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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-03 20:29:05 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-03 20:29:05 -0800 |
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diff --git a/44096-h/44096-h.htm b/44096-h/44096-h.htm index 03efbc7..b4e938a 100644 --- a/44096-h/44096-h.htm +++ b/44096-h/44096-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> New Zealand Entomology. </title> @@ -81,46 +81,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Elementary Manual of New Zealand -Entomology, by G. V. Hudson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: An Elementary Manual of New Zealand Entomology - Being an Introduction to the Study of Our Native Insects - -Author: G. V. Hudson - -Release Date: November 2, 2013 [EBook #44096] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW ZEALAND ENTOMOLOGY *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44096 ***</div> <table class="sp2 transnote notkindle" title="Transcriber's note" summary="Transcriber's note"> <tr> @@ -330,7 +291,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) is furnished with three pairs of legs, and generally has two pairs of wings, and to acquire this structure the creature passes through several changes, termed its metamorphoses.</i> <span class="pagenum" id="page2">{2}</span>The head exhibits no distinct divisions, but bears the - following appendages: the eyes, antennć, and organs of the mouth, or trophi.</p> + following appendages: the eyes, antennæ, and organs of the mouth, or trophi.</p> <p>The eyes are of two kinds, compound and simple. The former (Fig. I. c c) are situated on the sides of the head above the mouth, and consist of two large hemispheres, composed of a great @@ -338,14 +299,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) usually three in number, and are situated on the top of the head between the compound ones. They are, however, frequently wanting.</p> - <p>The antennć (a) are two jointed organs, one of which is placed on each side of the head, + <p>The antennæ (a) are two jointed organs, one of which is placed on each side of the head, between the eyes; their functions are at present extremely doubtful, but they are invariably found in all insects.</p> <p>The organs of the mouth consist of the following: the labrum (Fig. II. 3), or upper lip, a horny plate, closing the mouth from above; the mandibles (1 1), or upper jaws, two strong bent hooks, articulated to the head on each side of the mouth, and opposed to one another like scissor - blades; the maxillć (2 2), or under jaws, resembling the mandibles, but more delicately + blades; the maxillæ (2 2), or under jaws, resembling the mandibles, but more delicately constructed, and furnished with a pair of jointed appendages termed maxillary palpi (5 5); and the labium (4), or lower lip, consisting of a horny plate somewhat resembling the labrum, but provided with two jointed appendages termed the labial palpi (6 6). All these organs are subject to great @@ -373,7 +334,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>r</i>, tibia; <i>t</i>, tarsus; 1 to 9 segments of the abdomen.</p> <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">Fig. II.</span>—Oral and digestive system of <i>Deinacrida megacephala</i> (this insect is drawn on Plate <a href="#plate18">XVIII</a>., fig. 2): 1, - mandibles; 2, maxillć; 3, labrum; 4, labium; 5, maxillary palpi; 6, labial palpi; 8, + mandibles; 2, maxillæ; 3, labrum; 4, labium; 5, maxillary palpi; 6, labial palpi; 8, œsophagus; 9, crop; 10, gizzard; 11, pancreas; 12, stomach; 13, biliary vessels; 14, ilium; 15, colon; 16, anus.</p> </div> @@ -414,7 +375,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The eggs of these animals exhibit a great diversity in shape among the different species. They are deposited by the parent with unerring instinct on substances suitable for the food of the - larvć, which, in the majority of cases, is quite different from that on which she herself + larvæ, which, in the majority of cases, is quite different from that on which she herself subsists.</p> <p>The larva state immediately succeeds the egg, and is spent almost exclusively in feeding, the @@ -449,7 +410,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Order II.</span>—HYMENOPTERA.</p> <p class="sp3">Wings four, membranous, the posterior pair being the smaller, and connected with - the anterior during flight by a row of minute hooklets; mouth masticatory, the maxillć and labium + the anterior during flight by a row of minute hooklets; mouth masticatory, the maxillæ and labium being elongated, in many of the families, into a long sucking instrument or "tongue." Metamorphosis as in the Coleoptera. A large Order, containing the numerous tribes of Sawflies, Bees, Wasps, Ants, and Ichneumon-flies. (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>.)</p> @@ -458,7 +419,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">Wings two; the posterior pair represented by two minute clubbed appendages termed poisers; mouth a suctorial tube formed by an elongation of the labium, enclosing within it a - variable number of setć answering to the mandibles, &c., of biting insects. The larva without + variable number of setæ answering to the mandibles, &c., of biting insects. The larva without legs, a distinct head being often absent. The pupa inactive, the limbs of the imago firmly attached to the body, but plainly visible. Among the majority of species included in this Order the larval skin is not cast away, but envelopes the insect in a hard shell; the true pupa is @@ -470,10 +431,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Order IV.</span>—LEPIDOPTERA.</p> <p class="sp3">Wings four, generally covered with scales; the anterior pair slightly superior in - size; mouth suctorial, the maxillć forming a spiral tongue, which is coiled between the large + size; mouth suctorial, the maxillæ forming a spiral tongue, which is coiled between the large labial palpi when not in use; other oral organs rudimentary. In many instances the whole mouth and alimentary canal are more or less obliterated, a considerable number of the species taking no food - in their <span class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span>final state. The larvć always possess a + in their <span class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span>final state. The larvæ always possess a distinct head and six thoracic legs, and in addition a variable number of prolegs are often present on the abdominal segments. Pupa inactive, the limbs of the future insect being usually indicated by lines in the integment. This Order contains all the varied tribes of Butterflies and @@ -495,7 +456,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) rudimentary wings. In the instances where these organs are wanting in the mature insect, the metamorphosis merely consists of a series of moultings, and it is consequently a matter of some difficulty to determine when the insect is full-grown. This Order is of small extent; it includes - the Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Termites, Dragonflies, Mayflies and Perlidć; the + the Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Termites, Dragonflies, Mayflies and Perlidæ; the last four being transferred from the Neuroptera of most authors. The minute species of Mallophaga and Thysanura will also come under this heading. (Plates <a href="#plate15">XV</a>., <a href="#plate16">XVI</a>., <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., <a href="#plate18">XVIII</a>., <a @@ -508,7 +469,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp5">Wings four, in some cases wholly membranous, but in a large proportion of the families the basal portions of the anterior pair are horny, and form protective cases for the other pair when not in use; mouth suctorial, consisting of an elongate rostrum, enclosing four - fine setć. The larva and pupa resemble the imago, the latter being active, with rudimentary wings. + fine setæ. The larva and pupa resemble the imago, the latter being active, with rudimentary wings. In a few instances, a slight divergence from the parent form is shown in the preparatory states (Cicadas, &c.). This is a small Order, containing the Cicadas or "Singers," Bugs, Plant Lice, and all the suctorial animal lice. (Plate <a href="#plate20">XX</a>.)</p> @@ -634,7 +595,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) strips of tracing cloth pinned firmly down at the ends. These strips must not be removed until the insects are thoroughly dry and ready to place in the store-box or cabinet. In setting Lepidoptera, as with other insects, symmetry and a natural position are the main points to be aimed at, special - care being taken that the antennć, fore- and hind-legs, and wings, are shown in correct positions, + care being taken that the antennæ, fore- and hind-legs, and wings, are shown in correct positions, the middle pair of legs being of course, in the majority of cases, hidden by the wings. It is almost needless to say that different sized pins should be used for various insects, but this point must be left to the discretion of the collector. Entomological pins of all sizes can be @@ -681,7 +642,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the specimens should be placed on their backs on a piece of clean glass so that none of the scales may be rubbed off. After the contents have been removed, a little chalk should be introduced into the abdomen with the cotton-wool. Hemiptera can be collected and set like Coleoptera, but some of - the more delicate species, such as the <i>Cicadć</i>, should be killed in the laurel bottle + the more delicate species, such as the <i>Cicadæ</i>, should be killed in the laurel bottle instead of in boiling water.</p> <p>Before concluding the present chapter I should like to say a few words on the subject of @@ -689,13 +650,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) method of acquiring specimens for his collection.</p> <p>Members of the Coleoptera are probably the most difficult insects to rear in captivity. Their - larvć may be kept in ordinary jam-pots covered with perforated zinc, and filled with earth or + larvæ may be kept in ordinary jam-pots covered with perforated zinc, and filled with earth or rotten wood. The carnivorous species must, of course, be supplied with the animals on which they - feed. Beetle larvć are often some years in attaining maturity. Many of the Hymenoptera and some of - the Diptera are parasitic on the larvć of the Lepidoptera; they are consequently found in rearing + feed. Beetle larvæ are often some years in attaining maturity. Many of the Hymenoptera and some of + the Diptera are parasitic on the larvæ of the Lepidoptera; they are consequently found in rearing these insects, and their economy should always be carefully recorded.</p> - <p>Lepidoptera are, perhaps, the most satisfactory insects to rear. Most of the larvć feed on the + <p>Lepidoptera are, perhaps, the most satisfactory insects to rear. Most of the larvæ feed on the leaves of different plants, and all that is needed is to keep them well supplied with fresh food.</p> @@ -728,18 +689,18 @@ by The Internet Archive) of moss or blotting-paper. Members of almost all the orders can be reared in these cages, as jam-pots full of earth may easily be introduced, in the place of the stone <span class="pagenum" id="page17">{17}</span>bottle, when required for species which bury. A circular piece of - blotting-paper should be placed over the bottom of each cage, while larvć are feeding in them, and - renewed when at all soiled. The excrement must also be removed when the larvć are supplied with + blotting-paper should be placed over the bottom of each cage, while larvæ are feeding in them, and + renewed when at all soiled. The excrement must also be removed when the larvæ are supplied with fresh food. As a rule, this is only necessary about twice a week, as the water will keep most plants fresh for quite a lengthened period. When it is necessary to remove a larva it should always be done with a fine camel-hair brush, never with the fingers. Generally, however, it is - better to allow the larvć themselves to crawl from the old sprig on to the new one, which they + better to allow the larvæ themselves to crawl from the old sprig on to the new one, which they usually do in a few hours after the food is changed. The old plants should of course then be taken out so as to afford more room for fresh air.</p> <p>Many female moths may be induced to lay their eggs in captivity, especially if put in a box with some of the food-plant of the larva. It is extremely instructive and interesting to rear an - insect from the egg. When the young larvć first emerge they must be kept in a tumbler with a piece + insect from the egg. When the young larvæ first emerge they must be kept in a tumbler with a piece of glass put over the top, as they might escape through the ventilators of the cages, but they ought to be transferred immediately they are large enough. When rearing a lot of caterpillars from a batch of eggs, care should be taken to avoid overcrowding.</p> @@ -791,7 +752,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Geodephaga</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <i>Cicindelidć</i>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <i>Cicindelidæ</i>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Cicindela tuberculata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva).</p> @@ -829,7 +790,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) by Captain Broun in the "Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera," but they offer no especial peculiarities, and <i>C. tuberculata</i> may be taken as a type of the genus.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Carabidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Carabidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Pterostichus opulentus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva).</p> @@ -845,19 +806,19 @@ by The Internet Archive) affection. The female, when about to deposit her eggs, excavates a small cavity nearly three inches square, in which they are placed. These she broods over until hatched, and probably some little time afterwards, as I have found a specimen close to a nest, which contained both eggs and - larvć, and the zealous mother furiously bit at anything presented to her. The eggs are oval in + larvæ, and the zealous mother furiously bit at anything presented to her. The eggs are oval in shape, quite smooth, and yellowish white in colour. The young larva is drawn at Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 3a; it is remarkable for its superficial resemblance to a small Iulus, and being found in similar situations to that animal, its mimicry has probably some useful object. The older larva differs chiefly in having the head and thoracic segments proportionately <span class="pagenum" id="page22">{22}</span>smaller. Twenty-one closely allied insects belonging to two genera are described by Captain Broun in his Manual, the largest being <i>Pterostichus - australasić</i>, which is found in similar localities to the present species, but is not so + australasiæ</i>, which is found in similar localities to the present species, but is not so common.</p> <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Hydradephaga</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Dyticidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Dyticidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Colymbetes rufimanus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva).</p> @@ -867,8 +828,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) spiracle at the apex of each, which the larva frequently protrudes above the surface of the water. The air is taken in through the spiracles, and conveyed to all parts of the body by two main air-tubes, one of which springs from each spiracle, and branches throughout the insect in every - direction. During the spring months the larvć may be found of various sizes in similar situations - to the imago; they are very voracious, devouring freshwater shrimps, <i>Ephemera</i> larvć, and + direction. During the spring months the larvæ may be found of various sizes in similar situations + to the imago; they are very voracious, devouring freshwater shrimps, <i>Ephemera</i> larvæ, and occasionally, when pressed by hunger, they will even destroy individuals of their own species for food. These they capture by means of their powerful mandibles, retaining a firm hold of the victim until they have consumed all the fleshy portions, the rest of the carcase being thrown aside, and @@ -891,9 +852,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Clavicornia</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Nitidulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Nitidulidæ</span>.</p> - <p class="ac"><i>Epurća zealandica.</i></p> + <p class="ac"><i>Epuræa zealandica.</i></p> <p class="sp3">This curious little beetle is found abundantly in the neighbourhood of decaying fungi, throughout the year, being most plentiful in the autumn and early winter. Its larva is a @@ -904,10 +865,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) directions, and owing to the large amount of moisture which is usually present, these galleries are often filled with water, so that the insect may <span class="pagenum" id="page24">{24}</span>be said to be sub-aquatic in its habits. I have not yet detected the pupa - of this species, although the discovery of a large quantity of both larvć and perfect insects is + of this species, although the discovery of a large quantity of both larvæ and perfect insects is of everyday occurrence with the entomologist in winter.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Engidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Engidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Dryocora Howittii</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 6, 6a larva).</p> @@ -915,7 +876,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) state of decay. The larva (Fig. 6a) is very flat and thin, possessing the usual thoracic legs, which, however, are rather short. The last segment of the abdomen is furnished with an anal proleg and a pair of small setiform appendages. Its mode of progression is very peculiar, resembling that - of the Geometer larvć among the Lepidoptera.</p> + of the Geometer larvæ among the Lepidoptera.</p> <p>The thoracic legs are first brought to the ground, and the rest of the body is then drawn up in an arched position close behind them. The anal proleg then supports the insect while the anterior @@ -925,9 +886,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">The perfect beetle is a very sluggish insect, and difficult to find owing to its colour, which closely resembles that of the wood in which it lives.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Engidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Engidæ</span>.</p> - <p class="ac"><i>Chćtosoma scaritides</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 2).</p> + <p class="ac"><i>Chætosoma scaritides</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 2).</p> <p class="sp3">This insect may be at once recognized by its peculiar shape, no other New Zealand beetle resembling it in this respect. Although tolerably common and generally distributed, it is @@ -942,7 +903,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Brachelytra</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Staphylinidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Staphylinidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Staphylinus oculatus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 5).</p> @@ -965,13 +926,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Lamellicornes</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Lucanidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Lucanidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Dorcus punctulatus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 7).</p> <p class="sp3">An abundant species chiefly attached to the red pine tree or rimu, where it may be found concealed beneath the scaly bark, in the angles of the trunk near the roots. When disturbed, - it folds up its legs and antennć on its breast, and, extending its powerful jaws, awaits the + it folds up its legs and antennæ on its breast, and, extending its powerful jaws, awaits the approach of the enemy, ready to bite anything coming within its reach. These, however, are purely defensive measures, the insect being quite harmless when left alone. The larva is at present unknown to me. Another species, <i>D. reticulatus</i>, is a much handsomer insect than the @@ -982,7 +943,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) brilliant appearance, was taken under the bark of a stunted black birch tree, over two thousand feet above the sea-level.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Melolonthidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Melolonthidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Stethaspis suturalis</i> (Plate <a href="#plate1">I</a>., fig. 8, 8a larva).</p> @@ -995,7 +956,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) than size. When full-grown it is quite as large as the illustration, and is nearly always in the position there indicated, owing to the size of its posterior segments and the absence of any anal proleg, which compel it to lie always on its side. I have not yet succeeded in obtaining the pupa - of this insect, although larvć may be frequently found enclosed in oval cells, evidently about to + of this insect, although larvæ may be frequently found enclosed in oval cells, evidently about to undergo their transformation. Several of these have been kept in captivity, but they have hitherto always died without undergoing any change. I have, however, no doubt as to its being the larva of <i>S. suturalis</i>, as there are no other large Lamellicorns found near Wellington to which it @@ -1011,7 +972,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page28">{28}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Melolonthidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Melolonthidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Pyronota festiva</i>.</p> @@ -1029,7 +990,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Sternoxi</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Elateridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Elateridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Thoramus wakefieldi</i> (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 1, 1b larva, 1a pupa).</p> @@ -1062,7 +1023,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Heteromera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tenebrionidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tenebrionidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Uloma tenebrionides</i> (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 2, 2a larva, 2b pupa).</p> @@ -1082,7 +1043,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Longicornia</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Prionidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Prionidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Prionus reticularis</i> (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 3, 3b larva, 3a pupa).</p> @@ -1108,7 +1069,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Rhyncophora</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Curculionidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Curculionidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Oreda notata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva).</p> @@ -1116,12 +1077,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) in the dead stems of fuchsia, mahoe, and other soft-wooded shrubs, whose trunks are frequently noticed pierced with numerous cylindrical holes. The larva also inhabits these burrows, devouring large quantities of the wood; it is provided with a large head and powerful pair of mandibles, - but, in common with all other weevil larvć, does not possess legs of any description, the insect + but, in common with all other weevil larvæ, does not possess legs of any description, the insect being absolutely helpless when removed from its home in the wood. The pupa might also be found in similar situations, but I have not yet observed it. The perfect insect may be cut out of the trees throughout the year, and is occasionally taken amongst herbage during the summer.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Curculionidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Curculionidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Psepholax coronatus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate2">II</a>., fig. 5 ♀, 5a ♂).</p> @@ -1141,7 +1102,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) readers to the immense number of interesting weevils found in New Zealand. Chief among these is the remarkable <i>Lasiorhynchus barbicornis</i>, a large insect furnished with a gigantic rostrum, which will at once distinguish it from any of the rest. Other genera contain numerous beetles, - which may be found in various kinds of dead timber in company with their larvć, and are worthy of + which may be found in various kinds of dead timber in company with their larvæ, and are worthy of a more minute investigation than has at present been given them.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page33">{33}</span></div> @@ -1161,7 +1122,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) works by Sir J. Lubbock on Ants and by Huber on Bees, which cannot fail to interest all who read them.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Andrenidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Andrenidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Dasycolletes hirtipes</i> (?) (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 1).</p> @@ -1183,7 +1144,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) which forms its nests in sand-banks, its cylindrical holes having a great resemblance to the burrows of <i>Cincindela tuberculata</i>, which frequently occur in the same situation.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Sphegidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Sphegidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Pompilus fugax</i> (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 2).</p> @@ -1209,7 +1170,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the spider; but it was apparently too large for the <i>fugax</i> to carry away to her nest, as I saw the unfortunate creature hanging helplessly in its web some hours after the occurrence.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Formicidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Formicidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Formica zealandica</i> (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 3 ♂, 3a ♀, 3b ☿, 3c, cocoon).</p> @@ -1219,8 +1180,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) either in the ground or in soft rotten wood. Its size varies considerably, but the societies of this species are not usually so extensive as those of <i>Atta antarctica</i>, <span class="pagenum" id="page36">{36}</span>an insect I shall have occasion to refer to presently. The - larvć are minute apodal grubs, which are dependent entirely on the workers for food. When full - grown they spin an oval cocoon of white silk, in which they are converted into pupć, and these the + larvæ are minute apodal grubs, which are dependent entirely on the workers for food. When full + grown they spin an oval cocoon of white silk, in which they are converted into pupæ, and these the patient neuter ants may be observed carrying away with great anxiety when disturbed, risking their own lives to preserve their adopted offspring from destruction. The females, or queens, of which there are several in each nest, do not appear to participate in these labours, but are only @@ -1232,7 +1193,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) fresh colonies, but I have not carried my investigations sufficiently far to verify this in connection with the New Zealand species.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Formicidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Formicidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ponera castanea</i> (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 4 ♂, 4a ☿, 4b, larva).</p> @@ -1240,14 +1201,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">This is a much larger species of ant than the last, but is apparently not unlike it in habits. I have figured a male (Fig. 4) and worker (4a), the female not differing from the latter in any great degree, except in being provided with wings. It will be noticed, however, that - the male is very divergent. The larvć of this insect are covered with numerous minute spines, and + the male is very divergent. The larvæ of this insect are covered with numerous minute spines, and may be often found in the nests; also the cocoons which they form when full grown, these latter being of a dark brown colour, and rather elongate. The winged insects are not frequently seen. They appear only for a short time in February, the earlier <span class="pagenum" id="page37">{37}</span>ones being invariably held captive by the workers until the rest have emerged, when they are all allowed to fly away and form fresh colonies as in the last species.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Formicidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Formicidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Atta antarctica</i> (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 5 ♂, 5a ♀, 5b, larva).</p> @@ -1262,7 +1223,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) proportion of about ten males to one female. At other seasons of the year the winged individuals of <i>Atta antarctica</i> are seldom observed.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Chalcididć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Chalcididæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Pteromalus</i> sp. (?) (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 9).</p> @@ -1272,18 +1233,18 @@ by The Internet Archive) href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Its curious habits will be better understood by the reader after perusal of the life-histories of those two insects, which I have given on pages <a href="#page60">60</a> and <a href="#page74">74</a>. The method by which the females of the - Hymenoptera whose larvć are parasitic on insects inhabiting other insects, <span class="pagenum" + Hymenoptera whose larvæ are parasitic on insects inhabiting other insects, <span class="pagenum" id="page38">{38}</span>introduce their eggs into their hosts,<a id="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> is not at present known to entomologists, but it seems at least probable that they are deposited in the eggs of the parasitic Dipteron before these gain access to the caterpillar of the moth.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ichneumonidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ichneumonidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ichneumon sollicitorius</i> (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 6).</p> <p class="sp3">This is the most abundant of our ichneumon-flies, and may be taken amongst herbage - from August till May. Its larva is parasitic in the caterpillars of various Noctuć, having + from August till May. Its larva is parasitic in the caterpillars of various Noctuæ, having occurred in the following species: <i>Mamestra composita</i>, <i>M. mutans</i>, and <i>M. ustistriga</i>. The pupa may be frequently discovered inside that of the moth, and is quite white in its early stages, but as age advances all the colours of the future insect can be seen through @@ -1293,7 +1254,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> differing considerably in length among the various species, but nearly always plainly visible.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ichneumonidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ichneumonidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ichneumon deceptus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 7).</p> @@ -1306,7 +1267,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) occasionally exuded from its bark, it is impossible to say, but in either case the complete absence of males is a very remarkable circumstance.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ichneumonidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ichneumonidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Scolobates varipes</i> (Plate <a href="#plate3">III</a>., fig. 8).</p> @@ -1315,7 +1276,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) some instances, and must consequently destroy a considerable number. It entirely eats the soft portions of the insect, and may afterwards be found lying snugly within the hard empty shell of the deceased syrphus pupa, which acts as a cocoon for it while undergoing its own pupa state. The - perfect insect may be often observed amongst herbage, searching for syrphus larvć to deposit its + perfect insect may be often observed amongst herbage, searching for syrphus larvæ to deposit its eggs in.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page40">{40}</span></div> @@ -1339,7 +1300,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Nemocera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Culicidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Culicidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Culex iracundus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva, 1b pupa).</p> @@ -1348,10 +1309,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) id="page41">{41}</span>its ceaseless attacks; it occurs almost everywhere, but is most abundant in marshy situations. The larva (Fig. 1a) inhabits all stagnant waters, where it may be found very abundantly throughout the summer, and when disturbed it plunges about with great agility. Its food - consists of the numerous animalculć swarming in all still waters during the greater portion of the + consists of the numerous animalculæ swarming in all still waters during the greater portion of the year. These are captured by means of two curious anterior appendages, which are fringed with long hair, and pulled through the water like a fisherman's net; they are then withdrawn into the mouth - and the contents devoured, the hungry insect again extending them for a fresh supply. These larvć + and the contents devoured, the hungry insect again extending them for a fresh supply. These larvæ are generally seen suspended from the surface of the water by the curious air-tube which takes its rise from the penultimate segment of the abdomen, which is of considerable length. Its apex is armed with a row of stiff bristles, which effectually prevent the water from entering the spiracle @@ -1360,17 +1321,17 @@ by The Internet Archive) itself into this tube, an arrangement which does not exist among the British species. After several moultings the transformation to the pupa state takes place. At this stage the insect (Fig. 1b) becomes much thickened anteriorly, this being the region of the head and thorax of the future - gnat; all the limbs are easily detected on a close examination, as with lepidopterous pupć. The + gnat; all the limbs are easily detected on a close examination, as with lepidopterous pupæ. The upper portion is provided with two short appendages, fulfilling the same function as the air-tube of the larva, and which constantly support the pupa at the surface of the water. The terminal fins enable it to dash through the water with great rapidity when pursued by enemies; at other times it remains perfectly motionless, suspended from the surface of the water. It should be mentioned that - none of these aquatic pupć take any nourishment, neither have they any limbs properly <span + none of these aquatic pupæ take any nourishment, neither have they any limbs properly <span class="pagenum" id="page42">{42}</span>so called. Their locomotion, although in some cases unquestionably rapid, is entirely effected by violent motions of the abdomen. I have been careful to point out these peculiarities as these animals have been regarded by many authors as - <i>active</i> pupć on a level with those of the Orthoptera and Hemiptera. This opinion, however, - is manifestly erroneous; the pupć of the nemocerous Diptera are on precisely the same footing as + <i>active</i> pupæ on a level with those of the Orthoptera and Hemiptera. This opinion, however, + is manifestly erroneous; the pupæ of the nemocerous Diptera are on precisely the same footing as those of the Lepidoptera, and it would be almost as reasonable to call one of these <i>active</i>, because it wriggles out of its cocoon in the earth before the emergence of the moth. The perfect mosquito emerges from a rent in the thoracic shield of the pupa, drawing each pair of legs out @@ -1381,7 +1342,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) to constitutional differences. I should mention that the females alone engage in these attacks, the males being quite harmless and subsisting entirely on honey, which is doubtless the natural food of both sexes. The male and female mosquito are readily distinguished, the specimen figured - belonging to the latter sex; her companion is chiefly remarkable for his plumed antennć and + belonging to the latter sex; her companion is chiefly remarkable for his plumed antennæ and beautiful palpi, which are very long and gracefully plumed. As many of the harmless insects which will be investigated are often mistaken for this species, and destroyed accordingly, I should like to advise my readers that they may at once distinguish all the venomous species of gnats by their @@ -1393,7 +1354,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) like a <span class="pagenum" id="page43">{43}</span>gerris<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a>; it may be at once distinguished by its dark colour,.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Corethra antarctica</i>, n.s.<a id="NtA_7" href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> (Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva, 3b pupa).</p> @@ -1406,9 +1367,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) nearly always observed suspended from the surface by its thoracic air-tubes and caudal fins, the abdomen being directed upwards and thus bringing the two pairs of organs close together. In its metamorphosis and general appearance this insect forms a convenient link between the present - family and the Culicidć.</p> + family and the Culicidæ.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Chironomus zealandicus</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 2, 2a larva, 2b pupa).</p> @@ -1447,7 +1408,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) rain is impending. It is a most graceful insect, and will amply repay a minute examination (Fig. 2).</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ceratopogon antipodum</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva, 4b pupa).</p> @@ -1464,13 +1425,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) star-fish. The pupa is very short, and is furnished with two clubbed horns on the thorax for respiration. Its abdominal portions are retained within the old larval skin, thus keeping it firmly anchored to the log. The perfect insect emerges from a rent in the thorax of the pupa, - groups of exuvić being of common occurrence under the bark. The sexes differ considerably, the + groups of exuviæ being of common occurrence under the bark. The sexes differ considerably, the individual figured <span class="pagenum" id="page46">{46}</span>(Fig. 4) being a male; the female - is slightly larger, and much more stoutly built; her antennć are filiform<a id="NtA_8" + is slightly larger, and much more stoutly built; her antennæ are filiform<a id="NtA_8" href="#Nt_8"><sup>[8]</sup></a>, and the limbs generally shorter. Both are equally common, but the male is more often noticed, owing to his greater activity.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Psychoda conspicillata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 6).</p> @@ -1480,14 +1441,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) the insect, seen with a power of about ten diameters. I regret to say that its transformations are at present unknown.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Mycetophila antarctica</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate4">IV</a>., fig. 5, 5a larva, 5b pupa).</p> <p class="sp3">Tolerably common in the vicinity of forest during the major part of the year. The larva (Fig. 5a), is a small elongate maggot of a pinkish colour; it is a social insect, inhabiting - rotten pine logs, which it perforates with numerous cylindrical burrows. These larvć, entirely + rotten pine logs, which it perforates with numerous cylindrical burrows. These larvæ, entirely confine their attention to damp wood of a "pappy" consistency, leaving the harder logs for the wood-boring Coleoptera, which are provided with much stronger jaws. They consequently do not injure the rafters and boards of houses, or other valuable timbers. The pupa (Fig. 5b) is very @@ -1498,7 +1459,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) aerial locomotion; in other respects she resembles the male, which is the sex figured (Fig. 5).</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Tipula holochlora</i> (Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva, 1b pupa).</p> @@ -1508,7 +1469,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) at the roots of trees. It is a large, sluggish-looking grub, and the anterior segments are very retractile. Its colour appears to vary according to its surroundings, those specimens found in red pine being of the dull reddish hue characteristic of that wood, while those taken from pukatea and - henau are dark brown larvć, resembling the illustration. These insects are very voracious, but + henau are dark brown larvæ, resembling the illustration. These insects are very voracious, but their growth is gradual, each larva probably occupying at least six months to reach maturity. They mostly feed during the winter, but may be often taken at other times. The pupa (Fig. 1b) is enclosed in a small oval cell, previously excavated by the larva, which also constructs a ready @@ -1518,7 +1479,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the mouth of its burrow while undergoing its final transformation. After numerous twistings and contortions on the part of the pupa, a rent is formed in the thoracic plates, and the imago draws itself out, standing on the log until its wings are sufficiently hardened for flight. In many old - houses numbers of these exuvić may be seen projecting from holes in the boards—a relic of + houses numbers of these exuviæ may be seen projecting from holes in the boards—a relic of the destruction that has taken place within. These insects naturally inhabit dead trees, but as they will devour unsound timber in any <span class="pagenum" id="page48">{48}</span>form they are very injurious to old wooden buildings. The perfect insect chiefly frequents forest, where it is @@ -1526,7 +1487,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) figured (Fig. 1) is a male, the female being considerably smaller with a much stouter body and shorter legs.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Tipula fumipennis</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 2, 2a larva, 2b pupa).</p> @@ -1548,7 +1509,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page49">{49}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac">The Glow-worm. <i>Bolitophila luminosa</i>, Skuse.</p> @@ -1571,9 +1532,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The organ which emits the light can easily be seen by referring to Fig. 1a. It is situated at the posterior extremity of the larva, and is a gelatinous and semi-transparent structure capable of a great diversity of form. It can be extended or withdrawn at the will of the larva, which, - however, can shut off the light independently of this latter action. Larvć cease to shine on very + however, can shut off the light independently of this latter action. Larvæ cease to shine on very cold nights, in the daytime, and in a room which is artificially lighted. They gleam most - brilliantly on dark, damp nights, with a light north-west wind. These larvć appear to suffer great + brilliantly on dark, damp nights, with a light north-west wind. These larvæ appear to suffer great mortality in a state of nature, as the <span class="pagenum" id="page50">{50}</span>young ones will always be found greatly in excess of those that are approaching maturity.</p> @@ -1593,10 +1554,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">The uses of the light and the web to the larva are at present quite unknown to me, as well as its food, which, however, possibly consists of fungi. It should also be mentioned that - the larvć are found in the greatest abundance in mining tunnels, many feet below the surface of + the larvæ are found in the greatest abundance in mining tunnels, many feet below the surface of the earth, as well as in caves.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Cloniophora subfasciata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva).</p> @@ -1608,9 +1569,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) in the body, and the thoracic horns are slightly thicker. It is not enclosed in any cocoon, but lies amongst the powdery wood, wriggling to the surface when about to emerge. The illustration represents the male insect, the female having a much stouter body, with short thick legs; she also - differs in her antennć, which are much less branched than those of the male.</p> + differs in her antennæ, which are much less branched than those of the male.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Rhyphus neozealandicus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva, 4b pupa).</p> @@ -1624,13 +1585,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) singular resemblance to a pair of ears. It is enclosed in a small oval cell about one inch below the surface of the earth, the insect working its way to the air before emergence. The perfect <i>Rhyphus</i> may be almost regarded as one of our domestic insects, and is seldom found in the - open country, but frequents cowhouses and other farm buildings in great numbers, the larvć feeding + open country, but frequents cowhouses and other farm buildings in great numbers, the larvæ feeding on the manure in these situations. It is often mistaken by ignorant people for the mosquito and at once destroyed, but quite unfairly, as the species is in reality perfectly harmless, frequently <span class="pagenum" id="page52">{52}</span>benefiting mankind by the removal of considerable quantities of effete matter, which if allowed to remain could not fail to be injurious.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Bibio nigrostigma</i> (Plate <a href="#plate5">V</a>., fig. 5, 5a larva, 5b pupa).</p> @@ -1644,7 +1605,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) portion of the powdered wood is also retained on the body of the insect by a row of short spines situated in the middle of each segment, which helps to render the larva still more inconspicuous. In this condition it remains for at least eight months, during which time growth takes place very - slowly. About September the larvć separate, each being afterwards transformed into a small + slowly. About September the larvæ separate, each being afterwards transformed into a small yellowish pupa (5b), whose abdominal extremity is usually retained within the old skin, thus closely resembling that of the genus <i>Ceratopogon</i>. I have figured this pupa entirely naked, in order to show its characteristics, some of which are rather remarkable, more completely, the @@ -1656,7 +1617,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) when distended with eggs. Her general colour is dull red, thus differing widely from the male insect represented in the illustration (Fig. 5).</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tipulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Simulia australiensis</i> (Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva, 1b pupa).</p> @@ -1673,7 +1634,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) performed by two spiracles situated on the last abdominal segments near the hind pair of suckers. Two large air-tubes originate from these and run forwards, giving off branches to all parts of the body; they terminate in a number of air-sacs in the thorax. The food of this larva consists of - animalculć, which are no doubt obtained by drawing the two ciliated appendages rapidly through the + animalculæ, which are no doubt obtained by drawing the two ciliated appendages rapidly through the water several times in succession, their contents being afterwards gathered up by the smaller organs and passed into the mouth. When about to assume the pupa state the insect covers itself with a glutinous envelope, which is firmly joined to the under side of a leaf, the transformation @@ -1687,7 +1648,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Brachocera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tabanidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tabanidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Tabanus impar</i> (Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 6).</p> @@ -1695,7 +1656,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Dipterous insects, but am at present quite unacquainted with its life-history. It occurs plentifully on the margins of the forest throughout the summer.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Bombylidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Bombylidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Comptosia bicolor</i> (Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 2).</p> @@ -1722,7 +1683,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) perfect insect appears in a few weeks' time, when it may be taken in similar situations to <i>C. bicolor</i>, but in much fewer numbers.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Asilidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Asilidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Sarapogon viduus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva, 4b pupa).</p> @@ -1733,13 +1694,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) its long beak-like proboscis. The larva (Fig. 4a) inhabits rotten wood, chiefly feeding upon the moist, powdery portions. It is usually somewhat sluggish, but when disturbed hops about with electrical rapidity. The head is very minute, and the elongate body consists of twenty segments, a - number very unusual among larvć, the normal number being twelve exclusive of the head. It lives + number very unusual among larvæ, the normal number being twelve exclusive of the head. It lives for a <span class="pagenum" id="page56">{56}</span>considerable time and is finally transformed into the blunt-looking pupa, drawn at Fig. 4b, without having previously constructed any cocoon. From this the perfect insect emerges in a month or six weeks' time, commencing its work of destruction as soon as its wings are hardened, which takes place within a few hours.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Stratiomidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Stratiomidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Exaireta spiniger</i> (Plate <a href="#plate6">VI</a>., fig. 5).</p> @@ -1748,16 +1709,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) no doubt, be very interesting. The perfect insects frequent flowers, and are generally very sluggish in their movements.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Acroceridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Acroceridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Acrocera longirostris</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 4).</p> <p class="sp3">An extraordinary and very rare species, occurring amongst white rata<a id="NtA_10" href="#Nt_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a> blossoms in February. At present I have only taken three specimens, <i>viz.</i>, two in Wellington and one in Nelson. The transformations of all the - Acroceridć are as yet unknown.</p> + Acroceridæ are as yet unknown.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Syrphidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Syrphidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Syrphus ortas</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva, 3b pupa).</p> @@ -1784,7 +1745,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) href="#Nt_11"><sup>[11]</sup></a> For an account of <i>Scolobates varipes</i>, a species parasitic on the present insect, I refer to page <a href="#page39">39</a>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Syrphidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Syrphidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Eristalis cingulatus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 2).</p> @@ -1793,7 +1754,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) class="pagenum" id="page58">{58}</span>taken, if anywhere. Its life-history is at present unknown, but no doubt resembles that of the following insect.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Syrphidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Syrphidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Helophilus trilineatus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva, 1b pupa).</p> @@ -1803,7 +1764,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) posterior segments are enormously elongated, forming a telescopic breathing apparatus, composed of two tubes, the smaller of which is capable of being more or less extended at the will of the larva, which is thus enabled to adjust the length of its breathing tube, according to the depth of - water or mud in which it happens to reside. This peculiarity has given all these larvć the name of + water or mud in which it happens to reside. This peculiarity has given all these larvæ the name of rat-tailed maggots. The other segments are very stout, each being furnished with a pair of minute feet, and the head is also provided with two small appendages which are supposed to be the outlets through which the exhausted air is discharged by the larva. When mature this insect leaves the @@ -1829,7 +1790,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) id="NtA_12" href="#Nt_12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> It is the commonest of the genus and may be found in great numbers throughout the summer amongst veronica and other flowers.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Miltogramma mestor</i> (?) (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>, fig. 5).</p> @@ -1837,7 +1798,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) The life-history is at present unknown, but its larva is very possibly parasitic in some large Lepidoptera.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Nemorea nyctemerianus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 6).</p> @@ -1850,11 +1811,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) caterpillar for its own use. The perfect fly appears in about six weeks' time, its great agility and large white scales rendering it very conspicuous.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Eurigaster marginatus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 7).</p> - <p class="sp3">Another parasitic species, its larva inhabiting the caterpillars of various noctuć + <p class="sp3">Another parasitic species, its larva inhabiting the caterpillars of various noctuæ which it destroys just before they change into the chrysalis state. The pupa of the parasite lies in a small oval cell constructed in the earth by its larva. A variable number of these maggots are found associated in one host, the smaller caterpillars only harbouring a single individual, while @@ -1866,7 +1827,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <a href="#page37">37</a>). The perfect insect occurs occasionally on flowers throughout the summer.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć.</span></p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ.</span></p> <p class="ac"><i>Calliphora quadrimaculata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 9).</p> @@ -1878,15 +1839,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) temperature, but the females invariably deposit eggs, even during the hottest weather, and are never ovo-viviparous like the next species, and several others of the genus.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ</span>.</p> - <p class="ac"><i>Sarcophaga lćmica</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 10).</p> + <p class="ac"><i>Sarcophaga læmica</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 10).</p> <p>Another extremely abundant species having a similar history to the last, but its powers of development are very much accelerated owing to the larva being positively born alive. The females hover over meat and other suitable substances, depositing a number of minute wriggling maggots thereon, not infrequently to the great disgust of some hungry individual, who perhaps is making - his dinner off a mutton chop which the fly has selected as a home for her offspring. These larvć + his dinner off a mutton chop which the fly has selected as a home for her offspring. These larvæ are all produced from distinct ova, which hatch before being laid, as I have often proved, by removing them from the insect's abdomen, and watching the young larva emerge from a minute elliptical white egg, covered with a thin leathery skin. Every one who has travelled in New @@ -1895,13 +1856,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) country, but also that they possess a very keen sense of smell.</p> <p class="sp3">Two British species at least, allied to this genus, have been introduced into New - Zealand, <i>viz.</i>, <i>Musca domestica</i> and <i>Musca cćsar</i>. The former is probably a + Zealand, <i>viz.</i>, <i>Musca domestica</i> and <i>Musca cæsar</i>. The former is probably a world-wide insect, every ship teeming with it, but the latter is at present rather scarce and is usually found in the neighbourhood of farm-yards, where the larva feeds on <span class="pagenum" id="page62">{62}</span>cow-dung. The perfect insect may be at once known by its brilliant green colour.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Cylindria sigma</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 14).</p> @@ -1911,7 +1872,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) unknown, but the larva probably feeds on fungi. The pretty little insect depicted at Fig. 11 may be found in similar situations but is not so common.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Phora omnivora</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 15, 15a pupa).</p> @@ -1919,10 +1880,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">This minute species may be found in large numbers nearly all the year round. Its larva is parasitic on a great variety of insects and is also not infrequently met with among decaying vegetable matter. Its habits are, therefore, very varied. When parasitic in the - Lepidoptera it usually selects the noctuć, destroying a great number of many of the commoner + Lepidoptera it usually selects the noctuæ, destroying a great number of many of the commoner species<a id="NtA_14" href="#Nt_14"><sup>[14]</sup></a>. The infected caterpillars usually turn into chrysalides some time before the little maggots emerge, but this is not invariably the case, - the parasite often destroying the larva at a comparatively early stage. The pupć are buried in the + the parasite often destroying the larva at a comparatively early stage. The pupæ are buried in the earth, near the remains of their host, and are light brown in colour, with the segments much more distinct than is usual (Fig. 15a). From these the perfect flies proceed in about a month's time. The occurrence of this insect as a parasite in Coleoptera is not common, but I know of one @@ -1938,7 +1899,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) insect. Its sexes are readily distinguished by their size, the female being considerably the larger.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Muscidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Coelopa littoralis</i> (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 13).</p> @@ -1949,7 +1910,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) as the New Zealand representative of the well-known dungfly of England (<i>S. stercoraria</i>), which many of my readers will recollect has a similar habit of assembling in great numbers.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Œstridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Œstridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Œstrus perplexus</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate7">VII</a>., fig. 12).</p> @@ -1962,7 +1923,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp5">The two remaining groups of the Diptera are of very limited extent. The <i>Pupipara</i> include a few anomalous species, in which the young are not deposited until they - become pupć, thus undergoing all their transformations within the body of the parent, while the + become pupæ, thus undergoing all their transformations within the body of the parent, while the <i>Pulicina</i> comprise the well-known fleas, which are probably identical with the European species. They are placed by many authors in a distinct order termed the <i>Aphaniptera</i>.</p> @@ -1981,14 +1942,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) doubtless shortly effect a permanent settlement in the Nelson district, where several specimens have recently been observed. Among the others only four species can be called at all common, the remaining twelve only occurring in certain favoured localities. Of the moths there are a large - number, chiefly belonging to the Geometridć and Micro-Lepidoptera, many of which are very + number, chiefly belonging to the Geometridæ and Micro-Lepidoptera, many of which are very interesting. Of the life-histories of the latter, however, I regret to say there is little known at present, the attention of naturalists having been hitherto chiefly occupied with the larger and more conspicuous species.</p> <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Rhopalocera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Nymphalidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Nymphalidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Argyrophenga antipodum</i> (Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 1 type, 1a var.).</p> @@ -2004,10 +1965,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) other closely allied species are <i>Erebia pluto</i> and <i>Erebia butleri</i>, both strictly alpine insects, occurring in the South Island at elevations ranging from 4,000 to 6,000 feet.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Nymphalidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Nymphalidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Vanessa gonerilla</i><a id="NtA_15" href="#Nt_15"><sup>[15]</sup></a> (Plate <a - href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 2, 2a underside, 2b 2c larvć, 2d 2e pupć).</p> + href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 2, 2a underside, 2b 2c larvæ, 2d 2e pupæ).</p> <p class="sp3">One of our most beautiful butterflies, found abundantly throughout the country from August till May. The larva feeds on the New Zealand nettle, where it may be taken in great plenty @@ -2026,7 +1987,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) few vigorous strokes, the insect hanging meanwhile to the skin which has not been quite cast off on the reverse side to the rent. When thus firmly attached to the silken pad, the pupa shakes itself entirely free, whirling itself round and round until the old skin is dislodged from the - silk and falls to the ground. The two usual varieties of pupć are shown at Figs. 2d and 2e, many + silk and falls to the ground. The two usual varieties of pupæ are shown at Figs. 2d and 2e, many of them being more or less ornamented with metallic gold or silver spots. The butterfly emerges in a fortnight or three weeks, and is common from February till April in most situations, but the greatest numbers are to be found in the spring months. These hybernated specimens appear as early @@ -2035,7 +1996,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) hybernated and recent specimens together. This species is a great traveller, and may be often seen flying over the tops of the trees at a great rate. It shows a singular indifference to shadow, and is constantly flying out of the sunlight into shady places in the forest, probably in search of - the food-plant of the larvć. The two other species of <i>Vanessa</i> are <i>V. cardui</i>, a + the food-plant of the larvæ. The two other species of <i>Vanessa</i> are <i>V. cardui</i>, a periodical insect only distinguished from the "Painted Lady Butterfly" of England by the blue centres in three of the black spots on its hind-wings, and <i>V. Itea</i>, a lovely butterfly found in the northern portions of this island, of which I have at present only taken three @@ -2043,7 +2004,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page68">{68}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Lycćnidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Lycænidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Chrysophanus salustius</i> (Plate <a href="#plate8">VIII</a>., fig. 3 ♂, 3a ♀, 3b larva).</p> @@ -2057,7 +2018,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) segments. Its colour is pale green, with a pair of long, erect bristles on each segment, a large number of shorter ones being situated on the ventral surface, and behind the head. After the second moult, a brilliant crimson dorsal line is noticeable, but beyond this I have no record, as - my larvć unfortunately died just after completing their third moult. Up to this time they had fed + my larvæ unfortunately died just after completing their third moult. Up to this time they had fed but sparingly on the dock, eating minute holes in the leaves and clinging to them with great firmness. It is much to be regretted that their subsequent history could not be followed, especially as I only succeeded in obtaining the eggs on this one occasion, although I frequently @@ -2070,9 +2031,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) class="pagenum" id="page69">{69}</span>Wairarapa is one of the best localities I know of for this curious little species.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Lycćnidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Lycænidæ</span>.</p> - <p class="ac"><i>Lycćna phœbe.</i></p> + <p class="ac"><i>Lycæna phœbe.</i></p> <p class="sp3">This is the common blue butterfly of New Zealand, which may be observed in great numbers along the roadside on a hot summer's day. Its larva must be very abundant, but has @@ -2081,12 +2042,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Heterocera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Sphingidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Sphingidæ</span>.</p> <p class="sp3">This family is represented in New Zealand by the splendid <i>Sphinx convolvuli</i>, an insect I am at present unacquainted with.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Hepialidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Hepialidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Porina signata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 2).</p> @@ -2103,7 +2064,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) white markings, varieties occasionally occurring much suffused with the darker colour. It is rather local, but may be found abundantly in the Manawatu district.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Hepialidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Hepialidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Hepialus virescens</i> (Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 1 ♂, 1a ♀, 1c larva, 1b pupa).</p> @@ -2119,8 +2080,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) outlet to the air, which is covered with a curtain of dull brown silk, spun exactly level with the surrounding bark, and consequently very inconspicuous. These burrows usually run down towards the ground, and are mostly two or three inches from the surface of the trunk. In some instances the - larvć inhabit branches, in which case, if the branch is of small dimensions, the tunnel is made - near the centre. These remarks only refer to galleries constructed by young larvć, as the tunnel + larvæ inhabit branches, in which case, if the branch is of small dimensions, the tunnel is made + near the centre. These remarks only refer to galleries constructed by young larvæ, as the tunnel made by the insect prior to becoming a pupa is of a very complicated character and merits a somewhat detailed description. It consists of a spacious, irregular, but shallow cavity, just under the bark, having a large opening to the air, which is entirely covered with a thin silken @@ -2146,7 +2107,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) be readily lifted. The object of this most ingenious contrivance is, in all probability, to prevent the ingress of insects, large numbers of spiders, slugs, and various Orthoptera being frequently found in both central and lateral tunnels, but they are quite unable to pass the - trap-door. The galleries of different individual larvć are all wonderfully <span class="pagenum" + trap-door. The galleries of different individual larvæ are all wonderfully <span class="pagenum" id="page72">{72}</span>alike, the only differences observable being in the length of the perpendicular shaft and the direction of the horizontal burrow, which is sometimes curved. These variations are usually caused by the presence of other tunnels in the tree, which the larva @@ -2163,16 +2124,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) and hardness for flight.</p> <p>The perfect insect, although it must be common, is very rarely seen. It is best reared from the - pupć, which can be often successfully cut out of their burrows and kept amongst damp moss until + pupæ, which can be often successfully cut out of their burrows and kept amongst damp moss until they emerge. It appears to be much persecuted by birds, as we often observe its large green wings lying about on the ground.<a id="NtA_16" href="#Nt_16"><sup>[16]</sup></a></p> <p class="sp3">The curious "vegetable caterpillar," which is usually referred to this species, - probably belongs to one of the larger subterranean larvć of the family.</p> + probably belongs to one of the larger subterranean larvæ of the family.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page73">{73}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Bombycidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Bombycidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Nyctemera annulata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate9">IX</a>., fig. 3 ♂, 3a larva, 3b pupa).</p> @@ -2183,7 +2144,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) "New Zealand groundsel" (<i>Senecio bellidioides</i>), on which it may now be occasionally taken in wild situations. Its general colour is black, with interrupted dorsal and lateral lines, the ventral surface and connecting membrane between the segments being slate-coloured. In younger - larvć there are also several slate-coloured lines extending the whole length of the insect, and + larvæ there are also several slate-coloured lines extending the whole length of the insect, and thus dividing the black into squares. Round the middle of each segment, at its greatest circumference, a variable number of brilliant blue warts are situated, and out of these dense tufts of long black hair take their rise. There are, however, no warts along the ventral surface. @@ -2202,7 +2163,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">For an account of a Dipterous insect, parasitic in the present species, I refer to page <a href="#page59">59</a>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Psychidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Psychidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Œceticus omnivorus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 1 ♂, 1a ♀, 1b larva, 1c ♂ pupa).</p> @@ -2234,7 +2195,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) over a twig, the ends being joined to the upper edges of the case on each side; in this way it hangs suspended, the caterpillar lying snugly within. I have often known a larva to remain thus for over three weeks without moving, and afterwards resume feeding as before; this probably occurs - while the inmate is engaged in changing its skin. At night the larvć may be seen busily engaged: + while the inmate is engaged in changing its skin. At night the larvæ may be seen busily engaged: they project the head and first four segments of the body beyond the case, and walk about with considerable rapidity, often lowering themselves by means of silken threads; the only locomotive organs are, of course, their strong thoracic legs, which appear to easily fulfil their double @@ -2253,7 +2214,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) its head towards the lower portion of the case, the old larval skin being thrust backwards amongst the loose silk above the chrysalis. In this stage of existence the extraordinary sexual disparities, which are so characteristic of the family, manifest themselves, the male and female - pupć being very widely different in all respects. The former is figured at 1c, the female pupa + pupæ being very widely different in all respects. The former is figured at 1c, the female pupa differing from it in the following particulars. It is much larger and more cylindrical in shape, the abdomen occupying nearly the whole of the body, and consisting of nine visible segments, the terminal one being obtusely conical. The head and thorax are very rudimentary, more resembling @@ -2276,7 +2237,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) which takes place while the eggs are being laid.<a id="NtA_17" href="#Nt_17"><sup>[17]</sup></a></p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Leucania nullifera</i> (Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva).</p> @@ -2300,12 +2261,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page78">{78}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Leucania atristriga</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 2).</p> <p>Abundant among various blossoms during the latter end of summer, being one of the last of the - Noctuć to disappear in the autumn.</p> + Noctuæ to disappear in the autumn.</p> <p>The larva probably feeds on grasses, but I have not yet met with it.</p> @@ -2313,7 +2274,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) in having her abdomen rounded at the tip, a sexual distinction which holds good throughout the family.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Erana graminosa</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 5, 5a larva).</p> @@ -2326,7 +2287,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) surface and between the segments. A row of ill-defined, feathery, black markings extends down the back and sides and there are also two tolerably conspicuous ochreish spots on every segment except the last. The head, legs, and prolegs are reddish-yellow, and the whole insect is more or less - spotted with black. Younger larvć differ in being of a light yellowish-green, with very pale + spotted with black. Younger larvæ differ in being of a light yellowish-green, with very pale yellow dorsal and lateral lines. A row of black warts, emitting a few bristles, extend round each of the segments, while the head is pale ochreous with a few black dots.</p> @@ -2341,7 +2302,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) sex (Fig. 5). Only one or two other instances of this kind are at present known among the New Zealand moths.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Mamestra mutans</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 7, 7a larva, 7b pupa).</p> @@ -2359,15 +2320,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) markings there indicated are quite obsolete, and the <span class="pagenum" id="page80">{80}</span>insect is of an almost uniform pale-green colour. When mature, this caterpillar sometimes constructs a slight cocoon amongst moss, on fallen trees, but more often - buries itself in the usual manner, the moth appearing in a few weeks' time. Nearly all pupć + buries itself in the usual manner, the moth appearing in a few weeks' time. Nearly all pupæ collected at random in New Zealand will be found to give rise to either this species or the one which immediately follows (<i>Mamestra composita</i>). The perfect insect is most abundant in the spring and early summer, but may be found fluttering round lamps on any mild night throughout the year. The sexes differ considerably: the female is greyish white, with faint brown markings, while - the male is dull reddish-brown, with the markings considerably darker (Fig. 7). His antennć are + the male is dull reddish-brown, with the markings considerably darker (Fig. 7). His antennæ are also slightly pectinated, those of the female being quite simple.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Mamestra composita</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva).</p> @@ -2379,28 +2340,28 @@ by The Internet Archive) parallel brown, white, and orange lines, which render the larva very inconspicuous when amongst the grass. Sometimes it occurs in great numbers, nearly every blade of grass having its caterpillar; in fact this was almost the case in the Wairarapa valley in the summer of 1886, when - the larvć must have produced a marked effect on the paddocks. When full-grown this caterpillar + the larvæ must have produced a marked effect on the paddocks. When full-grown this caterpillar changes into a light chestnut-brown pupa, which lies on the surface of the ground amongst the vegetable refuse. The perfect insect appears in about a month's time, and if the evening be mild <span class="pagenum" id="page81">{81}</span>may be seen flying with great rapidity at dusk; it may also be readily captured at light. The figure (3) represents the male insect, the female - differing only in her simple antennć.</p> + differing only in her simple antennæ.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Mamestra ustistriga</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 6 ♂).</p> <p class="sp3">This handsome insect is rather uncertain in its appearance, but is occasionally taken quite unexpectedly at rest on tree-trunks or palings in the daytime. Specimens may also be captured while feeding on the white rata blossoms early in March, where they occasionally occur - among the hosts of other Noctuć. The larva, which feeds on the honeysuckle, is of a pale brown + among the hosts of other Noctuæ. The larva, which feeds on the honeysuckle, is of a pale brown colour, with two obscure darker lines on each side, the under-surface being light slate-colour. The pupa state is spent in the ground, and many fine specimens may be reared from chrysalids picked up while gardening, &c. The sexes of this insect differ considerably in colour: the male is of a pinkish grey with black markings, while the female is of a uniform pale grey, and considerably smaller.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Heliothis armigera</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva).</p> @@ -2421,7 +2382,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) orange, while in the female they are pale ochreish; both sexes are, however, subject to considerable variation, and the figure (4) is taken from a rather dark male specimen.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Noctuidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Plusia eriosoma</i> (Plate <a href="#plate10">X</a>., fig. 8, 8a larva).</p> @@ -2447,32 +2408,32 @@ by The Internet Archive) species does not seem to vary. It is the New Zealand representative of the English "Silver Y Moth" (<i>P. gamma</i>), no doubt familiar to many of my readers.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Declana floccosa</i> (Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva).</p> - <p class="sp3">I have started the Geometridć with <i>Declana</i> because it exhibits a great many - more points in common with the Noctuidć than does the genus <i>Acidalia</i>, which latter is - placed at the head of the Geometridć by some modern Lepidopterists, chiefly, I believe, on account + <p class="sp3">I have started the Geometridæ with <i>Declana</i> because it exhibits a great many + more points in common with the Noctuidæ than does the genus <i>Acidalia</i>, which latter is + placed at the head of the Geometridæ by some modern Lepidopterists, chiefly, I believe, on account of neuration, a character which if taken alone cannot but produce the most unnatural divisions. The present insect is one of the commonest of the genus, and may often be observed throughout the whole summer resting on the sheltered sides of trees and fences, occasional stragglers being met with as late as the end of May. Its larva is a pseudo-geometer possessing twelve legs (Fig. 1a), and thus almost exactly resembling the caterpillars of the genus <i>Catocala</i>, belonging to the - Noctuidć; the curious filaments on each side of the insect making this likeness still more + Noctuidæ; the curious filaments on each side of the insect making this likeness still more complete. It feeds <span class="pagenum" id="page84">{84}</span>on the "New Zealand currant" (<i>A. racemosa</i>), from which, individuals can be occasionally beaten during the spring and early summer. They are almost impossible to find by searching in the ordinary way, from a habit they possess of clinging firmly to the twigs, which they exactly imitate in colour. When full-grown this caterpillar constructs a small cocoon just below the ground, where it is transformed into a robust-looking pupa, from which the moth emerges in a month or six weeks' time. - The sexes of this species may be readily distinguished, the male (Fig. 1) having the antennć + The sexes of this species may be readily distinguished, the male (Fig. 1) having the antennæ slightly pectinated, while those of the female are quite simple, and her body much more robust. - The moth drawn at Fig. 1b has been reared from larvć exactly resembling those of the present + The moth drawn at Fig. 1b has been reared from larvæ exactly resembling those of the present insect, of which it is consequently now known to be only an extreme variety. It was formerly ranked as a distinct species under the name of <i>Declana junctilinea</i>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Chalastra pelurgata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 2 ♂, 2a ♀, 2b larva).</p> @@ -2485,7 +2446,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) brown, with a row of green or pale brown lunate spots on each side; on the ventral surface the colour is darker, except on the thorax, where it is green, the legs being also green. There are in addition numerous fine, wavy lines down the back and sides of the larva, and the dorsal surface of - the thoracic segments and ventral prolegs are bright reddish brown (Fig. 2b). These larvć are, + the thoracic segments and ventral prolegs are bright reddish brown (Fig. 2b). These larvæ are, however, very variable; in many the "lunate" stripes are much longer, having a diagonal direction, and <span class="pagenum" id="page85">{85}</span>thus extending up the sides of the insect towards its dorsal surface, while others have the ventral surface dark green, and additional markings of @@ -2497,7 +2458,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) occur to every male, which is a very unusual arrangement, the males being generally much the commoner among the Lepidoptera.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ploseria hemipteraria</i> (Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva).</p> @@ -2519,7 +2480,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) specimens I have reared all closely resemble Fig. 3, so that this insect does not appear at all prone to vary.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ploseria alectoraria</i> (Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 4; Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 7 larva).</p> @@ -2537,7 +2498,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The young larva is pale green with a dull yellowish head. It has no markings until after the first moult when a reddish dorsal line appears. As age advances the larva becomes darker in colour - and is ornamented with a series of diagonal yellow stripes. The spiracles and antennć are pink and + and is ornamented with a series of diagonal yellow stripes. The spiracles and antennæ are pink and very conspicuous. The legs and prolegs are very small, and the latter are bright red in colour; a fleshy process which projects from the last segment of the larva is similarly coloured. The whole insect is also speckled with yellow. When full-grown this caterpillar is very robust and measures @@ -2545,11 +2506,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) fastened together with silk. It is greenish brown in colour.</p> <p class="sp3">The perfect insect first appears in December. It may be observed during the whole - of the autumn and occasionally in the winter. As the larvć grow very slowly I am <span + of the autumn and occasionally in the winter. As the larvæ grow very slowly I am <span class="pagenum" id="page87">{87}</span>inclined to think that the females hibernate and lay their eggs early in the spring (Fig. 4).</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Sestra humeraria</i> (Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 5, 5a larva).</p> @@ -2559,18 +2520,18 @@ by The Internet Archive) the forest to a height of three or four feet. Its general colour is dull brownish yellow, slightly darker on the back, and ornamented with a number of wavy yellow lines on each side. The ventral surface and legs are green and the head is dark brown; the whole insect being covered with - numerous black dots and bristles. When disturbed these larvć immediately drop to the ground, and + numerous black dots and bristles. When disturbed these larvæ immediately drop to the ground, and coiling themselves up like small snakes, become very inconspicuous.</p> <p class="sp3">The pupa is buried in the earth about two inches below the surface, the insect remaining in this state during the winter months. The moths generally emerge about October. So far as my experience goes they are not subject to any notable variations. The specimen drawn at Fig. 6 is regarded as a variety of this species by Mr. Meyrick, but I myself believe it to be quite - distinct, as among over a dozen <i>humeraria</i> larvć reared in captivity, none of the imagines + distinct, as among over a dozen <i>humeraria</i> larvæ reared in captivity, none of the imagines had the slightest resemblance to Fig. 6, although the caterpillars were all taken within a few yards of the place where such moths occurred.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Selidosema dejectaria</i> (Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 8 ♂, 8a ♀, 8b larva).</p> @@ -2587,21 +2548,21 @@ by The Internet Archive) sticking straight out from the side of a branch, is so much like one of the sprouting twigs that it absolutely defies detection. When full-grown this insect buries itself about two inches in the earth, where it shortly becomes a dark chestnut-brown pupa, lighter between the segments. The time - required for the development of the perfect insect depends upon the season, larvć which undergo + required for the development of the perfect insect depends upon the season, larvæ which undergo their transformations in the spring developing much more rapidly than those that feed up in the autumn.<a id="NtA_18" href="#Nt_18"><sup>[18]</sup></a></p> <p class="sp3">This insect is extremely variable, having been formerly divided into several distinct species; the two most usual forms are those shown at Figs. 8 and 8a, but every - intermediate variety exists. The sexes are distinguished by the usual differences in the antennć. + intermediate variety exists. The sexes are distinguished by the usual differences in the antennæ. My experience leads me to believe that the light varieties occur more frequently in the female - than in the male sex, and also that the dark larvć give rise to dark moths, and <i>vice versâ</i>, + than in the male sex, and also that the dark larvæ give rise to dark moths, and <i>vice versâ</i>, although a great many more specimens will have to be reared before these can be regarded as established facts.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page89">{89}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Selidosema panagrata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate11">XI</a>., fig. 7 ♂, 7a ♀, 7b larva).</p> @@ -2609,21 +2570,21 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>One of our commonest moths, occurring in great numbers in the forest throughout the whole summer.</p> - <p class="sp3">The larvć (Fig. 7b) are extremely variable, the most usual colouring being that of + <p class="sp3">The larvæ (Fig. 7b) are extremely variable, the most usual colouring being that of the individual figured, but when very young they are all of a uniform green with a conspicuous white dorsal line; as age advances the caterpillars become dark olive brown of varying degrees of intensity in different specimens, some retaining a considerable amount of their original green colouring, especially those feeding on the kawakawa (<i>Piper excelsum</i>), whose hue - consequently harmonizes with that of the plant. These larvć often select a forked twig to rest in, + consequently harmonizes with that of the plant. These larvæ often select a forked twig to rest in, where they lie curled round with the head and tail close together. They are very voracious, and are the primary cause of the riddled appearance which the leaves of the kawakawa almost invariably present. Other food-plants are the "currant" (<i>A. racemosa</i>), and the <i>Myrtus bullata</i>; those taken from the latter have a strong pinkish tint, and are consequently very inconspicuous amongst the young shoots where they generally feed. The burrows of <i>Hepialus virescens</i> are - frequently utilized by the larvć which feed on the "currant," as convenient retreats during the + frequently utilized by the larvæ which feed on the "currant," as convenient retreats during the winter, a large number being often found in a single hole. When full-grown they descend to the ground and construct, on the under-side of fallen leaves, loose cocoons of silk and earth from - which the perfect insects emerge in about a month's time. The autumnal larvć, however, either + which the perfect insects emerge in about a month's time. The autumnal larvæ, however, either hibernate or remain in the pupa state throughout the winter. This moth is even more variable than the last species (<i>S. dejectaria</i>), which it occasionally somewhat resembles. The sexes are very different, the colouring of the male consisting of various <span class="pagenum" @@ -2635,7 +2596,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) larval and perfect states could be traced to differences in food-plant, or some other external circumstance.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Selidosema productata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 1 ♂, 1a ♀, 1b larva).</p> @@ -2649,7 +2610,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Specimens, however, may be readily procured with a lantern at night, when they may be found walking about and eating. The pupa state is spent in the earth, about two inches below the surface, the moth appearing in three or four weeks' time, this period, however, being extended in - the case of autumnal larvć, to as many months. It is extremely variable, scarcely two individuals + the case of autumnal larvæ, to as many months. It is extremely variable, scarcely two individuals being found exactly alike. The colouring, as in the caterpillar, is chiefly protective, consisting of a delicate tracery of browns and greys, which render the insect quite invisible when resting on the trunk of a tree, with its pale yellowish hind-wings concealed, a position it invariably @@ -2659,7 +2620,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) similar situations, although in much more limited numbers; as, however, I know nothing of their transformations, I am forced reluctantly to pass them by.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Hydriomena deltoidata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva).</p> @@ -2679,7 +2640,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) and remarkable-looking form occasionally occurs, in which the dark central band of the fore-wings is completely divided near the middle.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Geometridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Asthena schistaria</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 2, 2a larva).</p> @@ -2702,19 +2663,19 @@ by The Internet Archive) most beautiful insect, and may be found amongst the foliage of the kawakawa (<i>P. excelsum</i>), on which its larva will probably be found to feed.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Scoparia hemiplaca</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 4).</p> <p class="sp3">This pretty little moth was reared from a larva found feeding amongst moss during the winter of 1885, but unfortunately I neglected to make a drawing until it was too late. Doubtless many of the other Pyrales we meet with in the New Zealand forest have similar habits, - their larvć probably feeding on different kinds of mosses. These can always be examined during the + their larvæ probably feeding on different kinds of mosses. These can always be examined during the winter months, <span class="pagenum" id="page93">{93}</span>when the entomologist is usually in want of work, and thus much information may be obtained regarding this interesting but little-known family.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Scoparia sabulosella</i> (Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva).</p> @@ -2726,14 +2687,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) roots in which it resides. These caterpillars are very active, and consequently rather difficult to obtain, as they move either backwards or forwards in their galleries with equal rapidity.</p> - <p>They feed during the whole of the autumn and winter, changing into pupć about September, from + <p>They feed during the whole of the autumn and winter, changing into pupæ about September, from which the moths emerge in a month or six weeks' time.</p> <p class="sp3">The habits of the numerous other species belonging to this genus and the closely allied genus <i>Xeroscopa</i> (Meyr) probably do not materially differ from those of the species here described.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Crambus flexuosellus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 5).</p> @@ -2747,7 +2708,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page94">{94}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Pyralidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Siculodes subfasciata</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva, 3b pupa).</p> @@ -2768,11 +2729,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">The perfect insect appears about December, flying rapidly in the hottest sunshine. It varies greatly, both in size and colour, some of the small males being very much suffused with dark brown, while the females usually resemble the figure (3), and are often more than twice the - size of their mates. This insect is generally placed in a family called the <i>Siculidć</i>, but I - think without sufficient reason, and have therefore located it among the Pyralidć, with which it + size of their mates. This insect is generally placed in a family called the <i>Siculidæ</i>, but I + think without sufficient reason, and have therefore located it among the Pyralidæ, with which it has unquestionably a great affinity.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tortricidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tortricidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Isonomeutis amauropa</i> (Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 2, 2a larva).</p> @@ -2793,12 +2754,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">This insect is probably single-brooded, as the larva may be found feeding in the trees during the whole of the winter.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tortricidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tortricidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Cacoecia excessana</i> (Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 5, 5a larva).</p> - <p>This is the commonest species of <i>Tortricidć</i> in New Zealand, and may be found almost + <p>This is the commonest species of <i>Tortricidæ</i> in New Zealand, and may be found almost without interruption during the whole of the year.</p> <p>The larva (Fig. 5a) feeds on a great variety of plants, the common manuka being probably the @@ -2815,7 +2776,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) with yellow. It is most abundant in <span class="pagenum" id="page96">{96}</span>the middle of summer, and may be taken at light, or in the daytime at rest on fences and trees.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tortricidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tortricidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ctenopseustis obliquana</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 6).</p> @@ -2830,7 +2791,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) seen were quite hard and green, whilst other fruit from the same tree had reached complete perfection.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tineidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tineidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Endrosis fenestrella</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 7, 7a larva, 7b pupa).</p> @@ -2846,9 +2807,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page97">{97}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tineidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tineidæ</span>.</p> - <p class="ac"><i>Œcophora scholća</i> (Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 6, 6a + <p class="ac"><i>Œcophora scholæa</i> (Plate <a href="#plate13">XIII</a>., fig. 6, 6a larva).</p> <p>This dull-coloured insect is extremely abundant during the early summer.</p> @@ -2856,8 +2817,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The larva feeds on the roots of various plants, forming numerous white silken galleries in the earth where it resides. In colour it is dark chocolate-brown with a yellowish head and white markings. It is very large, considering the size of the future moth, full-grown specimens often - measuring as much as 10˝ lines in length. About the end of September these caterpillars are - transformed into pupć, and the moths emerge in a month or six weeks' time.</p> + measuring as much as 10½ lines in length. About the end of September these caterpillars are + transformed into pupæ, and the moths emerge in a month or six weeks' time.</p> <p class="sp3">The perfect insect may be often disturbed amongst brushwood. It is very sluggish on the wing and usually drops to the ground, where it is very inconspicuous. It also has a habit of @@ -2865,12 +2826,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) the other members of the genus <i>Œcophora</i>, of which there are large numbers in New Zealand.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tineidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Tineidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Semiocosma platyptera</i> (Plate <a href="#plate12">XII</a>., fig. 8, 8a larva, 8b pupa).</p> - <p>This is one of the largest of the <i>Tineidć</i> found in New Zealand, measuring fully fifteen + <p>This is one of the largest of the <i>Tineidæ</i> found in New Zealand, measuring fully fifteen lines across the expanded wings. Its larva (Fig. 8a) is abundant under the bark of dead henau trees (<i>Eleocarpus dentatus</i>), feeding on the soft inner surface, but leaving the hard wood untouched. In colour it is pale yellow, the head and prothorax are dark brown and corneous, and @@ -2900,16 +2861,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">The Order Neuroptera, as here considered, is a very limited one, consisting only of the seven small families, which comprise the Lace-wings, Ant-lions, Caddis-flies, and a few others. It forms a most convenient passage from the insects undergoing a complete metamorphosis - with a quiescent pupa, to those which are active during the whole of their life, as the larvć are - widely different from the adults, but the pupć, although incapable of walking or eating, + with a quiescent pupa, to those which are active during the whole of their life, as the larvæ are + widely different from the adults, but the pupæ, although incapable of walking or eating, approximate very closely in structure to the perfect insects. I regret that my observations have - been at present restricted to three families only, <i>i.e.</i>, the <i>Hemerobiidć</i>, - <i>Sialidć</i>, and <i>Phryganidć</i>, which will consequently have to represent the entire - series. I understand, however, from Mr. A. S. Atkinson, that a species of <i>Myrmeleontidć</i> + been at present restricted to three families only, <i>i.e.</i>, the <i>Hemerobiidæ</i>, + <i>Sialidæ</i>, and <i>Phryganidæ</i>, which will consequently have to represent the entire + series. I understand, however, from Mr. A. S. Atkinson, that a species of <i>Myrmeleontidæ</i> (Ant-lion) is not uncommon round Nelson, and doubtless future investigation will reveal insects belonging to the other families.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Phryganidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Phryganidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Oxyethira albiceps</i> (?) (McLach.) (Plate <a href="#plate14">XIV</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva, 3b pupa).</p> @@ -2935,7 +2896,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) large air-tube taking its rise from each and ramifying through the body in all directions. When alarmed these insects retreat into their cases with lightning rapidity, remaining concealed until the danger is passed. Their food probably consists of the green weed, although they are perhaps - carnivorous, feeding on the rotifers and other animalculć, which swarm in the water where they are + carnivorous, feeding on the rotifers and other animalculæ, which swarm in the water where they are found.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page101">{101}</span></div> @@ -2958,7 +2919,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) water, and the empty cases are very conspicuous on the sides of a glass aquarium, where the insects generally fix them down when in captivity.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Hemerobiidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Hemerobiidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Stenosmylus incisus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate14">XIV</a>., fig. 2).</p> @@ -2968,15 +2929,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page102">{102}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family Sialidć.</p> + <p class="ac">Family Sialidæ.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Chauliodes diversus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate14">XIV</a>., fig. 1, 1a larva, 1b pupa).</p> <p>During still warm weather, from December till March, this large insect is frequently observed flying lazily over water at dusk, when it may be readily captured with the ordinary net. Its larva - is aquatic, living under stones in running streams, where it devours large quantities of Ephemerć - and other insect larvć, which are always abundant in those situations. It is very ferocious and + is aquatic, living under stones in running streams, where it devours large quantities of Ephemeræ + and other insect larvæ, which are always abundant in those situations. It is very ferocious and will bite violently when disturbed, being furnished with a pair of powerful mandibles. The curious filaments on each side are gills, and it will be noticed that they are situated exactly where the spiracles of the perfect insect afterwards appear (see Fig. 1a).</p> @@ -2987,7 +2948,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) gradually shrivel up, and in ten days or a fortnight it is transformed into the curious pupa, shown at Fig. 1b, from which the perfect insect proceeds in about six weeks' time. The sexes of this species may be readily distinguished by their size, the male being considerably smaller than - the female (Fig. 1), and possessing longer antennć.</p> + the female (Fig. 1), and possessing longer antennæ.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page103">{103}</span></div> @@ -3000,14 +2961,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) some of the largest and most conspicuous insects inhabiting New Zealand, many of them reminding one of the denizens of the tropics in their gigantic size and striking appearance. They may be conveniently divided into the three following groups:—The <i>Aquatic group</i>, or those - whose larvć inhabit the water, including the Dragonflies, Mayflies, and Perlidć; the + whose larvæ inhabit the water, including the Dragonflies, Mayflies, and Perlidæ; the <i>Terrestrial group</i>, including all the typical Orthoptera, Termites, and Mallophaga; and the <i>Euplexoptera</i>, including the Earwigs. We start our observations with the Aquatic group, as these exhibit the greatest affinity with the Neuroptera.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Aquatic</span> Group.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Libellulidć.</span><a id="NtA_19" + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Libellulidæ.</span><a id="NtA_19" href="#Nt_19"><sup>[19]</sup></a></p> <p class="ac"><i>Uropetala carovei</i> (Plate <a href="#plate15">XV</a>., fig. 1 ♂, 1a @@ -3020,7 +2981,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) had the good fortune to discover, clinging to the stem of a fuchsia-tree in a swamp, the rent through which the perfect insect escaped having almost closed up. In this state it no doubt feeds on various aquatic animals, which it procures with a prehensile instrument similar in structure to - the "mask" of British dragonfly larvć, but much larger.</p> + the "mask" of British dragonfly larvæ, but much larger.</p> <p>The female of this species may be at once recognized by the absence of the two peculiar leaf-like appendages at the anal extremity, from which the insect takes its name. Her abdomen is @@ -3037,7 +2998,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) in possessing a cloudy brown patch near the tip of each wing, but it is no doubt only a variety of the ordinary insect.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Libellulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Libellulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Lestes colensonis</i> (Plate <a href="#plate15">XV</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva).</p> @@ -3057,7 +3018,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Lestes colensonis</i> by her smaller size. The larva of this species is rather more attenuated than that of the previous insect, and is of course considerably smaller.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ephemeridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Ephemeridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Ephemera</i>, n.s., near <i>Coloburus</i><a id="NtA_20" href="#Nt_20"><sup>[20]</sup></a> (Plate <a href="#plate16">XVI</a>., fig. 4, 4a larva).</p> @@ -3073,15 +3034,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) rear, and it was a long time before I succeeded in obtaining a single imago in captivity. When mature the insect leaves the water, and an apparently perfect imago escapes through a rent in the thorax in the usual way. In a few hours, however, a second moult occurs, the wings gaining - additional size and beauty, and the anal setć becoming very much more elongated than before (Fig. + additional size and beauty, and the anal setæ becoming very much more elongated than before (Fig. 4). This second change, which has so perplexed some entomologists, is merely an <i>apparent</i> - departure from the general rule, a careful examination of the exuvić of the dragonflies, and pupa + departure from the general rule, a careful examination of the exuviæ of the dragonflies, and pupa shells of many other insects, revealing a delicate membrane within, which invests the imago, and is cast off at the same time as the harder external envelope. In the case of the mayflies, the retention of this internal membrane some two or three hours longer than usual, will fully explain its apparently unique metamorphosis.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Perlidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Perlidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Stenoperla prasina</i> (Plate <a href="#plate16">XVI</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva).</p> @@ -3089,10 +3050,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) twilight, throughout the summer.</p> <p class="sp3">Its larva (Fig. 3a) is aquatic, hiding itself under stones, and devouring the - unfortunate <i>Ephemerć</i> found in similar situations. Towards the end of its career the + unfortunate <i>Ephemeræ</i> found in similar situations. Towards the end of its career the rudimentary wings become very conspicuous, at which time it is a most interesting object. The curious appendages on each side of the abdomen are gills, which the larva is constantly vibrating, - in order to obtain a fresh supply of aërated water. When mature, it ascends the stem of some + in order to obtain a fresh supply of aĂ«rated water. When mature, it ascends the stem of some aquatic plant, the skin becomes dry and brittle, and finally bursting, allows the perfect insect to escape, <span class="pagenum" id="page107">{107}</span>and in a few hours its wings are sufficiently hardened for flight. Several other species occur in New Zealand, one of the commonest @@ -3101,7 +3062,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Terrestrial</span> Group.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Psocidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Psocidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Psocus zealandicus</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate16">XVI</a>., fig. 2, 2a larva).</p> @@ -3116,7 +3077,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) wing-cases, thus differing from the Book Tick (<i>A. pulsatorium</i>), which remains apterous during the whole of its life.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Termitidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Termitidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Stolotermes ruficeps</i> (Plate <a href="#plate16">XVI</a>., fig. 1 ♂, 1a ♀, 1b "soldier," 1c "worker").</p> @@ -3132,7 +3093,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) February. It is seldom noticed flying about, but may be readily obtained by opening the nests, where a large number are frequently seen huddled together in the main galleries. At this time the community consists of three classes of individuals, viz., males, females, and workers, which last - are in all probability nothing more than the larvć. After pairing they shed their wings and return + are in all probability nothing more than the larvæ. After pairing they shed their wings and return to the nest, the female becoming very much distended with eggs. About March she commences to lay. This is continued for several months, and during this time the female is queen of the nest. She resides in a capacious chamber, from which numerous galleries diverge in all directions, some @@ -3151,7 +3112,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page109">{109}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Blattidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Blattidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Periplaneta fortipes</i> (Plate <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., fig. 5).</p> @@ -3165,13 +3126,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) more agreeable insect to study than <i>P. fortipes</i>, not possessing the disgusting odour so characteristic of the latter species.</p> - <p class="sp3">The only winged <i>Blattidć</i> found round Wellington are <i>Blatta conjuncta</i>, + <p class="sp3">The only winged <i>Blattidæ</i> found round Wellington are <i>Blatta conjuncta</i>, and <i>Periplaneta orientalis</i>. The former (Fig. 6), may be occasionally noticed under the scaly bark of rimu and matai trees, but a sharp eye and hand are needed to effect a capture, the insect running with marvellous rapidity. The latter species I have not yet noticed, but as it is the ordinary "cockroach" of Europe its habits have already been amply described.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Mantidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Mantidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Tenodera intermedia</i> (Plate <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., fig. 2).</p> @@ -3179,7 +3140,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) numbers round Nelson, where my specimens were obtained. It seldom flies, but crawls stealthily about the trunks of trees, in the hottest sunshine, capturing and destroying great quantities of insects, its green colouring and leaf-like form rendering it very inconspicuous <span - class="pagenum" id="page110">{110}</span>to its victims. The purple spots on the tibić of this + class="pagenum" id="page110">{110}</span>to its victims. The purple spots on the tibiæ of this insect are very noticeable, and resemble small drums in structure, hence they are regarded by Mr. A. H. Swinton ("Insect Variety," page 239), as the organs of hearing. These curious drums may be also found in insects belonging to nearly all the remaining families of the Orthoptera, but, as we @@ -3188,7 +3149,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) that Mr. Swinton's explanation of their function must be regarded at present as a somewhat doubtful one.<a id="NtA_21" href="#Nt_21"><sup>[21]</sup></a></p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Phasmidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Phasmidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Acanthoderus horridus</i> (Plate <a href="#plate19">XIX</a>.).</p> @@ -3216,10 +3177,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Acanthoderus prasinus</i> which I had under observation for several months.</p> <p>The insect first suspends itself by its hind pair of legs, keeping the others in the same - position as when walking, the head is bent in, and the antennć are placed along the breast, the + position as when walking, the head is bent in, and the antennæ are placed along the breast, the long abdomen hanging over backwards. The skin then splits along the back of the thorax, and the head and thorax are gradually pushed out. The front and middle legs are immediately afterwards - extracted, the long femora and tibić easily passing the sharp angles in the exuvia, owing to their + extracted, the long femora and tibiæ easily passing the sharp angles in the exuvia, owing to their complete flexibility. When these are finally clear, the insect reaches forwards with its fore-legs and draws the abdomen and hind-legs out of the old skin, which remains attached to the branch until dislodged by some accident.</p> @@ -3233,7 +3194,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page112">{112}</span></div> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Achetidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Achetidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Acheta fuliginosa</i> (Plate <a href="#plate18">XVIII</a>., fig. 1).</p> @@ -3241,7 +3202,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) into the Nelson district many years ago. Strange to say it has never been seen in Wellington, where specimens must be constantly landed amongst produce, &c., but appear to be unable to effect a settlement, owing, probably, to some peculiarity of the climate which renders the place - unsuitable for them. The larvć may be first observed about December, when they are often seen + unsuitable for them. The larvæ may be first observed about December, when they are often seen hopping about the vegetation. They are extremely obnoxious, devouring everything, and frequently entering houses, where they consume provisions, clothes, and even boots. During the summer of 1875 the farmers round Nelson were fairly eaten out by this insect, the cattle absolutely starving for @@ -3253,7 +3214,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) until the end of summer, the cold weather which generally sets in about the beginning of May rapidly destroying them.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Gryllidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Gryllidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Deinacrida megacephala</i> (Plate <a href="#plate18">XVIII</a>., fig. 2 ♂, <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., fig. 8 ♀).</p> @@ -3271,7 +3232,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) care, and is best performed with a small axe, which should be first used to cut in about three-quarters through the trunk, just below one of the holes. Another notch is then cut about a foot lower down, and the intermediate wood split off in long pieces, until the tunnel is laid - bare. On approaching an insect the first thing seen are two red threads, which are the antennć, + bare. On approaching an insect the first thing seen are two red threads, which are the antennæ, laid back as shown at Fig. 8. A deep notch is then cut into the trunk, some nine or ten inches below this point, and the piece bodily wrenched off. If the individual thus treated is a male he will cling firmly to the log, elevating his hind-legs in the air and biting viciously at anything @@ -3298,7 +3259,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) insect is not likely to be poisonous. I am, however, unable to <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'tpeak'">speak</span> from experience.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Gryllidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Gryllidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Xiphidium maoricum</i> (Plate <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., fig. 1).</p> @@ -3323,7 +3284,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">I have not yet noticed the larva of this species, but should imagine it would closely resemble a wingless imago.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Locustidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Locustidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Caloptenus marginalis</i> (Plate <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., fig. 4).</p> @@ -3339,7 +3300,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the thorax, thus causing it to closely resemble the larval form of many of the winged species, and for which it might readily be mistaken were its true character unknown.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Locustidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Locustidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Œdipoda cinerascens</i> (Plate <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., fig. 3).</p> @@ -3368,7 +3329,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Euplexoptera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Forficulidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Forficulidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Forficesila littorea</i> (Plate <a href="#plate17">XVII</a>., fig. 7).</p> @@ -3393,7 +3354,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) smoothing it within, deposit the eggs at the bottom. These eggs are most faithfully guarded by the mother, which boldly attacks all intruders, and will suffer herself to be killed rather than leave the spot. She also remains with the young ones for a considerable time after they are hatched, as - we sometimes observe the females accompanied by a number of larvć of quite a large size.</p> + we sometimes observe the females accompanied by a number of larvæ of quite a large size.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page118">{118}</span></div> @@ -3421,7 +3382,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Homoptera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Cicadidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Cicadidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Cicada cingulata</i><a id="NtA_22" href="#Nt_22"><sup>[22]</sup></a> (Plate <a href="#plate20">XX</a>., fig. 1, 1a pupa).</p> @@ -3430,7 +3391,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) id="page119">{119}</span>amongst brushwood during the hot sunny days so common from January till March. Its larva inhabits the earth earlier in the summer, and its curious pupa can often be observed crawling up the stems of trees in order to allow the perfect insect to emerge. After this - has taken place the exuvić still remain firmly attached to the tree, and are very conspicuous + has taken place the exuviæ still remain firmly attached to the tree, and are very conspicuous objects; but if it is desired to remove them great care must be taken not to break off the legs, which are always very brittle.</p> @@ -3446,7 +3407,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) but the insect is an extremely variable one. It is found in similar situations to <i>C. cingulata</i>, but appears rather earlier in the year.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Cicadidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Cicadidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Cicada iolanthe</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate20">XX</a>., fig. 3, 3a larva, 3b pupa).</p> @@ -3464,14 +3425,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">The perfect insect may be at once discovered by the peculiarly shrill note emitted by the male.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Aphidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Aphidæ</span>.</p> <p class="sp3">This family is extensively represented in New Zealand, but as I have not yet been able to obtain any information respecting their specific identity I am compelled to pass them by for the present, hoping that future investigation will reveal much that is interesting in their habits, and also help both gardener and agriculturist to protect himself from their ravages.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Coccididć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Coccididæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Coelostoma zealandicum</i> (Plate <a href="#plate20">XX</a>., fig. 4 ♂).</p> @@ -3479,11 +3440,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">This species is figured as a representative of this very curious family chiefly on account of its great similarity to a Dipterous insect, the rudimentary condition of its posterior wings being most perplexing to the beginner. Its habits have been amply described by Mr. Maskell, - in his work on the Coccididć of New Zealand, to which I consequently refer.</p> + in his work on the Coccididæ of New Zealand, to which I consequently refer.</p> <p class="ac">Group <span class="sc">Heteroptera</span>.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Notonectidć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Notonectidæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Corixa zealandica</i>, n.s. (Plate <a href="#plate20">XX</a>., fig. 5).</p> @@ -3494,7 +3455,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Water-boatman (<i>Notonecta glauca</i>), whose keel-like back is kept beneath the water, while the two long hind-legs are rapidly moved backwards and forwards like oars.</p> - <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Scutelleridć</span>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family <span class="sc">Scutelleridæ</span>.</p> <p class="ac"><i>Cermatulus nasalis</i> (Plate <a href="#plate20">XX</a>., fig. 6, 6a larva).</p> @@ -3539,7 +3500,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page111">111</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Acroceridć,</td> + <td>Acroceridæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3552,7 +3513,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Achetidć,</td> + <td>Achetidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3565,11 +3526,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Andrenidć,</td> + <td>Andrenidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Antennć,</td> + <td>Antennæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3589,7 +3550,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page57">57</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Aphidć,</td> + <td>Aphidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3611,7 +3572,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Asilidć,</td> + <td>Asilidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3694,7 +3655,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Blattidć,</td> + <td>Blattidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3732,11 +3693,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Bombycidć,</td> + <td>Bombycidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Bombylidć,</td> + <td>Bombylidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3813,7 +3774,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Carabidć,</td> + <td>Carabidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3821,7 +3782,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Case-bearing larvć,</td> + <td>Case-bearing larvæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3849,7 +3810,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page121">121</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Chćtosoma,</td> + <td>Chætosoma,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3868,7 +3829,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page84">84</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Chalcididć,</td> + <td>Chalcididæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page37">37</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3919,7 +3880,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Cicadidć,</td> + <td>Cicadidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page118">118</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3956,7 +3917,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Cicindelidć,</td> + <td>Cicindelidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3989,7 +3950,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Coccididć,</td> + <td>Coccididæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4157,11 +4118,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Culicidć,</td> + <td>Culicidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Curculionidć,</td> + <td>Curculionidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4268,7 +4229,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Dyticidć,</td> + <td>Dyticidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4280,7 +4241,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page5">5</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Elateridć,</td> + <td>Elateridæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4298,7 +4259,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td> - <p class="sp0">Engidć,</p> + <p class="sp0">Engidæ,</p> </td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> </tr> @@ -4311,7 +4272,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Ephemeridć,</td> + <td>Ephemeridæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4319,7 +4280,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Epurća,</td> + <td>Epuræa,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4392,7 +4353,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Forficulidć,</td> + <td>Forficulidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4405,7 +4366,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Formicidć,</td> + <td>Formicidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page35">35</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4430,7 +4391,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Geometridć,</td> + <td>Geometridæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4458,7 +4419,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Gryllidć,</td> + <td>Gryllidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4498,7 +4459,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Hemerobiidć,</td> + <td>Hemerobiidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page101">101</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4515,7 +4476,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Hepialidć,</td> + <td>Hepialidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4570,7 +4531,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page38">38</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Ichneumonidć,</td> + <td>Ichneumonidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page38">38</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4683,7 +4644,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page113">113</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Libellulidć,</td> + <td>Libellulidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page103">103</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4700,7 +4661,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Locustidć,</td> + <td>Locustidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4712,7 +4673,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Lucanidć,</td> + <td>Lucanidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4720,12 +4681,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Lycćnidć,</td> + <td>Lycænidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> - <p class="sp0">Lycćna,</p> + <p class="sp0">Lycæna,</p> </td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> </tr> @@ -4758,7 +4719,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Mantidć,</td> + <td>Mantidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4774,7 +4735,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page118">118</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Melolonthidć,</td> + <td>Melolonthidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page26">26</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4847,7 +4808,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td><span class="gap" style="width:1em"> </span>"<span class="gap" - style="width:1em"> </span>cćsar,</td> + style="width:1em"> </span>cæsar,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4856,7 +4817,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Muscidć,</td> + <td>Muscidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4869,7 +4830,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Myrmeleontidć,</td> + <td>Myrmeleontidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4898,15 +4859,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Nitidulidć,</td> + <td>Nitidulidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page23">23</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Noctuidć,</td> + <td>Noctuidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Notonectidć,</td> + <td>Notonectidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4928,7 +4889,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Nymphalidć,</td> + <td>Nymphalidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4946,7 +4907,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td><span class="gap" style="width:1em"> </span>"<span class="gap" - style="width:1em"> </span>scholća,</td> + style="width:1em"> </span>scholæa,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page97">97</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4959,7 +4920,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Œstridć,</td> + <td>Œstridæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5051,11 +5012,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page107">107</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Perlidć,</td> + <td>Perlidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page106">106</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Phasmidć,</td> + <td>Phasmidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5077,7 +5038,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page62">62</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Phryganidć,</td> + <td>Phryganidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page99">99</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5164,7 +5125,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Prionidć,</td> + <td>Prionidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page30">30</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5204,7 +5165,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page31">31</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Psocidć,</td> + <td>Psocidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page107">107</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5217,7 +5178,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page107">107</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Psychidć,</td> + <td>Psychidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5255,7 +5216,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Pyralidć,</td> + <td>Pyralidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page92">92</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5306,7 +5267,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td><span class="gap" style="width:1em"> </span>"<span class="gap" - style="width:1em"> </span>lćmica,</td> + style="width:1em"> </span>læmica,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5319,7 +5280,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Scutelleridć,</td> + <td>Scutelleridæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page121">121</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5392,11 +5353,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page97">97</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Sialidć,</td> + <td>Sialidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page102">102</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Siculidć,</td> + <td>Siculidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page94">94</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5434,7 +5395,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page108">108</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Sphegidć,</td> + <td>Sphegidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page34">34</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5447,7 +5408,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Sphingidć,</td> + <td>Sphingidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5517,7 +5478,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Stratiomidć,</td> + <td>Stratiomidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5525,7 +5486,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page13">13</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Syrphidć,</td> + <td>Syrphidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5569,7 +5530,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page105">105</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Tenebrionidć,</td> + <td>Tenebrionidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5582,7 +5543,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page109">109</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Termitidć,</td> + <td>Termitidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page107">107</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5617,7 +5578,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Tineidć,</td> + <td>Tineidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page96">96</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5637,11 +5598,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Tipulidć,</td> + <td>Tipulidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Tortricidć,</td> + <td>Tortricidæ,</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page94">94</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5753,7 +5714,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">2.—Chćtosoma scaritides.</td> + <td class="plhs">2.—Chætosoma scaritides.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -5821,7 +5782,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">2.—Chćtosoma scaritides.</td> + <td class="plhs">2.—Chætosoma scaritides.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -6688,7 +6649,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">10.—Sarcophaga lćmica.</td> + <td class="plhs">10.—Sarcophaga læmica.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -6776,7 +6737,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">10.—Sarcophaga lćmica.</td> + <td class="plhs">10.—Sarcophaga læmica.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -6835,11 +6796,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">2b, 2c.—Larvć.</td> + <td class="plhs">2b, 2c.—Larvæ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">2d, 2e.—Pupć.</td> + <td class="plhs">2d, 2e.—Pupæ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -6888,11 +6849,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">2b, 2c.—Larvć.</td> + <td class="plhs">2b, 2c.—Larvæ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">2d, 2e.—Pupć.</td> + <td class="plhs">2d, 2e.—Pupæ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -7619,7 +7580,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">6.—Œcophora scholća.</td> + <td class="plhs">6.—Œcophora scholæa.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -7691,7 +7652,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> - <td class="plhs">6.—Œcophora scholća.</td> + <td class="plhs">6.—Œcophora scholæa.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="ac prhs">" </td> @@ -8418,8 +8379,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="foot"> <a class="fnote" id="Nt_19" href="#NtA_19">[19]</a> - <p>The <i>Libellulidć</i>, <i>Ephemeridć</i>, <i>Perlidć</i>, <i>Psocidć</i>, and - <i>Termitidć</i> are usually included in the <i><span class="correction" + <p>The <i>Libellulidæ</i>, <i>Ephemeridæ</i>, <i>Perlidæ</i>, <i>Psocidæ</i>, and + <i>Termitidæ</i> are usually included in the <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Neuropteria'">Neuroptera</span></i>.</p> </div> @@ -8440,383 +8401,6 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>This genus is frequently called Melampsalta.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Elementary Manual of New Zealand -Entomology, by G. 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