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diff --git a/44121-0.txt b/44121-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4311dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/44121-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6623 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44121 *** + + _FREEMAN'S HISTORICAL COURSE FOR SCHOOLS._ + + HISTORY + OF + SCOTLAND + + BY + MARGARET MACARTHUR. + + EDITED BY + EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. + + _Edition Adapted for American Students._ + + [Illustration] + + NEW YORK + HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY + 1874 + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year 1874, by + HENRY HOLT, + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + +[ Transcriber Notes: + 1. Obvious misspellings and omissions were corrected. + 2. Uncertain misspellings or ancient words were not corrected. + 3. "_" indicates italics, "=" indicates bold. ] + + + + + CONTENTS. + PAGE + CHAPTER I. + THE GAELIC PERIOD 1 + + CHAPTER II. + THE ENGLISH PERIOD 19 + + CHAPTER III. + THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 35 + + CHAPTER IV. + THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM 52 + + CHAPTER V. + THE JAMESES 67 + + CHAPTER VI. + THE REFORMATION 96 + + CHAPTER VII. + THE UNION OF THE CROWNS 125 + + CHAPTER VIII. + AFTER THE UNION 167 + + + + + CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. + + THE GAELIC PERIOD. + Agricola's Invasion 80 + Severus' Invasion 208 + Founding of Northumberland by Ida 547 + Founding of Dalriada by the Scots about 503 + Union of Picts and Scots 843 + Commendation to Eadward 924 + Battle of Brunanburh 937 + Battle of Carham 1018 + Cnut's Invasion 1031 + Malcolm Canmore King 1057 + William's Invasion 1073 + Malcolm slain 1093 + + THE ENGLISH PERIOD, 1097-1286. + Eadgar 1097 + Alexander I. 1107 + David 1124 + Battle of the Standard 1138 + Malcolm IV 1153 + William the Lion 1165 + Capture at Alnwick 1174 + Treaty of Falaise 1174 + Council of Northampton 1176 + Treaty with Richard I. 1189 + Alexander II. 1214 + Border-line fixed 1222 + Council at York 1237 + Alexander III. 1249 + Battle of Largs 1263 + Man and the Sudereys annexed 1266 + Death of Alexander III. 1286 + + THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE, to 1314. + Queen Margaret 1286 + Treaty of Brigham 1290 + Margaret dies 1290 + Council meets at Norham, 3rd June 1291 + Judgment given at Berwick, 11th November 1292 + John crowned King 1292 + Edward's first Conquest 1296 + Rising of Wallace 1297 + Surrender at Irvine 1297 + Battle of Stirling, 11th September 1297 + Battle of Falkirk 1298 + Edward's second Conquest 1303 + Capture of Wallace 1305 + Robert Bruce crowned King, 27th March 1306 + Death of Edward 1307 + Battle of Bannockburn, 24th June 1314 + + THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM, 1314-1424. + Parliament at Cambuskenneth 1326 + Peace of Northampton 1328 + David II. 1329 + Edward Balliol's Invasion 1332 + Battle of Halidon Hill 1333 + Capture of David 1346 + His release 1347 + Invasion of Edward III. 1356 + Robert II. 1370 + Raid of Otterburn 1388 + Robert III. 1390 + Fight on North Inch 1396 + Invasion of Henry IV. 1400 + Battle of Homildon Hill 1402 + Capture of the Earl of Carrick 1405 + Robert III. dies 1406 + Burning of Reseby 1408 + St. Andrews University founded 1408 + Battle of Harlaw, 24th July 1411 + Albany the Regent dies 1419 + + THE JAMESES, 1424-1557. + James I. crowned King 1424 + Parliament at Inverness 1427 + Murder of the King 1436 + James II. 1436 + Murder of the Douglases 1439 + Murder of William, Earl of Douglas 1452 + Battle of Arkinholm 1454 + The King slain at Roxburgh 1460 + James III. 1460 + Orkney and Shetland annexed 1469 + St. Andrews raised to an Archbishopric 1471 + Revolt of Lauder Bridge 1482 + Battle of Sauchieburn 1488 + James IV 1488 + Marriage of James to Margaret Tudor 1502 + Lordship of the Isles broken up 1504 + Battle of Flodden, 9th September 1513 + James V. 1513 + "Erection" of the King 1524 + Fall of Angus 1528 + Rout at Solway Moss 1542 + Mary 1542 + Hertford's first Invasion 1544 + Hertford's second Invasion 1545 + Burning of George Wishart 1545 + Murder of Beaton 1545 + Battle of Pinkie 1547 + Mary sails for France 1548 + First marriage of Mary, 24th April 1558 + + THE REFORMATION PERIOD, 1557-1603. + The "First Covenant" signed 1557 + Burning of Walter Mill 1558 + Religious riots 1559 + Treaty of Berwick 1560 + Reformation Statutes passed 1560 + Return of the Queen 1561 + Battle of Corrichie 1562 + Second marriage of Mary, 29th July 1565 + Murder of Rizzio 1566 + Murder of Darnley, 9th February 1567 + Third Marriage of Mary, 15th May 1567 + Surrender at Carberry, 15th June 1567 + Abdication of Mary 1567 + James VI. crowned 1567 + Battle of Langside, 13th May 1568 + Conference at York begins, October 1568 + Murder of Murray the Regent 1570 + Taking of Dunbarton, 2nd April 1571 + Parliament at Stirling, 4th September 1571 + Lennox the Regent slain 1571 + Episcopacy revived 1572 + Death of John Knox, 24th November 1572 + Death of Mar the Regent, 24th November 1572 + Surrender of Edinburgh Castle 1573 + The King rules alone, 4th March 1578 + Raid of Ruthven 1581 + Death of Mary Stuart, 8th February 1587 + Marriage of the King 1590 + Abolition of Episcopacy 1592 + The Gowrie Plot, 5th August 1600 + James becomes King of England 1603 + + THE UNION OF THE CROWNS, 1603-1707. + Fight in Glen Fruin 1604 + Restoration of Episcopacy 1606 + Visit of the King 1616 + Articles of Perth passed 1618 + Nova Scotia founded 1621 + King James dies 1625 + Charles I. 1625 + Charles crowned in Scotland 1633 + Liturgy Riots 1637 + The Covenant renewed 1638 + Assembly at Glasgow 1638 + Episcopacy abolished 1638 + "Trot of Turriff," May 1639 + Pacification of Berwick, June 1639 + Invasion of England by the Scots 1640 + Treaty of Ripon, begun 1st October 1640 + " " " ended 7th August 1641 + Battle of Tippermuir, September 1644 + Charles comes to the Scots Camp, 5th May 1645 + Battle of Philiphaugh, September 1645 + The Scots give up Charles, 8th January 1647 + The Surrender at Uttoxeter, 25th August 1648 + "Whiggamore's Raid" 1648 + Charles I. beheaded, 30th January 1649 + Charles II. proclaimed 1649 + Rising and beheading of Montrose 1650 + Charles II. arrives in Scotland 1650 + Battle of Dunbar, 3rd September 1650 + Battle of Worcester, 3rd September 1651 + Legislative Union with England 1654 + Restoration of Charles II. 1660 + Act "Rescissory" passed 1661 + Episcopacy re-established 1661 + The "Ejection" 1662 + The Westland Rising 1666 + The Indulgence, June 1669 + Murder of Sharp, May 1679 + Fight at Drumclog, May 1679 + Fight at Bothwell Bridge, June 1679 + Sanquhar Declaration, June 1680 + Test Act passed 1681 + James VII. 1685 + Argyle's Rising 1685 + Full Indulgence 1688 + James VII. deposed 1688 + William and Mary proclaimed 1689 + Battle of Killiecrankie, 27th July 1689 + Episcopacy abolished 1690 + Massacre of Glencoe, 13th February 1691 + Charter granted to the Darien Company 1695 + Education Act passed 1696 + Anne 1701 + The Union of the Parliaments 1707 + + AFTER THE UNION. + George I. 1714 + Jacobite Rising 1715 + Malt-tax Riots 1724 + Porteous Riot 1736 + Jacobite Rising 1745 + Battle of Preston-pans, 20th September 1745 + Battle of Culloden, 16th April 1746 + Highland Society founded 1784 + First Steamboat tried 1788 + Penal laws against Romanists repealed 1793 + Colliers and Salters freed 1799 + Reform Bill passed 1832 + The Disruption 1843 + + + + +HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. + + +CHAPTER I. + +THE GAELIC PERIOD. + + _The country_ (1)--_the people_ (2)--_Roman occupation_ + (3)--_English invasion_ (4)--_the Scots_ (5)--_introduction + of Christianity_ (6)--_conversion of the Picts_ + (7)--_conversion of the English_ (8)--_English + conquests_ (9)--_union of Picts and Scots_ (10)--_the + Northmen_ (11)--_the Commendation_ (12)--_annexation of + Strathclyde_ (13)--_acquisition of Lothian_ (14)--_Cnut's + invasion_ (15)--_Macbeth_ (16)--_English immigration_ + (17)--_William's invasion_ (18)--_Margaret's reforms_ + (19)--_disputed succession_ (20)--_Gaelic period ends_ + (21)--_summary_ (22). + + +=1. The Country.=--The northern part of Great Britain is now called +_Scotland_, but it was not called so till the _Scots_, a _Celtic_ +people, came over from _Ireland_ and gave their name to it. The Romans +who first mention it in history speak of it as _Caledonia_. There are +two points in which the history of this country and of the people who +live in it is unlike the history of most of the other countries and +nations of Europe. Firstly, it never was taken into the great Roman +Empire; and secondly in it we find a _Celtic_ people who, instead of +disappearing before the _Teutons_, held their ground against them so +well that in the end the _Teutons_ were called by the name of the +_Celtic_ people, were ruled by the _Celtic_ kings, and fought for +the independence of the Celtic kingdom as fiercely as if they had +themselves been of the Celtic race. But the whole of the country is +not of the same nature. The northern part is so nearly cut off from +the rest of Britain by the two great _Firths_ of Forth and Clyde as +to form almost a separate island, and this peninsula is again divided +into _Highlands_ and _Lowlands_. Speaking roughly, we may say that +all the west is Highland and the east Lowland. A range of mountains +sweeping in a semicircle from the Firth of Clyde to the mouth of the +Dee, known as _Drumalbyn_ or the _Mount_, may be taken as the line of +separation, though the _Lowlands_ extend still further north along +the eastern coast. The marked differences between these two districts +have had a very decided influence on the character of the inhabitants, +and consequently on the national development. The _Lowlands_ are well +watered and fertile, and the people who lived there were peaceable and +industrious, and both on the seaboard and inland there is early notice +of the existence of populous and thriving towns. The _Highlands_, on +the contrary, are made up of lakes, moors, and barren hills, whose +rocky summits are well-nigh inaccessible, and whose heath-clad sides +are of little use even as pasture. Even in the glens between the +mountains, where alone any arable land is to be found, the crops are +poor, the harvest late and uncertain, and vegetation of any kind very +scanty. The western coast is cut up into numberless islets, and the +coast-line is constantly broken by steep jagged promontories jutting +out seaward, or cut by long lochs, up which the sea runs far into +the land between hills rising almost as bare and straight as walls +on either side. In the Highlands even in the present day there are +no towns of any importance, for the difficulty of access by land and +the dangers of the coast have made commerce well-nigh impossible. +The _Highlanders_, who were discouraged by the barrenness of their +native mountains, where even untiring industry could only secure a bare +maintenance, and tempted by the sight of prosperity so near them, found +it a lighter task to lift the crops and cattle of their neighbour than +to rear their own, and have at all times been much given to pillaging +the more fortunate _Lowlanders_, of whom they were the justly dreaded +scourge. + +=2. The People.=--As the country is thus naturally divided into two +parts distinctly opposite in character, so the people are made up +of two distinct branches of the great _Aryan_ family, the _Celtic_ +and the _Teutonic_. The Celts were the first comers, and were in +possession when the country became historically known; that is, at the +first invasion of the Romans. In later times we find three _Celtic_ +peoples in North Britain; to wit, the _Picts_, the _Scots_, and the +_Welsh_. The _Picts_ were those _Celts_ who dwelt north of the Firths +in _Alba_ or _Alban_, as the earliest traditions call it; and if we +judge from the names of places and contemporary accounts and notices, +there is every reason to believe that they were more akin to the +_Gaelic_ than to the _British_ branch of the Celtic race. The _Scots_, +the other _Gaelic_ people, were, when we first hear of them, settled +in _Ireland_, from whence at different times bands of them came over +to the western coast of Britain. They were friends and allies of the +_Picts_, and are early mentioned as fighting on their side against the +Romans. After a time, when many more Scots had settled in Alba, their +name became common to all the Celts north of the Firths, and from +them the whole country was called Scotland. The Celts south of the +Firths were partly Christianized and civilized by the Romans, and thus +became very different from the rest. They got their name of _Welsh_ +from the Teutonic tribes who came from the land between the _Elbe_ +and the _Eyder_, and, settling along the eastern coast, finally took +possession of a great tract of country, and called the Celts whom +they displaced _Welshmen_ or foreigners. The Celts called all these +new comers _Saxons_, though this was really only the name of one of +the first tribes that came over; and as they gradually spread over +the _Lowlands_, the word _Saxon_ came to mean simply _Lowlander_. In +course of time the original proportions of these two races have been +nearly reversed, so that the modern Scottish nation, though it keeps +its _Celtic_ name, instead of being made up of three _Celts_ to one +_Saxon_, is much more nearly three _Saxons_ to one _Celt_. + +=3. Roman Occupation.=--The _Romans_, who had already made themselves +masters of South Britain, were led into the northern part of the +island by _Julius Agricola_, A.D. 80. But the _Celts_ whom they found +there, and whom they called _Caledonians_, were so well able to defend +themselves among their mountains that the Romans, though they defeated +them in a great battle on the Highland border, gave up the idea of +conquering the country, and retreated again south of the Firths of +_Forth_ and _Clyde_. Across the isthmus between the two, which is about +thirty miles wide, they built a line of forts, joined by a rampart +of earth. This rampart was intended to serve as a defence to their +colonists, and as a boundary to mark the limit of their empire; though, +as many Roman remains have been found north of the isthmus, they must +have had settlements without as well as within the fortifications. But +the Caledonians, who were too high-spirited to look on quietly and +see their country thus taken possession of, harassed the colonists by +getting over the wall and seizing or destroying everything they could +lay their hands on. At length (A.D. 120) the Roman Emperor _Hadrian_ +built a second rampart across the lower isthmus, between the rivers +_Tyne_ and _Solway_, leaving the district between the two pretty much +at the mercy of the fierce Picts, as the Romans now began to call +the Caledonians. Twenty years later, in the reign of the Emperor +_Antoninus Pius_, one of his generals, _Lollius Urbicus_, again drove +them back beyond the first wall, and repaired and strengthened the +defences of _Agricola_. But, before half a century had passed, the +Picts again burst the barrier, and killed the Roman commander. In +208 the Emperor _Severus_ cut his way through Caledonia with a large +army. He reached the northern coast, but had no chance of fighting a +battle, and lost many of his men. He repaired and strengthened the +rampart of Hadrian. In time the Picts got over the second rampart too, +and came south as far as _Kent_, where, in the latter part of the +fourth century, _Theodosius_ the Roman general, father of the famous +Emperor of the same name, had to fight his way to London through their +plundering hordes. Theodosius drove them back with great vigour, +restored the Empire to its former boundary, and made the district +between the walls into a Roman province, which he called _Valentia_, +in honour of _Valentinian_, who was then Emperor. It was probably +about this time that the great stone wall was built across the lower +isthmus. The dangers which threatened the capital of the Empire in the +beginning of the next century forced the Romans to forsake this as well +as all their other provinces in Britain, and the withdrawal of their +troops left the Romanized Britons of Valentia a helpless prey to their +merciless enemies the Picts. At the end of the three centuries of Roman +occupation, the _Britons_ south of the Firths had so little in common +with the wild _Picts_, who in _Alba_ and in _Galloway_ still maintained +their independence, that they were like people of a different race. +The one sect, though still savage and heathen, were as brave and +fierce as ever; the other, though Christianized and civilized, were +so degenerated from the vigour of the original stock that they were +powerless to resist their more warlike kinsmen. + +=4. English Invasion.=--In the sixth century the _Angles_ came in +great force and settled on the eastern coast of Valentia, and drove +the _Britons_, or as they called them _Welshmen_, back to the Westland +Hills. This district then between the Roman walls was thus divided +between two kingdoms. The English kingdom of _Northumberland_, founded +by _Ida_ in 547, took in all the eastern part of the country south of +the _Forth_; while the Welsh kingdom, called _Strathclyde_ from the +river that watered it, stretched from the _Firth of Clyde_ southwards +towards the _Dee_. + +=5. The Scots.=--About the same time that the _English_ were pouring +in on the east, the _Scots_ were settling all along the western +coast. As the strait which separates _Britain_ from _Ireland_ is only +twelve miles broad, the Scots could easily come over from _Scotia_, +as _Ireland_ was formerly called, to seek their fortune in the larger +island. It is impossible to fix the date of their first coming, but it +was not till the beginning of the sixth century that there came over +a swarm numerous and united enough to found a separate state. This is +one of the few _Celtic_ migrations on record from west to east, and +forms an exception to the general displacement that was going on, by +which the _Celts_ were being driven further and further west before the +_Teutons_. The leaders of the Scots were _Fergus MacErc_, and _Lorn_, +of the family of the _Dalriads_, the ruling dynasty in the north of +Ireland, and from them this new state founded on the western coast of +what is now called _Argyle_ got the name of _Dalriada_. + +=6. Introduction of Christianity.=--These Scots were not pagans +like the Picts of Alba, for Ireland had already been Christianized. +The new comers brought the new faith to their adopted country, and +through them it spread among the Picts, and also among the English of +Northumberland. The great apostle of the Scots was _Columba_. He was +Abbot of Durrow in Ireland, but was obliged to leave his own country, +because he had been engaged in a feud with some of his kinsfolk, in +which his side was worsted. He came over to the new colony on the coast +of Alba, and _Conal_, who was then King of the Dalriads, welcomed him, +and gave him _I_, or _Iona_, an islet about a mile and a half long and +a mile broad, lying west of the large island of Mull. Here Columba +settled with the twelve monks who had come with him, and here they +built for the service of God a little wooden church after their simple +fashion, and for their own dwelling a few rude huts of wattle, which +in after-times was called a monastery, where they passed their days +in prayer and study. But their missionary zeal was as great as their +piety, and from their head-quarters on Iona they went cruising about +among the adjacent islands, extending their circuit to the _Orkneys_, +and even, it is said, as far as _Iceland_. + +=7. Conversion of the Picts.=--Columba himself undertook the conversion +of the Picts. About two years after his arrival at Iona he set out on +this important mission, crossed Drumalbyn, sought the court of _Brud_, +the Pictish king, converted him, and founded religious communities on +the same plan as that on Iona, on lands granted to him by the king or +his dependent chiefs. The Church thus set up was perfectly independent +of the _Bishop of Rome_ or of any other See, but it inherited all the +peculiarities of the Church of the _Irish Scots_. The monks had a way +of their own of reckoning the time for keeping Easter and of shaving +their heads, trifles which were considered important enough to become +the subject of a very long quarrel, and it was not till 716 that they +agreed to yield to the Roman custom in both matters. According to +their system of Church government, the abbots of the monasteries were +the chief dignitaries, and had all the power which in the rest of +Christendom was held to belong to bishops, while the bishops were held +of no account except for ordaining priests, for which purpose there +was one at least attached to each monastery. Columba, who was himself +of the royal race, had so much influence among the Dalriads that his +authority was called in to settle a dispute about the succession to +the throne. The abbots of Iona after him continued supreme in all the +ecclesiastical affairs of Alba till the middle of the ninth century, +while the well-earned reputation for piety and learning enjoyed by +the monks of his foundation was widely spread in continental Europe. +About this time _Kentigern_ revived among the Welshmen of Strathclyde +the dying Christianity which had been planted there in the time of the +Roman occupation. + +=8. Conversion of the English.=--The English of Northumberland were +still heathens, and, as they were ever fighting with and growing +greater at the expense of their neighbours, their state bade fair to +become the most powerful in Britain. In the beginning of the seventh +century their king _Eadwine_ was supreme over all Britain south of +the Forth. But though _Eadwine_ was converted by the preaching of +_Paullinus_, the first Bishop of York, the new doctrine does not seem +to have spread much among his people; for one of his successors, +_Oswald_, who in his youth had been an exile at the court of his +kinsman the Pictish king, prayed the monks of Iona to send him one of +their number to help to make his people Christian. _Conan_, the first +missionary who went, was so much disgusted with the manners of the +English that he very soon came back to his brethren. Then _Aidan_, +another of their number, devoted his life to the task which Conan had +found so distasteful. He taught and toiled among them with a zeal that +was seconded by Oswald, the king, who himself acted as interpreter, +making the sermons of the monk intelligible to his English hearers. +From _Lindisfarne_, where the little church of Aidan was founded, like +that of Iona, on an islet, Christianity spread to the neighbouring +state of _Mercia_, and many monasteries and schools were founded after +the Columban model. + +=9. English Conquests.=--Oswald and his successor _Oswiu_ extended +their dominions beyond the Firths, and it is said that they made the +Scots and Picts pay tribute to them. The next king, _Ecgfrith_, marched +north and crossed the _Tay_ with a mighty host, but he was routed and +slain in a great battle at a place called _Nectansmere_, the exact +position of which is uncertain. From that time the English seem to +have kept more to the country south of the Forth, and the Picts were +more independent of them. This is about the only event of moment that +we know of in the history of that people, of whom no records remain, +except a long list of their kings down to 843, at which date they +became united with the Scots under one king. + +=10. Union of Picts and Scots.=--This union took place under _Kenneth +MacAlpin_, who was king of the Scots. That he was king of the Picts +also is certain: how he came to be so can only be guessed. It is more +probable that it was by inheritance than by conquest, though he and the +kings after him kept his original title of King of Scots. Over how much +land he reigned, and what degree of power he had over his subjects, is +not known. It is thought that among the Celts the king was only the +head of the dominant tribe among many other tribes or clans, each of +which was bound to follow its own chief, and the king's control over +those chiefs seems to have been more in name than in fact. The northern +districts seem to have been ruled by powerful chiefs called _Maers_ +or _Mormaers_. These chiefs, who it has been supposed were nominally +subject to the King of Scots, acted as if they were quite independent +of him. They were indeed his most troublesome enemies, and several +of the kings lost their lives in battle against them. _Moray_ was the +greatest of the Mormaerships. It lay north of the Spey and of the +mountains of Argyle, and stretched across the country from the Moray +Firth to the opposite ocean. + +=11. Coming of the Northmen.=--Kenneth was followed in turn by +_Donald_, his brother, and _Constantine_, his son. Their reigns were +mainly taken up in fighting with the _Northmen_, a heathen people +of Teutonic race, who infested the seas and plundered the seaboard. +From the eighth century downwards they were the scourge alike of +English and Celtic Britain, swooping down on the coasts, harrying the +lands, and making off with their booty; or, at other times, seizing +and settling on great tracts of country. Three countries of modern +Europe--_Denmark_, _Norway_, and _Sweden_ were peopled by the Northmen. +But while it was those from _Denmark_ who chiefly harassed and finally +conquered the _English_, the _Norwegians_ seem to have looked upon +Scotland as their own especial prey, attracted doubtless by the +likeness between its many isles and inlets and the jagged outline of +the larger Scandinavian peninsula. The long narrow lochs of the western +coast, like the fiords of Norway, proved convenient harbours for the +ships of these pirates. It is towards the close of the eighth century +that we first hear of the descents of the Northmen on the Pictish +kingdom. It is told how they ravaged all the coast, destroyed the +Pictish capital, and haunted the Irish Sea. Their fury was specially +directed against churches and religious communities, and Iona did not +escape. Again and again it was wasted by fire and sword, its churches +plundered, the brethren slain, till at length the abbot was compelled +to seek on the mainland a refuge for himself and the relics of the +saintly founder. Under Kenneth MacAlpin the supremacy over the Scottish +Church was transferred to the monastery of _Dunkeld_. Under Kenneth's +son, _Constantine I._, a fresh spirit was given to these invasions by +the formation of the kingdom of _Norway_ by _Harold Harfagra_. The +petty chiefs displaced by him, who were called _Vikings_ or dwellers +on the bays, sought a settlement elsewhere. Several of them founded +settlements in Ireland, whence they went to plunder the western +shores of Britain. Others took up their quarters in the _Orkneys_, +and the _Sudereys_ or _Southern Isles_, as the Northmen called those +isles that are now known as the _Hebrides_. Those in the Orkneys were +subdued by Harold, who made the islands into an _Earldom_ and gave +it to _Sigurd_, one of his allies. _Thorstein_, Sigurd's successor, +proved a formidable foe to the King of Scots, made himself master of +all the north country, pretty nearly answering to the modern counties +of Caithness and Sutherland, to which last the Northmen gave its name +because it lay south of their island possessions. On Thorstein's death +his great earldom fell to pieces. About this time one _Cyric_ or Grig, +who is supposed to have been one of the Northern chiefs, seized on the +throne and reigned about eighteen years, leaving his name on record as +the liberator of the Scottish Church. + +=12. The Commendation.=--_Constantine II._ (900-943), grandson of +Kenneth, who came after Grig, _commended_ himself and his kingdom +to _Eadward_, king of the English, in 924. Constantine chose him as +"father and lord," that is, he placed himself under his protection, and +acknowledged Eadward as mightier than himself. On this compact were +based the subsequent claims of the English to the over-lordship of +the Scots. This _commendation_ was renewed to _Æthelstan_, Eadward's +successor. But Constantine soon repented of his submission, and a few +years later he and the Welshmen of Strathclyde joined the Danes in +their attempt to get back Northumberland, from which Æthelstan had +expelled them. The allies were utterly routed in the great battle of +_Brunanburh_, in which Constantine's son was slain, in 937. Six years +later Constantine exchanged civil for spiritual rule, and retired as +abbot to the _Monastery of St. Andrews_. + +=13. Annexation of Strathclyde.=--_Malcolm I._ (943-954) succeeded +Constantine, though not his son, but his kinsman, for the Scots did +not adhere strictly to the order of succession which is now customary: +though they kept to the royal family, they generally preferred the +brother to the son of the last king. The great event of this reign +was the annexation of _Strathclyde_, which had been conquered by the +English king _Eadmund_, and was now granted by him to _Malcolm_ as a +territorial fief, held on condition of doing military service by land +and sea whenever it should be required. Thus Strathclyde became an +appanage of the heir apparent to the Scottish crown. Of the six kings +after Malcolm, _Induff_, _Duff_, _Colin_, _Kenneth II._, _Constantine +III._, and _Kenneth III._, little is known. They passed their lives and +met their deaths in struggles with the Welsh or with their own northern +subjects. Under Induff the Scots got _Edinburgh_, which had been +founded by Eadwine of Northumberland. + +=14. Acquisition of Lothian.=--_Malcolm II._, grandson of the first +of the name, was the last of the direct line of Kenneth MacAlpin. +His reign, which lasted thirty years, is notable from the fact +that he managed to get hold of _Lothian_, the northern part of +Northumberland. One of Malcolm's first acts was an invasion of this +earldom. _Waltheof_, the earl, being old and feeble, shut himself up +in his castle of _Bamborough_ and let Malcolm advance unresisted. +He got as far as _Durham_, but there he was met and defeated by +_Uhtred_, the vigorous son of the old Earl. Some years later, when his +old enemy Uhtred was dead, Malcolm made a second invasion, and took +ample revenge for his defeat at Durham in the brilliant victory at +_Carham_, on the banks of the Tweed, in 1018. After this victory the +Scots were in possession of Lothian, which _Eadulf Cutel_, now Earl +of Northumberland, was not strong enough to take from them. It has +been said that Lothian had been already granted by Eadgar of England +to Kenneth III., who petitioned for it on plea of ancient hereditary +right. If so, the Scots must have lost it again; but after the victory +of Carham they had it and kept it, though their king held it as an +English earldom, and did homage for it to the king of the English. + +=15. Cnut's Invasion.=--In 1031 _Cnut_, the mighty Dane who reigned +over Denmark, Norway, and England, came north, and Malcolm met him, +acknowledged him as his over-lord, and renewed the agreement which +had been made between Constantine and Eadward. Three years after his +submission to Cnut, Malcolm died, leaving as his heir _Duncan_, the son +of one of his daughters who had married _Crinan_, Abbot of Dunkeld. +There is a tradition that, to secure Duncan's succession, Malcolm had +caused the grandson of Kenneth III. to be murdered. If he did so, +this crime defeated its own end, for _Gruach_, sister of the murdered +man, was now the wife of Macbeth, the Mormaer of Moray, one of the +most powerful chiefs. Duncan came north to make war on some of these +turbulent Maers, and Macbeth seized the opportunity thus offered by +the presence of the king in his province, attacked and defeated him in +battle, and afterwards slew him in a place called _Bothgowan_, which it +is thought means a smith's hut. + +=16. Macbeth, 1040-1057.=--_Macbeth_ must not be looked on as an +usurper and murderer. He was the natural supporter of the claims of his +wife and _Lulach_, her son by a former marriage, who, according to the +received rule of Gaelic succession, had a better right to the throne +than Duncan himself; and no doubt he justified the murder of the young +king as lawful revenge for that of his wife's brother. At all events, +after he had got the kingdom, he ruled it well and wisely, so that his +reign was a time of great national plenty and prosperity, and he and +his wife were benefactors of the Church and of the poor, not only at +home, but abroad, for it stands on record that they sent alms to the +poor at Rome. But he was not left long in peaceable possession, for +the father of Duncan, Crinan, Abbot of Dunkeld, got up a rising in +favour of his two grandsons, _Malcolm_ and _Donald_. About the same +time _Siward_, Earl of Northumberland, brought an army against Macbeth, +and drove him from the throne, though he got it back as soon as Siward +went away. Some years later Siward, whose kinswoman Duncan had married, +again took up the cause of his cousin Malcolm, invaded the kingdom and +defeated the king in a great battle; and though Macbeth held out for +four years longer, he was at last slain at _Lumphanan_ in Aberdeen. +_Lulach_, son of Gruach, died soon after; and though he left a son, +called _Malsnecte_, whose claim was brought up again long afterwards, +there was no attempt made at that time to prolong the struggle. + +=17. English Immigration. Malcolm III., 1057-1093.=--The reign of this +_Malcolm_, surnamed _Canmore_ or the _great head_, is a turning-point +in Scottish history, which henceforth ceases to be essentially +_Scottish_; the Celtic manners, language, laws, and customs being +changed by the strong _English_ influence brought to bear on them in +this and the following reigns. This change was in great measure due to +the conquest of England in 1066 by the _Normans_ under _William the +Conqueror_. The Scottish court was the nearest and most natural refuge +for those Englishmen who would not yield to the strangers. Thither +they flocked in great numbers, and there they found a hearty welcome. +Among these exiles came _Eadgar the Ætheling_, the representative of +the _West-Saxon kings_, and with him his mother and his two sisters +_Margaret_ and _Christina_. Malcolm received them very kindly, and they +stayed with him all the winter. In the beginning of his reign Malcolm +had invaded England, where _Edward the Confessor_ was then king, and +had wasted the shires of York and Northumberland, while _Tostig_ the +earl was gone on a pilgrimage to Rome. He now made a second raid of +the same sort, although, when William held his court at York two years +before, he had sent in his nominal homage to him by the Bishop of +Durham. This time he went on behalf of the Ætheling, and harried the +districts of _Cleveland_ and _Durham_, which had already been wasted by +William. His progress was marked by every species of cruelty, neither +churches nor children were spared, and the Scots brought back so many +captives that English slaves were to be found even in the very poorest +households. Meanwhile Eadgar, who had taken part in two or three +risings in England, again sought the protection of the Scottish court, +and shortly after Malcolm succeeded in persuading Margaret to become +his wife. He had before this been married to _Ingebiorg_, widow of +_Earl Thorfin_ of Orkney, and had one son, _Duncan_. + +=18. William's Invasion.=--In 1072 William came north with a fleet and +an army to avenge Malcolm's raid. He went as far as _Abernethy_ on +the _Tay_, the former Pictish capital, and there Malcolm met him and +acknowledged William as over-lord, by becoming his man or vassal, giving +hostages, among whom was his own son _Duncan_, as warrants for his good +faith. But some years later Malcolm took advantage of William's absence +in Normandy to harry his kingdom again as far as the _Tyne_, bringing +back both spoil and captives. The Conqueror's eldest son, _Robert_, +came north to avenge this invasion, but happily he and Malcolm came to +terms without any more bloodshed. This peace was not broken till 1092, +when Malcolm again invaded England. The excuse for this was that his +brother-in-law, the Ætheling, had been turned out of the retreat in +Normandy granted to him by the Conqueror. _William Rufus_, who now sat +on his father's throne, marched into _Lothian_, where peace was again +made by the mediation of Robert and Eadgar. Malcolm renewed his homage, +and William renewed the grant made by his father of certain manors and +a yearly payment of twelve marks. But William did not keep to the terms +of the treaty, and when Malcolm complained of this breach of good faith +he was summoned to appear before the English court at _Gloucester_. He +went, but soon came away again, justly incensed at the insulting way +in which he was treated by being put on the same level as the Norman +barons. For the fifth time Malcolm entered England at the head of an +army, but from this expedition there was no triumphant return, for the +king and his son were slain on the banks of the _Alne_, and the host +that had followed them fled in great confusion. + +=19. Margaret's Reforms.=--The disaster did not end with the death of +the king, for the good _Queen Margaret_, who was then at _Edinburgh_, +died of grief almost immediately after hearing the sad tidings. This +good woman, whose many merits have won for her the title of saint, was +the chief worker in the revolution which was being silently wrought +in the manners of the court, and of the people, and in the government +of the Church and of the State. The influence which her piety and +learning gave her over her husband and his people was used to soften +their fierceness, and to win them from their own half-savage ways to +the customs of more civilized countries. She is said to have introduced +silver plate at court, and many other luxuries of which the Scots had +hitherto been ignorant; she encouraged literature and commerce, but +she chiefly busied herself in reviving the state of religion, which +had sunk to a very low ebb. The Church had fallen from its ancient +purity and zeal, and had become a prey to many singular abuses. The +abbotships were hereditary in the great families, and were often held +by laymen, and the religious foundations were in the hands of a body +of irregular clergy called _Culdees_, from two Latin words meaning +'servants of God.' Margaret called a council of the clergy and spoke +to them herself, her husband acting as her interpreter, and did her +best to make them give up their peculiarities and give in to the usages +of the rest of Christendom. She rebuilt the church of Iona, which had +suffered so terribly at the hands of the Northmen, and founded a new +church at _Dunfermline_, in which she and her husband were buried. + +=20. Disputed Succession. Donald, 1093-1097.=--The death of the King +and of his son _Eadward_, who had been recognized as heir-apparent, +threw the kingdom into confusion; and the Gaelic party, who had looked +on with disgust and jealousy at the changes of the last reign and +at the displacement of the Gaelic chiefs by the English immigrants, +elected _Donald Bane_, Malcolm's brother, to the vacant throne. +Meanwhile _Duncan_, the son of Malcolm and Ingebiorg, his first wife, +prayed William of England to aid him in recovering his father's +kingdom, which he promised to hold as an English fief. His suit was +granted, and with the help of an English and Norman army he drove +out his uncle and reigned a few months. But _Donald_, with the help +of _Eadmund_, the eldest surviving son of Malcolm and Margaret, once +more got the upper hand, murdered _Duncan_, exiled the rest of the +family, and kept possession of the throne for three years. At the end +of that time Eadgar the Ætheling was sent north with an English army, +and placed his nephew Eadgar on the throne on the same terms as those +which had been granted to Duncan. Donald Bane was taken, and, after the +cruel custom of the time, his eyes were put out before he was cast into +prison. Eadmund died a penitent in an English monastery. + +=21. End of the Gaelic Period.=--With _Donald_ ends the _Gaelic_ or +_Celtic_ period. The sons of Margaret carried out the reforms begun +by their mother, and the _Celtic_ customs gave way more and more to +the _Saxon_ influence both in the court and in the country. The King +identified himself with his new nobles and with his English earldom, +so that Lothian, as it was the richest, became the most prominent part +of his dominions, and the true Scots of the North came to be looked on +as savages and aliens, the natural enemies and perpetual disturbers +of all peace and prosperity. The records of this period are so very +scanty that any ideas of the state of the country or of the habits of +the people are extremely misty, and are chiefly drawn from incidental +notices of Scottish matters in the chronicles of other lands. The +chief architectural fragments which remain to bear witness to its +Christianity are the round bell-towers in the Irish style at _Brechin_ +and at _Abernethy_. The church at Brechin was founded by _Kenneth the +Third_. + +=22. Summary.=--The most noteworthy events in this the first period of +Scottish history are the repulses which the Romans met with from the +Picts; the coming of the Scots from Ireland; their union with the Picts +under Kenneth MacAlpin; the introduction of Christianity by Columba; +the conversion of the Picts and of the English, and the joining on of +Strathclyde and Lothian to the Scottish Crown. We must also notice the +strong feeling of hereditary right which kept the succession for so +long in one family, and the remarkable revolution brought about by the +English exiles, which completely turned the current of the national +life, and led to much strife and bitterness between the two races of +which the nation was made up. + + +CHAPTER II. + +THE ENGLISH PERIOD. + + _Eadgar; invasion of Magnus_ (1)--_English marriage_ + (2)--_Alexander I.; rising in Moray_ (3)--_Church reforms_ + (4)--_David I._ (5)--_English war_ (6)--_Battle of the + Standard_ (7)--_peace with England_ (8)--_internal + improvements_ (9)--_Malcolm IV._ (10)--_subjection of + Galloway_ (11)--_William the Lion_ (12)--_Convention of + Falaise_ (13)--_homage at Lincoln_ (14)--_independence + of the Church_ (15)--_internal troubles_ (16)--_social + progress_ (17)--_Alexander II._ (18)--_settling of the + border line_ (19)--_state of the North_ (20)--_Alexander + III._ (21)--_his marriage and homage to England_ + (22)--_last invasion of the Northmen_ (23)--_literature and + architecture_ (24)--_state of the kingdom_ (25). + +=1. Eadgar, 1097-1107. Invasion of Magnus.=--In the beginning of this +reign, _Magnus Barefoot_, King of Norway, made good his right to the +_Orkneys_ and the Scandinavian Earldom on the mainland. He seized the +two earls, and placed his own son _Sigurd_ in their stead. He then +sailed for the _Sudereys_, at that time dependencies of the _Kingdom +of Man_, wasted them with fire and sword, marked his claim by sailing +round each island, and, by way of proving his right to _Kintyre_, is +said to have had himself dragged across the isthmus that joins it to +the mainland in his ship, with his hand on the tiller. On his death +the islands fell back into the hands of the former owners, and their +descendants, the _Lords of the Isles_, were afterwards wont to declare +themselves vassals of _Norway_, whenever it suited their convenience. +In one respect only did this expedition differ from the former +piratical descents of the Northmen. This time the sacred island of Iona +was respected, and the church, so lately rebuilt, was left uninjured +by the special order of the King. + +=2. English Marriage.=--The friendly relations with England were +maintained and strengthened by the marriage of Eadgar's sister +_Eadgyth_, who took the name of _Matilda_, with _Henry the First_, the +youngest son of William the Conqueror. She proved nearly as great a +blessing to the English as her English mother had been to the Scots, +for she taught the King to "love his folk," and was affectionately +remembered by them as "_Maud_ the good Queen." On his death-bed Eadgar +separated _Strathclyde_ from the rest of the kingdom, and conferred it +on his brother _David_ as a return for the wise counsel with which that +brother had helped him through his very uneventful reign. + +=3. Alexander I., 1107-1124. Northern Rising.=--This King, unlike +his easy-tempered brother, had a strong will and unyielding spirit. +His reign was consequently a troubled one, as always happened when +the Scots King tried to rule instead of being ruled by his turbulent +subjects. His first difficulties were of course in the north. The men +of _Merne_ and _Moray_ came forth secretly and swiftly, hoping to +surprise and murder him; but their tactics, which had proved fatal to +Duncan, were upset by Alexander's discovery of the plot and rapid march +to meet them. They were thus forced to fight, and thoroughly beaten on +the northern shore of the _Moray Firth_, and the signal vengeance taken +by the King after his victory, won for him the title of "the _Fierce_." +To commemorate his success he founded the monastery of _Scone_. + +=4. Church Reforms.=--Alexander deserves to be remembered for the +spirit and wisdom with which he upheld the independence of the national +church. Anxious to carry out in the same spirit the reforms already +begun by his mother, he appointed her confessor _Turgot_, Prior of +Durham, to the See of St. Andrews, and asked the _Archbishop of +York_ to consecrate him. The Archbishop on this claimed the canonical +obedience of all the Scottish bishops, declaring that the whole country +was in his province. This demand was clearly unjust; for, though +_Lothian_ was undoubtedly so, the Scottish Church was older than his +own, and had never been dependent on any foreign See. This difficulty +was got over by the consecration of the new bishop by the _Bishop of +London_, and Turgot was installed as head of the Church from which +his own priory of _Durham_ had originally branched off. Instead of +identifying himself with the interests of his new charge, he did all +he could to bring the Scottish Church under the authority of the +Archbishop of York, so that he and the King soon quarrelled; and as +the King refused to let the Bishop go to _Rome_ to lay his case before +the _Pope_, he resigned, and went back to Durham, where he shortly +afterwards died. To evade the claims of York, the King resolved that +his next bishop should be chosen from the southern province. _Eadmer_, +a monk of _Canterbury_, the friend and biographer of _Anselm_ the +Archbishop, accepted the bishopric. But he proved no better than +Turgot, for he persisted in considering himself and his bishopric as +dependent on Canterbury; and as the King would on no account agree to +this, he too resigned and went away. Though he afterwards repented, and +proposed to return, it was then too late, for _Robert, Prior of Scone_, +had been appointed in his stead. As Alexander left no children, his +brother _David_ succeeded him, so that _Strathclyde_ or _Cumbria_ was +re-united to the kingdom. + +=5. David I., 1124-1153. Rising in Moray.=--The usual rising in _Moray_ +took place in the early part of this reign. The Moray men seized the +opportunity for revolt afforded them by David's absence in England, +whither he had gone on some business connected with the _Honour of +Huntingdon_, an _English_ fief which he had got by his marriage with +_Matilda_, daughter and heiress of _Waltheof, Earl of Northhumberland_, +who had been put to death by _William the Conqueror_. _Angus_ and +_Malcolm_, the representatives of the old _Moray Mormaers_, were +descended in the female line from _Lulach_, the son of Gruach, and +the northern party wished to place one of them on the throne. The +_Constable_ of the kingdom, the first on record, defeated them; but as +the rebellion still continued, David in alarm asked and obtained the +aid of the barons of the north of England. He was preparing for his +northern march, when the Celts took fright, and gave up their chief, +who was imprisoned in _Roxburgh Castle_. The district of _Moray_ was +declared forfeited, and was divided among the _Norman_ knights whom +David had drawn round him when Prince of Strathclyde. + +=6. English War.=--In 1135 _Henry the First of England_ died, and +David, who had been among the first to swear fealty, for the lands he +held in England, to his own niece _Matilda_, daughter and heiress of +_Henry_, was now the first to take up arms in defence of her right +against _Stephen_. David at once marched into _England_, received the +homage of the northern barons, and took possession of all the northern +strongholds, except _Bamborough_, in Matilda's name. Stephen came +north, but peace was made between them; for though David would not +break his oath to Matilda by himself holding any fiefs of Stephen, +this difficulty was got rid of by investing David's son Henry with +the _Honour of Huntingdon_, which had been hitherto held by David. +_Carlisle_ and _Doncaster_ were also conferred on Henry; and though +his request to be put in possession of his mother's inheritance of +_Northumberland_ was not granted, Stephen promised to take his claim to +it into consideration. Henry went south with Stephen, at whose court +he took precedence of the English barons. This roused their jealousy, +and they straightway left the court in a body. David, highly indignant +at this insult, recalled his son, and the next year prepared to invade +England again, nor would he agree to any terms of peace, unless Henry +were put in immediate possession of Northumberland. In 1138 his army +ravaged the northern counties, reduced to ashes the castle of _Norham_, +and routed a body of the men of _Lancashire_ who had mustered to resist +the invaders at _Clitheroe_ on the _Ribble_. After this success, the +victors committed greater outrages than ever. + +=7. Battle of the Standard.=--But their excesses, and the fear that +David, as the representative of the English line, was trying to win the +English crown for himself, at length roused the chivalry of northern +England, who, forgetting party feeling, made common cause against the +common foe, and assembled round the banner raised by _Walter Espec_, a +doughty and gigantic warrior. A few years before they had prepared to +help David in suppressing those very _Celts_ whom he was now leading +against themselves. Against such men, inspired by such righteous +indignation, the mixed multitude of _Scots_, _Picts_ of _Galloway_, +_Welshmen_ from _Strathclyde_, _Northmen_ from the _Orkneys_, and +_English_ from the _Lothians_, who with a body of _Norman_ knights made +up the so-called _Scottish_ host, had but small chance of success. +This chance was made still smaller by what proved fatal to the cause +of Scotland in many an after fight, the inevitable squabbles between +the rival races. The _Celts_ were jealous of the _Norman_ strangers, +and clamoured so loudly for their right of leading the van, that David +at last gave in to them. His own better judgment would have led him +to give the task of breaking the hostile ranks to his well-armed, +well-mounted horsemen, leaving it to the infantry to follow up their +advantage. The two armies met on a moor, near _Northallerton_, where +the English were drawn up round their _Standard_, which was so singular +that from it the battle took its name. It was the consecrated wafer +hoisted on a ship's mast, with the banners of _St. Peter of York_, +_St. John of Beverley_, and _St. Wilfrith of Ripon_, floating round +it. Before the battle commenced, a last attempt for peace was made +by two Norman barons, whose descendants afterwards played a great +part in Scottish history. These were _Robert de Brus_ and _Bernard de +Bailleul_. They were friends of David and held lands from him, and +they begged him not to fight with the old friends who had formerly +stood by him. As he was unmoved by all their entreaties, they renounced +their allegiance, and the battle began. The Galloway men made a fierce +onslaught on the English, but were driven back and beaten down by the +English arrows. They fled, and by their flight spread confusion through +the army. The panic was made greater by a cry that the King was slain; +and though David did all he could to rally the fugitives round his +banner, the ancient dragon of Wessex, he was forced to retire upon +_Carlisle_, where his son Henry joined him a few days after. But this +defeat did not drive the Scots out of England. David still continued +the siege of _Werk_, a strong castle, which at last surrendered. + +=8. Peace with England.=--Next year, peace was made at _Durham_. +Earl Henry was invested with the earldom of _Northumberland_, though +Stephen kept _Bamborough_ and _Newcastle_, and David continued to +administer the affairs of the northern counties till his death. Two +years after this peace he again took up arms in favour of Matilda, and +narrowly escaped being taken prisoner when her forces were routed at +_Winchester_; and it was by David at his court at Carlisle that her son +_Henry of Anjou_ was knighted. The close of David's life was embittered +by the death of his only son _Henry_, a just man and a brave soldier, +whose loss was universally lamented. He had married _Ada de Warenne_, +daughter of the _Earl of Surrey_, and left three sons, _Malcolm_, +_William_, and _David_, the two eldest of whom reigned in succession. +His eldest daughter _Ada_ married _Florence Count of Holland_, and got +the promise of _Ross_, a great tract of the Highlands, as her dowry. +After the death of his son David sent his eldest grandson through the +provinces to be acknowledged as his successor, and within a few months +he died at Carlisle, and was buried beside his parents at Dunfermline. + +=9. Internal Improvements.=--David was both a good man and a great +king. He upheld the honour of his kingdom abroad, and did so much +for the welfare of his people at home, that most of the social and +political institutions of the later kingdom were afterwards ascribed +to him. It is true that he introduced a foreign baronage, for he +encouraged many Norman barons to come to his court, and by the lands +which he gave them induced them to settle in the country. He thus +gave great offence to the native chiefs; but he did not forget the +interests of the Commons, for he increased the number of the royal +burghs and granted many privileges and immunities to the burghers. The +life of David has been written by his friend and admirer, _Æthelred_ +the _Abbot of Rievaulx_. He has drawn an attractive picture of an able +and virtuous prince, kindly and courteous alike to high and low; ever +ready to listen to the complaints of all his subjects and to set wrong +right, and never turning his face away from any poor man. He tells us +how the King himself dealt out justice to his subjects, and in his +progress through the several districts of his kingdom, used, on set +days, in person to hear the suits and to redress the wrongs of the poor +and oppressed among his people. Six bishoprics--_Dunblane_, _Brechin_, +_Aberdeen_, _Ross_, _Caithness_, and _Glasgow_--were either founded or +restored by him; and many abbeys date their foundation from his reign. +He carried on the work of church reform by inducing the Culdees to +conform to more regular ways, on pain of being turned out of their +monasteries. His reign lasted twenty-nine years, during which time +the country continued to advance steadily in wealth, fertility, and +civilization. There is little doubt that, had his successor possessed +the same abilities, the future boundary of the kingdom would have been +the _Tees_ instead of the _Tweed_. + +=10. Malcolm IV., 1153-1165.=--Malcolm was not quite twelve years old +when he came to the throne: the fact that he retained possession of it +proves that the principle of hereditary succession was gaining ground, +and that his grandfather David had put down the unruly spirit of the +northern clans and had more firmly established a regular government. + +=11. Subjection of Galloway.=--The principal event of Malcolm's reign +was the subjection of _Galloway_, which was now reduced to direct +dependence on the Crown. A rising, the object of which was to dethrone +Malcolm and to set up his brother _William_ in his stead, had been +planned by some of the nobles while Malcolm was in _Aquitaine_, helping +_Henry the Second_ of England in his war with France. Soon after his +return in 1160, they surrounded the city of Perth where he was holding +his court, and tried to take him prisoner. But they were dispersed and +routed, and though the chiefs fled to _Galloway_, Malcolm followed +them and reduced the district. _Fergus_, the _Lord of Galloway_, ended +his days in the monastery of _Holyrood_. A few years later another +dangerous enemy rose against Malcolm. This was _Somerled_, the Lord of +Argyle, who ruled the western coast with the power, though without the +title, of King. He landed near _Renfrew_ on the _Clyde_, with a large +force, but was almost immediately slain by treachery, and after his +death his followers dispersed and returned to their several islands +without doing any serious mischief. An increase of power was thus won +for the Crown within the limits of the kingdom, but on the other hand +the northern counties of England, which had been held by David, were +lost, for Henry of England obliged Malcolm to give up all claim to them +at _Chester_, where the two Kings met in 1157. At the same time Malcolm +was invested with the _Honour of Huntingdon_ on the same terms as those +on which it had been held by David. + +=12. William the Lion, 1165-1214.=--_William_ surnamed _the Lion_ +succeeded his brother Malcolm. He was eager to regain the earldom of +_Northumberland_, which his father had held and which his brother had +lost. As Henry of England refused it to him, he aided the sons of that +monarch in their rebellion against their father, and, when Henry was +absent in France, he invaded his kingdom and took several strongholds. +But by his own imprudence he was surprised and captured, with the +best of his nobles, while tilting in a meadow close by the walls of +_Alnwick_, and was sent for greater security to _Falaise_, in Normandy, +July 1174. + +=13. Convention of Falaise.=--In the end of the year William regained +his freedom by signing a treaty called the "_Convention of Falaise_," +the hard terms of which were most humiliating, both to him and to +Scotland. He was in future to hold his kingdom on the same terms of +vassalage as those by which he now held Lothian, and as a token of +further dependence his barons and clergy were also to do homage to +the English King, who was to be put in possession of the principal +strongholds. His brother _David, Earl of Huntingdon_, and twenty-one +other barons were to remain as hostages till the strongholds were +given up, and on their release each was to leave his son or next heir +as a warrant of good faith. The homage was performed in the following +year, when William met Henry at _York_; and the King of Scots, with his +earls, barons, free-tenants, and clergy, became the liegemen of the +_King of England_ in St. Peter's Minster. The clergy swore to lay the +kingdom under an interdict, and the laity to hold by their English +over-lord, should William prove unfaithful to him. This treaty remained +in force till the death of _Henry_ in 1189, when _Richard_ of England, +who was in want of money for his crusade, released William, for the +sum of 10,000 marks, from these extorted obligations and restored the +strongholds, though he refused to give up to him the coveted earldom. + +=14. Homage at Lincoln.=--When _John_ succeeded his brother on the +throne of England, William did such homage to him as the King of Scots +had been wont to render to the King of England before the treaty +of Falaise. He met John at _Lincoln_, whither he was escorted by a +brilliant retinue of English barons. But there was no kindly feeling +between the two Kings. John tried to build a castle at _Tweedmouth_ +in order to spoil the trade of _Berwick_, the largest trading city +in Scotland, but the Scots drove away the builders and levelled the +castle, and for some time both Kings kept threatening armies on the +Border. + +=15. Independence of the Church.=--At a great Council held at +_Northampton_ in 1176, the _Archbishop of York_ claimed Scotland as a +part of his province, and called on the Scottish clergy to acknowledge +their dependence. They protested and appealed to the Pope, who forbade +the Archbishop to press his claim. _Clement III._ in 1188 confirmed +their claim of independence, on the ground that the Church of Scotland +was in immediate dependence on the _Holy See_. + +=16. Internal Troubles.=--During William's captivity, Galloway +revolted. All the King's officers were either slain or expelled, and +as, after the submission at Falaise, _Gilbert_ the chief of Galloway +considered himself a vassal of England, he let the Lothians have no +peace till his death in 1185. William's nephew _Roland_ then seized +Galloway, drove out his opponents, and rebuilt the Royal castles. +William used his influence to induce Henry to confirm Roland in +possession, and thereby gained a devoted and faithful ally. It was +mainly by his aid that William was enabled to put down a formidable +rising in the north. + +=17. Social Progress.=--During this reign the free towns began to rise +into notice. Their privilege of trade and right to govern themselves +was recognized by a charter granted to the city of Aberdeen, in which +William confirmed his burghers north of the _Mount_, in their right of +holding their own court or "free anse," as they had done in the time +of his grandfather David. Thus we see that the towns of the north of +Scotland were united for mutual support a century before the rise of +the great continental Hansa, which bound together by a similar league +the trading cities of the Baltic. Some of the most important towns +date their charters from William, and he extended the influence of +civilization in the north by holding his court in such remote places +as _Elgin_, _Nairn_, and _Inverness_. The only religious foundation of +this reign was the abbey of _Arbroath_. It was dedicated to the newest +saint in the calendar, _Thomas of Canterbury_. William died at Stirling +in 1214, leaving one son, _Alexander_, who succeeded him. + +=18. Alexander II., 1214-1249.=--_Alexander's_ accession was the signal +for one of the usual risings in Moray; but as the power of the Crown in +that district was now stronger than it had been in earlier times, this +rising was more easily put down than any former one had been. The great +struggle between despotism and freedom had just at this time set _John_ +of England and his barons at variance. Alexander joined the barons +in hopes of getting back Northumberland. He crossed the Border and +received the homage of the northern barons, and the following year he +joined his force to those of the confederates, and marched to _Dover_, +where he did homage to Louis of France, who, at the invitation of the +barons, had come over to take the crown. The death of John and the +victory of his son, _Henry the Third_, at _Lincoln_, changed the whole +state of affairs, and in 1217 Alexander did the usual homage to Henry +and was invested with the _Honour of Huntingdon_. Four years later +the bond between them was drawn closer by the marriage of _Alexander_ +to _Joanna_, Henry's sister. This alliance was followed by a lasting +peace, though Alexander still claimed Northumberland, and Henry upheld +the right of the Archbishop of York to supremacy over the Scottish +Church. In a council held at York in 1237, Alexander agreed to compound +his claim to the earldom for a grant of the lands of _Penrith_ and +_Tynedale_, and, when Henry went to France, he left the Border under +the care of the King of Scots. + +=19. Settling of the Border Line.=--In 1222 an attempt was made to lay +down a definite boundary between the two countries. Six commissioners +on either side were appointed, and though the exact course of the line +was disputed, from that time it continued pretty much what it is now, +though a wide tract on either side was claimed alternately by both +nations and belonged in reality to neither. + +=20. State of the North.=--A disturbance which happened during this +reign shows us something of the lawless state of the northern part +of the kingdom. _Adam_, bishop of _Caithness_, tried to enforce the +payment of tithes in his diocese, but his people came together to +consider the best way of resisting this exaction. While they were thus +holding council, it is said that a voice cried out, "Short rede good +rede; slay we the bishop." On this advice they acted, for without more +waste of words they attacked the bishop, and burned him and his house +to ashes. Shortly before this a former bishop of Caithness had been +seized and had his tongue cut out by the Earl of Orkney. Alexander died +on an expedition to the Western Isles, at _Kerrara_, a small islet off +the coast of Argyle. By his second wife, _Mary of Coucy_, he left a +son, who succeeded him. + +=21. Alexander III., 1249-1266.=--_Alexander_, a child of eight years, +was crowned with great pomp at _Scone_, the ancient crowning place, +where the famous stone of _Destiny_ was kept. The tradition was that no +one who had not been enthroned on this stone was lawful King of Scots. +The most striking part of the coronation ceremony was the appearance of +a Sennachy or Celtic bard, who greeted Alexander as King by virtue of +his descent from the ancient Celtic Kings, and recited the whole list +of the King's ancestors, carrying them back to the most remote ages. +This might serve to remind him that after all his title of King came +solely from those very Celts whom his more immediate forefathers had +slighted and despised. + +=22. Alexander's Marriage and Homage to England.=--On Christmas day, +1251, Alexander was married at _York_, to _Margaret_, daughter of +_Henry the Third_, and at the same time he did homage for the lands he +held in England, but evaded Henry's claim of homage for _Scotland_, +pleading the necessity of consulting his advisers before giving an +answer on so difficult a matter. This question was brought up again in +1278, when Alexander went to _Westminster_ to acknowledge and to do +homage to _Edward the First_, and he gave for answer that he did homage +for his English fiefs alone and not for his kingdom. Edward asserted +his right as over-lord of the kingdom, but he did not then attempt to +enforce it. + +=23. Last Invasion of the Northmen.=--In 1262 _Hakon_ of _Norway_ came +with a great fleet to visit the _Orkneys_ and the _Western Isles_, +_Sudereys_ or _Southern Isles_ as the Northmen called them. The fleet +sailed down the _Western Coast_, levying black mail on the islands and +making divers inland raids. Among other exploits the Northmen dragged a +number of their ships across the narrow neck of land that parts _Loch +Long_ from _Loch Lomond_, sailed down _Loch Lomond_, and harried the +_Lennox_, as the fertile tract which stretches along its lower end is +called. Hakon sailed up the _Firth of Clyde_, and an attempt was made +at a peaceable agreement between him and the King, who was at first +willing to give up all claim to the _Hebrides_, but wished to keep the +_Cumbraes_, _Bute_, and _Arran_. But the Scots purposely delayed coming +to terms, as they expected that the autumn storms would soon help them +to get rid of their enemy. Nor were their hopes disappointed, for, in +the beginning of October, a violent tempest rose, separated the ships +of the invaders, sunk some, and stranded others. On the following day +the Northmen who had landed were easily beaten, near _Largs_, by a +Scottish army hastily got together on the coast of _Ayr_, in 1263. +Hakon died in one of the _Orkneys_ on his way home, and his son, in +1266, agreed to give up _Man_ and the _Isles_ for 1,000 marks down, and +the promise of 100 yearly. An amnesty was granted to the Islesmen, and +it was settled that the bishopric should continue in the province of +_Drontheim_. In 1281 the King's daughter, _Margaret_, married _Eric_, +the heir to the throne of _Norway_. She died in 1283, leaving an infant +daughter, who, a few months after, by the death of _Alexander_, the +King's only son, became heir to the Scottish crown. Three years later, +in 1286, the King himself was killed by a fall from his horse while +riding by night along the coast of _Fife_, near _Kinghorn_. + +=24. Literature and Architecture.=--No chronicles of this period, +written by natives of Scotland, have come down to us. But there was +one poet who was held in great repute, not only for his verses, but +for his prophecies. This was _Thomas Learmouth of Ercildoun_, called +"Thomas the Rhymer," and "True Thomas," from the general belief in +the truth of his predictions. He is said to have foretold that great +national calamity, the King's death, under the figure of a great storm +that should blow "so stark and strang, that all Scotland sall reu +efter rycht lang." Another Scotsman of note was _Michael Scot_, the +famous wizard. He travelled much in foreign lands, and was greatly +renowned in them, as in his own country, as a scholar, an astrologer, +and magician. The buildings of this period were chiefly the churches +and abbeys founded by Margaret and her descendants. They were all in +the same style as contemporary buildings in England. There were as yet +very few castles, that is fortified buildings of solid masonry, in the +kingdom. The great strongholds, such as _Edinburgh_, _Stirling_, and +_Dunbarton_, were steep rocks, made so inaccessible by nature that they +needed but little strengthening from art. Dwelling-houses seem to have +been generally built of wood. + +=25. State of the Kingdom.=--The second period of the national history +breaks off abruptly with the death of _Alexander_. It had begun with +the dethronement of Donald Bane, the last Celtic King, nearly two +hundred years before, and during that time the boundary of Scotland +had been extended by the annexation of _Argyle_ and of the _Isles_, +while her two dependencies of _Lothian_ and _Galloway_ had been drawn +more closely to her, though they still remained separate and distinct. +Throughout this period the influence of England, though peaceable, had +been stronger than it was ever to be again. English laws and English +customs had been brought in, and had, in many cases, taken the place of +the old Celtic usages. The Celtic _maers_ had been removed to make way +for the _sheriffs_ of the Crown. But, as Scotland was not divided like +England into shires, the sheriffs were not, as in England, the reeves +of the already existing shires, but officers who were placed by the +King over certain districts. These districts or sheriffdoms became the +counties of later times. _Feudalism_ after the _Norman_ model, with all +its burthensome exactions and oppressions, had been brought in and had +taken firmer root in Scotland than it ever did in England. The native +chiefs had been displaced by foreign nobles, so that a purely Norman +baronage held the lands, whether peopled by a _Celtic_ or a _Saxon_ +peasantry. In some cases the new owners founded families afterwards +known under Celtic names; for, while the Celts gave their own names +to the lands on which they settled, the Normans took the names of the +lands conferred upon them and bore them as their own. The long peace +with England, which had lasted unbroken for nearly a century, had been +marked by great social progress. The large proportion of land that was +now under the plough proves that during this untroubled time husbandry +must have thriven, roads and bridges were many and in good repair, and +the trading towns had made great advances in riches and power. Hitherto +no one town had distinctly taken its place as the capital. _Saint +John's Town_, or _Perth_, had, from its connexion with _Scone_, some +claim to the first place, but the King held his court or his assize +indifferently at any of the royal burghs. These burghs were of great +importance in the state, and, as the burgesses of the royal burghs were +all vassals holding direct from the Crown, they acted in some sort as +a check on the growing power of the nobles. The burghers had the right +of governing themselves by their own laws, and were divided into two +groups. Those north of the _Scots water_ or Firth of Forth were bound +together by a league like the great continental Hansa, and known by the +same name; while those in Lothian, represented by the four principal +among them--_Roxburgh_, _Stirling_, _Edinburgh_, and _Berwick_--held +their "court of the four burghs," which is still represented by the +"Convention of Royal Burghs" which meets once a year in Edinburgh. Nor +were the Scottish towns of this period in any way behind the cities of +the Continent. _Berwick_, the richest and the greatest, was said by a +writer of the time to rival London. _Inverness_ had a great reputation +for shipbuilding. A ship which was built there called forth the envy +and wonder of the French nobles of that time. But this happy state of +things was brought to an end by the death of the King, and the long +years of war and misery that followed went far to sweep away all traces +of the high state of civilization and prosperity that had been reached +by the country in this, the golden age of Scottish history. + + +CHAPTER III. + +STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE. + + _The Regency_ (1)--_the Interregnum_ (2)--_Council at + Norham_ (3)--_Edward's decision_ (4)--_John_ (5)--_his + coronation_ (6)--_French alliance_ (7)--_Edward's first + conquest_ (8)--_English government_ (9)--_Wallace's + revolt_ (10)--_surrender at Irvine_ (11)--_battle of + Stirling_ (12)--_battle of Falkirk_ (13)--_capture of + Wallace_ (14)--_attempted union_ (15)--_Bruce's revolt_ + (16)--_his coronation_ (17)--_Edward's proposed revenge_ + (18)--_Bruce's struggles_ (19)--_battle of Bannockburn_ + (20)--_results of the victory_ (21)--_Bruce's comrades_ + (22)--_summary_ (23). + + +=1. Margaret, 1286-90. The Regency.=--Within a month from _Alexander's_ +death the _Estates_ met at _Scone_, and appointed six regents to govern +the kingdom for _Margaret_, the _Maiden of Norway_, a child of three +years old, who, on the death of her grandfather Alexander, succeeded to +the throne. Three of these regents were for the old kingdom, the land +north of the _Scots Water_, and three for Lothian with Galloway. This +division seems to show that the different tenure of these provinces +was still understood and acted on. The _Scots_ of the original Celtic +kingdom and the _Englishmen_ of _Lothian_ still kept aloof from one +another. In the meantime _Robert Bruce_, a _Norman_ baron whose +forefathers had settled in _Annandale_ in the twelfth century, made +an attempt to seize the crown by force. He laid claim to it by right +of his descent from _Isabella_, the second daughter of _David_ Earl of +Huntingdon, brother of _William the Lion_, and appealed to _Edward the +First_ of England as over-lord to support him in his supposed right. +At the same time other appeals against him were made by the seven +_Earls of Scotland_, by _Fraser_ bishop of St. Andrews, and by the +_Community_. Edward did not encourage Bruce, but on the contrary he +agreed to the proposal of the Estates that the _Lady Margaret_ should +be married to his eldest son _Edward_. By the treaty of _Brigham_, +in 1290, this agreement was accepted by the Clergy, Nobility, and +Community of Scotland. This treaty provided that the rights and +liberties of Scotland should remain untouched; that no native of +Scotland was to be called on to do homage or to answer for any crime +beyond the Border; in short, that Scotland was to keep all the rights +and liberties which belong to a distinct national life. This union, if +it had been carried out, would have been the best possible settlement +for both kingdoms, but it was prevented by the death of the _Maid of +Norway_ on her way to _Scotland_, in one of the _Orkneys_, September +1290. Edward had himself sent a ship handsomely fitted out to fetch +home the Maid. + +=2. Interregnum, 1290-92.=--_Margaret_ was the last of the legitimate +descendants of William the Lion. The new King had to be sought among +the heirs of William's brother _David, Earl of Huntingdon_. David had +left three daughters, _Margaret_, _Isabella_, and _Ada_, and they +being dead were represented by their nearest heirs,--Margaret by her +grandson _John Balliol_, Isabella by her son _Robert Bruce_, and Ada +by her son _John Hastings_. Besides these there were a host of smaller +claimants whose pretensions were quite untenable; but there was one +other who, though his claim was very shadowy, was first in power and +position among the claimants. This was _Florence, Count of Holland_, +the great-great-grandson of _Ada_, the daughter of David's son Henry, +who was to have had Ross as her dowry. _Bruce_, supported by his son, +by _James the Steward_ and by other nobles, made a bond with Florence +by which each pledged himself, in case he got the kingdom, to give +the other a third of it. Edward, as over-lord, was appealed to to +settle the matter, as it was feared by the regents that _Robert Bruce_ +would seize the crown by force, and all the competitors seem to have +acknowledged Edward's right of superiority. + +=3. Council at Norham.=--Edward accordingly summoned his barons, +amongst whom most of the claimants could be reckoned, to meet him in a +council at _Norham_, on the northern side of the _Tweed_, in June 1291, +to decide this important case. The real contest lay between _Bruce_ +and _Balliol_. Bruce, Balliol, and indeed nearly all the claimants, +were Norman barons holding lands of Edward. The family of Bruce came +originally from the _Côtentin_ and had been settled in _Yorkshire_ by +William the Conqueror, towards the end of his reign. David, who had +granted to them the great tract of _Annandale_, had also granted to the +_Balliols_ a manor in _Berwick_. Bruce's plea was that, though he was +the child of a younger sister, still his right was better than that of +Balliol, as he was one degree nearer their common forefather, and he +brought forward many precedents to prove that in such a case nearness +in degree was to be preferred to seniority. + +=4. Edward's Decision.=--Edward decided with perfect justice, according +to the ideas of modern law, that _Balliol_, as the grandson of the +eldest daughter, had the best right to the throne. In early times in +Scotland no one would have thought of doubting Bruce's claim as next +in degree. As Edward refused to divide the dominions among the heirs +of the three daughters, it is clear that he looked on Scotland as a +dependent kingdom, and not as an ordinary fief, which would have +been shared among the three rivals. Judgment was given at _Berwick_, +November 1292, eighteen months after the first meeting of the council. +During this time the government had been nominally in the hands of the +guardians of the kingdom; but Edward had the strongholds, twenty-three +in number, in his own hands, and seems to have looked upon the two +countries as really united. At the end of the suit he gave up the +strongholds, and by so doing showed that he meant to act fairly. + +=5. John, 1292-96. Policy of Edward.=--The great scheme of Edward's +life was to unite Britain under one government, of which he himself +was to be the head. He had already added to England the dependent +principality of Wales. Hitherto his actions towards Scotland had been +perfectly fair and upright. In placing John Balliol, the rightful +heir, on the throne, he was doing no more than had been done by the +King of England, acting as over-lord, in the cases of Malcolm Canmore +and Eadgar: but his way of placing him there was not strictly just; +the conditions which he required were such as he had no right to +exact, nor John to accept. He made him do homage for his kingdom as +though it had been an English fief. Now, though this was true as far +as concerned Lothian, and partly true as concerned Strathclyde, as +concerned Scotland it was untrue. Although Scotland had, since 924, +been in some degree subject to the King of England, this dependence +was no more than was implied by the "commendation," the very natural +relation of the weaker to the stronger. But it must be remembered that +three centuries had passed since that first commendation, and in that +time the original simplicity of the feudal tenure had been altogether +changed and in great measure forgotten. Edward looked on the three +parts of Scotland as fiefs, and therefore subject to the same burthens +as his other fiefs; the Scots knew that they were not thus subject, +and they therefore argued that their kingdom was in no way dependent +on England: thus both parties were partly right and partly wrong. Even +the amount of dependence implied in the original commendation had, in +the last reign, been refused by the Scottish King, and had not been +insisted on by the English one. But John Balliol was weak and foolish, +while Edward was wise, strong, and determined to rule the whole country +indirectly through his submissive vassal. + +=6. Coronation of John.=--John was duly crowned and enthroned on the +Stone of Destiny, after which he renewed his homage to Edward, in +1292. He then summoned the Estates at _Scone_. This was the first +meeting of the Estates which was called a _parliament_. John was not +popular with his subjects, who looked on him as a tool in the hands of +Edward. Before many months had passed _Roger Bartholomew_, a burgess +of Berwick, being dissatisfied with a decision given against him in +Scotland, appealed to Edward, who named a council at _Newcastle_ to +hear the case. This was a direct violation of the treaty of Brigham, +and Edward obliged John to sign a discharge and renunciation of this +treaty and of any other document then in existence which might call +in question his superiority. Another appeal was made a few months +afterwards against the decision of the Estates by a Scot of the old +kingdom, _Macduff_, the grand-uncle of the Earl of Fife, and this was +followed by appeals respecting the lands of the houses of _Bruce_ +and _Douglas_. John was summoned to appear before the Parliament of +England, was voted a contumacious vassal, and commanded to give up +the three principal strongholds of his kingdom into the hands of his +over-lord till he should give satisfaction. + +=7. French Alliance.=--In 1294 war broke out between France and +England, and John, with the nobles and commons of his kingdom, +entered into an alliance for mutual defence with _Eric of Norway_ and +_Philip of France_ against Edward. This was the beginning of the +foreign policy maintained in Scotland for several centuries, until +the _Reformation_, when religious sympathy got the better of national +hatred, and Roman Catholic France became more dreaded than Protestant +England. In compliance with this treaty a Scottish army crossed the +Border and swept and wasted the northern counties. + +=8. Edward's first Conquest.=--Edward's dealings with Scotland now +became those of a conqueror instead of a protector. The Scots had, +without gainsaying, acknowledged his supremacy. It was the appeal of +Scottish subjects which had tempted him to extend the incidents of +that supremacy beyond legal limits, and now it was the Scots who began +the war, and thus gave Edward the excuse, for which he was waiting, +for conquering their country. He at once marched northwards with a +great army, and besieged and took _Berwick_, a large and wealthy +trading town. Provoked by the resistance and insults of the citizens, +the King wreaked a fearful vengeance on them, and Berwick was reduced +to the rank of a common market-town. While he was at Berwick, John's +renunciation of fealty was sent to him by the party of independence, +who were keeping their King in custody lest he should repent and +submit. When Edward had secured Berwick, he marched to _Dunbar_, took +the castle, and then went on to _Edinburgh_. He there took up his +quarters in _Holyrood_, laid siege to the castle, took it, seized +the crown jewels, and then passed on to _Perth_, taking possession +of _Stirling_ on the way. To crush out all idea of an independent +kingdom, and to let the people see that they were conquered, he +carried off from _Scone_ the _Stone of Destiny_, with which the fate +of the Scottish monarchy was supposed to be mystically joined. This +stone was removed to _Westminster_, and was placed under the seat of +the coronation-chair. He also took with him the _Holy Rood_ of Queen +Margaret, and obliged all the nobles who submitted to him to swear +allegiance on this much valued relic. Edward did not go further north +than _Elgin_, and he returned to Berwick in 1296, having marched all +through Scotland in twenty-one weeks. All the nobles and prelates did +personal homage to him. John submitted himself to Edward's pleasure, +and was degraded and dispossessed. He was then sent as a prisoner to +England, was afterwards made over to the keeping of the Bishop of +Vicenza, the Pope's representative, and at last he retired to his +own estates in _Picardy_, where he died in 1315. Edward treated his +kingdom as a fief forfeited by the treason of the vassal who held it. +This notion of the thirteenth century, that the fief was forfeited by +treason, would not have occurred to anyone in the tenth century, when +probably John would only have been deposed, and some one else set up in +his stead. The seizure of Normandy from John of England by Philip of +France was a case of the same kind, and quite as unprecedented. + +=9. English Government.=--Edward at once took measures for joining +Scotland on as an integral part of the English kingdom. He took care +that the strongholds should be commanded and garrisoned by persons +without any Scottish connexion. He appointed _John, Earl of Warrenne +and Surrey_, Guardian, _Hugh of Cressingham_, Treasurer, and _Ormsby_, +Justiciar of the kingdom; sent them forms of writs to be used in the +re-granting of lands; took measures for the establishment of _Courts +of Chancery_ and _Exchequer_ at _Berwick_, and summoned a council of +merchants to consider the best measures for the future conduct of the +trade and commerce of the country. Cressingham was enjoined to raise +all the money he could, for the maintenance of internal peace and +order, and to put down the wicked rebels, homicides, and disturbers of +the peace, who swarmed all over the land. + +=10. Wallace's Revolt.=--The Celts in the North looked on this change +in the government with apathy. To them it probably made little +difference who sat on the Scottish throne, and Edward had not entered +their district. The Norman nobles quietly agreed to it, for they were +afraid of losing their estates in England. But it roused a spirit +of defiance and opposition where resistance was least to be looked +for, among the Lowlanders. They were the descendants of the earliest +Teutonic settlers, and had remained more purely English in blood and +speech than their kinsfolk on the southern side of the Border. This +latent feeling of discontent gradually ripened into rebellion, and +the standard of revolt was raised by _William Wallace_, a native +of Clydesdale, who, unlike most of his countrymen, had not sworn +allegiance to Edward. He surprised and cut to pieces the English +garrison at _Lanark_, and slew _William Haselrig_, the newly appointed +sheriff of _Ayr_. This outbreak was followed by similar attacks on +detached bodies of the troops in occupation. His little band of +followers gradually attracted more, and at length they surprised the +_Justiciar Ormsby_, while holding a court at _Scone_, and, though he +escaped out of their hands, they secured both prisoners and booty. +_Anthony Beck_, Bishop of Durham, was next attacked in _Glasgow_, and +forced to flee. After these successes Wallace was joined by _William of +Douglas_, a renowned soldier, and by _Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick_, +grandson of the original claimant of the crown. + +=11. Surrender at Irvine.=--But there was a want of system and of unity +of purpose in the nation, and this noble effort on the part of the +people was not seconded by the nobles. A large army under Henry, Lord +Percy, was sent by Edward to put down the rising; those of the nobles +who had joined the popular movement deserted it, and renewed their +allegiance to Edward at _Irvine_, July 1297. But when Edward, who +believed the revolt to be completely crushed, was absent in Flanders, +Wallace mustered the people of the Lowlands north of the Tay and made +himself master of the strongholds in that district. + +=12. Battle of Stirling.=--The English army was now hastening northward +under Cressingham and Warrenne, Earl of Surrey. Wallace resolved to +give them battle on the Carse of Stirling, a level plain, across which +the river Forth winds in and out among the meadows like the links of a +silver chain. Wallace showed his skill as a general by the choice of +the ground on which he posted his men. He drew them up within one of +the links of the river, which swept round in front between them and +the English, while a steep rocky hill, called the Abbey Craig, rose +right behind them and protected the rear. The English had to cross the +river by a narrow bridge. Wallace waited till half of them were over, +and then attacked them. Taken thus at a disadvantage, they were easily +routed. The panic spread to those on the opposite bank, who fled in +disorder. In this action, called the _Battle of Stirling_, which was +fought September 11, 1297, Cressingham was slain, and Surrey was forced +to retreat to Berwick. After this victory the Scots recovered the +strongholds south of the Forth, and Wallace acted as _Guardian_ of the +kingdom in the name of King John, and with the consent of the commons. +Unhappily the Scots were not content with driving out the invaders, but +carried the war over the Border, and wasted the northern counties of +England with all the fierceness and cruelty of brigands. + +=13. Battle of Falkirk.=--Edward returned from Flanders and raised a +large army for the subjection of Scotland, promising pardon to all +vagrants and malefactors who would enlist in it. The King himself led +the army. The Scots wasted the country and retreated before him through +the Lothians; and Wallace, who knew well the weakness of his own +force, tried to avoid a battle till the great army of Edward should be +exhausted from want of food. But tidings were brought to Edward that +Wallace was near Falkirk, and he marched northward in haste and forced +his enemy to give battle. At Stirling Wallace had won the day by his +happy choice of the ground; he now showed still greater skill by the +way in which he drew up his little army. It was made up for the most +part of footmen, who at that time were held of no account as soldiers. +The genius of Wallace found out how they might be made even more +formidable than the mounted men-at-arms, in whom at that time it was +supposed that the strength of an army lay. He drew them up in circular +masses; the spearmen without and the bowmen within. The spearmen with +lances fixed knelt down in ranks, so that the archers within could +shoot over their heads. When his men were thus placed, Wallace said +to them, "I have brought ye to the ring--hop gif ye can;" that is, +show how well you can fight. But, though they fought well and held +their ground bravely, and the English horse were driven back by the +spear-points, the Scots were at last beaten down by force of numbers, +and the English won the day, 1298. After this victory Edward returned +to _Carlisle_, and Wallace resigned the _Guardianship_. Edward held +the country south of the Forth, but the northern Lowlands seem to have +maintained their independence until the spring of 1303, when Edward +marched north at the head of a great army and again subdued the whole +country. He made _Dunfermline_, the favourite seat of the Scottish +court, his head-quarters. _Stirling Castle_ alone, under _Olifant_ the +valiant governor, held out for three months, but when it was taken the +lives of the garrison were spared. All the leaders in the late rising +were left unharmed in life, liberty, or estate, with the exception of +_William Wallace_. He was required to submit unconditionally to the +King's grace. + +=14. Capture of Wallace.=--Wallace had been on the Continent ever +since the battle of Falkirk. He now came back and was betrayed by his +servant _Jack Short_ to Sir John Menteith, governor for Edward in +_Dunbarton Castle_, and was sent by him to London. He was there tried, +by a special commission, for treason and rebellion against Edward. He +pleaded in his own defence that he had never sworn fealty to Edward. +In spite of this he was found guilty, condemned to death, and hanged, +drawn, and quartered according to the barbarous practice which was then +coming into use in England. His head was stuck up on _London Bridge_, +and the four parts of his body were sent to _Newcastle_, _Berwick_, +_Stirling_, and _Perth_, by way of frightening the people from such +attempts in future. + +=15. Attempted Union.=--Edward then set to work to complete the union +of the two kingdoms. In the meantime Scotland was to be governed by +a _Lieutenant_ aided by a council of barons and churchmen. It was to +be represented in the English parliament by _ten deputies_,--_four +churchmen_, _four barons_, and _two_ members of the _commons_, _one_ +for the country _north_ of the _Firths_, _one_ for the _south_. These +members attended one parliament at Westminster, and an ordinance was +issued for the government of Scotland. _John of Bretayne_ was named +_Lieutenant_ for the King; justices and sheriffs were appointed; the +strongholds were put under governors for the King, and an inquiry was +ordered into the state of the laws in order to take measures for their +amendment. Edward's policy in all this was to win favour with the +people and the members of the council, although many of them, such as +_Bruce_ and _Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow_, had taken part in the last +rising. The King's peace was now offered to all rebels who would profit +by it. But the great difficulty in dealing with the Scots was that they +never knew when they were conquered, and, just when Edward hoped that +his scheme for union was carried out, they rose in arms once more. + +=16. Bruce's Revolt.=--The leader this time was _Robert Bruce, Lord of +Annandale, Earl of Carrick_ in right of his mother, and the grandson +and heir of the rival of Balliol. He had joined Wallace, but had again +sworn fealty to Edward at the Convention of Irvine, and had since then +received many favours from the English king. Bruce signed a _bond_ +with _William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews_, who had also been +one of Wallace's supporters. In this bond each party swore to stand +by the other in all his undertakings, no matter what, and not to act +without the knowledge of the other. The signing of such bonds became +a prominent and distinctive feature in the after-history of Scotland. +This bond became known to Edward; and Bruce, afraid of his anger, fled +from London to _Dumfries_. There in the Church of the _Grey Friars_ he +had an interview with _John Comyn of Badenoch_, called the _Red Comyn_, +who, after _Balliol_ and his sons, was the next heir to the throne. +He was the grandson of a younger sister of Balliol's mother, and the +son of Balliol's sister. He had also a strong claim to the favour of +the people in his alleged descent, through _Donald Bane_, from their +ancient Celtic kings. What passed between them cannot be certainly +known, as they met alone, but Bruce came out of the church saying he +feared he had slain the Red Comyn. _Kirkpatrick_, one of his followers, +then said, he would "mak sicker," and ran in and slew the wounded man. +By this murder and sacrilege Bruce put himself at once out of the pale +of the law and of the Church, but by it he became the nearest heir +to the crown, after the Balliols. This gave him a great hold on the +people, whose faith in the virtue of hereditary succession was strong, +and on whom the English yoke weighed heavily. + +=17. Coronation at Scone.=--On March 27, 1306, Bruce was crowned with +as near an imitation of the old ceremonies as could be compassed on +such short notice. The actual crowning was done by _Isabella, Countess +of Buchan_, who, though her husband was a Comyn, and, as such, a sworn +foe of Bruce, came secretly to uphold the right of her own family, the +_Macduffs_, to place the crown on the head of the King of Scots. + +=18. Edward's proposed Revenge.=--Edward determined this time to put +down the Scots with rigour. _Aymer of Valence, Earl of Pembroke_, +succeeded John of Bretayne as Governor. All who had taken any part in +the murder of the Red Comyn were denounced as traitors, and death was +to be the fate of all persons taken in arms. Bruce was excommunicated +by a special bull from the Pope. The _Countess of Buchan_ was confined +in a room, made like a cage, in one of the towers of _Berwick Castle_. +One of King Robert's sisters was condemned to a like punishment. His +brother _Nigel_, his brother-in-law _Christopher Seton_, and three +other nobles were taken prisoners, and were put to death as traitors. +This, the first noble blood that had been shed in the popular cause, +did much to unite the sympathy of the nobles with the commons, who had +hitherto been the only sufferers from the oppression of the conquerors. +Edward this time made greater preparations than ever. All classes of +his subjects from all parts of his dominions were invited to join +the army, and he exhorted his son, _Edward Prince of Wales_, and 300 +newly-created knights, to win their spurs worthily in the reduction of +contumacious Scotland. It was well for Scotland that he did not live to +carry out his vows of vengeance. He died at _Burgh-on-the-Sands_, July +30th. His death proved a turning-point in the history of Scotland, for, +though the English still remained in possession of the strongholds, +Edward the Second took no effective steps to crush the rebels. He +only brought the army raised by his father as far as _Cumnock_ in +_Ayrshire_, and retreated without doing anything. + +=19. Bruce's Struggles.=--For several years King Robert was an outlaw +and a fugitive, with but a handful of followers. Their lives were in +constant danger. Whenever an opportunity offered, they made daring +attacks on the English in possession; at other times they saved their +lives by hairbreadth escapes from their pursuit. The Celts of the west +and of _Galloway_, who had been won over to the English interest, +were against them, and the _Earl of Buchan_, husband of the patriotic +Countess, and his kinsman, _Macdougal of Lorn_, were Bruce's most +deadly enemies. At one time Bruce had met with so many defeats that +he left Scotland and thought of giving up the struggle and going to +the Holy Land. Tradition says that the example of a spider stirred +him up to fresh courage and endurance. He was in hiding in the island +of Rachrin, off the north coast of Ireland. As he lay one morning in +bed in the wretched hut in which he had taken refuge, he saw a spider +trying in vain to throw its web across from beam to beam of the roof +above his head. The insect tried six times and failed. Bruce reckoned +that he had been beaten just six times by the English. He watched +eagerly to see if the spider would try again. "If it does," thought +he, "so will I." Once more the spider made the attempt, and this time +it was successful. Bruce took it as a happy omen, and went back to +Scotland. He joined some of his followers in the _Isle of Arran_. From +the island they went to the mainland, and from that time the tide of +fortune seemed to turn, and to bring him good luck instead of bad. +Still he had to go through many perils. The story of his exploits has +been handed down to us by _John Barbour, Archdeacon of Aberdeen_. As +he was born soon after Bruce's death, there may be some truth in the +tales which he tells, though it must be borne in mind that they are +but tales. He describes Bruce as a strong, tall man, so cheerful and +good-humoured that he kept up the spirits of his followers no matter +what mishaps befell them, always first in danger, and often owing his +life to his own wit and daring. One of his best known feats happened +in the country of John of Lorn. Three Highlanders, who had sworn to +take his life, set upon him when he was quite alone. One seized his +horse's bridle; another tried to take his foot out of the stirrup; +the third, leaping on him from behind, tried to unhorse him. Bruce +cut them all down and rode off triumphant. His brooch had come loose +in the struggle, and was ever afterwards kept as a precious relic in +the family of his enemy Macdougal of Lorn. The first decided success +of Bruce was the defeat of his old enemy, the Earl of Buchan, who +with his followers joined the English, and forced Bruce to right near +_Inverary_. Bruce won the day, and his followers so spoiled the lands +of the Comyn that this fray was long remembered as the "_Herrying of +Buchan_." At length the clergy recognized Bruce as their King, and +this virtual taking off the excommunication had a great effect upon +the people. The little band of patriots increased by degrees. The +strongholds were won back, till at last only _Stirling_ was left to the +English, and it was so sorely pressed that the governor agreed to give +it up to the Scots if he were not relieved before St. John Baptist's +Day, 1314. Roused by the fear of losing this, the most prized of all +Edward the First's conquests, the English gathered in great force, and +marched 100,000 strong to the relief of the garrison. + +=20. Battle of Bannockburn, June 24, 1314.=--The Scots were posted so +as to command the plain or carse of Stirling, which the English must +cross to reach the Castle. They were greatly inferior to the English +in numbers, and had scarcely any cavalry, in which the chief strength +of the English force lay. Robert divided them into four battles or +divisions. Their leaders were _Sir James Douglas_; _Randolf_, his +nephew; _James the Stewart_, and Bruce's own brother _Edward_. Bruce +himself commanded the fourth division, which was placed behind the +others, as in it were the men he least trusted, and a small body of +cavalry. One flank of the army rested on the _Bannock_, a small stream +or burn, from which the battle took its name. Before the battle joined, +as King Robert was reviewing his line, he was challenged to single +combat by _Henry of Bohun_, an English knight, and raised the spirit +of his followers by cleaving his adversary's skull. The English began +the fight by a volley of arrows, but their archers were dispersed +by the small body of the Scottish horsemen whom King Robert sent to +charge them. The English cavalry then charged the Scots, but they +tried in vain to break the compact bristling masses of the Scottish +spearmen, and themselves fell into confusion. Some Highland gillies +and camp-followers just then appeared on the brow of a neighbouring +hill. The English took them for a reserve of the enemy, were seized +with terror, fled in wild disorder, and the defeat became a total and +shameful rout. The horsemen in their flight fell into the pitfalls +which the Scots had cunningly sunk in the plain. King Edward and 500 +knights never drew rein till they reached Dunbar, whence they took ship +for Berwick. Great spoil and many noble captives fell that day to the +share of the victors. + +=21. Results of the Victory=.--By this battle, won against tremendous +odds, the _Saxons_ of the _Lowlands_ decided their own fate and that +of the _Celtic_ people by whose name they were called, and to whose +kingdom they chose to belong. On the field of Bannockburn they gave +the English a convincing proof that they preferred sharing the poverty +and turbulent independence of that half-civilized Celtic kingdom to +rejoining the more wealthy, prosperous, and settled country from +which three centuries before they had been severed. Three more +centuries were still to pass before Edward the First's great idea +of a Union could be carried out. _Bannockburn_ is noteworthy among +battles as being one of the first to prove the value of Wallace's +great discovery that footmen, when rightly understood and skilfully +handled, were, after all, better than the mounted men-at-arms hitherto +deemed invincible. Like _Morgarten_ and _Courtray_, the fields on +which the _Flemings_ and the _Swiss_ about the same time overthrew +their oppressors, this victory of the Scots stands forth as a bright +example, showing how, even in that age of feudal tyranny, a few men of +set purpose, fighting for their common liberty, could withstand a great +mass of feudal retainers fighting simply at the bidding of their lords. + +=22. Bruce's Comrades.=--The faithful friends of Bruce, those who had +shared his dangers and helped him to win his crown, were no way behind +their leader in courage and heroism. The most famous of them all was +_James of Douglas_, son of that _Douglas_ who had been the friend and +supporter of _Wallace_. His own _Castle of Douglas_ was the scene of +one of his most daring deeds, hence called the _Douglas Larder_. The +English held his castle, but on Palm Sunday, when the garrison were +gone to church, Douglas attacked them suddenly, killed some, and took +the rest prisoners. He and his men then went up to the castle, where +they feasted merrily on the fare that was being made ready for the +English. When they had dined, Douglas bade them bring forth all the +provision of food and fuel and pile it up in the castle hall. He then +killed the English prisoners and flung their bodies on the heap. Over +them he poured their store of wine, which mingled with the blood that +still streamed from their gaping wounds. The Scots then set fire to the +whole and went off to the woods again, for the free vault of heaven was +more to their minds than the constraint of castle walls. All these +stories are only tales; but, whether true or not, they show the spirit +of the time. + +=23. Summary.=--In this chapter we have seen how Scotland lost her +independence by the selfish quarrels of her nobles and the weakness +of her King John Balliol; how the rising of Wallace, the first effort +for regaining her ancient freedom, was confined solely to the people +without the nobles; how it came to nothing from the want of unity of +purpose in the nation; how Scotland, after the failure of this attempt, +had lost her separate national life and had been united to England; +how, when all hope seemed lost, the people rose under a leader who was +really a Norman baron, and therefore as much a foreigner to them as +any of the governors placed over them by Edward; and how by one great +effort they shook off the yoke of the invaders and drove them from the +soil. + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM. + + _Robert I._ (1)--_Chapter of Mitton_ (2)--_Peace of + Northampton_ (3)--_Robert's parliaments_ (4)--_his + death_ (5)--_David II._ (6)--_Edward Balliol's invasion_ + (7)--_battle of Halidon Hill_ (8)--_capture of the King_ + (9)--_Robert II._ (10)--_the French allies_ (11)--_Raid + of Otterburn_ (12)--Robert III. (13)--_Clan battle on the + North Inch_ (14)--_relations with England_ (15)--_Albany's + regency_ (16)--_battle of Harlaw_ (17)--_Scots in France_ + (18)--_death of Albany_ (19)--_summary_ (20). + +=1. Robert I., 1314-1329.=--The independence which Scotland had lost +was won back on the field of Bannockburn. She was to live on as an +independent kingdom, not to sink into a mere province of England; but, +as the English refused to acknowledge her independence, the war was +carried on by repeated invasions and cruel wastings of the northern +counties. _Douglas_, who was so popular that he was called the _Good +Lord James_, and _Randolf_, whom Bruce created _Earl of Moray_, were +the chief heroes of these raids. Edward was attacked too in another +quarter, in _Ireland_, whither, at the call of the Celtic chiefs, +_Edward Bruce_ had gone, like his brother Robert, to win himself a +crown by valour and popularity. King Robert himself took over troops to +help him. Edward was crowned King of Ireland, but he was killed soon +after. Meanwhile the war on the Border still went on. Each side was +struggling for _Berwick_. The Scots won it back, and the English did +all they could to retake it, but in vain. + +=2. Chapter of Mitton.=--While the siege went on, the _Border_ counties +were so sorely harried by the Scots that at last the _Archbishop of +York_ and the clergy took up arms in their defence. But they were +thoroughly beaten, and this battle was called the _Chapter of Mitton_, +from the number of clerks left dead on the field. Edward could have +ended all this by acknowledging Robert as King, but he would not. A two +years' truce was made in 1319, but, as soon as it was ended, he once +more invaded Scotland with a large army. He found nothing but a wasted +country, for the Scots had carried both provisions and cattle to the +hills, nor would they come out to fight, though they harassed the rear +of the retreating army. At last the people of the northern counties of +England grew weary of the constant struggle. They had suffered so much +loss from the inroads of the Scots that they at last resolved that, if +the King would not make peace for them, they must come to terms with +the enemy on their own account. Edward, who feared that he might thus +lose a part of his kingdom, agreed to a thirteen years' truce, which +was concluded in 1323. In this treaty Robert was allowed to take his +title of King, though the English would not give it him. But when a few +years later Edward was deposed and his son Edward _the Third_ placed in +his stead, his government would not confirm the truce in the form at +first agreed on. The Scots upon this made another raid upon England, +swept the country, and carried off their spoil before the eyes of a +large English army. The Scots had in their plundering expeditions a +great advantage over the English in the greater simplicity of their +habits. They were mounted on small light horses, which at night were +turned out to graze. They carried no provisions, except a small bag of +oatmeal, which each man bore at his saddle, together with a thin iron +plate on which he baked his meal into cakes. For the rest of their food +they trusted to plunder. They burned and destroyed everything as they +passed, and, when they seized more cattle than they could use, they +slew them and left them behind on the place where their camp had been. + +=3. Peace of Northampton=.--As by this time Robert's title had, after +much strife, been recognized by the Pope and other foreign powers, the +English saw that they must acknowledge it too. Therefore a treaty was +confirmed at _Northampton_ in 1328 between _Robert, King of Scots_, and +the English King. The terms of this treaty were, that Scotland as far +as the old boundary lines should be perfectly independent; that the +two Kings should be faithful allies, and that neither should stir up +the troublesome _Celtic_ subjects of the other, either in _Ireland_ or +in the _Highlands_. As a further proof of good will, _Joan_, Edward's +sister, was betrothed to Robert's infant son. By this treaty the +original Commendation of 924, and all the subsequent submissions to +England, whether real or pretended, were done away with. It placed the +kingdom on quite a new footing, for now _Lothian_ and _Strathclyde_ +were as independent of England as the real _Scotland_ had originally +been. The long time of common suffering and common struggles had done +for the nation what the good time before it had failed to do. It had +knit together the three strands of the different races into one cord +of national unity too strong for any outer influence again to sever. +But during the long war there had also arisen that intense hatred of +everything English which warped the future growth of the nation. This +hatred drove Scotland to seek in France the model and ally that she +had hitherto found in England, and the influence of France can from +this period be distinctly traced in the laws, the architecture, and the +manners of the people. Robert's treaty with France was the beginning of +the future foreign policy of Scotland. This was to make common cause +with France against England, which country Scotland pledged herself to +invade whenever France declared war against it. + +=4. Robert's Parliaments.=--Two of the meetings of the Estates or +Parliaments of this reign deserve notice. That of 1318 settled the +succession to the crown: first, on the direct male heirs in order +of seniority; next on the direct female heirs; failing both, on the +next of kin. An Act was also passed by this parliament forbidding all +holders of estates in Scotland from taking the produce or revenues +of these lands out of the kingdom. This law acted as a sentence of +forfeiture on the so-called Scottish barons who had larger estates +in England than in Scotland, and who preferred living in the richer +country. In the parliament of 1326, held at _Cambuskenneth_, the _third +Estate_, that is, the members from the _burghs_, was first recognized +as an essential part of the _National Assembly_. + +=5. His Death.=--King Robert owed his crown to the people and to +the clergy; of the nobles but few were with him. His reign made a +great change in the baronage, for with the forfeited estates of his +opponents he laid the foundation of other families, the _Douglases_ +for instance, who in after-times proved the dangerous rivals of his +own descendants. This was partly owing to his mistaken policy in +granting royalties or royal powers within their own domains to certain +of his own kindred and supporters. This practice, though at the time +it strengthened his own hands, in the end weakened the power of the +Crown. He died at _Cardross_ in 1329, leaving one son. He was greatly +mourned by the people, for he had won their sympathy by the struggles +of his early career, and had become their pride by his final victories. +They were justly proud of having a king who was no mere puppet in the +hands of others, fit only to wear a crown and to spend money, but a +brave, wise man, who had shown himself as able to suffer want and to +fight against ill-fortune as the best and bravest among themselves. +After King Robert's death, Douglas, to fulfil his last wish, set out +with his heart for Spain with a gallant following of the best gentlemen +in Scotland. In a skirmish with the Moors, he was surrounded by the +enemy, while hastening to the help of a brother knight. When he saw +his danger, he took from his neck the silken cord from which hung the +Bruce's heart, cast it on before him into the thickest of the fight, +crying out, "Pass first in fight as thou art wont to do, and Douglas +will follow thee or die." True to his word, he fell fighting valiantly, +and his body was found near the casket, which held the heart of the +friend and leader whom in life he had loved so well. Douglas was tall +and strong, and his dark skin and black hair won him the nickname of +the "_Black Douglas_." The English hated and feared him, but his own +people loved him well and remembered him long after his death. + +=6. David II., 1320-1370.=--_David_, who was only eight years old +when his father died, was crowned at _Scone_ and _anointed_ which +no King of Scots had ever before been, as this was considered the +special right of independent sovereigns only. The government was in +the hands of _Randolf_, who had been appointed _Regent_ by the Estates +before the death of the late king. In the early part of the reign the +country was torn by a struggle which, as it was really a civil war, was +more dangerous to its independence and more hurtful to the national +character than the long war with the English had been. This war was +caused by those barons who, holding large estates in England, had, by +marriage or by inheritance, become possessed of lands in Scotland, +which they lost by the Act of the last reign against absentees. +Hitherto the so-called Scottish nobles had been Norman barons, with +equal interests in both kingdoms, but this act forced them to decide +for one or the other. Hence it was the mere chance of the respective +value of their lands that decided whether such names as Percy and +Douglas should be feared north or south of the Border. + +=7. Edward Balliol's Invasion.=--These disinherited barons gathered +round _Edward Balliol_, the son of _King John_, and determined on an +invasion of Scotland on their own account, giving out that they came +to win back the crown for him. Just at this time of threatened danger +the Regent died, and was succeeded in his trust by _Donald, Earl of +Mar_, another nephew of King Robert. The invaders landed on the coast +of _Fife_, and at _Duplin_ in _Strathearn_ they defeated a large +army under the command of the Regent, who was slain. They then took +possession of _Perth_, and crowned Balliol at _Scone_, September 24th, +1332. He acknowledged himself the vassal of Edward of England; but the +latter did not openly take a part in the war, until the Scots, by their +frequent raids across the Border, could be said to have broken the +Peace of Northampton. + +=8. Battle of Halidon Hill.=--In the spring of 1333, Edward the Third +invested Berwick, and the governor agreed to give it up if it were not +relieved by the Scots within a given time. The new Regent, _Archibald +Douglas_, brother to the Good Lord James, marched to raise the siege. +It was very much the case of Bannockburn reversed, for now the English +had the advantage of being posted on _Halidon Hill_, close by the town, +while the Scots, the assailants, had to struggle through a marsh. +The English archers won the day; the Regent was killed; _Berwick_ +was forced to yield; and _Balliol_ gave it over to the English, and +placed all the strongholds south of the Forth in their hands. For three +years longer there was much fighting on the Border with pretty equal +success, until the French wars drew the attention of Edward the Third +from Scotland, and then the national party began to get the upper hand. +David, Earl of Athole, Balliol's chief supporter, was defeated and +slain at Culbleen, in the Highlands; and when Robert the High Steward +became Regent in 1338, he won back the strongholds. Soon after, Balliol +left the kingdom, and in 1341 David and his Queen _Joan of England_ +came home from France, where he had been sent to be out of the way of +the troubles. Five years of comparative peace followed. A succession of +truces were made with England, but they were not strictly kept on the +Border. + +=9. Capture of the King.=--While Edward was busy with the siege of +Calais, David, to keep up the spirit of the alliance with France, +broke the truce between England and Scotland by invading England. He +was defeated and captured by the Archbishop of York at the head of +the force of the northern counties in 1346. The battle in which he +was taken was called the battle of _Neville's Cross_, from a cross +afterwards put up to mark the field by _Sir Ralph Neville_. For eleven +years David remained a captive, and Scotland was governed by the +former _Regent_, the _Steward_. During that time Berwick was won and +lost again. Edward, to whom Balliol had handed over his claim to the +kingdom for a pension of two thousand pounds, brought an English army +as far as the Forth. As they could neither find provisions to sustain +them nor an enemy to fight with, they were forced to return; but they +had left such traces of their progress on churches and dwelling-houses +that their inroad was remembered as the "burnt Candlemas." In 1347 +David was released, the ransom being fixed at 100,000 marks. He made +many after-visits to England, and proposed to the Estates, that +_Lionel_, the second son of _Edward_, should succeed him, but to this +they would not agree. He died in 1370, and left no children. After the +death of Joan he had married Margaret Logie, a woman of obscure birth. + +=10. Robert II., 1370-1390.=--David was succeeded by his sister's son, +_Robert_, the _Steward_ of the kingdom. This office was hereditary, +and it gradually passed into the surname of the family who held it and +became common to the different branches. The stewardship was first +granted to _Walter Fitz-Alan_, a Breton baron, by David. Robert was +allowed to mount the throne unopposed. It had been feared that _William +Lord Douglas_, who through his mother, a sister of the _Red Comyn_, +represented the claim that had been resigned by the _Balliols_, would +have disputed his right to the throne, but he did not. Robert was twice +married. His first wife was _Elizabeth More_, by whom he had four +sons and several daughters. After her death he married _Euphemia_, +daughter of the _Earl of Ross_, and had two sons and four daughters. +The descendants of this second marriage claimed the crown on the ground +that the dispensation from Rome had not been obtained, which, as Robert +and Elizabeth were near of kin, was needful to make the marriage valid, +and the children legitimate. Dispensations for each marriage have since +been discovered, which decide the right of Robert's first family. + +=11. The French Allies.=--At the end of the truce with England, in +1385, war broke out again. The French sent a body of 2,000 men, 1,000 +stands of armour, and 50,000 gold pieces to the aid of their allies +the Scots. _Sir John de Vienne_, Admiral of France, was the leader +of the French auxiliaries. _Richard the Second_ of England, with an +army of 70,000 men, invaded Scotland, and marched as far north as the +_Forth_. But the country had been wasted before him, so that the only +harm he could do was to destroy _Melrose Abbey_. Meanwhile the Scots +had harried the northern counties of his own kingdom with their French +allies. The French afterwards said that in the dioceses of Carlisle +and Durham they had burned more than the value of all the towns in +Scotland. But the Frenchmen despised the poverty of the Scots, and were +disgusted with their way of fighting; and as the Scots in return were +uncivil and inhospitable to them, they went away before long, and were +as glad to get back to their own land as the Scots were to get rid of +them. + +=12. Raid of Otterburn.=--A few years later the Scots barons made +another raid on the north of England. An army 5,000 strong mustered +at Jedburgh. By the capture of an English spy, they learned that +the English meant to keep out of their way, and, while they entered +England, to make a counter-raid on the south of Scotland. To defeat +this plan the Scots parted their force into two bands, one of which +was to enter England on the east, the other on the west. The eastern +division, under the Earls of _Douglas_, _Dunbar_, and _Moray_, swept +the country as far as _Durham_. As they were returning laden with +spoil, they tarried three days near _Newcastle_, where were gathered +the English barons under _Ralph_ and _Henry Percy_, sons of the _Earl +of Northumberland_, the Warden of the Marches. Many skirmishes then +took place between the two forces. In one of these Douglas took the +pennon of Sir Henry Percy, surnamed _Hotspur_, and challenged him to +come to his tent and win it back. The next day the Scots moved off and +encamped near _Otterburn Tower_. Percy hurried after them and attacked +them in the night. The Scots, though fewer in number, had the advantage +of being in a well-defended camp. They won the day, but the victory +was dearly bought, for Douglas was slain in the fight. This battle, in +which many lives were lost without any real cause, and without doing +any good whatever, was reckoned one of the best fought battles of that +warlike time. It was all hand to hand fighting, and all the knights +engaged in it on both sides showed great valour. Their feats of arms +have been commemorated in the spirit-stirring ballad of _Chevy Chase_. +The Scots came back to their own land, bringing with them Hotspur and +more than forty English knights whom they had taken prisoners. This +fight, which was called the Raid of Otterburn, took place in August +1388. + +Robert died in 1390. He left the country at peace; for a truce between +England and France, taking in Scotland as an ally of the latter, had +been made the year before. + +=13. Robert III., 1390-1406.=--The eldest son of the late King was +_John_, but, as Balliol had made this name odious to the people, +he changed it at his coronation to _Robert_. The country was in a +miserable state. The nobles had been so long used to war with England +that they could not bear to be at peace. They fought with one another, +and preyed on the peasants and burghers. As the King was too weak both +in mind and body to restrain them, the Estates placed the sovereign +power in the hands of his son _David_, who was created _Duke of +Rothesay_. This is the first time the title of Duke appears in Scottish +history. Rothesay was to act as the King's Lieutenant for three years, +with the advice of a council chosen by the Estates. Meanwhile the +real rulers were the King's two brothers, _Robert, Duke of Albany_, +and _Alexander, Earl of Buchan_, who was master of the country north +of the Firths, where his ferocity won him the surname of the _Wolf +of Badenoch_. Albany, anxious, as he gave out, to restrain the wild +follies of his nephew _Rothesay_, seized him and confined him in +_Falkland Castle_. There he died. Albany said that he had died from +natural causes, but the people believed that he had been starved by his +uncle. After his death, Albany, with his associate _Archibald, Earl of +Douglas_, was cleared of suspicion by an act of the Estates. He was +afterwards appointed Governor. + +=14. Clan Battle near Perth.=--During this reign there was a deadly +combat between two bands of _Highlanders_ on a meadow by the _Tay_, +called the _North Inch of Perth_. The King and his nobles, and a vast +crowd of persons of all ranks, gathered to see them fight. There were +thirty chosen men on each side, and they fought as was their wont, with +axes, swords, or bows, and wore no armour. Before the fight began one +man left the ranks, swam the Tay, and fled. One _Henry Wynd_, called +"_Gow Chrom_," or the "Crooked Smith," was hired to fill his place. +They fought with fury, and did not leave off till ten men, all wounded, +were left on the one side, and one only upon the other. Gow Chrom did +such good service that he is said to have won the victory for the clan +that had enlisted his services, though it is said he knew so little +about the matter that he was quite uncertain which side he was fighting +for. Like Otterburn, this slaughter simply showed the skill of the +combatants in killing one another. The name of the clans engaged, and +their cause of quarrel, if they had any, have been alike forgotten. + +=15. Relations with England.=--In 1400, soon after the end of the +truce, _Henry the Fourth_, who by a revolution had been placed on his +cousin Richard's throne, revived the old claim over Scotland in order +to make himself popular with the English. He announced his intention +of coming to _Edinburgh_ to receive the homage of the King and of +the nobles, and to enforce his demand he marched as far as Leith at +the head of an army. This was the most harmless invasion on record, +for, as usual, the Scots had got out of the way, and the English had +to retreat without finding an enemy to fight with. About this time +_George of Dunbar, Earl of March_, shifted his allegiance to _Henry_. +He was offended because _Rothesay_ married a daughter of his great +rival _Douglas_, instead of his own daughter _Elizabeth_, to whom he +was betrothed. In 1402 he joined Sir Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, and +defeated an invading body of the Scots under Douglas at _Homildon_. +This was much such an affair as _Otterburn_, only this time the English +won and Douglas was taken prisoner. He afterwards joined the Percies +in their rebellion against Henry and fought with them at _Shrewsbury_. +Albany had an army on the Border ready to help the rebels, but their +defeat and dispersion brought his plan to nothing. But Albany hit +on another way of threatening Henry. He entertained at the Scottish +court a person whom he received as the dethroned _Richard_, who had +been discovered in disguise, so the story ran, a fugitive in the +_Western Isles_. In 1405, however, chance threw into Henry's hands an +important prize. This was _James, Earl of Carrick_, second son of the +King, and heir to the throne. He was captured by the English, in time +of truce, while on his way to France, whither he was sent, nominally +to be educated, but really to be out of the reach of his dangerous +uncle. Thus, as the head of each government had a hostage for the good +behaviour of the other, there was no open war between the two nations. +In 1406 Robert died. + +=16. Albany's Regency.=--The death of Robert made no change in the +government, though the young King was acknowledged as _James the +First_. There was nominal peace with England, but the work of winning +back the Border strongholds still went on. Jedburgh was retaken and +destroyed, as the best means of securing it against foreign occupation +in future. + +=17. Battle of Harlaw.=--The kingdom was now threatened on the other +border, the northern march which parted the Saxons of the north-eastern +Lowlands from the Celtic clans of the mountains. The hatred between the +hostile races had been growing more and more bitter, and was fostered +by constant inroads on the one hand and cruel laws upon the other. The +time seemed now to have come when there must be a trial of strength +between them. The head of the Celts was _Donald, Lord of the Isles_, +who, though he had sworn fealty to David the Second, again claimed +sovereign power over all the clans of the West, and entered into +treaties with England as though he had been an independent monarch. He +claimed the _Earldom of Ross_ in right of his wife, as her niece, the +heiress, had taken the veil. By getting this earldom, the Lord of the +Isles became lord over half the kingdom, and he resolved to invade the +territory of the King, whom he looked on as a rival. Now the district +that lay nearest him, the Lowlands north of the Forth, as it had not +been touched by the Border wars, was at this time at once the richest +part of the kingdom and the part least accustomed to self-defence. +Great therefore was the terror of the burghers and husbandmen at the +news that a horde of plundering savages would soon be let loose upon +them. They took up arms in their own defence, and they were fortunate +in finding a leader whose experience, gained in similar warfare on +his own account, well fitted him to withstand the ambitious Donald. +This was _Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar_, the illegitimate son of +the Wolf of Badenoch. He had won his reputation by valour in the +French wars, and his earldom by carrying off and marrying an heiress, +who was Countess of Mar in her own right. The rival races met at +_Harlaw_, in Aberdeenshire, July 24, 1411. Here, as at Bannockburn, +the determination and stedfastness of each man in the smaller force +decided the fortune of the day. For, though the Highlanders, reckless +of life, charged again and again, they made no impression on the small +compact mass that kept the way against them, and they were at last +forced to retreat. This battle was justly looked on as a great national +deliverance, greater even than the victory at Bannockburn, and many +privileges and immunities were granted to the heirs of those who had +fallen. + +=18. The Scots in France.=--During the Regency the Scots did good +service to their old allies of France, who were sorely pressed by the +English. Henry the Fifth of England had conquered nearly all France, +and had been proclaimed heir of the French king. A company of 700 +Scots, led by _John Stewart, Earl of Buchan_, second son of Albany, +went to the help of the French. They arrived safely in France, in spite +of the careful watch upon the seas kept up by the English in order to +prevent them. By their aid the French gained their first victory in +this war at the battle of _Beaugé_ in 1421. Buchan was made _Constable_ +of France. He was then sent back to Scotland on an embassy to seek the +help of _Douglas_ on the part of the King of France. An alliance was +made between them in 1423, and Douglas came to France, where the rich +_Duchy of Touraine_ and many other lands were conferred upon him. But +Douglas was slain not long after at the battle of _Verneuil_ in 1424. +Most of the Scots fell with him, for the English refused them quarter, +as Henry had James of Scotland in his camp, and he gave orders that +all the Scots bearing arms on the French side should be looked upon as +traitors fighting against their King. The remnant that were left were +formed into a royal bodyguard, the beginning of the famous _Scots_ +_Guard_ of the French kings. Archibald, Earl of Douglas, who fell at +Verneuil, was called "_Tine-man_," or lose-man, because in every battle +in which he took part he fought on the losing side. + +=19. Death of Albany.=--Albany died in 1419. His son _Murdoch_ +succeeded him as Governor, but there is no record of his being +confirmed in that office by the Estates. As he had not the talents +of his father, he had no control over the barons. Every man was his +own master, and the land was filled with violence. The obvious remedy +was to bring home the King, and Douglas and some of the other nobles +treated with the English government for his release. + +=20. Summary.=--Under the immediate successors of Robert the First, +Scotland nearly lost all the advantages which he had won for her. The +country was torn by civil strife; the kings were weak and useless; +the nobles became so strong and overbearing that their power more +than equalled that of the Crown, and they set at nought the King's +authority. All social improvement was at a standstill. Still we find +during this period the first stirrings of a desire for increase of +knowledge and greater liberty of religious thought. Two events mark +this: the burning of _John Reseby_, with his books, on a charge of +heresy, at _Perth_ in 1408; and the opening of the first University in +Scotland, founded at _St. Andrews_ by _Henry Wardlaw_, the bishop, in +1410. The history of Scotland was now first written by two natives of +the country; _John of Fordun_, who wrote the "_Scotichronicon_," and +_Andrew Wyntoun_, who wrote a metrical chronicle. + + +CHAPTER V. + +THE JAMESES. + + _Return of the King_ (1)--_state of the Highlands_ + (2)--_murder of James_ (3)--_judicial reforms_ (4)--_James + II._ (5)--_Crichton and Livingstone_ (6)--_the Douglases_ + (7)--_majority of James_; _fall of Douglas_ (8)--_siege of + Roxburgh_ (9)--_James III._ (10)--_Orkney and Shetland_ + (11)--_relations with England_ (12)--_revolt of the nobles_ + (13)--_battle of Sauchieburn_ (14)--_Church matters_ + (15)--_James IV._ (16)--_English intrigues_ (17)--_state + of the Highlands_ (18)--_differences with England_ + (19)--_battle of Flodden_ (20)--_state of the Church_ + (21)--_James V._ (22)--_Albany's regency_ (23)--_English + interference_ (24)--_the "Erection"_ (25)--_fall of Angus_ + (26)--_internal affairs_ (27)--_English war_ (28)--_death + of James_; _his character_ (29)--_Mary_ (30)--_treaties + with England_ (31)--_first English invasion_ (32)--_second + English invasion_ (33)--_third English invasion_; _fight at + Pinkie_ (34)--_internal affairs_ (35)--_Regency of Mary of + Lorraine_; _first marriage of Mary Stewart_ (36)--_social + progress_ (37)--_state of education and literature_ + (38)--_summary_ (39). + + +=1. James I., 1424-1436. Return of the King.=--In 1424 James came home +and brought with him his English wife, _Joan_, daughter of the _Earl of +Somerset_. As he had been taken in time of peace, a ransom could not +decently be demanded, but the Scots were required to pay forty thousand +pounds to defray the expenses of his eighteen years' maintenance and +education. The King, now at last restored to his kingdom, let eight +months pass quietly before taking vengeance on those who had so long +kept him out of it. He spent this time in winning the confidence of +the people and of the lesser barons. He then seized _Albany_, his two +sons, and twenty-six other nobles at _Perth_, whither they had come +to attend the Parliament. _Albany_ and his two sons were tried before +a jury of twenty-one peers, many of whom sat only to secure their +own safety. They were found guilty of treason and put to death at +_Stirling_. James himself presided at the trial, thereby reviving the +ancient practice of the King's personal administration of justice. + +=2. The Highlands.=--When James had thus got rid of his dangerous +cousins, he turned his attention to the _Highlands_ and _Western +Isles_, which presented a strange mixture of Celtic and of feudal +manners. They were ruled partly by Norman barons, and partly by native +chiefs, and these barons or chiefs were both alike upheld by that +personal devotion of their vassals which was the strong point of Celtic +clanship. James summoned the chiefs to a parliament at _Inverness_ in +1427. They obeyed the summons, and were at once seized and imprisoned. +Three of them were hanged at that time. Several others shared the same +fate at a later date. Others were imprisoned, and a small remnant only +allowed to go away unhurt. _Alexander, Lord of the Isles_, was among +these last, and the first use he made of his recovered liberty was +to bring his islemen down on Inverness, which they destroyed. James +hurried northward again and defeated him in _Lochaber_. Alexander gave +himself up to the King's grace, and was confined in _Tantalion Castle_. +But his kinsman, _Donald Balloch_, set himself at the head of the clans +and they defeated the royal army. James determined to crush the Celts +once and for ever. An additional tax was levied for the purpose, and +James set out once more for the north. But the chiefs, who saw that the +King was just then too strong for them, met him with proffers of homage +and submission. Such submissions were, however, practically worthless. +In the eyes of the Celts they were just as little binding as the +parchment title-deeds by which the government sought to change their +chiefs into feudal barons. + +=3. Murder of James.=--The policy of James was to reduce the power +of the baronage, and to balance it by strengthening the clergy and +encouraging the commons. He made strict search into the titles by +which the several nobles held their lands, and more especially into +the actual state of the estates which had been held by the Crown +in the time of Robert the First. He deprived the Earl of March of +his earldom, on the ground that Albany, who had restored it to him, +had not the power to confer upon him the estates which he had once +forfeited by the transfer of his allegiance to England. James also +took from _Malise Grahame_ his earldom of _Strathearn_, which he had +inherited through his mother, on the ground that it was a male fief. +He therefore transferred it to the next male heir, _Walter Stewart, +Earl of Athole_, grand-uncle of Grahame, the only surviving son of +Robert the Second. These measures roused the dislike and distrust of +the class they were aimed at, and a conspiracy was formed against the +King. At its head was _Sir Robert Grahame_, uncle of Malise, who had +been banished for denouncing the King's doings in Parliament. Through +the connivance of the Earl of Athole, the High Chamberlain, the +conspirators got entrance to the King's quarters, when he was keeping +his Christmas in the monastery of the _Black Friars_ at _Perth_, and +there they treacherously murdered him, 1436. James left one son and +five daughters. _Margaret_, the eldest, was married to the _Dauphin_, +afterwards _Louis the Eleventh of France_. + +=4. Judicial Reforms.=--James held many parliaments, and pretty nearly +all are noteworthy for passing wise measures for the common good. In +his first parliament, the "_Committee of the Articles_," which dated +from the reign of David the Second, was acknowledged as an established +part of the parliament. This committee was elected by the parliament +at the beginning of its session, and nearly the whole power of the +Estates was made over to the persons chosen to form it, who were called +the _Lords of the Articles_. They consulted together and considered +the Articles presented to them in parliament, which were then passed +by the vote of the Estates and became law. This custom, by which the +business of the whole parliament was left in the hands of a committee, +was afterwards found to be the weakest point of the legislature, and +paved the way for a great deal of bribery and corruption. Statute law +in Scotland dates from this reign, as it was James who first caused a +collection of statutes to be made, and separated those that were still +in force from those that had fallen out of use. He also regulated +weights and measures, and fixed a standard for the coinage, so that +it should be of the same weight and fineness as the money in England. +From his reign also dates the appointment of the office of _Treasurer_; +the publication of the acts of parliament in the language spoken by +the people; the first effort towards the representation of the lesser +barons by commissaries; and an attempt to establish a supreme court +of civil jurisdiction, which was to consist of the _Chancellor_ and +three other persons chosen by the Estates, and to sit three times a +year. In order that the Scottish people might learn to compete with the +English bowmen, James established schools in the different parishes for +the practice of archery. In short, he strove in every way to make his +people profit by what he had learnt and observed during his long exile +in England. He was a patron of learning, and was himself a scholar and +one of the earliest and best English poets. The longest of his poems is +called the "_King's Quhair_" or book. In it he sang his love for his +fair English bride in strains that prove him to have been a true poet. +It is written in stanzas of seven lines each, a very favourite measure +in those days, which was afterwards called the "roial rime" in memory +of this poet-king. + +=5. James II., 1436-1460.=--The young King, who was only six years old +when his father was killed, was crowned at _Holyrood_, as _Scone_, +the customary crowning-place, was too near the Highlands, where the +conspirators had taken refuge, to be safe. He was then taken by his +mother for greater security to _Edinburgh Castle_. The object of the +murderers was to place on the throne the Earl of Athole, who, as being +the son of the second marriage of Robert the Second, was looked on as +the true heir by the party who held that the first marriage of that +king was not valid. If this were their design, it was not seconded by +the people, who were filled with sorrow and anger at the death of the +King, who had made himself popular by all the good he had done for +them. A hue-and-cry was raised after the murderers, who were taken and +put to death with cruel tortures. + +=6. Crichton and Livingstone.=--The first part of the reign was a +struggle for the wardship of the King's person, which gave nearly +royal power to whoever held it. The rivals for this honour were +_William Crichton_, the _Chancellor_ and governor of Edinburgh Castle; +_Alexander Livingstone_, the governor of _Stirling_, the other great +stronghold; and the _Queen-mother_. The Queen, who feared that +Crichton would try to separate the young King from her if she stayed +in Edinburgh, succeeded in getting herself and her child out of his +hands by a stealthy flight to _Stirling_. But she soon found that they +had only changed jailers, for Livingstone kept as strict a guard over +the King as Crichton had done. A few years later she married _Stewart, +Lord of Lorn_, after which she took no further part in public affairs. +Her flight to Stirling gave Livingstone for a time the advantage in +the possession of the King, till Crichton contrived to kidnap him +back to Edinburgh. But as the rivals found that it would be more for +the interest of each to act in concert with the other, they made an +agreement, by which James was sent back to the custody of Livingstone. + +=7. The House of Douglas.=--_Archibald, Earl of Douglas_, was at this +time the most powerful baron in Scotland. Besides holding _Galloway_, +_Annandale_, and other great estates in Scotland, he had inherited +the _Duchy of Touraine_, which had been conferred on his father by +the King of France for good service done against the English, and in +his foreign duchy he possessed wealth and splendour beyond anything +that the Scottish king could boast. The family still had a hold on the +popular favour won for them by the Good Lord James. They had also some +pretensions to the crown of Scotland, for _Archibald_, brother and heir +of the Good Lord James, had married a sister of the _Red Comyn_, who +was slain by Bruce. The Douglases therefore represented the claim of +the _Comyns_, which, as we have seen, was better than that of _Bruce_. +They were also descendants of _Robert the Second_, through _Euphemia_, +one of the children of his second marriage, to whom those who looked +on his first family as illegitimate held that the crown ought to have +gone. _Douglas_ had been chosen _Lieutenant-Governor_ of the kingdom, +and had ample power to quiet the rival parties had he chosen to +exercise it. But he did not, and his nominal government was ended by +his death in 1439. _William_, his son, who at seventeen succeeded to +all this pride and power, kept up a state and retinue almost royal, +and much violence and oppression were laid to his charge. Crichton +and Livingstone agreed to compass his downfall, and for this end they +invited him and his brother _David_ to visit the King at Edinburgh. +They came, were seized, and, after the form of a trial, were beheaded +in the Castle-yard. The power of their house was thus broken for a +time. The estates were divided; part went with the title to their +grand-uncle _James_, the male heir, while _Galloway_ went to their +sister _Margaret_. But on the death of James they were re-united, for +his son _William_ married _Margaret of Galloway_, his cousin. He then +went to court, to do his duty, as he said, to his sovereign, pretended +that the King had chosen him _Lieutenant-General_ of the kingdom, and +got most of the power into his own hands. He and Livingstone joined, +and tried to make Crichton give up the seals by besieging him in +Edinburgh Castle; but he held out so well that they were forced to make +terms with him. Douglas grew more proud and powerful every year. He +was already lord of nearly all the southern country, and he joined in +a bond with the great chiefs of the north,--the _Lord of the Isles_, +who was now _Earl of Ross_, and _Alexander, Earl of Crawford_, the +head of the house of _Lindsay_ and representative of the fallen _Earls +of March_. He held meetings of his vassals, to which he summoned all +those who either were or, as he thought, ought to be his dependants. +Nor did he scruple to put to death any who opposed him, in direct +defiance of the King's commands. But as the Earl's retainers numbered +5,000, while the King had not so much as a bodyguard, his commands were +not easily enforced. On one occasion the King sent _Sir Patrick Gray_ +to demand the release of his nephew, _M'Lellan_, tutor or guardian of +the young _Laird of Bunby_, or Bomby, whom Douglas had put in ward +because he failed to appear at one of the gatherings of his vassals. +Douglas received him courteously, but said he could on no account hear +the King's message till his visitor had dined. Meanwhile he had the +prisoner brought out and beheaded. When he heard the King's order he +feigned great respect for it, and, showing the body, said, "There lies +your sister's son; he wants the head, but the body is at your service." +Sir Patrick had to hide his anger as best he might till he had got safe +out of his hands. + +=8. Majority of James.= =Fall of Douglas.=--The King's majority was +soon followed by the ruin of _Livingstone_. _Douglas_ was too strong +to be openly attacked. He was invited to _Stirling_ and received in a +friendly way. James remonstrated with him about the bonds, and urged +him to break them off. Douglas refused. James in a fit of passion cried +out, "If you will not break the bonds, this shall," and stabbed him. +Sir Patrick Gray, who stood by, killed him with his pole-axe. They then +threw the mangled body into the courtyard. This savage deed plunged +the whole country into civil war. _James_, the brother and heir of +the murdered Earl, openly defied the King; that is, he renounced his +allegiance to him as a traitor and a perjured man. His cause was taken +up by the parties to the bond, the _Earls of Ross_ and _Crawford_. The +King, who felt himself too weak to break the confederacy, was forced to +turn to his own advantage the enmity among his nobles, and to pull down +one house by building up another. This policy only changed the name of +the rivals of the Crown, without getting rid of them, and it laid the +foundation of the like troubles in future reigns. In the north James +entrusted the conduct of the war to the head of the house of _Gordon_, +whom he created _Earl of Huntly_, and whose lands lay between those of +the banded Earls. In the south the _Earl of Angus_, the head of the +_Red_ Douglases as they were called, was made use of to overthrow the +_Black_ Douglases, the elder branch of the family. The question whether +James Stewart or James Douglas should wear the crown was settled by +a battle at _Arkinholm_, in _Eskdale_ in 1454. Douglas was forsaken +by many of his followers, and was defeated and fled to England. An +act of forfeiture was passed against him and all his house, and, to +prevent any one family again becoming so formidable, another act was +passed, which made _Galloway_ and certain other lordships and castles +inalienable from the Crown. But, in spite of this, the greater part of +the lands of the fallen Douglas went to his kinsman Angus. Many other +families also, among them the _Hamiltons_, rose from the ruins of the +Black Douglases. Sir James Hamilton, the head of the house, had been +one of the adherents of the Earl, but he deserted to the royal side on +the eve of the battle of Arkinholm. + +=9. Siege of Roxburgh.=--As the strife which was at this time going on +between the Yorkists and Lancastrians kept the English busy at home, +there was comparative peace on the Border, broken only by an inroad +from Percy and the banished Douglas. James took the part of Henry VI., +and raised a large army with the intention of invading England in his +favour. But there was no serious war, and James saw that there was now +a good chance of winning back the towns which the English still held in +Scotland. He therefore laid siege to _Roxburgh_, and was killed there +by the bursting of a large cannon which he was watching with great +interest. After his death the Queen urged on the siege, and Roxburgh +was taken and destroyed. This siege is noteworthy as being among the +first in which we hear of the use of artillery in Scotland. Another +notable feature of it was the presence of the Lord of the Isles with +an auxiliary force, for which service he was made one of the Wardens +of the Border. James had married _Mary_, the daughter of the _Duke of +Gelders_, and left four sons, the eldest only eight years old. The +second university in Scotland was founded in this reign, at _Glasgow_, +by _Bishop Turnbull_. + +=10. James III., 1460-1488.=--During the first part of this reign, +_Kennedy, Bishop of St. Andrews_, had the chief part in the government. +He died in 1466, and on his death the _Boyds_ got hold of the King and +of the chief power. These _Boyds_ were originally simple lairds, but +they strengthened themselves by bonds with more powerful families, +won the King's favour and finally got possession of his person, by +making him come with them, partly by persuasion, partly by force, from +_Stirling_ to _Edinburgh_. They then obtained an act of the Estates +declaring that this step had been taken with the full consent and good +pleasure of the King. The _Lord Boyd_ was appointed guardian of his +person and of the royal strongholds, his son _Thomas_ was created _Earl +of Arran_, and with the earldom the King's sister _Mary_ was given him +in marriage. + +=11. Annexation of Orkney and Shetland.=--For many years the rent of +the _Western Isles_ had not been paid to the _King of Norway_. There +were heavy arrears due to him which had been demanded in the last +reign. It was now agreed to settle the matter peaceably by the marriage +of _James_ with _Margaret_, daughter of _Christian of Norway_, in 1469. +Her dowry was the claim for the arrears and 60,000 florins, in security +for which the _Orkney and Shetland Isles_ were placed as pledges in the +hands of the King of Scotland. These islands have never been redeemed +by payment of the sum agreed on. _Arran_ had been chiefly concerned +in bringing about this marriage. During his absence at the court of +Christian his enemies were busy in compassing his fall. His wife sent +him timely warning of his danger, and he fled first to _Denmark_ +and finally to _England_, whither his father had also escaped. But +_Alexander_, the younger son, was made the scapegoat for the sins of +his kindred. He was seized, tried, and put to death for his share in +kidnapping the King, which was now denounced as treason. The family +estates were forfeited, and most of them were declared inalienable from +the Crown. + +=12. Relations with England.=--In the beginning of the reign, _Edward +the Fourth_ kept up a seeming show of friendliness, but he was secretly +treating with _Douglas_ and the _Lord of the Isles_ to the effect that +they should hold the two parts of Scotland as principalities dependent +on England. The end of this underhand dealing was that _John_, son of +the Lord of the Isles, invaded and wasted the district that was to +be his principality, all the country north of the Scots Water. This +led to the final breaking up of the lordship of the Isles, for he was +called to account for his rebellion, and was required to resign the +districts of _Knapdale_ and _Kintyre_, the original Scottish kingdom; +the sheriffdoms of _Inverness_ and _Nairn_, and the earldom of _Ross_, +which was vested in the Crown. In exchange for his proud but doubtful +title of Lord of the Isles, he was made a peer of parliament. In 1474 +a marriage was arranged between Edward's daughter _Cecily_ and _James_ +the Prince of Scotland. It was broken off owing to a quarrel between +the King and his brothers, _Alexander Duke of Albany_, and _John +Earl of Mar_. They were much more popular than James, and, when Mar +died suddenly in _Craigmillar Castle_, James was suspected of having +poisoned him. Albany was arrested and confined in Edinburgh Castle on +a charge of treasonable dealings with Edward. He escaped to _France_ +in hopes of getting _Louis the Eleventh_ to take his part, but he +found a more willing helper in Edward. An agreement was made that +Edward should place Albany on the throne of Scotland, that he should +hold it, and that he should marry the _Lady Cecily_. After divers +threatening messages had been exchanged between the two governments, +and many threatenings of attack had been made, a great Scottish army +was mustered to invade England in good earnest. + +=13. Revolt of the Nobles.=--The King had always been unpopular with +his nobles. His love of money and of peaceable pursuits found little +sympathy with them, and they could neither understand nor tolerate his +fancy for making favourites of men whom they despised. The time had now +come when they could take the law into their own hands. The army raised +for the invasion of England was led by the King in person, and advanced +as far as _Lauder_ in Berwickshire. There the nobles met together, with +old _Angus_ at their head, to devise some way of getting rid of the +most hated of these favourites. This was _Robert Cochrane_, a mason +or architect, to whom the King had given the control of the artillery +in this expedition. He had also conferred on him the revenues of the +earldom of _Mar_, and _Cochrane_, going a step further, had assumed +the title. While they were deliberating, the _Lord Gray_, so the story +goes, quoted the old fable of the mice and the cat, meaning thereby +that all their talk would come to nothing unless one of their number +was bold enough to attack their enemy. On this _Archibald Earl of +Angus_ cried out, "Heed not, I'll bell the cat." This saying won him +the nickname of "Bell the Cat." While they thus sat in council in the +church, Cochrane himself knocked at the door and demanded admittance in +the name of the King. The finery which he wore, the chain of massive +gold thrown round his neck, the jewelled horn that dangled from it, the +gilt helmet borne before him, still further heated the wrath of the +lords. They seized him, and with many insults accused him of misguiding +the King and the government. Meanwhile they had sent a band of armed +men to the King's tent to secure _Rogers_, a musician, and the other +favourites. They then hanged them all over _Lauder Bridge_. _John +Ramsay of Balmain_ was the only one of the favourites who was spared to +the entreaties of the King. The triumphant barons then brought the King +back to Edinburgh, 1482. Soon after this Albany came back, and demanded +the release of his brother, and for a short time they lived together +seemingly on good terms, while Albany really ruled. But before long +he found it most prudent to return to England, and he showed his real +designs by putting _Dunbar Castle_ into the hands of the English. + +=14. Battle of Sauchieburn.=--The King, who had not learned wisdom +by the lesson of Lauder Bridge, grew more and more unpopular. A +confederacy was formed, and a large army was raised by the lords south +of the Forth. To give a show of justice to their doings, they placed +_James_ the _Prince of Scotland_ at their head, professing to have +deposed his father, and to have accepted him as their lawful king. +North of the Scots Water the country was true to James, and there he +collected a considerable force. The two armies met at _Sauchieburn_. +The King, who was not brave, turned and fled at the first sign that +the day was going against him. In his flight he was thrown from his +horse and carried to a mill built on the _Bannock Burn_, where he was +murdered by an unknown hand, 1488. + +=15. Church Matters.=--In 1471 _St. Andrews_ was raised to an +_Archbishopric_. Pope Sextus the Fourth sent the pallium to _Robert +Graham_ the bishop, but this increase of dignity only proved a source +of torment to him, for his suffragans, out of jealousy, accused him of +all manner of heresies and crimes. He was deposed and degraded, and +ended his days in confinement. + +=16. James IV., 1488-1513.=--The first thing to be done after the +affair of Sauchieburn was to find out what had become of the King, +and, when his death was made sure of, an inquiry was set on foot as to +the cause of it. The offices of state were transferred to the party in +power, and an act of amnesty was passed, to take in all persons who had +taken part with the late King in the struggle which the nobles pleased +to call the late rebellion. Two ineffectual risings to avenge the +murder of the King were made by the Lords _Lennox_ and _Forbes_, and +three years later, to pacify the clamours of the people, a reward of +one hundred marks was offered for the discovery of the actual murderers. + +=17. English Intrigues.=--Just at this time Henry the Seventh of +England had his hands too busy at home to allow of his making open +war upon Scotland, but he carried on secret schemes with _Angus_, +_Ramsay_, and others for the capture of the King. James, on the other +hand, upheld that _Perkin Warbeck_ was really _Richard, Duke of York_, +received him at his court as the son of King Edward, and gave him in +marriage his kinswoman _Lady Katharine Gordon_. A force of _French_ and +_Burgundians_ came to aid him, and an army crossed the Border, but it +did nothing, as the rising which had been planned, and was to have been +made at the same time in the north of England, did not take place. At +last James got tired of Perkin, sent him off to Ireland, though with +a princely escort, and renewed a truce with Henry, in 1497. The two +kings were drawn still closer by the marriage of _James_ with _Margaret +Tudor_, eldest daughter of Henry, in 1502. + +=18. State of the Highlands.=--James paid frequent visits to _Kintyre_, +the _Isles_, and _Inverness_, and took measures for the building +of more castles and the maintenance of garrisons in those already +built. This plan might have been successful in keeping the country +quiet, if the Crown had been strong enough to carry it out. As it +was not, James was forced to fall back on the old policy of turning +the feuds of the chiefs to their own destruction, by empowering one +to act against another. Again the _Gordons_ got a great increase of +power, for their head, the _Earl of Huntly_, was appointed sheriff of +_Inverness_, _Ross_, and _Caithness_, with the condition that he should +finish and maintain a fortress at _Inverness_. In the west the charge +of keeping order was put into the hands of the Earl of Argyle, the +chief of the Campbells. An attempt was also made to break up the Isles +into sheriffdoms, and to impose upon the Highlanders the laws of the +Lowlands. A commission was issued for the banishment of broken men, as +those clansmen were called who had no representative chiefs, and an +Act was passed which made the chiefs responsible for the execution of +legal writs upon their clansmen. But the disaffected chiefs rallied +round _Donald Dhu_, an illegitimate descendant of the last _Lord of +the Isles_, and it took three years' fighting on the part of the King +and of Huntly to reduce them. _Donald_ was at last brought captive to +_Edinburgh_, and the lordship of the Isles was finally broken up in +1504. + +=19. Differences with England.=--In this reign Scotland first appears +as a naval power, and this proved a new source of strife with England. +One of the King of Scots' captains, _Andrew Barton_, bore letters +of marque against the _Portuguese_, but the English accused him of +taking _English_ vessels also. He was attacked in time of truce by +the _Howards_. He himself was killed in the action, and his ship, the +_Lion_, was taken, and became the second ship in the English navy. +James had also another cause of complaint against _Henry the Eighth_, +for Henry refused to give up to his sister _Margaret_ a legacy of +jewels left to her by her father. When therefore _England_ and _France_ +declared war, _Scotland_ stood by her old ally, the bond between them +was drawn closer, the right of citizenship in France was extended to +the Scots, and _Queen Anne of France_ made an appeal to the chivalrous +feeling of James by choosing him as her knight, and calling on him for +assistance. James therefore fitted out a fleet of twenty-three vessels. +Among them was a very large ship called the _Great Michael_, which was +looked on as a masterpiece of shipbuilding. This fleet was put under +the command of _James Hamilton, Earl of Arran_, with orders to sail for +France. Instead of doing this, he stormed _Carrickfergus_, and what +became of the ships was never clearly made out. + +=20. Battle of Flodden.=--James also determined to invade England. +Though the cause was not popular, the King was, and a large army was +soon mustered. The King himself led the host across the Border, and +encamped on the _Till_, but, as he would not take the advice of _Angus_ +and others who knew more of border fighting than he did, he mismanaged +the whole affair. He idled away the time till his own army began to +disperse and the English had time to gather; then he let them cross the +river unopposed, and finally left his strong position on the hill to +meet them hand to hand in the plain. The result was an utter defeat, +and the King, who was more eager to display his own valour than to act +the part of the general in command, was slain in the thickest of the +fight. Twelve earls and thirteen barons fell round him, and every noble +house in Scotland left some of its name on the fatal field of _Flodden_ +Sept. 9, 1513. The death of _James the Fourth_ was deeply mourned, for +his reign had been peaceable and prosperous. He was popular with the +nobles, because he kept them round him, and freely spent his father's +savings; and with the commons, because of his rigorous maintenance of +justice, his encouragement of commerce and agriculture, and his easy, +kindly manners. James is described as middle-sized, handsome, and +well-made. Besides Latin and several other foreign languages, he could +speak the Irish or Gaelic, which was the native tongue of his western +subjects. During his reign Scotland was more prosperous than it had +been since the days of the last Alexander. Trade was flourishing and +on the increase, and large quantities of wool, hides, and fish were +exported to other countries. + +=21. Church Matters.=--In 1492, at the petition of the _Estates_, +the _pallium_ was sent from _Rome_ to _Robert Blackadder_, Bishop of +_Glasgow_, with licence to bear the cross and all other archiepiscopal +insignia. This led to bitter strife between the two Archbishops, +who referred their disputes to the Pope, to the great wrath of the +Estates, who denounced and forbade all such appeals to Rome. The +burning of Reseby had not put a stop to the spreading of Wickliffe's +doctrines, for we find thirty persons accused of the Lollard heresy by +Blackadder. Two great steps towards the advancement of learning were +made in this reign: the one was the foundation of a third University at +Aberdeen, on the model of the University of Paris, by _Elphinstone_, +the good Bishop of _Aberdeen_; the other was the introduction of the +art of printing, by means of which knowledge could be extended to the +people. The first press was set up by _Walter Chapman_, under the +patronage of the King. + +=22. James V., 1513-1542.=--The news of the defeat at _Flodden_ spread +grief and terror through the country. The citizens of Edinburgh built a +wall round their city, but its strength was not tried, for the English +army dispersed instead of advancing. The Estates met at _Perth_, and +the Queen-mother was appointed Regent, for the King was an infant only +two years old. But within a year the Queen married _Archibald_, the +young _Earl of Angus_, and the Estates then transferred the regency to +_John, Duke of Albany_, High Admiral of France, son of the brother of +James the Third. Peace was made with England, Scotland being taken in +as the ally of France in a treaty between that country and England. + +=23. Albany's Regency.=--Albany's government was at first very +unpopular, for the national jealousy was roused by the number of his +_French_ followers. The Queen at first refused to give up the King, +but she was besieged in _Stirling Castle_ and obliged to yield. The +country was distracted by the brawls of the two great factions, the +_Hamiltons_ and the _Douglases_. The _Earl of Arran_ was the head of +the former, _Angus_ of the latter. The Governor put them down with the +help of the French: _Angus_ was seized and transported to _France_; his +wife fled to _England_, where he contrived to join her before long. The +_Lord Home_ and his brother, two of the few survivors of _Flodden_, +and the most powerful of the Angus faction, were seized at Edinburgh +and beheaded, after the mere form of a trial. But Albany went back +to France after he had been about a year in Scotland; and as he left +a Frenchman, _Anthony de la Bastie_, Warden of the Border, and placed +the strongholds in the hands of the French also, the Scots grew more +jealous and turbulent than before. De la Bastie fell a victim to the +national hatred of foreigners. He was killed in a border raid by one +of the _Homes_, in revenge for the death of his kinsman, the Lord +Home. The Celts in the west re-asserted their independence, and the +feud between the _Hamiltons_ and the _Douglases_ broke out worse than +ever. They brought their brawls into the very streets of the capital. +The Hamiltons laid a plan for attacking the Douglases, and making +Angus prisoner. _Gavin Douglas_, Bishop of _Dunkeld_, fearing that his +kinsmen might get the worst of it, appealed to _James Beaton_, the +primate, to stop it. Beaton solemnly declared on his conscience that +he knew nothing of the matter; and to give weight to his words, laid +his hand on his heart, and in so doing struck the breastplate which +he always wore. On this, Douglas, who heard the ring of the armour, +told him that he heard his conscience "clattering," that is, telling +tales. In the fight that followed, Angus so thoroughly routed his foes +that the fray was called "_Clear the Causeway_," and after it he held +the city with an armed force. Thus five years passed, and the Regent, +who had nominally gone back to France for a few months only, was still +absent, and it took a great deal of urging and threatening from the +Estates to bring him back to his trust. + +=24. English Interference.=--It was now nine years since Flodden, and, +as there had been peace with England during that time, the country had +somewhat recovered her strength. When therefore Henry began to meddle +in the affairs of Scotland, to require that Albany should be dismissed, +and that the French connexion should be broken off, the Estates +refused and prepared for war. As the greater part of the English force +was in France, the northern counties of England were comparatively +unprotected, and it was just the time for striking an effective blow +there. Instead of doing this, Albany came to terms with _Lord Dacre_, +the _English Warden_, and the large army that had gathered round him +melted away without doing anything. But the truce was not renewed. +Dacre stormed _Jedburgh_, and the Scots mustered again. This time their +numbers were increased by the presence of some French auxiliaries whom +Albany had brought back from France, to which he had paid a second +visit. Again the army was brought to the Border without being led any +further. By this time the Scots were thoroughly disgusted with Albany, +and he with them; and shortly after this second fruitless expedition, +he sailed for France and took the Frenchmen with him, 1524. + +=25. "Erection" of the King.=--No sooner was Albany gone than Henry, +through his subtle chancellor _Wolsey_, tried to make the Scots break +with France. _Margaret_, the Queen-mother, was the great upholder of +the English interest; _James Beaton_, Archbishop of St. Andrews and +Chancellor, was the leader of the French party. Wolsey tried hard to +get hold of Beaton on various pretexts, but Beaton was too cunning for +him, and held himself apart in his own strong castle of _St. Andrews_, +where he kept up dealings with France. But the English party were for +a time the stronger, and, by the advice of Henry, James, who was now +twelve years old, was set up to rule in his own name, and took his +place at the head of the parliament, August 1524. The only change +made by this step, called the _erection_, was that Albany's nominal +government was done away with, and the French influence much weakened. +Still Henry's interference was not liked, and the capture of _Francis +the First_ at _Pavia_ turned the tide of popular feeling back to the +old allies of France. Since the _erection_, Arran had been the nominal +head of the government, but in 1526 the King, who was now fourteen, +was considered old enough to choose his own guardians. He chose the +Earls of _Errol_, _Argyle_, and _Angus_, and an agreement was made that +each in succession was to have the care of the King for three months. +Angus's turn came first, but at the end of it he refused to give up +his charge, and for two years he tyrannized over both the King and his +subjects, and successfully resisted all attempts at a rescue. + +=26. Fall of Angus.=--James at last contrived to make his escape by +riding in the night, disguised as a groom, from _Falkland_ to _Stirling +Castle_, 1528. Now that he was at last safely out of the hands of the +Douglases, he set to work to crush them utterly. It was made treason +for any who bore that name to come within six miles of the King, +and an act of forfeiture was passed against them. Angus had many +adherents; but as all those nobles who hoped for a share of his lands +took part with the King, they proved too strong for him, and he was at +last obliged to give in, and to flee for refuge to England. Thus the +overthrow of the _Red Douglases_ was as thorough as had been that of +the elder branch, on whose ruin they had risen. + +=27. Internal Affairs.=--James began his reign by executing summary +justice on the lawless and turbulent part of his subjects. The +Borderers were now nearly as troublesome as the Highlanders. They dwelt +in the debateable ground between England and Scotland, and preyed on +either country with the greatest impartiality. Certain families, as the +_Kerrs_, _Armstrongs_, and _Scotts_, had a sort of monopoly of this +wholesale thieving; and as they had taken to the clan system of the +Celts, each robber chief in his peel tower could count, not only on +the unquestioning service, but also on the personal devotion of every +man in his following. _John Armstrong_ had made himself famous among +them by his daring deeds. For this renown James made him pay dear; +for judging that he, the most notorious offender, would make the most +telling example of the force of justice, he had him seized and hanged +like a common thief. New means were tried for quieting the disturbances +in the _Western Highlands_ and _Isles_. _Argyle_ was deprived of his +lieutenancy, and the government was in future to deal directly with +the chiefs for the collection of taxes and of the feudal dues. Three +persons were put to death in this reign for conspiracy and treason, +all of whom were more or less connected with the banished Angus. +These were the _Lady Glammis_, his sister; the _Master of Forbes_, +his brother-in-law; and _James Hamilton_, the illegitimate brother of +Arran, who was accused of being in league with him. + +=28. English War.=--Though the need of a reform in the Church was +felt and openly discussed in parliament, and the shortcomings of the +clergy were unsparingly ridiculed by the popular poets, still neither +the King nor the people were inclined to break off from Rome, as Henry +the Eighth had done. But Henry was most anxious that his nephew should +follow his example, and a meeting between them at York was agreed on. +But James, doubtful of Henry's good faith, did not keep tryst. Henry +was furious; he brought up again the old claim of supremacy over +Scotland, and to enforce the claim he sent an army to invade Scotland. +James prepared to avenge this attack; but when his army got as far +as the Border, the nobles refused to go further, and a body of ten +thousand men who had passed the Esk were surprised and scattered by +_Dacre_, while they were contending about the chief command. + +=29. Death and Character of James.=--The King meanwhile was waiting in +_Caerlaverock Castle_. At the same time that he heard of the shameful +defeat of his army at _Solway_ _Moss_, the news was brought that a +daughter was born to him. This child was heir to the throne, for his +two sons had died in infancy. James thought that the birth of a girl +at this time was an ill omen for Scotland. He murmured, "It came wi' a +lass, and it'll gang wi' a lass." By this he meant that, as it was by +Marjory Bruce that the crown had first passed into the Stewart family, +so with this infant it would pass from it. Eight days later he died +of grief and disappointment, December 14, 1542. James is the first +King of Scots of whom we have a portrait. He was handsome, but had red +hair, which won him the nickname of the "_Red Tod_," or red fox. He +was not liked by the nobles, but the commons loved him well. His habit +of going about in disguise familiarly among the people, endeared him +to them, and led him into many amusing adventures. James was twice +married, first to _Magdalen_, daughter of _Francis the First, King of +France_; secondly, to _Mary_, daughter of the _Duke of Guise_, widow of +the _Duke of Longueville_. In character and policy James was something +like James the First. Like him, he strove to curb the power of the +nobles, and to win for the Crown something more than mere nominal +power, by making reforms which were much needed in the administration +of justice. He worked out his ancestor's idea of a supreme court of +justice by founding the _Court of Session_, or _College of Justice_. +This court consisted first of thirteen, afterwards of fifteen, members, +half of whom were clerks, and who acted both as judge and jury. As +the members of this court were chosen from the parliament, it had the +power of parliament, and was supreme in all civil cases, there being no +appeal beyond it. James was not only a patron of letters, but himself +a poet, one of the few royal poets whose writings will bear comparison +with those of meaner birth. "Christ's Kirk on the Green," and the +"Gaberlunzie Man," are the titles of two poems that are ascribed to +him, but on no very certain proof. They are both descriptions of +scenes from peasant life. If indeed they were written by him, the +choice of the subjects and the way in which they are treated show how +well he knew the condition of his people. They, in loving remembrance +of the favour he had always shown them, gave him the title of "King of +the Commons, and the People's Poet." + +=30. Mary, 1542-1554. Arran's Regency.=--_James Hamilton, Earl of +Arran_, next heir to the throne by his descent from James the Second, +was chosen Regent, but, as it was the Scotch custom that the nearest of +kin on the mother's side should have the care of the minor, the infant +Queen was left in charge of her mother, _Mary of Lorraine_. The defeat +at _Solway Moss_, and the death of the King, had left the people nearly +as dispirited and defenceless as they had been after Flodden, and Henry +the Eighth determined to get the kingdom into his power by marrying +_Mary_ to his son _Edward, Prince of Wales_. + +=31. Treaties with England.=--To carry out his plans the better, he +sent Angus back to Scotland, and with him the Lords _Cassilis_ and +_Glencairn_, and several other nobles, all pledged to do their best +to place the Queen and the strongholds in the hands of Henry. These +nobles were called by the English the _Assured Scots_, because Henry +thought he could be sure of their help, but they were either unable +or unwilling to give him the aid for which he had hoped. It was not +till July in the next year that two treaties were drawn up at London: +the one for the English alliance; the other agreeing to the English +marriage of the Queen. But there was a strong national party, much +set against any dealings with England; and, though the treaties were +approved at one meeting of the Estates, it was plain that they would be +thrown out at the next. The Regent tried to break them off, and Henry, +greatly enraged, made ready for war, and seized some Scotch ships +which had been driven by stress of weather into English ports. This +was reason enough for the rejection of the treaties by the Estates. +Shortly after, the "Assured Scots" changed sides and made a bond with +the Regent; but Henry got a new supporter in _Matthew Stewart, Earl +of Lennox_, who, as he wished to marry _Margaret Douglas_, daughter +of _Angus_, Henry's niece and ward, was eager to do anything to win +Henry's favour. + +=32. First English Invasion.=--War was declared at Edinburgh by an +English herald, May 1, 1544, and an English army under _Edward Seymour, +Earl of Hertford_, was sent by sea and landed at _Granton_. He was +bidden to destroy _Edinburgh_ and as many other towns and villages as +he conveniently could, and he carried out his orders to the letter. +He sacked and burned _Leith_, a wealthy trading town, set fire to +_Edinburgh_, though no resistance had been made to him there, robbed +the burghs on the coast of _Fife_, and then marched south to the +Border, burning, slaying, spoiling, and leaving a wasted land behind +him. The only resistance he met with was near the Border, where a +division of his army which had been sent to _Melrose_ to break open +the tombs of the ancestors of _Angus_ was routed at _Ancrum_ by Angus +himself and some of the Border lords. At the news of this success six +hundred Borderers from the Scottish side, who had been fighting in the +service of the English Wardens, changed sides and attacked their former +brothers in arms. The rest of the nation then took heart, and a large +force was mustered and brought to the Border, but did nothing. + +=33. Second English Invasion.=--Before the traces of his former ravages +had disappeared, just when the next harvest was ready for the sickle, +Hertford appeared again at the head of a motley host, swelled by +half-savage Irish and by foreign hirelings, and repeated the wild work +of the year before. The invaders attacked and plundered the religious +houses. The ruins of _Kelso_, _Melrose_, _Dryburgh_, _Roxburgh_, and +_Coldingham_ still bear witness to their zeal in carrying out the +orders of their master. Towns, manors, churches, and between two and +three hundred villages were left in ashes behind them. All this misery +was wantonly inflicted without winning for Henry a foot of ground or a +single new subject. + +=34. Third English Invasion. Battle of Pinkie.=--Two years passed, +and again the sorely scourged country was visited by its old enemy. +_Hertford_, now _Duke of Somerset_ and _Protector of England_ during +the minority of _Edward the Sixth_, thought by one well-aimed blow to +wrest from the people their proud boast, the national independence. +Two armies, the one led by himself and the other sent by sea, met at +_Musselburgh_ and threatened the capital. The Regent had mustered a +large force to resist them, and the two hosts faced each other on +opposite banks of the _Esk_. But the Scots very foolishly left their +strong position and forced the English to a battle, in which they were +again defeated with great slaughter, at _Pinkie_, September 10, 1547. +After the battle Somerset went back to England, and took the greater +part of his army with him. As most of the strongholds were now in the +hands of the English, it was thought best to send the Queen to France +that she might be out of harm's way. The French sent six thousand men +to help in driving out the English, a work that was not ended till +1550, when a short peace followed the nine years of cruel war. If we +consider the difference of the times and the advance of civilization, +the fiercest raids of _Malcolm_ and of _Wallace_ may be favourably +compared with the misery wrought by _Hertford_ in these three savage +and unprovoked attacks. + +=35. Internal Affairs.=--The overthrow of the monasteries, the seizure +of their revenues, and the other changes in religious matters carried +out by _Henry the Eighth_ in England, had been approved by a large +party in _Scotland_. They were eager to begin the same work there, +for the Church, by her abuse of power and by her persecution of all +who differed from her, was fast losing her hold upon the people. The +first outbreak of the popular feeling was the murder of _Cardinal David +Beaton_, the _Primate_, the leader of the French party in the state and +the chief mover of religious persecution. In revenge for the burning +of _George Wishart_ in 1545, for preaching what was called heresy, +sixteen of Wishart's followers murdered _Beaton_ in his own _Castle +of St. Andrews_, which they had entered by a stratagem, and which +they held for fourteen months, setting at defiance all the Regent's +efforts to retake it. It was only with the help of the French that they +were at last obliged to give in, and were sent to the French galleys. +Among them was _John Knox_, who twelve years later became famous as +the apostle of the Reformation among his countrymen. On the death of +_Beaton_, _Arran_ made his own ambitious brother _John_ Archbishop +of St. Andrews, in the room of the murdered Cardinal. The castle was +destroyed. + +=36. Regency of Mary of Lorraine. First Marriage of Mary Stewart.=--In +1554, Arran, who had been created _Duke of Chatelherault_ by the French +king, went back to France, and _Mary of Lorraine_ became _Regent_. +The league with France was drawn still closer by the marriage of the +Queen with _Francis the Dauphin_. Francis became _King of France_ in +1559. The crown-matrimonial of Scotland was then granted to him, so +that the two countries were for a short time united under one crown. +On the strength of this the French began to give themselves airs of +superiority which the Scots could ill bear from strangers, and before +long they became well-nigh as unpopular as the English had been. The +Regent was unconsciously doing her best to foster this feeling of +dislike by placing foreigners in offices of trust, above all by making +Frenchmen keepers of the strongholds. But there was another influence +now at work, the desire of religious reform, which wrought a change in +the national life greater than any that had been felt since the time of +the first Robert. + +=37. Social Progress.=--The intercourse with the French which arose +from the close alliance of Scotland with France, influenced the social +development of the nation throughout this period more strongly than +during any other time either before or after it. The members of the +National Council when they met in parliament were not, as in England, +divided into lords and commons; the representatives of the three +Estates, the _Barons_, the _Clergy_, and the _Commons_, assembled in +one chamber, as was the French custom. All the tenants holding direct +from the Crown were required to present themselves at these assemblies; +but James the First released the lesser barons from this attendance, +which they felt to be rather an irksome duty than a privilege, by +allowing them to send commissaries in their stead. These commissaries, +with the deputies from the cities and burghs, formed the Third Estate. +The supreme court of justice, the _Court of Session_, established +by James the Fifth, was formed on the model of the _Parliament_ of +_Paris_. The Universities were founded in the fifteenth century, at +_St. Andrews_, at _Glasgow_, and at _Aberdeen_. Of these, Aberdeen was +an exact imitation of the University of Paris. The architecture of this +period, both domestic and ecclesiastical, is in many respects like the +French. Melrose Abbey, and the palaces of _Falkland_ and of _Stirling_, +which were very richly ornamented, were built in the time of the +Jameses. The houses of the nobles were also built in imitation of the +French style. There are no remains of burgh domestic architecture older +than the sixteenth century. Many French words also found their way into +the Lowland Scotch, as the language of the Lothians came to be called. +By this time there was so much difference between this dialect and +that spoken at the English court, that the people who spoke the one +could scarcely understand the other. The foreign trade of Scotland was +most prosperous during the reign of James the Fourth. Fish, wools, and +hides were the principal exports. By this time coal, which is first +mentioned towards the end of the thirteenth century, was in general +use. There were also lead and iron mines; and gold was found, though +not in any large quantities. Of this native gold James the Fourth +struck some beautiful coins, which were called bonnet pieces, because +they bore the image of the King wearing a bonnet. The state of the +people at this time was one of almost serf-like dependence on their +lords. But great as the power of the nobles was, there were no forest +or game laws in Scotland, nor did they enjoy any privilege of peerage. +An offender against the law, if he could be brought to justice, had to +"thole an assize," like any peasant, however high his rank might be. + +=38. Education and Literature.=--In early times all the education that +was within the reach of the people had been offered to them by the +Church. Schools were founded and maintained in several towns by the +great monasteries, and there was provision made for the education of +the choristers attached to the several cathedral churches. In later +times there were Grammar Schools founded by the burgh corporations. +In 1496 an Act was passed requiring all "barons and freeholders" to +keep their sons at these schools until they should be "competently +founded," and have "perfect Latin," under pain of a fine of twenty +pounds. A book, purporting to be the _History of Scotland_, was written +in Latin by _Hector Boece_, the first Principal of the University of +Aberdeen. The greater part of this book is purely imaginary. The Latin +"_Scotichronicon_" of _Fordun_, was continued by _Walter Bower, Abbot +of Inchcolm_, down to the middle of the fifteenth century. Besides the +two kings James the First and Fifth, there were other notable poets in +Scotland in the middle of the fifteenth century. _Blind Harry_, the +_Minstrel_, then did for Wallace what about a century before Barbour +had done for Bruce, by putting together all the popular stories of his +deeds in a spirit-stirring poem that bears his hero's name. _William +Dunbar_, a friar of the order of St. Francis, wrote a poem called _The +Thistle and the Rose_, to celebrate the marriage of James the Fourth +with Margaret Tudor. This, and the _Golden Terge_, and the _Dance +of the Seven Deadly Sins_, are the best among his writings. _Gawin +Douglas_, afterwards _Bishop of Dunkeld_, the son of that Earl of +Angus who was nicknamed Bell-the-Cat, also wrote several poems in the +beginning of the sixteenth century. Those best known are _King Hart_, +the _Palace of Honour_, and a translation of Virgil's _Æneid_. Some +years after Douglas wrote, _Sir David Lyndesay_, the companion of James +the Fifth's childhood, and the mourner of his untimely death, directed +many clever satires against the abuses in the Church, the vices of the +clergy, and the follies of the court. The _Dreme_, the _Satire of the +Three Estates_, and the _Monarchy_, are his best poems. + +=39. Summary.=--During this period, which extends over more than +a century, the country made little progress either socially or +politically. Of the five kings, all bearing the same name, who in turn +wore the crown, four died violent deaths; and of these four, two were +treacherously murdered by their own subjects. Most of them came to +the throne in childhood; not one attained old age. Their reigns were +chiefly passed in struggles to put down their lawless and turbulent +nobles, who in each succeeding minority waxed more powerful and more +independent. In the reigns of James the Second and of James the Fifth, +this contest between the Crown and the Baronage took the form of a +struggle between the House of Stewart and the House of Douglas. In +both cases the King compassed the fall of his rival only by placing a +dangerous amount of power in the hands of the other nobles. The foreign +policy of Scotland under the Jameses was very simple. It consisted in +maintaining a close alliance with France and a constant quarrel with +England. But the French never gave the Scots any real help, and the +English were so much taken up at home with the Civil Wars of the Roses +that they made no serious attacks on the independence of Scotland. +Though during this period there were four long minorities, there was +no attempt made to break the regular line of succession. This was due +partly to the attachment of the people to the royal line, and partly to +the weakness of the royal authority, for the King had so little real +power that the great nobles did not think the crown worth taking. The +reign of James the Fourth was the most peaceful and prosperous, but +James the First did the most for the welfare of the people. + + +CHAPTER VI. + +THE REFORMATION. + + _The Reformation_ (1)--_state of the Church_ (2)--_the + first Covenant_ (3)--_religious riots_ (4)--_treaties + with England_ (5)--_Reformation statutes_ (6)--_return + of the Queen_ (7)--_division of the Church lands_ + (8)--_fall of Huntly_ (9)--_second marriage of the + Queen_ (10)--_murder of Rizzio_ (11)--_flight to Dunbar_ + (12)--_murder of Darnley_ (13)--_third marriage of the + Queen_ (14)--_surrender at Carberry_ (15)--_captivity + of the Queen_ (16)--_James VI._; _Regency of Murray_ + (17)--_escape of Mary_ (18)--_Battle of Langside_; _flight + of Mary_ (19)--_the Conference_ (20)--_state of parties_ + (21)--_murder of the Regent_ (22)--_Regency of Lennox_ + (23)--_taking of Dunbarton_ (24)--_Parliament at Stirling_ + (25)--_Regency of Mar_ (26)--_Tulchan bishops_ (27)--_death + of Knox_ (28)--_taking of Edinburgh_ (29)--_Regency of + Morton_ (30)--_fall of Morton_ (31)--_raid of Ruthven_ + (32)--_fall of Gowrie_ (33)--_fall of Arran_ (34)--_death + of Mary_--(35) _marriage of the King_ (36)--_abolition of + episcopacy_ (37)--_the Spanish blanks_ (38)--_religious + tumults_ (39)--_the Gowrie Plot_ (40)--_union of the + Crowns_ (41)--_state of the nation_ (42)--_summary_ (43). + +=1. The Reformation.=--Five hundred years had gone by since the +_English_, who fled from the _Norman Conqueror_, had brought about +a great social revolution in the Celtic kingdom, where they found a +refuge. We now find another revolution arising from a very similar +cause. But there was a difference in the way in which these great +changes were wrought out characteristic of the two centuries in which +they took place. In the eleventh century it was the influence of the +Court which little by little changed the people; in the sixteenth +century, the people struggled against, and in the end overcame, the +opposition of the Court. When _Mary Tudor_ became Queen of England, +she wished to place the English Church under the authority of the +Pope, even more than it had been before the changes of her father +Henry. All who held the Reformed doctrines were persecuted as heretics. +Many of these so-called heretics sought safety across the Border, in +Scotland, and were welcomed there with a kindness that would have +seemed impossible but a few years before, when the deadly war was +waging. But religious sympathy got the better of national hate, and +thus the religious zeal of Mary Tudor may be said to have hastened the +Reformation in Scotland, which the cruelties of Henry and of Somerset +had for a while delayed. Still the traditional bent of the national +feeling influenced the character of the new movement, and led the +Scottish Reformers to mould anew the polity and form of worship of +their Church after the model of the _French Calvinists_, rather than to +follow the example of the _Church of England_ in her merely doctrinal +reform. + +=2. State of the Church.=--In Scotland, as in the other lands of +Western Christendom, the clergy had lost their hold on the commons by +their immorality and irreligion; their greed of money, and their abuse +of their spiritual powers; while they had roused the jealousy of the +nobles by their wealth, and by the influence won by their learning, +which, though it was often but little, secured to them the offices of +state. The hope of getting hold of some of the well-cultivated Church +lands, led many _lairds_, as landholders are called in Scotland, to +join the popular movement of Reform. + +=3. The First Covenant.=--The friends of Reform were thus silently +becoming a power in the state, and, as had been the Scottish custom +for centuries, they joined themselves together by a bond, 1557. In +this bond they pledged themselves to support one another, and to do +their utmost for the spread of the new doctrines. This bond is called +the _First Covenant_. By it the authority of the _Pope_ was renounced, +and the use of the _English Bible_ and of the _Prayer Book of Edward +VI._ was enjoined. Thenceforth the barons who had signed it, called +themselves the _Lords of the Congregation_. The burning of _Walter +Mill_, an aged priest of blameless life, who suffered for heresy at +_St. Andrews_ in 1558, roused them to action. They demanded of the +Regent a reformation of religion after the principles of their bond. +Though at first she seemed inclined to grant what they asked, she +afterwards set her face against them, and cited some of the preachers +of the new doctrines before the Privy Council. A great body of their +followers gathered at Perth to come with them; the Regent, in alarm, +begged them to disperse and promised to withdraw the citation. Instead +of doing this, she outlawed the preachers for not coming. + +=4. Religious Riots.=--This breach of promise on the Regent's part +provoked their followers to a breach of the peace. The mob attacked, +and tried to pull down, the churches and the religious houses at +_Perth_, May 11, 1559, and this tumult was followed by riots of the +same kind in other towns. _John Knox_ was the spiritual leader of +the movement. But he only wished to destroy the images and ornaments +in the churches, which he looked on as idolatrous, not the churches +themselves. Nor is it to be laid to the charge of the Reformers that +there is but one cathedral church left entire in Scotland; the ruin of +far the greater number of the churches and religious houses is due to +the English invasions, or to the neglect of later times. After this +outbreak the Congregation strengthened themselves in _Perth_, but many +of the Lords, among others the _Lord James Stewart_, illegitimate +son of James the Fifth, joined the Regent, and, had she been true to +her promises, the strife which now broke out between the two parties +might have been prevented. But she led a French force against the +Congregation, who were now in open rebellion. An agreement was made +that the questions at issue between them should be left to be settled +by the Estates, while both armies laid down their arms, and the French +garrison was turned out of Perth. But the Regent did not keep to the +spirit of this treaty, though she avoided breaking the letter of it +by garrisoning Perth with native troops hired with French money. On +this the Congregation flew to arms, seized _St. Andrews_, and occupied +_Edinburgh_. There, in a meeting which they called a Parliament, they +deposed the Regent, though they still professed loyalty to the King and +Queen. But they were too weak to hold the advantage they had won, and +as _Elizabeth_ had now succeeded _Mary_ in _England_, they looked to +her for support. + +=5. Treaties with England.=--Elizabeth would not treat with subjects in +open rebellion against their Sovereign, though Mary had given her good +reason for offence, by quartering the arms of England on her shield, +as though she were lawful Queen and Elizabeth only a usurper. At last +a treaty was arranged at _Berwick_ in 1560, between Elizabeth and the +rebels. Chatelherault, the next heir to the Scottish crown, acted for +the Congregation, and by this treaty Elizabeth promised to send troops +to prevent the French conquering Scotland. The war that now followed +presented the unwonted sight of the _Scots_ on _Scottish_ ground +fighting side by side with the _English_ against their old allies of +_France_. But, before the year was out, the French were called away by +troubles at home, and by the treaty of _Edinburgh_ it was agreed that +no foreigners should in future be employed in the country without the +consent of the _Estates_. The Estates promised in the name of the King +and Queen that they should acknowledge Elizabeth as lawful Queen of +England, and thenceforth make no pretension to her kingdom. + +=6. Reformation Statutes.=--Soon after the conclusion of this treaty, +the Regent died. The Estates then approved the _Geneva Confession of +Faith_, abjured the authority of the _Pope_, and forbade the saying of +the mass, or even assisting at the mass, on pain of forfeiture for the +first offence, banishment for the second, death for the third; 25th +August, 1560. Thus the old ecclesiastical system, with all its rites +and ceremonies, was suddenly overthrown. But this was only in name; in +reality it only died out bit by bit. + +=7. Return of the Queen.=--Just a year after this, the Queen came home, +August 1561. She was now a widow, so the Scots were freed from the fear +they had felt of seeing their country sink into a province of France. +The people, who had an almost superstitious reverence for kingship, +which was very inconsistent with their contempt for kingly authority, +welcomed her with open arms, and showed their good will by a greater +display of discordant and grotesque rejoicing than the austere teachers +of the new doctrines could approve. As yet they only saw in her the +representative of that long line of Celtic kings whom they chose to +look on as their own. She was the "child," for whom they had struggled +so long, and had suffered so much from the English. They had yet to +find out that she had come back to them French in all but birth, gifted +with wit, intellect, and beauty, but subtle beyond their power of +searching, and quite as zealous for the old form of religion as they +were for the new one. The Queen, too, who came thus as a stranger among +her own people, had to deal with a state of things unknown in former +reigns. Hitherto the Church had taken the side of the Crown against the +nobles; now both were united against the Crown, whose only hope lay in +the quarrels between these ill-matched allies. + +=8. Division of the Church Lands.=--The chief cause of discord between +them was the property of the Church. The Reformed ministers fancied +that they had succeeded, not only to the Pope's right of dictation +in all matters, public and private, but to the lands of the Church +as well. To neither of these claims would the Lords agree. They were +as little inclined to submit to the tyranny of presbyters as to the +tyranny of the Pope. They withstood the ministers who wished to forbid +the Queen and her attendants hearing mass in her private chapel, and +they refused to accept as law the _First Book of Discipline_, a code of +rules drawn up by the ministers for the guidance of the new Church. As +to the land, much of it had already passed into the hands of laymen, +who, with the lands, generally bore the title of the Church dignitary +who had formerly held them. The Privy Council took one-third of what +remained to pay the stipends of the ministers, while the rest was +supposed to remain in the hands of the Churchmen in possession, and, +as they died out, it was to fall in to the Crown. + +=9. Fall of Huntly.=--_Lord James Stewart_, Prior of St. Andrews, whom +the Queen created _Earl of Murray_, was the hope of the Protestants, +but in the north the Romanists were still numerous and strong. Their +head was the _Earl of Huntly_, chief of the _Gordons_, who reigned +supreme over most of the north, and whose word was law where decrees +of parliament would have been set at nought. As his great power was +looked on as dangerous to the state, his downfall was resolved on. +Murray and the Queen set out for the north to visit him, as was said, +but with so large a force that he thought it expedient to keep out of +their way. His _Castle of Inverness_ was besieged and taken and the +governor hanged, and his followers were defeated and he himself slain +at _Corrichie_, near _Aberdeen_, in 1562. His body was brought to +Edinburgh, as was the custom in cases of treason, that the sentence of +forfeiture might be passed on it. His son was beheaded at Aberdeen; and +thus the power of the Gordons was broken. Thus Mary during the first +part of her reign showed no favour to the Romanists, but still she did +not confirm the Reformation Statutes. + +=10. Second Marriage of the Queen.=--The most interesting question now +for all parties was, whom the Queen would marry. Many foreign princes +were talked of, and Elizabeth suggested her own favourite, the _Earl +of Leicester_, but Mary settled the matter herself by falling in love +with her own cousin, _Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley_. He was son of +_Lennox_ and _Margaret Douglas_, and was therefore the grandson of +_Margaret Tudor_, and was received as first prince of the blood at the +English court. Mary called a special council and announced to them her +intended marriage. She then raised Darnley to the _Earldom of Ross_, +and afterwards created him _Duke of Albany_. They were married with +the rites of the Romish Church, July 29, 1565. Murray had refused +his consent to the marriage. He and some others of the lay Lords now +took up arms. They got into the town of Edinburgh, but were fired at +from the Castle, and, as they were disappointed in their hopes of +recruits, they retreated to _Dumfries_. There they issued a declaration +that their religion was in danger, and that the Queen had acted +unconstitutionally in proclaiming Darnley _King of Scots_ without the +consent of the Estates. The feudal force was summoned, and the King and +Queen led it against them. On this the Lords retreated into England and +disarmed their followers. + +=11. Murder of Rizzio.=--Mary soon began to tire of her worthless +husband. She had all the weakness of her family for making favourites, +and no wisdom in the choice of them. At this time she had taken a fancy +to an Italian, _David Rizzio_, who acted as her secretary, and who had +great skill in music to recommend him. The nobles grew jealous of this +foreigner and determined to get rid of him; but, to save themselves +from any ill-consequences of the murder which they had planned, +they persuaded Darnley to sign a bond promising to stand by them in +anything they might do. At the same time he signed another bond for the +recall of Murray and the other banished lords. The Queen summoned a +parliament, which she expected would pronounce sentence of forfeiture +on those banished lords. In order to secure compliance with her wishes, +she interfered with the choosing of the Lords of the Articles, into +whose hands all the real business of the parliament was thrown. One +evening, as she was sitting at supper in the palace at _Holyrood_, the +conspirators, who had secured the gates, burst into the room, headed by +the _Lord Ruthven_. They seized on Rizzio, who clutched at the Queen +for help; they dragged him into the outer room; killed him, and then +threw the body downstairs, March 9, 1566. His fate was not made known +to the Queen till next day. _James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell_, who +already stood high in the Queen's favour, and the _Earl of Huntly_, +who had been restored to the titles and estates which his father had +forfeited, were in the palace when it was thus taken possession of, but +they contrived to escape. + +=12. Flight to Dunbar.=--The Queen showed no signs of anger at first. +She pretended to be reconciled to Darnley, and promised pardon to +the banished lords. When they appeared before her the next day, she +received Murray affectionately. But the confederates soon found that +they had been mistaken in their hopes of Darnley, for in the night +following he fled with the Queen to _Dunbar_. Bothwell brought up +a force for her protection, and before the end of the month she +re-entered Edinburgh. Rizzio's body was taken up and buried among +the kings in the palace chapel, and _James Douglas, Earl of Morton, +Ruthven_, and others were cited to answer for the murder of Rizzio, +and, as they did not appear, they were outlawed. + +=13. Murder of Darnley.=--A new favourite soon took the place of +Rizzio in the Queen's favour. This was _Bothwell_, who had lately done +such good service in coming to her aid at Dunbar. The abbey-lands of +_Melrose_ and _Haddington_ were given to him. He was made _Lord High +Admiral_, and _Warden of the Borders_, and it was noticed that it was +he and not Darnley who played the principal part at the baptism of her +son, the _Prince of Scotland_. Darnley was hated by everyone; by his +wife, because he had connived at the murder of her favourite, and by +his accomplices for his treachery in deserting them. Shortly after this +he fell ill of the small-pox, and was taken to _Glasgow_, to be tended +by his father, _Lennox_. There, when he was getting better, the Queen +paid him a visit, and proposed that he should be taken to _Craigmillar +Castle_, in order to hasten his recovery; but this plan was afterwards +changed, and he went instead to a house called the _Kirk-o'-Field_, +close to _Edinburgh_. This house was blown up on the night of February +9, 1567, while the Queen was present at a ball at _Holyrood_, and the +bodies of Darnley and of his page were found in a field hard by, as +though they had been killed while trying to make their escape. It was +commonly believed that Bothwell was guilty of the murder, and it was +suspected that he had done it to please the Queen and with her consent. +This suspicion was strengthened by her conduct. She made no effort to +find out the murderer and to bring him to punishment, and on the day +of the funeral she gave Bothwell the feudal superiority over the town +of _Leith_. Lennox now came forward and demanded that Bothwell and the +other persons suspected of the murder should be tried by the Estates. +This was granted, and a day was fixed for the trial. But as Lennox +was forbidden to bring any but his own household when he appeared as +the accuser of the murderer, while Bothwell had a great following, he +thought it more prudent not to appear. As no one came forward to bring +evidence against Bothwell, he was acquitted, and he offered to give +wager of battle to anyone who should still accuse him. + +=14. Third Marriage of the Queen.=--Bothwell was now determined on +marrying the Queen, and, after the parliament rose, he got many of the +nobles to sign a bond agreeing to help him to do so. As he was already +married to Huntly's sister, his wife had to be got rid of first. +This was not now such an easy matter as it had been in former times. +The canon law had been done away with along with the old Church; the +Reformers had set up a court of their own to try such cases, while +the Queen had lately restored the old one. To make the matter sure +Bothwell's marriage was dissolved in both these courts. As the Queen +was coming back from _Stirling_, where she had been to visit her +child, Bothwell met her and carried her off to _Dunbar_, and on the day +the divorce was sent they came back to _Edinburgh_ together. He was +created _Duke of Orkney and Shetland_, and they were married by _Adam +Bothwell_, who had been _Bishop of Orkney_, but was now one of the +ministers of the new Church, May 15, 1567. + +=15. Surrender at Carberry.=--A fortnight later Mary called out the +feudal force for an attack on the Borderers, but the barons did not +answer to her summons. On this the Queen and Bothwell, alarmed at the +increasing signs of discontent, shut themselves up in his strong castle +of _Borthwick_, but they were scarcely there before an army with the +Lords _Morton_ and _Home_ at its head appeared at its gates, and they +fled to _Dunbar_. The barons then entered _Edinburgh_; the governor +of the Castle gave it up to them. They had the Prince in their hands, +and they took measures for carrying on the government, though they +still professed to act in the Queen's name, and to be only striving +to free her from Bothwell. He meanwhile had mustered his followers, +who, though nearly equal in numbers, were in discipline far inferior +to their opponents. The two armies came in sight near _Musselburgh_, +but there was no battle, for the Queen surrendered to _William +Kirkcaldy_ of _Grange_, who had been sent out with a body of horse +to cut off her retreat to Dunbar, at _Carberry_, June 15, 1567, on +condition that Bothwell should be allowed to return to _Dunbar_ unhurt. +Bothwell escaped first to his own dukedom of Orkney, and afterwards to +_Denmark_, where he died about ten years later. + +=16. Captivity of the Queen.=--Just a month after her third marriage +the Queen was brought back to Edinburgh, to be greeted by the railings +of the mob, who now openly accused her as a murderess, and paraded +before her eyes a banner, showing the dead body of her husband; her +infant son on his knees, as though praying for justice against the +murderers of his father, and the words, "Judge and avenge my cause, O +Lord," embroidered upon it. From Edinburgh she was taken to a lonely +castle built on a small island in the centre of _Loch Leven_. A few +days later a casket containing eight letters was produced. These +letters, it was said, Bothwell had left behind him in his flight, and +they seemed to have been written by Mary to him while Darnley was +ill in Glasgow. If she really wrote them, they proved very plainly +that she had planned the murder with Bothwell. They are called the +"casket letters," from the box or casket in which they were found. +The confederate barons acted as if they were really hers. The _Lord +Lindsay_ and _Robert Melville_ were sent to her at _Loch Leven_, and +she there signed the _demission_ of the government to her son, and +desired that Murray should be the first Regent. From that time Mary +ceased to be Queen of Scots. Her beauty, talents, and misfortunes have +won her much pity and many champions, but it was her own folly and sin +that changed the love of her people into hate, and their rejection of +her stands out as one of the facts in their history that does most +honour to the nation. + +=17. James VI., 1567-1625. Regency of Murray.=--The infant King who was +now to be set up in the room of his mother was crowned and anointed +at _Stirling_. By his sponsor _Morton_ he took an oath to uphold the +Reformed, or as its supporters called it, the true Church, and to root +out all heretics and enemies of the same. Murray was recalled from +France, whither he had gone soon after the murder of the King. He made +some objection to accepting the regency, and would not do so till he +had had an interview with his sister. At last he agreed to take it, to +comply with her wishes, as he said. As the country was crying out for +vengeance on the murderers of the King, four of Bothwell's creatures +who had aided in his crime were hanged at Edinburgh, but no steps were +taken to punish the lords who had joined themselves by a bond with +Bothwell. + +=18. Escape of Mary.=--But there was a large party of the nobles, with +the Hamiltons at their head, who were opposed to the new government and +kept themselves apart at _Hamilton_. Before a year of her captivity +had passed, Mary escaped and joined them there, and again took up +the sceptre which she had so lately laid down. Eighteen lords of +parliament and many lesser barons signed a bond to uphold their Queen, +and she sent a message from her court at Hamilton to Murray, who was +at _Glasgow_ almost unguarded, commanding him to resign the regency. +Instead of obeying, Murray seized the herald who had come to proclaim +the Queen; sent to _Stirling_ for cannon, and called out the feudal +force in the name of King James. + +=19. Battle of Langside.=--The Castle of _Dunbarton Rock_, the +strongest fortress in the kingdom, was held for the Queen, and to it +she determined to go for greater safety. To get there she had to pass +close by _Glasgow_, where Murray was. At _Langside_, on the southern +shore of the _Clyde_, her way was barred by the King's army, which, +though not so large as her own, had much better leaders. The fight that +followed settled the fate of Scotland, May 13, 1568. Few lives were +lost, for at the first charge the spears of the front rank got locked +in the jacks of their opponents. They could thus neither go backward +nor forward, and kept those behind from coming within arm's length of +one another. _Grange_ turned the day by charging the Queen's force with +his cavalry. They fled in confusion, and Mary rode with all speed to +the Border; crossed the _Solway_, and going straight to _Carlisle_, +threw herself on the protection of _Elizabeth_. But Elizabeth had +not forgotten how Mary had assumed her arms and had given herself +out as the real Queen of England; and as she knew that Mary, if left +at liberty, would plot with the English Roman Catholics, she put her +in ward in _Bolton Castle_, and refused to see her till she cleared +herself of the suspicion under which she lay of having been concerned +in her husband's death. But at the same time Elizabeth would not +acknowledge the government of Scotland, nor approve the conduct of the +lords who had set up King James, for she did not like the doctrine that +princes, however badly they had acted, might be judged and punished by +their subjects. + +=20. The Conference.=--To give both parties a chance of saying what +they could for themselves, it was agreed to hold a conference, to which +Murray came in person, and Mary and Elizabeth each sent commissioners. +The conference met at _York_ in October. On opening it the _Duke of +Norfolk_ required that Murray should do homage in the name of his King +to the Queen of England. On this, _William Maitland_ of _Lethington_, +the _Scottish Secretary of State_, a very subtle man, said that if +England liked to give up again the northern counties, once held by +Scotland, their King would gladly do homage for them; but as for the +kingdom it was as free, or more so, than England itself. This he said +to show that they did not ask Elizabeth to judge between them because +she had any right to interfere, but only because she was their nearest +neighbour. Before the end of the month the conference was removed +to _Hampton Court_, and held before the Queen in Council. The lords +brought forward the "casket letters," as a proof against Mary, and +she refused to vindicate herself, but ordered her commissioners to +withdraw. Thus the conference ended, leaving matters much as they were +before, for Elizabeth decided that nothing had been brought forward +to the dishonour of Murray, nor anything proved against Mary. At the +same time she lent Murray five thousand pounds for the maintenance +of peace and order between the two countries, which was an indirect +acknowledgment of his government. + +=21. State of Parties.=--The _Hamiltons_ and _Huntly_ were the chief +upholders of Mary's interest. The Hamiltons wished to keep Mary on the +throne, because they were the next heirs to Mary, and in the event of +her son dying before her, Chatelherault could claim the crown. But as +they were not the next heirs to James, they were naturally opposed to +the revolution which had placed him on the throne, for they feared that +if he died when actually reigning, the crown would pass to his heir, +_Charles Stewart_, his father's brother. _Huntly_ held out, from hatred +of _Murray_ and love of the old Church, which was still strong in his +county. A compromise was at last made between the two parties. Murray +promised a pardon for all past offences and a reversal of forfeitures +if the other party would promise to obey King James. To make matters +more sure, when the Duke of Chatelherault went up to Edinburgh, Murray +put him in ward in the Castle. Just at this time there was a great +rising of the Roman Catholics in the north of England, Murray marched +southward, in order to be ready to put down any disturbance on the +Border. There he seized as his prisoner the _Earl of Northumberland_, +the head of the Romanists in England, who had come to seek a refuge on +the Scottish side among the Borderers, many of whom still clung to the +old Church. + +=22. Murder of the Regent.=--The Hamiltons had determined on Murray's +death. Though the Duke was in prison, _John_, the archbishop, the +constant stirrer up of strife, was at liberty, and he was popularly +supposed to be the contriver of a plot against the life of the Regent. +Murray was murdered by _James Hamilton_ of _Bothwellhaugh_, who shot +at him as he was riding in state through that town on his way from +Stirling to Edinburgh, February 23, 1570. This foul murder, the third +which had disgraced Scotland within the last quarter of a century, +was a great misfortune for the country, for Murray had ruled well and +wisely, he had put down the Highlanders and the Borderers, and had +enforced justice and order with a strong hand. In his time the land +was visited by a famine and a plague, evils for which the people are +ever apt to blame their rulers, but, in spite of these calamities, he +was popular during his life, and was remembered after his death as the +_Good Regent_. + +=23. Regency of Lennox.=--While the government was thus without a head, +and the country was in confusion, two English armies invaded Scotland +to punish the Borderers for the shelter which they had given to the +leaders of the late rising in England. One of these armies came north +as far as the _Clyde_ and wasted the _Hamilton country_. Hitherto the +Queen's party had been chiefly made up of nobles with but a small +following, but this attack on the part of the English aroused the old +hatred of England and drove a large mass of the people to join them. +The choice of _Lennox_, the King's grandfather, as the new Regent, did +still more to divide the nation, for not only was he the subject of +Elizabeth and recommended by her, but also, when he came to Scotland, +it was as joint leader of one of these invading armies. Now, for the +first time, the nation was truly divided against itself. The war which +followed was the first real civil war in the annals of Scotland. It was +no strife of class against class, or of one chief against another, but +a war in which the commons were severed into two parties by the great +questions of loyalty, national honour, and religion. _Grange_, whom +Murray had made governor of _Edinburgh Castle_, declared for the Queen, +and _Lethington_, who was there in ward on a charge of having had some +part in the King's murder, followed his example. + +=24. Taking of Dunbarton.=--This castle, the strongest in the kingdom, +was the chief strength of the Queen's party, and in it was the moving +spirit of the Hamiltons, John, the much hated and feared archbishop. +Both fell during this regency. _Crawford_ of _Jordanhill_, a retainer +of _Lennox_, took the castle by subtlety with but a handful of men. He +scaled the steep rock on which the castle is built under cover of the +night, and when he had gained the highest point he turned the guns on +the garrison below, who had no choice left but to give in, April 2, +1571. Five days later, the archbishop was hanged at _Stirling_, after +the form of a trial had been hurried through, on a charge of having +planned the murder of the King and of the Regent. + +=25. Parliament at Stirling.=--The other noteworthy event during the +regency of Lennox was the holding of a parliament, for the first time +since 1567. It met at _Stirling_, and the young King, who lived in the +castle under the care of the _Earl of Mar_, was himself present. While +the Regent and all the leaders of his party were thus gathered in the +town, a body of four hundred men, sent out by the Queen's party in +Edinburgh Castle, came down upon them suddenly, swept the streets, and +captured _Morton_ and the Regent; and though the latter was afterwards +rescued, he had been mortally wounded in the scuffle, and died after +lingering a few hours, September 4, 1571. It was then remembered how +the little King had spied a hole in the cloth with which the board +whereon he sat was covered, and, trying to poke his finger into it, had +said, "There is a hole in this parliament." This was looked on as a +prophecy of the violent death of the Regent, and laid the foundation of +that reputation for wisdom and acuteness which clung to James all his +life. + +=26. Mar's Regency.=--_John Erskine, Earl of Mar_, governor of +Stirling, was chosen Regent the very next day. As the Queen's party, +who held Edinburgh, had held a rival parliament in her name in the +Parliament House, it was clear that all efforts must be made to get +the castle out of their hands. Mar therefore began the siege, and open +war broke out. The West, the North, and the Border were for the Queen, +the eastern Lowlands for the King; the latter looked to England for +help, but got none; the former appealed to France with not much better +success. After much useless bloodshed, a truce of two months was agreed +on, August 1, 1572. + +=27. Tulchan Bishops.=--Under Mar episcopacy was set up again. At +least it was settled that the titles and dignities of bishops and +archbishops were to stay as they were before the Reformation till the +King's majority, but they were shorn of their old authority, and were +to be subject to the _General Assembly_, which now managed all church +matters. The people thought so little of them that they called them in +mockery "_Tulchan_" bishops: the word "Tulchan" meaning a sham calf +which it was the custom to place before a cow to make her give milk +when the real calf had been taken from her. About this time there came +the news of the massacre of all the _Protestants_ in _Paris_, on _St. +Bartholomew's Day_. This roused a general horror of Romanists and +created a reaction in favour of Presbytery, for the Scots wished to be +more like the French Protestants, who had no bishops. It also made many +of the Queen's party go over to the other side. + +_Mar_ died after being little more than a year in office, and _Morton_, +who had latterly directed everything, was chosen Regent in his place, +November 24, 1572. + +=28. Death of Knox.=--On the same day died _John Knox_, who for +thirteen years had been the leader of religious reform in Scotland. +He spent his life and his wonderful talents in striving for what he +believed to be truth and sound doctrine. One of the finest traits in +his character was his moral courage, which enabled him to speak the +truth boldly to those who stood highest in rank or power. To this +Morton himself bore witness, saying, as he looked on the dead body +of Knox, "There lies he who never feared the face of man." His zeal +sometimes led him to turn against the Romanists their own weapons of +intolerance and persecution, but he lived in times when men had not +yet found out that it was best to let one another alone in the matter +of religion. In those days any one who had shown himself tolerant of +the errors of others would have been looked on either as a hypocrite +or as an unbeliever. But Knox was not so much opposed to bishops and +to a set form of prayer as his followers afterwards became. He drew +up a prayer-book for daily use called the _Book of Common Order_, +which was pretty nearly a translation of the book of the church at +_Geneva_, and was what he had himself used when ministering to the +_English Protestants_ who in the reign of Mary Tudor had taken refuge +at _Frankfort_. + +=29. Taking of Edinburgh.=--With the new year the war began again. +Morton was now in possession of the town of Edinburgh, and he held a +meeting of the Estates there. But the castle still held out, and it +was only by bringing against it an English force of fifteen hundred +men that Elizabeth had at last sent, that its defenders were reduced +to such straits that they were compelled to surrender. Grange gave +himself up to the English general and appealed to the English Queen. +But she either could not or would not protect him. His gallant defence +of the castle for Mary was looked on as treason against the government +of James, which Elizabeth had in a manner acknowledged. He was given up +into the hands of Morton, his bitter enemy, and hanged at Edinburgh, +August 3, 1573, in spite of all the efforts of his many friends to save +him. Brave, gallant, and unselfish, he was distinguished among a greedy +generation by his contempt alike of money and of place. In this he was +a great contrast to his companion, the clever, unprincipled, selfish +Lethington, who died by his own hand. + +=30. Morton's Regency.=--Morton had now got all his old enemies out +of the way, but he soon made more; partly by his avarice, partly by +the firmness with which he insisted that the crown property should +be restored. He offended _Argyle_ by making him give back some crown +jewels that had come into his possession by his marriage with Murray's +widow; and, by trying to stop a feud between him and _Athole_, he made +enemies of them both. To make his power complete Morton longed to +get the King into his own hands, but he was kept apart in Stirling, +under the care of Erskine the Governor, and while there Morton had +no more power over him than any of the other nobles. He tried to +persuade James, who was now twelve years old, that he was old enough +to rule alone, but Argyle and Athole, who were both in the castle at +the time, found out his plan and outwitted him. A proclamation was +suddenly issued by them, setting forth that the king would now take +the government into his own hands, and would act by the advice of a +council, March 4, 1578. A time of great confusion followed. Morton, who +at first had seemed to lay down his power with a good grace, before +long was up in arms, got into Stirling Castle, dispersed the new +council, and again directed everything just as he pleased. + +=31. Fall of Morton.=--About this time _Esmé Stewart_, Lord of +_Aubigny_, and nephew of the late Earl of Lennox, came from France and +became a great favourite with his cousin the king. Aubigny was stirred +up by _James Stewart of Ochiltree_, another favourite, to do his utmost +to turn the king against Morton, whom he already disliked. At length +Ochiltree accused Morton before the Council of having been a party in +the king's murder, and on this charge he was condemned and beheaded +at Edinburgh. After his death the two favourites rose still higher. +Aubigny was made _Duke of Lennox_, and Keeper of Dunbarton Castle; +and a royal bodyguard was set up in order to give him the dignity of +commander. _Stewart_, whose mother was a _Hamilton_, was raised to +their Earldom of Arran. + +=32. Raid of Ruthven.=--Certain of the old nobles, who were displeased +and alarmed by the power exercised by these upstarts, bound themselves +together to displace them both, and to get the King by a bond into +their own power. The time they chose for carrying out their plan was +when the King went on a hunting party into the Highlands. The _Earl of +Gowrie_, one of the confederates, son of that _Ruthven_ who had played +the chief part in the murder of _Rizzio_, invited him to the castle +of Ruthven. James went, and found himself a prisoner in the hands of +the barons, August 22, 1581. They then made him declare that he was +well pleased with what they had done, and was not under any restraint. +Lennox was ordered to leave the kingdom, and after wandering about in +poverty and distress till the end of the year, he went back to France, +where he died before long. But before the Ruthven Lords had been a year +in power, another change came. The king escaped disguised as a groom, +rode to St. Andrews, where the nobles who were not in the bond gathered +round him in such force that the Confederates were obliged to yield. + +=33. Fall of Gowrie.=--At first James acted moderately and wisely, +for he promised to pardon all those who had taken part in the Raid of +Ruthven; but when Arran got back his old power over him he turned about +and declared them all traitors, who must submit to his grace. Upon this +most of them fled to England, but Gowrie submitted to the King and was +pardoned. Arran had however determined on his fall, and Gowrie was so +much insulted and slighted at Court that he made up his mind to leave +the country. Just before he sailed, he heard that his old comrades had +contrived another plot, and he delayed his setting out in order to have +a share in it. Before anything was done, news of it got abroad, Gowrie +was seized and, after a very unjust trial, beheaded at Stirling. The +other conspirators made off to England again and were outlawed, and +their estates were forfeited. + +=34. Fall of Arran.=--Arran's triumph did not last long. A fray took +place on the Border in which an Englishman, _Lord Russell_, was slain. +Arran was accused of having been the chief cause in this affair, and he +was ordered to withdraw from Court. Then the banished lords, thinking +this a good opportunity for them to return, went northward, joined the +_Hamiltons_ and _Maxwells_ on the Border, came to Stirling and made +their way into the presence of the king, who was forced to seem pleased +to see them, as they had eight thousand men to support them, November +4, 1585. A Parliament was called soon after, in which three important +pieces of business were done. Gowrie's children were restored to the +honours forfeited by the treason of their father; Arran was stripped of +all his dignities, and a new league was made with England. + +=35. Death of Mary.=--The captive Queen, whose influence in the affairs +of her own country had ceased with the surrender of _Edinburgh_, had, +during her long imprisonment, been the cause of many plots against +the peace of England and the life of Elizabeth. For her share in +_Babington's_ Plot, the object of which was the assassination of +Elizabeth, she was tried, found guilty, and condemned to death. She +was beheaded at Fotheringhay, February 8, 1587. Though James made some +show of feelings of grief and anger at the news of his mother's death, +no steps were taken to avenge it, and the matter soon seemed to be +forgotten. + +=36. Marriage of the King.=--As James was now of age, his counsellors +were looking about for a suitable wife for him. _Frederick the Second +King of Denmark_ had lately sent offering to pay up the money for +which the _Orkney_ and _Shetland Isles_ had been given in pledge, and +as Scotland had no wish to give them back, it was thought that the +difficulty might be got over by choosing one of his daughters, who +would most likely bring the islands as her dowry. This proposal was +agreed to by Frederick. His daughter _Anne_ was betrothed to James, and +_Keith_, the _Earl Marshal_, was sent to Copenhagen to act as proxy for +the King in the marriage ceremony and to bring home the bride. On their +way home the wedding party were storm-stayed and obliged to put into a +Norwegian Port, and the King, to the surprise of every one, suddenly +made up his mind to go himself to fetch his bride. He joined her at +Upslo, but as nothing could make him brave the long sea voyage again +till the winter was over they returned together to Copenhagen, and did +not come to Scotland till the next spring, May 1, 1590. + +=37. Abolition of Episcopacy.=--For some time the government and the +church had been at variance about the bishops. The General Assembly of +1581 had declared the episcopal order to be contrary to the Word of +God, and had adopted the _Second Book of Discipline_ as the rule of the +government of the Church. This book was drawn up by _Andrew Melville_, +who had succeeded Knox as the spiritual leader of the reformed Church. +He was a zealous presbyterian, and it was mainly owing to him that the +Scottish Church adopted that form of church government. The Ruthven +lords had been the champions of the presbyterian or no-bishop party, +and, while they were in power, the ministers upheld by them had taken +more and more authority upon themselves. In theory they placed the +church far above the civil power, and they taught that the chief +magistrate, the King, ought to be subject to them in all matters of +conscience and religion. They also claimed the right of the old Church +in interfering with people's private affairs. Each _minister_ looked +on himself as _bishop_ over his own flock, and would not submit to +having any overseer set over him again. But, as the removal of the +bishops as spiritual peers would have been the removal of one of the +three Estates--that one too that had always been on the side of the +crown--and as their existence served as a pretext to the nobles for +drawing their revenues, it was clearly the interest both of the crown +and of the nobles to maintain them. In 1588 _Philip of Spain_ fitted +out a great fleet for the invasion of England. This caused a great +panic throughout Scotland. The people feared that Philip might conquer +England and bring it again under the dominion of the Pope, in which +case the subjection of Scotland must soon follow. The _Covenant_ for +the maintenance of the _Protestant religion_, which had been signed +in 1581, was renewed and signed all over the land. So great was the +dread of the bishop of Rome that the people looked on all bishops with +suspicion, and in 1592 an act was passed by which the whole order was +swept away and the presbyterian polity established. Thenceforth the +church was to be governed by a series of courts, the members of which +were presbyters. The ministers of several parishes formed a presbytery, +these again were grouped together into synods, while supreme over all +was the _General Assembly_, composed of ministers and lay elders from +the several presbyteries, which was to meet once a year at Edinburgh, +and at which the King or his commissioner was to be present. + +=38. The Spanish Blanks.=--Still a large party adhered to the old +Church. The chiefs of this party were _Huntly_ in the north and the +_Maxwells_ on the Border. They were always suspected of scheming for +its restoration, and, as the King could not or would not proceed +against them, he was supposed to favour their plans. In 1592 eight +suspicious papers were seized on the person of _George Kerr_, the +_Lord_ _Newbottle's_ brother, who was leaving Scotland by the western +coast. These papers, called the _Spanish blanks_, were signed by +_Huntly_, _Errol_, and _Angus_, but had no other writing on them. +_Kerr_, after being put to the torture, declared that these blank +papers were to be filled up by two Jesuits who were commissioned to +offer the services of the nobles who had signed them to the King of +Spain, to aid him in the re-establishment of the old religion. This +discovery filled every one with horror. _Angus_ was seized; but as +_Huntly_ retreated to his own country in the north, _Argyle_, his rival +in the Highlands, was sent with full power against him. The two armies +met at _Glenlivat_, not far from the scene of the well-remembered fight +of _Harlaw_. Huntly had but two thousand men, raised chiefly in the +northern Lowlands, but they defeated Argyle's swarm of Highlanders, +October 1594. But the Romish party was too weak to follow up the +victory, and in 1597 Huntly and Errol publicly renounced their old +faith, and joined the established Church. + +=39. Religious Tumults.=--The King and the Church were not long at +peace. He called certain of their ministers to account before the +council for what they had said in the pulpit. The ministers looked +upon this interference as an attack on their privileges. The people +supported them, and the result was a riot, so serious that the Court +had to flee to Linlithgow. Upon this the King threatened to take away +the courts of justice from Edinburgh. The fear of this damped the +spirit of the mob, and after the return of the Court the ministers who +had withstood the King fled to England. The Estates soon after passed +an act by which the King might confer on any minister the title of +_bishop_ or _abbot_, but only so as to give him a seat in Parliament; +the title was not to imply any lordship over his brethren. + +=40. The Gowrie Plot.=--On the morning of the fifth of August, 1600, +as James was setting out hunting from Falkland Palace, he was met +by _Alexander Ruthven_, the younger brother of the _Earl of Gowrie_, +who told him with a great air of mystery that he had discovered a man +burying a pot of money in a field, and that he thought the affair so +suspicious that he had taken him prisoner, and begged the King to +come to _Gowrie House_ in _Perth_ to see him. James went, taking with +him _Mar_, _Lennox_, and about twenty other gentlemen. After dinner +_Alexander_ took the King aside, and, when his attendants missed him, +they were told that he had gone back to _Falkland_. They were preparing +to follow him there when some of them heard cries from a turret. They +recognized the King's voice, and they presently saw his head thrust +out of a window calling for help. They had much ado to make their way +to him, but they found him at last in a small room struggling with +Alexander, while a man dressed in armour was looking on. Alexander +Ruthven and Gowrie were both killed in the scuffle which followed. A +tumult rose in the town, for the Earl had been Provost and was very +popular with the townsfolk, and the King and his followers had to make +their escape by the river. The doom of traitors was passed on the dead +men, and their name was proscribed, but, as no accomplice could be +discovered, it was hard to say what was the extent or object of their +plot. The whole affair was very mysterious, the only witnesses being +the King himself and Henderson the man in armour. Some of the ministers +thought it so suspicious that they refused to return thanks for the +King's safety, as they thought the whole affair an invention of his +own. Eight years later some letters were discovered in the hands of +one _Sprot_, a notary at _Eyemouth_, which threw some more light on +the mystery. They were written by _Logan_ of _Restalrig_, and revealed +a plan between him and the Ruthvens for bringing some prisoner, who +was not named, but might possibly be the King, to _Fast Castle_, a +fortress belonging to Logan, standing on a rock at the entrance to the +_Forth_. Sprot was found guilty of treason, and was put to death for +not revealing all he knew about the plot long before. + +=41. Union of the Crowns.=--When Elizabeth died, James was the nearest +heir to the throne of England by right of descent from _Margaret_, +elder daughter of _Henry the Seventh_. But her right had been passed +over by _Henry the Eighth_, who had in the will, which he was empowered +by Parliament to make, settled the succession on the heirs of his +younger sister, _Mary_. As it was politically convenient to the English +Privy Council that James should succeed Elizabeth on her death, they +sent off post haste to summon him to come and take the crown. His +questionable right was made good by the voice of the people in his +first Parliament. He entered London May 6, 1603. Hitherto he had had +less money and less power than almost any other prince in Europe; +he now became suddenly one of the richest and most powerful among +them. This union of the crowns made the third break in the history of +Scotland. The gallant struggle for freedom which had drawn forth all +the energies of the nation during the past three centuries was now +over. It was now to be united to the powerful neighbour that had so +long threatened its independence. The representative of the ancient +royal Celtic line, which the national reverence for hereditary royalty +had upheld unbroken through the strain of seven long minorities, now +became king of the larger and richer kingdom of _England_, which had +been ruled by one foreign dynasty after another ever since the Norman +Conquest. + +=42. State of the Nation.=--In Scotland the feudal system was +still unshaken. To it the great barons owed their power, and the +_Reformation_, which in England had strengthened the crown, had in +Scotland only thrown more wealth and more power into the hands of +the nobles. Hitherto the people had been only dependents of the +great feudal barons, whose burthens they bore in return for their +protection. Still they could not have been very badly off, for in +Scotland there were no peasant wars, as in _France_ and _England_. It +was the _Reformation_ which first brought them out as a separate body +in the state. Their condition was now much worse than it had formerly +been. The crown brought its increased power to bear upon the nobles, +who in their turn, slaves and flatterers at the foreign Court and +tyrants at home, used their feudal rights for the oppression of the +people, who could hope for no redress from their absent King. + +=43. Summary.=--We have, in this chapter, traced the progress of the +_Reformation_, and noted the changes which it made in the state of +the nation. Though the Reformation did not begin so soon in Scotland +as in _Germany_ and _England_, it made more striking changes and +overthrew the old Church more completely than it did in either of +those countries. It first gave to the people an independent national +life. Until it roused them to separate action, they had been swayed +by no party feelings, but had blindly followed the lead and fought +in the feuds of their feudal superiors, without paying any heed to +the cause for which they laid down their lives. The Reformation also +broke off the alliance with France which had subsisted ever since +the War of Independence. All the events of this period are closely +connected with the change of religion, and it is marked by more civil +war, more bloodshed, more crimes of violence, more party strife, more +treachery and wrong and robbery, than any other period in the history +of Scotland. It was the bad faith of Mary of Lorraine which first drove +the Reformers to take up arms in defence of their opinions. Under their +own native queen they hoped to enjoy liberty of conscience, and as they +looked to her to redress their grievances they welcomed her return +with much loyal feeling. By the craftiness and dissimulation of her +policy in public affairs, and by the scandals of her private life, she +changed their loyal affection into loathing and contempt, and finally +forfeited the crown. During the long minority which followed, the +country was desolated by a civil war, and the crown was impoverished +by the grasping greediness of the nobles. When the King came of age, +he showed himself quite unequal to the task of ruling and uniting the +different rival factions in the church and in the state, and allowed +himself to be governed by one worthless favourite after another. Nor +were the ecclesiastical affairs of this period at all more settled +than the secular. The form of church government was changed four times +before the presbyterian polity was finally established in 1592. The +lands of the old Church had been seized by the most worthless of the +nobles instead of being set apart for the support of the new Church, +so that the ministers could with difficulty secure a bare subsistence. +During such an unhappy state of affairs there could be little social +or intellectual development. There were however among the Reformers +many men distinguished for their learning and brilliant talents. Of +these the most conspicuous were _George Buchanan_, tutor to the young +king, who wrote a fabulous history of Scotland and other books in very +elegant Latin, and _John Knox_, who wrote a History of the Reformation, +remarkable for the vigour, clearness, and simplicity of its style. _Sir +James Melville_, who was also an accomplished courtier, and stood high +in favour both with Mary and with James, gives an excellent picture +of these disturbed times in his very entertaining memoirs. The Prayer +Book of the Reformed Church was also translated into Gaelic. It was +published in 1567, and was the first Celtic book that had ever yet been +printed. + + +CHAPTER VII. + +THE UNION OF THE CROWNS. + + _James VI.; results of the Union_ (1)--_restoration + of Episcopacy_ (2)--_planting of the Highlands_ + (3)--_Articles of Perth_ (4)--_founding of Nova Scotia_ + (5)--_the King's death_ (6)--_Charles I._; _resumption + of benefices_ (7)--_King's visit and coronation_ + (8)--_Book of Canons_ (9)--_Liturgy tumults_ (10)--_the + Tables_ (11)--_renewal of the Covenant_ (12)--_Hamilton + Commissioner_ (13)--_Glasgow Assembly_ (14)--_war in the + north_ (15)--_pacification of Berwick_ (16)--_Assembly and + Parliament_ (17)--_invasion of England_ (18)--_Treaty of + Ripon_ (19)--_war breaks out_ (20)--_Montrose's campaign_ + (21)--_dealings with the king_ (22)--_the Engagement_; + _Whiggamores' raid_ (23)--_Directory_; _confession of + faith_ (24)--_the king's death_ (25)--_Charles II._; + _fate of Hamilton and Huntly_ (26)--_Montrose's rising_ + (27)--_arrival of Charles_ (28)--_Cromwell's conquest_ + (29)--_the coronation_ (30)--_battle of Worcester_ + (31)--_union with England_ (32)--_Glencairn's expedition_ + (33)--_the Restoration_ (34)--_episcopacy re-established_ + (35)--_fate of Guthrie and Argyle_ (36)--_the Ejection_ + (37)--_western rising_ (38)--_the Persecution_ (39)--_the + Indulgence_ (40)--_murder of Sharp_ (41)--_Sanquhar + Declaration_ (42)--_Drumclog_ (43)--_Bothwell Bridge_ + (44)--_Test Act_ (45)--_Argyle's opposition_ (46)--_James + VII._; _the Killing Time_ (47)--_Argyle's rising_ + (48)--_the Indulgence_ (49)--_deposition of James_ + (50)--_William and Mary_; _the Convention_ (51)--_the + Rabbling_ (52)--_Dundee's revolt_ (53)--_battle of + Killiecrankie_ (54)--_attack of Dunkeld_; _Buchan's + attempt_ (55)--_dealings with the chiefs_ (56)--_Massacre + of Glencoe_ (57)--_Darien Scheme_ (58)--_William's death_ + (59)--_Education Act_ (60)--_Anne_; _Act of Security_ + (61)--_trial and death of Captain Green_ (62)--_the Union_ + (63)--_literature and art_ (64)--_summary_ (65). + + +=1. James VI., 1603-1625. Results of the Union.=--Immediately after +the Union of the Crowns, the _Border laws_ on each side were repealed, +and it was settled that subjects of either country born after the +Union should no longer be looked on as aliens in the other, but should +have the undisputed right of inheriting property in either. A _Lord +High Commissioner_ was appointed to represent the King in Scotland, +and there was some talk of an union of the parliaments, but it was not +carried out. + +=2. Restoration of Episcopacy.=--The great desire of the King was +to bring the Church of Scotland into conformity with the Church of +England. To bring this about, he summoned some of the ministers to +England, in the hope that he should be able to persuade them to agree +with him. _Melville_, their leader, spoke out so plainly against +episcopacy before the bishops in the Privy Council that he was sent to +the Tower and finally banished. But the King carried his point, and in +1606 the Estates passed an act for the restoration of the bishops. No +acts of church government were in future to be lawful without their +consent, and though the General Assembly was still to go on, its power +was to be very much lessened. As the old line of Scottish bishops +had died out, John Spottiswood, Andrew Lamb, and Gavin Hamilton were +consecrated by English bishops at London House to the bishoprics of +Glasgow, Brechin, and Galloway. To avoid all dispute about the old +claim of supremacy, neither of the English archbishops was present. +But these bishops had a very hard time of it, for they did not get the +lands of their sees restored to them as had been promised, and many of +them had hard work to get a living at all. In 1610, two _Courts of High +Commission_ were set up. These courts were afterwards united into one, +but, as this court was under the control of the Court of Session, it +could never be so tyrannical as the Court of High Commission in England. + +=3. Planting of the Highlands.=--In the early part of his reign James +had tried to do something to improve the state of the _Highlands_. To +this end three new burghs were founded, and the lands of all chiefs +who could not show written titles were declared forfeited. These +lands were given to _Lowland_ colonists, who were however soon glad +to give up any attempt at settling among their lawless neighbours. +The _MacGregors_, whose district lay close on the Lowland border, +had shown themselves the most savage and lawless of all the Highland +clans. _Argyle_ was commissioned to hunt them down, but they beat the +Lowlanders with great slaughter in a battle at _Glen Fruin_ in 1604. +Their chief was afterwards taken and hanged, and the name proscribed, +but that was only breaking the power of one clan, whilst the others +remained as formidable as ever. To prevent such outbreaks in future, +_Argyle_ and _Huntly_ were entrusted with full powers to carry on the +planting of the Highlands. Three conditions were required of those +chiefs who were suffered to stay in possession of their lands. That +they should give sureties for the good order of their clans; promise +to let their land for a fixed rent in money instead of all other +exactions, and agree to send their children to school in the Lowlands. +These changes not only strengthened the Government, but made united +action on the part of the clans more difficult. + +=4. Articles of Perth.=--The King only paid one visit to Scotland +after his accession to the throne of England. He then gave great +offence by introducing ceremonial vestments at the service in his own +chapel. These vestments and other ornaments which were customary in +England were hateful to the presbyterians. The passing of the "_Five +Articles_" by a General Assembly held at _Perth_ completed their +dismay, and plainly showed the King's intention to impose upon them the +ceremonies which they so much disliked. By those Articles the private +administration of the sacraments was allowed, all persons were enjoined +to kneel at the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, to bring their children +to the Bishops for confirmation, and to observe the five great +festivals of the Christian Church as holidays. + +=5. Founding of Nova Scotia.=--The poverty of their country and the +love of adventure had made the Scots from the earliest times ever +ready to seek their fortunes abroad. They had won themselves renown +as soldiers or traders in nearly all the countries of the Old world, +but they had not as yet any colony of their own in the New one. +Hitherto these emigrants, though they were called Scots, had been +chiefly _Saxons_ from the Lowlands, but in the beginning of this reign +bodies of _Celts_ had gone back to the original _Scotia_, and in +_Ulster_, their old home, they won back settlements from the kindred +Celtic race who now looked on them as intruders. But while some of +the wanderers thus went back to the old country, others were founding +a _New Scotland_ beyond the sea. This, the third land to which the +wandering people gave its name, was called by the _Latin_ form of the +name, _Nova Scotia_. It was granted by a Royal Charter to _Sir William +Alexander_, afterwards _Earl of Stirling_, the projector of this scheme +of emigration in 1621. This new settlement was divided into 1,000 +parts, and every adventurer who was willing to brave the hardships of +an uncleared country, and resist the encroachments of the neighbouring +settlers, was rewarded with the rank and title of baronet. About the +same time too the Lowlanders were encouraged to go over to the _North +of Ireland_, and to take up the lands from which the Irish chiefs had +been driven. As the soil there was much better than that which they +had left, they gladly agreed to the change, and passed over in great +numbers, more than ten thousand going in two years. + +=6. The King's Death.=--On the twenty-seventh of March, 1625, the King +died. He had governed Scotland during his twenty-two years of absence +with a much firmer hand than in the troubled time of his personal +rule. He had then been quite at the mercy of his ministers and of the +nobles. The wealth and power of his larger kingdom made him now able to +deal with the smaller one pretty much as he liked, and the nobles were +too eagerly seeking favour and place at the richer court to be willing +to risk the loss of them by opposing his will. James was quite unlike +all his forefathers. He had good abilities and an unusual amount of +learning, besides a good deal of common sense and shrewdness, which he +sometimes made use of, but his repulsive appearance and manners, and +his want of self-reliance, exposed him to ridicule and contempt. He had +none of the courage, high spirit, graceful tastes and ready wit that +spread a veil over the faults and vices of his ancestors. Yet he alone +escaped the tragic fate that seemed the doom of all the _Stewart_ line, +and was singled out from among them for an almost fairy-like change and +advance of fortune. + +=7. Charles I., 1625-1649. Resumption of Benefices.=--_Charles_, who +succeeded James as King of the two kingdoms, had even more exalted +ideas than his father of the power of the prerogative. It fell to the +lot of the Scots to take the lead and set an example to the English +in resisting his arbitrary measures. Before he had been a year on the +throne, it was clear that he meant to carry out his father's plan of +making the _Scotch Church_ as like the _English Church_ as possible. +He issued a proclamation recalling all the church lands which were in +the hands of laymen, whether they had been granted by the crown or not. +The holders protested against this injustice, and at last a compromise +was made by which they agreed to give up part of the lands they held on +condition of having their claim to the rest made good. + +=8. King's Visit and Coronation.=--In 1633 Charles came to Scotland, +and was crowned with great pomp in the Abbey church of Holyrood. The +vestments that were worn on this occasion by the clergy gave great +offence to the people. Their discontent was increased by an order from +the King enjoining their own ministers to wear surplices, and the +bishops to wear rochets and sleeves, instead of the Geneva cloak as +heretofore. While Charles was in Scotland, a meeting of the Estates was +held, in which he met with no opposition, owing to a new arrangement +in choosing the _Lords of the Articles_. Formerly this committee had +consisted of eight members from each _Estate_ chosen by their own +peers; but now the bishops were first chosen, they again chose the +barons, and barons and bishops together chose the commons, so that all +those chosen were really the allies of the bishops. A supplication +was drawn up to remonstrate with the King about this interference, +but, instead of taking it in good part, Charles was very angry, +treated their remonstrance as a political offence, and put the lord +_Balmerinoch_, who had revised the supplication which was presented to +him, in prison. He was afterwards pardoned, but this did not make the +King any more popular, as it was thought that he had only liberated +Balmerinoch from fear and not from goodwill. While in Scotland he +founded a new bishopric at _Edinburgh_, which had formerly formed part +of the diocese of _St. Andrews_. + +=9. Book of Canons.=--The discontent and distrust of the people which +had been roused by the introduction of vestments, by the increase in +the number of the bishops, and by the appointment of the primate as +chancellor were now brought to a head by the appearance of a _Book of +Canons_, or rules for the government of the Church. This book they +were called on to accept in place of the Book of Discipline, on the +authority of the King alone, unconfirmed by the _Estates_, and not +long after the King attempted to change their form of worship as well. +Through the influence of _Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury_, a Liturgy +was drawn up on the plan of the first book of _Edward the Sixth_. From +this Liturgy the Scotch clergy were commanded by the King to read +prayers in the churches, instead of from the book of _Common Order_ +which was still in general use. + +=10. Liturgy Tumults.=--The imposition of this book roused the old +national jealousy. The people thought that to have an English service +book forced upon them would be a mark of subjection; and on the day +named by the King for bringing it into use, July 16, 1637, when +the _Dean of Edinburgh_ tried to read the prayers from it in _St. +Giles' Church_, a riot broke out. Stools and books were thrown at the +_Dean_, the _Archbishop_, and the _Bishop of Edinburgh_, who had great +difficulty in escaping out of the hands of the mob. And this tumult was +but a sign of the common feeling throughout the country. The King was +highly incensed and ordered the offenders to be brought to punishment, +and the use of the liturgy to be enforced. Numberless petitions against +it from all ranks of the people poured in on the _Privy Council_, or +were sent up to _London_ to the King, while _Edinburgh_ was thronged +with the petitioners from all parts of the country waiting for the +answer which they hoped would be favourable. No answer was given to +them, but the King issued a proclamation ordering them all to return +to their homes, and threatening to remove the courts from Edinburgh to +_Linlithgow_ if the disturbance continued, as had been done in the late +reign. But this had no effect. The bishops and the other members of the +Council were mobbed, and the supplicants joined in a common petition to +the King, called the _Great Supplication_. + +=11. The Tables.=--The Council finding it impossible to treat with a +turbulent mob which increased instead of diminishing, persuaded the +malcontents to choose representatives to act in their names, four from +each class, _nobles_, _lesser barons_, _clergy_, and _burgesses_. +The rest were to return peaceably to their several homes. But this +committee, known as _The_ _Tables_, gave the Council more trouble +than the unruly mob had done, for they made their way into the Council +chamber, insisted on debating there, and demanded that the bishops +should be turned out. + +=12. Renewal of the Covenant, 1638.=--Still the King would not give +in, and he met a less submissive protest on the part of his subjects +by another threatening proclamation. On this the _Tables_ renewed the +_Covenant_, with a clause added to it aimed at the bishops. At the last +renewal of the _Covenant_, only notable persons had put their names to +it, but this time it was signed by every one throughout the land, rich +and poor alike. There was the greatest excitement and enthusiasm about +it all over the country, and from this time the popular party became +known as the _Covenanters_. + +=13. Hamilton Commissioner.=--A few months later the _Marquess of +Hamilton_ came to _Scotland_ as _Commissioner_ with full power, it was +said, to settle everything. The demands of the _Covenanters_ were that +the _Court of High Commission_, the _Canons_ and the _Liturgy_ should +all be done away, and that a free Assembly and a free Parliament should +be summoned. But Hamilton, acting on the orders given him, kept putting +them off with promises till the King should be ready to put them down +by force, when suddenly the King turned about, promised all they asked, +and agreed that the Assembly should be called, and that the bishops +should be tried by it. + +=14. Glasgow Assembly.=--The Assembly met in the Cathedral Church +at _Glasgow_, November 21, 1638. Hamilton opened it as the Royal +_Commissioner_. But after a few days, when the attack on the bishops +began, he withdrew and ordered the members to disperse. They paid no +heed to this order, but went on with the trial of the bishops, who were +all deposed, and eight of them excommunicated. The _Canons_ and the +_Liturgy_ were then rejected, and all acts of the _Assemblies_ held +since 1606 were annulled. + +=15. War in the North.=--In the _North_, where _Huntly_ was the _King's +Lieutenant_, the Covenant had not been received, and the Tables +resolved to enforce it with the sword. Scotland was now full of trained +soldiers just come back from _Germany_, where they had learnt to fight +in the _Thirty Years war_, and as plenty of money had been collected +among the Covenanters, an army was easily raised. Their banner bore the +motto, _For Religion, the Covenant, and the Country_, and their leader +was _James Graham, Earl of Montrose_, one of the most zealous among +the champions of the cause. _Aberdeen_, Huntly's capital, dared make +no resistance, for the soldiers occupied the town and the ministers +the pulpits, and Montrose brought Huntly himself back to _Edinburgh_ +in his train. But in the first brush of actual war the _King's party_, +the _Cavaliers_, or _Malignants_ as their opponents called them, had +the advantage, for they surprised and scattered the _Covenanters_ of +the _North_ at the little village of _Turriff_, which they had made +their trysting place. In this action, called the _Trot of Turriff_, the +first blood was shed in the great Civil War. The Cavaliers were the +first to draw the sword. Though Huntly had been taken out of the way by +his removal to Edinburgh, his two sons, the _Lord Aboyne_ and _Lewis +Gordon_, supplied his place and called out the Highlanders. _Aberdeen_ +changed hands, and again _Montrose_ was sent to subdue the _North_ +before the expected struggle with England should begin. At the _Bridge +of Dee_ he defeated the Malignants, and once more entered Aberdeen in +triumph. Just after this entry the news was brought that peace had been +made between the King and the other army of the Covenant on the Border. +June 1639. + +=16. Pacification of Berwick.=--While Montrose had been thus busy for +the Covenant in the North, the King had been making ready to put +down his rebellious Scottish subjects with the sword. Early in _May_ +a fleet entered the _Forth_ under the command of _Hamilton_. But the +Tables took possession of the strongholds, and seized the ammunition +which had been laid in for the King. They then raised another army of +twenty-two thousand foot and one thousand two hundred horse, and placed +at its head _Alexander Leslie_, a veteran, trained in the _German_ war. +Their army they sent southwards to meet the English host which the King +was bringing to reduce Scotland. The two armies faced each other on +opposite banks of the Tweed. The Scots were skilfully posted on _Dunse +Law_, a hill commanding the _Northern road_. To pass them without +fighting was impossible, and to fight would have been almost certain +defeat. The King seeing this agreed to treat. By a treaty called the +"_Pacification of Berwick_," it was settled that the questions at issue +between the King and the Covenanters should be put to a free Assembly, +that both armies should be disbanded, and that the strongholds should +be restored to the King. June 9, 1639. + +=17. Assembly and Parliament.=--The Assembly which met at Edinburgh +repeated and approved all that had been done at _Glasgow_. When the +Estates met for the first time in the New Parliament-house, June 2, +1640, they went still further, for they not only confirmed the Acts +of the Assemblies, but ordered everyone to sign the Covenant under +pain of civil penalties. Now for the first time they acted in open +defiance of the King, to whom hitherto they had professed the greatest +loyalty and submission. Three times had they been adjourned by the +King, who had also refused to see the Commissioners whom they sent +up to London. Now they met in spite of him, and, as in former times +of troubles and difficulties, they appealed to _France_ for help. +When this intrigue with the French was found out, the _Lord Loudon_, +one of their Commissioners, was sent to the _Tower_, and the English +parliament was summoned to vote supplies for putting down the Scots +by force of arms. But by this time the English were beginning to see +that the cause of the Scots was the cause of freedom. There was much +difficulty in raising an army to march against them, and when raised it +was discontented and mutinous. + +=18. Invasion of England.=--As for the Scots they mustered stronger +than before, and, on August 20, 1640, they crossed the _Tweed_, and +entered _England_. At _Newburn_ they defeated a body of English, and +crossing the _Tyne_, marched on to _Newcastle_, which yielded to them +without offering resistance. They then took _Durham_, _Tynemouth_, and +_Shields_ without a struggle. Meanwhile news came from Scotland that +the two great strongholds of the East and of the West, _Edinburgh_ and +_Dunbarton_, had again fallen into their hands. + +=19. Treaty of Ripon.=--Once more they sent to the King, who was then +at _York_, a supplication in which they declared that all they wanted +was satisfaction to their just demands. The King laid the matter +before a great council of peers which he had called at York. By their +advice it was decided to treat with the Scots. Eight Commissioners +from their army came to _Ripon_, and the treaty which was begun there +was not ended until nearly a year afterwards at _London_. All that +they asked was granted, and they were promised three hundred thousand +pounds to defray the expenses of this war, into which they said they +had been driven. The armies were then disbanded, and peace seemed to +be restored. The King came to Scotland once more, and a meeting of the +Estates was held in which he let the members have their own way in +everything. He also confirmed the right of the Estates to meet once +every three years, and fixed the next meeting for June, 1644. + +=20. Breaking out of the War.=--This seeming peace was but the lull +before the storm, and, before one year had passed, the English had +followed the example set them by the Scots in resisting the unlawful +exactions of the King; the _Long Parliament_ had brought his minister +_Strafford_, the chief agent of his despotism, to the scaffold, and had +called on the people to arm in defence of their rights and liberties. +When the great _Civil War_ began in earnest, each side was eager +to secure the help of the fine army which the _Scots_ had at their +command. Religious opinion decided the matter. The Parliament, which +was as much opposed to episcopacy as the Scots were, adopted the solemn +_League_ and _Covenant_, and ordered every one to sign it, and by so +doing induced the Scots to join them. The army was raised again, and +put under the command of the two _Leslies_, _Alexander_, now _Earl of +Leven_, and his nephew _David_, who soon proved the better soldier +of the two. A second time they entered England, January 19, 1644, +and leaving a part of their force to besiege _Newcastle_ marched on +into _Yorkshire_, and joined the troops of the Parliament in time to +share their victory at _Marston Moor_. _Newcastle_ was taken by storm, +October 19. + +=21. Montrose's Campaign.=--Meanwhile Montrose, whose zeal for the +Covenant had now changed into zeal for the King, was taking advantage +of the absence of the Covenanting force in England to win back the +North for Charles with an army of Celts alone. It was the first time +that the Highlanders had been turned to account in regular war. +Hitherto they had been thought only capable of preying upon one +another, but now, under a General who knew how to handle them, they +did wonders. The Lowlanders who had hastily mustered to oppose them +were beaten at _Tippermuir_. _Montrose_ then took _Perth_, marched +northward, again defeated the _Covenanters_, took _Aberdeen_ once more, +and held for the King this town which twice before he had held for the +Covenant. He then turned to the West, wasted the country of his great +enemy _Argyle_, pounced down upon and scattered the force gathered +to oppose his own on the shore of Loch Linnhe; kept his army in the +Highlands during the winter, and early in the spring took _Dundee_. He +twice defeated the Covenanters in the country north of the _Forth_, +and once south of it at _Kilsyth_. Thus in a wonderfully short time he +won back nearly the whole country for the King. But the secret of his +success had lain in the rapid marches and sudden attacks that kept his +men busy. When the fighting was over, the Highlanders, as was their +wont, went off in large numbers to take home their spoil. In this way +his army was diminished. _David Leslie_, who had been summoned home +to oppose him, brought some cavalry from the southern army against +his weakened force, and won a complete victory at _Philiphaugh_, near +_Selkirk_, September 12th, 1645. Montrose retreated with the small +remnant that was left to him, but he found it impossible to reassemble +his scattered force. His campaign had lasted little more than a +year, and a few months later the King, who had thrown himself on the +protection of the Scots army at Newark, ordered him to lay down his +arms. Montrose obeyed and left the country. + +=22. Dealings with the King.=--While the Scots army was lying before +_Newark_, Charles, whose cause was now nearly hopeless, secretly left +_Oxford_, where he was besieged by the army of the Parliament, and +sought protection in the camp of the Scots. A few days afterwards +_Newark_ surrendered, and they returned with the King to _Newcastle_. +He stayed in their hands eight months. During this time, though they +behaved towards him with respect and courtesy, he was really their +prisoner, and they were busy treating with the Parliament for the +terms of his surrender. If he had turned Presbyterian and signed the +Covenant, no doubt they would have protected him, but after many +arguments with _Henderson_, a noted divine of their party, he still +remained unconvinced. In the end they agreed to leave England on +payment of 400,000 pounds arrears of pay that were due to them. When +they returned to their own country, they left the King to the mercy of +the English Parliament. + +=23. The Engagement.=--A few months later, when Charles was a prisoner +at _Carisbrooke_, he made a secret treaty with the moderate party +in _Scotland_, to the effect that, if they would help him to win +back his power, he would confirm the Covenant and would make a trial +of the presbyterian Church in England. On this the _Committee of +Estates_, in whose hands the government was, raised an army and sent +it into _England_, with _Hamilton_, who had been created a Duke, +at its head. They were defeated at _Preston_ by _Oliver Cromwell_, +lieutenant-general of the parliamentary army. The Duke marched on +to _Uttoxeter_. There he and his army laid down their arms, and +yielded themselves prisoners, August 25, 1648. But the extreme party +in Scotland were very wroth against the _Engagers_, as they called +those who had made this "engagement" with the King. They thought that +the taking of the _Covenant_ by the King was a mere pretence, and +that Hamilton's expedition was a sinful helping of the _Malignants_. +A change in the government was the result. Argyle, the head of the +extreme Covenanters, raised his followers, while from the _Western +Lowlands_, which were just waking to zeal for the Covenant, a body of +men, with _Lord Eglinton_ at their head, marched on Edinburgh. This +was called the _Whiggamores' Raid_, from Whig, a word used in the +Westland for urging on horses. This was the origin of the word _Whig_, +which gradually became the nickname of a political party. Argyle and +his party came to terms with Cromwell, and formed a new Committee of +Estates. Cromwell then marched to Edinburgh, and made them give him an +assurance that none of the Engagers should be allowed to take any part +in the government. By the _Act of Classes_ which was then passed, all +profane persons and enemies of the Covenant were likewise shut out from +holding office. + +=24. The Directory and Confession of Faith.=--The Scots now hoped to +see their Church and their Covenant adopted over all three kingdoms. +In this hope they were disappointed, for the most of the parliamentary +party were Independents, who had no idea of exchanging the tyranny +of bishops for that of presbyters. An _Assembly of Divines_ met at +_Westminster_, June 12, 1643, to settle religious matters. They adopted +the Covenant, and the Scots in return accepted their directory of +public worship, and the _Confession of Faith_ drawn up by them in place +of their own _Books of Discipline_ and _Common Order_. But though the +Covenant was thus nominally accepted in England, the different English +sects were allowed far more liberty than the strict Covenanters thought +right. + +=25. The King's Death.=--On the thirtieth of January, 1649, the King +was beheaded at Whitehall. With the court of justice which professed +to try him, with the sentence which it passed, and with the execution +of that sentence, the Scots had nothing whatever to do. As they had +no idea of the existence of their kingdom without a king, nor of +having any other king than the hereditary one, no sooner was the news +of the King's death known in _Edinburgh_, than _Charles_ his son was +proclaimed _King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland_. + +=26. Charles II., 1649-1685. Fate of Hamilton and Huntly.=--_Hamilton_, +who was a prisoner in England, was brought to trial as an English +subject by his English title of _Earl of Cambridge_; he was found +guilty of treason in invading the country, and was beheaded. _Huntly_ +met with a like fate in Scotland. He was also charged with treason in +having made war for the King against the Covenanters. + +=27. Montrose's Rising.=--Meanwhile in the north _Montrose_ made one +more effort for the king. With a small army of foreigners which he had +gathered on the _Continent_ he landed in _Orkney_, and from thence +passed over to Scotland early in 1650. But his followers were dispersed +by a detachment from the Covenanting army. He himself wandered for a +while in the Highlands, but was at last taken prisoner, brought to +_Edinburgh_, and hanged there without a trial. He was lying under +sentence of death for treason, which had been passed against him five +years before, when he first took up arms for the King. + +=28. Arrival of Charles.=--But while the Estates were thus dealing with +the leaders of the Malignants, they were busy on their own account +treating for the return of Charles. They looked on him as their lawful +King, and they were ready to be faithful to him if he would sign the +Covenant and promise to submit to the dictates of the Assembly. These +promises he made, and, before he landed, he signed the Covenant, in +July, 1650, while the courtiers whom he had brought with him were +nearly all sent away as being either Malignants or Engagers. + +=29. Cromwell's Conquest.=--No sooner did the news of these doings +reach London than _Cromwell_ was sent northward with a large army to +put a stop to them. The old hatred of _England_ was rekindled by this +invasion, and numbers of recruits flocked round the banner of the +Covenant. The army thus brought together was made up of good soldiers +who made no pretences to piety, and of would-be saints who knew +nothing of fighting. But the saints drove from their ranks all whom +they suspected of lukewarmness in the cause and therefore looked on as +sinners, and thus weeded out their best soldiers. Those who were left +were put under the command of _Leslie_, and the King was not suffered +to go out with the host. They took up a strong position on the hills +south of the _Firth of Forth_, and for some time Cromwell tried in vain +to bring them to a battle, but at last Leslie was persuaded against +his better judgment to go down into the plain and meet the enemy. A +battle was fought near _Dunbar_, September 3, in which the Scots were +thoroughly beaten. + +=30. The Coronation.= --Meanwhile Charles was in _Dunfermline_, in +old times the royal city, under care so strict and watchful that it +was very much like imprisonment. The life which he led there was so +distasteful to him that he made his escape, in hopes of joining the +northern chiefs. But their plans were badly laid. He found no one to +meet him as he had expected, and he was pursued and brought back by +his former guardians. According to the ancient custom, _Charles_ was +crowned at _Scone_ by the hands of the _Marquess of Argyle_. + +=31. Battle of Worcester.=--While _Cromwell_ was busy in _Scotland_ +the Scots army marched into _England_. This time they took the _King_ +with them. But Cromwell hastened after them, came up with them at +_Worcester_, and defeated them there, September 3, 1651, exactly a +year after his victory at Dunbar. This was the last battle fought in +the Civil War. The Scots had been the first to take up the sword, and +they were the last to lay it down. Charles, after wandering about +for some time in danger, and in want, escaped to the Continent. +Meanwhile _General Monk_, who had been left in Scotland with an army +of five thousand men, was reducing the country to subjection. The +public records deposited in Stirling Castle were sent to the Tower of +London. The Regalia, the Honours of Scotland as they were called, the +Crown, the Sword, and the Sceptre, had been taken to Dunnottar, one +of the strong fortresses in Scotland, which stood on a ledge of rock +overhanging the sea. The Castle made a gallant resistance, but was at +last obliged to yield, but the Honours were not found in it. They had +been taken secretly from the Castle by _Mrs. Granger_, the wife of the +minister of the parish. She rode through the camp with the Crown on +her lap hidden in a bundle of lint, and the sceptre in her hand in the +guise of a distaff, with the flax she was spinning wound round it. She +and her husband buried the Honours under the floor of the church, and +they kept their secret so well that no one knew what had become of them. + +=32. Union with England.=--Cromwell, now _Lord Protector_ of England, +Scotland, and Ireland, set to work to carry out Edward the First's +idea of a legislative union of England and Scotland. This _Union_ was +ratified by the Council, in 1654. It was then settled that Scotland +should be represented by thirty members in the English Parliament. +Free-trade was established between the two countries. Great changes +were also made in the Church Government. The Assembly was closed, and +the power of the Church-courts was done away with. The country was +divided into five districts, and the care of providing ministers to +the different parishes was laid upon a certain number of ministers to +be chosen from these districts. In order to improve the state of the +people, all feudal dues were taken away. A fixed rent in money was +substituted for all the services and restrictions to which the land had +hitherto been liable. The Highlands were kept in order by the founding +of garrisoned Forts. + +=33. Glencairn's Expedition.=--Once only was the peace and order thus +well established broken in favour of the Stewarts. A rising was made +in the Highlands by _William Cunningham, Lord Glencairn_, who acted +under a commission from Charles. More than five thousand men gathered +round him. They were dispersed by a detachment of Monk's troops under +_General Morgan_ at _Loch Garry_ before they had come down from the +Highlands. + +=34. The Restoration.=--The _Protector_, whose conquest had made +Scotland prosperous, died September 3, 1658. His son _Richard_ +succeeded him in office, but he was not strong enough to keep order, as +his father had done. A time of great confusion followed, which ended +in the recall and Restoration of Charles. This was chiefly the work +of General Monk. He was Commander of the Army in Scotland, during the +Protectorate. Some time after Cromwell's death he called together a +Convention of the Representatives of the Counties. Whether they knew +of his intention of restoring Charles or not is not certain. But they +aided him with a large sum of money. In November, 1659, he set out with +the army for London, and in about six months' time Charles returned +in triumph to England. In Scotland, where Charles had been already +crowned, his return was celebrated with great rejoicings by the people, +who hoped that he would uphold the Covenant which he had signed. Before +long, they found out how much they had been mistaken. In the very +first English Parliament, an Act was passed which took from Scotland +the privilege of free-trade with England, which she had enjoyed under +Cromwell. This was the _Navigation Act_, by which the exporting and +importing of merchandise into England, or any of her colonies, was +forbidden to any but English vessels. + +=35. Episcopacy Re-established.=--_John Middleton_, a soldier of +fortune, who had been taken prisoner at _Worcester_, and who had +afterwards taken an active part in Glencairn's expedition, was now made +_Earl of Middleton_, and was sent to Scotland as _Commissioner_. When +the Estates met, an Act called the _Act Rescissory_ was passed. By this +Act, all the Acts passed since 1633 were cut out of the Statutes; +nearly all the concessions wrung from Charles the First were recalled. +The causes of dispute between the King and the people were thus +restored to the state in which they had been before the great struggle +began. In this same year Episcopacy was re-established by the Estates, +and the Covenant was publicly burned by the hangman. As there was but +one of the old bishops still alive, three new ones were consecrated +in England. _James Sharp_ was the Primate. He had gone up to London +to plead the cause of the Covenant and of Presbyters; he came back an +Archbishop, and was thenceforward foremost in persecuting the cause he +had deserted. + +=36. Fate of Argyle and of Guthrie.=--The government of Scotland was +entrusted to a Privy Council. Its authority was supported by a standing +lifeguard, the troop that former kings had often asked for in vain. +To this Council were entrusted the supreme powers of the Estates +during the intervals between the Sessions. An _Act of Indemnity_ was +promised, but before it was passed several persons suffered death. +Two of those who thus fell were specially distinguished. The one was +_Argyle_, whose great power made him a dangerous rival to the King. +He was treacherously seized in London, whither he had gone to pay his +court to Charles. He was sent down to _Edinburgh_, where he was tried +for treason, found guilty, and beheaded, May 27, 1661. But the victim +who was most regretted and whose fate called forth the most pity was +_James Guthrie_, a noted divine, the leader of the extreme party among +the Covenanters. This party, who were called the _Remonstrants_, had +prepared a _Remonstrance_ to be presented to the King directly after +his return, praying that no form of worship but their own might be +suffered within the realm. This remonstrance was drawn up by Guthrie. +It was never presented, and those who had projected it were put in +prison. Guthrie was now brought to trial on a charge of spreading +abroad sedition and treason against the Government. He refused any +legal defence, and avowed and justified all that he had done. He was +found guilty and beheaded. He was looked on by the Covenanters as a +martyr for his faith, and his last words were treasured up with special +veneration. + +=37. The Ejection.=--The promised Act of Indemnity was not passed till +1662, and it was not a free pardon, as had been looked for. Between +seven and eight hundred persons were heavily fined. In this same year +an Act was passed requiring all persons holding any public office +to sign a _Declaration_ that the Covenant was an unlawful oath; and +lastly a law was passed that all ministers presented to livings since +1639 should be turned out, unless they would agree to be collated or +instituted by the new bishops. The ministers who refused to consent +to episcopal collation were required to remove with their families +out of their parishes within a month from the date of the passing of +this Act. The meeting of the Council in which it was passed was called +the _Drunken Parliament_, from the condition of the members present. +Sooner than submit to this, three hundred and fifty ministers resigned. +Most of their parishioners followed them, and the churches were left +empty, while the people flocked to the open-air services of their +former pastors. To prevent this an Act was passed for levying fines on +all persons who did not go to their parish church on the Lord's Day. +Another Act, called the _Mile Act_, was also passed, which forbade the +recusant or refusing ministers to come within twenty miles of their +former parishes, or within three miles of any royal burgh. The _Court +of High Commission_ was revived, and empowered to proceed against all +dissenters from the Episcopal (now the Established) Church, whether +they were Romanists or Presbyterians. But this tyranny drove the +people to revolt, and a third _Religious War_ began. In the first the +people had taken up arms for a question of doctrine; the second arose +from disputes about a form of prayer; this, the third, was caused by +enforcing a form of Church-government specially disliked by the nation. +In the conduct of public prayer no change was made. As there had been +in James's reign a _Presbyterian Church_ with a _Liturgy_, so now there +was an _Episcopal Church_ without one. But, though the cause of dispute +seemed this time of less importance than in the two former wars, the +zeal on the one side and the persecution on the other were greater than +they had been in the former struggles. Then Edinburgh and the Eastern +Lowlands had borne the brunt of the battle; now it was in the West, +where it was latest kindled, that religious zeal flamed fiercest and +lasted longest. + +=38. Western Rising.=--In spite of fines and penalties the churches +still remained empty, while the people went long distances to gather +round their "outed" ministers. On the hill-sides, wherever in short +they were least likely to be dispersed by the dragoons, they met to +hear the sermons of their favourite preachers. But so great was the +danger incurred by thus worshipping God according to their consciences +that sentries were stationed on the hill-tops round to give warning +of the approach of danger, and the men stacked their muskets so that +they could seize and use them on a moment's notice. Such meetings +were called _Conventicles_, and to hunt them down bands of soldiers +scoured the country in all directions. In the south-west the troops +were under the command of _Sir James Turner_, and it was his severity +that drove the people to actual revolt. The immediate cause of the +outbreak was the rescue of an old man from the clutches of a group of +soldiers who were ill-using him. In the scuffle one of the soldiers was +wounded. This affair happened at _Dalry_, in _Ayrshire_. A large body +of peasants soon gathered to protect their conventicles. They seized +Turner at _Dumfries_, and, when their numbers had increased to nearly +three thousand, they set out for _Edinburgh_, expecting the people of +the Eastern Counties to show their former spirit by rising to join +them. _General Thomas Dalziel_, who had made himself a reputation by +fighting for the Czar of Russia against Turks and Tartars, was sent to +bar their way. But they avoided and passed him. He had to come back +after them as far as the _Pentland Hills_, where they were so well +posted that the troops could only break and disperse them by repeated +attacks. But the feeling of this district had changed so much that the +peasantry now turned against these wild Whigs of the Westland, and +treated them nearly as badly as the troopers had done. + +=39. The Persecution.=--This rising did no real good, for after the +defeat at _Pentland_ in 1666 the tyranny became even more cruel than +before. The trials which followed were infamous, from the shameful and +constant use of torture. The instruments used for this purpose were +the _thumbkin_, a screw applied to the thumb-joint, and the _boot_, a +cylinder in which the leg of the victim was crushed by hammering in +wedges. Both inflicted the most fearful pain without destroying life. +Twenty men were hanged in different places. The fines and forfeitures +inflicted were given as rewards to soldiers and lawyers who might get +them out of the offenders as they best could. At this time certain +bonds called _law-burrows_ were originated. These were bonds by which +all the principal men in a district pledged themselves to prevent those +beneath them in rank from breaking the peace. + +=40. The Indulgence.=--But these measures only increased the disorders +they were intended to quiet, and the Government tried a new system +of greater toleration. An _Indulgence_ was issued, by which those of +the outed ministers who could prove that they had lived peaceably and +had not held conventicles since they had been turned out of their +livings, were allowed to go back to their parishes, provided no one +else had been put in their place. Some few took advantage of it; but +the greater number would not, and looked on their indulged brethren as +nearly as bad as the prelatists. But this semblance of yielding was +more than balanced by new exactions. _Intercommuning_--that is, having +anything to do with any persons who had in any way broken any of the +many laws against conventicles--was denounced as a criminal offence. +_Lauderdale_, who succeeded _Middleton_ as Commissioner in 1669, +brought an army of Celts down on the Lowlands, which they pillaged at +pleasure, carrying back rich spoils to their native mountains. + +=41. Murder of Sharp.=--_Sharp_, the Primate, who was looked on as the +originator of all the persecutions, was bitterly hated. He was shot +at in Edinburgh while getting into his carriage, but was not hurt. +Some time after he recognized the man who had thus tried to take his +life. _Mitchell_ the assassin was tried, and being bribed by a promise +of pardon, freely confessed that he had fired the shot. Instead of +receiving the promised pardon, Mitchell was sent to prison, tortured, +and finally put to death in 1678. But the very next year Mitchell's +attempt was repeated with better success. As Sharp was driving with his +daughter across _Magus Moor_, near St. Andrews, he fell into the hands +of a party of men who were lying in wait there for one _Carmichael_, +the Sheriff-substitute, a wretch who had made himself specially hated. +When they heard that the Archbishop's coach was coming that way, they +looked on it as a special act of Providence by which the Lord delivered +him into their hands. They fired into the coach, but did not hit him. +He sheltered himself behind his daughter, but they dragged him out, and +hacked him to death on the heath in a very barbarous way, May 3, 1679. +It had long been believed that Sharp was in league with the Devil. +To find proof of this they had no sooner slain him than they began to +search everything he had with him. At last they opened his snuff-box, +when a bee flew out. This they agreed must have been his familiar +spirit. Every effort was made to track the murderers, among whom were +_Hackston of Rathillet_ and _Balfour of Burley_, but they escaped to +the West. + +=42. Sanquhar Declaration.=--The straitest sect of the Covenanters +now put forth a protest called the _Sanquhar Declaration_. Their +leaders were _Donald Cargill_ and _Richard Cameron_, after whom they +were called _Cameronians_. Their openly avowed intention was to +free the country from the tyranny under which it was groaning. They +held that _Charles_ had by his perjury forfeited the crown. They +excommunicated both him and his brother _James, Duke of York_, who +was the Commissioner, and surpassed both Middleton and Lauderdale in +cruelty. To kill either the King or his brother, or both of them, the +_Sanquhar_ men declared would be perfectly justifiable. They joined +themselves together by one of the old bonds for mutual defence and +support. _Hackston of Rathillet_, who had been present at the death of +Sharp, was a chief man among them. With him as their leader they sought +a refuge from the troopers who were out after them in _Airds Moss_, in +Ayrshire. There they were attacked, and, though they fought bravely, +were overcome by the soldiers. + +=43. Drumclog.=--The hill-country between _Lanark_ and _Ayr_ was +the favourite haunt of the _Covenanters_. Here they held great +conventicles, to which the men came armed. One of the largest of these +meetings was gathered at _Drumclog_, near Loudon Hill, when they were +attacked by a body of dragoons under _John Graham_, of _Claverhouse_. +But Claverhouse was unaccustomed to this irregular way of fighting, and +he was defeated. The Covenanters, wild with joy, thought that they +saw the special hand of Providence in this success. They gathered in +great numbers, and marched on Glasgow. But they did no harm to either +the city or the citizens; they only took down from the gates the heads +and limbs of their friends who had suffered for their faith, and buried +them. + +=44. Bothwell Bridge.=--To put down this revolt, Charles sent his +illegitimate son, _James_, Duke of _Buccleuch_ and _Monmouth_, with an +army of fifteen thousand men. The zeal of the Covenanters was great, +but their resources were few, and their leaders unskilful. It was +therefore an easy matter for a well-trained army to defeat them, and +at the _Bridge_ over the _Clyde_ at _Bothwell_ they were beaten with +great slaughter. Twelve hundred fell into the hands of the victors. +Seven of these were put to death, some were released on giving sureties +for their future good conduct, and the rest were shipped off to the +plantations. _Cameron_ fell in this fray. _Hackston_ and _Cargill_ were +taken, and brought to trial at Edinburgh, found guilty, and put to +death afterwards. + +=45. Test Act.=--While the Duke of York was Commissioner, an Act was +passed to the effect that all persons taking office, whether under +Government or from the Corporation of Burghs, should take the Test, +an oath for the maintenance of the Protestant Faith as it had been +established in the first Parliament of _James the Sixth_. At the +same time the King was declared supreme in Church and State, and the +hereditary succession was declared to be unchangeable. Now, as it was +well known that James, the King's brother and the heir to the throne, +was a Romanist, it was clear that the Test gave no security to the +Protestant Faith, if James, when King, could make what changes he +pleased in the Church. + +=46. Argyle's Opposition.=--_Archibald_, Earl of Argyle, who had been +restored to his father's earldom, was the most powerful chief in +the kingdom. His father had lost his life for his attachment to the +Covenant, but he himself had hitherto upheld the Government, and had +even offered to bring his Highlanders to its support. Now, however, he +showed signs of opposition, for he would only take the Test with the +protest that he did so only in so far as it was consistent with itself +and with the safety of the _Protestant_ Faith. For this reservation he +was accused of _leasing-making_, that is, of making mischief between +the King and his people. This offence had, by a most unjust law passed +in the reign of James the Sixth, been made treason. By this law Argyle +was condemned to death. He escaped and fled to _Holland_, where he +became the centre of a party of his fellow-countrymen who had also left +their country because of their political opinions. After this unjust +attack on Argyle no one could be sure of his liberty, and a scheme +was got up for emigration to _Carolina_. One _Robert Ferguson_ was +connected with this scheme. As this man was concerned in an _English_ +plot against the life of the _King_, called the _Rye House Plot_, all +who had any dealings with him were suspected of being art and part +in that too, and were called to account before the Council. Baillie +of Jerviswood, a man much beloved and respected, was tried on an +accusation of conspiracy, was found guilty, and put to death. His death +greatly increased the popular discontent. + +=47. James VII. 1685-1688. The Killing Time.=--The death of _Charles_ +and the accession of _James_ rather made matters worse than better +for the people. Another defiance from the _Cameronians_, called the +_Apologetical Declaration_, was met by an Act which gave the soldiers +power at once to put to death anyone who would not take the _Abjuration +Oath_; that is, swear that they abhorred and renounced this treasonable +_Declaration_. A time of cruel slaughter followed, in which Claverhouse +was the chief persecutor. Many heartrending tales are told of the +sufferings of the poor creatures whose fanaticism led them to persist +in refusing to take this oath. There is a story told that one _John +Brown_, known as the "Christian Carrier," a man of great repute among +them, was shot dead by Claverhouse himself, almost without warning, +before the eyes of his wife. At another time two women, _Margaret +Maclauchlan_ and _Margaret Wilson_--one old, the other young--were, +it is said, tied to stakes on the _Solway shore_, that they might be +drowned by inches by the flowing tide. These tales and others of a +like sort, bear witness to the brutality of the one side and to the +constancy of the other. Early in James's reign an Act was passed by +which attending a _Conventicle_ became a capital crime. + +=48. Argyle's Rising.=--_Monmouth_ was in _Holland_ when his father +died, and many refugees from England and Scotland were there with him. +Among them they got up a scheme for placing him on the throne in place +of his uncle James, who was hated, while Monmouth was very popular. To +carry this out they planned a rising, which was to have taken place +at the same time in both kingdoms. _Argyle_ was to take the lead in +_Scotland_, but he was subject to the interference of a _Committee_ +chosen from among the others. The Government was informed of this +intended outbreak, and all the clans that were known to be hostile to +Argyle were roused against him. Early in May he landed in _Kintyre_, +and sent out the fiery cross to summon his clansmen, who mustered to +the number of 1800. But the quarrels and the jealousy of the Committee +placed over him overthrew all his plans. By their advice he marched +into the Lowlands, where the people were little disposed to join him. +The fort where he had stored his arms and ammunition was seized by the +King's men. His men were starving. They deserted in large numbers, +and were at last dispersed by a false alarm as they were marching on +Glasgow. Argyle himself was taken while trying to escape. He was still +lying under the old sentence of death, which had been passed against +him for leasing-making. This sentence was executed without any further +trial, and with a repetition of all the indignities which had been +heaped upon Montrose. After his death the vengeance of the Government +fell on his clansmen. The country round _Inverary_ was wasted, while +great numbers of the clan were transported to the plantations, many of +them having been first cruelly mutilated. At the first alarm of the +invasion a large body of prisoners for religious opinion, of all ages +and both sexes, had been sent to _Dunnottar_, a strong castle on the +coast of Kincardine, where they were so closely crowded together in one +dungeon that many died there. Most of the survivors were also sent to +the plantations. + +=49. The Indulgence.=--Up to this time the _Council_ had blindly +followed in the lead of the King. They would now do so no longer, as +they feared that he meant to restore the Roman Catholic Faith. The +_Duke_ of _Queensberry_, the Commissioner, was deprived of his office, +and _James Drummond, Earl_ of _Perth_, a convert to Romanism, was +placed in his stead. James next tried to get a Bill passed by which all +the penalties against the Roman Catholics should be done away, while +those against the Covenanters should remain in force. To this Bill +even the bishops objected, and James saw that there was nothing for it +but to treat all sects alike. He published several Indulgences, but it +was only the last, in 1688, that was full and complete. It extended +toleration to all, even to the Quakers, who had up to this time been as +much despised and persecuted as the Covenanters. + +=50. Deposition of James.=--This change of policy on the part of the +King had come too late. His attack on the liberties of the Church in +England had been resisted by seven of her bishops; and before long his +English subjects resolved to bear his tyranny no longer. They invited +his nephew and son-in-law, _William, Prince of Orange_, to come to +their aid. He came, and was by common consent invited to mount the +throne abdicated by James. When the news of William's entry into London +reached Edinburgh, a deputation, headed by _Hamilton_, was sent to him, +to pray him to call a _Convention_ of the Estates, and, till it met, to +take the government of Scotland into his own hands, Jan. 7th, 1689. + +=51. William and Mary, 1689-1702. The Convention.=--When the +_Convention_ met there was a large Whig majority. They passed a +resolution that James by his misgovernment had forfeited the throne; +they therefore deposed him, and offered the crown to _William_ and his +wife _Mary_, the daughter of James, on the same terms as had been made +in England. The _Convention_ then turned itself into a _Parliament_, +which went on to the end of the reign. The members went in procession +to the Cross of Edinburgh, where their vote was read. William and Mary +were then proclaimed; and the ministers of parishes were ordered to +pray publicly for the King and Queen, on pain of being turned out of +their livings. To the _Claim of Right_, which was much the same as +the English one, a special clause was added, declaring prelacy to be +an intolerable burthen which had long been hateful to the people, and +which ought to be swept away. Three _Commissioners_ were sent with +the _Instrument of Government_ to London. _Argyle_ administered the +coronation oath; but William, while taking it, declared that he would +not become a persecutor in support of any sect. + +=52. The Rabbling.=--The fall of James was followed by the fall of +the Episcopal Church, which had made itself hateful to the greater +number of the people. They took the law into their own hands, and on +_Christmas Day_, 1688, a general attack was made on the curates or +parish priests in the _Western Lowlands_. About two hundred curates +with their families were at once driven out of their houses with every +sort of insult and abuse. William did not approve of these excesses, +but he had no means of putting a stop to them, for there was no +regiment north of the _Tweed_. He put forth a proclamation ordering +all persons to lay down their arms, but it was little heeded. The +rabbling and turning out went on much as before. If the bishops would +have taken the oaths, William would most likely have protected them; +but they remained true to their old master, and shared his fall. For a +time all was disorder. In some parishes the curates went on ministering +as heretofore, while in others the Presbyterian divines held services +in tents, or illegally occupied the pulpits. It was not till June +1690 that the Presbyterian Church was re-established by law. Sixty of +the ministers who had been turned out at the Restoration were still +living, and to them was given authority to visit all the parishes, and +to turn out all those curates whom they thought wanting in abilities, +scandalous in morals, or unsound in faith. Those livings from which the +curates had been rabbled and driven away were declared vacant. This way +of dealing with the Church gave offence both to the Episcopalians and +to the extreme Presbyterians, who did not approve of the interference +of the King in Church matters. Both these parties continued to look on +_William_ and _Mary_ as usurpers. + +=53. Dundee's Revolt.=--When the Convention first met, each party, +_Whigs_ and _Jacobites_ alike, had dreaded an outbreak on the part of +the other. In the cellars of the city were hidden large numbers of +_Covenanters_, who had been brought up from the West to overawe the +_Jacobites_, while the _Duke of Gordon_ held the Castle for James, and +he could, if he had so chosen, have turned the guns upon the city. But +the Jacobites, finding themselves in the minority, determined to leave +_Edinburgh_, and to hold a rival _Convention_ at _Stirling_; while it +was agreed that the _Marquess of Athole_ should bring a body of his +Highlanders to protect them. But this plan was so ill concerted that +_Claverhouse_, now _Viscount_ _Dundee_, left hastily before the others +were ready, an alarm was given, and they were all secured. Dundee +withdrew to his own house in the _Highlands_, and stayed there quietly +for some time. But a few months later certain letters written to him +by James fell into the hands of the Government, and an order was sent +out for his arrest. Thus roused to action, he summoned the clans for +_King James_. Many of them joined him, more from hatred of Argyle than +from love for James. _General Mackay_, who had come North with three +regiments, was sent against him; but he was not used to the _Highland_ +way of fighting, and wasted some weeks in running about after an enemy +who always kept out of his way. Dundee had no regular troops, but, +as Montrose had done before him, he showed what good soldiers the +Celts can make with a good leader. As both Dundee and Montrose were +Lowlanders, they could not excite the jealousy of the chiefs, and were +all the better fitted for the supreme command of a Celtic army. Each +clan in such an army formed a regiment bound together by a tie of +common brotherhood, and all bound to live or die for the colonel their +chief; and so long as the clans could be kept from quarrelling all went +well. Dundee wrote to James, who was now in Ireland, for help; but he +only sent three hundred miserably-equipped foot, under an officer named +_Canon_. The hopes of the Whigs were placed in _Argyle_ and the western +_Covenanters_, but neither of these did all that was expected of them. +_Argyle_ could not, because his country had been so lately wasted; and +the _Covenanters_ would not, because the more part of them thought it a +sin to fight for a King who had not signed the Covenant. Some of them +however thought otherwise, and of these a regiment was raised, and +placed under the command of the Earl of Angus. This regiment was called +the Cameronians. + +=54. Battle of Killiecrankie.=--The war now broke out again. It was +the great aim of each party to win over the adherents of Athole. The +Marquess himself, to keep out of harm's way, had gone to England, and +of those whom he had left to act for him some were for James, others +for the King and Queen. It was of importance to both sides to secure +the castle of _Blair_, which belonged to _Athole_, and near there the +two armies met, at _Killiecrankie_, a pass leading into the Highlands. +Here the Celts won a brilliant and decided victory. The clansmen +charged sword in hand down the pass with such fury that they swept +their foes before them; and Mackay, with a few hundred men, all he +could gather of his scattered army, was forced to flee to Stirling, +July 27, 1689. But this success had been dearly bought by the death of +Dundee. Thus left without a leader, the victors thought more of plunder +than pursuit; nor was there anyone among them fitted to fill Dundee's +place, and to follow up the advantage he had won. Recruits came in, +their numbers increased, but this only made the disorder greater. + +=55. Attack on Dunkeld. Buchan's Attempt.=--A month later they attacked +the _Cameronian_ regiment stationed at Dunkeld. They took the town at +the first attack, but the soldiers defended themselves in the church +and in a house belonging to _Athole_ in the town with such spirit, +that the Highlanders were driven back. They blamed the _Irish_ for +the defeat, and the _Irish_ blamed them, and the end of it was that +the clans dispersed, and _Canon_ and his Irish withdrew to _Mull_. +In the spring of the next year the clans gathered again, under an +officer named _Buchan_, who came from James with a commission to act +as his commander-in-chief in Scotland. But they were surprised and +scattered in the strath of the _Spey_, by _Sir William Livingstone_, +who held _Inverness_ for _William_. This action ended the _Civil War_ +in _Scotland_, for _Gordon_ had long since given up Edinburgh Castle. +To keep the western clans in order, _Mackay_ built a fort in the west +of _Invernesshire_, which was called _Fort William_, in honour of the +King. The castle on the _Bass_, a rock in the _Firth of Forth_, was the +last place which held out for _James_, but the garrison were at last +obliged to give in, from want of food. + +=56. Reduction of the Highlands.=--Still the chiefs did not take the +oaths to William, and were clearly only waiting for the appearance of +a new leader to break out again. To win them over to the Government a +large sum of money was put into the hands of _John Campbell, Earl of +Breadalbane_. He was accused of cheating both the clans and the King by +keeping a part of this sum himself, and he never gave any clear account +of what he had done with it. At the same time a proclamation was put +forth which offered pardon to all the rebels who should take the oaths +to _William and Mary_ before or on December 31, 1691. All who did not +take advantage of this offer were after that day to be dealt with as +enemies and traitors, and warlike preparations were made for carrying +out the threat. + +=57. Massacre of Glencoe.=--By the day named the clans had all come +in, except _MacIan_, chief of a tribe of _MacDonalds_, who lived +in _Glencoe_, a wild mountain valley in the northwestern corner of +_Argyleshire_. On the last day, December 31, _MacIan_ and his principal +clansmen went to _Fort William_ to take the oaths, but found that +there was no one there who had authority to administer them. There was +no magistrate nearer than _Inverary_, and, as the ground was deeply +covered with snow, it was some days before MacIan got there. But the +sheriff, in consideration of his goodwill and of the delay that he had +met with, administered the oaths, (January 6,) and sent an account of +the whole affair to the Privy Council at Edinburgh. Unfortunately for +Glencoe, _Breadalbane_ was his bitter personal enemy, and along with +_Sir John Dalrymple_, the _Master of Stair_, he determined on his +destruction. An order for the extirpation of the whole tribe was drawn +up and presented to _William_, who signed it, and it was carried out +with cold-blooded treachery. A party of soldiers, under the command of +_Campbell of Glenlyon_, appeared in the Glen. They gave out that they +came as friends, and as such they were kindly welcomed, and shared the +hospitality of the MacDonalds for a fortnight. Without any warning +they turned on their hosts, and before dawn of a winter's morning slew +nearly all the dwellers in the valley, old and young together, February +13, 1691. They then burnt the houses, and drove off the cattle, so that +nothing was left for the few wretched beings who had escaped death but +to perish miserably of cold and hunger. Whether William knew the whole +state of the case or not when he signed the warrant is not certain, but +he did not punish those who had dared to commit this wholesale murder +in his name. And though four years after, when a stir was made about +it, he did grant a commission to the _Privy Council_ to inquire into +the matter, he did not bring to judgment the _Master of Stair_, who was +very clearly pointed out as the guilty person. + +=58. Darien Scheme.=--Just at this time the public attention was taken +up with a scheme for founding a new colony on the _Isthmus of Darien_, +and people's minds were so full of it that nothing else was thought +of. It was got up by _William Paterson_, who is to be remembered as +the originator of the _Bank of England_. He fancied that he had found, +what _Columbus_ and the other navigators of his day had sought in vain, +a short cut to the _Indies_. His plan was to plant a colony on the +isthmus which unites _North_ and _South America_, and to make it the +route by which the merchandise of the East should be brought to Europe, +thereby shortening the long sea-voyage. He drew glowing pictures of +the untold wealth that would thus fall to the lot of those who were +clear-sighted enough to join in the venture. A charter was granted to +the new Company, which gave them a monopoly of the trade with Asia, +Africa, and America for a term of thirty-one years, with leave to +import all goods duty free, except foreign sugar and tobacco. Never had +project been so popular. Every one was anxious to take shares. Half +the capital of Scotland was invested in it, and poor and rich alike, +deceived by _Paterson's_ lying stories of the healthiness and fertility +of the soil and climate, were eager to hasten to the new colony. A +few vessels were bought at _Hamburg_ and _Amsterdam_. In these twelve +hundred emigrants set sail on the 25th July, 1698, and arrived safely +on the shore of the Gulf of _Darien_. They named the settlement which +they founded there _New Caledonia_, and built a town and a fort, to +which they gave the names of _New Edinburgh_ and _St. Andrews_. But, +to set up such a trading market with any hopes of success, they ought +to have had the good will and help of the great trading countries of +Europe. Instead of this, _England_ and _Holland_ were much opposed to +the scheme, as being an interference with their trading rights. The +_East India Company_ looked on the bringing in of Eastern merchandise +to Scotland as an infringement of their privileges. _Spain_ too claimed +the Isthmus as her own, and seized one of the Scottish ships; while +the Governor of the English colonies in North America refused to let +them have supplies. In addition to these difficulties from without, +the climate was wretchedly unhealthy. Disease quickly thinned their +ranks, till at last the miserable remnant whom it spared were glad to +flee from almost certain death. They deserted the new settlement, and +set sail for _New York_. Meanwhile such glowing reports of the success +of the venture had been spread abroad at home, that a second body of +thirteen hundred emigrants, ignorant of the fate of those who had gone +before them, set sail in _August_ of the next year. They found the +colony deserted, and the colonists gone. They themselves fared no +better than the first settlers, and were in a few months driven out +by the Spaniards. The Scottish people were deeply mortified and much +enraged by the failure of this scheme. They blamed William for all the +disasters of the colonists, because he had done nothing to help them, +nor to prevent the interference of Spain. The Charter had been granted +by the Government of Scotland without the King's knowledge when he +was in Holland; and though he could not recall it, it would have been +unjust to his English subjects to show any favour to a scheme which, +had it succeeded, might have proved the ruin of their East Indian +trade. So much bad feeling arose out of this unfortunate affair between +the two nations, that it was plain that if there was not a closer union +between them there would be a breach before long. + +=59. William's Death.=--Just as the project of an Union was about to +be considered in the English Parliament, William died, March 8, 1702. +Since the death of Mary, in 1690, he had reigned alone. Both crowns now +passed to Anne, the younger daughter of James VII. + +=60. Education Act.=--It was in this reign that the system of national +education which has made the Scotch, as a people, so intelligent and +well-informed, was re-cast. An Act was passed, in 1696, by which every +parish was required to provide a suitable schoolhouse, and to pay a +properly qualified schoolmaster for the instruction of the children of +the parish. + +=61. Anne, 1702-1714. Act of Security.=--_James VII._ had died in +France a few months before his nephew, and his son had been proclaimed +there as _James VIII._ This made the Whigs anxious to have an _Act_ +passed in _Scotland_ similar to the _English Act of Settlement_. By +this Act the Parliament of England had settled that, if Anne died +without heirs, the crown should pass to the nearest Protestant heir, +_Sophia_, Electress of Hanover, grand-daughter of James the Sixth, or +to her descendants. But the Estates still felt injured and angry about +the late differences with England, and passed an _Act of Security_, +which made express conditions that the same person should not succeed +to the throne of both kingdoms, unless, during Queen Anne's reign, +measures had been taken for securing the honour and independence of the +Scottish nation against English influence. The right of declaring war +against England at any time was to remain with the Scottish Parliament. + +=62. Trial and Death of Captain Green.=--Just at this time an event +happened which tended to increase the bad feeling between the two +countries. An English ship, the _Worcester_, was driven by stress +of weather into the _Firth of Forth_. It was seized by the Scots, +because the _East India Company_ had some time before detained a +Scotch ship. From the talk of some of the crew it was suspected that +they had murdered the captain and crew of one of the _Darien_ vessels +which was missing. On this charge _Captain Green_ of the _Worcester_, +his mate and crew, were brought to trial before the High Court of +Admiralty. On the evidence of a black slave they were found guilty and +condemned, and Green, his mate, and one of the crew were hanged. It was +afterwards found out that the crime for which they had suffered had +never been committed. The missing ship had gone ashore on the island of +_Madagascar_, where _Drummond_, the captain, was then living. Whatever +wrongs the Scots had suffered, the English had now, after this unlawful +deed, a very reasonable cause of complaint against them. + +=63. The Union.=--It was clear that, if the two kingdoms were to go +on together in peace, it could only be by joining their Parliaments +and their commercial interests into one. Commissioners from both +sides were appointed to consider the best way of effecting this +union. _Godolphin_, the _Treasurer of England_, and the _Duke of +Queensberry_, the _Royal Commissioner in Scotland_, were its chief +promoters. The Commissioners drew up a _Treaty of Union_, which was +approved by the Parliaments of both countries. By the _Articles of +Union_ the succession to both crowns was settled in the Protestant +heirs of _Sophia_; and each country was secured in the possession of +her national Church as then established. Scotland was to send sixteen +Representative Peers, elected from the whole body of Peers, and +forty-five members from the Commons, to the Parliament at Westminster, +henceforth to be called the _Parliament of Great Britain_. It was +further settled that one seal, with the arms of both kingdoms quartered +upon it, should serve for both countries, that both should be subject +to the same _Excise duties_ and _Customs_, and should have the same +privileges of trade. The same coins, weights, and measures were to be +used throughout the island. The law-courts of Scotland, the _Court of +Justiciary_ and the _Court of Session_, were to remain unchanged, only +there was now a right of appeal from the _Court of Session_, which had +hitherto been supreme in all civil cases, to the _House of Lords_. +In addition to the twenty-five Articles of Union, a special Act was +passed for securing the liberty of the _Church of Scotland_ as it then +stood in all time coming, and declaring that the Presbyterian should be +the only Church government in Scotland. The first Parliament of Great +Britain met October 23, 1707. + +=64. Results of the Union.=--Twice before this time the Legislature of +the two kingdoms had been thus joined together into one, under _Edward +I._ and under _Cromwell_. But these two unions, each the result of +conquest, had lasted but a little while. This Union was destined to be +more enduring, and to lead to increased prosperity in both kingdoms. +For Scotland it was the beginning of quite a new state of things. +Hitherto the struggle for national life had left her no leisure for +internal development, and at the time of the Union she was without +manufactures, shipping, or commerce. With the end of her independent +nationality a new social life began, and a spirit of industry and +enterprise was awakened, which has since raised her people to their +present eminence in trade, manufactures, and agriculture. The Union +struck the last blow at the power of the Scottish nobles. They were +not placed by any means on the same level with the Peers of the sister +kingdom. It brought to the Commons, who during this period had been +much despised and oppressed, an increase in dignity and independence, +by admitting them to a share in the liberty and privileges which the +Commons of England had won for themselves with the sword. But what +did even more for the prosperity of Scotland was the removal of all +restrictions on her trade, which was now placed on the same footing as +that of the larger kingdom. For half a century after the union of the +crowns she had enjoyed free trade with England and her colonies; but +that was brought to an end by the Navigation Act, passed soon after +the Restoration, which forbade the importing of any foreign goods into +England except in English vessels, and which was, as the Scots justly +complained, the ruin of their rising commerce. + +=65. Literature and Art.=--Between the union of the Crowns and the +union of the Parliaments there was but little advance in literature +or art. This was in great part owing to the fact that, just when +all other nations had taken to writing in their own tongues in +place of _Latin_, the Scottish Court migrated to London. There the +_Northumbrian English_, which was the common speech of the _Lowlands_ +of Scotland, was despised as a provincial dialect, in which no +educated man would write if he wished his writings to be read. During +this period, the talent that was to be found in the country was +enlisted in the religious struggle, which occupied all men's minds, +and it produced many divines eminent for eloquence and learning. The +literature of the times was, like the fighting, the tyranny, and the +persecutions, chiefly of a religious character. There were many men +of learning and talent, renowned either for their writings or from +their eloquence, to be found among the leaders of the different sects. +Among the _Presbyterians_ the most eminent were _John Welch_, the +son-in-law of _Knox_; _Alexander Henderson_; _Guthrie_, the martyr of +the _Remonstrants_, and _George Gillespie_, who, from his gift for +argument, was called the "_Hammer of the Malignants_." The _Episcopal +Church_ could boast of some scholarly divines, such as _John_ and +_Patrick Forbes_, and _Leighton, Archbishop of Glasgow_. Of poets there +were but few; none who could bear comparison with those of an earlier +time. _Drummond_ of _Hawthornden_ is chief among them, but his genius +is obscured by an imitation of the dialect and style then prevalent +in England. Many of the beautiful ballads and songs of which Scotland +may justly be proud, must have been composed about this time, but the +authors are unknown. Unknown also, or forgotten, are the musicians to +whom Scotland owes the wild, sweet strains to which those songs were +sung, those pathetic melodies which make the national music so peculiar +and characteristic in its exquisite beauty. The oldest collection of +these airs is in a manuscript which seems to date from the sixteenth +century. To _George Jameson_, the earliest Scottish painter of note, +we owe the life-like portraits of the heroes of these times. He was +born at Aberdeen and in 1620 he settled in his native town as a +portrait-painter. But the spirit of the Covenant was opposed to art. +Though it inspired to heroic deeds, there were no songs made about +them. Architecture fared even worse than poetry, for while churches, +the work of former ages, were pulled down, any new ones that were put +up were as ugly and tasteless as it was possible to make them. _Napier +of Merchiston_, a zealous reformer, the writer of an _Explanation of +the Apocalypse_, is known in the world of science as the inventor of +_Logarithms_, a clever and easy way of shortening difficult numerical +calculations. + +=66. Summary.=--The union of the crowns of England and Scotland put a +stop to the constant skirmishing on the Border and to the devastating +inroads which had for centuries embittered the two countries against +one another. It might therefore have been expected that Scotland, +during the century which passed between the union of the Crowns and +the union of the Parliaments, would have made great social advances. +This was prevented by the ceaseless party strife which disgraced the +century, and made this period one of the most disastrous and oppressive +to the people in the whole history of the nation. James the Sixth had +found the strict discipline and constant interference of the ministers +so irksome, and the turbulent independence of his nobles so little +to his mind, that he was delighted to escape from both to the richer +kingdom to which his good fortune called him. The severe training +of his childhood had made him hate the Presbyterian polity with all +his heart. As soon as he had the power, he changed the government of +the Church, and introduced various observances which were hateful to +the people. His son Charles went a step further, and by his attempt +to substitute an English for a Scottish Liturgy, drove the people to +revolt. The war thus begun, by an effort to force on the hereditary +kingdom of his race the customs of the larger kingdom which his father +had acquired, ended in his losing both. Scotland enjoyed a short gleam +of prosperity from the conquest of Cromwell till his death. Under the +next Stewart, Charles the Second, the King to whom she had always been +loyal, the government was entrusted to a council, which exercised a +cold-blooded tyranny against which the people had no redress. This +reign of terror only rooted their religious prejudices the more firmly +in their minds. When the tyrant James was deposed, the reaction of +popular feeling fell heavily on the clergy of the Established Church, +who individually were no way accountable for the crimes which had +been committed under the mask of zeal for Episcopacy. Under William +the Presbyterian polity was re-established, and the Episcopal clergy +had in their turn to suffer many hardships from severe laws and the +intolerance of party feeling, though nothing to compare with the bloody +persecution under the form of law which had disgraced the reigns of +Charles and James. + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +AFTER THE UNION. + + _Discontent with the Union_ (1)--_change of dynasty_ + (2)--_Jacobite rising_ (3)--_measures of the Government_ + (4)--_rising in the North of England_ (5)--_battle of + Sheriffmuir_ (6)--_arrival of James_ (7)--_trials and + penalties_ (8)--_malt-tax riots_ (9)--_Porteous riots_ + (10)--_the Forty-five_ (11)--_taking of Edinburgh_ + (12)--_battle of Preston-pans_ (13)--_battle of Falkirk_ + (14)--_battle of Culloden_ (15)--_Charles's wanderings_ + (16)--_penalties after the Forty-five_ (17)--_abolition of + slavery_ (18)--_attacks on the Romanists_ (19)--_trials + for sedition_ (20)--_Reform Bill_ (21)--_religious + sects_ (22)--_the Disruption_ (23)--_social progress_ + (24)--_literature and art_ (25)--_summary_ (26). + +=1. Discontent with the Union.=--Though the _Union_ was such a good +thing for Scotland, the people were a long time in finding this out. +The old national jealousy was roused; they thought that their dearly +loved independence was being sacrificed. There were riots in different +places; and though the people were quieted by the assurance that +the insignia of loyalty, the regalia or crown jewels, should not be +carried out of the kingdom, for long afterwards the Union was very +unpopular, and had to bear the blame of everything that went wrong. +There was still too a large party, chiefly in the Highlands, attached +to _James Stewart_, known as the _Chevalier de St. George_ or the +_Old Pretender_, as the Whigs called him. _Jacobitism_, which was in +England a mere empty word used to express any sort of discontent with +the existing state of things, meant something more in Scotland. There +it was the traditionary feeling of loyalty and love towards the ancient +line of kings; and for _James_, their representative, there were many +who were ready to venture their lands, or their life if need were. As +long as _Anne_ lived there was no excuse for an outbreak, for she too +was a _Stewart_, and it was hoped that her brother might succeed her. + +=2. Change of Dynasty.=--When _Anne_ died, the son of _Sophia_, +_George, Elector of Hanover_, succeeded without opposition, according +to the _Act of Settlement_. Before long, he and his _German_ favourites +became very unpopular. This gave the _Jacobites_ hopes that, if they +raised the standard for _James_, all the discontented in both kingdoms +would join them in an attempt to restore him to the throne of his +fathers. + +=3. Jacobite Rising.=--To give to such an attempt the least chance of +success, three conditions were necessary. Firstly, that the rising +should take place at the same time in both kingdoms; secondly, that it +should be helped by _France_; and thirdly, that the prince for whom +it was made should come among his people, and lead them in person. +All three were wanting in this unfortunate rebellion. _James_ made no +personal effort to get the crown on the death of his sister, though +six weeks passed before _George_ came over from _Hanover_. During this +interval James issued a manifesto from _Plombières_, August 29, 1714. +In this manifesto he asserted his right to the crown, and explained +that he had remained quiet while his sister lived, because he had no +doubt of her good intentions towards him. A year, however, was allowed +to pass before any active steps were taken. Just when the plans for +the rising were all made, _Louis XIV._ of France, who was the best +friend the _Chevalier_ had, died, and was succeeded by the next heir, +his great-grandson, an infant. The _Duke of Orleans_, who became +_Regent_, was disposed to be friendly to the Government of England; +indeed his regency was one of the few times when there was any real +friendliness between the two countries. By his order some ships lying +at Havre, which had been fitted out for _James_, were unloaded, and +the arms stored in the royal magazines. These ships were intended for +the succour of the rebels in _Scotland_, where the standard was raised +for _James_ by John Erskine, Earl of Mar, at the junction of the Clung +and the Dee, September 6, 1715. Mar had begun life as a Whig, but had +changed sides so often that he was nicknamed _"Bobbing John_." He had +addressed a loyal letter to _King George_ on his accession, but as, +by the change of ministry, he lost his office of _Secretary of State_ +for _Scotland_ and saw no hope of getting it back again, he became an +ardent _Jacobite_, and the leader of the party in Scotland. The very +day before he set off to raise the _Highlands_ for _James_ he attended +a levee of the _King_. Before his coming north he sent letters to the +principal _Jacobites_, inviting them to a hunting-match. This meeting +was attended by the _Marquesses of Huntly_ and _Tullibardine_, the +eldest sons of the _Dukes of Gordon_ and _Athole_, by the _Earl of +Southesk_, by _Glengarry_, the chief of the _MacDonalds_, and many +others. They all swore to be true to one another, and to _Mar_, as +James's general, and then returned to their several districts to +raise their followers. Only sixty men gathered at the raising of the +standard, but before the end of the month the northern clans had risen. +James was proclaimed at _Aberdeen_, _Brechin_, and _Dundee_, and nearly +all the country north of the Tay was soon in the hands of the rebels. +They laid a plan for seizing _Edinburgh Castle_, but this was found out +and defeated. + +=4. Measures of the Government.=--There were at this time not more than +between eight and nine thousand troops in the whole island. Of these +not more than fifteen hundred were in Scotland; and no more were sent +there, for an expected rising in the south-western counties of England +was then thought much more dangerous than the rising in the North. In +_Scotland_ the chief command was given to the _Duke of Argyle_, whose +family were deadly enemies of the _Stewarts_, and whose almost princely +power over a large tract of country made him the most likely person to +counteract their influence. The _Earl of Sutherland_, who was also a +friend of the Government, was sent to raise his followers in the North. +The _Habeas Corpus Act_ was suspended by Act of Parliament, a reward of +100,000_l._ was offered for seizing the Pretender, dead or alive, and +the King was empowered to seize all suspected persons. A great number +of suspected persons were summoned to Edinburgh to give security for +their good conduct, but none of them came; indeed some were by this +summons induced to take arms for James. Several noted Jacobites were +put in ward in Edinburgh Castle. + +=5. Rising in the North of England.=--The active measures taken by the +Government had put down the intended rising in the _West_ of England, +but in the _North_ they had only hurried it on. An order was sent +down for the arrest of _Mr. Forster_, member for Northumberland, and +_James Radcliffe, Earl of Derwentwater_. On hearing this, Forster and +Derwentwater took up arms at once, and soon mustered three hundred +horse. About the same time _Lord Kenmure_ proclaimed James at _Moffat_, +and was joined by the Earls of _Nithsdale_, _Wintoun_, and _Carnwath_, +and several other persons of note. He joined his force, about two +hundred horsemen, with that of Forster, and they marched to Kelso, to +wait there for the arrival of _Brigadier MacIntosh_, who was marching +southward with a detachment of about fourteen hundred men, from Mar's +army, which he brought over the _Firth of Forth_ in safety, in the face +of three English men-of-war. The combined force, about two thousand +strong, marched along the _Border_. After much debate and hesitation, +their leaders at last decided to enter Lancashire, where they expected +the Roman Catholic gentry to rise and join them. The _posse comitatus_, +or general muster, which had been raised by the _Bishop of Carlisle_ +and _Lord Lonsdale_, fled before them at _Penrith_, leaving a number +of horses in their hands. After this success the rebels marched +on, proclaiming _James_ as they went, and levying money. On the +9th November they reached _Preston_, where they were joined by an +ill-armed, undisciplined rabble of recruits. But on the appearance of +the King's troops Forster made no effort to defend the town. He was +seized with a panic, and surrendered with his followers, to the number +of fourteen hundred, November 12. + +=6. Battle of Sheriffmuir.=--Meanwhile Mar was managing the affairs +of James almost as badly in Scotland. He entered _Perth_ September 28 +with a force of 5,000. On the 2nd of October a detachment of eighty +horse captured a vessel with 300 stand of arms, which were intended +for the _Earl of Sutherland_ in the North. The vessel had been driven +by stress of weather to seek shelter at Burntisland, on the coast of +Fife. Instead of pushing on while his followers were inspirited by +this success, _Mar_ stayed at _Perth_ doing nothing. The _Duke of +Argyle_, who was sent to oppose him, arrived in Scotland and marched +to Stirling in the middle of September. He had then only 1500 men at +his command, but before Mar made any attempt to engage him his army had +been more than doubled by reinforcements from Ireland. It was not till +November 10 that Mar left Perth. He marched south as far as Ardoch. +Argyle brought his troops forward to Dunblane. On Sunday the 13th, the +two armies advanced to meet each other, and a battle was fought at +_Sheriffmuir_, a moor on the slope of a spur of the Ochils. The result +was doubtful. Each army defeated and put to flight the left wing of the +other and then drew off the field, the rebels to _Ardoch_, _Argyle_ +to _Dunblane_, and both lost about the same number of men. Each side +claimed the victory, but _Argyle_ took possession of the field the next +day. After the battle _Argyle_ went back to _Stirling_ and _Mar_ to +_Perth_. There the clans began to desert him, going home as usual with +their plunder, while _Argyle's_ force was increased by six thousand +_Dutch_ troops. + +=7. Arrival of James.=--James at last made his appearance, but not +till his followers had been taken prisoners in the one country and had +lost their spirit in the other. He landed at _Peterhead_, December +22, attended by only six persons. He was met by _Mar_, and went on to +_Scone_, whence he issued six proclamations, and fixed his coronation +for January 23. The news of his landing had somewhat revived the spirit +of his followers, but, when they met, both parties were disappointed; +James with their scanty numbers, and they with his heaviness and +stupidity. Soon after, a vessel coming from France with gold for the +rebels was stranded and the money lost. At last _Argyle_ began to +advance against _James_, who retreated from _Perth_, greatly to the +disgust of the clans. From _Perth_ they went to _Dundee_, and from +thence to _Montrose_. Twelve hours after they had left Perth Argyle +entered it, but he was so slack in his pursuit of the rebels as to +give rise to suspicions of his own loyalty. A few days later, February +4, James set sail secretly for _France_ with _Mar_ and several other +nobles. He left a letter for _Argyle_, and all the money he had with +him for the benefit of the poor people in the villages round Perth, +which had been burnt by his order. His men, grieved and disappointed +to find that their leader had deserted them, went back to their native +glens. Most of the officers escaped to the _Orkneys_, and from thence +to the _Continent_. + +=8. Trials and Penalties.=--Few prisoners had been made in Scotland. +Of those taken at _Preston_, the half-pay officers were at once +shot as deserters, the common soldiers were imprisoned in _Chester_ +and _Liverpool_, while their leaders were taken up to London, which +they entered with their hands tied behind them and their horses led. +Six nobles, the _Earls of Nithsdale_, _Wintoun_, and _Carnwath_, +_Viscount Kenmure_, and the _Lords Widdrington_ and _Nairn_, were +arraigned before the House of Lords on a charge of treason. All except +Wintoun pleaded guilty, and threw themselves on the _King's_ grace; +but they were all condemned to death. This sentence was executed +on _Derwentwater_ only. _Kenmure_ and _Nairn_ and _Carnwath_ were +reprieved, while _Nithsdale_ escaped by the help of his wife the night +before the day on which he was condemned to die; and _Wintoun_, though +found guilty on his trial, escaped also. _Forster_, _MacIntosh_, and +several others, had the same good fortune. Of those lower in rank, +twenty-two were hanged in _Lancashire_ and four in _London_. An _Act of +Grace_, passed in 1717, released _Carnwath_, _Widdrington_, _Nairn_, +and all others who were still in prison; but it did not restore the +estates which they had forfeited by their treason. The following year +another Jacobite conspiracy was got up. In this both Spain and Sweden +were concerned; Spain promised to help with money, while _Charles +the Twelfth of Sweden_ was to invade _Scotland_ with twelve thousand +soldiers. It was discovered, and prevented by the arrest of the persons +suspected of sharing in it. + +=9. Malt-tax Riots.=--In 1713 it was proposed to extend the malt-tax +which was paid in England, to Scotland. But this measure met with +such strong opposition on the part of the Scotch members as almost to +threaten a dissolution of the Union. At length, in 1724, a duty of +threepence on every barrel of ale was laid on instead of the malt-tax. +But though this time the members agreed to the new tax, the people +would not, and a serious riot broke out at _Glasgow_. Two companies +of foot were sent from _Edinburgh_ to put down the tumult, under the +command of _Captain Bushell_, who ordered his men to fire, whereby +nine persons were killed and many more wounded. This only made the +rioters more furious. _Bushell_ narrowly escaped being torn in pieces +by the mob, and had to seek refuge in _Dunbarton Castle_. The tumult +was not put down till _General Wade_ brought up a force large enough to +overawe the mob, and sent the magistrates prisoners to Edinburgh. There +they were tried and acquitted. To avoid paying the tax, the brewers +of Edinburgh made a compact to brew no more beer if the duty were not +taken off. In consequence of these disorders the office of _Secretary +of State_ for Scotland was done away with, because the _Duke of +Roxburgh_, who held it, was suspected of encouraging the discontent. At +length the _Earl of Islay_ was sent down to Edinburgh, and succeeded in +restoring quietness. _Bushell_ was tried for murder and found guilty, +but was afterwards pardoned and promoted. + +=10. Porteous Riots: 1736.=--Twelve years later the peace was again +broken by a tumult at Edinburgh. One _Wilson_, a smuggler, lying +under sentence of death for having taken part in a fray in which a +Custom-house officer was killed, had won the sympathy of the people by +the clever way in which he had managed the escape of a fellow-prisoner. +When he was hanged at the Grass Market, the mob pelted the guard with +stones. On this _Porteous_, _Captain_ of the _City Guard_, ordered his +men to fire, and several innocent persons in the crowd were killed and +wounded. _Porteous_ was tried, and condemned to death as a murderer, +but a reprieve was sent down from London. Then the people, remembering +the case of _Bushell_, determined to take the law into their own hands. +On the evening before the day which had been fixed for the execution of +the sentence, while Porteous was feasting with his friends to celebrate +his escape from danger, they gathered in great numbers. To ensure +against surprise they disarmed the city guard, took their weapons, +and themselves guarded the gates, so as to prevent any tidings being +carried to the regiment quartered in the suburbs. They then marched to +the Tolbooth, formerly the Parliament-house, but now used as a prison. +The door was so strong that it defied all their efforts to burst it +open. They set fire to it, upon which the jailer threw out the keys. +Leaving the doors open to let the other prisoners escape, they then +went straight to Porteous' cell, dragged him out of the chimney where +he was hiding, and carried him to the Grass Market, the place of public +execution. There they hanged him to a dyer's pole, with a rope which +they had taken from a dealer's stall on the way, and in payment for +which they had left a guinea. They then dispersed, without noise or +further violence. The ringleaders were never discovered, though all +ministers of parishes were required to read from their pulpits once a +month for a year a proclamation calling on their congregations to give +them up. The Government brought in a Bill for disgracing the city by +the loss of the charter and the razing of the gates. But this measure +was not carried, and the only penalties inflicted were that _Wilson_, +the Provost, was declared incapable of holding office in future, and +that the city was fined 2,000_l._ for the benefit of Porteous' widow. + +=11. The "Forty-five."=--In 1719 there was a small attempt made to +get up another Jacobite rising. This attempt was favoured by Spain, +which, just at this time, under the guidance of _Cardinal Alberoni_, +minister of _Philip the Fifth_, once more began to take an active +part in European affairs. England had joined the _Quadruple Alliance_ +against Spain, which was therefore ready to help in an attempt to +overthrow the English Government. The _Marquess of Tullibardine_ landed +on the _Lewis_ with a body of three hundred Spanish soldiers. But +the stores and arms which were to have been sent to him were lost on +the way, and, though about two thousand _Highlanders_ mustered, they +were defeated at _Glenshiels_ by the regular troops. The Highlanders +fled to the hills, while the _Spaniards_ surrendered, and thus the +attempt came to nothing. But the clans were still unsubdued, and were +ready to break out again at any time. _General Wade_, who had been +commander-in-chief since the 1715, made excellent roads in many places +where there had been none before, and an Act was passed for disarming +the _Highlanders_. But this did more harm than good. The clans that +were faithful to the Government gave up their arms; but this only +made them unable to resist the rebels, who kept theirs hidden and +ready for use when occasion should come. England was now engaged in a +continental war; most of the troops were out of the kingdom, and the +time seemed favourable for another effort. France too promised help. +Early in 1744 an army of 1,500 men under the command of Marshal Saxe, +one of the most skilful generals in the French service, was collected +at _Dunkirk_, and embarked in French transports for the invasion of +England. But the fleet was dispersed by a storm, and the French were +unwilling to give any further help. The next year _Charles Edward_, son +of the _Old Pretender_, called the _Young Chevalier,_ who was to have +led this expedition, determined to make a venture on his own account. +Without money, without arms, with only seven followers, he landed at +_Moidart_, on the west coast of _Inverness_, and called on the Jacobite +clans to muster and follow him: July 25, 1745. In vain their chiefs, +headed by _Cameron of Lochiel_, pointed out to him the rash folly of +such an enterprise, he persisted, and they, letting loyalty get the +better of common sense, took up the cause and summoned their clansmen. +The standard of James was raised at _Glenfillan_, August 19, and the +commission, naming Charles _Regent_ in his stead, was read to about a +hundred motley but enthusiastic followers. Already a small band of them +had had a foretaste of victory. On their way to the muster they had +compelled two companies of regular troops, which they had intercepted +on their way to relieve the garrison of _Fort William_, to lay down +their arms. This was followed by a series of successes as unlooked for +as they were extraordinary. _Sir John Cope_ was sent to oppose the +rebels with all the troops that the Government could raise. But he +mismanaged matters, and, instead of bringing the enemy to a battle, +he let the Highland army, which was gathering like a snowball on its +way, pass him. While he went northward, it came down unopposed upon +the Lowlands, entered _Perth_, and advanced towards _Edinburgh_, where +James was proclaimed. + +=12. Taking of Edinburgh.=--The citizens were in the greatest alarm +when they heard that the _Highlanders_ had crossed the _Forth_. A +small band of volunteers and a regiment of dragoons under _Colonel +Gardiner_ marched out to meet the rebels as far as _Colt Bridge_. But +when the first shots were fired by a small reconnoitring party from +the Highlanders, they turned and galloped back to _Edinburgh_. This +shameful flight was called the _Canter of Coltbrigg_. Charles summoned +the city to surrender; the perplexed magistrates, not knowing what +to do, tried to win time by sending repeated messages to Charles. +But early the following morning a body of five hundred _Camerons_ +under _Lochiel_ surprised and entered one of the city gates. They +then secured the watchmen, opened the other gates, and thus the city +was in the hands of the rebels. At noon of the same day the heralds +and pursuivants were obliged to proclaim _James_ at the _Cross_ as +_King James the Eighth_, and to read his _Royal Declaration_ and +the _Commission of Regency_. Charles entered the city the same day, +_September 17_, and took up his quarters in the Palace of Holyrood. +That night all the Jacobites in the city gathered at a ball to +celebrate his arrival. + +=13. Battle of Preston-pans.=--Meanwhile _Cope_ had brought back his +troops by sea and landed them at _Dunbar_. _Charles_ marched out +from _Edinburgh_ to meet him. At a village near _Preston-pans_, so +called from the pans used there for crystallizing the sea-salt, the +_Highlanders_ defeated the regular troops, and came back triumphant +to _Edinburgh_ with the money and the cannon which they had taken, +September 20. In this battle Colonel Gardiner was killed close to his +own park wall. _Charles_ lingered at Edinburgh, holding his court at +_Holyrood_, till November 1, when he began his march towards England, +at the head of an army of five to six thousand men. _Carlisle_ +surrendered to Charles, who left a garrison to defend the castle, +and marched on unresisted through Preston and Manchester, as far as +_Derby_, which he reached on December 4. _Charles_ was now two days' +march nearer London than the army under _William Augustus, Duke of +Cumberland_, son of _George the Second_, which had been sent to oppose +him. A panic prevailed in London, where the citizens expected hourly to +see the wild Highlanders enter and spoil the city. Their fears were, +however, unfounded. Jealousies and discord were rife among the rebel +chiefs. At Derby Charles held a council of war. Some of his officers +advised one thing, some another. But as they would not agree to +march on to London without delay, Charles, sorely against his will, +was obliged to give the order for retreat, and to lead his dispirited +followers back again as quickly as they had come. Cumberland followed +close on their rear. At _Clifton Moor_, near _Penrith_, there was a +slight skirmish, in which the rebels had the advantage. But they did +not wait to risk a battle there, but hurried north, passing on their +way through _Dumfries_ and _Glasgow_, where they levied contributions. + +=14. Battle of Falkirk.=--When Charles reached _Stirling_, his army +was joined by reinforcements which raised its number to eight or nine +thousand. He prepared to lay siege to the Castle. _General Hawley_ +was seat from Edinburgh with a nearly equal force to relieve it. The +two armies met on _Falkirk Moor_, January 17, 1746. Hawley was as +totally and shamefully beaten as _Cope_ had been at Preston. Instead of +following up his advantage by pursuing and destroying the royal army, +Charles remained inactive in the field, and allowed his followers to +plunder the bodies of the slain. The next day he went on with the siege +of Stirling. The _Duke of Cumberland_ was now sent north, with full +power to put down the rebellion as he pleased. He reached _Edinburgh_ +January 30, and the very next day set out at the head of an army in +quest of the rebels. Charles raised the siege of Stirling, and hurried +north. He entered _Inverness_, and took _Forts George_ and _Augustus_, +where he found supplies of food, guns, and powder, of which his army +stood in great need. + +=15. Battle of Culloden.=--Meanwhile the King's troops were closing +round the rebels, who, cooped up in the barren mountains, were reduced +to the greatest straits. All supplies sent from France were cut off +before they reached them, and for several days they had no food but a +little raw oatmeal. It was plain that the battle that was unavoidable +must be a defeat. _Culloden Moor_ was the scene of this the last +battle fought on British ground. The rebels, who were nearly starving, +and who had been worn out by a long march and an attempted night-attack +that had altogether failed, soon gave way, and were easily routed by +the Duke's well-disciplined and nearly twice as numerous army: April +16, 1746. The _French_ auxiliaries fled towards _Inverness_, where +they laid down their arms. The rebels lost one thousand men, a fifth +of their whole number; the victors only three hundred and ten. About +twelve hundred of the fugitives rallied at Ruthven; but Charles begged +them to disperse, and every man sought his own safety as he best might. +The after measures of the victors were disgraceful to all concerned. No +quarter was given; the wounded were slaughtered in cold blood, or burnt +in the houses to which they had crawled for shelter. For three months +martial law prevailed; the country was wasted, the houses burnt, the +cattle lifted, the people left to perish. It was not till July that the +Duke, who in Scotland was called _the Butcher_, went back to London, +where he was hailed as the deliverer of his country, and rewarded with +a pension of 25,000_l._ a year. + +=16. Charles's Wanderings.=--Charles, whose foolhardy ambition had +brought all this misery on his simple followers, passed five months +in perilous wanderings. A great price was set on his head; but, poor +as the Highlanders were, not one of them would stoop to win it by +betraying him. At one time, when he was tracked by the soldiers, he +was saved by a young lady called _Flora MacDonald_, who got a passport +for him under the name of _Betty Burke_, her maid. In this disguise he +escaped to _Skye_. After this he came back to the mainland, and lived +for some time with seven robbers in a cave. They kept him hidden and +supplied his wants as well as they could, and used to go in disguise to +the nearest town to pick up what news they could. One day, as a great +dainty, they brought him back a pennyworth of gingerbread. When he left +them Charles joined two of his adherents, _MacPherson_ of _Cluny_ and +_Lochiel_, and he and they stayed in a strange hiding-place called the +_Cage_ on the side of _Ben-alder_, till two French vessels appeared on +the coast. In one of these he embarked, September 20, at _Lochnannagh_, +the same place where, fourteen months before, he had landed. Thus +Charles escaped to the Continent, but his memory was long cherished +in the country that had suffered so much for him. He was compelled +to leave France after the _Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle_, and ended an +unsettled, discontented, dissipated life at Rome in 1788. His brother +_Henry_, called the _Cardinal of York_, the last of the Stewart line, +survived him nearly twenty years. + +=17. Penalties after the "Forty-five."=--There was much greater +severity shown after this rebellion than there had been after that in +1715. The Scottish prisoners were brought for trial to England for fear +that they might meet with too much partiality in their own country. +_John Murray_, of _Broughton_, who had been Charles's secretary, turned +informer. Through him the secrets of this conspiracy which had been +going on ever since 1740 were brought to light. _Charles Radcliffe_, +brother to the _Earl of Derwentwater_, who had been beheaded in 1716, +who had then escaped from prison, was retaken on board a French vessel +carrying supplies to the rebels, and was put to death on his former +sentence. The _Earls of Cromarty_ and _Kilmarnock_ and _Lord Balmerino_ +were brought up for trial before the House of Lords. _Cromarty_ and +_Kilmarnock_ pleaded guilty; _Balmerino_ tried to save himself by a +quibble about a flaw in the indictment, but this was overruled, and +they were all three condemned to death. _Cromarty_ was pardoned, but +_Kilmarnock_ and _Balmerino_ were beheaded. Nearly a year after, _Simon +Fraser, Lord Lovat_, was brought up for trial; he was found guilty, +chiefly on the evidence of _Murray_, was condemned, and beheaded. He +had acted a double part throughout, for, though he had taken part in +all the plans of the rebels, he had taken care not to join them in +person. Of those lower in rank about eighty were condemned to death, +and great numbers were sent to the plantations. The last sufferer for +the Jacobite cause was _Dr. Cameron_, brother of _Lochiel_. He escaped +after 1745, but when he returned to England in 1753 he was seized and +suffered death as a traitor, though he protested that he had never +borne arms against the King, and had been with the rebel force only as +a surgeon and not as a soldier. An _Act of Indemnity_ was at length +passed, in 1747, from which, however, eighty persons were excepted. +Though the end of this unjustifiable and unfortunate rebellion was +what every one must have foreseen, its temporary and unlooked-for +success showed how necessary it was to take strong measures for +breaking up the old Highland system. A Bill was passed for disarming +the clans, and to forbid the wearing of the Highland dress, and at the +same time heritable jurisdictions were done away with. The Episcopal +Church, whose attachment to the Stewarts was well known, suffered +severely. The Episcopal churches were destroyed, and the ministrations +of the Episcopal clergy forbidden. _Duncan Forbes_, of _Culloden_, +the President of the Court of Session, though a firm friend of the +Government, distinguished himself throughout the rebellion by his +efforts in the cause of humanity and justice. Before it broke out, he +had done more than any other man to keep the rising down, and, after it +had been crushed, he did all in his power to lessen the sufferings of +the rebels and the severity of the Government. To the discredit of the +ministry and of the country, his services were left unrewarded. + +=18. Abolition of Slavery.=--In 1756 the lawfulness of negro slavery +was first questioned in Scotland, and twenty years later it was +settled that negro slavery should exist no longer. There were still, +however, some natives of the soil who were in a state very little +better. The _colliers_ and _salters_ were sold like serfs with the +works in which they toiled. This shameful servitude was not the remains +of ancient villanage, but had simply arisen out of custom. So strong, +however, had the force of custom made it, that Parliament did not +venture at once to sweep it away. It was settled that all the colliers +and salters born after a certain date should be free, and those then +at work after a certain term of service. In 1799 their freedom was +established by law. + +=19. Attacks on the Romanists.=--When the penal laws against the +_Roman Catholics_ in _England_ were repealed in 1778, _Henry Dundas_, +the _Lord Advocate_, proposed a similar measure for Scotland. On the +strength of this, riots broke out in _Edinburgh_ and _Glasgow_. In +_Edinburgh_ the mob destroyed the Roman Catholic chapels and the houses +of several persons who were suspected of being Romanists. In _Glasgow_ +they destroyed a factory belonging to a Romanist. So great was the +excitement raised throughout the country by the fanatics, who bound +themselves together in _Protestant Associations_, and the property and +persons of the Roman Catholics were treated with such violence, that +they themselves petitioned that the Bill might be dropped. It was not +till 1793 that a Bill was brought in and passed without opposition to +relieve the Roman Catholics in Scotland from the penalties to which +they were liable on account of their religious opinions. + +=20. Trials for Sedition.=--The excesses of the _French Revolution_ +led to a reaction of feeling in Great Britain against all liberal +opinions, as being likely to bring about a similar revolution in this +country. This led to much injustice and oppression. Persons were +charged with stirring up sedition on the slightest grounds, or on no +grounds at all; were found guilty, and punished on the most scanty +evidence. In Scotland the panic was even greater than in England, and +the proceedings of justice more unjust. In 1793 _Thomas Muir_, an +advocate, and _Fyshe Palmer_, a clergyman, were tried, and sentenced to +transportation, the one for fourteen years, the other for seven, for +no other crime than that of discussing _Parliamentary Reform_. Others +suffered a like fate; and though these cases were brought before the +House of Commons, and though the sympathy of the people was with them, +they met with no redress. _Braxfield_, the _Lord Justice Clerk_, gained +an infamous notoriety by his violent language towards the prisoners, +and by the illegal sentences which he passed against them. + +=21. Reform Bill.=--It was not till nearly forty years had passed, +that the reforms, for suggesting which these men had suffered, and +the need of which had long been felt, were at last carried out by the +passing of the _Reform Bill_ in 1832. By it the entire representation +was remodelled. Up to this time the County franchise had depended not +on the possession of land, but on the right of superiority over land +which might be held by others. This right could be bought and sold, +and was quite independent of property or residence in the county, so +that in most cases there were but a handful of electors, in one county +only one, to return the member. The franchise was now extended to all +persons having property in the county to the value of 10_l._ yearly, +and to certain classes of leaseholders. The case of the _Burghs_ was +even worse. Only the royal burghs were represented at all, and these +were grouped together and returned one member only for each group. This +member was elected by delegates chosen from the _Town Council_ of each +burgh, so that the election was really and truly in the hands of the +_Corporations_. By the new Bill, _Edinburgh_ and _Glasgow_ were each +to send two members to Parliament, the five towns next in importance +were each to send one, while some changes were made in the grouping +of the smaller burghs. The members for the burghs were to be elected +by householders in the burghs paying 10_l._ yearly rent. The number of +members was increased from forty-five to fifty-three. + +=22. Religious Sects.=--When the Presbyterian polity was re-established +by law in 1690 the _Episcopalians_ took in some degree the place which +had been held by the _Covenanters_. As they would not acknowledge +_William_ and _Mary_ as lawful sovereigns, they were looked on as a +dangerous and obstinate sect of dissenters, just as the _Cameronians_ +had been considered in the reign of James. They had been turned out of +the churches, but they were forbidden to have private meeting-houses. +In _Queen Anne's_ reign an Act of Toleration was passed to protect such +of them as would use the _English Liturgy_ and pray for the Queen in +the course of the service. After the Rebellion of 1715 new laws were +passed against them; the validity of orders from Scottish bishops was +called in question, and the ministration of all clergymen who were +not licensed was forbidden. After the Rebellion of 1745 they fared +still worse; many of their meeting-houses were burned or dismantled +by Cumberland's soldiers. An Act was passed forbidding any clergyman +to read the service to more than five persons at once, and no letters +of orders were considered valid unless given by some _Irish_ or +_English_ bishop. In 1755 a clergyman named _Connacher_ was accused +of illegally celebrating marriages, and, by an Act passed against the +Covenanters in the reign of Charles the Second, he was banished, and +forbidden to return on pain of death. Hence it came to pass that, +just after the two kingdoms were politically united, they were more +widely severed in religious opinion than they had ever been before, so +that a conscientious member of the Church established by law in the +one kingdom would have been looked on as a dangerous dissenter in +the other. It was not till 1792 that an Act was passed relieving the +Episcopalians from the penal laws in force against them. In 1784 _Dr. +Samuel Seabury_, from _Connecticut_, was consecrated by three Scottish +bishops, _Petrie_, _Skinner_, and _Kilgour_ the primus, at _Aberdeen_, +so that the Episcopal Church of America is an offshoot from the once +proscribed and persecuted Episcopal Church in Scotland. Besides the +Episcopalians there were many sects of Presbyterians who seceded from +the Establishment chiefly on the question of patronage. At last, in +1843, the Church of Scotland split into two parties. This is called +the _Disruption_. About ten years before this time _Edward Irving_, +Minister of the Scotch Church in London, a very eloquent preacher, was +forced to secede from the Presbyterian Church for holding extravagant +views with regard to the power of speaking in unknown tongues and +working miracles. His followers founded a new sect, which has since won +many adherents in both kingdoms. In its rites and ceremonies it now +resembles much more nearly the Roman than the Presbyterian Church. + +=23. The Disruption.=--This division was brought about by a dispute +about the right of patrons to force ministers on parishes, whether the +congregations objected to them or not. The spirit of the _Presbyterian +Church_ had always been opposed to patronage. By the _First Book of +Discipline_ it had been laid down that the people should elect their +own ministers; by the _Second Book of Discipline_, that they should +at least have the right of objecting to any chosen for them by the +heritors or landowners in the parish. After the _Revolution_, an Act +of 1690 confirmed them in this privilege, but after the _Union_ in +1712 the _heritors_, eager to regain what they thought their rights, +obtained a repeal of this Act and the restoration of their former +powers. In spite of the protests of the people and of the Church, +this Act gradually became custom as well as law, and led to several +schisms; for those congregations who did not choose to have ministers +forced on them whom they did not approve, broke off, and founded +separate sects. At length, in 1834, the _Non-intrusion_ party, as +those who were opposed to patronage were called, had a majority in +the Assembly, and passed the _Veto Act_. This Act declared it to be +"a fundamental law of the Church that no pastor shall be intruded on +a congregation contrary to the will of the people," and that, if the +heads of families object to any candidate presented by the patron, +the _Presbytery_ shall reject him. In the same year, _Mr. Young_ was +presented to the parish of _Auchterarder_, in Perthshire. Several +persons objected to him, and the _Presbytery_, acting on the _Veto +Act_, rejected him. The patron, _Lord Kinnoul_, appealed to the _Court +of Session_ for the enforcement of his civil rights and obtained a +verdict in his favour; but the _Presbytery_ appealed to the _House of +Lords_. Here too it was given against them, but they still refused +to make trial of _Mr. Young_. In another parish, _Strathbogie_, the +presentee, _Mr. Edwards_, was objected to by the congregation, and +the Presbytery refused to admit him to the parish. He also obtained a +decree in his favour from the _Court of Session_, when the Presbytery +yielded, and for this they were suspended and deposed by the General +Assembly. From this it was clear that the majority in the Assembly +were determined to go all lengths in resisting the civil power. In the +end the Church had to yield, and to recall the illegal _Veto Act_. +Rather than agree to this, in 1843, more than a third of the clergy +left the Church. Their leaders were _Dr. Chalmers_ and _Dr. Candlish_. +Great numbers of the people went "out," as it was called, with their +ministers, and the _Free Church_ which was thus originated has ever +since been the successful rival of the Establishment. + +=24. Social Progress.=--The removal of the Government to London +attracted thither not only all the Scottish nobles, but also all +the wealthy and the ambitious commoners. Thus _Edinburgh_ lost much +of its importance through the _Union_, though it still remained the +intellectual capital, where the members of the Courts of Law and +of the University took the lead in society. Meanwhile _Glasgow_, +the capital of the west, where the manufactures which were first +introduced by _Duncan Forbes_ had taken firm root, gradually rose to +much greater importance in wealth and commerce. During this period two +great elements of civilization, productive industry and intellectual +culture, have done much to improve the _Lowland_ population, among +whom book-learning has always been in advance of material comfort. It +was not till after the _Rebellion_ of 1745 that the spirit of industry +first began to animate the people. But the Highlands remained for some +time in a very bad state. The spirit of the people was broken, and the +severe climate, barren soil, and lack of minerals left them no resource +but the fisheries. The _Highland Society_, founded in 1784, did much to +improve the state of agriculture, by reclaiming the waste districts; +and latterly great numbers of the people have emigrated. At the time +of the Union Scotland was without agriculture, manufactures, or trade; +since then she has risen to excellence in them all, and has produced +some of the most useful inventions of modern times. _James Watt_, who +perfected the invention of the steam-engine, and thus placed a new +power in the hands of man, was born at _Greenock_ in 1736. It was in +Scotland that this power was first put to use for traffic by steam +navigation. A small pleasure-boat, worked by a steam-engine, was tried +on _Dalswinton Loch_ in _Dumfriesshire_ in 1788; another effort was +made on the _Forth_ and _Clyde Canal_ in 1802; but the first steamboat +actually used for traffic was the _Comet_, which began to ply on the +_Clyde_ in 1812. It was projected by _Henry Bell_, a house-carpenter +in _Glasgow_. Many improvements in calico-printing and dyeing, and in +all sorts of machinery, are likewise due to _Scotchmen_. Among others +_Macadam_ is noteworthy for originating that system of road-making +which is now known by his name. + +=25. Literature and Art.=--After the Union, the English dialect of +the Lowlands ceased to be the language of literature and of the +upper ranks in society. Thus the national literature of the country +came to an end, and the works of Scotchmen went to swell the mass of +English Literature. But even in this period Scotland has had, besides +many smaller songsters, two poets peculiarly her own, who have sung +in the dialect still spoken by the people. _Allan Ramsay_, born in +_Clydesdale_ in 1685, began life as a barber's boy in _Edinburgh_; he +then turned poet and bookseller, and besides his own poems, which were +very popular, he collected and published the songs and ballads of the +forgotten bards of earlier days. Nearly a century later lived _Robert +Burns_, the peasant poet, a cotter's son, born in _Ayrshire_ in 1759. +His genius overcame the disadvantages of his humble birth, and inspired +innumerable songs, which place him in the first rank among poets of all +nations, and will win for him an abiding place in the hearts of his +fellow-countrymen as long as a Scottish tongue is left to sing them. +_Adam Smith_, who by his "Wealth of Nations," published in 1776, may +be said to have founded the science of _Political Economy_, was born +at _Kirkaldy_, and was Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University +of Glasgow; and about the same time _Dr. Robertson_, Principal of +the University of Edinburgh, wrote several historical works of great +merit. _David Hume_, the infidel philosopher, was born at Edinburgh in +1711. He is best known as the author of a popular but untrustworthy +History of England. _Tobias Smollett_, the humourist, was a native +of Cardross. Besides several very clever novels, the best of which +are "Humphrey Clinker" and "Roderick Random," he wrote a complete +History of England from the first historical mention of Britain down +to the year 1768. The latter part of this history is now generally +added to the History by Hume, who did not carry his work down to later +times than the Revolution. _Hugh Blair_, a Presbyterian divine, wrote +"Lectures on Belles Lettres" and several volumes of sermons which are +still highly esteemed. _Dugald Stewart_, Professor of Moral Philosophy +in the University of Edinburgh, was distinguished as a scholar and +philosopher. His chief works are the "Philosophy of the Human Mind" +and "Outlines of Moral Philosophy." Among Scottish artists who rose to +eminence during this period are _Allan Ramsay_, the son of the poet, +_Runciman_, _Raeburn_ and _Sir David Wilkie_, born in Fifeshire in +1785. He chiefly excelled in painting scenes from rural life, and was +limner to the King for Scotland. Of poets who wrote in the English +of the south, Scotland can lay claim to _James Thomson_, the author +of "The Seasons," "The Castle of Indolence," and some tragedies; to +_Beattie_, the author of "The Minstrel;" and to _Thomas Campbell_, +born at Glasgow in 1777. His imaginative poem, "The Pleasures of +Hope," laid the foundation of his fame. It is written in a graceful +and highly-finished style, but is far surpassed in originality and +spirit by the ballads which he wrote to commemorate the "Battle of the +Baltic" and the other actions of the French war. _John Galt_ deserves +to be remembered as the author of some clever novels, the best of which +are the "Ayrshire Legatees" and "The Entail." Nearer to our own time +_Walter Scott_, the poet and romancist, gave to English literature +its best works of fiction, and at once introduced and perfected the +modern novel. Among writers of fiction _Miss Ferrier_ must not be +forgotten. In her witty, satirical novels, "Marriage," "Destiny," +"The Inheritance," she has left admirable pictures of Scottish life +and manners. _John Lockhart_, the son-in-law and biographer of +Scott; _John Wilson_, Professor of Moral Philosophy in Edinburgh, +the _Christopher North_ of the "Noctes Ambrosianæ;" his friend and +contemporary _James Hogg_, the poet, better known as the "Ettrick +Shepherd;" the two _Alisons_, father and son, the elder the author +of the "Essay on Taste," the younger of the "History of Europe," may +all be reckoned among Scotchmen who have done honour to their country +by their literary labours. In the world of science Scotland has been +represented by _James Ferguson_, the astronomer, _Hugh Miller_, the +great geologist, who began life as a stonemason; _Sir David Brewster_, +who is famous for his discoveries in optics, and many others. _Mungo +Park_, the _African_ explorer of a past day, and _Dr. Livingstone_, +who in our own time has worked so long in the same field of discovery, +were both also born in Scotland. But now that the two nations have +become so closely united, national jealousy and national pride are both +alike well-nigh forgotten, and Scotchmen are content to throw their +energy and talents at home and in the colonies into the common stock of +British glory. + +=26. Summary.=--The separate History of Scotland, which may be +said to have ceased with the Union, is chiefly remarkable from its +unconnected and fragmentary character. Each of the periods into which +it is naturally divided breaks off abruptly, and exercises little or +no influence on the period which comes after it. The Celtic system +comes to an end with the last of the Gaelic kings. During the English +period English laws and English customs are introduced, but this +English influence is suddenly checked by the War of Independence, and +the period which begins with the independent kingdom is no more the +natural result of the second than the second is of the first. During +the third period the Roman Law is introduced, and France takes the +place of England as the model for imitation. The Scottish system of +representation, which became fixed during this period, had much more +in common with the French National Assembly than with the English +Parliament. The Three Estates, which met in one chamber, were the +Church, the barons, that is the tenants holding direct from the Crown, +and the burghers. The Commons as a class were not represented at all. +It is the Reformation which first brings the Commons into notice. The +feudal character of the legislature and of the national representation +drove the energies of the people into the only channel that was left +open to them--that of religious thought. Hence it came that in Scotland +the great struggle for political freedom was fought out under the +cloak of a contest for liberty of conscience. From the Reformation +to the Union the history of the country is little but the record of +a series of religious wars. The history of Scotland also gives us a +picture of pure and unmixed feudalism. The feudal system which was +introduced under the sons of Malcolm and Margaret took much firmer root +in Scotland than it ever did in England; and, as it was here untouched +by the Common Law and the growth of the constitution which acted as +checks upon it in England, it grew to such an excess of power that +it quite overshadowed the power of the Crown. The practice of making +hereditary jurisdictions, and of granting powers of regality, still +further increased the influence of the feudal nobles. Feudalism existed +in Scotland long after it had been overthrown in England. Its power +was first broken by the Act which was passed in 1748 for abolishing +heritable jurisdictions, and even after that Act it continued to +influence the representation. Feudalism in Scotland was not finally +overthrown till the passing of the first Reform Bill in 1832. Nor was +it till after that reform that the Commons of Scotland were represented +at all in Parliament The rebellions in favour of the Stewarts in 1715 +and 1745, though they were the cause of much useless bloodshed, led to +very happy results as far as the social prosperity of the country was +concerned. The abolition of the heritable jurisdictions did much good, +for it placed agriculturists in a much freer position, while the money +which was paid to the great proprietors as a compensation for their +feudal rights gave a fresh spring to the circulation of the country. At +the time of the Union Scotland was without agriculture, manufactures, +shipping, or commerce. Since then she has risen to excellence in them +all. + + + + + INDEX. + + A. + Abjuration Oath, 151. + Agricola, Julius, invasion of, 4. + Aidan founds Lindisfarne, 9. + Albany, Robert, Duke of, 61; + his regency, 63; + his death, 66. + Alexander I., 20; + defeats the men of Moray, _ib._; + defends the liberty of the Church, 21. + Alexander II., invades England, 29; + his marriage, 30; + his death, 31. + Alexander III., his coronation, 31; + his death, 32. + Ancrum, rout of the English at, 90. + Angus, Archibald, Earl of (Bell the Cat), 78. + Anne, 161; + her death, 168. + Arbroath Abbey founded, 29. + Argyle, Archibald, Earl of, refuses to take the Test, 151; + his rising, _ib._; + is beheaded, 152. + Argyle, Archibald, Marquess of, his government, 138; + crowns Charles II., 141; + is beheaded, 144. + Arkinholm, battle of, 74. + Armstrong, John, his hanging, 87. + Arran, James Hamilton, Earl of, 81; + his power, 83; + his regency, 89. + Arran, Ochiltree, created Earl of, 115. + Auchterarder, case of, 187. + + B. + Baillie, of Jerviswood, his death, 151. + Balliol, Edward, his invasion, 57. + Balliol, John, his claim to the throne, 36; + his coronation, 39; + his alliance with France, _ib._; + his submission to Edward, 41. + Balmerinoch, John Elphinstone, Lord, his imprisonment, 130. + Bannockburn, battle of, 50. + Barbour, John, Archdeacon of Aberdeen, biographer of Bruce, 48. + Barton, Andrew, his death, 81. + Bass Castle holds out for James, 158. + Beaton, Cardinal David, his murder, 92. + Beaton, James, Archbishop of St. Andrews, his conscience, 84. + Beaugé, battle of, 65 + Beck, Anthony, his flight, 42. + Bell, Henry, his steamboat, 188. + Berwick, importance of, 34; + siege of, 40; + treaty of, 100. + Blackadder, Robert, first Archbishop of Glasgow, 82. + Blanks, Spanish, 119. + Boece, Hector, his fabulous history, 94. + Bothwell, Adam, Bishop of Orkney, 106. + Bothwell Bridge, battle of, 150. + Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, 104; + marries Queen Mary, 105; + his flight, 106. + Boyd, Thomas, created Earl of Arran, 76. + Boyds, power of, 76. + Brechin, bell-tower of, 18. + Brigham, treaty of, 36. + Brown, John, story of, 152. + Bruce, grant of Annandale to, 36. + Bruce, Robert, one of the claimants of the crown, 36. + Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick, his coronation, 47; + his reverses, 48; + his victory at Bannockburn, 50; + his comrades, 51; + his parliaments, 55; + his death, 56. + Brunanburh, battle of, 12. + Bunby, tutor of, Laird of, slain by Douglas, 73. + Buchan, Alexander, Earl of, Wolf of Badenoch, 62. + Buchan, Countess of, crowns Bruce, 47; + caged by Edward, _ib._ + Buchan, Herrying of, 49. + Buchan, John Stewart, Earl of, 65. + Buchanan, George, his works, 124. + Burns, Robert, the poet, 189. + + C. + Cambuskenneth, Parliament of, 55. + Cameron, Richard, leader of the Cameronians, 149. + Candlemas, burnt, 59. + Carberry, surrender at, 106. + Carham, battle of, 12. + Casket letters, 107, 109. + Chapman, Walter, sets up first printing press, 83. + Charles Edward Stuart (the Young Pretender), his landing, 176; + his Court at Edinburgh, 177; + his invasion of England, 178; + his perils, 180. + Charles I., his resumption of Benefices, 129; + his visit to Scotland, 130; + his double dealing, 132; + his appeal to the Scots, 137; + his treaty with the Engagers, 138; + his death, 139. + Charles II., proclamation of, 139; + his arrival in Scotland, 140; + his coronation, 141; + his defeat at Worcester, _ib._; + his restoration, 143; + his misgovernment, 144-151; + his death, 151. + Charles XII. of Sweden, his project of invasion, 173. + Claverhouse, James Graham of, beaten at Drumclog, 149; + his revolt, 155; + is beaten at Killiecrankie, 157. + Cnut, invasion of, 13. + Colliers and salters, slavery of, 183. + Cope, Sir John, his flight, 177. + Coltbrigg, canter of, 177. + Columba, comes from Ireland, 6; + founds Iona, 7; + converts Picts, _ib._ + Committee of Articles, its origin, 69. + Common Order, Book of, 114. + Comyn, John, the Red, his murder, 46. + Constantine I., his reign, 10. + Constantine II., commendation of, 11. + Constantine III., reign of, 12. + Conventicles, 146; + laws against, 148. + Court of Session, founding of, 88. + Covenant, first, 98; + renewals of, 119, 132. + Culloden Moor, battle of, 179. + Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (the Butcher), + victor at Culloden, 180. + + D. + Dalriada founded, 6. + Darien scheme, 159. + Darnley, Henry Stewart, Lord, 102; + his murder, 105. + David I., Prince of Strathclyde, 20; + encourages Normans, 22; + invades England, _ib._; + character of, 25. + David II., first anointed King of Scots, 56; + taken prisoner, 58. + Discipline, books of, 101, 118. + Disruption, causes of, 186. + Donald I., King of Scots, 10. + Donald Bane seizes the throne, 17. + Donald, Dhu, last Lord of the Isles, 81. + Douglas, Archibald, Earl of (Tine-man), slain at Verneuil, 66. + Douglas, Earl of, slain at Otterburn, 61. + Douglas, Gavin, Bishop of Dunkeld, 84; + his poems, 95. + Douglas, James of, his larder, 51; + his raids into England, 53; + his death, 56. + Douglas, James, Earl of, defeated at Arkinholm, 74. + Douglas, William, Earl of, beheaded, 72. + Douglas, William, Earl of, his murder, 74. + Drumclog, Conventicle at, 149. + Drummond of Hawthornden, his poems, 165. + Drummond, James, Earl of Perth, 153. + Drunken Parliament, 145. + Dunbar, William, his poems, 95. + Dunbarton, taking of, 111. + Duncan I., death of, 13. + Dunfermline Church founded by Margaret, 17. + Dunkeld, attack on, 157. + Dunnottar, regalia sent to, 142; + Covenanters imprisoned in, 153. + Duplin, battle of, 57. + + E. + Eadgar, reign of, 19. + Eadgar the Ætheling, comes to Scotland, 14; + overthrows Donald Bane, 17. + Eadmer, Bishop of St. Andrews, 21. + Eadmund joins Donald Bane, 17. + Education Act, passing of, 161. + Edward I., holds a Council at Norham, 37; + first conquest of Scotland, 40; + second conquest, 44; + attempts to unite Scotland to England, 45; + his death, 47. + Edward II., his invasion of Scotland, 49; + his defeat and flight, 50. + Edward III., his invasion of Scotland, 59. + Ejection, 145. + Elphinstone, Bishop, founds University at Aberdeen, 83. + + F. + Falaise, convention of, 27. + Falkirk, battle of, 44. + Falkirk Moor, battle of, 179. + Flodden, battle of, 81. + Forbes, Duncan, of Culloden, his philanthropy, 182. + Fordun, John of, writes Scotichronicon, 66. + Forster, Thomas, his rebellion, 170. + Fort William, building of, 158. + "Forty-five," rebellion of, 175. + + G. + Galloway, final subjection of, 28. + George I., 168. + Glasgow, founding of University at, 75. + Glencoe, massacre of, 158. + Glen Fruin, battle at, 127. + Glenfillan, standard of rebellion raised at, 177. + Glenlivat, battle of, 120. + Gordon, rise of the House of, 74. + Gowrie Plot, 120. + Grahame Malise, his conspiracy, 69. + Grange, William Kirkcaldy of, 106; + declares for the Queen, 111; + his death, 114. + Gray, Sir Patrick, wrath of, 73. + Green, Captain, trial of, 162. + Grig seizes the throne, 11. + Gruach, her claims to the throne, 13. + Guthrie, James, his fate, 144. + + H. + Hadrian, wall of, 4. + Halidon Hill, battle of, 58. + Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, murderer of the Regent, 110. + Hamilton, Marquess of, Commissioner, 132; + his invasion of England, 138; + his death, 139. + Harlaw, battle of, 65. + Hawley, General, his defeat, 179. + Henry, son of David I., death of, 24; + his children, 25. + Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, his invasions, 90, 91. + + I. + Ida founds Northumberland, 6. + Indulgence, the passing of, 153. + Intercommuning, law against, 148. + Inverness, its importance, 35. + Irvine, surrender at, 42. + Irving, Edward, his schism, 186. + + J. + James I., his capture, 63; + his return, 67; + his treatment of the chiefs, 68; + his murder, 69; + his judicial reforms, _ib._; + his poems, 70. + James II., his accession, 71; + murders Douglas, 74; + his death, 75. + James III., 75; + his marriage, 76; + his favourites, 78; + his death, 79. + James IV., 79; + his marriage, 80; + his fleet, 81; + his alliance with France, _ib._; + his invasion of England, 82; + his character and death, _ib._ + James V., 83; + his erection, 85; + war with England, 87; + his death, 88; + his judicial reforms, _ib._; + his poems, 89. + James VI., his coronation, 107; + his favourites, 115; + his imprisonment at Ruthven, 116; + his marriage, 117; + his contest with the ministers, 120; + his accession to England, 122; + his restoration of episcopacy, 126; + his visit to Scotland, 127; + his death, 128. + James VII., his conduct as Duke of York, 150; + his persecutions, 151; + his deposition, 153. + James Stuart, Chevalier de St. George, Old Pretender, 168; + his rebellion, 169; + his landing in Scotland, 172. + Jameson, George, noted painter, 165. + Jedburgh, destruction of, 64. + John of Bretayne, Lieutenant of Scotland, 45. + + K. + Kentigern, Apostle of Strathclyde, 8. + Killiecrankie, battle of, 157. + Kilsyth, battle of, 137. + Knox, John, first mention of, 92; + leader of the Reformers, 99; + his death and character, 113. + + L. + Langside, battle of, 108. + Lennox, Matthew Stewart, Earl of, his marriage, 90; + his regency, 111; + his death, 112. + Leslie, David, leader of the Covenanters, 137. + Lethington, William Maitland of, 109; + his death, 115. + Liturgy tumults, 131. + Lorn, John Macdougal of, Bruce's enemy, 48. + Lulach, son of Gruach, 14. + Lyndesay, Sir David, his poems, 95. + + M. + MacAlpin, Kenneth, first King of Picts and Scots, 9. + Macbeth, reign of, 13. + Macduff, appeal of, to Edward I., 39. + Maclauchlan, Margaret, death of, 152. + Malcolm I. obtains grant of Strathclyde, 12. + Malcolm II. gets Lothian, 13. + Malcolm III., Canmore, marries Margaret, 15; + meeting with William, _ib._; + raids into England, _ib._, 16; + death of, 16. + Malcolm IV. subdues Galloway, 26; + meets Henry at Chester, 27. + Malt-tax riots, 174. + Mar, Alexander Stewart, Earl of, + defeats the Highlanders at Harlaw, 64. + Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, Regent, 113. + Mar, John, Earl of (Bobbing John), his rebellion, 169. + Margaret, the Maid of Norway, her death, 36. + Margaret, St., her reforms, 16. + Mary, Princess of Orange, 154. + Mary Stewart, her birth, 88; + her removal to France, 91; + her first marriage, 92; + her return to Scotland, 100; + her second marriage, 102; + her favourites, 103; + her flight to Dunbar, 104; + her third marriage, 105; + her surrender, 106; + her escape from Loch Leven, 107; + her flight into England, 109; + her death, 117. + Matilda, daughter of Malcolm, marries Henry of England, 20. + Middleton, Earl of, Commissioner, 143. + Mile Act, the, 145. + Milton, chapter of, 53. + Mitchell, his attempt on the life of Sharp, 148. + Moidart, landing of the young Chevalier at, 177. + Monk, General, his reduction of Scotland, 141; + his share in the Restoration, 143. + Montrose, James Graham, Earl of, takes up arms for the Covenant, 133; + joins the King, 136; + his rising for Charles II., 140; + his death, _ib._ + Moray, extent of, 10. + Mormaers, their office, 9. + Morton, James Douglas, Earl of, his regency, 115. + Murray, James Stewart, Earl of, 102; + his regency, 107; + his murder, 110. + + N. + Napier, of Merchiston, his writings, 166. + Nectansmere, battle of, 9. + Neville's Cross, battle of, 58. + Norham, Council at, 37. + Northampton, Council at, 28; + peace of, 54. + Northmen, first coming of, 10; + settle in the Sudereys, 11; + invasion of under Magnus, 19; + last invasion of, 31. + + O. + Olifant, Sir William, defender of Stirling Castle, 44. + Otterburn, raid of, 60. + + P. + Penrith, skirmish at, 171. + Perth, Clan battle at, 62; + murder of James at, 69; + Articles of, 127. + Philiphaugh, battle of, 137. + Picts united to Scots, 9. + Pinkie, battle of, 91. + Porteous riots, 174. + Preston, battle at, 171. + Preston-pans, battle of, 178. + + Q. + Quakers, indulgence to, 153. + + R. + Rabbling, 154. + Ramsay, Allan, his poems, 89. + Ramsay, Allan, the painter, 189. + Randolf, Earl of, of Moray, 53. + Reform Bill, passing of, 184. + Reformation, causes of, 97; + statutes passed, 100; + results of, 123. + Regalia, story of, 142. + Reseby, John, burning of, 66. + Rizzio, murder of, 103. + Robert I., _see_ Bruce. + Robert II., his marriages, 59; + his death, 61. + Robert III., his change of name, 61; + his imbecility, 61; + his death, 63. + Rothesay, David, first Duke of, 61. + Roxburgh, siege of, 75. + Ruthven, Lord, his share in the murder of Rizzio, 103. + Ruthven, raid of, 116. + + S. + St. Andrews, founding of University at, 66. + Sanquhar, Declaration of, 149. + Sauchieburn, battle of, 79. + Scotia, Nova, founding of, 128. + Scott, Sir Walter, 190. + Scots, first coming of, 6. + Seabury, Dr. Samuel, his consecration, 186. + Sedition, trials for, 183. + Severus, invasion of, 5. + Sharp, James, Archbishop of St. Andrew, his consecration, 144; + murder of, 148. + Sheriffmuir, battle at, 171. + Siward defeats Macbeth, 14. + Slavery, abolition of, 183. + Smith, Adam, his "Wealth of Nations," 189. + Smollett, Tobias, the novelist, 189. + Solway, Moss, defeated at, 87. + Spider, Bruce's, 48. + Standard, battle of, 23. + Stewart, origin of the name, 59. + Stirling, battle of, 43. + Stirling, Earl of, founder of Nova Scotia, 128. + Supplication, Great, 131. + + T. + Tables, choosing of, 131. + Test Act, passing of, 150. + Theodosius makes Valentia a Roman province, 5. + Thomas, the Rhymer, his predictions, 32. + Tippermuir, battle of, 136. + Toleration, Act of, 185. + Touraine granted to Douglas, 65. + Treasurer, first appointment of, 70. + Tudor, Margaret, marries James IV., 80. + Tulchan Bishops, 113. + Turriff, Trot of, 133. + + U. + Union, 163; + results of, 164; + discontent with, 167. + Uttoxeter, surrender at, 138. + + V. + Verneuil, battle of, 65. + Veto Act, passing of, 187. + + W. + Wallace, William, his rising, 42; + his victory at Stirling, 43; + his defeat at Falkirk, 44; + his military genius, _ib._; + his betrayal and death, 45. + Warbeck, Perkin, his reception in Scotland, 80. + Watt, James, his inventions, 188. + Whiggamores' Raid, the, 138. + William of Orange, 154; + his reduction of the Highlands, 158; + his death, 161. + William the Lion, his capture, 27. + Wilson, Margaret, death of, 152. + Wyntoun, Andrew, his chronicle, 66. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's History of Scotland, by Margaret Macarthur + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44121 *** |