wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385, vii: 196, 238;
+        bringing up pontoons for use at front, iii: 387;
+        "Die Hards," iii: 388;
+        Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389;
+        on Salonika Front, iii: 397;
+        going over the top, flash-light photo, v: 293;
+        recruiting posters, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334;
+        in trenches, vi: 62;
+        on march, vi: _facing p._ 130 (in color);
+        supplies at Salonika, vi: 225;
+        bandaging wounded on Western Front, vii: 97;
+        "Tommy" making friends with Belgian children, vii: 134;
+        Sudanese troops in Egypt, vii: 323;
+        entering Bagdad, vii: 326;
+        troop train in France, vii: 388;
+        field oven viii: 291;
+        Rifle Brigade fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11;
+        charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45;
+        Black Watch Regiment, x: 56;
+        Scots fighting through Loos, x: 157;
+        soldiers with captured souvenirs, xi: 182;
+        cavalry camp, xi: 184;
+        smiling Tommies going to battle, xi: 185;
+        wounded soldiers at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187;
+        awaiting inspection, xi: 297;
+        Highlander with doughboy, xi: 361;
+        _see also_ Australia;
+          Battle scenes;
+          Canada;
+          India;
+          New Zealand;
+          South Africa.
+      Artillery, in action, ii: 128, 132, x: 107, 129;
+        returning from front, ii: 158;
+        big guns on way to front, vi: 65;
+        hauling big gun into position, vi: 90;
+        howitzer, viii: 33.
+      Navy, on board a battleship, iv: 25;
+        on board a monitor, iv: 26;
+        gun and gun crew of monitor, iv: 34, 281;
+        mine-sweepers, iv: 51;
+        patrol boat on duty, iv: 73;
+        veterans of battle of Jutland, iv: 122, 155;
+        recruiting poster, iv: 139;
+        battle cruisers, iv: 151;
+        heroes of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 155;
+        submarine officer watching for target, iv: 236;
+        monitor in action, iv: 282;
+        destroyer on patrol duty, iv: 295;
+        treating wounded in Mesopotamia, vii: 327;
+        shell of super gun, viii: 4;
+        Grand Fleet, xi: 32;
+        _see also_ name of war vessel.
+      Parliament, Houses of, xi: 2.
+
+    Greek reservists in U. S. reporting for duty, i: 261.
+
+    Grenades, filling, viii: 171;
+      throwing, x: 21.
+
+    _Grosser Kurfuerst_, German battleship
+      surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Gurkhas, at English entertainment, vi: 17;
+      at battle front, x: 87;
+      capturing German trench, xi: 192;
+      pipers, xi: 333.
+
+
+    H
+
+    Hague, Peace Palace at, i: 102.
+
+    Hamburg, river front, vi: 269.
+
+    _Hamidieh_, Turkish cruiser, officers and crew, iv: 46.
+
+    Handley-Page bombing plane, viii: 204, 220.
+
+    Heligoland, harbor of, iv: 241;
+      street scene, iv: 242.
+
+    Heliograph, signalling by, vi: 228.
+
+    Helmets, manufacture of, viii: 65;
+      use by war photographers, viii: 67;
+
+    Helsingfors, market scene, vi: 197;
+      general view, vi: 199.
+
+    Hermannstadt, iii: 220.
+
+    Herzegovina, town scene, vi: 361.
+
+    _Hindenburg_, German battleship, iv: 385, 389.
+
+    Hindenburg Line, tunnel entrance, v: 294.
+
+    Hindu Maharajah, vi: 79.
+
+    Hindu shop in East Africa, vi: 51.
+
+    Hochoffen Company's smelters, Luebeck, Germany, i: 364.
+
+    Hohenzollern, Castle, i: 33;
+      coat of arms, i: 153.
+
+    "Home from France," iii: _facing p._ 348 (in color).
+
+    Horses, treatment of, wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.
+
+    Hospitals:
+      American reading to sick and wounded, v: 339;
+        an evacuation hospital, v: 345;
+        at Neuilly, vii: 38, 77, 199;
+        on board battleship, vii: 41;
+        hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380;
+        Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, vii: 64;
+        tent hospital at Auteuil, vii: 205, 206, 243;
+        Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347;
+        gassed soldier at a field hospital, vii: 354;
+        hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 370, 371, 374.
+      British, American women's, in London, vii: 30;
+        bombarded by Germans, vii: 82;
+        home of Duke of Westminster as, vii: 89;
+        on Astor estate at Cliveden, vii: 106, 281;
+        Prince of Wales Hospital at Tottenham, vii: 108;
+        Duchess of Sutherland's, in France, vii: 109;
+        University College, Oxford, turned into, vii: 198;
+        hospital trains, vii: 241, viii: 379;
+        hospital ships, vii: 253, 396.
+      Dutch, German wounded being cared for at Maastricht, vii: 174.
+      French, barges converted as, vii: 49, 236, 244;
+        near Soissons, airplane view, vii: 63;
+        box-car converted into, vii: 239.
+      German, hospital train, vii: 220.
+      Rumanian, anti-typus bath and disinfectant train, vii: 212.
+      Russian, scenes in, vii: 363, xi: 147.
+      Salonikan, bombarded by Germans, vii: 159.
+      Swiss, for treatment of tubercular patients, at Leysin, vii: 247.
+
+    Howitzers,
+      path of trajectory and effect of fire, ii: 129, iii: 159, viii: 135;
+      German, iii: 128, viii: 32;
+      British, viii: 33;
+      8-in., with caterpillar mount, viii: 40;
+      construction of, xii: 73.
+
+    Hungary, celebrating establishment of Republic, vi: 323.
+
+    Hydrophones, for detection of U-boats, viii: 17, 19.
+
+
+    I
+
+    _Indefatigable_, British battle cruiser, iv: 148.
+
+    India, army, behind the lines in France, i: 219;
+      sepoys, iii: 182;
+      at a listening post in the desert, iii: 190;
+      Gurkhas at English entertainment, vi: 17;
+      detachment standing at attention, vi: 73;
+      in desert trenches, vi: 75;
+      Hindu servants of British officers, vi: 77;
+      Gurkhas at battle front, x: 86;
+      Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192;
+      Gurkha pipers, xi: 333.
+
+    Indians, American, in U. S. Army, xi: 176, 177.
+
+    _Inflexible_, British battleship, iv: 44.
+
+    International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34.
+
+    _Invincible_, British battle cruiser, iv: 72, 145.
+
+    Ireland, recruiting scene, vi: 54;
+      ruins of Dublin Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61;
+      street fighting in Dublin, '16, vi: 58.
+
+    _Iris_, British ferry boat,
+      returning after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.
+
+    Isonzo valley, iii: 238.
+
+    Italy:
+      Army, group of Italian and U. S. airmen, i: 257;
+        at Mass before battle, ii: 50;
+        machine gunners at front, ii: 95, 238;
+        in trenches, prepared to repulse attack, ii: 150;
+        mountain sentinel, ii: 237, vi: 318;
+        in first line trenches overlooking Austrian position, ii: 243;
+        Arditi shock troops in action, ii: 247;
+        climbing to mountain positions, ii: 251, iii: 242;
+        first line troops under bombardment, ii: 253;
+        digging trenches in the Alps, iii: 225;
+        Alpini, iii: 228;
+        an outpost visited by Cadorna, iii: 233;
+        sharpshooters on Mount Nero, iii: 237;
+        entrenched, vi: 115;
+        mobilization, vi: 125;
+        recruits, vi: 126;
+        directing artillery fire from a mountain crag, vi: 307;
+        in mountain dugout, vi: 314;
+        hard pressed in battle, x: 63;
+        fording mountain torrent, xi: 28.
+      Artillery, big guns, ii: 249, iii: 245;
+        hoisting guns up mountain, viii: 5;
+        anti-aircraft, viii: 10, 16;
+        a gun used against Austrian offensive, viii: 38;
+        long-range bombardment, x: 359;
+        artillery crossing mountains, xi: 40.
+      Declaration of war, symbolized,
+        iii: _facing p._ 230 (in color);
+        crowds celebrating, vi: 116;
+        anti-German demonstration in Rome, vi: 117.
+      Navy, motor boat sinking Austrian battleship, iv: 370;
+        sea tank breaking through enemy harbor defense, iv: 371;
+        mine layer, iv: 372.
+
+
+    J
+
+    Japan, artillery advancing on Tsing Tao, ii: 358;
+      torpedo boats off Yokohama harbor, iv: 169;
+      state procession, vi: 383.
+
+    _Jason_, in Plymouth harbor, vii: 135.
+
+    Jerusalem, Kaiser's entry, 1898, i: 97;
+      British tank in streets of, ii: _facing p._ 280 (in color);
+      walls, ii: _facing p._ 370 (in color);
+      surrender of, iii: 195;
+      Gen. Allenby's entry, iii: 323.
+
+    Jutland, battle of, British veterans of, iv: 122, 155;
+      British warships shelling German cruiser, iv: 130;
+      night action, iv: 132.
+
+    Juvigny, German machine gun nests at, v: 261.
+
+
+    K
+
+    Kemmel Hill, fight for, ii: 152;
+      French post on, v: 289.
+
+    Kiel, harbor of, ii: 56;
+      U-boat dry dock in Canal, iv: 202.
+
+    Kiev, street scene, vi: 240;
+      history museum, vi: 244.
+
+    Knights of Columbus,
+      serving members of "Lost Battalion" after rescue, vii: 329;
+      group of secretaries at Lafayette Monument, Paris, vii: 330;
+      providing music for troops on leave, vii: 332;
+      hut on Broadway, New York City, vii: 333;
+      group of workers in battle area, vii: 335;
+      helping wounded, vii: 336;
+      in Verdun, vii: 337;
+      in the Argonne, vii: 338.
+
+    Knitting, in Central Park, New York, vii: 123;
+      New York firemen doing their bit, vii: 125.
+
+    Koeniggraetz, defeat of Austrians by Prussians in battle of, i: 42;
+      occupation by Prussians, 1866, i: 47.
+
+    Koenigsberg, iii: 290.
+
+    Kremlin, the, Moscow, ii: 234.
+
+    _Kronprinz Wilhelm_, German sea raider, iv: 196.
+
+    Krupp works, Essen, ii: 106.
+
+    Kut-el-Amara, native bazaar, iii: 181;
+      banks of Tigris at, iii: 183;
+      group of venerable inhabitants, iii: 318.
+
+
+    L
+
+    _L-15_, German Zeppelin, sinking, x: 361.
+
+    _L-49_, Zeppelin, captured by French, viii: 249;
+      fuel tanks on, viii: 253.
+
+    Lafayette, Marquis de, tomb, Pershing's visit to, v: 99;
+      birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 7;
+      Paris Monument, vii: 330;
+      Brooklyn Monument, xi: 7.
+
+    Lafayette Fund, soldier's kit, vii: 88.
+
+    Laundry, on wheels for army, viii: 288.
+
+    Le Mans, Y. W. C. A. hostess house at, vii: 272.
+
+    _Leipzig_, German cruiser, iv: 75.
+
+    Lemberg, iii: 121, vi: 160;
+      German troops entering, xi: 203.
+
+    Leoning monoplane, viii: 207.
+
+    _Leviathan_, U.S. transport, bringing home 27th Div., v: 298;
+      entering N.Y. harbor, vii: 382.
+
+    Lewis machine-gun, v: 240, viii: 86.
+
+    Liberty Bell, vi: 227.
+
+    Liberty Loan, posters, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, xii: 7, 14, 128, 131.
+
+    Liberty Motor, viii: 194, 197, 198, 199.
+
+    Liege, bird's-eye view, i: 336;
+      Meuse bridge, iii: 6.
+
+    Ligny, battle of, in Franco-Prussian War, i: 65.
+
+    Lille, German troops in, i: 172;
+      airplane view of, viii: 231.
+
+    _Lion_, flagship of Adm. Beatty, at battle of Jutland, iv: 147;
+      after battle off Dogger Bank, iv: 252.
+
+    Liquid fire, x: 19.
+
+    Lisbon, celebrating declaration of war, vi: 374.
+
+    Locomotives, U. S., ready for shipment overseas, v: 195;
+      building of, viii: _facing p._ 282 (in color);
+      being assembled in France x: 391.
+
+    Locust Point,
+      ruins of fire suspected of German incendiary origin, i: 279.
+
+    London,
+      Buckingham Palace and Queen Victoria's monument, i: 127;
+      scene in front of Buckingham Palace on night of declaration of war,
+        i: 138;
+      crowd in front of Royal Exchange listening to
+        King's reading of war proclamation, i: 145;
+      night illumination for search of German air raiders, i: 151;
+      mass meeting to urge internment of Germans, ii: 259;
+      view from Westminster Abbey, vi: 4;
+      anti-conscription demonstration, vi: 7;
+      recruiting scene, vi: 8;
+      Lord Mayor's Show, vi: 9;
+      Tower of, vi: 11;
+      anti-German riot, x: 334.
+
+    London Scottish, charging at Messines, x: 45.
+
+    "Lost Battalion," members of,
+      being fed at Knights of Columbus field kitchen, vii: 329.
+
+    Louvain, ruins of Library, i: 239;
+      refugees from, vii: _Intro. xii._
+
+    Lucy-le-Bocage, ruins of, v: 134.
+
+    Luresnes, American Cemetery at, vii: 224.
+
+    _Lusitania_, sinking of, i: 291;
+      float representing sinking, i: 296;
+      facsimile of German warning against sailing on, i: 319;
+      attempt to save passengers while sinking, iv: 219;
+      popular German postcard depicting torpedoing, iv: 221;
+      German medal celebrating destruction, iv: 222;
+      appeal to revenge sinking of, iv: _facing p._ 222 (in color);
+      funeral procession of victims, iv: 225;
+      on last voyage, iv: 226, xi: 20.
+
+    Luxemburg, City of, vi: 93.
+
+
+    M
+
+    Machine-guns, Lewis, v: 240, viii: 86;
+      Colt, viii: 80, 81, 83;
+      Benet-Mercier, viii: 82;
+      German, viii: 85;
+      Browning, viii: 85;
+      on airplanes, viii: 193, 209, 211.
+
+    Madrid, Bolshevik demonstration, vi: 372.
+
+    Mainz, vi: 295.
+
+    _Mainz_, German cruiser, sinking off Heligoland, iv: 243.
+
+    _Majestic_, British battleship, ii: 204.
+
+    Matines, Cathedral, vi: 102.
+
+    Malingering, tests for detection of, viii: 359, 363.
+
+    Malmaison, Fort, German defenses at, ii: 41.
+
+    Mancourt, French machine gunners repulsing German attacks, ii: 43.
+
+    Marines, U. S., _see_ U. S., Marines.
+
+    _Markgraf_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Marne, battles of, dead and debris on battlefield, iii: 25, 94;
+      Germans forcing crossing of river, iii: 32;
+      French celebrating anniversary of, iii: 34.
+
+    Marne River, at Chateau-Thierry, ii: 82, x: 4;
+      Allied airplanes flying over, ii: 83;
+      Germans crossing, iii: 32;
+      U. S. troops resting near, v: 42.
+
+    _Marseillaise_, singing of, xi: 327.
+
+    Marseilles, arrival of Russian troops at, i: 251.
+
+    Martin bombing plane, viii: 234.
+
+    Mascots, lion mascots of Maj. Lufberry, xi: 229;
+      baboon mascot of Royal Engineers, xi: 230.
+
+    Masks, for shell-torn faces, viii: 389, 391.
+
+    Maubeuge, ruin of fort at, ii: 11.
+
+    Maude, Gen., grave of, iii: 187.
+
+    McPherson, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, v: 301.
+
+    Melbourne, Australian army embarking for Gallipoli, ii: 201;
+      Alexandra Gardens, vi: 43.
+
+    _Mercy_, U. S. hospital ship, view of a ward, viii: 370;
+      operating room, viii: 371;
+      X-ray apparatus, viii: 374.
+
+    Mesopotamia, New Zealanders digging trenches, ii: 91;
+      bridge across Tigris, iii: 319;
+      native silver-smiths, iii: 330;
+      camel caravan, iii: 367;
+      bridge across Narin River destroyed by Turks, vi: 222.
+
+    Messines, battle of, iii: 360.
+
+    Metz, i: 332.
+
+    Meuse River, ruins of bridge destroyed by Germans, i: 313;
+      at Verdun, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303;
+      French scouts reconnoitering on, ii: 45;
+      at Liege, iii: 6;
+      near Dinant, iii: 13;
+      passing through country north of Verdun, iii: 309;
+      wreckage on banks, iii: 328.
+
+    Milan, pro-war demonstration, vi: 119, 124.
+
+    Mine-field, viii: 273, 275.
+
+    Mine-layers,
+      iv: 200, 329, 372, viii: 267 (plan of German mine-laying submarine).
+
+    Mine-laying, iv: 324, 326, 331.
+
+    Mines, iv: 325, 327;
+      floating, xi: 247.
+
+    Mine-sweepers, iv: 51, 260.
+
+    Mobile repair shop, viii: 295.
+
+    _Moltke_, German battle cruiser, with crew, iv: 257.
+
+    Monastir, vi: 355.
+
+    Monitors, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.
+
+    Mortars, viii: 3, xi: 293.
+
+    Moscow, the kremlin, ii: 234;
+      Red Square, vi: 167.
+
+    Moselle River, v: 81.
+
+    "Mothers of France," vi: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Motor truck, equipped with apparatus for crossing trenches, viii: 292.
+
+    Motor boats, construction of, in New Jersey shipyard, xii: 102.
+
+    Mouilly, battlefield near, in St. Mihiel salient, v: 204.
+
+    Muelhausen, street scene, ii: 183.
+
+    Murat, Prince, palace of, President Wilson's Paris residence
+      during Peace Conference, ix: 67, 68.
+
+    Mustard gas, filling shells with, v: 323, viii: 165;
+      frozen cube of, viii: 172.
+
+
+    N
+
+    Nancy, bird's-eye view, ii: 140.
+
+    Napoleon, tomb of, x: 233.
+
+    _Nautilus_, Fulton's submarine, iv: 203.
+
+    Naval scenes, general, firing a salvo, iv: 77;
+      lookout in crow's nest, iv: 163;
+      destroyer on patrol, iv: 193;
+      torpedo boat on patrol, x: 284;
+      target practice, xi: 281;
+      winter patrol, xi: 298;
+      battleship in rough sea, xi: 300;
+    _see also_ under name of country, Navy;
+    _also_ particular references such as Submarines;
+      etc.
+
+    _N-C-I_, U. S. seaplane, viii: 238.
+
+    _Nebraska_, U. S. battleship,
+      crew preparing to sow mine field, iv: 326.
+
+    Netherlands, mobilized soldiers reading war news, i: 263;
+      military maneuvers, ii: 181;
+      troops at machine-gun practice, vi: 376;
+      war refugees in, vii: 169;
+      Red Cross volunteers, vi: 170.
+
+    Neufmaisons, street scene, v: 54.
+
+    Neuilly, American hospital at, vii: 38, 77, 199.
+
+    New Guinea, native troops in British service, i: 81;
+      native women as plantation workers, i: 82.
+
+    New York, parade of German-Americans, '14, i: 272;
+      Austrian reservists reporting at consulate at outbreak of war,
+        i: 281;
+      display of flags on Armistice Day, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 401;
+      Victory Parade, iv: 138;
+      Red Cross Parade, vii: 2;
+      women of Motor Corps of America parading, vii: 57;
+      Victory Way, xii: 133.
+
+    _New York_, U. S. battleship,
+      visited by King George and Adm. Beatty, iv: 11, 85, 345;
+      airplane view, iv: 358;
+      in a storm, iv: 395.
+
+    New Zealand, army, digging trenches in Mesopotamia, ii: 91;
+      in Egypt, vi: 46.
+
+    _North Carolina_,
+      U. S. battleship, crew visiting Pyramids, iv: 353.
+
+    _North Dakota_, U. S. battleship, iv: 344.
+
+    North Sea Allied patrol, x: 285, 294.
+
+    Notre Dame, Church of, at Albert, after German bombardment, xi: 23.
+
+    Noyon, French entering, '18, iii: 102.
+
+    Nurses, French, vii: _frontispiece_ (in color);
+      reading to convalescent, vii: 21;
+      Japanese, vii: 44;
+      British, vii: 52;
+      Red Cross, treating Allied wounded, vii: 65;
+      reading last rites over the dead, vii: 76;
+      Polish, recruited in America, vii: 353;
+      Russian, vii: 362;
+      French Sister of Mercy, x: _facing p._ 48 (in color);
+      writing letters for wounded, x: 380;
+    _see also_ Red Cross.
+
+
+    O
+
+    Observation tower, German collapsible type, viii: 15.
+
+    Oglethorpe, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, ii: 319.
+
+    Olives, Mount of, ii. _facing p._ 332 (in color).
+
+    Oppressed nations, representatives of,
+       at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, vi: 227.
+
+    Ostend, esplanade, ii: 224;
+      bird's-eye view of harbor, iv: 275;
+      British cruiser _Vindictive_ being sunk at, iv: 276.
+
+
+    P
+
+    Palestine, British troops with captured Turkish plane, ii: 93;
+      Mount of Olives, ii: _facing p._ 332 (in color);
+      native market, iii: 194;
+      dressing-station for British wounded, iii: 326;
+    _see also_ name of towns in, as Jerusalem, etc.
+
+    Parachute, French type, viii: 263.
+
+    Parades, German-Americans in New York, '14, i: 272;
+      in Cape Town, to help recruiting, i: 383;
+      in London, recruits passing Whitehall, i: 387;
+      A. E. F. in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: _Intro. xxiv_;
+      in Petrograd celebrating capture of Lemberg, ii: 230;
+      in Berlin, on birthday of Kaiser, ii: 258;
+      in New York, Victory parade, iv: 138;
+      recruits at Chicago, v: 377;
+      Lord Mayor's Show, London, vi: 9;
+      women's, in London, '15, vi: 18;
+      Dominion Day in Winnipeg, vi: 27;
+      Anzac Day in Sydney, '18, vi: 44;
+      Allies in Vladivostok, vi: 193;
+      Red Cross in New York, vii: 2;
+      women of American Motor Corps, in New York, vii: 57;
+      Russian troops in Paris on Bastille Day, x: 376;
+      U. S. troops in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389.
+
+    Paris, group of Americans stranded in, by outbreak of war, i: 277;
+      congestion at railroad station on declaration of war, i: 278;
+      interior of American embassy, i: 288;
+      Allied conference at French Foreign Ministry, March, '16, i: 398;
+      Eiffel Tower, ii: 267;
+      crowd outside Bank of France on outbreak of War, ii: 382;
+      bird's-eye view, v: 379, xii: 258;
+      on watch for enemy with searchlights, vi: 97;
+      Bois de Boulogne, vi: 100;
+      Armistice celebration, vi: 107;
+      Joan of Arc anniversary celebration, vi: 108;
+      Bourse, vi: 109;
+      May Day riots, May 1, '19, vi: 111;
+      poor getting coal allotment, vi: 112;
+      theatre turned into relief warehouse, vii: 114;
+      crowd in Place de la Concorde to greet President Wilson, xii: 164;
+      crowd at Place de l'Etoile welcoming Wilson, xii: 193.
+
+    Parliament, British, Houses of, xi: 2.
+
+    Passchendaele Ridge, British bombardment of, iii: 78.
+
+    Peace Treaty, Clemenceau's pen in signing, ix: 13;
+      table and chair used in signing, xii: 157.
+
+    _Pegasus_, British airplane carrier, iv: 81.
+
+    _Pennsylvania_, U. S. battleship, airplane view of, iv: 360.
+
+    Periscope, land use, ii: 179.
+
+    Permanent Blind Relief War Fund,
+      Italian fiesta for, at New York Public Library, vii: 258.
+
+    Persia, Christian inhabitants, vi: 336.
+
+    Petrograd, celebrating capture of Lembery, ii: 230;
+      war-time crowds, vi: 137;
+      burning, vi: 146;
+      celebrating Kerensky revolution, vi: 152;
+      along the Canal, vi: 155;
+      view from St. Isaac's Cathedral, vi: 163;
+      street orators, vi: 165, 172;
+      Tauris Palace, vi: 173;
+      crowds awaiting food rations, vii: 372, 373.
+
+    Phosgene, filling shells with, viii: 169.
+
+    Pigeons, as military messengers, viii: 327, 328.
+
+    Pill-boxes, viii: 132, xi: 253.
+
+    Place de la Concorde, Paris, welcoming President Wilson, xii: 164.
+
+    Place de l'Etoile, Paris crowds welcoming President Wilson, xii: 193.
+
+    Plymouth, England, harbor, vii: 135.
+
+    "Poilu," iii: _frontispiece_ (in color).
+
+    Pola, harbor, iv: 369, vi: 312.
+
+    Poland, German trenches in, iii: 108;
+      troops in Warsaw, vi: 205;
+      Women's Battalion of Death, vi: 218;
+      unloading food supplies from U. S. in Warsaw, vii: 355;
+      shipping kosher meat for Jewish war sufferers in, vii: 357.
+
+    Pontoons, iii: 387.
+
+    Pope's palace, interior of, ix: 406.
+
+    Port Said, i: 16, iii: 200.
+
+    Posters:
+      American, for Navy recruiting, iv: 316;
+        for Marine recruiting, v: 131, x: 316;
+        for Red Cross, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285;
+        for Free Milk for France fund, vii: 377;
+        for Liberty Loans, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, xii: 7, 14, 128, 131;
+        War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346.
+      British, recruiting, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334;
+        for Women's Land Army, vi: 13;
+        for Belgian relief, vii: 128.
+      French, War Loan, vi: 96, 98;
+        for soldiers' relief, vi: 99, 103;
+        war exposition, vi: 113.
+      Italian, War Loan, vi: 327.
+
+    Potsdam, throne room of royal palace at, i: 159.
+
+    Prague, vi: 397.
+
+    _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, German sea raider, iv: 196.
+
+    Prisoners of war:
+      Austrian, in Italy ii: 97;
+        in Serbia, iii: 154;
+        captured by Russians, iii: 293, vi: 182.
+      Belgian, snipers on way to execution by Germans, i: 236.
+      British, at Goettingen, iii: 301;
+        condition on being released from German prison camp, vii: 39.
+      German, captured in first Marne battle, ii: 143, 173;
+        on way to prison camp, ii: 328;
+        serving as stretcher bearers, ii: 334;
+        captured at Verdun, iii: 315;
+        U-boat crew captured by Americans, iv: 238;
+        captured by Russians, vi: 177;
+        being searched for concealed weapons, vi: 284;
+        group under British guard, vii: 104;
+        in prison camp, vii: 303;
+        at Fort McPherson, x: 373.
+      Russian, having mess, vi: 139;
+        as street laborers, vi: 184, 217.
+      Serbian, on way to Austria, vii: 154.
+      Turkish, on march, vi: 232.
+
+    Propaganda, dropped by British in German lines, ii: 320;
+      device for releasing from aircraft, ii: 321.
+
+    Prussian Chamber of Deputies in session, vi: 259.
+
+    Przemysl, vi: 135.
+
+
+    Q
+
+    _Queen Elizabeth_, British super-dreadnought, iii: 175, iv: 31.
+
+    Queen Elizabeth Medal, Belgian, ix: 391.
+
+    Quirinal Palace, Rome, vi: 128.
+
+    _Quistconck_, launching of, at Hog Island, xii: 26.
+
+
+    R
+
+    _R-34_, British dirigible, viii: 251, 255.
+
+    Raemaekers, Louis, cartoons by, i: 222, 363, vi: 85, 285.
+
+    Raines Foundation Schools,
+      London, converting crates into baby cradles, vii: 141.
+
+    Ramsgate, after an air raid, ii: 268.
+
+    Red Cross:
+      American, New York parade, vii: 2;
+        a large flag, vii: 13;
+        national headquarters, Washington, vii: 18;
+        posters, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285;
+        reading to convalescents, vii: 21, 204;
+        Kaiser's trophy donated to, vii: 25;
+        rolling kitchens, vii: 33;
+        knitting for soldiers, vii: 34;
+        Paris headquarters, vii: 36;
+        sightseeing with convalescent U. S. soldiers in London, vii: 40;
+        hospital ship _Red Cross_, vii: 45;
+        medal and badges of, vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color);
+        preparing Christmas packages for A. E. F., vii: 55, 279;
+        hospital train, vii: 58;
+        advance station in France, vii: 61;
+        sightseeing with U. S. sailors on leave in London, vii: 62;
+        distributing cigarettes to Russian wounded, vii: 79;
+        field canteen in France, vii: _facing p._ 96 (in color);
+        looking after Belgian refugees in Paris, vii: 112;
+        worker among refugees, vii: _facing p._ 158 (in color);
+        supplies at Brest, vii: 171;
+        making bandages, vii: _facing p._ 198 (in color);
+        caring for French children, vii: 200, 201;
+        distributing gifts to French children, vii: 229;
+        caring for wounded Belgian boy, vii: 242;
+        coffee and cakes for convalescent A. E. F. at Auteuil Hospital,
+          vii: 243;
+        loading supplies for overseas,
+          vii: _facing p._ 250, 350 (in color);
+        mailing letters for departing soldiers, vii: 297;
+        in Italy, vii: _facing p._ 300, 374 (in colors);
+        canteen at Trieste, vii: 301;
+        Red Cross men in the making, xi: _frontispiece_ (in colors);
+        nurse visiting poor of Marseilles, xi: 83;
+        nurse bathing Belgian baby, xi: 85;
+        educational cartoons for child welfare in France, xi: 87-90.
+      Belgian, hospital trains, vii: 118.
+      British, serving food to Germans, vii: 7;
+        wounded soldiers at Gift House, vii: 70;
+        in Mesopotamia, vii: 260.
+      Dutch, volunteers, vii: 170.
+      French, canteen, vii: 48;
+        barge hospitals on the Seine, vii: 49, 236;
+        giving refreshments to soldiers on troop train, vii: 226;
+        hospital train, vii: 239;
+        motor canteen, vii: 248;
+        caring for wounded children, vii: 368.
+      Japanese, nurses assisting at operation, vii: 44.
+      Russian, group of nurses, vii: 362.
+
+    _Red Cross_, hospital ship, vii: 45.
+
+    Refugees of war:
+      American, tourists fleeing from war zone, i: 271.
+      Belgian, wives seeking news of deported husbands, i: 177;
+        fleeing before German invasion, i: 355, 356;
+        gathered in front of town hall, Antwerp, ii: 169;
+        fleeing from Antwerp, iii: 17, xi: 60;
+        Germans deporting women, vi: 86;
+        fleeing from Louvain, vii: _facing p._ 1;
+        assisted at Paris railroad station by Red Cross, vii: 112;
+        relief bundles for, vii: 126;
+        two aged refugees from Louvain, vii: 137;
+        finding food and shelter in Holland, vii: 169;
+        returning home, ix: _facing p._ 368 (in color);
+        children in France, xi: 86.
+      French, under escort of German guards, i: 205, x: 351;
+        going into Holland, i: 224;
+        fleeing out of war zone, i: 270, xi: 57, 58;
+        on road to Amiens, ii: 151;
+        in Marne district, iii: 298;
+        among ruins of Termonde, vii: 74;
+        getting clothing in Paris from American Fund for French Wounded,
+          vii: 102;
+        old peasant woman among ruins of home, vii: 150;
+        Red Cross relief worker among,
+          vii: _facing p._ 158 (in color);
+        from Chateau-Thierry, vii: 312;
+        children found at Chateau-Thierry by Allied soldiers, xi: 61;
+        child seeking safety in barn, xi: 65;
+        repatriated French children, xi: 75;
+        children at La Jonchere Sanatorium, xi: 91;
+        arriving in Paris with the family goat, xi: 178.
+      German, from East Prussia, arriving in Berlin, Aug., '14, ii: 23.
+      Italian, children, xi: 67, 69.
+      Rumanian, vi: 350.
+      Salonikan, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371.
+      Serbian, tramping along railway tracks, vii: 158;
+        finding shelter in caves, vii: 160;
+        destitute children, xi: 73.
+
+    Reichstag Building, Berlin, vi: 277, xi: 3.
+
+    Reims (Rheims), Cathedral, i: 76;
+      Cathedral being bombarded by Germans, i: 225, 245;
+      bird's-eye view, ii: 155;
+      ruins of, ii: 211.
+
+    Renault tank, viii: 159, xi: 260.
+
+    "Reunited," home return of soldier,
+      xi: _facing p._ 188 (in color).
+
+    Rifle Brigade, British, fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11.
+
+    Rifles, diagram showing path of bullet, viii: 93;
+      U. S. types, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 104;
+      German anti-tank, viii: 139.
+
+    Riga castle, iii: 146.
+
+    Rio de Janeiro, vi: 391.
+
+    Riva, Porta San Marco, ii: 49.
+
+    Road construction behind the lines in France, v: 398.
+
+    Romagne, A. E. F. cemetery at, v: 233.
+
+    Rome, anti-German demonstration, vi: 117;
+      crowds celebrating King's birthday, vi: 127;
+      Quirinal Palace, vi: 128.
+
+    Roosevelt, Quentin, entrance card into Ecole de Tir Aerien, x: 242;
+      record card at Ecole de Tir Aerien, x: 245.
+
+    Roosevelt, Theodore, Sagamore Hill home, x: 248.
+
+    Rotterdam, harbor, vii: 139.
+
+    Ruggles orientator,
+      machine for testing aviation applicants, viii: 357.
+
+    Rumania, artillery detachment passing in review before King Ferdinand,
+      vi: 351.
+
+    Russia:
+      Army, marching through Marseilles, i: 251;
+        entering burning town in Eastern Galicia, ii: 26;
+        Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195;
+        field guns, ii: 352, vi: 170;
+        outposts encountering Germans, ii: 356;
+        women's Battalion of Death, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208;
+        reserves on march, iii: 266;
+        at field Mass, iii: 270, vi: 144;
+        military funeral, vi: 133;
+        troops in panic, vi: 143;
+        reservists mobilizing, vi: 149;
+        greeting news of Czar's overthrow, vi: 157;
+        on way to front without rifles, vi: 176;
+        artillery retreating, vi: 209;
+        attacking with hand grenades, vi: 213;
+        riflemen, vi: 215;
+        an impromptu orchestra, vii: 152;
+        trenches on Eastern Front, viii: 127;
+        on parade in Paris, x: 376.
+      General scenes, rural district, vi: 138;
+        children's procession demanding education, vi: 147;
+        group of radicals, vi: 178;
+        winter scene, vi: 191;
+        peasant gathering herbs, vii: 367.
+
+
+    S
+
+    _S-126_, German destroyer,
+      torpedoing of, by British submarine, iv: 208.
+
+    Sagamore Hill, Roosevelt home at, x: 248.
+
+    St. Mark's, Venice, vi: 320.
+
+    St. Mihiel sector, "dead acres," iii: 98;
+      trenches, iii: 99;
+      tank in action at Mont Sec, v: 202;
+      battleground near Mouilly, v: 204.
+
+    St. Nazaire, first A. E. F. camp at, v: 107.
+
+    St. Paul's Cathedral, London, U. S. flag in, x: 30.
+
+    St. Quentin, Germans in, xi: 51.
+
+    St. Sophia, Mosque of, vi: 232.
+
+    Salonika, withdrawal of Greek troops, iii: 205;
+      Greek troops camping in Turkish cemetery, iii: 209;
+      Alexander's Arch, iii: 394;
+      British supplies, vi: 225;
+      war refugees, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371;
+      rag-picker, xi: 62;
+      water-boy, xi: 63.
+
+    Salonika Front, sandbag bridge, iii: 210;
+      British labor battalion at work, iii: 397.
+
+    Salvation Army, the "doughnut girl," vii: 380;
+      at the front with British, vii: 381;
+      soft drink bar for service men, vii: 384;
+      women workers cooking doughnuts near front lines, vii: 386, x: 189;
+      women workers being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395;
+      collecting funds in New York, vii: 398;
+      hut in Union Square, New York City, vii: 399.
+
+    Scarborough, England, after a German naval raid, iv: 244.
+
+    Scheldt River, pontoon bridge across, ii: 167.
+
+    Sea Scouts, British, boy signalmen, xi: 96.
+
+    Searchlight, mounted on motor truck, viii: 76.
+
+    Sedan, view of, v: 94.
+
+    Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, after Allied bombardment, iii: 341, iv: 49.
+
+    Senegalese soldier, vi: _facing p._ 270 (in color).
+
+    Senlis, Cathedral, iii: 335.
+
+    Sepoys, iii: 182.
+
+    Serajevo, view of, i: 4.
+
+    Serbia:
+      Army, group of officers, i: 244, vi: 357;
+        type of soldier, ii: 33;
+        outposts on guard, iii: 282;
+        abandoned artillery, iii: 395;
+        artillery on way to front, iii: 396;
+        troops on march, vi: 246;
+        in camp, vi: 356;
+        artillery in action, vi: 358;
+        campaigning in winter, vii: 157;
+        lack of equipment, vii: 161.
+      General, Germans struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399;
+        relief boxes for, vii: 114;
+        war medal, vii: 146;
+        packing clothing for war sufferers of, at Bush Terminal, Brooklyn,
+          vii: 165;
+        monument to mark where Serbs reentered their country after exile,
+          vii: 167;
+        group of peasants, vii: 370;
+        selling wood in market place, xi: 72.
+
+    _Seydlitz_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Shells, path of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159;
+      French, iii: 312, viii: 57;
+      ricochet and non-ricochet, iv: 333;
+      fragments of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris,
+        viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272;
+      line of flight of German, used in bombardment of Paris, viii: 49;
+      path of trajectory of 120-mile range U. S. gun, viii: 50;
+      construction of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris,
+        viii: 53;
+      manufacture of, viii: 73;
+      path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74;
+      shrapnel exploding, xi: 275;
+      heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279.
+
+    Sherman, Fort, U. S. soldiers on parade, xi: 36.
+
+    Shrapnel, line of flight, viii: 74;
+      exploding, xi: 275.
+
+    Siberia, station on trans-Siberian railroad, vi: 190.
+
+    Sirens, for warning of German air raids, viii: 216.
+
+    Sister of Mercy, x: _facing p._ 48 (in color).
+
+    Smoke screens, ii: 198, iv: 57, viii: 269, 325, xi: 402.
+
+    Soissons, ruins of Cathedral, iii: 92.
+
+    Somme, battlefield of, ii: 146, iii: 56;
+      British charging during battle of, iii: 57;
+      front visited by Clemenceau, xi: 127.
+
+    Sound horns, for detection of airplanes, viii: 18.
+
+    Sound-mirror, for detection of airplanes, viii: 21.
+
+    South Africa, Union of, troops embarking for Gallipoli, iii: 176.
+
+    Southwest Africa, German, native village, vi: 260.
+
+    Spad airplane, viii: 190.
+
+    Spahis, x: 117.
+
+    Spies, German, English mob attacking shop of suspect, i: 227;
+      under French guard, x: 332.
+
+    Springfield rifle, viii: 98, 99, 103, 105.
+
+    Stage Women's War Relief,
+      supplying service men with newspapers, vii: 345;
+      Service House in New York, vii: 346;
+      theatricals at New York Debarkation Hospital, vii: 347.
+
+    _Stamboul_, Turkish transport struck by torpedo, iv: 209.
+
+    Stanford University, cadets at trench drill, xi: 167.
+
+    _Star-spangled Banner_,
+      singing of, by U. S. service men, xi: 331.
+
+    Stelvio Pass, in the Alps, xi: 42.
+
+    Stockholm, bird's-eye view, i: 134.
+
+    Strassburg, i: 306.
+
+    Strassburg statue, Paris, vi: 105.
+
+    Stretchers, types, v: 338, viii: 377;
+      struck by shell, vii: 51.
+
+    Submarines, rising to surface, iv: 56;
+      anti-submarine patrol, iv: 193, 379, xi: 30;
+      German dry-dock for, in Kiel Canal, iv: 202;
+      development of Holland submarines, 1895--1915, iv: 204;
+      British submarine sinking German destroyer, iv: 208;
+      interior, showing torpedo tubes and mechanisms, iv: 210, 237;
+      coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212;
+      U-boat being sunk by destroyer, iv: 213;
+      salvaging torpedoed merchantmen, iv: 218;
+      use of decoys to lure freighters, iv: 254, 276;
+      captured U-boats at Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297;
+      U. S. types, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240;
+      details of German U-boats, viii: 265, 267;
+      use of nets for trapping, viii: 268, 270, 272, xi: 238;
+      use of hinged plates on sides of ships for protection against,
+        viii: 271;
+      mine fields for destruction of, viii: 273, 275;
+      detail of periscope, viii: 277, 282;
+      crew's quarters on board U-boat, x: 275;
+      British type, x: 296;
+      torpedoed ship settling into water, xi: 19;
+      U-boat submerged, xi: 234;
+      U-boat on surface, xi: 235;
+      close-up view of conning-tower, xi: 242;
+      submerged, with conning-tower and periscope projecting, xi: 244;
+      placing torpedo in tube, xi: 246.
+
+    Sudanese troops, in Egypt, vii: 323.
+
+    Suez Canal, British supply depot on, vi: 223;
+      launching of first British seaplane on, vi: 224.
+
+    _Suffolk Coast_, disguised British warship, iv: 301, 303.
+
+    _Suffren_, French battleship, iv: 22.
+
+    Surgical dressing, making of, by volunteer women workers,
+      vii: _facing p._ 198 (in color);
+      warehouse of, vii: 219.
+
+    _Sussex_, Channel ferryboat, torpedoed by U-boat, x: 281.
+
+    Sweden, food riots, xii: 46.
+
+    Switzerland, medal cast in honor of President Wilson, ix: 69.
+
+    Sydney, Australia, town hall, vi: 37;
+      recruiting scene, vi: 41.
+
+
+    T
+
+    Tanks, early type, ii: 276;
+      camouflaged, ii: 276;
+      in action, ii: 279, v: 157, xi: 252, 256, 263;
+      sketch drawing, iii: 339;
+      dragging camouflaged gun, v: 316;
+      German anti-tank rifle, viii: 139;
+      framework of first tank, viii: 156;
+      "baby" tank, xi: 270.
+      British, being inspected by King Albert, ii: 278;
+        in Jerusalem, ii: _facing p._ 280 (in color);
+        approaching Gaza, ii: 282;
+        replica of first tank used, vii: 300;
+        _Britannia_ in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142;
+        a whippet, viii: 140;
+        in action, viii: 149, x: 59;
+        tank gun, viii: 150.
+      French, St. Chamond type, ii: 275;
+        "baby" tanks, ii: 281,
+        viii: 158, 159 (interior view of Renault tank),
+        xi: 260 (exterior view of Renault tank);
+        supporting advancing U. S. troops, v: 193;
+        tractors for transporting Renaults, viii: 141;
+        interior views, viii: 144, 145, 147, 159 (Renault);
+        predecessor of tank, viii: 155;
+        in action, viii: 157;
+        Renault type, viii: 159 (interior view), xi: 260.
+      German, overturned, viii: 160;
+        miniature one-man tank, viii: 161.
+      U. S., supporting infantry attack, v: 181;
+        going over the top at St. Mihiel, v: 202;
+        tank troops training, v: 287;
+        largest in world, viii: 146;
+        first, xi: 258;
+        Ford "baby" tank, xi: 262.
+
+    Targets, range-finding on U. S. battleship, viii: 11;
+      for long-range, viii: 94;
+      for rapid fire, viii: 95;
+      for 200 and 300 yards, viii: 97;
+      for mid-range, viii: 101;
+      spotting disk, viii: 101.
+
+    Tauris Palace, Petrograd, vi: 173.
+
+    Teleferica, cableways used by Italians to cross chasms, viii: 304.
+
+    Telegraph, field headquarters station, i: 353;
+      linesman repairing wires under fire, x: 148.
+
+    Telephone in war, first unit of U. S. women operators, ii: 309;
+      German field telephone, iii: 295;
+      central at French army headquarters, viii: 323;
+      "listening in," x: 394.
+
+    Termonde, ruins of, i: 340, 341.
+
+    Thiaucourt, street scene, v: 162.
+
+    _Thomas_, U. S. transport, at Vladivostok, vi: 188.
+
+    Tigris, iii: 319.
+
+    _Tipperary_, vi: _facing p._ 130 (in color).
+
+    Tokyo, celebrating capture of Kiau Chau, vi: 384.
+
+    Torpedo, at moment of discharge, iv: 16, 400, x: 330;
+      torpedo tubes being turned on target, iv: 153;
+      destroyer dodging, iv: 188;
+      torpedo tubes on submarine, iv: 210;
+      being placed in position on submarine, xi: 246.
+
+    Torpedoplane, iv: 306.
+
+    Toul, Cathedral corner, v: 160.
+
+    Tower of London, vi: 11.
+
+    Tractors, for hauling artillery, viii: 42;
+      for transporting tanks, viii: 141;
+      tractor motor truck, viii: 290;
+      use in plowing, xii: 76.
+
+    Treaty of 1839, facsimile of signatures to, guaranteeing
+      Belgian neutrality, i: 147.
+
+    Trench stoves, captured from Germans, vi: 87.
+
+    Trenches, construction of, i: 360;
+      barbed-wire entrance to, ii: 284;
+      soldiers in entrance to dugout, v: 76;
+      diagram of, showing method of attack in reducing forts, viii: 125;
+      hallway of underground dwelling, viii: 129;
+      machinery used in digging, viii: 130;
+      communicating, viii: 330;
+    _see also_ under name of country, Army.
+
+    Trent, river front, vi: 130.
+
+    Trieste, water front, ii: 52;
+      market scene, ii: 245.
+
+    Troopship, religious service on board, iv: 228.
+
+    Trudeau Sanitarium, French children under Red Cross care at, vii: 200.
+
+    Tsing Tau, wireless station wrecked by Japanese fire, iii: 259;
+      barbed-wire entanglements outside walls of, iv: 61.
+
+    Turkey, army, leaving for the front, ii: 31;
+      infantry at attention, iii: 166;
+      artillery on way to Suez Canal, iii: 189;
+      putting up hospital tents, vii: 365.
+
+    Tyrol, Italians advancing, iii: 242;
+      Austrian stronghold, vi: 309.
+
+    U
+
+    _U-58_, German submarine captured by U. S. destroyer, iv: 349.
+
+    _U-65_, German submarine, ii: 20.
+
+    _U-105_, German submarine, interior of, iv: 237.
+
+    Uhlans, German, in Belgium, xi: 196.
+
+    Ukrainian peasants, vi: 242.
+
+    United States:
+      Agriculture, in war time, xii: 84, 137, 147.
+      Army, setting-up exercises, i: 308, 365;
+        training for trench warfare, i: 338;
+        equipment, i: 352, xi: 169 (with cost of each item);
+        field headquarters telegraph station, i: 353;
+        student officers in training, i: 367, v: 285;
+        on Mexican border, i: 368;
+        Signal Corps men at work, i: 372, v: 319;
+        marching in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: _Intro. xxiv_;
+        on march over French roads, ii: 219;
+        advancing at Cantigny, ii: 271, x: 75;
+        on regimental parade, ii: 305;
+        first unit of women telephone operators, ii: 309;
+        recruits drilling, ii: 313;
+        military lecture, ii: 315;
+        first troops reaching France, ii: 316, iii: 81, iv: 158, 162;
+        student officers at Fort Oglethorpe, ii: 319;
+        return from France, iii: _facing p._ 348 (in color);
+        debarking at Brest, v: 3;
+        machine gunners at rest, v: 20;
+        resting after march, v: 26;
+        an infantry-man, v: 30;
+        resting near Marne front, v: 42;
+        supporting wounded poilu, v: 50;
+        on way to front, v: 60, 63, 381;
+        marching through ruined town, v: 68;
+        territory to advance through in Meuse-Argonne region, v: 75;
+        advancing through Argonne forest, v: 82, 247;
+        officer's dugout, v: 89;
+        first camp in France, v: 107;
+        graves of first killed in France, v: 111;
+        hand grenade practice, v: 112;
+        boxing match for recreation, v: 114, vii: 314;
+        veterans of Cantigny, v: 125;
+        motorized machine-gun unit, v: 142;
+        infantry in firing trenches, v: 144;
+        washing day, v: 149;
+        sketches of A. E. F. types, v: 151;
+        troops coming out of action at Chateau-Thierry, v: 153;
+        passing through Thiaucourt, v: 162;
+        making friends with French children, v: 164;
+        advancing over open field, v: 169;
+        infantry advancing with tank protection, v: 181, 193;
+        billeted in French farmhouse, v: 189;
+        M. P. quarters, v: 200;
+        officers' quarters in the Argonne, v: 217;
+        advancing near Badonville, v: 232;
+        A. E. F. cemetery at Romagne, Argonne, v: 233;
+        men of 77th Div. in the Argonne, v: 244;
+        A. E. F. positions on the Aisne, v: 259;
+        marching into Alsace, v: 267, xii: 288;
+        negro troops being decorated, v: 268;
+        N. Y. National Guardsmen in training at Camp Wadsworth, v: 283;
+        a tank unit in training, v: 287;
+        27th Div. returning home on _Leviathan_, v: 298;
+        student officers at Fort McPherson, v: 301;
+        aviator "true-ing" plane, v: 311;
+        assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313;
+        supplies for A. E. F. on Brest docks, v: 329;
+        field of auto trucks, v: 333;
+        salvage unit at work, v: 334, viii: 346;
+        assembling locomotives in France, v: 335;
+        reveille, v: _facing p._ 354 (in color);
+        parade and inspection, v: _facing p._ 358 (in color);
+        visitors' day at camp, v: _facing p._ 362 (in color);
+        taps, v: _facing p._ 366 (in color);
+        soldier saluting grave of poilu, v: 374;
+        off duty, v: 376;
+        Chicago recruits on way to training camp, v: 377;
+        bringing in wounded French soldier, v: 386;
+        in a bombarded village, v: 387;
+        in Genoa, v: 394;
+        group of ambulances and drivers, vii: 31;
+        convalescent soldiers sightseeing in London, vii: 40;
+        medical officers treating wounded on field, vii: 46;
+        hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380;
+        type of Scotch member, vii: 176;
+        type of Scandinavian member, vii: 177;
+        type of negro member, vii: 178;
+        type of English member, vii: 179;
+        type of Armenian member, vii: 180;
+        type of Greek member, vii: 181;
+        type of Irish member, vii: 183;
+        type of Italian member, vii: 184;
+        type of Jewish member, vii: 185;
+        in line for inoculation at training camp, vii: 195;
+        dental officers at work, vii: 210, 223;
+        convalescing wounded soldiers in workshop, vii: 214;
+        A. E. F. cemetery at Luresnes, vii: 224;
+        entertainment for wounded, vii: 231, 347;
+        wounded soldier under operation, vii: 257;
+        class of illiterate recruits being taught, vii: 280;
+        42nd Div. on march, vii: 292;
+        playing ball, vii: 315;
+        soldier-students at Eagle Hut, London, vii: 320;
+        type of Polish member, vii: 356;
+        wounded arriving in New York, vii: 390;
+        types of rifles, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 105;
+        bayonet practice, viii: 106, 107, 108, 109, xi: 162, 166;
+        gas training, viii: 121;
+        motorized kitchen, viii: 287;
+        in Vaux, x: 7;
+        machine gunners in action, x: 103;
+        gravestones of A. E. F. dead, x: 115;
+        bugler, x: 386;
+        parading in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389;
+        charging drill, x: 398;
+        National Army men in camp in winter, xi: 5;
+        on march at Fort Sherman, xi: 36;
+        training to go "Over the top," xi: 38;
+        French soldiers instructing Americans, xi: 44;
+        National Army draftees arriving at camp, xi: 156;
+        recruits learning manual of arms, xi: 160;
+        army mule getting hair-cut, xi: 164;
+        cavalry stunts, xi: 171;
+        type of American Indian in, xi: 177;
+        firing practice, xi: 304;
+        repairing telephone lines in France, xi: 305;
+        field telephoning, xi: 307;
+        operating sawmill behind the lines in France, xi: 311;
+        group singing, xi: 336, 338;
+        drilling awkward squad, xii: 104;
+        Secretary Baker drawing draft numbers, xii: 289.
+      Artillery, coast defense guns, i: 346, v: 307, viii: 27, 41;
+        mountain-guns, i: 371, viii: 25;
+        guns which took part in second Marne battle, iii: 95;
+        A. E. F. battery on way to front, v: 64;
+        heavy French gun manned by U. S. Coast Artillery
+          gunners in action in France, v: 166;
+        Marine gunners with field piece, v: 171;
+        French guns for A. E. F. use, v: 172;
+        storing shells, v: 173;
+        gun which fired last shot of war, v: 276;
+        at practice, v: 304, xi: 162;
+        naval gun on caterpillar mount for use on Western Front, v: 306;
+        training artillery officers, viii: 9;
+        telescopic sight on field guns, viii: 12;
+        3-in. gun, viii: 23;
+        6-in. railway-mount gun, viii: 37;
+        16-in. railway-mount howitzer, viii: 39;
+        path of shell flight of proposed 121-mile range gun, viii: 50;
+        sketch of 121-mile range gun, viii: 51;
+        range-finding, x: 132;
+        type of heavy railway-mount gun, xi: 276.
+      Congress, President Wilson addressing, on relations with Germany,
+        i: 329.
+      Declaration of war on Germany, facsimile copy, ii: 55.
+      Flag, presented to President Wilson by Frenchwomen, i: 394;
+        used by American ambulance workers in Franco-Prussian War,
+          vii: 319;
+        in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 30;
+        original Star-spangled Banner, xi: 330.
+      Marines, embarking for overseas, ii: 223;
+        operating anti-aircraft gun on warship, iv: 338;
+        operating anti-aircraft machine gun on land, v: 11;
+        recruiting poster, v: 131, x: 316;
+        in Belleau Woods, v: 137;
+        with 3-in. field artillery, v: 171;
+        storing ammunition in dugout, v: 173;
+        advancing with hand grenades, v: 176;
+        in artillery contest, v: 304;
+        in bayonet drill, viii: 108;
+        scene of first stand against Germans, x: 3;
+        Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th Regt., x: 199;
+        advancing to Belleau Woods, xi: 45.
+      Navy, members of War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_;
+        sailors in Victory Parade, New York City, iv: 138;
+        battleships of Atlantic fleet, iv: 161, 336;
+        submarine chaser, iv: 293;
+        types of submarines, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240;
+        recruiting poster, iv: 316;
+        recruits learning to make knots, iv: 318;
+        returning from torpedo practice, iv: 321;
+        mine-laying, iv: 324, 325, 326, 327, 331, 332;
+        taps, iv: 334;
+        sailors dancing on board ship,
+          iv: _facing p._ 334 (in color);
+        anti-aircraft guns on board ship manned by marines, iv: 338;
+        sailors washing clothes, iv: 339;
+        sailors in "crow's nest," iv: 342;
+        supply ship taking on cargo for A. E. F., iv: 347;
+        naval militiamen off for service, iv: 351;
+        sailor's Christmas box from home,
+          iv: _facing p._ 366 (in color);
+        patrol boat in French waters, iv: 378;
+        signalling practice, iv: 402;
+        battleship taking on provisions, v: 330;
+        students at naval radio school at Harvard University, viii: 318;
+        fleet on high seas, xi: 30;
+        strong man of Norfolk Training Station, xi: 158;
+        dreadnaughts saluting President Wilson, xii: 227;
+        _see also_ name of vessels.
+      Ship-building, at Camden, N. J., xii: 30;
+        at Seattle, Wash., xii: 93;
+        at Bayonne, N. J., xii: 102.
+
+    _Utah_, U. S. battleship, iv: 341.
+
+
+    V
+
+    Vaux, Fort, at Verdun, ruins of, ii: 187.
+
+    Vaux, village in Marne sector, airplane view, v: 36;
+      ruins of, x: 6;
+      American troops in, x: 7.
+
+    Venice, guarding art treasures against air attack, vi: 316;
+      Campanile of St. Mark's, vi: 319, 320.
+
+    Verdun, views on banks of Meuse, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303;
+      German Crown Prince decorating troops at, ii: 38;
+      battlefield, ii: 39;
+      behind German lines at, ii: 46;
+      ruins of Fort Vaux, ii: 187;
+      trenches on Hill 304, ii: 188;
+      Cathedral, iii: 53;
+      main gateway, iii: 54;
+      captured German positions, iii: 315;
+      aviation camp near, viii: 233.
+
+    Versailles,
+      entry of King William of Prussia into, 1871, i: 46;
+      proclamation of German Empire at, 1871, i: 55;
+      Palace of, vi: 101, xii: 157 (Hall of Mirrors),
+        160 (signature of Peace Treaty);
+      German press representatives at, xii: 220.
+
+    Victory Way, New York City, xii: 133.
+
+    Vienna, Congress of, i: 31.
+
+    _Ville de Paris_, French dirigible, viii: 242.
+
+    Vilna, vi: 235.
+
+    Vimy Ridge, Canadians going over top, iii: 69.
+
+    _Vindictive_, British cruiser,
+      after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278;
+      officers of, iv: 267;
+      crew of, iv: 271;
+      being sunk in Ostend harbor, iv: 276.
+
+    _Viribus Unitis_, Austrian dreadnought, x: 298.
+
+    Vladivostok, A. E. F. base at, vi: 188;
+      U. S. consulate at, vi: 192;
+      Allied troops on parade, vi: 193.
+
+    Volunteer Motor Service, members of, vii: 32.
+
+    _Von Der Tann_, German battleship
+      surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.
+
+    Vosges Mountains,
+      French "Blue Devils" watching long-range bombardment,
+        viii: _facing p._ 122 (in color).
+
+    War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346.
+
+    Warneford, Lieut, R. A. J., death of, x: 224.
+
+    Warsaw, iii: 126;
+      unloading American relief supplies, vii: 355.
+
+    Water, canvas pipe-line for supplying troops in the field, viii: 395.
+
+    Water-boy at Salonika, xi: 63.
+
+    Waterloo, Napoleon's retreat from, i: 7.
+
+    Watervliet Arsenal, U. S. gun shop, i: 304.
+
+    Westminster, home of Duke of, transformed into war hospital, vii: 89.
+
+    William II, former Emperor of Germany,
+      residence at Amerongen, Holland, ix: 358.
+
+    Wilson, Woodrow, Princeton home, ix: 60;
+      Paris residence, ix: 67, 68;
+      Swiss medal cast in honor of, ix: 69.
+
+    Wireless, talking from airplane to ground by means of, viii: 316;
+      U. S. Naval Radio School at Harvard, viii: 318;
+      German station at Metz, viii: 319;
+      arc transmitter at Metz wireless station, viii: 321.
+
+    Wisconsin, University of, Army Training Corps on hike, xi: 172.
+
+    Woevre, plain of the, iii: 309.
+
+    Women in war industries:
+      American, munition workers, xii: 3;
+        raising hogs, xii: 54;
+        farm workers, xii: 84, 147 (plowing with tractor).
+      British, Women's Land Army recruiting poster, vi: 13;
+        in iron foundry, vi: 15, 22;
+        as munition workers, vi: 16, 59, xii: 23;
+        as war gardeners, vi: 19, xii: 41;
+        building roads, xii: 20.
+      Canadian, making shell fuses, vi: 32.
+      French, as farm laborers, ii: 375, iii: 276;
+        as munition workers, xi: 283.
+      Unidentified, girl munition worker, ii: 327;
+        as railroad workers, vii: 296.
+      For women in war activities,
+      _see_ American Fund for French wounded;
+        Canteens;
+        Nurses;
+        Red Cross;
+        Salvation Army;
+        Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+    "Workshop for Working Girls," established by Edith Wharton in France,
+      vii: 101.
+
+    Wounded:
+      American,
+        loading on ambulance train for transportation to
+          debarkation point, vii: 58;
+        visited by Red Cross worker on train, vii: 107;
+        wounded Scotch member, vii: 176;
+        wounded Scandinavian member, vii: 177;
+        wounded negro member, vii: 178;
+        wounded English member, vii: 179;
+        wounded Armenian member, vii: 180;
+        wounded Greek member, vii: 181;
+        wounded Irish member, vii: 183;
+        wounded Italian members, vii: 184;
+        wounded Jewish members, vii: 185;
+        being carried to first aid station, vii: 218;
+        at entertainment for, vii: 231;
+        in hospital car, vii: 252;
+        being helped by Knights of Columbus, vii: 336, 338;
+        at Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347;
+        wounded Polish member, vii: 356;
+        arriving at New York, vii: 390;
+        being carried on airplane ambulance, viii: 368;
+        on board hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 370.
+      British,
+        being served food in France, ii: _facing p._ 190 (in color);
+        wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172;
+        at advance dressing-station in Palestine, iii: 326;
+        after a battle in Flanders, iii: 385;
+        being carried to dressing-station on Western Front, vii: 50;
+        being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65, 97;
+        making souvenirs at Red Cross Gift House, London, vii: 70;
+        at home of Duke of Westminster, vii: 89;
+        at Prince of Wales Hospital, Tottenham, vii: 108;
+        awaiting first aid, vii: 196;
+        being carried by French soldiers to dressing-station, vii: 232;
+        awaiting transportation, vii: 238;
+        method of transporting in Mesopotamia, vii: 260;
+        Canadians at home of Lady Astor, vii: 281;
+        at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187.
+      French, first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12;
+        being supported by American soldier, v: 50;
+        being brought in by American soldiers, v: 386;
+        being greeted in Switzerland, vi: 381;
+        being removed from field, vii: 8;
+        receiving first aid on field, vii: 53;
+        at a fete for, vii: 59;
+        being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65;
+        at Verdun, vii: 66;
+        promenading with their nurses, vii: 98;
+        in a hospital train, vii: 239;
+        resting, x: 112.
+      German, being treated by A. E. F. medical officers, vii: 46;
+        too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80;
+        being brought in on improvised stretcher, vii: 88;
+        being nursed by Dutch nuns at Red Cross Hospital, Maastricht,
+          vii: 174;
+        getting a smoke from British Tommy, vii: 186;
+        being removed from field, vii: 208;
+        awaiting transportation, vii: 238.
+      Italian, being cared for by American Red Cross workers,
+        vii: _facing p._ 300 (in color),
+        _facing p._ 374 (in color).
+      Russian, in Siberian hospital, vii: 79;
+        too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80;
+        Cossack officer, vii: 363.
+      Unclassified, being helped by comrades, vi: 237;
+        being attended by medical unit men on field, vii: 182;
+        blind learning modelling, vii: 256;
+        blind learning basket-making, vii: 259;
+        being visited in hospitals by Y. M. C. A. workers, vii: 289, 311;
+        being brought to surface from dugout by windlass, vii: 304;
+        moved by means of trench trolley, vii: 306;
+        awaiting the stretcher bearers, vii: 309;
+        on board hospital ship, vii: 396;
+        being picked up by ambulance men, vii: 400.
+    _See also_ Ambulances;
+        Battle scenes;
+        Dead;
+        Hospitals;
+        _also_ Army under country.
+
+    Wright warplane, xi: 218.
+
+    Wright-Martin reconnaissance airplane, ii: 124.
+
+    _Wyoming_, U. S. battleship, iv: 397, x: 336.
+
+
+    X
+
+    X-ray, apparatus on U. S. hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 374;
+      use by custom inspectors to detect smuggling, xii: 99.
+
+
+    Y
+
+    "Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.
+
+    Yarmouth, England, after German air raid, ii: 257.
+
+    Young Men's Christian Association:
+      American, motor kitchen, vii: 216;
+        Chicago gymnasium turned into sleeping quarters for service men,
+          vii: 262;
+        Brooklyn hospital unit in training, vii: 263, 278;
+        Eagle Hut, London, vii: 264, 288, 320;
+        Eagle Hut, New York City, vii: 265;
+        women canteen workers, vii: 269, 270;
+        ruins of hut blown by German mine, vii: 273;
+        in zone of German bombardment, vii: 274;
+        visiting wounded in hospitals, vii: 289, 311;
+        in Italy, vii: 291;
+        baths and beds for service men, vii: 295;
+        in dugouts, vii: 307;
+        sports for service men, vii: 315.
+      British, leading party of service men sightseeing in London,
+        vii: 285;
+        providing service men in London with over-night accommodation,
+          vii: 287;
+        in Egypt, vii: 325.
+      Canadian, at a Toronto camp, vii: 305.
+
+    Young Women's Christian Association, American,
+      Hostess House at Le Mans, France, vii: 272;
+      social center for negro troops, vii: 275;
+      Inter-Allied Club for Women at Le Havre, France, vii: 276;
+      vacation house for American women at Chaumont, France, vii: 317.
+
+    Ypres, ruins of, i: _facing p._ 98 (in color), ii: 145, x: 356;
+      veterans of second battle of, i: 379;
+      Highlanders attacking at, ii: 213.
+
+    Yser River, a Belgian bridge across, iii: 77.
+
+
+    Z
+
+    Zeebrugge raid,
+      British cruiser _Vindictive_ at, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278;
+      British landing party battling, iv: 265;
+      officers and men of _Vindictive_, iv: 266, 267, 273;
+      British ships sunk in canal to block channel, iv: 269;
+      British ferry-boats _Iris_ and _Daffodil_
+        after taking part in, iv: 270.
+
+    Zeppelins, being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265;
+      interior, ii: 269;
+      early type, viii: 247;
+    _L-49_ brought down by French, viii: 249;
+      fuel tanks on _L-49_, viii: 253;
+      pilot's gondola, x: 226;
+    _L-15_ sinking, x: 361.
+
+    _Zrinyi_, Austrian battleship, iv: 363.
+
+
+
+
+MAPS
+
+
+    Africa, European colonies in, iii: 253.
+
+    Albania, ii: 34, 61, 239, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color).
+
+    Amiens, German drive on, Mar., '18, ii: 191;
+      battle lines, '14--'18, ii: 312.
+
+    Armistice, Nov. 11, '18,
+      battle lines on all fronts in Europe,
+        ii: _facing p. xxiv_ (in color);
+      battle line on Western Front,
+        ii: _facing p._ 86 (in color),
+        v: _facing p._ 372 (in color);
+      battle line on A. E. F. sector,
+        v: _facing p._ 72 (in color), 273.
+
+    Arras, area of British offensive, Apr., '17, iii: 71.
+
+    Arras-Neuve Chapelle sector, iii: 45.
+
+    Atlantic Ocean,
+      area of German submarine blockade,
+        i: _facing p._356 (in color), ii: 21.
+
+    Austro-Italian Front,
+      Alpine frontier, showing fortresses and mountain passes, iii: 227;
+      the Trentino, iii: 232;
+      Isonzo district, iii: 235;
+      battle lines, showing furthest Italian and Austrian advances,
+        with topography and rail communications,
+        iii: _facing p._ 246 (in color);
+      north of Venice, xi: 25;
+      Italian advance on Trieste, xi: 26.
+
+    Austro-Russian Front, iii: 120, 133;
+      battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.
+
+    Austro-Serbian frontier, iii: 152.
+
+
+    Bagdad Railway, route of, ii: 293.
+
+    Balkans, national boundaries in '14, ii: 34;
+      territorial adjustments resulting from Balkan Wars, ii: 61;
+      southeastern, and Dardanelles, topography of, ii: 199;
+      western, and Italy, ii: 239;
+      topography, boundaries, and railroads, '14,
+        iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color).
+
+    Belgian Front, June, '17, iii: 40;
+      for particular sector or locality, _see_ under name.
+
+    Belgium,
+      German and French frontiers, ii: 7;
+      concentration of German armies along border before invasion,
+        Aug., '14, iii: 7;
+      and northern France, iii: 11.
+
+    Boy Scouts, distribution of, in U. S., xi: 95.
+
+    Bulgaria, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+
+    Cambrai, battle of, iii: 82.
+
+    Cantigny, battle line near, v: 124.
+
+    Carpathian passes, iii: 120, 133.
+
+    Caucasus Front, iii: 261.
+
+    Chateau-Thierry sector, v: 136.
+
+    Coronel, battle of,
+      with chart of position and movements of opposing warships, iv: 65.
+
+
+    Dardanelles, with topography of shores, ii: 199;
+      showing mine fields, location of Allied ships sunk,
+        and fortifications and roads on Gallipoli Peninsula, ii: 291;
+      with detail of southern Gallipoli, iii: 163;
+      with Sea of Marmora and Bosphorus, iv: 19;
+      with topography of shores, showing Turkish positions,
+        iv: _facing p._ 38 (in color).
+
+    Dixmude-Ypres line, June, '17, iii: 40.
+
+
+    East Prussia, iii: 107, 109.
+
+    Europe, and Near East,
+      showing projected German expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf,
+        i: 6;
+      areas of German occupation, '16, i: 10;
+      in '14, ii: _Intro. xi_;
+      armistice lines, Nov. 11, '18,
+        ii: _Intro. facing p. xxiv_ (in color);
+      southeastern topography, boundaries, and railroads of,
+        iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      important battles and events of war, '14--'17, xi: 13;
+      food conditions after Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, xii: 43.
+
+    Falkland Islands, battle of,
+      with chart of position and movements of opposing fleets, iv: 71.
+
+    France, German and Belgian frontiers, ii: 7;
+      Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10;
+      northern, and Belgium, iii: 11;
+      A. E. F. supply depots and lines of communications, v: 5;
+      principal ports, v: 5;
+      for battle lines, _see_ name of sector or locality;
+    _also_ Western Front.
+
+
+    Gallipoli, topography, ii: 199;
+      with detail of elevations, roads, Turkish fortifications,
+        and areas of Allied occupation, ii: 291, iii: 163;
+      and northwestern Turkey, iv: 19;
+      topography with Turkish lines and forts,
+        iv: _facing p._ 38 (in color).
+
+    Germany, projected expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6;
+      Empire before war, i: 39;
+      Empire after war, i: 40;
+      Belgian and French frontiers, ii: 7;
+      Russian frontier, iii: 107, 109.
+
+    Great Britain,
+      showing areas of German submarine blockade around,
+        i: _facing p._ 356 (in color), ii: 21;
+      German sea raid on coast, Dec., '14, iv: 245.
+
+    Greece, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+
+    Iceland, Allied patrol areas off coast of, iv: 90.
+
+    Indian Ocean, showing trade routes and British possessions, iv: 179.
+
+    Isonzo, region of, iii: 227, 235, _facing p._ 246 (in color).
+
+    Italian Front, _see_ Austro-Italian Front.
+
+    Italy, and territories claimed under Treaty of London, ii: 239;
+      distribution of American Red Cross relief work in, vii: 83.
+
+
+    Jutland, battle of,
+      showing position of opposing fleets before start of engagement,
+        iv: 103;
+      charts of movements of opposing fleets during course of battle,
+        iv: 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118,
+        120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134.
+
+
+    Keeling Island, iv: 185.
+
+    Kiau-Chau, iii: 258.
+
+
+    Luxemburg, ii: 7.
+
+    Lys salient, iii: 90.
+
+
+    Marne, first battle of,
+      showing position of opposing armies, iii: 30, 31.
+
+    Marne salient, battle lines, Jan.--June, '18, ii: 72;
+      battle lines, May 26--June 12, '18, ii: 79;
+      position of German armies, July, '18, ii: 322;
+      extent of German advance, July, '18, v: 43;
+      German retreat to the Vesle, July 18--Aug. 5, '18, v: 59;
+      battle lines, June 1--Aug. 4, '18, with position of French and
+        A. E. F. divisions, v: _facing p._ 184 (in color);
+    _see also_ Western Front.
+
+    Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10.
+
+    Mediterranean Sea,
+       area of German submarine blockade,
+         i: _facing p._ 356 (in color).
+
+    Mesopotamia, iii: 179, _facing p._ 190 (in color), xi: 50.
+
+    Messines Ridge, iii: 76.
+
+    Meuse-Argonne,
+      A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18,
+        with positions of divisions participating, v: 72;
+      towns and roads of district, v: 77;
+      A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Oct. 4, '18,
+        with positions of divisions participating,
+        v: _facing p._ 222 (in color);
+      A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Nov. 1, '18,
+        with positions of divisions participating,
+        v: _facing p._ 260 (in color);
+      battle line, Nov. 11, '18, with positions of A. E. F., French,
+        and German divisions, v: 273.
+
+    Montenegro, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212;
+      before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+
+    Naval operations, of war, locations of,
+      iv: _facing p._ 166 (in color).
+
+    Neuve Chapelle-Arras sector, iii: 45.
+
+    North Sea,
+      area of German submarine blockade,
+        i: _facing p._ 356 (in color), ii: 21;
+      Allied mine barrage, German naval bases,
+       and scenes of naval battles in, iv: _facing p._ 86 (in color);
+      British cruising areas, iv: 89, 91.
+
+
+    Palestine,
+      iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color), 193, 197, 198, 325, xi: 50.
+
+
+    Red Cross, American, sectional divisions of U. S., vii: 16;
+      distribution of relief work in Italy, vii: 83.
+
+    Reims (Rheims)-Soissons sector, iii: 75.
+
+    Riga, Gulf of, iv: 137.
+
+    Rumania, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color), 215;
+      before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.
+
+    Russia,
+      showing territories under German and Allied control, '18, ii: 67;
+      German frontier, iii: 107, 109;
+      Austrian frontier, iii: 120, 133;
+      Russo-Teuton battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.
+
+
+    St. Mihiel salient,
+      showing battle lines and course of A. E. F. advance against,
+        Sept., '18, ii: 338, v: 70, _facing p._ 210
+        (in color, and giving positions of French and A.E.F. divisions),
+        385;
+      detail of terrain, v: 69.
+
+    Salonika Front, iii: 204.
+
+    Scapa Flow, iv: 93.
+
+    Scotland, British cruising areas off coasts of, iv: 89, 90, 91.
+
+    Serbia, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61;
+      Austrian frontier, iii: 152;
+      encirclement by Teuton armies, iii: 157.
+
+    Sinai Peninsula, iii: 193.
+
+    Soissons, and region to the south, v: 178.
+
+    Soissons-Reims (Rheims) sector, iii: 75.
+
+    Somme, first battle, '16, area of, iii: 60;
+      second battle, '18, area of, iii: 87.
+
+    Somme-Oise sector,
+      battle lines during Allied offensive, Aug. 8--18, '18, ii: 332.
+
+    Suez Canal, iii: 193, xi: 50.
+
+    Syria, iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color), 198, xi: 50.
+
+
+    Tonnenberg, battle of, showing maneuvers of opposing armies, iii: 114;
+    _see also_ East Prussia.
+
+    Transylvania, iii: 215.
+
+    Trentino, iii: 227, 232, _facing p._ 246 (in color).
+
+    Trieste, Italian advance on, xi: 26.
+
+    Tsing Tau, iii: 258.
+
+    Turkey,
+      as part of German plan of Empire from North Sea to
+        Persian Gulf, i: 6;
+      with reference to Balkans,
+        ii: 34, 61 (territory in Europe before and after Balkan Wars),
+        iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color);
+      Dardanelles region, ii: 199, iv: 19;
+      route of Bagdad Railway, ii: 293;
+      route of British campaigns in, iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color);
+      in Asia, xi: 50.
+
+
+    United States, Red Cross sectional divisions, vii: 16;
+      distribution of Boy Scouts, xi: 95.
+
+
+    Verdun,
+      perspective of battlefield with battle lines,
+        Feb. 20--June 14, '16, iii: _facing p._ 50 (in color);
+      battle lines and positions of opposing armies, iii: 306.
+
+    Vimy Ridge, iii: 344.
+
+
+    Western Front,
+      battle line from North Sea to Reims, Apr., '17, ii: 54;
+      battle line, Mar., '18,
+        compared with line of furthest German advance, Sept., '14, ii: 64;
+      battle lines, Sept., '14--June, '18, ii: 72;
+      battle lines, Sept. 19--Oct. 2, '18, ii: 81;
+      battle line at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18,
+        compared with line of furthest German advance,
+        ii: _facing p._ 86 (in color);
+      plan of German concentration, Aug., '14, iii: 7;
+      battle line, Nov. 11, '14, iii: 39;
+      battle lines, Sept., '14--Sept., '18, iii: 97;
+      German advance, Aug.--Sept., '14,
+      with positions of German armies, iii: 278;
+      battle line, July, '18, v: 5;
+      position of A. E. F. divisions at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 273;
+      battle lines, July 18, '18, and Nov. 11, '18,
+      with dates and localities of principal operations
+      and A. E. F. divisions participating,
+        v: _facing p._ 372 (in color);
+      for particular sectors or localities, _see_ name.
+
+    World, areas inhabited by peoples not self-governing, i: 24;
+      sources of coal and oil supply in '14, ii: 15;
+      centers of live-stock production, xii: 36.
+
+
+    Ypres, and neighborhood, iii: 11.
+
+    Ypres-Dixmude line, June, '17, iii: 40.
+
+    Yser, battle of, iii: 43.
+
+
+    Zeebrugge, German submarine base, iv: 262.
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+Italics are rendered with underlines at the beginning and end e.g.
+_italics_.
+
+Bold font is rendered with equal signs at the beginning and end e.g.
+=bold=.
+
+Small caps have been replaced with all caps e.g. SMALL CAPS.
+
+The following are believed to be typos and have been corrected.
+
+ +----+--------------+--------------+
+ |Page| Changed from | Changed to   |
+ +----+--------------+--------------+
+ |  11| out          | our          |
+ |  15| finanical    | financial    |
+ |  17| the          | be           |
+ |  17| be           | the          |
+ |  22| Reichbank    | Reichsbank   |
+ |  24| statiticians | statisticians|
+ |  24| ought to to  | ought to     |
+ |  25| soliders     | soldiers     |
+ |  27| Jourial      | Journal      |
+ |  28| bonsuses     | bonuses      |
+ |  31| 311,070,250  | 60,000,000   |
+ |  31| 50,000,000   | 60,000,000   |
+ |  31| Canadaian    | Canadian     |
+ |  41| prorable     | probable     |
+ |  53| Men't        | Men's        |
+ |  54| offorded     | afforded     |
+ |  56| there        | their        |
+ |  56| pears'       | years'       |
+ |  57| everage      | average      |
+ |  59| sacrifce     | sacrifice    |
+ |  59| drastice     | drastic      |
+ |  75| exclusivevly | exclusively  |
+ |  77| accesible    | accessible   |
+ |  77| comsumpton   | consumption  |
+ |  80| somethink    | something    |
+ |  81| rsesources   | resources    |
+ |  82| beween       | between      |
+ |  98| known        | know         |
+ | 101| urpassed     | surpassed    |
+ | 102| negotiatd    | negotiated   |
+ | 114| 743,556      | 74,556       |
+ | 126| oversea      | overseas     |
+ | 130| ito          | into         |
+ | 132| ecstacy      | ecstasy      |
+ | 166| show         | shoe         |
+ | 184| mmber        | member       |
+ | 199| Asociated    | Associated   |
+ | 204| givn         | given        |
+ | 205| Asociated    | Associated   |
+ | 215| space        | spare        |
+ | 216| nutral       | neutral      |
+ | 221| patricular   | particular   |
+ | 235| of           | if           |
+ | 252| that         | the          |
+ | 254| line         | lines        |
+ | 260| case         | cast         |
+ | 263| occured      | occurred     |
+ | 332| Maestricht   | Maastricht   |
+ | 353| Jaulognne    | Jaulgonne    |
+ +----+--------------+--------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Pictorial Library of the
+World War, Volume XII, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S PICTORIAL LIBRARY, VOL XII ***
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