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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Het Eiland Urk, by P. Harting
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: Het Eiland Urk
-       Zijn Bodem, voortbrengselen en bewoners
-
-Author: P. Harting
-
-Release Date: November 1, 2013 [EBook #44088]
-
-Language: Dutch
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HET EILAND URK ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
-Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
-public domain material from the Google Print project.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44088 ***
 
                             HET EILAND URK,
                 ZIJN BODEM, VOORTBRENGSELEN EN BEWONERS,
@@ -299,7 +265,7 @@ middengedeelte tot voor korten tijd een moeras was, dat slechts in
 den allerlaatsten tijd, door het graven van een afwateringskanaal en
 de werking van een' kleinen pompmolen, in droog land is herschapen. In
 1842 is met deze droogmaking een aanvang gemaakt, en in 1851 heeft men
-er den eersten hooioogst ingezameld. Vóór 60 jaren was die kom nog diep
+er den eersten hooioogst ingezameld. Vóór 60 jaren was die kom nog diep
 genoeg om er paling in te visschen, en in 1789 besloeg dit moerassig
 gedeelte, blijkens eene toen door den Stadslandmeter J. Schilling
 vervaardigde kaart, waarop het onder den naam van verdronken land
@@ -380,7 +346,7 @@ dezelfde leem aantrof, en zich genoodzaakt zag de voor het werk
 benoodigde klei van het lager gedeelte des eilands te doen aanvoeren.
 
 In deze geheele bedding is het getal gerolde steenen overgroot. Het
-meerendeel is klein, van één tot eenige duimen in doormeter. Doch er
+meerendeel is klein, van één tot eenige duimen in doormeter. Doch er
 komen ook vele merkelijk grootere rolsteenen voor. Ik zelf heb een
 granietblok gezien van nagenoeg ronden vorm en O,7 el in doorsnede,
 hetwelk was opgegraven uit het kerkhof, gelegen ter zijde van de
@@ -505,7 +471,7 @@ grootste stukken hebben eenen doormeter van 3 duimen.
 5 duim in doormeter hebben, meer of minder kwartsrijk, doorgaans
 fijnbladerig en ten deele verweerd.
 
-8. Chlorietschiefer. Hiervan is slechts één stuk gevonden van eene
+8. Chlorietschiefer. Hiervan is slechts één stuk gevonden van eene
 graauwgroene kleur en 2 duim in doormeter.
 
 9. Zandsteen. Brokstukken van zandsteenrotsen zijn door de geheele
@@ -567,7 +533,7 @@ overeen met Portlandkalk.
 
 Het mikroskopische onderzoek leerde, dat deze kalksteenen geheel of
 grootendeels zijn zamengesteld uit zeer kleine (1/200 tot 1/20 streep
-in doormeter hebbende) rhomboëdrische kalkspaathkristalletjes [11]. De
+in doormeter hebbende) rhomboëdrische kalkspaathkristalletjes [11]. De
 meeste stukken bevatten geene fossilen. Alleen in een witachtig
 grijs gekleurd stuk werden eenige overblijfselen aangetroffen van
 Pentacrinus pentagonais Goldfuss [12]. Deze soort van kalksteen komt
@@ -590,7 +556,7 @@ f. Zwartachtig grijze kalksteen, in min of meer plaatvormige stukken,
 met verscheidene ten deele goed bewaarde schelpen van Leptaena
 depressa Dalm. (Productus depressus Sow. [13]), waartusschen talrijke
 exemplaren verspreid liggen van Beyrichia complicata Salt., door
-McCoy [14] onder de Entomostraceën gerangschikt. De tegenwoordigheid
+McCoy [14] onder de Entomostraceën gerangschikt. De tegenwoordigheid
 dezer fossilen, hoe klein ook,--daar zij slechts een' doormeter van
 hoogstens 2 streep hebben,--heeft echter eenige beteekenis, dewijl
 het geslacht Beyrichia, volgens McCoy, tot hiertoe alleen uit het
@@ -599,7 +565,7 @@ en op een aantal verschillende plaatsen, in Engeland voorkomt in
 de schieferachtige kalksteenen, welke tot dit stelsel behooren. Ook
 de platte hoekige vorm der hier voorkomende stukken beantwoordt aan
 dezen oorsprong. Zij zijn vrij talrijk in het onderste gedeelte der
-bedding, terwijl hun doormeter van 3 tot 7 duimen bedraagt. Op één
+bedding, terwijl hun doormeter van 3 tot 7 duimen bedraagt. Op één
 dezer stukken neemt men ijzerkieskristallen waar.
 
 g. Graauwe kalksteen, met een indruksel van Terebratula flabellula
@@ -748,7 +714,7 @@ De zandsteenen zijn mede dezelfde. Nabij de bovenste grens is er een
 gevonden van 18 duimen in doormeter, plat aan weerszijden, grijs en
 aan de eene zijde door ijzeroxydhydraat geel gekleurd.
 
-Het geheele getal der steenen van één duim of meer in doormeter,
+Het geheele getal der steenen van één duim of meer in doormeter,
 bij de graving in A uit deze laag verzameld, bedraagt 104, die op de
 volgende wijze verdeeld zijn:
 
@@ -966,7 +932,7 @@ chlorietkorrels in voor, alsmede eenige straalsteenschilfers. Een
 gedeelte van het fijne gruis bestaat uit koolstofzuren kalk, doch van
 overblijfselen van zee-organismen komt geen spoor voor. Daarentegen
 zijn er de kiezelschalen van eene zoetwater-diatomee (Navicula
-Brebissonii Kütz.) op eenige punten in vrij groot aantal in
+Brebissonii Kütz.) op eenige punten in vrij groot aantal in
 aangetroffen, sommige nog eene groene kleurstof bevattende.
 
 Benedenwaarts wordt deze klei allengs minder zandig, tot dat zij
@@ -1214,7 +1180,7 @@ vele dier steenen stemmen volmaakt overeen met die, welke in den
 bodem van het hoogliggend gedeelte des eilands voorkomen. Men treft
 daaronder aan: verschillende soorten van graniet, waarvan de roode ook
 hier de overhand heeft; ook is daaronder een stuk goed gekenmerkt
-schriftgraniet gevonden; verders syeniet, gneis, waaronder één
+schriftgraniet gevonden; verders syeniet, gneis, waaronder één
 stuk met donkerroode veldspaath en kwarts in zeer duidelijke scherp
 afgescheidene dunne lagen; voorts euriet, veldsteenporphier, witte
 en violetroode kwarts, zwartachtig groene hoornsteen, gele zandsteen,
@@ -1290,7 +1256,7 @@ Even als veelal in het diluvium,--doch hier te opmerkelijker, uit
 hoofde van de vastheid der massa, waarin zij bedolven liggen,--vinden
 wij gesteenten uit alle tijdvakken, van de oudste plutonische rotsen
 af, tot aan de bruinkool der tertiaire periode toe, in de grootste
-verwarring dooréén liggen. Talrijke varieteiten van graniet, syeniet en
+verwarring dooréén liggen. Talrijke varieteiten van graniet, syeniet en
 gneis, kalksteenen, die, blijkens de daarin voorhanden versteeningen
 (Leptaena depressa, Beyrichia complicata, Actinocrinus laevis), tot
 het silurische en devonische stelsel behooren, andere kalksteenen,
@@ -1310,7 +1276,7 @@ oorsprong, namelijk van het Ardenner- of Nederrijnsche leigebergte
 zouden verraden, en waarvan op onze Noordbrabandsche, Geldersche en
 Utrechtsche heidevelden velen worden gevonden, komen op Urk nagenoeg
 volstrekt niet voor, en zelfs gelijken de grauwacke-zandsteenen of
-psammieten, die in geringen getale, slechts één op de tweehonderd,
+psammieten, die in geringen getale, slechts één op de tweehonderd,
 aldaar zijn aangetroffen, weinig op die, welke in zuidelijker
 streken voorkomen. Daarentegen is de Urksche bodem zeer rijk aan
 kalkgesteenten, zoo zelfs, dat de daaruit bestaande rolsteenen alle
@@ -1393,8 +1359,8 @@ water is ontstaan, is niet onbelangrijk. Zij bewijst namelijk
 onwedersprekelijk, dat dit lage gedeelte zich eerst gevormd heeft,
 nadat, door de ophooging der noordelijke en westelijke kusten van ons
 vaderland, er een soort van wal was ontstaan, welke eene lagune omgaf,
-waarvan het meer Flevo, dat het zoete water uit één der Rijnarmen
-ontving, het laatste overblijfsel was [30]. Vóór dien tijd, en zelfs
+waarvan het meer Flevo, dat het zoete water uit één der Rijnarmen
+ontving, het laatste overblijfsel was [30]. Vóór dien tijd, en zelfs
 lang voor dat er iets van het tegenwoordige Noord- en Zuidholland
 en van het grootste deel van Friesland boven de zee verrezen was,
 of, met andere woorden, op een tijdstip, toen dit geheele gedeelte
@@ -1446,7 +1412,7 @@ hoofd had gevonden, zigtbaar ter lengte van minstens 14 ellen. Ik
 herinner hierbij, dat nog tot in het begin dezer eeuw aan denzelfden
 kant van het eiland de reede voor de schepen is geweest.
 
-Dat eindelijk, zelfs nog vóór een betrekkelijk gering aantal jaren
+Dat eindelijk, zelfs nog vóór een betrekkelijk gering aantal jaren
 de bodem van het eiland in de noordoostelijke rigting door de zee
 verloren heeft, blijkt uit den vroeger (bl. 31, 32) medegedeelden
 brief van Ds. Weerman. Later is het echter weinig meer afgenomen;
@@ -1517,7 +1483,7 @@ water alleen, of nadat dit koolstofzuur heeft opgenomen, dat in
 den bodem voorkomt, ten deele als het product van humificerende
 plantaardige stoffen, in de nabijheid der oppervlakte;
 
-2o. de stortzeeën, die bij stormweder vaak over het paalwerk heenslaan,
+2o. de stortzeeën, die bij stormweder vaak over het paalwerk heenslaan,
 zoodat de bodem langs de kust bij zulke gelegenheden door zeewater
 gedrenkt wordt;
 
@@ -1575,7 +1541,7 @@ der beide putten beantwoordt ook de smaak. Dat van den put bij den
 vuurtoren is vrij goed drinkbaar, doch het bijna viermaal zoo veel
 vaste stoffen bevattende water uit den put in het midden heeft eenen
 onaangenamen ziltigen smaak. Hetzelfde geldt van dat der overige
-putten, en het water van één' dezer bleek, bij een qualitatief
+putten, en het water van één' dezer bleek, bij een qualitatief
 onderzoek, in zamenstelling zeer na, zoo niet geheel, met dat van den
 laatstgenoemden put overeen te komen. De eilanders bezigen dan ook
 dit water niet, dan bij gebrek van regenwater, als drinkwater, maar
@@ -1584,14 +1550,14 @@ als ook tot drenking van het vee.
 
 Ofschoon de temperatuur van het water der putten uit den aard der
 zaak aan afwisseling onderhevig is, zoo teeken ik hier nog aan, dat
-op den 31sten Maart, toen de thermometer in de lucht op 10°,7 C stond,
+op den 31sten Maart, toen de thermometer in de lucht op 10°,7 C stond,
 het water op den bodem van den put bij den vuurtoren eene temperatuur
-van 6°,5 C had. Een thermometer tot op den bodem van het niet ver
+van 6°,5 C had. Een thermometer tot op den bodem van het niet ver
 van daar verwijderde boorgat c nedergelaten, en dus 3 ellen onder den
 beganen bodem of 0,6 el lager dan de diepte van den put, teekende ter
-zelfder tijd mede 6°,5. De temperatuur van de onderste waterlaag en
+zelfder tijd mede 6°,5. De temperatuur van de onderste waterlaag en
 van de zich onmiddelijk daaronder bevindende leemmergellaag was dus
-4°,2 lager dan die van de lucht.
+4°,2 lager dan die van de lucht.
 
 Reeds vroeger (bl. 3) hebben wij gezegd, dat het van ouds bekend is,
 dat het water in deze putten niet altijd even hoog staat, en dat het
@@ -1881,7 +1847,7 @@ Het zal ter naauwernood behoeven gezegd te worden, dat het getal
 der onderzochte schedels veel te gering is, om daaruit eenige zekere
 besluiten af te leiden aangaande den schedelvorm der Urkers in het
 algemeen, en bepaaldelijk omtrent de punten, waarin deze van die bij
-de overige Nederlanders en bij andere natiën afwijkt. Echter kunnen
+de overige Nederlanders en bij andere natiën afwijkt. Echter kunnen
 de in de tafel opgeteekende maten aan hen, die later eene ruimere
 gelegenheid tot voortzetting dezer vergelijking mogten hebben, eenige
 nuttige wenken opleveren.
@@ -2216,7 +2182,7 @@ slechts hier en daar eenige der huizen nevens elkander gebouwd zijn,
 welke dan eene korte reeks vormen. Alle deze tusschenruimten zijn met
 gras begroeid, waardoor het geheele dorpje het voorkomen heeft van eene
 weide, waarin men hier en daar een huis heeft neder gezet. Deze huizen,
-meerendeels van slechts ééne verdieping, zijn ten deele van steen,
+meerendeels van slechts ééne verdieping, zijn ten deele van steen,
 ten deele van hout gebouwd op de wijze, die in vele Noordhollandsche
 dorpen gebruikelijk is. De beide kerken, die der Hervormden,--een klein
 doch net gebouw, in 1786 op kosten der stad Amsterdam opgerigt,--en die
@@ -2248,7 +2214,7 @@ voldoende. In weerwil van hun moeijelijk beroep, bereiken velen
 eenen hoogen ouderdom. De meest algemeene ziekten zijn van eenen
 rheumatischen en catarhalen aard, terwijl velen, vooral kinderen,
 ook aan ingewandswormen lijden, iets, dat bij de algemeenheid van
-het vischdiëet, en bij de waarschijnlijkheid van den overgang der
+het vischdiëet, en bij de waarschijnlijkheid van den overgang der
 entozoa uit de visschen in den mensch, opmerkelijk is en een nader
 onderzoek verdient. Tusschenpozende koortsen komen slechts zelden voor.
 
@@ -2324,7 +2290,7 @@ Bechst.), lijsters (Turdus musicus L.), watersnippen (Scolopax Galinago
 L.), regenwulpen (Numenius Phaeopus Letham), en verschillende soorten
 van meeuwen (Larus L.) bezoeken wel het eiland op hunne zwerftogten,
 doch broeden er niet. Hetzelfde geldt van de bergeenden (Anas tadorna
-L.) en zwarte zeeëenden (Anas nigra), die ik in Maart in groote
+L.) en zwarte zeeëenden (Anas nigra), die ik in Maart in groote
 schoolen in de omringende zee zag zwemmen.
 
 Als eene opmerkenswaardige bijzonderheid zij hier nog vermeld, dat,
@@ -2379,7 +2345,7 @@ noot.
 brief van N. Witsen aan G. Cuper, gedagteekend 18 Augustus 1709 en
 voorkomende onder de nagelaten papieren van wijlen Mr. Jac. Scheltema,
 thans berustende bij zijnen neef den Hoogleeraar C. A. Bergsma. Witsen
-schreef daarin: »Men bespeurt mede, dat bij zeer laag water
+schreef daarin: »Men bespeurt mede, dat bij zeer laag water
 omtrent het eiland Wieringen zoet water uit den grond ontspringt,
 hetgeen gewisselijk uit de onderaardsche kanalen komt. Ik meen ook
 aan UEd. gezegd te hebben, dat wij een put op Urk hebben, die met
@@ -2424,8 +2390,8 @@ gebleken, dat, terwijl een bij lage temperatuur ontstaan praecipitaat
 van koolstofzuren kalk geheel amorph is, en, in weinig geconcentreerde
 oplossingen gevormd, uit even zulke moleculen bestaande, als die welke
 het krijt zamenstellen, er daarentegen zich bij hoogere temperatuur
-bovendien rhomboëdrische kalkspaathkristalletjes afzetten, en dat,
-bij eene temperatuur die 34° C. te boven gaat, het praecipitaat
+bovendien rhomboëdrische kalkspaathkristalletjes afzetten, en dat,
+bij eene temperatuur die 34° C. te boven gaat, het praecipitaat
 alleen uit zulke kristalletjes bestaat. Dit doet vermoeden, dat ook
 de verschillende vorm der deeltjes, welke de genoemde kalkgesteenten
 zamenstellen, moet worden toegeschreven aan de verschillende
@@ -2463,11 +2429,11 @@ op aangeteekend.
 
 [21] Bij de eilanders bestaat het vaste geloof, dat deze steenen weder
 aangroeijen. Een hunner bragt mij, om mij daarvan te overtuigen,
-bij een groot granietblok , aan welks ééne zijde eene uitpuilende
+bij een groot granietblok , aan welks ééne zijde eene uitpuilende
 verhevenheid gezien werd, die, volgens hem, een uitwas zoude zijn. Het
 zal ter naauwernood behoeven gezegd te worden, dat dit uitwas uit niets
-anders bestond dan uit een stuk kwarts, hetwelk aan de verweêring en
-afslijting meer weêrstand had geboden dan de naburige bestanddeelen.
+anders bestond dan uit een stuk kwarts, hetwelk aan de verweêring en
+afslijting meer weêrstand had geboden dan de naburige bestanddeelen.
 
 [22] Zie de Prijsverhandeling van Hausmann, in de Natuurkundige
 verhandelingen van de Holl. Maatschappij, Dl. XIX. bl. 292.
@@ -2486,7 +2452,7 @@ zand vereenigd, het eiland Flevo zoude hebben gevormd. Acker Stratingh
 (L. c. p. 238) houdt deze meening voor onwaarschijnlijk, omdat het Val
 van Urk beide vaneen scheidt. Zonder in het minste partij te trekken
 voor het gevoelen van Scheltema, doe ik hier echter opmerken, dat het
-Val van Urk niet zóó diep is, dat dit eene vroegere aaneensluiting
+Val van Urk niet zóó diep is, dat dit eene vroegere aaneensluiting
 onmogelijk zoude maken. De grootste diepte bedraagt 5,6 el, terwijl de
 veenbedding onder Amsterdam op sommige punten eene nog iets grootere
 diepte bereikt.
@@ -2522,7 +2488,7 @@ verdeelden toestand, met het water, gedurende den vloed, aangevoerd,
 en tijdens de eb als slib achtergelaten, hetgeen bevorderd werd door de
 reeds in het ondiepe water groeijende strandplanten, en zoo ontstond
 een schoor wal op dergelijke wijze als zulks, vooral langs de kusten
-onzer noordelijke provinciën, nog heden ten dage plaats grijpt. De
+onzer noordelijke provinciën, nog heden ten dage plaats grijpt. De
 aldus langs de randen der delta opgehoogde bodem vormde aanvankelijk
 eene reeks of keten van eilanden, die de lagune begrensden, welke
 toen nog met brak water gevuld was. Allengs echter vereenigden zich
@@ -2569,7 +2535,7 @@ vindt aangegeven.
 [33] Overijsselsche Almanak voor oudheid en letteren 1847, bl. 271. Het
 gewigt der zaak noopt mij daaruit het volgende over te schrijven.
 
-»Tusschen Schokland en Urk op 2/3 van 't eerste en 1/3 van Urk, is eene
+»Tusschen Schokland en Urk op 2/3 van 't eerste en 1/3 van Urk, is eene
 plaats in zee, algemeen onder den naam van het Kerkhof bekend. Nog
 heden zijn er muren van drie voet boven den bodem der zee, en door
 een 80jarig, onlangs overleden man, volgens zijn zeggen, bij laag
@@ -2615,7 +2581,7 @@ dat in 1000 deelen van het zeewater bij Urk bevat zijn:
 [35] Uit den begeleidenden brief van den heer Nahuys aan den
 Hoogleeraar Schroeder van der Kolk ontleen ik het volgende.
 
-»In het jaar 1845 liet de Baron van Lijnden van Hemmen te Wageningen,
+»In het jaar 1845 liet de Baron van Lijnden van Hemmen te Wageningen,
 nabij den oprid van den Wageningschen berg, bij het Leksies veer,
 niet ver van den zoogenaamden eersten Christen tempel, aan de
 helling van de Rijnzijde van den berg, een gedeelte van dezen
@@ -2631,7 +2597,7 @@ eigenaar niet alleen welwillend werd toegestaan, maar zelfs werden
 eenige arbeiders ter mijner dispositie gesteld, om mij bij het doen
 van onderzoekingen aldaar behulpzaam te wezen.
 
-»Hierop begaf ik mij van Oosterbeek naar gemelde plaats met den
+»Hierop begaf ik mij van Oosterbeek naar gemelde plaats met den
 Baron van Wassenaar tot Catwijck en met den heer Spiering uit
 Tiel. Op het terrein komende overtuigde ik mij niet alleen, dat
 overal menschenbeenderen op den omgezetten grond waren, maar de
@@ -2694,362 +2660,4 @@ Dl. XI. bl. 400.
 
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-Title: Het Eiland Urk
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