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diff --git a/44102-h/44102-h.htm b/44102-h/44102-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3609deb --- /dev/null +++ b/44102-h/44102-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8008 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of School Credit for Home Work by L. R. Alderman. + </title> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/coverpage.jpg"/> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +hr.tb {width: 25%;} +hr.chap {width: 45%} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +.space-above { margin-top: 3em; } + +.hanging {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; font-size: 15px;} + +.hanging2 {margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; font-size: 15px;} + +.sig { text-align: right; margin-right: 5%; } + +.sig2 { text-align: right; margin-right: 15%; } + +.sig3 { text-align: left; margin-left: 75%; } + +.oldenglish { font-family: "Old English Text MT" } + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.bord img { padding: 1px; border: 2px solid black; } + + +/* Footnotes */ + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: 55%; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.tn {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:smaller; + border: dashed 1px; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's School Credit for Home Work, by Lewis Raymond Alderman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: School Credit for Home Work + +Author: Lewis Raymond Alderman + +Release Date: November 4, 2013 [EBook #44102] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCHOOL CREDIT FOR HOME WORK *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Julia Neufeld and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><a name="Frontispiece" id="Frontispiece"></a> +<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="450" height="600" alt="brother" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">FEEDING HER BIRD<br /> + +Mabel C——, aged 12, Algona, Washington</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<h1> +SCHOOL CREDIT<br /> +<br /> +FOR HOME WORK</h1> + +<h2 class="space-above">BY L. R. ALDERMAN</h2> + +<p class="center">CITY SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS<br /> +PORTLAND, OREGON<br /> +FORMERLY SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC<br /> +INSTRUCTION, STATE OF OREGON</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/mark.jpg" width="100" height="130" alt="mark" /> + +</div> + +<p class="center space-above"> +HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY<br /> +BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO</p> + +<p class="center oldenglish">The Riverside Press Cambridge +</p> +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p class="center"> +COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY L. R. ALDERMAN<br /> + +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</p> + +<p class="center oldenglish space-above">The Riverside Press</p> + +<p class="center">CAMBRIDGE. MASSACHUSETTS<br /> +U.S.A +</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<p class="center">TO THE MEMORY<br /> + +<small>OF</small><br /> + +MY FATHER AND MOTHER<br /> + +Who made their boys happy partners in the<br /> +work of the home and farm</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>It has been a surprise and a delight to me, +as this book has been in progress, to learn of +the many different ways that people have +worked out these home credit plans. It has +been as if I could see into many happy schoolrooms. +Letters from mothers and fathers +boasting of the accomplishments of their +children, have brought to me a little glow +from the hearthsides of many homes. A +father brought his boy—or rather the boy +brought his father—up to see me and talk +over what the boy was doing at home. The +father boasted of the boy's fine garden, his +big pumpkins, his watermelons that would +attract the neighbors. Johnny almost burst +the top button off his vest with pride as his +father praised him and patted him on the +head. After this happy meeting, the father +and the son got on the high wagon seat and +rode home; and as I saw them going down +the street, I could imagine what they talked +about. Such glimpses help to make a school<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> +man's life worth while; and I have had many +of them as I have been writing this book.</p> + +<p>For the fact that this book exists at all, I +am indebted to my wife, who has helped me +with every part of it, and to Mr. and Mrs. +C. C. Thomason, of Olympia, Washington, +who believed in the book from the first. Mrs. +Thomason has also done much work on the +book; she has gathered all the illustrative material, +visiting many schools and writing many +letters. She and my wife have done most +of the organizing of material, and have gone +over the manuscript together. To Miss +Fanny Louise Barber, of the Washington +High School, Portland, I am grateful for her +careful reading and revision of several chapters. +I owe thanks to Mrs. Sarah J. Hoagland, +of Belt, Montana, for the true and vivid +stories she has sent me; and I am thankful +to all the home credit teachers, with whom +we have been corresponding, for their painstaking +answers to our letters, as well as for +the valuable plans that they have originated.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<span class="smcap">L. R. Alderman.</span></p> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Portland, Oregon</span>,<br /> +<em>November 16, 1914</em>. +</p> + + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<p class="center">PART ONE</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="contents"> +<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mary</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Spring Valley School</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">What will become of the Algebra?</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Honoring Labor</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Habit-Building</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">That Other Teacher and that Teacher's Laboratory</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stella and Sadie</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Story and Letters from Teachers</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center">PART TWO</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="part2"> +<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Illustrative Home Credit Plans</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Home Credit in High Schools</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="illustrations"> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Feeding her Bird</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Frontispiece"><em>Frontispiece</em></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Spring Valley School</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#spring">12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Picnic Luncheon, Spring Valley</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#picnic">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Joe in the Garage</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#joe">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Work Credited at School</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#weston">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Earning Home Credits</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#earning">42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">O. H. Benson Potato Club</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#potato">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">High School Boys in Railroad Shops</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#railroad">156</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>SCHOOL CREDIT FOR HOME +WORK</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>PART ONE</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>I</h2> + +<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The child is a born worker; activity is the law of his nature.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<span class="smcap">Francis W. Parker.</span> +</p></blockquote> + + +<p>This book is simply the narrative of the +working-out of an idea. The idea first came +to me from memories of my own home, where +tasks were assigned to us children and were +made to seem important. With my father, +the work was always carried on in the spirit +of a game, and the game could be made as +interesting as any other game; in the meantime +something was being done that was +worth while. Among many other memories +there comes one of our laying a rail fence +by moonlight, after a freshet had taken the +other fence away; when the game was to get +the line completed before the moon went +down. I can still see father laying rail on +rail, and enjoy his glowing enthusiasm at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +our accomplishment. The fence still stands. +Besides seeking to make the work interesting +in itself, father had a device to put a +value on time for his boys by giving us free +time after the tasks were completed to do as +we saw fit.</p> + +<p>The desire, after I became a teacher, to +put myself in the enviable position of my +father as an inspiring influence with children, +was the motive that took my thoughts out of +the schoolroom into the homes of my pupils. +Should not the school be simply a group of +people come together for improvement, with +the teacher as their best friend, ready to +discuss and promote everything that seems +worth while? We found it easy to talk at +school about the things the children were +concerned with out of school. One spring my +pupils carried home, from our little boxes at +school, cabbage plants and tomato plants to +become members of their families for the +summer. Later we had a county school fair +for the exhibition of the children's clear jelly +and fine bread and vegetables and sewing and +carpentry. The schools were trying to recognize +"the whole child."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + +<p>This book is written in the hope that parents, +teachers, and children may be helped +to work together more joyously and harmoniously +on the real problems of life.</p> + +<p>When I was teaching in the University of +Oregon in the spring of 1910, I wrote and had +published in the Oregon papers the following +article:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>We all believe that civilization is founded upon +the home. The school should be a real helper to +the home. How can the school help the home? +How can it help the home establish habits in the +children of systematic performance of home duties +so that they will be efficient and joyful home helpers? +One way is for the school to take into account +home industrial work and honor it. It is my conviction, +based upon careful and continuous observation, +that the school can greatly increase the +interest the child will take in home industrial work +by making it a subject of consideration at school. +A teacher talked of sewing, and the girls sewed. +She talked of ironing, and they wanted to learn to +iron neatly. She talked of working with tools, and +both girls and boys made bird houses, kites, and +other things of interest. Recently a school garden +was planned in a city and one of the boys was +employed to plow the land. Seventy-five children +were watching for him to come with the team. At +last he came driving around the corner. <em>He</em> could +manage a <em>team</em>. He drove into the lot, and a hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +and fifty eyes looked with admiration at the +boy who could unhitch from the sled and hitch to +the plow; and then as he, "man-fashion,"—lines +over one shoulder and under one arm,—drove the +big team around the field, all could feel the children's +admiration for the boy who could do something +worth while. And I have seen a girl who +could make good bread or set a table nicely get +the real admiration of her schoolmates.</p> + +<p>The school can help make better home-builders. +It can help by industrial work done in the school, +but as that is already receiving consideration by +the press and in a few schools, I shall not in this +short article treat of it.</p> + +<p>The plan I have in mind will cost no money, will +take but little school time, and can be put into +operation in every part of the State at once. It +will create a demand for expert instruction later +on. It is to give school credit for industrial work +done at home. The mother and father are to be +recognized as teachers, and the school teacher put +into the position of one who cares about the habits +and tastes of the whole child. Then the teacher and +the parents will have much in common. Every +home has the equipment for industrial work and +has some one who uses it with more or less skill.</p> + +<p>The school has made so many demands on the +home that the parents have in some cases felt that +all the time of the child must be given to the +school. But an important thing that the child +needs along with school work is established habits +of home-making. What people do depends as much +upon habit as upon knowledge. The criticism that +is most often made upon industrial work at school<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +is that it is so different from the work done in the +home that it does not put the child into that sympathetic +relation with the home, which after all +is for him and the home the most important thing +in the world. Juvenile institutions find that they +must be careful not to institutionalize the child to +such an extent that he may not be contented in +a real home. In my opinion it will be a great thing +for the child to want to help his parents do the task +that needs to be done and to want to do it in +the best possible way. The reason why so many +country boys are now leading men of affairs is because +early in life they had home responsibilities +thrust upon them. I am sure that the motto +"Everybody Helps" is a good one.</p> + +<p>But one says: "How can it be brought about? +How can the school give credit for industrial work +done at home?" It may be done by sending +home printed slips asking the parents to take account +of the work that the child does at home +under their instruction, and explaining that credit +will be given for this work on the school record. +These slips must be used according to the age of +the child, so that he will not be asked to do too +much, for it must be clearly recognized that children +must have time for real play. The required +tasks must not be too arduous, yet they must be +real tasks. They must not be tasks that will put +extra work on parents except in the matter of +instruction and observation. They may well call +for the care of animals, and should include garden +work for both boys and girls. Credit in school for +home industrial work (with the parents' consent) +should count as much as any one study in school.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> + +<p>To add interest to the work, exhibitions should +be given at stated times so that all may learn from +each other and the best be the model for all. The +school fairs in Yamhill, Polk, Benton, Lane, +Wasco, and Crook Counties, together with the +school and home industrial work done at Eugene, +have convinced me most thoroughly that these +plans are practicable, and that school work and +home work, school play and home play, and love +for parents and respect for teachers and fellow +pupils can best be fostered by a more complete +coöperation between school and home, so that the +whole child is taken into account at all times.</p></blockquote> + +<p>After the home-credit schools of Mr. O'Reilly +and Mr. Conklin were well under way, I received +many inquiries about the home credit +idea. As I was then State Superintendent, I +had a pamphlet printed by the State Office, +describing the workings of the plan, and had +it distributed to Oregon teachers. Fifteen +thousand copies were also printed for Mr. +Claxton, Commissioner of Education, in the +summer of 1912, and distributed by the +National Bureau to superintendents and +teachers throughout the United States. Since +this pamphlet has been out of print there +have been many inquiries sent me about +home credit, and I hope that this book may +answer some of them.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>II</h2> + +<h3>MARY</h3> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The brain and the hand, too long divorced, and each mean +and weak without the other; use and beauty, each alone vulgar; +letters and labor, each soulless without the other, are henceforth +to be one and inseparable; and this union will lift man to +a higher level.—<span class="smcap">G. Stanley Hall.</span></p></blockquote> + + +<p>The idea of giving school credit for home +work first occurred to me when I was a high-school +principal in McMinnville, Oregon, in +1901. Often, in the few years that I had been +teaching, I had felt keenly a lack of understanding +between school and home. As I was +thinking over this problem, and wondering +what could be done, I chanced to meet on the +street the mother of one of my rosiest-cheeked, +strongest-looking high-school girls. I saw +that the little mother looked forlorn and +tired. There was a nervous twitch of the +hand that adjusted the robes about the crippled +child she was wheeling in a baby buggy. +I had frequently noticed that Mary, the +daughter, who was one of the very poorest +students in her class, was on the streets the +greater part of the time after school hours.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +I thought, "What value can there be in my +teaching that girl quadratic equations and +the nebular hypothesis, when what she most +needs to learn is the art of helping her mother?"</p> + +<p>In the algebra recitation next day I asked, +"How many helped with the work before +coming to school?" Hands were raised, but +not Mary's. "How many got breakfast?" +Hands again, not Mary's. "I made some +bread a few days ago, bread that kept, and +kept, and kept on keeping. How many of +you know how to make bread?" Some hands, +not Mary's. I then announced that the lesson +for the following day would consist as usual +of ten problems in advance, but that five +would be in the book, and five out of the +book. The five out of the book for the girls +would consist of helping with supper, helping +with the kitchen work after supper, preparing +breakfast, helping with the dishes and kitchen +work after breakfast, and putting a bedroom +in order. Surprise and merriment gave place +to enthusiasm when the boys and girls saw +that I was in downright earnest. When I +asked for a report on the algebra lesson next +day all hands went up for all the problems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +both in algebra and in home-helping. As +I looked my approval, all hands fell again, +that is, all hands but Mary's. "What is it, +Mary?" I asked. "I worked five in advance," +she replied with sparkling eyes: "I worked +all you gave us, and five ahead in the book!"</p> + +<p>Since that day I have been a firm believer +in giving children credit at school for work +done at home. We did not work home problems +every day that year, but at various times +the children were assigned lessons like the +one mentioned, and scarcely a day passed +that we did not talk over home tasks, and +listen to the boys and girls as they told what +each had achieved. The idea that washing +dishes and caring for chickens was of equal +importance with algebra and general history, +and that credit and honor would frequently +be given for home work, proved a stimulus to +all the children, and especially to Mary. Her +interest in all her school duties was doubled, +and it is needless to say that her mother's +interest in the school was many times increased +as her heavy household cares were in +part assumed by her healthy daughter.</p> + +<p>A few weeks after the first home credit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +lesson Mary brought her luncheon to school. +At the noon hour she came to my desk, opened +her basket, and displaying a nicely made +sandwich said, "I made this bread." The +bread looked good, and must have been all +right, for she ate the sandwich, and it did not +seem to hurt her. She came again wearing +a pretty new shirt-waist, and told me she had +made it herself, and that it had cost just +eighty-five cents.</p> + +<p>After Mary graduated from high school +she went out into the country to teach, and +boarded with her uncle's family. Her uncle's +wife was ill for a while, and Mary showed +that she knew how to cook a fine meal, and +how to set a table so that the food looked good +to eat. She made herself generally useful. +Her uncle came to my office one day and told +me that Mary was the finest girl he ever saw, +and that every girl like that should go to +college, and that he was going to see that she +went to college if he had to sell the farm to +send her. She went to college, but it didn't +take the farm to send her.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>III</h2> + +<h3>THE SPRING VALLEY SCHOOL</h3> + +<blockquote> + +<p>An excellent result of the absence of centralization in the +United States.... The widest possible scope being allowed +to individual and local preferences, ... one part of our vast +country can profit by the experience of the other parts.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">John Fiske.</span></p> + + +<p>Kindly convey my blessing to that genius of a teacher in +Spring Valley, the same to stand good till judgment day.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Wm. Hawley Smith.</span></p> + + +<p>Mr. A. I. O'Reilly, in the school at +Spring Valley, Oregon, was the first to give +systematic, certified credit for home work. +He originated the idea of having a prize +contest for credits, and put care for health +and cleanliness on the list of home duties. +Dr. Winship classifies new educational suggestions +as dreams, nightmares, and visions. +The remarkable success of Mr. O'Reilly in +his home credit school should place his ideas +in the "vision" list.</p> + +<p>Spring Valley is a rich farming district in +Polk County, Oregon, about nine miles from +Salem. Mr. O'Reilly took the school in the +fall of 1909. He rented a farmhouse about +half a mile away, brought his wife and little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +boys out from Dakota, where he had served +as county superintendent, and went to work +building up his school. He gained great +influence with the boys and girls, and was +much respected and thoroughly liked by +everybody.</p> + +<p>He noticed that on each big, well-developed +farm in the neighborhood there was a great +deal of work for the boys and girls to do, but +that they did not as a rule do it with cheerfulness +and interest. He wanted, if possible, +to change their attitude of mind. So, with the +hearty approval of his board of directors, he +arranged to give school credit for home work. +This was in the fall of 1911. Various tasks +that the children ought to do he put into a +list, and allowed a certain number of minutes +credit for each one.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The three children having +earned the greatest number of credits at +the close of the nine school months were to +receive three dollars each, and the three next +highest, two dollars. The money was to be +allowed by the school board, and put into the +savings bank to the credit of the prize-winners.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<p>Every one of the thirty-three pupils +in the school was enrolled in this new kind +of contest. The registering of the credits each +morning meant extra work for the teacher, +but it brought extra results. The prospect of +a bank account for the winners incited the +children to learn for the first time something +about banks and banking. There was a "we-are-doing-something" +atmosphere throughout +the school.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="spring" id="spring"></a> +<img src="images/f012.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="Spring Valley School" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">SPRING VALLEY SCHOOL, OREGON, WHERE HOME CREDITS WERE GIVEN, 1911-1912</p></div> +</div> + +<p>In answer to the query of some visitors if +this giving of credit for home work did not +interfere with school work, Mr. O'Reilly +pointed to the record in the county spelling +contest, in which his school had earned 100 +per cent that month.</p> + +<p>The county superintendent, Mr. Seymour, +had announced that a banner would be given +to his rural schools showing that they were +standard schools as soon as they should meet +certain requirements. These requirements +were well-drained school grounds; school +building properly lighted, heated, and ventilated; +schoolhouse and grounds neat and +attractive; sanitary outbuildings; walk made +to building and outbuildings; individual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +drinking-cups; the purchase each year of one +standard picture; thorough work on the part +of teacher and pupils; the enrollment of every +pupil in the spelling contest; and an average +of 95 per cent in attendance. Spring Valley +was the first school in the county to receive +the banner and become a standard school.</p> + +<p>The county superintendents of Oregon +were assembled at Salem in January, 1912, +for the purpose of grading teachers' examination +papers. They were much interested in +what they heard of Mr. O'Reilly's work +at Spring Valley and accepted with great +pleasure the invitation of Mr. Seymour to +visit the school. As that day in Mr. O'Reilly's +school is significant, I wish to quote an article +about it written by T. J. Gary, superintendent +of Clackamas County. Mr. Gary's article +was printed in one of the Oregon City +papers in January, 1912.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Last Saturday seventeen county school superintendents +and the superintendent of public +instruction drove through the wind and rain to +Spring Valley, Polk County, to attend a parent-teachers' +meeting. Why? Because we had heard +much of a new plan that was being tried out by +the teacher, pupils, and parents of the school in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +that beautiful valley. Did we go because it was a +new plan? No. If we should try to investigate +every new plan we would be going all the time. +We went because we thought we saw a suggestion, +at least, of a solution of two very important problems: +"How to bring the school and the home into +closer relation," and "How to make the boys and +the girls in the country love their home."</p> + +<p>We arrived at the Spring Valley School at 10.30 +<small>A.M.</small> and observed first a board walk from the road +to the schoolhouse door and a well-drained school-yard +free from all rubbish, such as sticks, pieces +of paper, and so forth.</p> + +<p>Upon entering the room we observed that the +directors had made provision for the proper heating, +lighting, and ventilation of the schoolroom. +On the walls were three nicely framed pictures, +the "Sistine Madonna," "The Christ," and "The +Lions," all beautiful reproductions of celebrated +works of art. The building was a modest one, +much like many school buildings we find through +the country, but there was about it that which +said plainer than words can say it, "This is a well-ordered +school."</p> + +<p>Looking to the right, we saw on a partition wall, +on the floor, and on the side wall, a variety of articles: +aprons, dresses, doilies, handbags, handkerchiefs, +kites, traps, bird houses, and various other +things made by the boys and girls of the school. +At the left in the other corner of the room were +loaves of bread, pies, cakes, tarts, doughnuts, and +other tempting things prepared by the girls and +boys. The writer sampled various edibles, among +them a cake baked by Master Z——, son of our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +ex-superintendent, J. C. Z——. I can cheerfully +say that it was the kind of cake that makes a man +want more.</p> + +<p>These things were all of interest to us, but the +one thing we were most curious to know about +was the system the teacher had of giving credits +for home work; not school work done at home, +but all kinds of honest work a country girl or boy +can find to do. Pupils were given five minutes +credit for milking a cow, five minutes for sleeping +in fresh air, five minutes for taking a bath, and so +on through the long list of common duties incident +to home life in the country. The rule of the school +is that any pupil who has earned six hundred +minutes may have a holiday, at the discretion of +the teacher. If the pupil asks for a holiday to use +for some worthy cause the teacher grants it, providing +it does not interfere too much with the +pupil's school work.</p> + +<p>Space will not permit my giving a more detailed +account of the plan. I trust that enough has been +given to show the principle involved. The teacher +was subjected to volley after volley of questions +from the superintendents, but was able to answer +all of them with alacrity. The chairman called +upon the parents to give their testimony as to the +success of the movement. I cannot write here all +that was said, but will give two statements as +fair samples of all.</p> + +<p>One good motherly-looking country woman said: +"Before this plan was started I got up in the +morning and prepared breakfast for the family, +and after breakfast saw to the preparation of the +children for school. Now, when morning comes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +the girls insist upon my lying in bed so that they +may get breakfast. After breakfast they wash the +dishes, sweep the kitchen, and do many other +things as well as make their own preparation for +school. I think the plan is a success. My only fear +is that it will make me lazy."</p> + +<p>One father said: "I have two boys—one in the +high school and Jack, here. It was as hard work +to get the older boy out in the morning as it was +to do the chores, and as Jack was too young to be +compelled to do the work, I let them both sleep +while I did it. Now, when the alarm sounds, I +hear Jack tumbling out of bed, and when I get up +I find the fires burning and the stock at the barn +cared for; so all I have to do is to look happy, eat +my breakfast, and go about my business. Yes, +it is a great success in our home."</p> + +<p>At this point Superintendent Alderman said: +"Jack, stand, we want to see you," and Jack, a +bright, manly-appearing country boy of fourteen +years stood blushing, while we looked our appreciation.</p> + +<p>One man told of the many things that his +daughter had done, whereupon it was suggested +that she might do so much that her health would +be in danger. A pleasant smile flitted across the +face of the father as he said, "Daughter, stand +and let these men see if they think you are injuring +your health." A bright, buxom, rosy-cheeked +girl—the very picture of health and happiness—arose +while we laughed and cheered.</p> + +<p>To the question, "Does this work interfere with +the work of the school?" the teacher pointed to +the record of the school in a spelling contest that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +is being conducted in this county, and read +"100 per cent for this month; 98.12 per cent for +last," and said, "No, I find that the children have +taken more interest in their work and are making +more progress than before."</p> + +<p>When alone, after time for reflection, I thought, +"One swallow does not make a summer" and one +school does not prove that this is a good plan. In +Spring Valley the conditions are ideal,—a board +of directors who do their duty, a citizenship that is +far above the average, girls and boys from well-ordered +homes of a prosperous people, a teacher +who would succeed anywhere with half a chance, +a wide-awake, sympathetic county school superintendent,—and +yet I thought if this is good for +the Spring Valley School, might it not be a good +thing for all our schools? I have not reached a +conclusion, but have had much food for thought, +and am more than pleased with my experience and +observation.</p> + +<p>What do you think about it, gentle reader? Is +it a passing fancy? A fad, if you please? Or is it a +means for training boys and girls to habits of +industry and to a wholesome respect for honest +toil? Will it bring the home and the school into +closer relation? And will it cause the country boys +and girls to love their homes, to love the country +with its singing birds, its babbling brooks, its +broad fields and friendly hills?</p></blockquote> + +<p>There was not a school in the State that +responded better to any movement initiated +by the State or county than the one in Spring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +Valley. Every pupil was greatly interested +in the boys' and girls' industrial and agricultural +contest which Oregon carried on that +year for the first time. The children raised +cabbage plants at school, protected from the +cold by a tent that Mr. O'Reilly provided. +They planned to sell them to the neighbors +in order to get money for seeds, but were +sadly disappointed, when they came to school +one morning, to find that a cow had broken +in during the night and destroyed almost +every plant. The owner of the cow paid them +the value of the plants, but they were never +quite so happy over the fund as they would +have been if the plants had been allowed to +grow.</p> + +<p>Six weeks before the end of the school year +Mr. O'Reilly began making Saturday trips +to Salem to arrange for the fair with which he +intended to close the school. The merchants +subscribed liberally for prizes both for the +children's work and for the athletic events +which Mr. O'Reilly had planned for the +afternoon. A local piano house sent out a +piano for the occasion, and an amusement +company put up a merry-go-round, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +stands for lemonade, ice-cream, and all the +rest that goes with a first-class picnic. The +picnic was held in the grove a short distance +from the schoolhouse. Mr. O'Reilly and the +neighbors had made a platform for which the +children's work formed the background,—dresses, +bird houses, fancy work, cakes, +bread, and other articles,—and had made +seats of rough lumber for the crowd. And a +crowd it was, for the whole county was interested +in the Spring Valley School. This was +one of the first local fairs in connection +with the county school fairs which were held +throughout the State, and the awards were +also to be made to the children who had +earned the most credits in the home credit +contest.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picnic" id="picnic"></a> +<img src="images/f020.jpg" width="600" height="352" alt="picnic" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">PICNIC LUNCHEON COOKED AND SERVED BY SPRING VALLEY CHILDREN</p></div> +</div> + +<p>We drove out from Salem in automobiles. +On reaching the grove we found it filled with +teams tied everywhere, and many automobiles +standing about. Promptly at ten o'clock +the school children marched down from the +schoolhouse in an industrial parade, carrying +things that they had made or raised in the +garden. A pretty sight they were, as they +took their places on the reserved benches in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +front, all in their best clothes, most of the +girls in white dresses of their own making.</p> + +<p>The Governor of Oregon was there, and +made the first address. At the close of his +talk, the Spring Valley children sang in voices +as clear as the birds, "There is no Land Like +Oregon," and were most heartily cheered. +After the remainder of the addresses and +songs came the most breathless part of the +day, the awarding of the school-credit prizes +for the year's work. A member of the school +board read the list of winners, and took occasion +to express the appreciation that the district +felt for Mr. O'Reilly's work. He assured +the audience that the people of the district +considered the plan one of the very finest that +they had ever known, for it put the children +in the right attitude toward their work, and +gave the parents the feeling that they were +assisting in the work of the school. Never in +the history of the community had there been +such a year.</p> + +<p>The judging of the industrial work was +then carried on, while the Spring Valley home-credit +girls set the long tables for the luncheon, +which they had prepared without assistance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +from their mothers. We all envied the +three women up on the platform tasting the +cakes, and were glad when the ribbons were +pinned on, for we knew then that the dinner +would begin. The blue ribbon for cake-making +by children under thirteen was awarded to a +boy, Arthur Z——. The governor and I placed +this lad between us at the head of the table, +and he gave us very generous portions of the +prize cake.</p> + +<p>This was Mr. O'Reilly's last day with the +Spring Valley School. The next year he was +chosen one of the rural school supervisors in +Lane County, and he is still there making an +excellent record. A recent letter from him +briefly takes up the later history of his Spring +Valley winners in the home credit contest. +He says:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Evangeline J—— was one of the winners. She +is doing finely in high school, and still winning +prizes at fairs. She leads her class in domestic +science in the Eugene High School. She has eighty +dollars in the bank, sixty-one dollars and fifty +cents earned from prizes. You know the home +credit started her bank account with three dollars. +Golda B—— is another. She is attending the +high school at Sheridan. Her standings are fine. +She very seldom has to take examinations. She has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +about seventy-five dollars in the bank. Jack S—— +has finished the eighth grade, and is going to +attend high school in Eugene this year. His bank +account is thirty-seven dollars and fifty cents. +Mabel S—— has finished the grades and will go +to high school in Hopewell this year. Her bank +account is thirty-eight dollars. She has a piano +her father got her, and is doing well in music. +Verda R—— attends high school in Eugene this +year. The other winners are still little ones, and +are attending school in Spring Valley.</p></blockquote> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>IV</h2> + +<h3>WHAT WILL BECOME OF THE ALGEBRA?</h3> +<blockquote> +<p class="center"> +Present interest is the grand motive power.—<span class="smcap">Rousseau.</span> +</p> + +<p>An objection to the introduction of new subjects is that +children are already overworked in school. There is, however, +a precaution against overwork; it is making school work interesting +to the children. To introduce new and higher subjects +into the school program is not necessarily to increase the strain +upon the child. If this measure increases the interest and +attractiveness of the work and the sense of achievement, it +will diminish weariness and the risk of hurtful strain.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Charles W. Eliot.</span></p></blockquote> + + +<p>When I was county superintendent in +Yamhill County I used to talk much of the +home credit plan in local institutes. One day +when I was explaining how the plan worked, +and how I had given credit in algebra for +home activities, a teacher arose in the audience +and said he was willing to go almost any +length with me, but he thought it was going +too far to give credit in algebra for what was +not algebra. "Is it not dishonest?" he asked, +"and will it not teach dishonesty? Besides, if +you give credit in this way for things not algebra, +<em>what will become of the algebra</em>?" This +is an unsettled problem: what <em>will</em> become of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +the algebra? True, Mary got more algebra! +I put this unsettled question alongside of +another. I was arguing for the consolidation +of schools in a little district near a larger district, +and had tried to show that consolidation +would be much cheaper, and would bring +greater advantages, when a man stood up +and said that he agreed in general with the +plan but that it would not work in this district, +"for," said he, "this district has a cemetery +deeded to it, and if the district should +lose its identity, <em>what would become of the +cemetery</em>?" As these questions are similar, +I put the algebra into the cemetery.</p> + +<p>I believe in algebra, but in order to teach +algebra I believe it is first necessary to see to +it that the child is in a constructive frame of +mind. He should be in harmony with his surroundings. +When Mary became interested in +her home, she was in a mood to work problems +in advance. When her home was neglected, +her algebra problems were all in arrears.</p> + +<p>Even though we omitted the consideration +of the health, the morals, and the working +ability of the pupils, the home credit system +would be justified as a part of the school work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +because of its revitalizing effect on the regular +school work. The teacher who succeeds +in touching the hidden springs of youthful +interest is doing more for humanity than +the man who discovers the much-sought-for +method of bringing static electricity out of +space. A child, or a man either for that matter, +is a dynamo of energy when interested. +Many people think that children in school +are overworked; in my opinion they are more +often underinterested. One little lad of about +five, taking a Sunday walk with grown people, +told his father that he was very tired, that +his legs fairly ached, and that he would +have to be carried or else camp right there. +A member of the party (I wish I could remember +his name, for he was a good child +psychologist) said to the boy, "Why, sure, +you don't have to walk. I'll get you a horse." +He cut a stick horse and a switch. The boy +mounted at a bound, whipped his steed up +and down the road, beating up the dust in +circles around the crowd. By the time he +reached home he had ridden the stick horse +twice as far as the others had walked, and +had not remembered that he was tired.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<p>My first trial of home credits convinced me +that children would do better school work +because of the plan. I have letters from many +teachers through the Northwest bearing me +out in my opinion. I quote: "It stimulates +to better work in school." "The teachers +notice an improvement in school work along +all lines." "It has helped to make our school, +in some respects at least, as good as any in the +county, according to the county superintendent's +own word. A member of the board says +the children have never made such progress +since the school was built, and all say these +children have never made so much progress +before." Tardiness is reported to be much +less in home credit schools.</p> + +<p>A prominent Western dairyman remarked +that arithmetic had always been a hopeless +subject for him. He declared that arithmetically +he was "born short." A listener inquired +if he had any trouble in keeping +accounts, in figuring out the profits on each +dairy cow, or in doing other problems connected +with his farm. He replied very quickly, +"No, not at all. I don't have any trouble with +anything except arithmetic." Home credits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +take into account the out-of-school mathematical +activities. So the boy who has measured +a cord of wood, laid out a garden plot, +figured out the costs, income, and profits of +feeding a pig for a year, or solved any problem +that comes up on the farm, will be considered +to have done something in arithmetic.</p> + +<p>From Auburn, Washington, comes a story +of the effect of giving school credits for garage +and shop work. Joe, a boy of seventeen, +who had attended high school for a year and a +half, had earned only three academic credits, +and his other work was below passing. The +superintendent, Mr. Todd, called a conference +with Joe's parents and, to use his own +expression, went after Joe "with hammer and +tongs." After much discussion, the superintendent +finally asked the father and mother +what the boy seemed most interested in outside +of school. Exchanging a troubled glance +with his wife, the father said that as soon as +Joe got out of school he rushed straight to +Meade's garage. So the superintendent went +to the garage, and found that Joe could be +taken into Mr. Meade's employment for the +afternoons. Again he called Joe to his office,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +and said to him, "Now, see here. You are +going on with your regular subjects here in +school, and in addition you are going to do +some work down in Meade's garage. Mr. +Meade is going to grade your work and send +in his report to me. If you make good there it +will help out your record here. You will get +pay for your work, too. You have got it in +you to make good, and I know you will. What +do you think about it?" "I think it's bully!" +exclaimed Joe.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="joe" id="joe"></a> +<img src="images/f028.jpg" width="600" height="372" alt="joe" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">JOE IN THE GARAGE, AUBURN, WASHINGTON</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Joe had failed in his geometry, but as soon +as he took the position at the garage his work +in geometry improved. It was about Christmas +that he began working, and at the time +of the report several months later he was +doing well in his mathematics. The credit +he received from the garage counted toward +his marks for high-school graduation. Mr. +Meade, incidentally, was very much pleased +with his part in the transaction, and sent +in his reports with religious regularity.</p> + +<p>Not only Joe, but some half dozen other +boys in Mr. Todd's school at Auburn are now +"farmed out" in this manner, and work downtown +under regular contract. They are mostly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +boys who had lost interest in school, and +were at the dropping-out stage. Mr. Todd's +plan is similar to the one in use at Fitchburg, +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>Herbert M——, of Minnehaha, Washington, +is such a busy boy at home that he does +not have time to look at a book after he leaves +school. This year, 1914, Mr. W. E. Dudley, +the principal of the Minnehaha school, began +to give credit for home work and allowed the +credits obtained to be applied where most +needed. The first month of school this year +Herbert's arithmetic grade was below 65 per +cent; his last month's grade in the same subject, +without adding any credits, was above +95 per cent. At first Herbert needed his extra +credits applied to his mathematics to obtain +a passing grade. But for some cause his work +in arithmetic has improved wonderfully.</p> + +<p>If you care to get up at five o'clock and go +through the day with Herbert it may open +your eyes as to what an industrious boy of +fifteen does at home. He is always up early, +for before the day's work begins he milks two +cows, feeds three "skim-milk" calves and +eight head of cattle, pumps water for them,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +and feeds nine pigs. He is then ready for a +hearty breakfast. One morning in March, +Herbert and his father agreed that harrowing +was more important than going to +school. So he worked five hours, harrowing +four and a half acres. Herbert did not lose +credit at school, for his teacher approved of +his morning's work, as he knew how important +it was. He was at school before the one o'clock +bell rang, had a game of ball with the +boys, and was ready for his lessons of the +afternoon. At four o'clock he hurried home, +and this is what he did before he went to +bed. First, he herded six cows for over an +hour, milked two cows, fed his skim-milk +calves, got in the wood, fed the chickens, +gathered the eggs, cleaned two barns, fed the +eight head of cattle, pumped water for them, +fed the pigs, and turned the separator ten +minutes.</p> + +<p>While Herbert has had some trouble with +his arithmetic he does fine work in composition. +At the children's fair at Spokane in +October, 1913, he won fifteen dollars in cash +for the best essay on caring for a skim-milk +calf, and a pair of scales as second prize for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +an essay on how to handle a farm separator. +Here are Herbert's prizes for three years: In +1911 at the county fair at Vancouver, Washington, +he got the second award, a diploma, +on his farm exhibit; in 1912 as first prize on +farm exhibit he won a trip to the fair at +Puyallup; in 1913 at the Clarke County fair +he received ten dollars' worth of garden seeds +as second prize on farm exhibit, fifteen dollars +in cash for judging dairy cattle, while +together with his parents he won seventy-five +dollars for the best adult farm exhibit; and +at the children's state contest, 1913, he received +the first prize, fifteen dollars, for the +skim-milk calf essay.</p> + +<p>A boy in one of the Portland, Oregon, +schools had trouble with his spelling, getting +a mark of only 4<sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>2</small></sub> on a scale of 10. Soon after +home credits were put into use by his teacher +he came to her and anxiously inquired if he +could help out his spelling grade with a good +home record. The teacher graciously assured +him that he could. The boy brought in each +week one of the very best home record slips, +and in some mysterious manner his spelling +improved as his hours of work increased. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +does not need his home record to help out his +spelling grade now, for last month he received +more than a passing mark, 7<sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>2</small></sub> in his weak +subject. The knowledge that there was help +at hand relieved his nervousness, and gave +him confidence.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>V</h2> + +<h3>HONORING LABOR</h3> + +<blockquote> + +<p>She ... worketh willingly with her hands ... and eateth +not the bread of idleness. Give her of the fruit of her hands; +and let her own works praise her in the gates.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Proverbs XXXI</span>, 13, 27, 31.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>We are still paying a heavy price for slave +labor; for instance, the idea that it is undignified +to cook has come down through the +ages of slaveholding, and has got into some +people's blood. The school by taking into +account home tasks can make them seem +worth while and thus dignify their doing. +Many persons do not work because their +ideals are made at school, and their heroes +are those who did not win honor at labor, or, +at least, the labor of these heroes is not +emphasized.</p> + +<p>In the case of Mary, the work she did at +home transformed her from a heedless girl +into a sympathetic helper. She had the idea +that too many young people have, that it +is more honorable to study algebra than to +wash dishes or to cook a meal. The minute<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +that she saw that they were considered equal +she no longer held back from the home work, +and when in a constructive frame of mind +she not only did the home work but did her +algebra too. There is not a normal American +boy who shrinks from a piece of work because +he thinks it is hard. On the contrary, he likes +the man's job, and seeks out the hard things +and tackles them. He avoids the things he +thinks are not worth while. So it becomes a +matter of the child's point of view whether +he likes his work or not. Too often it is the +case that the child never hears it suggested +that there is any merit in home work within +itself. He has the idea that he goes to school +to get an education, and works at home +because he has to. Many parents frankly +tell their children that they should study well +at school so they can make a living "without +working."</p> + +<p>When we give home work its proper recognition, +and the child comes to understand that +there are different degrees of efficiency and +skill in doing it, the work will take on a new +color. Many are the reports that have come +in from parents in home credit districts saying,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +"There is nothing left for us to do in the +way of chores. The children used to seem +indifferent about the work, and did as little +as they could. Now the boys get up before we +do instead of waiting to be called, rush downstairs +to make the fires, and go at the chores, +while the girls go into the kitchen and start +breakfast."</p> + +<p>While youth is the time for play, yet children +like to work too. Since we have had the +school gardens in Portland we often find the +playgrounds vacant, and the gardens near +by well filled with children at work. We often +hear that children should not have responsibilities; +yet we find that the successful men +of to-day are the ones that bore burdens early. +A number of successful business men in Portland +were recently talking together of their +boyhood days, and each one said that he had +had to assume a great deal of responsibility +before he was twelve years old.</p> + +<p>The importance of "percentages," "credits," +"grades," or "standings" in the minds +of school children, especially in the upper +grammar classrooms, is surprising to a +stranger. Even the drawing teacher is begged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +to give marks. "But there are the drawings, +arranged in the order of their merit, on the +screen. They can see which are the best!" +No, they want a mark. "To raise our standings," +they say.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 386px;"><a name="weston" id="weston"></a> +<img src="images/f036.jpg" width="386" height="600" alt="weston" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">WORK CREDITED AT SCHOOL, WESTON, OREGON</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Of course, we all feel that "marks" in +school have but a temporary purpose; that +they are to furnish a motive to serve until a +better motive can be substituted. Home work +may be encouraged at first by the wish for +"higher standings," or a prize, or a holiday; +but many other influences are likely to come +in to keep it up.</p> + +<p>This is not the place to discuss the teaching +without marks that is practiced in a few modern +schools. In most schools the system of +giving percentages is firmly established. The +honoring of achievement in the schools, by +marks or otherwise, has always been a great +power in helping the school studies move +along. But only part of the available energy +has been used. There are vast reservoirs of +power which may be put at the service of education +and which as yet have scarcely been +tapped.</p> + +<p>I hope the giving of marks will never be the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +main consideration with those who follow +the home credit idea, but rather the giving of +honor. Too long have pupils' out-of-school industries +been ignored at school as though they +were something to be ashamed of. Whether +we give formal credit or not, let us give honor +at school for home work.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>VI</h2> + +<h3>HABIT-BUILDING</h3> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Habit second nature? Habit is ten times nature.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Duke of Wellington.</span></p></blockquote> + + +<p>Habits plus ideals make character. The +establishing of right habits in youth can best +be done by coöperation of parents and teachers. +So far as we take habit-building as our +aim, education becomes definite and concrete.</p> + +<p>At the close of his famous chapter on +"Habit," William James says:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Could the young but realize how soon they will +become mere walking bundles of habit, they would +give more heed to their conduct while in the +plastic state. We are spinning our own fates, good +or evil, and never to be undone. Every smallest +stroke of virtue or of vice leaves its never so little +scar.... Let no youth have any anxiety about +the upshot of his education, whatever the line of +it may be. If he keep faithfully busy each hour +of the working day, he may safely leave the final +result to itself. He can with perfect certainty +count on waking up some fine morning to find +himself one of the competent ones of his generation, +in whatever pursuit he may have singled out.... +Young people should know this truth in +advance. The ignorance of it has probably engendered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +more discouragement and faint-heartedness +in youths embarking on arduous careers than +all other causes put together.</p></blockquote> + +<p>One habit that works for success is industry. +How easy it is for a bright boy or girl to +get through school without acquiring anything +like a habit of being industrious, even in +learning book lessons! If he is quick-minded, +as he has only to keep up with the average +child, he needs little or no work to give him +a good standing in his class. The alert child +often gains all required information by merely +listening to the other pupils. Thus we often +find failures among those bright pupils whom +we expected to find successful, because they +did not learn to dig and could do only what +came easily. Most occupations demand more +than an acquiring attitude of mind. They demand +vigorous exertion, and the seeing to it +that the thing is done. But how is there to be +any assurance that the child is forming habits +of industry if there is not coöperation? The +child tells the parent that he has to prepare his +lessons and so he gets out of work at home; he +makes the plea that he is tired out by home +tasks so that he may not be given hard work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +at school. So he misses the work habit +entirely.</p> + +<p>Politeness—a show of consideration for +the rights and feelings of others—is partly +a habit. Careful watching by parent and +teacher is needed to establish this consideration +as a permanent attitude of mind. It is +with much pleasure that I note that many of +the home credit cards bear the items, "Cheerfulness," +"Kindness," "Politeness," "Keeping +temper," "Doing before told," "Care of +language," "Courtesy to parents," and the +like. And it is with very great pleasure that I +receive letters from parents and teachers saying +that the attitude of the children in these +things is becoming a habit.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="earning" id="earning"></a> +<img src="images/f042.jpg" width="600" height="395" alt="earning" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">ALGONA, WASHINGTON, GIRL, AGED 12, EARNING HOME CREDITS</p> + +<p class="center">Elizabeth G—— and her mother have a small blackboard in the kitchen and here they keep a +record of all the work Elizabeth does</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Neatness and personal care are habits that +mean much to any one. Some grown people +cannot help being neat. Others apparently +cannot be neat no matter how much they try. +Something is always wrong. It is a habit +formed when young, perhaps before the age +of twenty. In Mr. O'Reilly's list he included +sleeping with window boards in, bathing, caring +for the nails, brushing the hair, cleaning +the teeth, and going to bed by nine o'clock.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +Personal care has been given a place on the +Portland home credit record<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> which is now +used in some of the schools. Algona, a home +credit school about twenty miles from Seattle, +uses the Portland personal care section, including +bathing, brushing teeth, sleeping with +open windows, going to bed before nine +o'clock, and attending church or Sunday +school. In looking over the first home credit +slips that came in, the Algona principal found +that Nettie, a girl of thirteen, had earned just +7 per cent out of the 100 per cent given for +a perfect record in the personal division. She +had earned more than the required two hundred +and ten minutes for the week in the +regular work department at a hard round of +preparing meals, washing dishes, sweeping, +feeding the poultry, scrubbing, and so forth. +But Nettie had slept with her window closed, +had not brushed her teeth, had not taken a +bath, nor had she been in bed at the required +hour. Nettie was obviously unhappy over +the grade her card received in comparison +with the grades of her schoolmates. Before +the next report day she had in some way<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +secured a toothbrush, that effective means of +promoting civilization, and had made sufficient +improvement in her personal care to +secure 65 per cent. Her grade for the third +week was 72 per cent, and for the fourth, 93 +per cent. Her fourth week's report showed a +hot bath, toothbrushing twice a day, window +open every night, and that she was in bed +before nine every night but two. What her +reform will mean to the entire family it is +interesting to conjecture.</p> + +<p>"Be careful about that voice, Ella," +directed a teacher. Ella arose at her place, +a thin, stooping girl of about thirteen. She +read her passage of the lesson in a voice +scarcely audible to the visitor across the +room. A few minutes later the visitor was +looking over some home credit report slips. +"Here is a girl who did not sleep with her +windows open," she said. The teacher took +the blank, studied it a minute, then replied, +"This is the first time that child has brought +in a home credit slip. Do you recall my reminding +a little girl about her voice? That is +the girl, and this card may explain her voice +quality."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + +<p>All the pupils except two in a little Washington +town learned to sleep with their windows +open. Upon inquiry it was found that +one girl could not open her window, as it +was made for admitting light only, being +built solidly into the wall. In the case of the +other child, the parents absolutely refused to +endanger their daughter's health by letting +her breathe night air, no matter how many +faddists insisted that it was necessary!</p> + +<p>Some members of a church were discussing +the problem of the spirit of incipient immorality +that they felt was prevalent among children +in the neighborhood. A home credit +teacher showed the speakers a number of the +first report cards she had received, which disclosed +the fact that very few of the pupils +under her care were ever in bed before nine +o'clock. A few months later she took occasion +to display again her pupils' home credit cards +and with pride pointed out that almost every +child was going to bed early, before nine +o'clock. "It had grown to be a habit with the +children to be up late," she said. "The immorality +talked of was not yet in actual existence +among the children, but through their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +outside evening associates was gradually +working itself in. The children had only to +be reminded in a substantial way that it was +not only desirable for them physically to retire +early, but that they were to receive recognition +in their school standing for so doing, +and they at once happily complied."</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>VII</h2> + +<h3>THAT OTHER TEACHER AND THAT TEACHER'S +LABORATORY</h3> + +<blockquote> + +<p>We are just beginning to discover that the rural school has a +fine laboratory for practical educational purposes, in the neighborhood +environment of the school. With the development of +scientific agriculture and domestic arts in many of our modern +country homes this laboratory is constantly improving.</p> + +<p class="sig"><cite>Kansas State Agricultural College Bulletin, 1914.</cite></p></blockquote> + + +<p>There is a general idea among teachers that +parents will not coöperate with them. This, I +believe, is founded upon the assumption that +because they cannot, as a usual thing, coöperate +in textbook work they will not coöperate +in other things. But both parents and +teachers want the same results accomplished. +If these are to be attained it means partnership +work, the parent and that other parent, +the teacher, working together; or one might +say, the teacher, and that other teacher, the +parent, working together.</p> + +<p>I have been surprised to find to what +extent parents will coöperate with teachers if +given a chance. Mrs. Brown goes to the schoolhouse +on a bleak afternoon. She is greeted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +warmly by the teacher, Miss Smith, and given +an arithmetic text to follow while the class recites. +The lesson is on decimal fractions. Now, +Mrs. Brown didn't have decimal fractions during +her school days, so the recitation is quite +meaningless to her. She is glad when the class +is over, and does not find time to visit school +again that term. But if she is asked to prepare +a luncheon for the picnic at the close of the +year, or asked to assist in any social function +at the schoolhouse, she spends her time for +the school, and is glad to do it.</p> + +<p>In Eugene, Oregon, several years ago I +found that the women of the city were enthusiastic +in aiding the schools. Thirty-two +women gave up Monday afternoon to teaching +the girls sewing, while the boys had military +drill. At a social center meeting at +Hover, Washington, the suggestion was made +that it would be well if one of the mothers +would come to the school building occasionally +to help the girls with their sewing, as the +eighth-grade pupils would have to take an +examination in the subject in May. So many +mothers volunteered to undertake the task +that a schedule was made out whereby a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +sewing period could be had every afternoon, +and no mother be on duty oftener than every +two weeks.</p> + +<p>At Myrtle Creek, Oregon, domestic art +work is carried on in this way: the teacher +gives instructions in the work that is to be +done; in cooking, for instance, recipes are +given, talked over, and written down. The +girls then go home, and actually do the work, +and make a report to the teacher. They must +have the signatures of their mothers for all +the work they do. This is managed with a +home credit report card.</p> + +<p>Mrs. E. H. Belknap, a progressive rural +teacher near Jefferson, Oregon, said in a +recent letter: "We learn how a cow can be +fed and cared for, so as to produce the greatest +amount of butter fat. That is well, but +we regard it of far more value for the boy to +go home, apply the knowledge learned, and +produce the butter fat. He is now worth +something to the world, and able to turn his +education into dollars and cents at any time. +The girl takes the book, and reads how to +make butter. She goes home, tends the milk, +churns, and makes the butter, learns how<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +really to do the work. She has called the +attention of the entire family to the amount +and quality of her butter obtained from +proper feeding and handling of the cow by +the boy."</p> + +<p>And yet it is said that nothing can be done +in the small school in domestic science because +there is no equipment. In every home +there is ideal equipment if we mean the equipment +the children are to use. If we are preparing +for life, why not use the equipment we +must use in life? Best of all, in using the home +laboratory there is an immediate purpose. +None of us can get much out of an exercise +when it is done just for an exercise. There is +the dinner to be cooked, the bed to be made, +the ironing to be done; somebody must do +it. And the dinner, the bed, and the ironing +are to be put to the test by some one who +sees real values. There is no doubt that +one of the things schools most lack is purpose.</p> + +<p>It might be said that to stimulate a child +to want to do things is only half the problem. +"If children do things without expert instruction +they may do them wrong, and thus get a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +faulty habit." But I think more than half of +the problem is solved when we create the +desire to do a thing. The greatest fault of +present-day education is that we constantly +try to teach a child how to do a thing without +his desiring to do it, or even knowing the +reason for doing it. On the other hand, I +once knew a country girl who had never seen +a domestic science equipment, and who lived +in a community where there was no one housekeeper +especially noted; yet with her strong +desire to be a fine housekeeper she learned +something good from each neighbor, and for +excellent results, and for economy of time +and material, her daily practice would put the +average domestic science teacher to disadvantage. +However I am not arguing that domestic +science should not be taught at school; I +certainly believe it should. But I do claim +that it is worth while, and is absolutely necessary, +first to create the desire to <em>do</em> the +things that are to be <em>taught</em>. To do things +without a purpose is like trying to eat without +an appetite.</p> + +<p>A pamphlet published by the Kansas State +Agricultural College on "School Credit for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +Home Work: The Laboratory of the Rural +School," makes these practical points:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Could there possibly be a more favorable condition +for teaching Domestic Arts than in the rural +school from which the girl goes every evening to +a busy home where she is needed to take part in +the actual work of housekeeping? It is here that +the girl has a chance to put into actual practice +the things she has learned at school. Here the +home has the chance to realize immediately upon +the investment it is making in the education of the +girl. If sanitation, ventilation, sweeping and dusting, +care of the sick, preparation of foods, care +of milk, water supply and uses, bathing, care of +health, sewing, proper clothing, etc., are taught in +our schools, and if the laboratories are in the +immediate neighborhood, and the girls and boys +must go into them to stay overnight, they should +be used. Likewise, the vegetable gardens at the +homes should be made the experimental plots for +the school, after the best seeds have been selected, +best methods of preparing, fertilizing, and planting +the soil, best-known methods of cultivation and +maturing the crops, have been taught. The actual +experimental work should be carried out in the +home gardens by the boys and girls. Proper +records can be kept, and the boys and girls will be +anxious to get back into school, after the out-of-doors +summer experiments, to compare reports, +and renew another phase of their educational +work.</p> + +<p>In agriculture the fields, stock, buildings, etc., +about the schoolhouse should be studied and used.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +These are the real agricultural laboratory. The +real problems of actual farming are present, and +the methods of work and the ways of handling the +fields and the stock are the available resources of +the school as a part of its actual laboratory. In +this connection study the dairy cows, the feeding +of cattle, hogs, and horses, types and breeds of +farm horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep. In every +community there are many opportunities for +type studies—such as fields of alfalfa or wheat +or corn; a dairy herd; valuable and well-bred +horses; beef cattle; hogs or sheep; a silo, or types +of farm machinery, and farm buildings.</p></blockquote> + +<p>It is natural for a child to want to assume +home responsibilities, but there are many +things that interfere unless a special effort is +made. The school itself has been a great +offender in weaning children from their homes +and from natural living. This, of course, is +not strange when we consider that the school +started out to make lawyers and ministers, +and not home-makers. Yet one of the great +needs of the time is to make people home-loving, +and to have those wholesome habits +that come from sharing home responsibilities. +Anything is worth while that will make the +child once taste the joy of doing a useful thing +well.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>VIII</h2> + +<h3>STELLA AND SADIE</h3> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center">Through ignorance ye did it.—Acts <small>III</small>, 17.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>"Let the school go on just as it has. What +business is it of the school to meddle with the +home work? Of course most children do certain +chores at home, but why confuse the work of +the home with the work of the school?"</p> + +<p>Have you heard this speech? I have heard +it several times. Does justice demand that we +know what pupils do outside of school? Must +the teacher know home conditions in order +to teach efficiently? I have in mind a true +story that answers these questions and shows +the injustice of teaching children when one +knows little or nothing of their home life. I +am sure most teachers have had similar experiences.</p> + +<p>In a certain schoolroom in a certain town I +noticed one day two girls in the same class +sitting near each other. The contrast between +them was so great that I became interested in +them, and found out something of their history<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +and circumstances. Stella, the younger +one, eleven years old, was a perfect picture +of rosy health. Her brown hair was beautiful +and most becomingly arranged. Many +women would have been delighted to wear +such furs as she put on at the noon recess. +Well dressed and well nourished, she had the +look of one much loved at school and at home, +one to whom life was all happiness.</p> + +<p>Stella is the only child of wealthy and +doting parents. If we should follow her home +we should find a well-kept modern house, and +we should see that the mother who greets her +at the door is just such a mother as we should +expect for such a girl. While the evening meal +is being prepared, her mother sits beside her +at the piano, and helps with her practice, and +when the father comes in, the three sing +together until dinner is announced. After +dinner her mother helps her with her Least +Common Multiple and Greatest Common +Divisor. They all discuss her composition +and then her mother asks her to read aloud, +and reads to her. Promptly at nine o'clock +she goes to bed in just the kind of room a +little girl loves. The windows are opened to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +the proper width, the heat is turned off, she +is kissed good-night, and is told, "Mother +loves you, and Father will come in and kiss +you when he comes home."</p> + +<p>In the morning at seven o'clock she is called +by a very gentle voice, and told it is time for +Mother's angel to leave her dreams. Her +mother helps her dress, and brushes and +braids her hair. "What will Father's sweetheart +have for breakfast this morning?" She +will have grape-fruit and a poached egg on +toast. After some fitting by the seamstress +for a new dress to be added to her already full +wardrobe, she is thoroughly inspected and is +ready for school. She is given some flowers +for the teacher, and is accompanied part way +by her mother. She is early at school, her +teacher kisses her, pats her cheeks, and +Stella is ready for the lessons, the lessons her +mother helped her with the evening before. +There she is, happy, radiant!</p> + +<p>Now let us go home with the other girl. +Sadie is thirteen, but she looks much older +notwithstanding her frail little figure. Did I +say home? Be the judge. A few years ago her +father and her aunt ran away together, leaving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +the mother with Sadie and two younger +children. The broken-spirited mother died +after the desertion, and the father and aunt +returned, were married, and took possession +of the house and the three children. They +now have a baby a year old. The family live +in a tumbledown house at the edge of the city. +On entering the house Sadie receives no greeting +from her stepmother-aunt, who is sitting +by a dirty window reading. The child +knows what work there is to do, and goes at +it sullenly. After the meal, at which she +scarcely has time to sit down, she has to do +up the work, and then is sent on an errand. +When she returns it is nine o'clock and she is +hardly able to keep her eyes open. The Least +Common Multiple and the Greatest Common +Divisor are like Greek to her. After she has +tried to study a few minutes, her stepmother +disturbs her by throwing her brother's stockings +into her lap to be mended. When this +task is completed, and the potatoes are peeled +for breakfast, she goes upstairs. She tenderly +draws the covers about her sleeping brother +and creeps into bed beside her little sister. +Though she is very weary, her starved soul is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +comforted as she cuddles and kisses her sister +before she drops to sleep.</p> + +<p>In the night she awakens, and thinking +Harry is again uncovered she slips over to his +bed, like a little mother, and again adjusts +the bedclothes. The baby awakens at five +o'clock, and Sadie is called and told to make +a fire and warm the milk. She then gets +breakfast, does the kitchen work, spreads up +the beds, sews a button on her brother's coat, +braids her sister's hair, and is late at school.</p> + +<p>She came in a few minutes late the morning +I visited her room. The class was trying to +make a record for punctuality, and had tied +another room for first place until this morning +when Sadie's lateness set them behind. The +teacher was provoked and reproved Sadie. +The pupils showed their scorn in many ways +and said she was the cause of all but three of +the tardy marks of the term. The teacher +knew that the principal would ask her why +she did not improve her tardy record. The +pupils knew that their chances for a half-holiday +were spoiled as long as "that Sadie +Johnson" was in the room.</p> + +<p>This morning especially the teacher wished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +to make a good showing because she wanted +a place in a larger city and hoped that I would +recommend her. Arithmetic was the first +thing on the program. The principal had +boasted of the work of his school in arithmetic. +The work went beautifully, for Stella +led off with a perfect recitation. The pride of +the whole class was evident, the teacher was +hopeful. But wanting to see the work of all +the pupils, I asked several questions, and at +last called upon Sadie. She didn't know, she +stood abashed, and showed absolute lack of +understanding of the subject. The principal +was provoked. The teacher was plainly humiliated, +and said in a tone that was low, +but loud enough for Sadie and several of the +children to hear, "The girl is not only lazy, +but feeble-minded."</p> + +<p>So it was the whole term. Sadie was tortured +each school day, condemned by the +most powerful court in the world, her companions, +led by her teacher. And the reason +was that the teacher was teaching only the +six-hour-a-day girl. One does not have to go +to Turkey to see examples of injustice and +cruelty. But let us not be too critical of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +teacher. She is tender-hearted and sympathetic. +She weeps over the heroines in books, +and has latent longings to be of service in the +world. In this case she did not know the conditions +that made Sadie stupid. If she had +been interested in the children's out-of-school +work, and had had them tell her about it, she +would have known that the frail little unkempt +girl was compelled to do a woman's +work at home besides trying to get her lessons. +Then she would have seen the tragedy in the +child's appealing glance and have understood +her. Some people go through life without +finding an opportunity to do justice, such as +was this teacher's. In ministering to the soul-hunger +of this little girl she might have given +the service that she had dreamed of giving. +It would have been the kind of service that is +its own reward.</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"> </a></span></p> + + +<h2>IX</h2> + +<h3>A STORY AND LETTERS FROM TEACHERS</h3> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">A Story From Nebraska, by Mrs. Sarah J. +Hoagland</span></p> + + +<p>One spring found me in Nebraska teaching +a school of German and Bohemian children, +only two of whom spoke English. I boarded +with a German family who lived about a mile +from the school. In our walks to and from +school I taught the children English. They +and their father were born in Nebraska, but +at first none of them could speak English so +that I could understand it, although I understood +some of their German.</p> + +<p>The oldest boy—ten years old—lanky, +with awkward gait, and fair, straight-standing +hair, had a dogged, sullen look. It was a +"home" look, especially when the father was +around, but it left when he was trying to tell +about birds or other interesting things. His +telling me that he intended to work in town as +soon as possible gave me a peep into his heart +as regarded home. It was not a happy home.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +The father often drank, and at such times he +was harsh and cruel. The mother was meek +and subdued. She never had known how to do +good housekeeping. She told me that when a +girl in Germany, being large and strong, she +had had to work in the fields instead of learning +housework.</p> + +<p>The farm was run down; the house was +bare and unhomelike. The father's voice was +often raised in upbraiding in "Low Dutch." +He often had the children rounded up for +punishment for starting fires or other mischief. +The seven-year-old boy was more efficient, +either in the home or out, than the ten-year-old +boy. I noticed that he had a better head +and intelligence. His efficiency was due to +this, not to any better training.</p> + +<p>The mother often cried over the brutality +of the father to the oldest boy. I determined +to study the situation, and I found a remedy. +I learned that the father could do practically +nothing in arithmetic. He had attended +school for his confirmation—a little reading +in German being the only apparent result. +So I taught the boy arithmetic, and after I +had worked with him two hours every night<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +for several months, he could do addition better +than his father. It was wonderful to see +the pride and dawning respect on the father's +face as the boy figured correctly the weight of +many wagon-loads of grain lately taken to the +elevator. I knew then that the unreasonable +whipping would tend to stop. I seldom +see a father unreasonable with a boy he can +be proud of at school. So the sky was clear +for a time.</p> + +<p>But when the press of spring work came on +and the father found he could not afford to +employ help, he grew moody and was even +savage again. He drank, and at times I was +afraid of him myself. But I liked the mother. +I knew she needed the board money for the +children, and I wanted to see the case of the +boy to a finish. So I stayed on. The lovely +outdoor surroundings, too, made me want to +stay. The orchard was beautiful—the finest +in the neighborhood. The birds sang in a +large maple at my window. This was a treat +to a flat-dweller. Since then I have ever loved +the country.</p> + +<p>I often asked the mother what the father +was saying to the oldest boy. I knew as far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +as the boy was concerned I could help the +matter by influencing him. She said that the +father was complaining that the boy was +worthless as a worker. For one thing, he had +milked and left the milk in the barnyard in +order to play. The complaints kept pouring +in on the patient mother. The father was +working early and late to get abreast of the +season's work. He forgot what sleep was, and +grew thin and haggard and more and more +savage.</p> + +<p>I felt that only some distinct advance would +have effect on either father or boy. I asked +if the boy could drive a horse. He couldn't. +He could not work a single piece of the machinery +on the farm. That is most unusual +in Nebraska, for the light soil can be worked +by machinery which a boy can learn to run if +he can also guide horses. The father would +not teach the boy—had no patience with +him. So the mother and I made our plans. +She approached the father with the question +of getting a team and machine for the boy. +It happened to be a cornstalk cutter that +was needed. The father consented, provided +the mother would teach the boy! She had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +done such work, though she was not strong +enough to do it this year.</p> + +<p>But I saw her that Saturday toiling in the +hot sun, walking up and down the rows, +touching up the horses. The boy proved most +apt. I soon saw him going up and down alone, +still under his mother's eye, however. The +boy seemed to grow two years in importance, +self-reliance, and ambition in that day's +work! This training was kept up out of school +hours for some time, and the boy learned to +work other machinery, the last thing a corn-planter.</p> + +<p>As soon as the father realized what the +boy was doing, he was a transformed man. +The knowledge that he had a helper seemed +to clear the atmosphere. Before this the boy +had always kept out of the father's way. Now +he forsook the mother! It was "Papa and +me" from that time in his talk. This new +attitude made it all the easier for the wife, +for it was a relief from what had been her +greatest trouble—having to stand between +the two.</p> + +<p>The father's pride and confidence in his son +kept on growing. In many ways he was just a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +good-natured big giant, but he turned like a +bear on anything that annoyed him.</p> + +<p>I remember the first day the boy stayed +out of school to work, how it seemed to me a +deciding day in his life. I rarely like to see +a child stay out of school, but that day I +thought the industrial training much more +important than anything I could teach the +boy in those hours of school. He came regularly +after the rush of work was over.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">A School in Montana: +Mrs. Hoagland's First Letter To the Author</span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Last September I heard your lecture on credit +being given in school for home work. I have tried +it lately after working the children up to grade. +I started by getting acquainted with the homes, +finding out what the children did and what they +could do further. I made inquiries as to whether +the children, in their play, left things around for +the mother to pick up and so on. The spirit the +work is done in counts, too, in credit given. The +work must be done pleasantly and cheerfully; the +mother must be asked for work; she is not to be +hunting the child up to get him to do the work.</p> + +<p>One little girl of eleven made bread from beginning +to end, never having tried it entirely before. +She has an overworked mother. In another home +I found the two older children took charge of a +teething baby while the mother, an ex-teacher and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +rather delicate, did the housework. The little +girl, six years old, could do dishes and otherwise +help the mother. In another home the boy has +grown to be the pride of his father's heart by +forcing the father back into the chair, when he +was weary, and doing the chores himself.</p> + +<p>One boy, his father told me two weeks ago, was +growing as dependable as his brother five years +older, and helped bring the cows, herd cattle from +one field to another before and after school and +on non-school days. There was much other work, +light in itself, but wonderfully helpful to his +father, that was taken charge of cheerfully.</p> + +<p>One child's father had a hired man. The boy +did but little. He is eight years old and large. +While visiting there, I saw his father bringing in +coal. I told the boy he would find it necessary +to look up work if he cared for credit. His mother +visited school shortly after this; I was telling her +of the idea and she said she now understood why +Bennie had started to clear the table several times, +and so on. We had a very happy laugh over it. +The boy hunts the eggs, gets in the wood and coal, +makes the mash for the chickens, and helps wash +the dishes.</p> + +<p>Another child, aged thirteen, has to do much +outside work, so she feels good over getting credit +for it. It is a kind of pay that makes her days +pleasanter. I believe each child richly deserves +the credit I have given. The results have been +to make the tie between the parents and myself +stronger, and I am asked to come back next year. +I have seen a gladder, prouder light in the parents' +eyes concerning their children. It has helped to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +make our school in some respects without a +superior in the county, according to the county +superintendent's own word. A member of the +board says the children never have made such +progress since the school was built, and all say +these children never have made as much progress +before. They are learning, as far as I can teach +them, the honor of labor and the beauty of being +useful, willing, and dependable. I have had a +hard battle to wage here for good, thorough work +and application, but the right has won.</p> + +<p>I enclose a report that shows the kinds of work +the children are in the habit of doing.</p> + +<p>I am the teacher who spoke to you about the +new oats being brought into the dryland country. +It is now being introduced into another part of +Montana where my homestead is. You will perhaps +remember me.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +Very sincerely,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Mrs. S. J. Hoagland.</span> +</p></blockquote> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="hoagland"> +<tr><td align="left">BENNIE McCOY</td><td align="left">ADDISON SHIRLEY</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><em>Aged 8</em></td><td align="left"><em>Aged 9</em></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dries dishes</td><td align="left">Takes out ashes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Makes fire</td><td align="left">Gets eggs</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pulled up sunflower stalks</td><td align="left">Gets coal and kindling</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Milks (some)</td><td align="left">Feeds horses oats (15 head)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gets in coal and kindling</td><td align="left">Cleans out barn</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gathers eggs</td><td align="left">Milks cows sometimes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brings in wood</td><td align="left">Drives cattle</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carries ashes out</td><td align="left">Harnesses up</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Smashes big coal for stove</td><td align="left">Hunts eggs</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turns churn</td><td align="left">Waters horses</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeds cats</td><td align="left">Dries dishes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gets chicken feed</td><td align="left">Cooks (eggs, pancakes, coffee)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeds sitting hen</td><td align="left">Sets table</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Helps catch calves</td><td align="left">Fries apples and bakes them</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gets clean hay for chicken nests</td><td align="left">Peels potatoes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clears table</td><td align="left">Fries potatoes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turns windmill<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td><td align="left">Feeds chickens</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Slops hogs</td><td align="left">Carries slop to hogs</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kills flies</td><td align="left">Drives to town</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fixed his hand cart</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOHNNIE MAHONEY</td><td align="left">LOVILO MURRAY</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><em>Aged 6</em></td><td align="left"><em>Aged 5</em></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeds pig</td><td align="left">Opens gate for calves</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hunts eggs</td><td align="left">Gets kindling</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Waters horse</td><td align="left">Gets coal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Told where sow and her new pigs</td><td align="left">Takes care of baby</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">were when no one else could</td><td align="left">Closes chicken-house door</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">find them</td><td align="left">Carries wood</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minds baby</td><td align="left">Dries dishes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hunts firewood</td><td align="left">Leads horses to plow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAY MAHONEY</td><td align="left">ALEEN MURRAY</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><em>Aged 11</em></td><td align="left"><em>Aged 7</em></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bakes bread</td><td align="left">Washes and dries dishes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washes dishes</td><td align="left">Sweeps floor</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minds baby</td><td align="left">Does simple ironing</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gets coal and water</td><td align="left">Gets wood, water, and coal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gathers eggs</td><td align="left">Closes chicken-house door</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Makes cake</td><td align="left">Dresses baby</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gets cows</td><td align="left">Tends baby</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Waters horses</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pumps water</td><td align="left">SUSIE MARCKINO</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sewed a doll petticoat</td><td align="left"><em>Aged 13</em></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sewed sleeves in waist for little brother</td><td align="left">Cooks meals</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubs</td><td align="left">Washes dishes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Irons</td><td align="left">Scrubs</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cooks meals</td><td align="left">Irons</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peels potatoes</td><td align="left">Sews—made a waist and a baby</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Takes out ashes</td><td align="left">dress</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dusts</td><td align="left">Gets coal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeps</td><td align="left">Feeds chickens</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Makes beds</td><td align="left">Goes for horse</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Airs bedding</td><td align="left">Brings water</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Milks cows</td><td align="left">Gets hay and feeds horses</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeds calf</td><td align="left">Builds fires</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hays horses</td><td align="left">Turns churn</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Builds fires</td><td align="left">Polishes stoves</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turns churn</td><td align="left">Cares for young chickens</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeds chickens</td><td align="left">Dusts</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeds sitting hens</td><td align="left">Salts horses</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sets and clears table</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washes range</td><td align="left">ROSIE MARCKINO</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Polishes cutlery</td><td align="left"><em>Aged 6</em></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Does light washing</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Prepares vegetables</td><td align="left">Gets water</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Did dishes with four-year-old sister when all else were gone</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">A general little helper</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">A Letter from Mrs. E. H. Belknap, Marion +County, Oregon</span></p> + +<p>I believe intensely in an education that teaches +the boy or girl not only how the book says to do a +thing, but how, by actual experience and practice, +that thing is best worked out and brought to +perfection....</p> + +<p>In this district we have used home credits for +two years. First, in order to make this a success, +the teacher must believe in it, and must be a +worker. We have given credits for everything +from plowing to washing the baby for breakfast. +As a result we have the little girls dressing their +own hair for school, the older ones cooking breakfast, +washing, ironing, etc. The boys plow, milk, +clean stables, cut wood, feed horses, do all kinds +of work for credits; <em>doing it, they have become interested +in it, and before they knew it a habit has been +formed of doing things at the right time in the right +way</em>. It is truly wonderful what these children do. +Some of them walk three or four miles, and still +earn hundreds of credits in a week. Some of my +girls milk as many as eight cows twice a day, and +the boys plow and harrow acres of ground. They +do the work gladly, too.</p> + +<p>Monday mornings we give out blanks to be +filled out, signed by parents, and returned the +following Monday morning. We always go over +the cards carefully. <em>I call the names aloud, and the +pupils report quickly. If extra work has been accomplished +I always try to praise the effort. It is a happy +hour when the reports are rendered.</em></p> + +<p>At first we agreed that when any pupil earned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +six hundred or more credits he should be entitled +to a holiday. Thousands of credits have been +earned, but no one has asked for the holiday! +Frequently, when the pupil has been ill, or forced +to miss a day, he has asked that the credits be +applied to blot out the absent marks, and this has +always been granted.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>PART TWO</h2> + +<h3>I</h3> + +<p class="center">ILLUSTRATIVE HOME CREDIT PLANS</p> + + +<p>Upon the demonstration of the success of +the home credit plan in the Spring Valley +School I began to hear of other Oregon +schools that had taken it up and were carrying +it on successfully. During the school +year 1913-14, three hundred and twenty-five +teachers in Oregon and in Washington were +giving school credit for home work, while the +scheme had been adopted by some schools in +other States.</p> + +<p>For the aid of those who may contemplate +its use, the outlines of several plans that have +been instituted are printed here, together +with excerpts of letters we have received, and +cards made out by pupils. These reports +come from teachers who have used the scheme +successfully in various forms. The daily report +plans are given first, and the letters are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +arranged according to the frequency of the +report from the home to the school.</p> + +<p>It will be noted that some teachers use a +card that is supposed to last for a whole year, +being returned to the teacher monthly as +school cards are often returned to the parent +monthly; others have cards that are marked +daily, and last for only a week. Some teachers +use a contest plan of awards like Mr. +O'Reilly's; others add credits to the average +obtained in school subjects; and others do +both. The first user of the parent-signed +report, Mr. O'Reilly, used no cards, but had +the children write little notes with lists of +their labors every day for their parents to +sign. A bulletin from the Kansas Agricultural +College suggests that pupils should furnish +the reports themselves over their own +signatures.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> The only record of failure we +have was in a school where monthly report +cards were used, and no definite scheme +of duties was laid down,—merely so many +minutes of unspecified labor. I find that +children are more interested when their performance +of particular duties is recorded.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> +<p>I should never advise the wholesale adoption +of any one plan, but I would suggest that +superintendents and teachers adapt plans to +the needs of their districts. Several schools +have been reported where an enthusiastic +principal has put the plan into operation +throughout his school, regardless of the ideas +of his teachers. I find that teachers never feel +inspiration in a work that they do not want +to undertake. Therefore, it would be my suggestion +that under no circumstances should a +teacher be asked to use home credits unless +she herself desires it.</p> + + +<p class="center">DAILY REPORTS</p> + +<p>The following is the method which Mr. +A. I. O'Reilly originated at the Spring Valley +School, in 1911-12:—</p> + + +<p class="center"><em>Rules of the Contest</em></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>1. No pupil is obliged to enter the contest.</p> + +<p>2. Any pupil entering is free to quit at any time, +but if any one quits without good cause, all +credits he or she may have earned will be +forfeited.</p> + +<p>3. Parent or guardian must send an itemized +list (with signature affixed) to the teacher each +morning. This list must contain a record of the +work each child has done daily.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. Each day the teacher will issue a credit +voucher to the pupil. This voucher will state +the total number of minutes due the pupil +each day for home work.</p> + +<p>5. At the close of the contest pupils will return +vouchers to the teacher, the six pupils who +have earned the greatest amount of time, per +the vouchers, receiving awards.</p> + +<p>6. Contest closes when term of school closes.</p> + +<p>7. Once each month the names of the six pupils +who are in the lead will be published in the +county papers.</p> + +<p>8. Ten per cent credit will be added to final +examination results of all pupils (except eighth +graders) who enter and continue in the contest.</p> + +<p>9. When a pupil has credits to the amount of one +day earned, by surrender of the credits, and +by proper application to the teacher, he or she +may be granted a holiday, provided that not +more than one holiday may be granted to a +pupil each month.</p> + +<p>10. Forfeitures—dropping out of contest without +cause, all credits due; unexcused absence, all +credits due; unexcused tardiness, 25 per cent +of all credits due; less than 90 per cent in +deportment for one month, 10 per cent of all +credits due.</p> + +<p>11. Awards—the three having the highest credits, +$3 each; the three having second highest, +$2 each. Awards to be placed in a savings +bank to the credit of the pupils winning them. +Funds for awards furnished by the school district +board out of the general fund.</p></blockquote> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><em>List of duties with minutes credit allowed for each</em></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="minutes"> +<tr><td align="left">1.</td><td align="left">Building fire in the morning</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">minutes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2.</td><td align="left">Milking a cow</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3.</td><td align="left">Cleaning a cow</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4.</td><td align="left">Cleaning out the barn</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5.</td><td align="left">Splitting and carrying in wood (12 hours' supply)</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">6.</td><td align="left">Turning cream separator</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">7.</td><td align="left">Cleaning a horse</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">8.</td><td align="left">Gathering eggs</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">9.</td><td align="left">Feeding chickens</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">10.</td><td align="left">Feeding pigs</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">11.</td><td align="left">Feeding horse</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">12.</td><td align="left">Feeding cow</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">13.</td><td align="left">Churning butter</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">14.</td><td align="left">Making butter</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">15.</td><td align="left">Blacking stove</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">16.</td><td align="left">Making and baking bread</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">17.</td><td align="left">Making biscuits</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">18.</td><td align="left">Preparing breakfast for family</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">19.</td><td align="left">Preparing supper for family</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20.</td><td align="left">Washing and wiping dishes (one meal)</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">21.</td><td align="left">Sweeping floor</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">22.</td><td align="left">Dusting furniture (rugs, etc., one room)</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">23.</td><td align="left">Scrubbing floor</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">24.</td><td align="left">Making beds (must be made after school), each bed</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">25.</td><td align="left">Washing, ironing, and starching own clothes that are worn at school (each week)</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">26.</td><td align="left">Bathing each week</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">27.</td><td align="left">Arriving at school with clean hands, face, teeth, and nails, and with hair combed</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">28.</td><td align="left">Practicing music lesson (for 30 minutes)</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>29.</td><td align="left">Retiring on or before 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">30.</td><td align="left">Bathing and dressing baby</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">31.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with window boards in bedroom (each night)</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">32.</td><td align="left">Other work not listed, reasonable credit</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>While it is sometimes more convenient to +have printed record slips, it is not necessary. +Mr. O'Reilly carried on the grading by having +each child write out his home credit work on +ordinary tablet paper. The great majority +of home credit schools have used the plan in +1914 without any printing whatever. It +affords the children practice in written expression.</p> + +<p>I give here two sample slips brought in by +Mr. O'Reilly's pupils in the first home credit +contest in the United States.</p> + +<p class="center"><br /><em>Tora Mortensen</em></p> + +<p class="sig2"> +Jan. 31, 1912.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="tora"> +<tr><td align="left">Prepared supper</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed and wiped supper dishes</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Made 3 beds</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Swept 1 floor</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed teeth</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Was in bed at 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">1 hr. 20 min.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"> +(Signed) <em>Mrs. Emma Savage.</em> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><br /><em>La Vern Holdredge</em></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="vern"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">April 16, 1912.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fed chickens</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">minutes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gathered eggs</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Split kindling</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carried in wood</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Swept four floors</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fed one horse</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dried dishes</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">In bed before nine</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">April 17, 1912.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed teeth.</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">minutes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Swept three floors</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Put up lunch</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">———</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">125</td><td align="center">minutes</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"> +(Signed) <span class="smcap">Mrs. Holdredge.</span> +</p> + +<p>Superintendent A. R. Mack, of Holton, +Kansas, has issued the following plan for +daily reports and the issue of credit vouchers +monthly, in bulletin form. Notice that the +pupil who is paid in money, or in any other +way, for home work receives no credit. This +card gives a very desirable emphasis to manners +and personal care:—</p> + +<p class="center"><br /><em>Rules</em></p> + +<p class="hanging2">1. No pupil is obliged to enter contest.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">2. Any pupil entering is free to quit at any time, +but if any one quits without good cause, all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +credits he or she may have earned will be +forfeited.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">3. Parent or guardian must send daily to the +teacher an itemized list with signature +attached; this list must contain the record of +the work each child has done daily.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">4. At the end of each week the teacher may read +the number of credits due the pupil for that +week. At the end of each month the teacher +shall issue a credit voucher to the pupil giving +the total number of credits due to the pupil +up to date, for home work.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">5. The pupil in each grade making the highest +number of credits each month will receive an +added credit of 10 per cent of all credits due.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">6. The school shall be divided into two divisions. +The boy and the girl in each division +in each building receiving the highest number +of credits at the end of each half-year +shall be awarded a suitable medal.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">7. The boy and the girl in each division in each +building receiving the second highest number +of credits shall at their own option be +awarded a medal or an additional 10 per cent +of credits already due.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">8. Ten per cent credit will be added to final +examination results of all pupils who enter +this contest before November 1, and continue +in it until the end of the year. Those entering +school after November 1 must enter contest +before January 1, in order to receive examination +credit.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">9. Pupils entering the contest before November 1 +or January 1 will be given credit not only on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +final examination grades, but on monthly +examination grades.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">10. In case a pupil enters the contest after November 1 +or January 1, credits for home work will +apply on monthly examination grades only.</p> + +<p>The following schedule has been adopted:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Grades of 95 to 100, additional credit of +half the amount between the grade and 100.</p> + +<p>Grades of 90 to 95, a credit of 3 is given.</p> + +<p>Grades of 85 to 90, a credit of 2 is given.</p> + +<p>Grades of 80 to 85, a credit of 1 is given.</p> + +<p>Below 80, no credit.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="hanging2">11. Any pupil in the first three grades earning 600 +credits during a given month may have a +quarter holiday. Pupils in the fourth grade +must make 700 credits; pupils in the fifth +grade must make 800 credits; pupils in the +sixth grade must make 900 credits; pupils in +the seventh and eighth grades must make +1000 credits for a quarter holiday.</p> + +<p>All holidays are at the discretion of the +teacher; <em>provided</em>, that the pupil may not have +more than one quarter holiday in any 20 days, +and <em>provided</em>, that the teacher thinks that it +will not interfere with school work.</p> + +<p>In case deportment is below 90 per cent, +the holiday will be refused.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">12. Forfeitures—</p> +<blockquote> +<p class="hanging2">(<em>a</em>) Dropping out of contest without cause +forfeits all credits due.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>b</em>) Unexcused absence forfeits all credits +due.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>c</em>) Tardiness forfeits 25 per cent of all credits +due.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>d</em>) Less than 90 per cent in deportment in +one month forfeits 10 per cent of all credits +due.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>e</em>) Loss of temper forfeits 5 credits.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>f</em>) Bad table manners forfeit 5 credits.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>g</em>) Impoliteness to elders forfeits 5 credits.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>h</em>) Bad language at home forfeits 5 credits.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>i</em>) Discourtesy to parents forfeits 10 credits.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>j</em>) Unnecessarily soiling clothes forfeits 5 +credits.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>k</em>) Unnecessarily tearing clothes forfeits 5 +credits.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>l</em>) Report cards kept home 3 days forfeits +5 per cent credits and an additional 5 +credits for each succeeding day.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">(<em>m</em>) Forgetting books forfeits 5 credits per +book.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="hanging2">13. Once each month the names of the six pupils +who are in the lead will be published in the +Holton papers.</p> + +<p class="hanging2">14. A pupil who receives compensation for work +done, whether he is paid in money or in any +other way, shall receive no school credit for +such work.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Credit Slip for Primary to Third Grades, inclusive</em></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="third"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Credits.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Carrying in cobs or kindling</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Carrying in night wood for kitchen stove</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Feeding and watering chickens</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Dusting one room</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Making one bed</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Wiping dishes</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>8.</td><td align="left">Setting table</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Cleaning teeth</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Combing hair</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Properly preparing for school (washing face, ears, neck, hands; cleaning teeth and finger nails)</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Dressing without help, buttoning shoes, etc</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Going to bed at or before 9 P.M.</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with window open each night</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Dressing younger child and washing its face</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Caring for younger children half-hour</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left">Proper use of handkerchief one day</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Cleaning mud or snow from feet</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">Practicing music lesson 30 minutes</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">Cleaning snow from porch</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Cleaning snow from walks inside yard, each walk</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td align="left">Scrubbing porch</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td align="left">Mending stockings, per pair</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td align="left">Filling the water bucket</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td align="left">Returning report card on first day</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td align="left">Returning report card on second day</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td align="left">Polishing the shoes</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28.</td><td align="left">Getting home before 4.30 and remaining home 30 minutes</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Other work not listed, reasonable credit.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"><em>Credit Slip for Fourth to Eighth Grades, inclusive</em></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="fourth"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Credits.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Building a fire in morning</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Milking a cow</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Cleaning out a barn</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Splitting and carrying in wood, 12 hours' supply</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Bringing in kindling</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Bringing in coal, per bucket</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Filling water bucket</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Cleaning a horse</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>9.</td><td align="left">Feeding and watering chickens</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Feeding pigs</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Feeding horse</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Feeding cow</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Blacking stove</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">Making and baking bread</td><td align="right">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Making biscuits</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Preparing breakfast for family</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left">Preparing supper for family</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Washing and wiping dishes, one meal</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">Sweeping one room</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">Dusting one room</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Making one bed</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td align="left">Scrubbing one floor</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td align="left">Making a cake</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td align="left">Practicing music lesson half-hour</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td align="left">Tending flowers in window</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td align="left">Working in garden half-hour</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td align="left">Cleaning snow from sidewalk</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28.</td><td align="left">Mending stockings, per pair</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29.</td><td align="left">Washing, starching and ironing own school clothes each week</td><td align="right">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30.</td><td align="left">Bathing (each bath)</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31.</td><td align="left">Cleaning teeth</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">32.</td><td align="left">Combing hair</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">33.</td><td align="left">Properly preparing for school (washing face, ears, neck, hands; cleaning teeth and finger nails)</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">34.</td><td align="left">Retiring at or before 9 P.M</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">35.</td><td align="left">Getting up at or before 7 A.M</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">36.</td><td align="left">Bathing and dressing baby</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">37.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with window open each night</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">38.</td><td align="left">Dressing younger child, washing its face, etc.</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">39.</td><td align="left">Caring for younger child, each half-hour</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">40.</td><td align="left">Home study, each half-hour</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">41.</td><td align="left">Making pies, 10 credits for the first and 5 credits for each additional pie.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">42.</td><td align="left">Ironing one hour</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>43.</td><td align="left">Running washing machine one hour</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">44.</td><td align="left">Bringing cow from pasture, 2 or 3 blocks</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">45.</td><td align="left">Bringing cow from pasture, 8 or 9 blocks</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">46.</td><td align="left">Errands down town</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">47.</td><td align="left">Carrying clothes</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">48.</td><td align="left">Helping prepare the meal</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">49.</td><td align="left">Pumping a tank of water</td><td align="right">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">50.</td><td align="left">Harrowing 2 hours</td><td align="right">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">51.</td><td align="left">Carrying dinner</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">52.</td><td align="left">Churning</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">53.</td><td align="left">Dressing a chicken</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">54.</td><td align="left">Returning report cards on first day</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">55.</td><td align="left">Returning report cards on second day</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">56.</td><td align="left">Polishing the shoes</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">57.</td><td align="left">Getting home before 4.30 and remaining home 30 minutes</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Other work not listed, reasonable credit.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><em>General Rule</em></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>For unlisted work credit will be given. One credit +will be given for every two minutes' work.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Mr. N. V. Rowe, the teacher at St. John, +Whitman County, Washington, describes a +novel plan:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>At first I used a credit card arranged after the +order of a meal ticket. The plan was to have the +card hold credits enough for one school day of 360 +minutes, arranged by 5's, 10's, 15's, 20's, 25's, and +30's. The idea is all right were it amplified so as +to include a school week. The teacher has a punch, +and punches or cancels credits as presented. I +found this took too many cards for each pupil.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +Some brought in as high as 360 minutes in credits +each day, and even more than that in some cases. +At present I am using a plan similar to a grocer's +manifolding or duplicating book where totals are +forwarded each day. This saves time and in some +ways is better than the ticket plan.</p> + +<p>The results have certainly justified the effort +here. (1) It lessens tardiness; (2) it enlists the +attention of parents quicker than anything else; +(3) it stimulates to better work in school; (4) it +creates a wholesome rivalry. I have heard the +following objections to it: It requires too much +time of a teacher already very busy; and pupils +get a holiday when they ought to be at their +studies. These objections are weak. The plan +certainly has a sound pedagogic principle for its +foundation.</p> + +<p>The children get but one holiday a month. In +case a pupil is ill or necessarily absent for a day, +it is very convenient to allow that as a holiday. +This helps the attendance record wonderfully, +and is perfectly legitimate, so far as I can see. We +have been doing that way all the present year. +Bear in mind, we allow such as a holiday only +when one has not been allowed already for that +particular month. In the register I mark the initial +"H" wherever a holiday is granted, and in this +way I keep tab.</p></blockquote> + +<p>At Burnt Ridge, near Alpha, Washington, +in Mrs. Venona E. Toman's school, a postal-card +photograph is given as a little reward +of merit for each 1000 credits earned. Five<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +credits are taken off for coming to school +with neck and ears not clean. One hundred +and twenty credits are given to the child who +washes, starches, and irons her school clothes +for the week. Practicing music and studying +lessons get ten credits for half an hour; but +hard work, like sawing wood and making a +garden, gets one credit for each two minutes.</p> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>The following is an excerpt from a letter +from the Burnt Ridge teacher:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I have the children keep their own records, telling +them that I want them to learn to do their own +business. Then their mothers look over and sign +their reports. Without one exception the parents +are pleased with the plan. The mothers tell me +that the children hurry to get all done they possibly +can before school time, as they want their +credits to increase. One mother said there was +more trouble now between her two girls because +neither one <em>wanted help</em> than there was before +<em>when they wanted help</em>. I require that the work be +done cheerfully. One mother said she believed her +daughters sang about their work many times when +they did not feel a bit like it. I notice myself, and +others tell me that it is making a difference in the +homes. I think this one of the best features that +has been added to the school work. It teaches +independence, thoughtfulness, and thrift.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">MORNING AND EVENING RECORD, WEEKLY +REPORT</p> + +<p>Marion County, Oregon, uses a card issued +by Superintendent W. M. Smith, which provides +for a record of daily morning and evening +home tasks, and a weekly report.</p> + +<p>This county forms an object lesson in the +correct presentation of a subject of this kind. +Superintendent Smith first picked out a +teacher that he knew had initiative and was +able to carry her people with her. He explained +the matter to her in detail and kept in +close touch with her work. Her success was so +pronounced that he thought that it was not +necessary to make much effort to extend the +plan into the surrounding districts; he knew +it would spread of itself. And it did; like a +prairie fire, he found it leaping over districts +and catching in others, until now it is widely +used in the county. The card is the result of +much experience and a few conferences with +some of Mr. Smith's best people.</p> + +<p>Notice that honesty of record is emphasized; +also observe the details of dairy work +and the care of horses:—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 407px;"> +<img src="images/p087.jpg" width="407" height="600" alt="credit" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Home Credit Blank</em><br /> +<br /> +<em>School........... Dis't No..... Teacher</em>...............<br /> +<br /> +<em>Name........................... Age.......... Grade.....</em><br /> +<br /> +<em>Object: To secure the cooperation of the Home and the School</em></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="eightyseven"> +<tr><td align="center">...Day of ... 191..</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Credits</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Monday</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Tuesday</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Wednesday</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Thursday</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Friday</td><td align="center">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">for</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">each.</td><td align="left">a.m.</td><td align="left">p.m.</td><td align="left">a.m.</td><td align="left">p.m.</td><td align="left">a.m.</td><td align="left">p.m.</td><td align="left">a.m.</td><td align="left">p.m.</td><td align="left">a.m.</td><td align="left">p.m.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1.</td><td align="left">Bath</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2.</td><td align="left">Teeth cleaned</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3.</td><td align="left">No. loaves of bread baked</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4.</td><td align="left">No. of cakes baked</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5.</td><td align="left">No. of meals prepared (alone)</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">6.</td><td align="left">Wiped dishes (all for one meal)</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">7.</td><td align="left">Washed dishes (all for one meal)</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">8.</td><td align="left">Set the table</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">9.</td><td align="left">Gathered up dishes</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">10.</td><td align="left">Churning butter</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">11.</td><td align="left">Making butter</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">12.</td><td align="left">No. of rooms swept</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">13.</td><td align="left">No. of rooms dusted</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">14.</td><td align="left">No. of beds made</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">15.</td><td align="left">Blacking stove</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">16.</td><td align="left">Gathering the eggs</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">17.</td><td align="left">Carried in the wood</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">18.</td><td align="left">No. of fires built</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">19.</td><td align="left">Split the wood</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20.</td><td align="left">Fed the chickens</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">21.</td><td align="left">Fed the pigs</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">22.</td><td align="left">No. of horses fed grain</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">23.</td><td align="left">No. horses hayed</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">24.</td><td align="left">No. horses watered</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">25.</td><td align="left">No. horses bedded</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">26.</td><td align="left">No. cows milked</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">27.</td><td align="left">No. cows bedded</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">28.</td><td align="left">No. cow stalls cleaned</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">29.</td><td align="left">No. of horse stalls cleaned</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">.......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">TOTAL..........</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p> +Reasonable credit may be given for other work. When the answer is Yes or No as<br /> +in 8 and 9, etc., write 1 for yes and leave blank for no.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Parent</span>:—As one who insists upon absolute honesty being taught, my signature<br /> +below certifies that to the best of my knowledge this report is correct.</p> +<p class="sig">.....................<span class="smcap">Parent</span>. +</p> + +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> +<p>Oscar. L. Dunlap, principal of the school at +Salem Heights, Marion County, gives the +following explanation of the way home credits +were recognized in his school the first year:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The first month we gave cash prizes; then this +was abandoned and we allowed 20 per cent to be +added to each of any two subjects, and 10 per cent +to any one subject in the monthly tests. We give +twelve questions (answer any ten) and those having +20 per cent allowance need answer only eight +questions, and so on. In my room the pupils work +harder to earn the 20 per cent allowance than they +did to earn the cash prizes; for in this way every +one receives a prize. Some think this is a wrong +way to give rewards. I was myself in doubt at +first; but my pupils have actually worked harder +during the past two months than during the six +months before we adopted this plan.</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="center">DAILY RECORDS, WEEKLY REPORTS</p> + +<p>In Spokane County, Washington, one hundred +and thirteen teachers have used home +credits during the school year of 1913-14. +Superintendent E. G. McFarland became +interested in the work that one of his rural +teachers started on home credits at the opening +of the schools in the fall of 1913. Mr. McFarland +obtained what information he +could on the subject, and then worked out a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +plan. This made provision for a daily record +for five days, and a weekly report. At his +institute he presented the project to his +teachers, and in January some eighty-one +began the work. Others soon followed.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="potato" id="potato"></a> +<img src="images/f088.jpg" width="600" height="340" alt="potato" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">O. H. BENSON POTATO CLUB, MORAN, SPOKANE COUNTY, WASHINGTON</p> + +<p class="center">The members are receiving school credits for club work carried out regularly. The president is "talking potatoes" +to the members of the club</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The Spokane Chamber of Commerce sent +out a story of Spokane County's home credits +to eight hundred and fifty of its correspondents +in the United States and Canada. For a +while the superintendent's office was flooded +with letters of inquiry relative to the plan. +This shows the great interest taken everywhere +in any movement calculated to better +the child's school and home relationship.</p> + +<p>At a parent-teachers' meeting in Spokane +a committee was appointed to assist the +principal of one of the schools in keeping the +children off the streets. At that time it was +arranged that credit at school should be given +to all children off the streets after six o'clock, +and to those who did not go to evening +parties.</p> + +<p>Below is the Spokane County plan.</p> + +<p class="center"><em>Bulletin for Teachers: Home Credits</em></p> + +<p>The following are the rules and reward offered +for home work. This work is to be done during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +school week. No one is compelled to enter this +contest and the pupil may drop out at any time.</p> + +<p>All work must be voluntary on the part of the +pupil. Parents are requested not to sign papers +for pupils if the work is not voluntarily and cheerfully +done.</p> + +<p>The rewards for this work are:—</p> + +<p>One half-holiday each month to the child who +has earned one hundred or more home credits, and +has not been absent or tardy for the month; also</p> + +<p>5 per cent will be added to his final examination. +The pupil who earns one hundred or more credits +each month but fails in perfect attendance will +have the 5 per cent added to his final examination.</p> + +<p>In addition, the board of directors may offer a +prize to the pupil in each grade who shall have the +greatest amount of home credits, and shall be +neither absent nor tardy during the term, or from +the adoption of these rules.</p> + + +<p class="center"><em>List of Home Credits</em></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Personal cleanliness</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">Retiring before 9 o'clock</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning teeth</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Feeding and watering horses</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Practicing music lesson</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">Feeding and watering cows</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dressing baby</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Feeding and watering hogs</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Gathering eggs</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping floor</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Cleaning chicken house</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making bed</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Going for mail</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Preparing meal</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">Picking apples</td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making a cake</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Picking potatoes</td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making biscuits</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Bringing in wood for to-day</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Churning</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">Splitting wood for to-day</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbing floor</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">Bringing in water for to-day</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dusting</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Grooming horse</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Blacking stove</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Milking cow</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Darning stockings</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Working in field</td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Delivering papers</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">Going for milk</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="sig"> +<span class="smcap">E. G. Mcfarland,</span><br /> +<em>County Superintendent of Schools.</em> +</p> + +<p><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +The following statement is made by Superintendent +McFarland as to the effect home +credits had on attendance in 1913-14:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>We attribute the increase in our attendance this +year in the schools of Spokane County, outside the +city of Spokane, largely to the Home Credit System +and our certificates for perfect attendance. +While the enrollment was 108 less than last year, +yet our attendance was 16,712 days more. At the +present rate of 16 cents per day, the pupils earned +for the county, from the State appropriation, nearly +$2700 more than last year. With the same enrollment +as last year the increase of apportionment +would have reached approximately $6000.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The credit slip for the school week provides +for a daily record of "chores or work done" +from Monday to Friday inclusive. It does +not contain a stated list of duties; the blanks +are to be filled in by the child. The list of +home credits is furnished each district, but +the teacher uses her judgment in allowing +credit for any chore peculiar to her locality. +On page 92 is given one of these blanks with +the work itemized. Note the evidence of cooperation +between Jessie and her mother. On +the mornings when Jessie gets the breakfast +her mother dresses the baby, and <em>vice versa</em>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/p092.jpg" width="450" height="451" alt="jones" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>Home Credit Work</em><br /> + +<em>Dist. No.......</em><br /> + +<em>Name, Jessie Jones.</em> <em>Age 12. Grade 6th.</em> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="jones"> +<tr><td align="left">Chores or work done</td><td align="left">Mon.</td><td align="left">Tues.</td><td align="left">Wed.</td><td align="left">Thur.</td><td align="left">Fri.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping floor</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making cake</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making bed</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning teeth</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dressing baby</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Getting breakfast</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Music lessons</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making biscuit</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">——</td><td align="center">——</td><td align="center">——</td><td align="center">——</td><td align="left">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total for week</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="sig"> +(Signed) <span class="smcap">Mrs. Mary A. Jones</span>,<br /> + +<em>Parent's Signature</em>. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p>Here is a letter from a little girl who earns +home credits in a grown-up way:—</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<span class="smcap">Cheney, Washington</span>.<br /> +April 27, 1914. +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Mrs. Thomason</span>:</p> + +<p>I am nine years old, and in the fourth grade. I +think I will pass into the fifth grade. I like to go +to school. My teacher is Miss Grier. I like her. +We get Home Credits in our school.</p> + +<p>I haven't any pets, but I have a little sister and +a little brother. They are twins, and were born +on my birthday, June 11. Their names are Ruth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +and Millard. They are awfully sweet and good, +and I like them a good deal better than pets. I get +credit at school for taking care of them.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +Your little friend,<br /> + +<span class="smcap">Clara Louise Peterson</span>. +</p> + +<p> +Report of Clara Louise for week ending<br /> +May 1, 1914:—<br /> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/p093.jpg" width="450" height="531" alt="clara" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"><em>Home Credit Work</em></p> + +<p><em>Dist. No. 18</em>.</p> + +<p><em>Name, Clara Louise Peterson. Age 9. Grade 4th</em>.</p> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="clara"> +<tr><td align="left">Chores or work done</td><td align="left">Mon.</td><td align="left">Tues.</td><td align="left">Wed.</td><td align="left">Thur.</td><td align="left">Fri.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Personal cleanliness</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning teeth</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wiping dishes</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caring for baby</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carrying Water</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping floor</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">3</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gathering eggs</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Going for mail</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making beds</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">3</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Churning</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Setting table</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Retiring before nine o'clock</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">____</td><td align="left">____</td><td align="left">____</td><td align="left">____</td><td align="left">____</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total for week</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">15</td><td align="left">17</td><td align="left">16</td><td align="left">15</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="sig"> +(Signed) <span class="smcap">Mrs. J. C. Peterson</span>,<br /> +<em>Parent's Signature</em>. +</p> + +</div> +</div> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> +<p>Superintendent McFarland has received +many letters of appreciation from teachers +and parents in his county. One teacher +writes:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The system helps, in bringing the school and +home closer together by letting the parents see that +we count the practical duties of the house and +of the farm of actual value in the training of the +child.</p> + +<p>One father is encouraging his three boys to earn +more than the required home credits by paying +them a small sum of money for each additional +five credits.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Another writes:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The teachers have noted many cases of much +improved personal cleanliness, which in itself has +been a welcome reward. Then, you know, improved +morals go hand in hand with clean bodies. +We are taking into account the fact that cleanliness +on the part of one child usually forces +another to clean up on account of the inevitable +contrast.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A parent writes:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The home credit system is to my mind one of +the most practical features that has been introduced +into the public-school curriculum for some +time. It teaches the children self-reliance, and +encourages them to take the initiative when heretofore +they have been indifferent or careless. Its +practical help to the parents is inestimable, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +children in pursuit of "credits" take innumerable +burdens from the parents' shoulders.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This from another parent:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Regarding the home credit system of the public +school, my sentiment as the parent of two boys +attending school is that it is working fine. It makes +my boys ambitious to earn as many credits as +possible, and this system as laid out leads them to +take interest in the practical duties of their home, +thereby saving parents many a step, and training +the boys for useful work. The home credit system +also stimulates punctuality in attending school as +well as personal neatness, and regular habits in +going to bed at the right time. <em>It seems to me that +this credit system to a great extent completes the purpose +of the public school.</em></p></blockquote> + +<p>One teacher in Spokane County has solved +the problem of the rural janitor with home +credits. Like thousands of other girls teaching +in country schools, she had difficulty in +keeping the schoolhouse clean. Beginning in +January she offered school credit for outside +work, and she included in her list the care of +the schoolhouse. She reports that the room +is kept perfectly now. The floors are swept, +the woodwork dusted, the blackboards and +erasers cleaned, water and wood supplied. +This same teacher, Miss Lizzie K. Merritt, +says:—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>It is not pleasant to work without appreciation. +We all know that we make a short job of the unappreciated +piece of work. We cannot expect a child +to stay with a thing as long as an older person +unless he sees a definite reward. I have found that +home credits teach observation, accuracy, and +punctuality.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The following is an excerpt from a circular +sent out by Mr. Harry F. Heath, principal of +the school at Eveline, Lewis County, Washington, +at the beginning of a home credit +contest, stating his plan. This makes provision +for a daily record for six days, a weekly +report, and a voucher:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Eveline Public School</em></p> + +<p class="sig"> +<span class="smcap">Eveline, Wash.</span>, January 5, 1914. +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Patron</span>:—</p> + +<p>Sometimes, in the rush of classes, we of the +school forget about the home life of the scholar. +And many times you of the home know but little +of what is going on at school. In order to connect +more closely for the pupil the influences of both +home and school, I am planning this contest in +home work for the next four months.</p> + +<p>In order that the contest may be successful, we +ask the sympathy and aid of each parent. The +parent is the judge of the amount of work done +by the pupil, and upon the parent we depend for +the accuracy of the reports. Have the pupil prepare +his or her own list of duties performed, ready<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +for your signature, and make it your duty to see +that the lists are accurate at all times, neither +more nor less than the actual amount performed. +All lists should be dated, and none will be accepted +unless signed by you.</p> + +<p>The prizes will not be expensive, and will be +given only as tokens of award. The real awards +will be realized during the course of the contest +as set forth by the rules.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Then follows the list of credits and the +rules.</p> + +<p>A letter from Mr. Heath dated April 21, +1914, tells the way in which he carried on the +work this year. Mr. Heath says:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>In answer to your request for information about +our home credits contest, I am sending some of the +circulars which I used at the beginning, and also +some vouchers made by the pupils which I use to +give out weekly credits. I am also sending some +sample slips of credits brought in by some of the +pupils. These slips show credits for an entire +week, which has proved to be the most satisfactory +way to have the slips kept. A notebook kept by +me of the weekly and monthly totals, as well as +the holidays granted and forfeitures assessed, is +all of the record that our system has required.</p> + +<p>Two progressive business men of Chehalis are +furnishing inexpensive prizes in the form of books +to go to the seven leaders in the contest at its close. +Four of the prizes will probably go to boys, but +by the rules at least three are to go to girls. I find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +in this community that the boys have much more +opportunity to earn credits than the girls. Hence +the rule.</p> + +<p>The contest has run for four months and is +closing this week. It has been very well received +in the community, a number of suggestions having +come in from parents in the way of additional +credits. One was a request that credits be given +for daily reading of the Bible, and the change was +made. In my room, which is the highest in our +two-room school, practically all of the scholars +started, and of the thirty-four at that time in the +contest about twenty-five are still enrolled, and +the percentage would be larger if some of the +beginners had not moved away.</p> + +<p>The contest was tried for a while in the lower +grades but was not successful there. We limited +the points that might be added to the general +average to six in any one month, and most of the +live contestants got their six every month.</p> + +<p>I got my ideas of the contest directly from Mr. +Alderman's article, which I found in some paper. +It has been on the whole very successful, and +worth while. When I try this sort of work again, +it will be on the plan of regular credits, not in +contest form. I believe the Spokane County plan +as used this spring is one that would prove very +satisfactory.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Eveline "voucher" plan gives the +pupil something to watch for. The first +paragraph of Mr. Heath's letter explains the +use of these vouchers. Below are sample<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +vouchers, and copies of slips made out by +the pupils. The pupils rule the columns, and +write out their own records, according to a +published list which shows the value in minutes +of each task. This work is good practice +for the pupil in ruling lines and making neat +cards, and it saves the cost of printing cards.</p> + +<p>The vouchers, which are taken home, enable +each pupil to have at home, as well as at +school, a record of the total amount of his +work.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/p099.jpg" width="450" height="152" alt="vouchers" /> +</div> +<hr class="tb" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;"> +<img src="images/f100.jpg" width="355" height="600" alt="lemon" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Home Credits</em><br /> + +<em>Alberta Lemon</em> <em>March 30-April 4</em>. +</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="lemon"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Mon.</td><td align="right">Tues.</td><td align="right">Wed.</td><td align="right">Thur.</td><td align="right">Fri.</td><td align="right">Sat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Slept with window open</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaned teeth</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Swept floors</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wiped dishes</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed separator</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Made beds</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dusted rooms</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Got supper</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wiped milk pails</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peeled apples</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Made lunches</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed milk pails</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed dishes</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Retired at 9</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mended garments</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Studied</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ironed garments</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">215</td><td align="right">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Helped with meal</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Went errands</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbed</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Took bath</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="left">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">135</td><td align="right">110</td><td align="right">165</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="right">245</td><td align="right">290</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">110</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">165</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">100</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">245</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">290</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">1045</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Mrs. A. C. Lemon</span>. +</p> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p></div> +</div> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 442px;"> +<img src="images/f101.jpg" width="442" height="600" alt="rosa" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>Home Credits</em></p> + +<p> +<em>Rosa C.</em> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="rosa"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Made fires</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Preparing meals</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Set table</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed dishes</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wiped dishes</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed milk pails</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carried in water</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turning separator</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing separator</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fed pets</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ironing clothes</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">400</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making beds</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaned my teeth</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Slept with window open</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Retired before nine</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washed baby</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dressed baby</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping floors</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">185</td><td align="right">195</td><td align="right">165</td><td align="right">270</td><td align="right">215</td><td align="right">655</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total ... 1685</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="sig2"> +<span class="smcap">Chas. F. Conradi.</span> +</p> + +</div> +</div> +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p> + + +<p>The Cowlitz County, Washington, plan is +a daily record for seven days and a weekly +report. The rules governing the work are +printed on the back of the credit card:—</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 435px;"> +<img src="images/f102.jpg" width="435" height="600" alt="fowler" /> +<div class="caption"> +<p class="center"><em>Work of Home Record</em></p> + +<p> +<em>Lavita Fowler</em> [<em>age 12</em>]</p> +<p class="sig"> +<em>For week ending March 13, 1914.</em> +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="lavita"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Sun.</td><td align="right">Mon</td><td align="right">Tues.</td><td align="right">Wed.</td><td align="right">Thur.</td><td align="right">Fri.</td><td align="right">Sat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Work in garden</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">90</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Splitting and carrying in wood</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Milking</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Care of horses or cows</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Cleaning barn</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Care of poultry or pigs</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Turning separator</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Churning</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Sweeping or dusting</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">105</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Washing or ironing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Preparing meals</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">130</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">55</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">90</td><td align="right">345</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Bedroom work</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">Sewing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Caring for little children</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">90</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">240</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>16.</td><td align="left">Building fires</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left">Bathing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Brushing teeth</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with open window</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">To bed by 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Attending Church or Sunday School</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Getting sister ready for school</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Washing floors</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">160</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="right">451</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"> +I certify that the above is a correct record.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Mrs. Fowler</span>,<br /> +<em>Signature of Parent or Guardian.</em> +</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p class="center"><em>Rules governing Credit for Home Work</em></p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">Parents or Guardians</span>:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The scheme of giving credit at school for work +done at home by the pupils can be made successful +only through your coöperation, and faithful report +of the work done.</p> + +<p>Every Friday afternoon a Home Work Record +Slip will be given each pupil. Beginning with +Sunday all time spent by the pupils in home work +should be entered in the proper place.</p> + +<p>Each Monday morning a slip filled in during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +previous week should be returned to the teacher. +This slip must be signed by the parent or guardian.</p> + +<p>Extra work may be listed in the blank spaces.</p> + +<p>To secure credit at school for his work, the pupil +should average eight hours a week, thirty-two +hours a month, at real, honest, helpful labor that +relieves the fathers and mothers of that amount +of work. If this is done, the teacher will add three +credits to the average gained by the pupil at the +school during the month in his studies. Additional +credits will be given for more than thirty-two +hours a month at the rate of one credit for every +ten hours' work.</p> + +<p>Please coöperate with your teacher in this plan +for making work more worth while to the boy and +girl.</p> + +<p class="sig"> +<span class="smcap">Lucia Jenkins</span>,<br /> + +<em>County Superintendent of Schools</em>. +</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the District 61 School, near Bellingham, +Washington, taught by Mrs. Lou Albee +Maynard, there is used a system of having +the home credit accounts kept by pupils; the +children call it the Ruth and Grace System.</p> + +<p>Here is a plan that solves the problem, if +it is a problem, of putting extra work on the +teacher through home credits. Not only is the +teacher entirely relieved of the bookkeeping +which the system requires, but the pupils are +engaged in practical bookkeeping while they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +keep the records. Checks are made out in regular +bank-check form, and receipts are given.</p> + +<p>The Ruth and Grace System is thus described +in a neat account written by Emma +Ames, a pupil in the sixth grade:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Ruth and Grace were girls who wanted to learn +bookkeeping. In order to give them a chance we +took up the credit system.</p> + +<p>At the end of each week the girls give us a slip +of paper ruled and ready to be made out. The +mothers sign it. Each thing which we do counts +so much. At the end of the week these slips are +handed back to the girls, and we receive another. +We also get a check telling how many credits we +received the week before.</p> + +<p>When we make five thousand credits we then +receive a composition book. Smaller things are +also given for fewer credits.</p> + +<p>The girls keep in their ledgers each person's +work. So if any mistake is made they will have +something to refer to.</p> + +<p>We call the system the Ruth and Grace System.</p> + +<p>The prize list is as follows:—</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="prize"> +<tr><td align="left">Washing dishes......................</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">credits.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wiping dishes.......................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping............................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making beds.........................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Baking bread........................</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dusting.............................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbing...........................</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Practicing music....................</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brushing teeth......................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>Clean finger nails..................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Splitting kindling..................</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Splitting wood......................</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carrying water......................</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Milking cow.........................</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding pigs........................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding chickens....................</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding and bedding cows............</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Slashing one hour...................</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Getting a meal......................</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taking charge of house..............</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charge for father one day...........</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Building fires......................</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sewing..............................</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making an apron.....................</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carrying wood.......................</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing.............................</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ironing.............................</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The following letter from Mrs. Maynard +explains the system further:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I have been requested to report on our plan for +giving credit for home work as we have tried it. +One of my pupils has written a report of our system +which explains our methods nicely. This has been +only a trial, but I am so pleased with results that +I intend to use it whenever there are older pupils +who can do the bookkeeping, for it represents a +great deal of work, and unless the school is a very +small one the system would add too much to the +already busy teacher's work.</p> + +<p>The girls who are represented by our firm carried +on the work on a strictly business basis. They +bought the work of the pupils as represented by +the weekly reports. This work was then sold to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +me at a gain of 20 per cent. The girls have worked +out a simple system of double entry in six weeks. +We, as a school, have spent an interesting and +profitable time, keeping track of our work, and +of their mistakes, and the various ups and downs +of a business.</p> + +<p>We are planning a better schedule of wages, a +bank in which to deposit our checks, and a store +where the credits may be exchanged for little +articles which represent the rewards; but this is +all in the making, and may have to wait for +another year, as our school term closes soon.</p> + +<p>This is a school whose average attendance is +about sixteen. The people are progressive, and +see that we have all modern appliances: gymnasium, +school garden, bubbling fountain, sanitary +toilets, and a good heating system are some of the +good things our country school enjoys.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Some original features are included in a +plan in operation in Algona, King County, +Washington. The Algona plan of grading is +this: The actual number of minutes employed +in doing the daily chores is registered. Thirty +minutes is allowed for church attendance. +Twenty-five per cent is given weekly for each +of the personal care items, bathing, brushing +teeth, sleeping with open windows, and going +to bed before nine o'clock. Half an hour's +work must be done each day, else the pupil +forfeits the work done that day. If at the end<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +of a month the pupil has made an average of +85 per cent on personal care, and has 85 per +cent on home work, his grade average for the +month is raised 10 per cent. For instance, if +a boy should have the required 85 per cent in +the home credit department, and should have +an average of 80 per cent in his school subjects, +his final grade for the month would be +88 per cent.</p> + +<p>Algona uses a book system of keeping the +pupils' weekly home credit grades. The principal +records the final grades for each week, +after collecting the cards from his three assistants. +He expects to substitute the card system +for the book another year, using the same +plan of record. Below is given the plan for +keeping the records, together with the work +of one boy for a month:—</p> + +<p class="center"><em>Leon Noel's Record in Book</em></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="noel"> +<tr><td align="left">Week ending</td><td align="left">Minutes</td><td align="left">Personal care</td><td align="left">Leon Noel</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">February 2</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">February 9</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">February 16</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">97</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">February 23</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">97</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr class="tb" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 357px;"> +<img src="images/f109.jpg" width="357" height="600" alt="leon" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center"> +<em>Home Work Record of</em></p> +<p> +<em>Leon Noel.</em></p> + +<p class="sig"><em>For week ending February 21, 1914.</em> +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Leon"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Sun.</td><td align="right">Mon.</td><td align="right">Tues.</td><td align="right">Wed.</td><td align="right">Thur.</td><td align="right">Fri.</td><td align="right">Sat.</td><td align="right">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Working in garden</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Splitting kindlings</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">65</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Bringing in fuel</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Milking cow</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Care of horse</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Preparing meals</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Sweeping</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Dusting</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Bedroom work</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Washing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Ironing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Care of baby</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">Care of chickens</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">95</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Running errands</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">180</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">A.</td><td align="left">Bathing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">B.</td><td align="left">Brushing teeth</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">C.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with open windows</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">D.</td><td align="left">Going to bed before 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">E.</td><td align="left">Attending Church or Sunday School</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">65</td><td align="right">65</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">150</td><td align="right">405</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"> +I certify that the above is a correct record.</p> + +<p class="sig">(Signed) <span class="smcap">Mrs. C. D. French</span>,<br /> + +<em>Signature of Parent or Guardian.</em> + +</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p> + +<p>A comparison of Leon Noel's home credit +record on his slip with the record in the principal's +book shows that while he has 405 +credits on the former he is credited with only +the required 210 on the record. C. C. Calavan, +the principal, expects to allow a holiday, +or grant additional credit on school work +another year, for credits above the half-hour +a day. The children of the school at first +insisted on making an hour's work the minimum +for a day's credit, but Mr. Calavan +decided to start conservatively. It will be +noticed that Leon Noel lost three points in +each of the last two weeks of February. This +was because he was not in bed before nine +every evening. Mr. Calavan says he is going +to change his plan along this line next year, +granting three or four evenings a month when +a child may be in bed a little later than nine +without forfeiting credits. He believes that +a happy, wholesome evening, spent in play +with companions, has a very valuable place +in the child's development.</p> + +<p>Sunday-school and church attendance has +become popular in Algona since school credit +has been given for it. The little daughter in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +non-church-going family had never attended +any church services until it was brought out +that the other children at school were getting +credit for such attendance. The parents +dressed the little girl for Sunday school, and +sent her off, determined that their child +should not be left out in the home credit +game.</p> + +<p>A boy's record was perfect, except that he +did not have a church attendance recorded. +On inquiry the principal found that Albert's +family was of the Seventh Day Adventist +faith, and that the boy was at church as +regularly as Saturday came. He was at once +given credit. The children of the Catholic +faith are given credit for attending the +catechism class that meets in the schoolhouse +Tuesday afternoons.</p> + +<p>"The people took hold," said Mr. Calavan. +"The Parent-Teachers' Association is enthusiastic +over the plan, and is doing all possible +to help. Two decided results that home +credits have brought about are that we have +a much neater, better-kept class of pupils, +and our boys are off the streets. Several +persons have remarked to me that the school<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +was doing something with the boys, surely, +for they all seemed to be busy after school."</p> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>The system introduced in Portland, Oregon, +schools, is the daily record and weekly report +plan. The following suggestions were sent +out early in 1914 by the Portland office:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Suggestions for using the "Home Record Slip"</em></p> + +<p>The regular monthly report card should contain +two extra columns, one entitled "Home Work" +and one "Personal Care," and in these columns +the pupil should be marked on the scale of 100.</p> + +<p>One hundred per cent in the "Home Work" +column would be secured by a daily record of not +less than one half-hour of approved work for seven +days each week.</p> + +<p>One hundred per cent in the "Personal Care" +column would be secured by daily practice of +numbers A, B, C, and D for seven days of the +week, and for attendance upon some religious +service. Twenty per cent could be allowed for +each number and twenty per cent for attendance +at church or Sunday school.</p> + +<p>The matter of bathing should not be interpreted +to refer strictly to tub baths, since in large families +daily tub baths are sometimes impracticable, and +inability to make a good showing on the card +would have a tendency to discourage.</p> + +<p>Different plans of reward for a given number of +minutes devoted to work during a week are outlined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +in the pamphlet, "School Industrial Credit +for Home Industrial Work." These, however, +may be modified or enlarged to suit. All time, +including the half-hour a day and the amount +allowed for all other operations, should be counted +toward a specified total necessary to earn the +reward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These rules are printed on the back of each +home credit record card:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Rules governing Credit for Home Work</em></p> + +<p>Every Friday afternoon a home work record +slip will be given to each pupil. Beginning with +Sunday, all time spent by the pupil in home +work should be entered in the proper space.</p> + +<p>Each Monday morning a slip filled during the +previous week should be returned to the teacher. +The slip must be signed by the parent or guardian +as an assurance that a correct record has been kept.</p> + +<p>Any work not listed but of value to the parents +may be counted, and the nature of the work specified +in the blank spaces.</p> + +<p>At the close of the school month, when the +report of school work is made out, in the column +"Home Work," the pupil will be marked on the +scale of 100 for actual work of not less than one +half-hour each day, and in the column "Personal +Care" on the scale of 100 for numbers A, B, C, and +D, and for attendance at church or Sunday school.</p> + +<p>In addition to credit on the report card, reward +may be given at the option of the principal for a +specified amount of time spent in useful work at +home.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> + +<p>For purpose of reward credit of five minutes a +day will be allowed for each operation listed as +A, B, C, and D, and twenty minutes for attendance +at church or Sunday school.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Portland home work record slips are +printed by the city office, and furnished to +teachers who wish to use them. On pages 115, +117, and 119 are given home credit records +of Portland children, showing the class of +home work they are doing. A swift review +of a child's record gives the teacher a pretty +accurate estimate of his home environment.</p> + +<p>Elsie G., whose card is shown, has kept +weekly records of her work for more than a +year. She and some of the other girls make it +a practice to help Miss Wright, their teacher, +enroll the records for the class. The method of +crediting is extremely simple, but it seems to +work. The pupils return the filled-out slips the +first of every week; at the end of each month +the girls count the slips, and for every pupil +who has brought in four slips they register one +credit in the book. Miss Wright looks over the +cards as they come in, and often makes comment +on the work, to the individual, or to the +class as a whole.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;"> +<img src="images/f115.jpg" width="374" height="600" alt="Elsie" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>Home Work Record of</em></p> + +<p><em>Elsie G——.</em></p> +<p class="sig"> +<em>For week ending December 19, 1913.</em> +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="elsie"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Sun.</td><td align="right">Mon.</td><td align="right">Tues.</td><td align="right">Wed.</td><td align="right">Thur.</td><td align="right">Fri.</td><td align="right">Sat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Work in garden</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Splitting kindlings</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Bringing in fuel</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Milking cow</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Care of horse</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Preparing meals</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">135</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">1+</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Sweeping</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Dusting</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Bedroom work</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">65</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Washing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Ironing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Care of baby</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">350</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">A.</td><td align="left">Bathing</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">B.</td><td align="left">Brushing teeth</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">C.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with open windows</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">D.</td><td align="left">Going to bed before 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">E.</td><td align="left">Attending Church or Sunday School</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> 790</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p> +I certify that the above is a correct record.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Mrs. G. H. G——</span>,<br /> + +<em>Signature of Parent or Guardian.</em> +</p> + +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> + +<p>Miss Wright began this home credit work +by taking sixteen of the printed slips and laying +them on her desk. The boys left the room +to go to manual training, and the girls then +gathered around her desk and discovered the +slips. "What are these?" they inquired, and +they each wanted one to take home. There +were just enough for the girls, but when the +boys found out about it they clamored for +slips, too.</p> + +<p>Miss Wright now leaves a pile of the blanks +on her desk every Friday, and most of the +pupils take them. They used to ask to have +the credit applied to raise their standings on +their lowest studies (they are allowed, for instance, +to increase a mark of seven in grammar +to a mark of eight for one month), but now +they seldom ask for the increase. They do +their home work and record it with no other +incentive than the satisfaction of having a +record and the honor and approval of their +parents, teacher, and schoolmates.</p> + +<p>The ten-year-old boy whose card is shown +here goes on week-ends to the country, and +brings in his record afterward with great pride +to show the other fellows that he has cared for +horses.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 363px;"> +<img src="images/f117.jpg" width="363" height="600" alt="Henry" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Home Work Record of</em></p> + +<p><em>Henry F. P——.</em></p> + +<p class="sig"><em>For week ending , 19...</em> +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Henry"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Sun.</td><td align="right">Mon.</td><td align="right">Tues</td><td align="right">.Wed.</td><td align="right">Thur.</td><td align="right">Fri.</td><td align="right">Sat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Work in garden</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Splitting kindlings</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Bringing in fuel</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Milking cow</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Care of horses</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Preparing meals</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Sweeping</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Dusting</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Bedroom work</td><td align="right">.. .</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Washing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Ironing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Care of baby</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Feeding chickens</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Feeding rabbits</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">A.</td><td align="left">Bathing</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">B.</td><td align="left">Brushing teeth</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">C.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with open windows</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">D.</td><td align="left">Going to bed before 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">E.</td><td align="left">Attending Church or Sunday School</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">340</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p> +I certify that the above is a correct record.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Flora H. P——</span> +<br /> +<em>Signature of Parent or Guardian.</em> +</p> + +</div> +</div> +<hr class="tb" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> + + +<p>We find many instances, like the following, +where boys who at first had nothing to do, +seemingly, but to get in the fuel, have begun +to assist their mothers with the dishwashing, +dusting, and cooking. Not only does this +work run up their list of credits at school, +but it causes them to appreciate what mother +has to do, gets them acquainted with their +homes, and keeps them off the streets.</p> + +<p>And it has other uses for a boy. Henry +Turner Bailey says:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Away from home, as a lonely art student and +young teacher in strange and home-sickening +boarding houses, maybe I wasn't thankful to be +able to sweep and dust, to wash and iron and cook, +upon occasion, to sew on buttons, to darn, and to +mend. But perhaps my keenest satisfaction came +from my ability to make a bed. The boarding-house +madonnas are not, as a rule, highly skilled +in that gentle art.</p> + +<p>In view of my personal experiences I have often +wondered why the advocates of Domestic Science +are not more strongly co-educational. What is +sauce for the goose seems to me worthy to be sauce +for the gander,—certainly during the gosling +stage. Every boy should know how to sew, just as +every girl should know how to whittle. Every boy +should know how to cook, just as every girl should +know how to swim. Skill in the elemental arts is a +form of what Henderson calls human wealth. All +should participate.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p></blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"> +<img src="images/f119.jpg" width="371" height="600" alt="Harold" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Home Work Record of</em></p> + + +<p><em>Harold R</em>——.</p> + +<p class="sig"><em>For week ending December 20, 1913.</em> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Harold"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Sun.</td><td align="right">Mon.</td><td align="right">Tues.</td><td align="right">Wed.</td><td align="right">Thur.</td><td align="right">Fri.</td><td align="right">Sat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td><td align="right">—</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Min.</td><td align="right">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Work in garden</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Splitting kindlings ...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Bringing in fuel</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">95</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Milking cow</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Care of horse</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Preparing meals</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Sweeping</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Dusting</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Bedroom work</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Washing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Ironing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Care of baby</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">A.</td><td align="left">Bathing</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">B.</td><td align="left">Brushing teeth</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">C.</td><td align="left">Sleeping with open windows</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">D.</td><td align="left">Going to bed before 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">—-</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">E.</td><td align="left">Attending Church or Sunday School</td><td align="right">x</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">23</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="right">52</td><td align="right">57</td><td align="right">37</td><td align="right">82</td><td align="right">101</td><td align="right">810</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p> +I certify that the above is a correct record.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Mrs. F. M. R.</span>——,<br /> + +<em>Signature of Parent or Guardian</em>. +</p> + +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p> + + +<p>A Portland woman, who is much interested +in the schools, says:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>In looking over some of the cards I find that the +child soon learns to do his "chores" in less time +each week, that he may have more time for other +work or play, and yet fill out his record card. This +is a great help to the parents.</p> + +<p>I know one boy who cannot be induced to go +out to an evening affair because he wants to get to +bed before nine o'clock so that his record card will +be perfect. How soon could we dismiss the Juvenile +Court if we could get all children to feel like +that! It is worth while to try.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In Polk County, Oregon, the system has +been introduced into rural schools with +marked success. The plan here comprises a +daily record, and monthly reports. Below are +excerpts from an article written for the +<cite>Oregon Teachers' Monthly</cite>, by Mr. R. G. +Dykstra, who used home credits in his rural +school at Suver, Polk County, in 1912-13. +I should like to direct especial attention to his +testimony on the tardiness record of the district; +also to his plan of allowing credit for a +long walk to school.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>With the following exceptions I carried out the +work as started in the Spring Valley School last +year: I required the pupils to get eight hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +minutes' credit before taking the holiday instead +of six hundred; the number of minutes' credit for +milking cows was increased from five to fifteen for +each cow and a reasonable amount of credit was +allowed for all work not named in the list of chores; +children living over a mile and a half from school +were allowed credit for the distance they had to +walk in proportion to the others, and 5 per cent +instead of 10 was added to the end of the year on +their final school averages for the carrying on of +the work. Only two prizes were offered by the +District, three dollars and two dollars respectively. +Children seldom took advantage of the holiday +given for eight hundred minutes' credit unless it +was used for sickness or unavoidable absence, as +they were encouraged in the knowledge that a +day lost was a day's work lost as well. Tardiness +on the part of any pupil doing the work meant a +loss of so many credits already accumulated.</p> + +<p>It would be impossible to enumerate the many +things this work has done for this community, +but the following facts may prove interesting to +the reader. During the year of 1911-12, without +home credit work, this school had a record of 95 +per cent in attendance and 59 tardies. For the +year 1912-13 just closed, the record is 98 per cent +in attendance and 8 tardies. Part of the home +credits given have been for proper care of body, +sleeping with windows open, care of teeth, hair, +etc., and the result of these requirements has been +the showing of a healthier appearance on the part +of nearly all the pupils. The parents of the district +claim that the children are doing more work at +home than they ever did before, and the people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +feel that their children are getting an education +that will be of value to them and that the money +is being well spent in this kind of work.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The card issued by County Superintendent +Seymour is here reproduced filled out by a +pupil. It shows daily records for two weeks +on each side of the card. The five school days +only are counted.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/f122.jpg" width="450" height="478" alt="Polk" /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 370px;"> +<img src="images/f123.jpg" width="370" height="600" alt="Edwin2" /> + + +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Home Credit Card</em><br /> + +<em>North Dallas School, Polk County, Oregon.</em></p> + +<p> +<em>Blanks to be filled in each day. Parents sign before returning<br /> +it to teacher. Blanks to be returned each month and a<br /> +new one secured.</em><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>Edwin B——.</em> <em>February, 1, 1914.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>Pupil's name.</em> <em>Month.</em></span><br /> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Edwin"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">M.</td><td align="right">T.</td><td align="right">W.</td><td align="right">T.</td><td align="right">F.</td><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">M.</td><td align="right">T.</td><td align="right">W.</td><td align="right">T.</td><td align="right">F.</td><td align="right">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Building fire</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Milking each cow daily</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning barn, each animal</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">125</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">205</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carrying wood</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Splitting wood</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turning separator</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning separator</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Churning butter</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Working butter</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning horse</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding chickens</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding pigs</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Feeding horse</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>Feeding cows</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">95</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Blacking stove</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making bread</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Getting breakfast</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Getting supper</td><td align="right">45</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping floor, each room</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning house, each room</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbing floor, each room</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making beds, each</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing clothes</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ironing clothes</td><td align="right">60</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bathing</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arrive at school clean</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Music lesson</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bed at 9 p.m.</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gathering eggs</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning teeth</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning finger nails</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sleeping with window open</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making pies</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning and filling lamps</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Errands</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Reading book home</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Distance school, over half-mile</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">198</td><td align="right">138</td><td align="right">198</td><td align="right">128</td><td align="right">113</td><td align="right">755</td><td align="right">153</td><td align="right">173</td><td align="right">173</td><td align="right">163</td><td align="right">163</td><td align="right">825</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p> +Teacher and pupils to go over list and agree on time for each thing.<br /> +Distance from school more than one-half mile to be given credit for.<br /> +Any work not listed that is creditable teacher will give credit for.</p> + +<p class="sig">Mr. and Mrs. W. H. B——,<br /> +Signature of Parents. +</p></div></div> + + +<hr class="tb" /> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> + + +<p>The card given on pages 122 and 123 came +from Miss Veva Burns, the teacher at North +Dallas, with the following letter, dated April +26, 1914:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I am pleased to explain the home credit system +as we use it. I am sending some of the cards filled +out by the pupils. We secure these cards from Mr. +Seymour, the county school superintendent, and +are allowed to use them as we think best....</p> + +<p>We have a two-room school, and have divided +it into two divisions, the smaller pupils having +five thousand credits as their aim, while the larger +ones work for ten thousand. Of course the number +to be obtained would vary with the opportunity +the children would have to earn credits. On the +average, it takes our pupils about three months +to earn the required number. When they have +secured the number, some prize, such as a book, is +given, and they are allowed to start again. Then, +at the end of school, the one who has earned the +most is given a special prize. Also, Mr. Seymour +allows us to give ten points on each child's lowest +grade, at the close of school, if he has kept up his +home credit work during the school year. Some +teachers give a holiday as a reward instead of a +prize.</p> + +<p>The cards are taken home by the pupils and +filled out each evening. If the pupils are too small +to attend to the cards, some member of the family +looks after them. We see to it that the system is +thoroughly understood by each family. As each +card is filled out, it is returned to us.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p> + +<p>We have a school of over sixty pupils, and all +but four are working on the credit system. We did +not urge any one to take it up, but allowed them +to decide for themselves.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This letter is from Miss Miriam H. Rarey, +who has taught near Dallas, in 1914:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Work done on Saturdays and Sundays does not +count with the exception of bathing. Pupils, as a +rule, when they bathe at all, bathe on Saturday. +So I told them they could take thirty minutes' +credit for that, and put it down in Friday's space, +in the hope that it would induce them to bathe +at least once a week. It worked pretty well with +some of the pupils, but others would rather do +without the credits than do anything so unusual. +When a pupil gets five thousand credits (every +minute counts one credit) he gets his grade on his +poorest study raised 5 per cent, or if he does not +need that, he gets a holiday without being marked +absent. The pupils have all worked pretty hard +for credits, and only a few have asked for holidays. +The people in the district have all been pleased +with the results of home credit and I think it is a +good thing. I have seventeen pupils, and they +are all using home credits.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Idaho plan as sent out by the State +Superintendent, Miss Grace M. Shepherd, +in a bulletin to teachers is as follows: Miss +Shepherd issued two mimeographed sheets, +one of rules, and one a list of credits. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +blank has a place for a daily record and a +report for several weeks.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Rules governing Home Work</em></p> + +<p>1. No pupil is obliged to enter the contest.</p> + +<p>2. Parent must sign statement of work done by +pupil.</p> + +<p>3. Contest closes when school term closes.</p> + +<p>4. Unexcused absence forfeits all credits. Unexcused +tardiness forfeits 25 per cent of credits +per month. Less than 90 per cent deportment, +20 per cent of all credits forfeited.</p> + +<p>5. Suggested awards:</p> + +<p>Names of the six highest at the close of +school will be published in a county paper.</p> + +<p>Three highest at the close of school to be +offered prize by the School Board or some +citizen.</p> + +<p>Five per cent credit to be added to final +examination results of all pupils who enter +and continue in the contest.</p> + +<p class="center"><em>Urge the hearty coöperation of the parents</em>.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;"> +<img src="images/f127.jpg" width="386" height="600" alt="generic" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Record of Home Credit Work</em></p> + +<p><em>Month beginning</em> ........................ <em>Ending</em>................<br /> +..................... <em>School</em>...................... <em>County</em>......<br /> +<br /> +<em>Pupils or parents will fill in the following blanks each day and return +to the teacher each month signed by the parent</em>. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="generic"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">M.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">W.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">F.|</td><td align="left">M.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">W.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">F.|</td><td align="left">M.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">W.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">F.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rising morning without being called</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Building fire in morning</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Milking</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning barn</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning each horse</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding pigs</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding horses</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding chickens</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding cows</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bringing fuel for the day</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Getting breakfast</td><td align="right">30m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing and wiping dishes</td><td align="right">15m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping floor</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbing floor</td><td align="right">15m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making beds</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making and baking bread</td><td align="right">45m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dusting a room</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caring for younger children</td><td align="right">full time</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing and ironing school clothes</td><td align="right">60m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bathing</td><td align="right">20m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning teeth and finger nails</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bed at 9:00 p.m.</td><td align="right">5m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sleeping with window open</td><td align="right">10m.</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....|</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="sig"> +<em>Signature of parent.</em> +</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p> +<p>In Charleston, Washington, Superintendent +H. W. Elliott, of the city schools, put into +successful operation, in 1913-14, a plan with +several special features, to which I am glad +to call attention. The plan comprises daily +markings by the tally system, monthly +reports, cash prizes to those showing the +largest number of home credits, and some +reward to every pupil with credits above a +certain specified number. For the purpose of +raising a fund to meet the cash prizes, his +school gave a play; and an autumn fair, in +October, was arranged for the distribution of +the prizes for both school and home work. +The credit card is different from any other; +it seems to be the most simple of all the +monthly systems.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 375px;"> +<img src="images/f129.jpg" width="375" height="600" alt="Credits" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"><em>How to Keep the Credits in the Home</em></p> + +<p><em>For every duty the child has done put down | after the name of the duty the +child has performed. Example:</em></p> + +<p> +<em>Cutting wood</em> ||||| ||||| ||||| |<br /> +<em>Taking bath ||||| ||||| || This is to indicate the number of times.</em><br /> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">ALL THAT ARE 5 CREDITS</td><td align="left">ALL THAT ARE 10 CREDITS</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Canning jar of fruit...........</td><td align="left">Music practice (30 min.)..........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making and baking cake.........</td><td align="left">Milking cow.......................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making and baking pie..........</td><td align="left">Crocheting (hour).................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping room..................</td><td align="left">Cleaning basement.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making bed.....................</td><td align="left">Making apron......................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Setting table..................</td><td align="left">Keeping front yard clean..........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dusting furniture..............</td><td align="left">Keeping back yard clean...........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making handkerchief............</td><td align="left">Keeping sidewalk clean............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making any other thing.........</td><td align="left">Keeping alley clean...............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Keeping room ventilated........</td><td align="left">Keeping steps and porch clean.....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Splitting kindling.............</td><td align="left">Politeness to seniors.............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cutting wood...................</td><td align="left">Table etiquette...................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bringing in fuel...............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Blacking stove.................</td><td align="left">ALL THAT ARE 15 CREDITS</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbing room.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Running errands................</td><td align="left">Up first and building fire........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taking care of birds...........</td><td align="left">Sprinkling lawn (1 h.)............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing teeth..................</td><td align="left">Clerking in store (1 h.)..........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taking bath....................</td><td align="left">Driving team (1 h.)...............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">In bed by nine.................</td><td align="left">Helping with freight (1 h.).......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Up by seven....................</td><td align="left">Making and baking bread...........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Helping others dress...........</td><td align="left">Attending Sunday school...........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brushing clothes (self)........</td><td align="left">Attending Church service..........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Polishing shoes (self).........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding cow or other animal....</td><td align="left">ALL THAT ARE 30 CREDITS</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gathering eggs.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> At school with clean</td><td align="left">Washing clothes (2 h.)............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hands</span></td><td align="left">Ironing clothes (2 h.)............</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Face</span></td><td align="left">Taking care of baby (2 h.)........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Teeth</span></td><td align="left">Preparing meal (family)...........</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nails</span></td><td align="left">Cleaning barn.....................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hair combed</span></td><td align="left">Cleaning henhouse.................</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">Carrying papers</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">ALL THAT ARE 40 CREDITS</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">Making dress (self)...............</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">Cutting half rick of wood.........</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">Spading up 400 sq. ft. garden.....</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">Total........................</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"> +Send in report on or before the 10th of each month.<br /> +</p> + +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p> +<p>Mr. Elliott sent out a mimeographed sheet +explaining the rules to be observed in the contest, +giving a list of the credits, and also a +list of the articles to be exhibited at the fair. +The rules, and the list of articles are given +here.</p> + + +<p class="center"><em>Rules</em></p> + +<p>All boys and girls now in one of the eight grades +of the Charleston public schools, District No. 34, +may enter in one of the four classes; D, first grade; +C, 2d and 3d; B, 4th and 5th; A, 6th, 7th, and 8th. +Home credits for each month must be reported +to the school for record on or before the 10th of +each month. Records to be confidential. We hope +that every home will enter into this, and that the +<em>parent will be very careful and conscientious in the +marking</em>. Credits to be kept by parents.</p> + +<p class="center"><em>A List of Articles to be exhibited</em></p> + +<p>For School Fair Exhibit—To be determined +by Judges</p> + +<p><em>Household Economics</em>—</p> + +<p>1. Domestic Science: Best loaf of bread, cake, +pie, dozen cookies, dozen doughnuts.</p> + +<p>2. Domestic Art: Best made plain dress, plain +apron, shirt-waist, sofa pillow, handkerchief, +patchwork pillow, darning or repairing +specimen.</p> + +<p>3. Canning: Peas, peaches, apples, pears, cherries, +string beans.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p> + +<p><em>Agriculture</em>—</p> + +<p>Best 5 ears of corn, 5 potatoes, 5 selected apples, +5 carrots, 5 onions, 5 turnips, squash, pumpkin, +raised by pupil.</p> + +<p><em>Horticulture</em>—</p> + +<p>Nasturtiums, pansies, sweet peas, each 10 +sprays; asters, dahlias, chrysanthemums, +each 5 sprays—raised by pupil. Best 5 +roses cared for by pupil.</p> + +<p><em>Poultry</em>—</p> + +<p>Best cockerel, or pullet, or cockerel and pullet +reared from a setting of 15 eggs.</p> + +<p><em>Manual Training</em>—</p> + +<p>Best mechanical drawing, joined work, tabouret, +small piece of furniture, large piece of furniture, +basket, bookbinding, etc.</p> + +<p><em>School Work</em>—</p> + +<p>What teachers see fit to make it—drawing, etc.</p> + +<p><em>Music</em>—</p> + +<p>Best played selection on piano, violin, cornet, or +other instrument: or orchestra or band: solo +singing or chorus. In band or orchestra work +pupils may be judged collectively or singly. +Same judgment for all chorus work.</p> + +<p>Something more may be added later.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Yours for a good fair,</p> +<p class="sig3"> +<span class="smcap">The Teachers.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">H. W. Elliott,</span><br /> +City Superintendent. +</p> + +<p>Mr. Elliott writes: "I believe there is +nothing that will link the home and school<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +more closely than the system of credits. +There is one danger, however, of cultivating +dishonesty on the part of the over-anxious +one. This we watch, but this tendency is +sometimes noticeable. Occasionally we find +a youngster attending Sunday school or +church fifteen or twenty times a month."</p> + +<p>Examples of the scheme of a weekly record +with monthly report are plans in operation +in Jackson County, and in Weston, Umatilla +County, Oregon. The rules and schedule following +were published by Mr. J. Percy Wells, +county superintendent of Jackson County.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Rules governing Home Credit Work</em></p> + +<p>1. No pupil shall be required to enter the home +credit contest, and any pupil shall be free to +quit the contest at any time, but if any one +quits without good cause, all credits earned +shall be forfeited.</p> + +<p>2. Once each month the parent or guardian shall +send to the teacher, with signature affixed, +an itemized statement containing a record of +the work each child has done during the preceding +month. The child may make out the +list, but the parent or guardian must sign +the same.</p> + +<p>3. At the end of each school month the teacher +shall enter on the pupil's report card the +total number of credits for home work during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +the month, as certified to by the parent or +guardian.</p> + +<p>4. Any pupil who has earned at least two hundred +credits for home work during any school +month shall be entitled to have 10 per cent +added to his grade in any subject, or distributed +among several subjects, and 1 per cent +additional for each twenty additional credits +up to four hundred credits.</p> + +<p>5. All pupils who shall have earned four hundred +credits or more during any month shall +be entitled to a half-holiday, and shall have +their names entered on a roll of honor.</p> + +<p>6. Forfeitures—Dropping out of contest without +cause, all credits earned; unexcused +absence, all credits due; unexcused tardiness, +25 per cent off all credits due; less than 90 +per cent in deportment for any month, 10 +per cent off all credits due.</p> + +<p>These rules may be modified by teachers +to suit local conditions. If the half-holiday +system of awards is not satisfactory, some +other system may be substituted.</p> + +<p class="center"><em>To parents and guardians</em>:</p> + +<p>In this plan for giving school credit for +home work it is not the intention of the +school to intrude upon the domain of the +home, but to coöperate with the home in the +interest of the boys and girls. Here is a splendid +chance for the school and the home to +come closer together, and we believe both +will be improved thereby.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 373px;"> +<img src="images/f134.jpg" width="373" height="600" alt="Jackson" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"><em>Home Credit Schedule, School District No. 2<br /> +Jackson County, Oregon</em></p> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Name of Pupil, Goldie Trefren. Age, 11. Grade, 4th.<br /> +Month ending March 23, 1914</em> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="trefren"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Credits</td><td align="center">1st</td><td align="center">2d</td><td align="center">3d</td><td align="center">4th</td><td align="center">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">week</td><td align="center">week</td><td align="center">week</td><td align="center">week</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Building fire<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">27</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Milking cow</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="right">53</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Splitting and carrying in wood (12 hours' supply)</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turning cream separator</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grooming horse</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gathering eggs</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding chickens, pigs, horse, or cow</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">11</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">47</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Churning or making butter</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Blacking stove</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making and baking bread</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making biscuits</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Preparing meal for family</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing and wiping dishes</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping floor, each room</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dusting furniture, each room</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbing floor, each room</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making bed (after school)</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing, starching, and ironing own clothes, worn to school each week</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bathing, each bath</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arriving at school with clean hands, face, teeth, nails, and hair combed</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Practicing music at least 30 minutes</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Retiring on or before 9 o'clock</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">28</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bathing and dressing baby</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td><td align="right">....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sleeping with windows open or with window-boards</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">28</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Work not listed, per hour</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">23</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">364</td></tr> +</table> +<p class="sig"> +<span class="smcap">L. S. Trefren</span>,<br /> +<em>Parent or Guardian</em> +</p> +</div></div></div> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> +<p>The following letter, dated April 20, 1914, +is from Mrs. Bertha McKinney, of a district +near Ashland, Jackson County.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Pupils of the first, second, and third grades, who +have earned two hundred credits in a month have +a half-holiday. Those of the fourth, fifth, and sixth +grades must have earned three hundred credits to +entitle them to the half-holiday, and of the seventh, +eighth, and ninth grades, four hundred credits. +When all have the required number of credits, all +have the half-holiday. I have twenty pupils, and +all are doing the home credit work. I keep the +record of the credits earned in a notebook, and +place the number earned by each pupil on the +monthly report card. I think the plan a good one, +though in a few cases the parents are not careful +enough with their part; that is, they sign the +blank form, then the child can put down any +number he pleases. I have had only one such case.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Superintendent Joel O. Davis, of Weston, +tells of the manner in which his school began +to use home credits:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The opportunity came in October of last year, +when an unexpected influx of pupils made it +necessary for us to engage an extra teacher and +adopt a departmental plan for the fifth to eighth +grades inclusive. This made it necessary for those +grades to prepare two lessons at home, thus making +the required home reading a burden. I at once +offered these students the choice of reading the +required books, and writing the reviews, or making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +the points by home work, under the conditions +as shown by the accompanying card. Nearly every +child accepted the home work plan, and went to +work enthusiastically.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the opposite page is one of the Weston +credit cards, filled out by a pupil, Crete +Allen:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Home Work Record, Weston Public School</em></p> + +<p>Credits will be given for the performance of the following +named duties when this card is returned, at the end of the +month, properly signed by the parent or guardian.</p> + +<p>These credits will be accepted in place of the home reading +heretofore required, at the rate of 100 points for each book.</p> + +<p>The parent must check the work each day as performed.</p> + +<p>Any evasion or falsification of the record will forfeit all claim +to credit.</p> + +<p>To obtain credit each duty must be performed by the child +unaided by others, and must be well and satisfactorily done.</p> + +<p>No credit will be given for work that is paid for by the +parent or others.</p> + +<p>Parents are requested to see that the above conditions are +complied with and to encourage thoroughness and truthfulness +by using care in recording so as to give no unearned +credits.</p> + +<p>Make one mark, and only one, for each duty each day.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/f137.jpg" width="450" height="470" alt="weston" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="weston"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="center">1st</td><td align="center">2d</td><td align="center">3d</td><td align="center">4th</td><td align="right">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">week</td><td align="right">week</td><td align="right">w eek</td><td align="right">week</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Carrying wood</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Feeding horse</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Feeding cow</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">56</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Feeding pigs</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">36</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Feeding chickens</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Milking cow</td><td align="right">42</td><td align="right">56</td><td align="right">43</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">160</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Cleaning stable</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Drying dishes</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Making bed</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Sweeping room</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Setting table</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Clearing table</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">Tidiness</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Brushing teeth</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">13</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Cleaning nails</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">370</td></tr> + +</table> + + +<p><br /> + +No. 14 includes general tidiness, hanging hat and coat, putting<br /> +away clothes, shoes, stockings, etc., and will be given<br /> +more credit than any other one duty. Parents should use care<br /> +in marking this number, as the aim is to inculcate habits of<br /> +neatness and thoughtful consideration of others. This end<br /> +can easily be defeated by careless or unfair marking.<br /> +<br /> +I hereby certify that the above record is true and correct.</p> + +<p class="sig2"><span class="smcap">Mrs. J. E. Allen</span> (<em>Parent or Guardian.</em>) +</p> +</div></div></div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>At the close of a later letter Mr. Davis +wrote:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>From my experience with this experiment I feel +that the plan is worth all it costs and more, that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +should be extended to include all the grades, that +modifications to meet the needs of different communities +can easily be made, and that the pupils +and patrons of any district will appreciate and +support some such plan if it is carried out faithfully. +I kept a ledger account with every child, +and at the end of the month posted a bulletin +exhibiting the condition of each pupil's account. +The interest was shown by the manner in which +they gathered about the board and compared their +credits. Some of the comments upon some lazy +boy's or girl's lack of effort were rather caustic, +but served as effective spurs to the delinquent.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In Pend Oreille County, Washington, six +weeks is the unit of time for credit records. +Miss Hester C. Soules, the County Superintendent, +has issued the following circular:—</p> + +<p class="center"><small>THE HOME WE WORK TOGETHER THE SCHOOL<br /> +SCHOOL CREDIT FOR HOME WORK</small></p> + +<p>In order that the school and home may unite +forces, that the school may help in establishing +habits of home-making, and that our boys and +girls may be taught that their parents are their +best friends and need their help, the following +system of credits has been devised for use in the +schools of Pend Oreille County.</p> + +<p class="center"><em>Certificate of Promotion with Distinction</em></p> + +<p>Any pupil who has completed the work of his +grade in a satisfactory manner is entitled to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +<small>PROMOTION WITH CREDIT</small> to the next higher grade, +provided he obtains 300 points for Home Work. +He is entitled to <small>PROMOTION WITH HONOR</small> if he +earns 500 points.</p> + +<p>Six weeks' faithful and regular performance of +the home duties listed below will entitle the pupil +to credit as indicated.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="six"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">Points</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left">Sawing, splitting, and carrying in wood and kindling</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Building fires or tending furnace</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left">Caring for horse or cow and doing other barn chores</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Caring for poultry and gathering eggs</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Working in the school or home garden, or on the farm</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left">Delivering milk or carrying water</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left">Running errands cheerfully</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Doing without being told</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left">Mowing the lawn</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left">Feeding pigs</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left">Making a bird-house and feeding the birds</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left">Making useful piece of woodwork for the home</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Cleaning barn</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left">Churning</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left">Turning Cream Separator</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Retiring at nine o'clock or before</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left">Bathing at least twice each week</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Sleeping in fresh air</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">Getting up in the morning without being called</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">Preparing one meal alone daily for the family</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Blacking stove</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td align="left">Helping with the breakfast, and with the dishes after breakfast</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td align="left">Preparing smaller children for school</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>24.</td><td align="left">Not being tardy</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td align="left">Cleaning teeth daily</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td align="left">Making own graduating dress—Eighth Grade</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td align="left">Writing weekly letter to some absent relative—Grandmother preferred</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28.</td><td align="left">Reading and reporting on one approved library book</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29.</td><td align="left">Reading aloud fifteen minutes or longer each night to some member or members of the family circle</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30.</td><td align="left">Practicing music lesson thirty minutes daily</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31.</td><td align="left">Building fence, 10 rods</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Fence may be built at intervals during any one period of six weeks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">32.</td><td align="left">Clearing <sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>4</small></sub> Acre of land</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left">Land may be cleared any time during the school year and at different times provided the <sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>4</small></sub> A. is completed before school closes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">33.</td><td align="left">Care of younger children</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">34.</td><td align="left">Raising one fourth acre of vegetables</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">35.</td><td align="left">Taking sole care of plants and flowers</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">36.</td><td align="left">Sweeping floor and dusting furniture</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">37.</td><td align="left">Making beds</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">38.</td><td align="left">Mopping and caring for kitchen</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">39.</td><td align="left">Scouring and cleaning bath tub and lavatory</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">40.</td><td align="left">Helping with the washing</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">41.</td><td align="left">Sprinkling and ironing clothes</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">42.</td><td align="left">Making and baking bread, biscuits or cake. Exhibit</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">43.</td><td align="left">Setting table and serving</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">44.</td><td align="left">Helping cook supper and helping do the dishes after supper</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">45.</td><td align="left">Doing own mending</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">46.</td><td align="left">Learning to knit or crochet</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">47.</td><td align="left">Raising six varieties of flowers</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">48.</td><td align="left">Making piece of hand-work for the home</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="center">Total</td><td align="right">840</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Certificate of Promotion with Distinction</em></p> + +<p> +—————— having completed the work of +the —— Grade in the Pend Oreille County Schools, in +a satisfactory manner, and having earned —— points +in our Home and Outside Industrial Work Plan, is +hereby promoted to the —— Grade with ———— +and is commended for Industry, Fidelity to +Home and Cheerful Helpfulness.</p> + +<p>Given at Newport, Washington, this ———— day of +——, 191 .</p> + +<p class="center">———————— ————————<br /> +<em>Superintendent</em>. <em>Teacher</em>.<br /> +</p> + +<p><br />The city of Los Angeles, California, uses a +plan of marking home work on the report card +and giving no other incentive. Notice that a +certain number of minutes daily for ten weeks +is the unit, and that the number of minutes +varies according to the age of the child. Observe +the emphasis on care of yards and streets, +also on care of little brothers and sisters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><em>Report of Committee on Home Credits,<br /> +Los Angeles Schools</em></p> + +<p>The Committee on Home Credits makes these +recommendations:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>1. That the "Home Credits" be not used as a +substitute for other work, and also that they +be not applied to increase the grade of other +subjects except as any work well done necessarily +improves all work of the child.</p> + +<p>2. That the words "Home Credit" be written<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +on the new cards just published, and that in +the future these words be printed as a regular +part of the card, with space for inserting the +number of credits.</p> + +<p>3. That in the several grades the following constitute +one credit:—</p> + +<p> (<em>a</em>) First and second grades, 10 minutes of +daily work for 10 weeks.</p> + +<p> (<em>b</em>) Third and fourth grades, 15 minutes of +daily work for 10 weeks.</p> + +<p> (<em>c</em>) Fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades, +20 minutes of daily work for 10 weeks, and +that multiples of such work in 10, 15, 20 +minutes be allowed so that a child may earn +several credits each ten weeks.</p> + +<p>4. That the following subjects be selected for +the initial trial of the plan:—</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="trial"> +<tr><td align="left">1.</td><td align="left">Taking care of the baby.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2.</td><td align="left">Bathing baby.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3.</td><td align="left">Washing or wiping dishes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4.</td><td align="left">Washing or ironing clothes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5.</td><td align="left">Washing windows.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">6.</td><td align="left">Scrubbing floor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">7.</td><td align="left">Sweeping floor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">8.</td><td align="left">Setting table.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">9.</td><td align="left">Dusting and putting room in order.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">10.</td><td align="left">Sweeping or cleaning yard.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">11.</td><td align="left">Sweeping sidewalk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">12.</td><td align="left">Cleaning street in front of home.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">13.</td><td align="left">Care of garbage can.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">14.</td><td align="left">Getting meals.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">15.</td><td align="left">Making beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">16.</td><td align="left">Mending clothes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">17.</td><td align="left">Making new or making over old clothes for family.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>18.</td><td align="left">Working in shop or store.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">19.</td><td align="left">Working in and caring for garden.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20.</td><td align="left">Running errands, going to market, store, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">21.</td><td align="left">Driving delivery wagon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">22.</td><td align="left">Selling papers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">23.</td><td align="left">Taking little brothers and sisters to school, clean and on time.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">24.</td><td align="left">Clean hands, faces, clothes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">25.</td><td align="left">Clean heads.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">26.</td><td align="left">Raising poultry or rabbits.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">27.</td><td align="left">Any other outside work peculiar to particular district if approved by Supervising Superintendent.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p class="center"><br />WEEKLY RECORDS, THREE OR MORE +MONTHS' REPORTS</p> + +<p>Mr. F. W. Simmonds, superintendent of +city schools, Lewiston, Idaho, has instituted +a plan for daily and weekly records with a +report for three months, which he writes is +"working out most successfully." The statement +of his particular scheme which he gives +in his home credit record folder is accompanied +by an excellent presentation of the nature and +scope of the home credit plan in general:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>A Plan for School and Home Coöperation</em></p> + +<p>One of the vital problems of school administration +to-day is that of securing closer coöperation +between school and home life. When the child +learns that <em>education is living and working the best +way</em> he has made considerable progress on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +educational road. Our school curriculum should +encourage this wholesome attitude toward the +everyday tasks.</p> + +<p>Children must have time for real play and plenty +of it, but let us not forget that real work is also a +part of the child's rightful heritage, and that when +rightly directed, children like to work—they are +eager to take part in some of the real activities +of life. However, they must not be permitted to +attempt too much—a reasonable amount of <em>work +well done regularly</em> and suited to the child's age and +ability is what is desired.</p> + +<p><em>Filling out this card is optional with the parent</em>, no +grade on the quality of the work done by the child +is asked for, merely the approximate time regularly +devoted to that task. Note the time; one +half-hour, one hour, two hours, etc., in the proper +column on this card. Your filling out and signing +this card will assure us that the work was well done, +regularly and satisfactorily.</p> + +<p>The work may include any one or more of the +multitude of home tasks, or any work done regularly, +as sewing, ironing, washing dishes, preparing +meals, baking, cutting kindling, gardening, milking, +caring for poultry, feeding stock, making beds, +music lessons, tending furnace, etc.</p> + +<p>Some tasks occur daily (others weekly, as regular +Saturday chores, music lessons and the like). +Nothing less than a <em>half-hour</em> is to be recognized, +though two or more tasks may be grouped to make +a half-hour daily or weekly. The average child +will be anxious to figure his home service in the +large; but a reasonably conservative "statement +of account" will have a greater disciplinary value, +and will make for efficiency.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p> + +<p>The <em>unit</em> of home credit will be <em>one half-hour's +daily work throughout the month</em>. Time spent on +regular weekly tasks will be adjusted by the +teacher to this basis. If the work in quantity, +quality and regularity is deemed worthy, the +teacher will credit the pupil with the number of +home credits earned, which will be added to the +pupil's standing at the end of the semester in +determining promotion. Each <em>unit</em> of credit in +home work will have the effect of raising a monthly +grade in some subject one step as from <em>poor</em> to <em>fair</em>, +or <em>fair</em> to <em>good</em>, etc. By means of home credits, a +pupil has an opportunity to raise his promotion +standing to "Promoted with Honor," or "Promoted +with Highest Honors" as the case may be, +if he should lack a point or two, and have earned +enough home credits to offset this.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the Borough of the Bronx in New York +City, Mr. Frederick J. Reilly began to give +school credit for home work in the fall of 1914. +He issues two cards of different colors, one for +the girls and one for the boys. The cards are +alike except for the words "he" and "she." +Notice that the cards are well planned for use +in city homes. At present they are used by +the children of seventh and eighth grades. +Mr. Reilly says, "The important thing is not +the amount of credit the child receives in +school, but rather the amount of influence this +may have upon the training of the child at +home."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/f146.jpg" width="600" height="328" alt="Bronx" /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/f147.jpg" width="600" height="306" alt="part 2" /> + +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +PUBLIC SCHOOL 33, THE BRONX FREDERICK J. REILLY, Principal<br /> +<br /> +<em>Home Record of</em>.......... <em>Class</em>........ <em>Term, 19</em>........<br /> +=======================================</p> +<p> +This record card is part of an effort to bring the home and the school<br /> +closer together; pupils will receive credit in school for the things they<br /> +do at home.<br /> +<br /> +Parents are invited to answer any or all of these questions as they see<br /> +fit, leaving blank any that they prefer not to answer. There is nothing<br /> +compulsory about this: children will not lose in class standing if the<br /> +parents do not choose to fill out this card. <em>Please return the card<br /> +in the envelop, sealed</em>.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Answer I to V, Yes or No</td><td align="left">1st Mo.</td><td align="left">2d Mo.</td><td align="left">3d Mo.</td><td align="left">4th Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">I.</td><td align="left">Does he get ready for school on time, without constant urging?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">II.</td><td align="left">Is he careful about having his hair, neck, hands, shoes, etc., <em>clean</em>?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">III.</td><td align="left">Does he keep his books, clothes, etc., in the places assigned for them?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">IV.</td><td align="left">Does he prepare his school work at a regular time and without constant urging?</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">V.</td><td align="left">Does he go to bed regularly at a reasonable hour?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">Answer VI to X more fully</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> + + +<tr><td align="left">VI.</td><td align="left">Is he willing and helpful in little household duties? What does he do regularly for which he deserves credit?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1st Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2nd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">3rd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">4th Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">VII.</td><td align="left">Does he attend faithfully to any extra lessons, as music, dancing, gymnasium, religious instruction, etc.? If so, what?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1st Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2nd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">3rd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">4th Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">VIII.</td><td align="left">Has he any hobby at which he spends a considerable part of his time, as music, drawing, photography, electricity, gardening, collecting, etc.?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1st Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2nd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">3rd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">4th Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">IX.</td><td align="left">Does he read much? What does he read?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1st Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2nd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">3rd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">4th Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">X.</td><td align="left">Does he do anything else, not already mentioned, for which he deserves credits?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1st Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2nd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">3rd Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">4th Mo.................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> <span class="smcap">Signature of Parent:</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 1st Mo..............</td><td align="left" colspan="4">3d Mo................</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 2d Mo..............</td><td align="left" colspan="4">4th Mo................</td></tr> +</table></div></div></div> + + + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span></p> + + +<p>Superintendent E. B. Conklin, of Ontario, +Malheur County, in 1912, was the next in +Oregon after Mr. O'Reilly to send a letter to +parents, and to arrange for giving credits on +home work. On page 149 are the inside pages +of the folder that Mr. Conklin devised; it +was the first of the printed home credit report +cards. Notice the entries of manners, +of "doing before told," and of "kindness to +animals."</p> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>Mr. E. G. Bailey, superintendent of Ontario, +1913-14, writes that they have been +using home credits continuously there, and +that the system has proved to be a wonderful +help. "It gets parents and teachers together +as nothing else can, and gives the superintendent +a show. The home work is to the +teacher what the school work is to the parent. +The teacher is enabled to get an insight into +the home life of the pupil, which in turn +enables her the better to deal with whatever +situation may arise. In the main the parents +make an effort to let the teacher know what +the pupils are doing at home. We have very +few failures from parents not doing their duty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +in this matter; where they fail, we refuse to +send any report home. Since adopting the +system our attendance has been better, and +the punctuality has been better; in fact, +things have been greatly improved in every +respect."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 413px;"> +<img src="images/f149.jpg" width="413" height="600" alt="excellent" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +E—Excellent. G—Good. +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="excellent"> +<tr><td align="left">Sewing and mending</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Bread-making</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">General cooking</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Setting and serving table</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Washing and wiping dishes</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Washing and ironing</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping and making beds</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Mopping and care of kitchen</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Care of younger children</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Making fires</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Getting water, coal, kindling, etc.</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Feeding stock or poultry</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Milking cows</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Barn or yard work</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Garden or field work</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Errands</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"> +F—Fair. P—Poor. +</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="fair"> + +<tr><td align="left">Cheerfulness, kindness</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Order and care of clothes </td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Cleanliness, bathing, etc.</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Table manners</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Politeness</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Keeping temper</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Doing before told</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Care of language</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">At home—off streets</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Courteous to parents</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Kindness to animals</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Care of playthings</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Home study</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Ambition to succeed</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>Early in December, 1913, a large meeting +in the interest of social center work was held +in Roslyn, Washington. At this meeting the +city superintendent, Linden McCullough, +explained the school credit for home work +idea. He advised that a vote be taken as to +whether the schools of that town should +adopt the plan. The vote showed that parents, +teachers, and pupils were enthusiastic +over the idea and eager to try it. The +Woman's Club of the city volunteered to +assist in every possible way. The following +from letters from Mr. McCullough gives the +result of the trial:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Seventy-five per cent of our seven hundred and +fifty pupils are taking advantage of the scheme. +Our truant officer says that every parent he has +talked with has praised the plan, for the reason +that all the children do their chores with more +spirit. Our police officers have noticed a falling-off +in the number of children on the streets; so much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +so that juvenile court cases are much fewer in +number. The teachers notice an improvement in +school work along all lines.</p> + +<p>One boy in the fourth grade who was disagreeably +indifferent about his personal care now takes +baths regularly, and always brushes his hair, and +keeps his clothing clean and neat. Roslyn has a +large number of foreign people. Teachers in the +first three grades say that parents of foreign children +do not grasp the idea very well, but that +older brothers and sisters explain its workings, +and attend to keeping tab on the reports of the +little children.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the next two pages is a copy of the +Roslyn folder. Notice the entries of mending, +cleaning yard, putting away playthings, work +done for wages, work "in father's place of +business," home study (school work), and +reading good books.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;"> +<img src="images/f152.jpg" width="359" height="600" alt="part 1" /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/f153.jpg" width="450" height="483" alt="part 2" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Home Credit Report Card, Roslyn Public Schools</em><br /> +<br /> +<em>Name of Pupil</em> ...... <em>Teacher</em> ....... <em>Grade</em> ... +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="roslyn"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">First</td><td align="left">Second</td><td align="left">Third</td><td align="left">Fourth</td><td align="left">Fifth</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">month</td><td align="left">month</td><td align="left">month</td><td align="left">month</td><td align="left">month</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caring for cows</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Caring for chickens</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Caring for horses</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Caring for hogs</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning barn or yard</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Washing dishes</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Washing and ironing</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Running errands</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Caring for baby</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Washing face and hands</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Combing hair</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning teeth</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Going to bed at</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Arising at</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Sewing</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Making beds</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Peddling milk or papers</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Scrubbing</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Knitting</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Mending</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning house</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning yard</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Putting away playthings</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Baking</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>Carrying kindling</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Carrying coal</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Making fires</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Splitting wood</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Washing windows</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Work done for wages</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Work, father's place of business</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Caring for flowers</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Shoveling snow</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Home study, school work</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Reading good books</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Cooking</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Gardening</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Practicing music lesson</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Odd jobs</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> +</table></div></div></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p>In Wilbur, Washington, a scheme providing +for a credit report for the semester is in +successful operation. Here Superintendent +E. O. McCormick carries on the plan by +means of two report cards, the one sent from +the school to the home, the other from the +home to the school, every six weeks. The +home card is reproduced below.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/p154.jpg" width="450" height="375" alt="Wilbur" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"> +<em>Report Card from the Home to the School</em></p> + +<p><em>For</em>............................<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;"><em>Name.</em></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 7em;">.........................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8em;"><em>Parent or Guardian.</em></span></p> + +<p class="center"><em>First Semester</em> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="wilbut"> +<tr><td align="left">Period</td><td align="center" colspan="2">1</td><td align="center" colspan="2">2</td><td align="center" colspan="2">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">————</td><td align="center">————</td><td align="center">————</td><td align="center">————</td><td align="center">——— </td><td align="center">————</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Subjects</td><td align="left">Average</td><td align="left">Quality</td><td align="left">Average</td><td align="left">Quality</td><td align="left">Average</td><td align="left">Quality</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Time</td><td align="left">of work,</td><td align="left">Time</td><td align="left">of work,</td><td align="left">Time</td><td align="left">of work,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Answer yes or no</td><td align="left">Spent</td><td align="left">Good,</td><td align="left">Spent</td><td align="left">Good,</td><td align="left">Spent</td><td align="left">Good,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Daily</td><td align="left">Fair,</td><td align="left">Daily</td><td align="left">Fair,</td><td align="left">Daily</td><td align="left">Fair,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Poor.</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Poor.</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Poor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sleeping with open window</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Keeping temper</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Washing teeth</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Time in recreation</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Off streets</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td><td align="left">....</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>This report sent to the teacher when the report card is returned to the +school will help raise the standing of your child in its school work.</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">E. O. McCormick</span>, <em>Supt</em>.</p> + +<p>The following subjects are of a suggestive nature; you may use as many +as may be applicable to your child. Others not listed may be used. Write +in the blank spaces on the front of this card those subjects under your +observation.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="suggestive"> +<tr><td align="left">Sawing wood.</td><td align="left">In bed by nine (yes or no).</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washing dishes.</td><td align="left">Building fire in mornings.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Care of house.</td><td align="left">Care of chickens.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Care of cows.</td><td align="left">Churning.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Making beds.</td><td align="left">Making bread, biscuits, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweeping.</td><td align="left">Preparing meals for family.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ironing.</td><td align="left">Blacking the stove.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Any work or interest in home as shown by the child should be noted on +the front of the card, under the list of subjects. +</p> +</div></div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>Mrs. Elizabeth Sterling, of Clarke County, +Washington, was one of the first county superintendents +to get out a card suitable for use +throughout her schools. She strongly urged +the teachers of her county to try the plan,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +and in 1914 eighty-five teachers were operating +it. This card provides a record for the +whole school year, with a general average for +the nine months. To secure credit the pupil +is required to average eight hours per week, +or thirty-two hours per month, at "real honest, +helpful labor that relieves the father and +mother of that amount of work." This done, +the teacher is to add three credits to the +average gained by the pupil at the school +during the month of his or her studies. Additional +credits are to be given for more than +thirty-two hours per month at the rate of one +credit for every ten hours' work. The parent +or guardian is cautioned to keep track of the +number of hours that the boy or girl actually +spends per week at any of the kinds of work +named on the credit report card, or any other +real work that is not there listed. The printed +list comprises:—</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="comprises"> +<tr><td align="left">Milking.</td><td align="left">Baking.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Churning.</td><td align="left">Washing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turning separator.</td><td align="left">Ironing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caring for horses.</td><td align="left">Sweeping.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caring for cows.</td><td align="left">Dusting.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caring for pigs.</td><td align="left">Sewing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caring for poultry.</td><td align="left">Running errands.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cleaning barn.</td><td align="left">Making beds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Splitting wood.</td><td align="left">Washing dishes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carrying in wood.</td><td align="left">Building fires.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gardening.</td><td align="left">Caring for little children.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cooking.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>II</h2> + +<h3>HOME CREDIT IN HIGH SCHOOLS</h3> + + +<p>Several high schools have sent us reports +of their plans for giving credit for work outside +of school. Some of these schools use +plans that differ considerably from those of the +elementary schools where the movement began; +they lay emphasis on improvement in +work, and to this end they require that all +the work be supervised by the teachers of +home economics, agriculture, commerce, or +manual training. Other high schools try to +encourage the habit of industry, no matter +what the kind of work, and offer credit for +such tasks as running errands, delivering +groceries, or carrying a paper route. In my +opinion both ideas are good; there is no end +to the possibilities of developing skill in home +work under the instruction of one who really +knows how to do it, and there is also great +value in the encouragement of faithful industry +in routine tasks.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 386px;"><a name="railroad" id="railroad"></a> +<img src="images/f156.jpg" width="386" height="600" alt="auburn" /> +<div class="caption"><p class="center">AUBURN, WASHINGTON, HIGH SCHOOL BOYS +IN RAILROAD SHOPS</p> + +<p class="center">This is good school equipment. It cost $200,000</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></p> + +<p>Descriptions of parts of the work of a few +high schools are given here.</p> + +<p>In the High School of Santa Monica, California, +two credits for home work are allowed +out of the total of sixteen required for graduation, +and pupils with a certain average standing +who earn eighteen credits, two of them for +home work, may graduate <em>cum laude</em>.</p> + +<p>Below is given a list of tasks for which school +credit will be allowed:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>One-half credit per year</em>:—</p> + +<p> +Regular music lessons, instrumental or vocal, under<br /> +a competent instructor.<br /> +<br /> +Making own clothes for school.<br /> +<br /> +Doing family darning and mending.<br /> +<br /> +Preparing one meal a day for a year.<br /> +<br /> +Carrying paper route.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"><em>One-half credit for half-time for a year, or for full time for +summer vacation</em>:—</p> + +<p> +Clerking in store, bank, or office.<br /> +<br /> +Cement work, or work in any local trades or industries.<br /> +<br /> +Regular work on a farm.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"><em>One-half credit</em>:—</p> + +<p> +Raising one-fourth acre of potatoes, melons, onions,<br /> +strawberries, or similar products.<br /> +<br /> +Employment in a dressmaking or millinery establishment<br /> +for summer vacation.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"><em>One-fourth credit per year each</em>:—</p> + +<p> +Sleeping for one year in the open air.<br /> +<br /> +Retiring at 10 P.M. five days per week for one year.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>Taking a cold bath every morning five times per<br /> +week on an average for one year.<br /> +<br /> +Walking three miles per day for a year.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Credit will be given for the following according +to the amount of work:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Public speaking or reciting. Reading aloud to family +or to invalids.</p> + +<p>Horticulture. Gardening. Poultry-raising. Bee-culture.</p> + +<p>Taking care of cows or other animals. General dairy +work.</p> + +<p>Sewing for the family. Doing the family laundry. +House-cleaning, bed-making, dish-washing, or any +other useful work about the house.</p> + +<p>Getting younger children ready for school every day. +Caring for a baby.</p> + +<p>Nursing the sick.</p> + +<p>Making a canoe or boat. Taking full care of an automobile. +Perfecting any mechanical contrivance +for saving labor about the home.</p> + +<p>Recognizing and describing twenty different native +birds, trees or flowers.</p> + +<p>Summer vacation travel with written description.</p> + +<p>Playing golf or tennis. Sea-bathing and swimming.</p> + +<p>Keeping a systematic savings bank account, with +regular weekly or monthly deposits.</p> + +<p>Keeping a set of books for father or some merchant. +Doing correspondence for father or other business +man.</p> + +<p>Running errands. Delivering groceries.</p> + +<p>Singing in church choir. Teaching in Sunday school.</p> + +<p>Carpentry work. Cabinet-making, furniture construction.</p> + +<p>Working as forest ranger.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/p159.jpg" width="600" height="374" alt="Monica" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p> +SANTA MONICA HIGH SCHOOL<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 19em;">Date ........................ 191....</span><br /> +<br /> +I hereby declare my intention of earning ...... credits for home or outside<br /> +work by doing .............................................................<br /> +...........................................................................<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">Signature of Pupil .....................................</span><br /> +<br /> +I approve of the above and agree to observe and certify to the quantity and<br /> +quality of work performed.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">Signature of Parent ....................................</span><br /> +<br /> +I hereby certify that ........................ has faithfully performed the<br /> +above work, spending on the average ...... minutes per day for ....... days<br /> +and is in my judgment entitled to ...... credits.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">Signature of Parent or Employer ..................................</span><br /> +<br /> +Credits granted ............... Prin.......................................<br /> +</p></div></div> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the High School at St. Cloud, Minnesota, +great attention is paid to vacation work +as well as to work done during the school year. +At the beginning of the fall term the following +questionnaire is sent to high school pupils, and +to elementary pupils above the fourth grade:</p> + +<p class="center"><em>Vacation Report—Grades Five to Twelve</em></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;">.....................................School.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>—Teachers are requested to have pupils fill out this blank<br /> +carefully. It is very important. Explain each question. Caution children<br /> +not to over- or under-estimate.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">1. Name ............. Age ............. Grade or Class ................</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">2. Did you help at home during the summer vacation? ....................</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">3. Did you take music lessons? ..... Travel? ..... Attend Summer School?</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">4. Did you do any work along the line of agriculture, horticulture,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gardening, bee-culture or poultry-raising? If so, what? .............</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">........ Estimate carefully the net profit ................... $.....</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">5. Did you have a flower garden? .............. Name six or more of the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">leading flowers that you raised. ....................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">.....................................................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">.....................................................................</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">6. Name wild flowers, birds, or trees you have observed this summer.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flowers .............................................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Birds ...............................................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Trees ...............................................................</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">7. What pieces of hand-work, if any, did you do during vacation?</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wearing apparel .....................................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Household art .......................................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wood ......................... Iron..................................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cement .............. Give estimated value of such hand-work $.......</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">8. What electrical contrivance or other home accessory did you</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">make to save your mother work? ......................................</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">9. Which of the following home tasks did you do this summer?</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prepare one meal alone daily? ...... Bake the bread? ................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bake a cake? ....................... Make the beds? .................</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Do the washing? .................... Do the ironing? ................</span><br /> +<br /> +10. Are you sleeping in the open air or with open window? ...............<br /> +<br /> +11. Can you swim 300 feet or more? ..... Did you learn this summer? .....<br /> +<br /> +12. Were you employed elsewhere than at home? ...........................<br /> +<br /> +13. State kind of work done ............ Employer .......................<br /> +<br /> +14. Number of weeks employed ........... Amount earned per week. $.......<br /> +<br /> +15. Total amount of cash earned during vacation. $.......<br /> +<br /> +16. Fair estimate of the value of your home work. $.......<br /> +<br /> +17. Total cash value of your summer work (items 15 and 16). $.......<br /> +<br /> +18. Have you a savings bank account? ... Amount of your deposit. $.......<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Principals ascertain amount of deposit for lower grades. $.......</span><br /> +</p> +<hr class="tb" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p> + +<p>The financial results of this vacation work +are summarized as follows:—</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="financial"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center"><em>Total</em></td><td align="center"><em>Deposit</em></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center"><em>Cash</em></td><td align="center"><em>Home Work</em></td><td align="center"><em>Earnings</em></td><td align="center"><em>in Bank</em></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">High School</td><td align="right">$6,393.01</td><td align="right">$1744.45</td><td align="right">$8137.44</td><td align="right">$2793.36</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total for city</td><td align="right">16,422.00</td><td align="right">3666.15</td><td align="right">9559.25</td><td align="right">3144.92</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="highest"> +<tr><td align="left">Highest</td><td align="left">individual</td><td align="left">earnings</td><td align="left">— High School</td><td align="right">$260.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">— Grades</td><td align="right">200.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Average</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">— High School</td><td align="right">76.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Highest</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">deposit</td><td align="left">— " "</td><td align="right">300.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">— Grades</td><td align="right">500.00</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p>Pupils may graduate with honor from the +St. Cloud High School by attaining certain +standings and by offering two credits for home +or continuation work. One of the sixteen +credits required for regular graduation may +be a credit for home or continuation work.</p> + +<p>The list of credits is divided into two parts, +outside work and home work. Among the +many outside activities mentioned in the St. +Cloud list, we find:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="hanging">Literary society work, or rhetoricals, debate, public +speaking, or expressive reading, one-fourth unit +per year.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Granite or paving-block cutting, or work in any of +the local trades, shops, factories, or industries, +one-fourth unit for each summer vacation.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Steady work on a farm, followed by a satisfactory +essay on some agricultural subject, one-fourth unit +for three months.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Raising one-fourth of an acre of onions, tomatoes, +strawberries, or celery, one acre of potatoes, two +acres of pop corn, five acres of corn or alfalfa, one-fourth +unit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hanging">Running a split road drag or doing other forms of +road-building for three months, one-fourth unit.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Judging, with a degree of accuracy, the different +types of horses, cattle, and hogs, one-fourth unit.</p> + +<p class="hanging">"See Minnesota First" trip under approved instructor, +with essay, one-fourth unit.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Among the home tasks are mentioned:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="hanging">Shingling or painting the house or barn.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Making a canoe or boat.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Swimming 300 feet at one continuous performance.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Cooking meat and eggs three ways and making +three kinds of cake. Exhibit.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Doing the laundry work weekly for three months.</p> + +<p class="hanging">Recognizing and describing twenty different native +birds, trees, and flowers.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Ames, Iowa, High School course outlines +out-of-school work in three departments: +agriculture, manual training, and home economics. +I quote from the home economics +prospectus:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Unless the work is ... made to connect with the work +in the home it loses much of its vitality. Our aim is to +relate the home and the school and permit each to +contribute its share in making the work vital, really +worth while. The girl ... may carry into the home some +new ways of working, and there will be an exchange of +ideas between mother and daughter as to hows and +whys ... that will result beneficially to both. As the +girl carries these ideas and discoveries back into the +school we shall be able to know better the needs of home +and social life, and hence so plan our work that it may +"carry over" into her out-of-school life.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> + +<p>A total of two credits to apply on graduation +may be earned in home economics at the +Ames High School. Three hundred points +equal one credit.</p> + +<p>Two hundred points each are offered for +cookery, general housework and sewing.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Cooking is to be done for the family at home, and +whenever possible a sample brought to the school for +examination, together with the recipes giving itemized +cost, and a signed statement that the entire work was +done by the girl herself. A list of things to be cooked +is given: ten dishes are required, the other five are to +be chosen from the list. The list for the first year follows; +dishes required are marked with a star and receive +seven points credit, the others receive six points.</p> + +<p> +Some fresh vegetable cooked and served in a white<br /> +sauce.<br /> + +Potatoes in some form.<br /> + +Tapioca.<br /> + +Rice.<br /> + +Macaroni.<br /> + +Muffins.<br /> + +*Baking powder biscuit.<br /> + +*Plain cake, with or without frosting.<br /> + +*Drop cookies.<br /> + +*Rolled cookies.<br /> + +*Pastry.<br /> + +*Gelatin with soft custard.<br /> + +Cottage cheese.<br /> + +Scalloped dish.<br /> + +Custard, or some kind of custard pudding (bread, rice,<br /> +tapioca).<br /> + +Steamed brown bread.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>*Prune whip. }<br /> + +Marguerites. } One of these required; either may be chosen.<br /> + +Fondant candies.<br /> + +Salad with cooked or French dressing.<br /> + +*Sandwiches—three kinds of filling.<br /> + +*Bread.<br /> + +*Baked beans. +</p> + +<p>General housework includes making girl's own bed +each day; daily and weekly care of bedroom, helping +with general housework one-half hour each day and +one hour on Saturdays (sweeping, dusting, ironing, +washing dishes, washing windows, etc.). The total +credit for this is 12<sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>2</small></sub> points for one month.</p> + +<p>In the course in sewing, the home work is brought to +school for examination and grading. The list for second +year sewing follows:—</p> + +<p>One-third credit—100 points, open to girls who are +taking, or who have completed second year sewing.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="girls"> +<tr><td align="left">Princess slip</td><td align="right">50 points.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">House dress</td><td align="right">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Shirt waist</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Woolen skirt</td><td align="right">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Made-over dress</td><td align="right">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nice dress</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>The High School at North Yakima, Washington, +gives credit for work in music under +approved teachers; for practice-teaching +(coaching) by normal students in the grades; +and for work in agriculture.</p> + +<p>The summer work in agriculture is planned +before the close of the school in the spring.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> + +<p>Each pupil informs the instructor in agriculture +as to the kind of work he intends to do. +The instructor visits each pupil several times +during the summer, discussing methods of +work, results, etc., with him and his employer, +and designating pamphlets, bulletins, and magazine +articles for him to read. In 1914, fifty-four +pupils applied for credit for work in +agriculture.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Rules for Summer Agricultural Work in +North Yakima, Washington</em></p> + +<p>1. Students may earn one credit in agriculture toward +graduation by work completed outside of school +during the vacation period.</p> + +<p>2. At least 250 hours of work must be completed +before any credit will be given.</p> + +<p>3. Complete records and systematic reports kept by +the applicant, giving all information required, +and signed by the parent or employer, shall be +filed with the instructor in agriculture every two +weeks.</p> + +<p>4. Applicants shall secure such information as a +result of reading, study, and questioning experienced +workers, as may be necessary to convince +the instructor in charge that the work has been +of sufficient educational value to justify the granting +of a credit.</p> + +<p>5. Pupils wishing to receive credit for this work shall +make application for the privilege before beginning +the work. Lists of reference books, kinds and +character of notebooks, shall be designated by the +instructor in agriculture.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p> + +<p>6. An examination covering the work may be given +by the school authorities.</p> + +<p>7. Work may be done along the following lines:</p> + +<p> <em>a.</em> Vegetable gardening work; keeping results +of work done in complete form.</p> + +<p> <em>b.</em> Feeding of stock, poultry, etc.; keeping records +of foods used, amounts and results +obtained.</p> + +<p> <em>c.</em> Thinning, picking, packing, marketing, cultivation +and irrigation of fruits, etc.</p> + +<p> <em>d.</em> Eradication of blight, other orchard diseases +and pests; complete records of attempts to +reduce damage done by these causes.</p> + +<p> <em>e.</em> Growing of cereal, grass, or forage crops.</p> + +<p> <em>f.</em> Keeping records of dairy animals; milk testing +records for monthly periods.</p> + +<p> <em>g.</em> Care of bees, handling of honey, etc.; complete +records.</p></blockquote> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> + +<h3>KANSAS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE +BULLETIN</h3> + + +<p>Mr. John C. Werner, of the college extension +division of the Kansas State Agricultural College, +wrote in 1914 a very valuable bulletin entitled +"School Credit for Home Work," the essential +features of which are given.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Notice that he recommends +that pupils furnish the reports themselves +over their own signatures, as putting them +on their honor is considered valuable, and in justice +due them.</p> + +<p>In a letter Mr. Werner says: "My idea of giving +credit is to use the old laboratory method of requiring +the student to do a reasonable amount of +work in a reasonable length of time. This allows +for many of the variable factors that enter into the +problem; I think it is better than to give so many +points of credit for each piece of work done."</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>In the first six grades of the elementary school, where +so much depends upon using the child's knowledge +which he has gained from actual experiences about +home, and the environment with which he comes in +contact which is really a part of himself, we have the +best basis for his further education. In these grades it +will be raising and not lowering our standards when we +give credit for home work and add it to the school +credits for passing grades. All of the subjects of these +grades should be so closely affiliated with the home life<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +of the child as to warrant our doing this. It is so important +that the child be engaged in the actual doing of +things that the perfect grade of 100 per cent should be +divided into two divisions: (1) A maximum of 90 per +cent for school work. (2) A maximum of 10 per cent +for home work when proper records and reports are kept.</p> + +<p>In the seventh and eighth grades and in the high +school, work corresponding to the age and ability of the +pupils should be introduced and made part of the laboratory +work, giving two fifths of a unit of credit. Here +written reports of the operations performed should be +worked out by the pupils and presented as class work. +Classes should visit the dairy barns, feeding pens, gardens, +corn or grass fields, orchards, etc. Pupils should +carry on considerable individual home work, which +should continue throughout the summer as well as winter +season. This credit should be counted in agriculture, +domestic arts and manual-training courses.</p> + +<p>The various contests among the boys and girls, that +are conducted in all parts of the state, certainly should +be counted worthy of school credit. These contests are +directly or indirectly under the auspices of the Agricultural +College, and numerous bulletins are sent to the +contestants. Many children actually receive in these +contests almost the equal of a year's course in school.</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="center"><em>Suggestive List of Subjects for Credit for Home Work</em></p> + +<p> +1. <em>Agriculture</em><br /> +<br /> +Milking cows.<br /> +Feeding horses.<br /> +Cleaning cow barns.<br /> +Cleaning horse barns.<br /> +Feeding cows.<br /> +Feeding sheep.<br /> +Feeding beef cattle.<br /> +Feeding hogs.<br /> +Feeding poultry.<br /> +Watering stock.<br /> +Churning.<br /> +Turning separator.<br /> +Tending fires.<br /> +Running errands.<br /> +Digging potatoes.<br /> +Hitching and unhitching horses.<br /> +Beating rugs.<br /> +Hauling feed.<br /> +Pumping water.<br /> +Cutting wood.<br /> +Carrying in fuel.<br /> +Getting the cows.<br /> +Gathering eggs.<br /> +Tending to the poultry house.<br /> +Tending pig pen.<br /> +Bedding of stock.<br /> +Preparing kindling.<br /> +Miscellaneous.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>2. <em>Domestic Arts</em><br /> +<br /> +Preparing meals.<br /> +Making biscuits.<br /> +Baking bread.<br /> +Baking cake.<br /> +Baking pie.<br /> +Washing clothes.<br /> +Ironing clothes.<br /> +Caring for baby.<br /> +Overseeing home while mother is away.<br /> +Scrubbing floor.<br /> +Washing dishes.<br /> +Wiping dishes.<br /> +Making beds.<br /> +Sweeping the house.<br /> +Dusting rugs.<br /> +Airing bedclothes.<br /> +Ventilating bedroom.<br /> +Dressing the baby.<br /> +Canning fruit.<br /> +Caring for milk.<br /> +Sewing.<br /> +Dusting furniture.<br /> +Care of self.<br /> +Making dress.<br /> +Making apron.<br /> +Care of teeth.<br /> +Setting the table.<br /> +Care of sick.<br /> +Miscellaneous.<br /> +<br /> +3. <em>Manual Training</em><br /> +<br /> +Making farm gate.<br /> +Making peck crate.<br /> +Making chair.<br /> +Making clothes rack.<br /> +Making pencil sharpener.<br /> +Making T-square.<br /> +Making towel roller.<br /> +Making ruler.<br /> +Making picture frame, halved<br /> +together joints, end and center.<br /> +Making mortise and tenon joint.<br /> +Making bookrack.<br /> +Miscellaneous.<br /> +Making ax handle.<br /> +Making hayrack.<br /> +Making ironing board.<br /> +Making cutting board.<br /> +Making tool rack.<br /> +Making staffboard liner.<br /> +Making vine rack.<br /> +Making sandpaper blocks.<br /> +Making mail box.<br /> +Open mortise and tenon joint (end).<br /> +Making halving joint, or angle<br /> +splice joint.<br /> +Making feed hopper.<br /> +Making whippletree.<br /> +Making wood rack.<br /> +Making bench hook.<br /> +Making coat hanger.<br /> +Making nail box.<br /> +Making table.<br /> +Making flower-pot stand.<br /> +Making key board.<br /> +Making pen tray.<br /> +Making mortise and tenon joint<br /> +(center).<br /> +Making dovetail joint.<br /> +Making panel door.<br /> +Making work bench.<br /> +<br /> +4. <em>Home Contests</em><br /> +<br /> +Corn acre contest.<br /> +Poultry and pig contest.<br /> +Sewing contest.<br /> +Potato plot contest.<br /> +Tomato contest.<br /> +Canning contest.<br /> +Garden contest.<br /> +Bread-baking contest.<br /> +Miscellaneous.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"><em>Plan for Allowing Credit</em></p> + +<p>It is absolutely essential in taking up this work that +the teacher make a careful survey in her neighborhood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +of the kinds of home work that the pupils have opportunity +to do. The pupils should be put on their honor in +reporting their work, and the teacher must work out +the amount of credit time the various items are to +receive, and from the pupils' reports grade the work. +A large number of items should be included and given +their relative weight. Quality as well as quantity must +be judged by the teacher. This supplies a working +basis for coöperation between home and school.</p> + +<p>Besides the credits earned in the particular subjects +of agriculture, domestic arts and manual training, where +216 hours will add two fifths of a unit, other work may +be given some additional credit up to say 10 per cent, +as physiology and geography. It is also possible that +subjects such as English and arithmetic may be so correlated +as to be at least partially considered in connection +with the agriculture, domestic arts, and manual +training by the composition required and the problems +furnished.</p> + +<p>It is not expected that any boy or girl will enter all of +the contests. Contests which require 216 hours' work +should be given two fifths of a unit credit in the subject +to which it belongs. If the child in the contest is below +the seventh grade, the work should add to his entire +school grade up to 10 per cent. The fairness of this plan +will appeal to the boys and girls, for the girl or boy who +has third, fourth or fifth place in the contest deserves +credit as well as the one who wins first place.</p> + +<p>It is the object in the credit for home work both to +recognize and give credit because of the educational +value to the child of such work which he does with his +hands, and it is also hoped to develop the child into a +better worker, so that the work performed will be constantly +of a higher order as the child grows older. In +other words, we have a constantly changing variable +as the child grows older as to the time necessary to do +certain work, and the proficiency with which the work +is done. Speed in doing things is not the only consideration,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +and yet all work should be done with reasonable +dispatch.</p> + +<p>In inaugurating this work it seems that the ordinary +laboratory method for giving credit is quite as well +adapted to home laboratory work as it is to school +laboratory work. If the perfect grade, 100 per cent in +the elementary school in grades 1 to 6, inclusive, be +divided into two parts, i.e., a maximum of 90 per cent +for school work and a maximum of 10 per cent for home +work for all pupils who desire to do the home work, +then one tenth of the number of hours in the school year +may be taken as the basis for credit. Counting the +double period, as should be done, 216 hours or 6 hours +per week would be the required time for the nine-months' +term of school to receive full credit. The pupil +would, therefore, need to work at home six hours per +week. This work should be scattered throughout the +week as evenly as possible, with the opportunity of +doing not to exceed three hours' work in any one day, +as, for example, on Saturday. As in the laboratory +system, the pupils, regardless of the overtime put in, +could only receive full credit for any year. Pupils who +do not have the chance for home work will not be +affected in their work, as the usual method of grading +will apply to them. Conditions must determine the +time necessary for any given piece of work. For example, +if one boy feeds a team of horses in ten minutes, +another in fifteen minutes, another in five minutes, and +another in thirty minutes, under similar conditions, +perhaps one boy is working too rapidly and another too +slowly. From such reports it seems that twelve to fifteen +minutes should be allowed for feeding a team of horses.</p> + +<p>The best and most profitable division of time for the +home work would be about thirty minutes, both morning +and evening, each day. During these work periods +different things should be done, and during the year it is +to be hoped that a large variety of different kinds of +work may be included. If the home is in sympathy with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +the child's work it can help very materially in setting +tasks for the child that are of the most profitable nature.</p> + + +<p class="center"><em>Reports to Teachers</em></p> + +<p>The pupils should furnish the reports themselves over +their own signatures for the home work. Putting them +on their own honor is valuable and in justice is due +them. Since results must be produced in most kinds of +work, the teacher can judge quite accurately as to the +value of work.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/p172.jpg" width="450" height="367" alt="teachers" /> +<div class="caption"> + +<p class="center"><em>Illustrative Report Card</em></p> + +<p> +<em>Weekly report home work.</em> <em>Date</em>....................<br /> + <em>Elementary school</em>.</p> + +<p class="sig2"><em>Pupil</em>................... +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">Work.</td><td align="center">Remarks.</td><td align="center" colspan="6">Time spent each day.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">M.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">W.</td><td align="left">T.</td><td align="left">F.</td><td align="left">S.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feeding horses.</td><td align="left">1 team, twice each day</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">22</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">18</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cut wood</td><td align="left"><sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>2</small></sub> cord, stove length</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">150</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">................</td><td align="left">...............</td><td align="left">......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">................</td><td align="left">...............</td><td align="left">......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.....</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">................</td><td align="left">...............</td><td align="left">......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.......</td><td align="left">.....</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> +</div> + + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>Credit for seventh and eighth grades and high school +grades should be allowed for efficient home work when +properly reported as laboratory requirement in agriculture, +domestic arts and manual training. In these +grades all careful, systematic work during the summer +season, as well as the regular school year, such as corn +acre, garden, potato plot, tomato, poultry, pig, canning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +sewing, cooking, and butter-making contests, should be +used for laboratory credit. Of course accurate records +of the work must be made at the time the work is performed. +Schools that have an agricultural teacher during +the entire year will directly supervise this work. +In other schools the reports will be used as part of the +next year's regular class work. Suitable report blanks +should be used by the pupils and kept in laboratory +notebook form.</p> + +<p>The pupils of seventh, eighth and high-school grades +who do 216 hours of acceptable home work should be +given two fifths of a unit of credit in the subjects of +agriculture, domestic arts, or manual training. Here +again the pupil should do some different kinds of work +and make the experience somewhat varied. In the +home laboratory the teacher will determine a standard +amount of work of any kind to be performed in a given +time.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>CALIFORNIA REPORT ON OUTSIDE +ACTIVITIES</h2> + + +<p>At the January, 1914, meeting of the California +Teachers' Association the following report on +credit for work done outside of the school was +submitted by Mr. Hugh J. Baldwin:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center"><em>Credit for Work Done Outside of School</em></p> + +<p>Fulfilling the wishes of this organization, your committee +sent communications to the heads of departments +of large manufacturing and commercial interests, +to managers of railroads and educational institutions, +requesting information on lines of work upon which you +wished a report. Not only were the circulars answered +promptly, but, in many cases, the answers were remarkable. +Some of them suggested in definite language how +outside activities might be made harmoniously supplemental +to our regular school work, better articulated +therewith than had been planned.</p> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>Many strong reasons were given; one of the most +potent was that the innovation would change the present +attitude of the average person towards labor—in +other words, to dignify the labor of the land, to honor +and respect the woman who can prepare nourishing +food in the kitchen or the man who can contribute to +the world's wealth from his garden.</p> + +<p>Another strong thought from this compilation of +opinions resulted in the contrast between the systems +of American and German polytechnic or manual training +education. The German schools secure the coöperation +of the factories and shops and stores where there is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +particular industrial training given, all without cost to +state or municipality for the tuition. On the other hand, +in the United States, the only manual training that has +been attempted by the school authorities has been at +greater expense to the people.</p> + +<p>In communities where there is no special educational +industrial training the subject of this committee work +is very important. "Outside Activities," or credit on +school reports for work done by school children at home, +has now a place in the course of study of San Diego +County. The plan has passed from the experimental +stage, having been given a thorough tryout in all the +schools. From all parts of the county reports have +come full of enthusiasm telling of the excellent working +of the plan. To be sure there are a few adverse reports. +We find that communities largely Mexican in complexion +evince little interest in the plan.</p></blockquote> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"> </a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<div> +Agriculture, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alderman, Superintendent, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Algebra, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Algona, Wash., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ames, Iowa, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-64.<br /> +<br /> +Arithmetic, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ashland, Ore., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Auburn, Wash., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Bailey, E. G., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baldwin, Hugh J., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Banks and banking, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Banner, school, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bathing, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Belknap, Mrs. E. H., letters, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bellingham, Wash., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Benton County, Ore., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blanks, home credit. <em>See</em> Cards.<br /> +<br /> +Bread-making, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bulletin for teachers, Spokane County, Ore., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burns, Miss Veva, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burnt Ridge, Wash., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cake-making, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Calavan, C. C., <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +California Report on Outside Activities, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Canning, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cards, home record, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-172.<br /> +<br /> +Care of language, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Certificate of Promotion with Distinction, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-41.<br /> +<br /> +Charleston, Wash., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cheerfulness, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cheney, Wash., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chores, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Church attendance, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clackamas County, Ore., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Claxton, Mr., Commissioner of Education, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cleaning yard, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cleanliness, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Commerce, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Conklin, Superintendent E. B., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Consolidation of schools, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Contests, rules of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-80, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-33;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for summer agricultural work, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>. <em>See</em> Prizes.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cooking, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coöperation, of parents and teachers, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-48;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan for school and home, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-45.</span><br /> +<br /> +Courtesy to parents, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cowlitz County, Wash., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Credit for home work, system of, author's article on, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-6;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the case of Mary, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-10;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in O'Reilly's school, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-23;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">revitalizing effect of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-33;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">honors labor, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-38;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illustrative cards of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-155;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in high schools, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-66.</span><br /> +<br /> +Credits, prizes for, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-13, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-22, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Credit-vouchers. <em>See</em> Vouchers.<br /> +<br /> +Crook County, Ore., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Daily reports, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-172.<br /> +<br /> +Dallas, Ore., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Superintendent Joel O., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>Dish-washing, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Doing before told," <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Domestic arts, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Domestic science, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drawing, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dudley, W. E., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunlap, Oscar L., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dykstra, R. G., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Elliott, Superintendent H. W., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eugene, Ore., High School, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eveline, Wash., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairs, school, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-22, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Farm labors, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-32, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Feeding the poultry, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fitchburg, Mass., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forfeitures, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Garage work, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gary, T. J., article by, on O'Reilly's school, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-18.<br /> +<br /> +General housework, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Geometry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grades, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Habit-building, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-45.<br /> +<br /> +Harrowing, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Health, care for, home duty, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heath, Harry F., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-98.<br /> +<br /> +High schools, home credit in, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-66.<br /> +<br /> +History, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hoagland, Mrs. Sarah J., story by, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-65;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-68.</span><br /> +<br /> +Holidays, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holton, Kansas, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Home contests, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>. <em>See</em> Contests.<br /> +<br /> +Home credit plans, illustrative, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-175. <em>See</em> Plans, Rules.<br /> +<br /> +Home economics, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Home study, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Home work, newspaper article on, by author, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-6;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inception of idea, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring Valley School, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-23. <em>See</em> Plans.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hopewell High School, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horticulture, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Housekeeping, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hover, Wash., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Idaho plan, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Illustrative home credit plans, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-175.<br /> +<br /> +Immorality among children, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Industrial work, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Industry, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Interest in work, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson County, Ore., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +James, William, quoted on habit, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Ore., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jenkins, Lucia, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Kansas State Agricultural College, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bulletin, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-73.</span><br /> +<br /> +Keeping temper, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kindness, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to animals, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +King County, Wash., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Labor, honoring, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-38.<br /> +<br /> +"Laboratory of the Rural School, The," <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lane County, Ore., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Letters, from teachers and school officials: Mrs. Hoagland, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-67, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N. V. Rowe, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Toman, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O. L. Dunlap, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McFarland, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Merritt, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. F. Heath, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-98;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Jenkins, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Maynard, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Burns, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Rarey, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. McKinney, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. O. Davis, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-38;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linden McCullough, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. C. Werner, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">other teachers, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from parents, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from pupils, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from a Portland woman, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lewis County, Wash., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewiston, Idaho, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Los Angeles, Cal., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-43.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Mack, A. R., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Making garden, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Malheur County, Ontario, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Manners, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Manual training, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marion County, Ore., a letter from, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">card system of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Marks, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mary, the story of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-10.<br /> +<br /> +Mathematics, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>. <em>See</em> Algebra, Arithmetic, Geometry.<br /> +<br /> +Maynard, Mrs. Lou Albee, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCormick, Superintendent E. O., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCullough, Linden, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McFarland, E. G., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKinney, Mrs. Bertha, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McMinnville, Ore., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mending, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Merritt, Miss Lizzie K., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Military drill, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Milking, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Minnehaha, Wash., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montana, a school in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-68.<br /> +<br /> +Music, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Myrtle Creek, Ore., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Neatness, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nebraska, a story from, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-65.<br /> +<br /> +New York City, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North Dallas School, Polk County, Ore., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North Yakima, Wash., <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-66.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ontario, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oregon, University of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">teachers in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. O'Reilly's school at Spring Valley, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-23;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">home credit schools in, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Oregon City, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<cite>Oregon Teachers' Monthly</cite>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O'Reilly, A. J., home credit school of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-23, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his method of daily reports, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-77.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Parents, and teachers, coöperation between, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-48, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pend Oreille County, Wash., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Percentages, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Personal care, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Plan for school and home coöperation, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-145.<br /> +<br /> +Plans, illustrative home credit: Spring Valley School, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-77;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holton, Kan., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-83;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. John, Wash., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burnt Ridge, Wash., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salem Heights, Wash., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spokane Co., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eveline, Wash., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-101;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowlitz Co., Wash., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-04;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">District 61 School, Wash., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-07;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algona, Wash., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-12;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portland, Ore., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-20;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polk Co., Ore., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suver, Ore., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-23;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Dallas, Ore., <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">near Dallas, Ore., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Idaho, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-27;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charleston, Wash., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-32;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jackson Co., Ore., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-35;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weston, Ore., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-38;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pend Oreille Co., Wash., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-41;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Los Angeles, Cal., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-43;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewiston, Idaho, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-45;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Bronx, New York City, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-47;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Conklin's, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ontario, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-50;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roslyn, Wash., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-53;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilbur, Wash., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarke Co., Wash., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Santa Monica, Cal., <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-59;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Cloud, Minnesota, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-62;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ames, Iowa, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-64;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Yakima, Wash., <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-66;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Werner's, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-73.</span><br /> +<br /> +Politeness, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Polk County, Ore., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Portland, Ore., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-14.<br /> +<br /> +Portland home credit record, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Practice-teaching, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Practicing music, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prizes, for credits in home work, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-13, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-22, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Purpose, lacking in schools, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Putting away playthings, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Rarey, Miss Miriam H., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reading good books, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Record cards, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-172.<br /> +<br /> +Reilly, Frederick J., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Report of committee on home credits, Los Angeles, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-43.<br /> +<br /> +Reports, daily, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-172.<br /> +<br /> +Responsibilities, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roslyn, Wash., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rowe, N. V., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rules of contests, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-80, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-33;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for summer agricultural work, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Running errands, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sadie and Stella, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-59.<br /> +<br /> +St. Cloud, Minnesota, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-62.<br /> +<br /> +St. John, Wash., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salem, Ore., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salem Heights, Ore., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Santa Monica, Cal., <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-59.<br /> +<br /> +Sawing wood, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +School and home coöperation, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-45.<br /> +<br /> +"School Credit for Home Work," <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schoolhouse janitor, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schools, consolidation of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scrubbing, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sewing, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seymour, Superintendent, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shepherd, Miss Grace M., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sheridan High School, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shopwork, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simmonds, F. W., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sleeping with window open, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slips, home credit. <em>See</em> Cards.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, W. M., <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Soules, Miss Hester C., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spelling, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contest, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Spokane, Wash., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spokane Chamber of Commerce, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spokane County, Wash., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spring Valley, Ore., Mr. O'Reilly's school at, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-23, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-77.<br /> +<br /> +Standings, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stella and Sadie, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-59.<br /> +<br /> +Sterling, Mrs. Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Suggestions for using "Home Record Slip," <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sunday school attendance, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Suver, Polk County, Ore., school at, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sweeping, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>Tardiness, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Teachers, and parents, coöperation between, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-48;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a story from, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-65;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, <em>see</em> Letters.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tidiness, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Todd, Mr., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-30.<br /> +<br /> +Toman, Mrs. Verona E., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Toothbrushing, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-43, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Umatilla County, Ore., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Vacation report, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vancouver, Wash., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Voice, care of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vouchers, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-99.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Walking, credit for, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wasco County, Ore., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washing dishes, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington, home credit schools in, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Weekly reports, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wells, J. Percy, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Werner, John C., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Weston, Ore., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Weston Public School, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whitman County, Wash., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilbur, Wash., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winship, Dr., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Work, done for wages, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in father's place of business, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>. <em>See</em> Labor.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Yamhill County, Ore., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> +</div> + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The details of Mr. O'Reilly's plan are given in Part Two, +pages 73-77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> For the Portland Home Credit Record card, see p. 120 <em>ff.</em></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Probably means turns the power on or off.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See Appendix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <cite>School Arts Magazine</cite>, May, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> A task counting 1 done each day, gives seven credits for the week.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> All the marking is done by tallies, thus: ||||| ||||| +||||| ||||. The reproduction on page 137 permits only the use of +figures, to indicate the total tally marks.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> For other quotations from this bulletin, see pages 46, 50, +and 51.</p></div></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's note:</h3> +<p>Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. +Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as +printed.</p> + +<p>Missing page numbers are page numbers that were not shown in the +original text.</p> + +<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up +paragraphs.</p> + +<p>Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where +the missing quote should be placed.</p> + +<p>The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the +transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> + +<p>Rather than |||||, tally marks in the book are four upright bars with the fifth bar crossing the other four diagonally. See footnote 7 and pages 130 and 181.</p> + +<p>In addition to obvious errors, the following changes have been made:<br /> + + 1. Page 118: the word "a" was added in the phrase: "a lonely art + student"<br /> + + 2. Page 133: transposed words "be will" were corrected to "will be" + in the phrase: "will be improved"</p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of School Credit for Home Work, by +Lewis Raymond Alderman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCHOOL CREDIT FOR HOME WORK *** + +***** This file should be named 44102-h.htm or 44102-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/1/0/44102/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Julia Neufeld and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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