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diff --git a/44058-0.txt b/44058-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..807ac54 --- /dev/null +++ b/44058-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3556 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44058 *** + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + +Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). + +Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work. +Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44056. +Volume II: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44057. + + * * * * * + + + +Zoological Illustrations, + +OR + +ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS + +OF + +NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING + +ANIMALS, + +SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF + +Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, + +AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR NATURAL AFFINITIES. + +BY + +WM. SWAINSON, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S. + +ASSISTANT COMMISSARY GENERAL TO H. M. FORCES. CORRESPONDING MEMBER +OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER +OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHIC SOCIETY, &c. + +VOL. III. + +SECOND SERIES. + +London: + +PRINTED BY W. J. SPARROW, 3, EDWARD STREET, HAMPSTEAD ROAD. + +PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW, + +AND R. HAVELL, 77, OXFORD STREET. + +1832.-1833. + +* * * * * * + + + +TO + +WILLIAM JOHN BURCHELL, ESQ., + +THE AFRICAN TRAVELLER, + +Whose discoveries have benefited every branch of natural science; whose +knowledge is equal to their full elucidation; and whose +talents,--unfostered by, and unknown to, his own Government,--are held in +respect and estimation throughout the civilized world. + +THIS THIRD VOLUME OF + +Zoological Illustrations, + +IS DEDICATED; + +BY HIS ATTACHED AND AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, + +THE AUTHOR. + +* * * * * * + + + +PREFACE. + +---- + +In closing our second series of ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, we cannot but +express gratification at the terms in which they have been alluded to at +home and abroad. It is hardly necessary to state that the scientific +interest of the subjects described, and the attention bestowed upon the +plates, have progressively increased, as the work has approached its +termination. The contents of this series may now be divided into three +equal portions, so that the BIRDS, the INSECTS, and the SHELLS, will form +distinct and uniform volumes, unconnected, except in the general title, +with each other. + +As complete sets of the first series have now become very scarce, new +editions of the deficient parts are in rapid progress; and the whole will +then be divided, as above, into three portions. + +It is but justice to Mr. G. Bayfield,[1] that the author should here +express his satisfaction at the skill and care with which he has executed +the colouring of the plates, both of this work, and of every other in which +his services have been engaged. + +In answer to several correspondents who have requested to know what book we +can recommend, as giving a general and popular introduction to the +_natural_ arrangement of animals, we are obliged to confess that amid +countless volumes of anecdotes, compilations, and methods, no such work has +ever been undertaken. With the intention of supplying this deficiency, we +have devoted the greatest portion of the last five years to an Encyclopedia +of Zoology; wherein the science will be placed under a new and striking +light; no less instructive to the general reader, than interesting to the +learned. In another year, we trust this work will be before the public. To +_that_ volume we must consequently refer the readers of _this_, whenever +they wish to understand the full scope and influence of those novelties in +natural arrangment, which are but slightly glanced at in the following +descriptions. + +As more than usual care is necessary in the binding of these volumes, it +may be as well to mention that we have particularly instructed Mr. Betts, +of Compton Street, Brunswick Square, on this subject. + + _Tittenhanger Green, + 4th March, 1833._ + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: TRICHOGLOSSUS _Swainsonii_. + +_Swainson's Green-lory._] + + +TRICHOGLOSSUS Swainsoni. + +_Swainson's, or Blue-bellied Lory._ + +---- + +Family Psittacidæ. Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Lorius. _Swains_. + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Bill_ obsoletely notched; _Tail_ lengthened, cuneated, narrowed from the + base, the two middle tail feathers conspicuously longest, _Nob._ + +_Type_ Lorius. (Trichoglossus.) Swainsoni. J. and S. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Green: head, middle of the body and bands on the sides, azure-blue; + throat, breast, and flanks, orange-crimson._ + + Trichoglossus Swainsoni. _Jardine and Selby. Ill. of Orn. pl. iii._ + + Blue bellied Parrakeet. _Brown's Ill. pl. 7, White's Voyage, pl. 4. p. + 140._ + + Le Perruche à tête bleue, male. _Le Vaill. Perr. 1. pl. 24. fig. + pulcherima._ + + Perruche des Moluques. _Buffon, Pl. Enl. No. 743?_ + + _Trichoglossus hæmatodus. Lin. Tr. 15. p. 289. omitting Syn._ + +---- + +Large flocks of these resplendent Lorys enliven the woods of New Holland, +clinging to the Eucalypti trees, and sucking the honey from the blossoms by +their brush-shaped tongue. Mr. Caley, whose notes we now follow, says it a +bird remarkable for docility and attachment to some people, although a +perfect scold to others. When young they are caught by the natives, but +from the loss of their favourite food seldom survive in confinement. An +individual, kept by Mr. Caley, on being shewn the coloured drawing of a +native plant, tried to suck the flowers, and it even made the same attempt +with a piece of cotton furniture. Its scientific history we have already +given elsewhere. + +We have received more than usual pleasure at seeing our name affixed to +this charming bird, and in clearing up its history. (_Ill. of Orn. vol. 3. +p. iii._) As a child we well remember our unwearied delight at seeing its +figure in _White's Voyage_. As a collector we have preserved a series of +nearly twenty specimens, and as a naturalist our name is no longer excluded +from the Ornithological Nomenclature of New Holland. It is indeed somewhat +curious, that while we were giving information to one of the writers in the +_Lin. Trans_. upon the subjects of his paper, he should have studiously +witheld from us the only public acknowledgement, for such assistance, it +was in his power to make. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PROTESILAUS _Leilus_.] + + +PROTESILAUS Leilus, + +_Protesilaus Butterfly_. + +---- + +Genus Amphrisius, _Sw._ Sub-genus Protesilaus, _Sw._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. + + Wings trigonal, acute, yellow with black transverse bands; the inferior + lengthened, narrowed, with two long acute tails; antennæ short, the club + thick, slightly compressed, but solid, and convex all round; front very + hairy; _Larva_ covered with sharp spines. _Pupa_ braced, but suspended + downwards. + +Type, Pap. Protesilaus. AUCT. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings straw-colour; the superior with four, short, black, costal bands + towards the base, and two towards the exterior margin; the latter uniting + at the posterior angle._ + + Pap. Protesilaus. _Lin. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. pl. p. 23. Ency. Meth. p. 50. + Merian Sur. pl. 43. Cramer, pl. 202. f. a. b._ + +---- + +From the resemblance which this insect bears to the rare British species, +named by collectors the scarce Swallow-tail, (_Papilio Podalirius_,) it is +generally called the Brazilian Swallow-tail. We advert to this +circumstance, trivial as it may sound to scientific ears, first because it +is one of the many proofs in which the nomenclature of the vulgar conveys +greater information than that of the professor: and secondly, because these +very names, in numberless instances, imply a perception of natural +analogies, which, without the labour of philosophic research, suggest +themselves to unscientific observers. In the present instance, these facts +may be verified in the most unquestionable manner. According to our views, +_Protesilaus_ not only represents one of the primary groups of the +Lepidoptera, but also typifies the Fissirostral birds, of which the +swallows are the most pre-eminent. + +Madam Merian's valuable work on the Insects of Surinam, has furnished us +with a figure of the larva; which, unlike that of the European +Swallow-tails, is covered with spines: the chrysalis also departs from the +usual type of the family, in having the head directed downwards. These +facts we have verified by an inspection of the original drawings, of M. +Merian, now deposited in the British Museum. These are all important +variations in structure, which can only be explained by the natural system. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CRESSIDA _Heliconides_] + + +CRESSIDA Heliconides + +_Cressida Butterfly_. + +---- + +Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus Papilio. Sub-Genus Cressida. _Nobis_. + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings diaphanous; posterior perpendicularly elongated, obtusely dentated + or scolloped. Antenna stout, the club very thick. + +Types, Cressida Heliconides and Harmonides. _Sw._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Anterior wings diaphanous, with the base, and two opaque, costal + transverse spots, black; posterior black, with a central white space, and + a marginal row of crimson spots, brightest beneath._ + + Papilio Cressida, _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. p. 20. Don. Ill. of Ent. 3. pl. + 12. f. 2. Ency. Meth. p. 76. No. 145._ + +---- + +For a long time, the only museum in Europe which could boast of this +butterfly, was that of Sir Joseph Banks; who found it in Van Deimans Land, +during his celebrated scientific voyage with Captain Cook. Fabricius, the +most eminent entomologist of that day, described the species from this +specimen: which, with the whole of the Banksian Cabinet, was presented by +its learned and munificent possessor to the Linnæan Society of London, +where it still exists. The only published figure is that of Donovans, which +is much too small, and is otherwise faulty. The species is still very rare +in collections; our own, a fine pair, were received from Van Diemans Land. + +Although unacquainted with the larva, and pupa state of this species, +nature has stamped the perfect insect with the image of that group she +intends it to represent. Its long, narrow, anterior wings, almost +transparent, immediately reminds even the unpractised entomologist of the +Heliconian butterflys; while the analysis of the genus _Papilio_, confirms +this idea, by shewing that _Cressida_ is the Heliconian type. We scarcely +need remind the student of the natural system that if our theory be +correct, this representation, under one form or other, will be found to +pervade every group of _Lepidoptera_. In all such as we have yet +investigated, this opinion has been fully verified. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PAPILIO _Memnon_.] + + +PAPILIO Memnon, + +_Memnon Butterfly_. + +---- + +Fam. Papilionidæ. Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus Papilio.--_Sw._ + +(Typical form or Sub-genus.) + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. + + Wings without tails; the anterior horizontally lengthened, entire; the + posterior margin concave; posterior wings perpendicularly lengthened, the + margin rounded and scolloped; antennæ long. _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced + in an erect position. + + SUB-TYPES OF FORM. 1. _Typical_, Memnon. 2. _Sub-typical_, Erectheus. 3. + _Aberrant_, Pammon, Drusius? Codrus. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings black, rayed with blue-grey; inferior wings beneath with two rows + of marginal black spots on a pale ground, and four red spots at the + base._ + + Papilio Memnon, _Linn. Auct. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 29. No. 10. Cramer, pl. + 91. f. c._ + +---- + +Although of sombre colours, this butterfly is imposing in its size, and +highly interesting. It is, in fact, that form which is _pre-eminently +typical_ of the whole of the Latriellian _Papilionidæ_. It seems to be +common throughout India and particularly so in Java, from whence we possess +several specimens. Dr. Horsfield's elaborate work has furnished us with +figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis. + +In now first defining some of the natural groups of the modern Genus +_Papilio_, it may be as well to state that we give the results of minute +analysis, the details of which we hope to lay before the public on a future +occasion. In regard to the nomenclature, we have adopted the following +principles, suggested to us by a scientific friend of no ordinary +authority, as tending to facilitate recollection, without altering well +known specific names. Each genus or sub-genus will be named after that +species which is its peculiar type; and the new specific name of this +species will imply one of its supposed natural analogies. Thus the +sub-genus _Protesilaus_, derives its name from the typical species, while +the specific name, now proposed of _Leilus_, points out the analogy of the +group to _Urania_ Fab. The sub-genus we now define, as being in our +estimation, pre-eminently typical, retains the name of the genus. It seems +also a geographic group, since all the species yet discovered belong to the +old world. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CARACOLLA _acutissima._ + +_Two-toothed Disk-Snail._] + + +CARACOLLA acutissima, + +_Two-Toothed Disk Snail_. + +---- + +Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. _Swains._ + +GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. + + _Animal_ with four tentaculæ, the lower pair very short; _Shell_ discoid, + greatly depressed; the spire but slightly raised above the body whorl; + aperture large, oblique, angulated; the lower portion generally dentated; + the margin thickened and reflected. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell imperforate, with the spiral whorls flattened obliquely, the body + whorl acutely carinated, and convex beneath: outer lip reflected; with + from 1 to 2 tuberculated teeth near the extremity_. + + Caracolla acutissima. _Lam. Syst. 6. p. 2. p. 95. Knorr. vol. 4 pl. 5. f. + 2. 3._ + + _Encycl. Meth. pl. 462. f. 1. a. b.?_ + + Helicodonta. _A. de Fèrrusac. pl. 58. f. 2._ + + Helix caracolla. _Guerin. Iconog. du Règ. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1._ + +---- + +It is seldom we can deliniate more than the covering of testacious animals, +particularly where the species are natives of tropical countries. In the +present instance we owe this power to the singular fact of this snail +having survived a voyage from Jamaica, and peered out upon an English sun. +It is now near forty years ago since an intelligent correspondent of our +honoured father sent him from Jamaica, a box of land shells: they were +carefully packed in moist decayed wood, and enclosed the living animals. +The season was summer and the voyage short; the box was immediately opened, +and by placing the shells in luke-warm water, the animals of every one +slowly emerged from their shells. Of their ultimate fate we know not: but +that celebrated artist and entomologist, the late Mr. Lewin, then a guest +in the house, executed highly finished drawings upon vellum of each +species; and from one of these our present figures are faithfully copied. +At the request of our friend Dr. Leach, a copy was also made by some one +and transmitted to Baron de Fèrussac, for his great work upon Land shell, +where it will be found engraved at pl. 58. fig. 2. M. Guerin has re-copied +this latter figure, but as both are inaccurate, without any fault of these +gentlemen, (who never saw the original drawing of Lewin) we have now +represented it correctly. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PRINIA _familiaris_ + +_Indian Wren warbler._] + + +PRINIA familiaris, + +_Indian Wren-warbler_. + +---- + +Family, Sylviadæ. Sub-Family, Sylvianæ. _Sw._ Genus, Prinia. _Horsf._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Bill rather lengthened, much compressed, entire; rictus smooth; wings + rounded; tail broad and cuneate; feet large, strong. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above olive brown, beneath yellowish; ears, throat, and tips of the + greater and lesser wing-covers white; tail feathers tipt with dusky + white, and margined beneath by a black bar._ + + Prinia familiaris. _Horsfield. Zool. Researches. Linn. Trans. 8. 165._ + +The sultry groves of India are not without birds which recall to the +European the songsters of his own distant land. And although nature, in her +boundless profusion, has so distributed her productions that even the +little "Kitty Wren" may in vain be looked for beyond the confines of +Europe, its representative in the East is no less neat, active, and +familiar to the habitations of man. The _Prinia familiaris_, observes Dr. +Horsfield (whose politeness enables us to figure the bird), is abundant in +many parts of Java, near villages and gardens, in the confines of which, +among trees and shrubs, it builds its nest. Sprightly and active in all its +motions, it sports among the branches in short and rapid flights, and has +received its native name from its enlivening and pleasant notes. Our figure +is the size of life, and to avoid a tedious description, all the details +have been accurately measured. + +We must refer the scientific Ornithologist, for our exposition of the +natural affinities of this group, to _Northern Zoology, vol. 2, p. 200_. It +is unquestionably the Rasorial and Scansorial genus of the Sub-family +_Sylvianæ_, as there pointed out, and of which _Orthotomus_ is a sub-genus, +or type of form. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: AMPHRISIUS _Nymphalides._] + + +AMPHRISIUS Nympalides, + +_Amphrisius Butterfly_. + +---- + +Family Papilionidæ. Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus. Amphrisius. _Sw._ (Typical +Sub-Genus). + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. + + Wings without tails, the anterior externally dentated, the posterior + short and rounded, the margin scolloped; Antennæ long. Larva covered with + spine-like tubercles; _Pupa_ braced in an inverted position. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Anterior wings black, with longitudinal paler rays; posterior wings + yellow, with a black serrated border, and an internal row of black + spots._ + + + Papilio Amphrisius. _Godart. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 27, No. 7._ + + Papilio Heliacon. _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. p. 19. Don. Ind. Ins. pl. 19. f. + 1._ + + Papilio Amphrisius.--_Horsf. Descrip. Cat. Part 1. pl. 4. f. 13._ + +---- + +The Butterflies of which we consider the species now figured as the typical +example, constitute one of the great natural divisions of the modern genus +_Papilio_; and they are peculiarly distinguished in all their three stages +of existence, namely in the caterpillar, the pupa, and in the winged state. +Dr. Horsfield has enabled us to illustrate the two former, and we add a +figure of the perfect butterfly from specimens in our own cabinet, +collected in Java. It seems subject to much variation in point of colour, +but we have strong suspicions that some of the varieties are distinct +species. The richness of the black resembles Genoa velvet, while that of +the yellow may be compared to glossy satin. All the larger species of the +group are Oriental, but we suspect America is not without typical examples, +although they are of a much smaller size. The species however, even with +these additions, are so few, that the sub-types of the group cannot be +accurately made out. + +As this seems to be the pre-eminent type of the genus, we preserve to it +the generic name. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 1. + +_1, Pica. 2, Perversa. 3, Acuta_] + + +ACHATINELLA Pica, + +_The Bead Snails_. + +---- + +Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. _Lam. Sw._ Genus ----? + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Shell oblong-conic, spiral, Columella with the base thickened and + truncate, inner lip none; outer lip internally thickened; aperture + without teeth. _Nob._ + +Type _Monodonta seminigra_ Lam. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell trochiform, black; apex and base of the pillar white._ + + Monodonta semi-nigra _Lam._ + + Achatina pica. _Swains. Monog. in Brands Journal, April, 1828, p. 84._ + +---- + +Achatinella is a very peculiar group of land shells, found only in the +Pacific Islands. They are all small, and so remarkably beautiful, that the +natives use them for ornaments. It was under this form that seven different +species came into our possession on the return of Captain, now Lord Byron, +from his voyage to the South Seas. As the systematic conchologist will find +them fully described in the Journal above quoted, we now only illustrate +them by figures. + +---- + + +ACHATINELLA perversa, _fig. 2._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell reversed, sub-trochiform, fulvous brown with darker transverse + bands and longitudinal lines; apex and suture white._ + + Achatinella perversa. _Swains. Monog. No. 2, p. 84._ + +Our figures of this elegant species are somewhat larger than nature. + +---- + + +ACHATINELLA Acuta, Fig. 3. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell ovate-oblong, chesnut, with a marginal fulvous band; spire + somewhat lengthened, acute, the tip black._ + + Achatinella acuta _Sw. Monog. No. 3, p. 84._ + +Shell somewhat pyriform, the spire being pointed, and considerably longer +than the aperture: In these respects it differs considerably from the two +preceding, but the great peculiarity of the twisted and truncated columella +or pillar, sufficiently points it out as belonging to this group. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MURICINÆ. Pl. 3. + +_Murex eurystomus_] + + +MUREX (_Centronotus_) eurystomus, + +_Wide mouthed Murex_. + +---- + +Family Cassidæ, Sub-family Muricinæ, _Nob._ Genus. Murex _Auct._ + +SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. + + 1. _Typical._ + + Canal very long: Shell armed with tooth-like + spines mostly arranged in three varices MUREX _Auct._ + + 2. _Sub-Typical_ (?). + + Canal very long: Shell without spines, varices + tuberculated. HAUSTELLARIA. _Sw._ + + 3. _Aberrant._ + + Canal moderate: Shell with foliated or compressed + varices. + 1. Varices foliated, mostly three. PHYLLONOTUS. _Sw._ + 2. Varices numerous, mostly acute. CENTRONOTUS. _Sw._ + 3. Varices compressed, fin shaped. PTERYNOTUS. _Sw._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell with from 7 to 8 simple foliated varices; body whorl with three + brown bands; aperture effuse, tinged with rosey; umbelicus very large._ + + Murex Saxatilis. _Auct. Lamark. 7. p. 167. Martini. pl. 108. f. 1013._ + +---- + +We feel some surprize that Lamark should have viewed this large and +imposing _Murex_ as one of the varieties of _Saxatilis,_ from which it is +unquestionably distinct. It is by no means common, nor do we know its +precise locality. + +In directing the attention of the philosophic Zoologist to the above +synopsis, we feel called upon to express our opinion on the unfortunate +Denis De Montford, whose labours, however honoured in his own country, have +neither been understood nor appreciated in this. We can say of him, what +can be said of very few, that he had an intuitive perception of natural +groups. And if we cannot place him on a par with his great rival Lamark, in +the extent of his researches, or the polished accuracy of his names, we can +safely affirm that in other respects, he is fully equal, either to him, or +to any of his successors. + +There are some extraordinary analogies between the natural types of this +genus, and the series of vertebrated animals, which we cannot at present +develope. Nor can our doubts on the Sub-typical form, which we rather think +has not been discovered, effect any alteration of the series here pointed +out. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: POLYDORUS Thoas.] + + +POLYDORUS Thoas, + +_Polydorus Butterfly_. + +---- + +Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Polydorus. _Sw._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + +Anterior wings horizontally narrow and obtuse, posterior perpendicularly +lengthened, and furnished with prominent spatulate tails; _Larva_ covered +with fleshy tubercles; _Pupa_ braced and suspended, but with the head +downwards. + +Types, Pap. Polydorus. Polystes. Romulus. &c. _Auct._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Anterior wings brownish black, with darker stripes between the nerves; + posterior, black with a central five-parted spot of white; lunules round + the margin, obscure above, bright crimson beneath._ + + Papilio Polydorus _Linn. Cramer. Pl. 128. f. a. b. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. + p. 9. Ency. Meth. p. 72. No. 130. Horsf. Cat. pl. 3. f. 17. 17. a._ + (_larva and pupa_). + +---- + +Among the most remarkable of those laws which belong to the natural system, +is that which assigns to every great division of our globe its peculiar +races of animals: and these in numerous instances, are so marked, that a +naturalist would no more expect to find such genera inhabiting a different +continent, than a Physiologist would hope to discover a race of Hottentots +among the Highlands of Scotland. It is under the tropical latitudes of the +old world (and chiefly those of Asia), that nature has placed the group of +butterflys which we now, for the first time, characterize. Distinguished, +in the most beautiful manner, by their larva and pupa, they shew, even in +the external appearance of the perfect insect, an unerring distinction, in +the dark stripes between the nerves of the anterior wings. We have indeed, +in the tropics of America, a race of black and crimson butterflys +representing these of India; but they belong to a very different group; and +are known at the first glance by their broader wings, totally destitute of +the stripes just mentioned. + +M. M. Latrielle and Godart, are evidently mistaken regarding the insect +figured by Clerk, which they consider to be the female of _Polydorus_; this +error we have ascertained from fine specimens of both sexes, sent from Java +and now in our possession. We have figured the male, and Dr. Horsfield has +enabled us to add the Caterpillar and Chrysalis. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PTILIOGONYS _cinereus_. + +_Male_.] + + +PTILIOGONYS cinereus,_ male_. + +_Yellow-vented Short-foot_. + +---- + +Family Laniadæ. Sub-fam. Tyranninæ. Genus Ptiliogonys. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + +Zool. Journ. no. 10. p. 164. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Light cinereous; flanks olive; under tail covers bright yellow; quills + and tail glossy blue-black, the latter ornamented with a central snowy + band; chin and vent white._ + + For Synonyms--see pl. 62. + +---- + +On the sixty-second plate of these Illustrations, we figured the female of +this elegant and highly interesting bird, from a specimen sent to us from +Mexico, by the late Mr. W. Bullock. We are now enabled to add the male from +a fine example, obligingly presented to us by John Taylor Esq. F. R. S. It +was killed near Real del Monte; and these, we believe, are at present the +only specimens that have reached England. + +By viewing this as the type of the Scansorial group of the +Tyrant-flycatchers, (_Tyranninæ_) every circumstance, even the most minute, +regarding its structure and its colours will be explained. As representing +_Brachypus_, (North. Zool. 2. 485.) and its analogies, it has the under +tail covers richly coloured. As representing _Leiothryx_ (Il. 490.) it has +the same coloured cinereous and silky plumage: as a scansorial type, it has +a conspicuous although an _incumbent_ crest, and a long ornamented tail. It +is a Titmouse among the Tyrants, and is nearly as much of a _Ceblepyris_ as +of a _Tyrannus_. Indeed, when we described the female, we thought it +actually entered the circle of the former, but the laws of representation +has set us right on this point. _Phoenicornis_ is the first of the +_Ceblepyrinæ_, as _Philiogonys_ is the last of the _Tyranninæ_. The +_females_ of _Phoenicornis_ are clothed in the same slate coloured plumage, +but, as being of a _fissirostral_ type, their mouths are conspicuously +bristled, while those of _Ptiliogonys_ are quite smooth. Finally, the wings +are those of a _Ceblepyris_, but the tail that of a _Tyrannula!_ + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PLECOCHEILUS _undulatus_.] + + +PLECOCHEILUS undulatus. + +_Waved Pupa-snail._ + +---- + +Family Pupadæ. _Guilding._ Genus Carychium. _Muller._ + +Sub-Gen. Plecocheilus. _Guild._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Animal_ hermaphrodite, snail-like; the head bilobed, and bearing four + tentaculæ, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles + greatly lunated, with a small transverse mouth and a triangular cutaneous + plate; mantle perforated. _Eggs_ large, externally calcarious. _Shell_ + oval, ventricose, the two last spiral whorls very short, but elevated; + aperture entire, elongated; outer lip thickened and reflected; inner lip + thin, nearly obsolete; pillar with a strong compressed inflexed plate. + _Guilding._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell irregularly and minutely corrugated, and longitudinally striated; + marked beneath the olive epidermis with oblique, undulated, dark + stripes._ + + Carychium undulatum (1814). _Leach. Zool. Mis. 1. pl. 35._ + + Auricula caprella (1822). _Lam. Sys. 6. 2. p. 140. Chemnitz pl. 176, f. + 1701.-2._ + + Plecocheilus undulatus. _Guilding in Zool. Journ. 3. p. 532._ + +---- + +The pleasure which our scientific brethren will receive from possessing +this copy of Mr. Guilding's beautiful drawing, will be changed into regret +on knowing that the gifted hand which originally traced it is now cold. A +liver complaint, doubtless brought on by too much exposure to a tropical +sun, terminated the mortal career, a few months ago, of this accomplished +Zoologist and excellent man. The name of Guilding now belongs to posterity. +His loss, and that too in the prime of life, leaves a blank in the ranks of +science, which there is no one so qualified to fill; where can we look for +profound and indefatigable research, matured knowledge, a ready pen and an +exquisite pencil, all employed unceasingly to illustrate _from life_ the +animals of tropical regions. The search, unfortunately, will be fruitless. +May his spirit now be with that God whose minister he was, and whose works +upon earth it was his purest delight to study. + +This noble species was discovered by Mr. Guilding, in great numbers, upon +the trunks and branches of trees in the forests of St Vincent: its eggs are +hard like those of a bird, and the young shell resembles that of a +_Succinea_. In _Carychium_ the eyes are at the _base_, but here they are at +the _tips_ of the tentaculæ. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PROTESILAUS _Swainsonius_.] + + +PROTESILAUS Swainsonius, + +_Swainsonian Swallow-tail._ + +---- + +Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. + +See pl. 93. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings pale straw-colour; anterior with a forked band near the black + exterior margin, and another much shorter towards the middle, both + black._ + + Papilio Swainsonius. _Langsdorff_, MS.S. + +Mus. Nost. + +---- + +We have searched in vain for some account of this very distinct and +handsome species, collected by our venerable and enthusiastic friend Dr +Langsdorff, in the interior of Brazil; and transmitted to us some years +ago, in remembrance of the many happy days we passed together in the +enchanting scenery of that delightful region. We have not seen the species +in any of the London collections, and we believe it altogether undescribed. + +The Larva and pupa are of course unknown to us, but the whole structure of +the perfect insect agrees so truly with that of _Protesilaus Lelius_, that +we have no doubt whatever of its belonging to the same sub-genus, and thus +becoming an interesting addition to a group, capable of the most complete +and diversified demonstration. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PODALIRIUS _Pompilius_.] + + +PODALIRIUS Pompilius, + +_Pompilius, or Javanese Swallow-tail._ + +---- + +Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings_ trigonal, acute, yellow, with black transverse bands, the + inferior with two long narrow acute tails; _Antennæ_ short, the club + thick and solid at the base, but greatly compressed at the tip, where it + is concave beneath; _head_ small, front hairy; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ + braced in an erect position. + +_Type_ Podalirius Europæus. _Nobis._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above pale yellow, the anterior with five short, black, stripes + across the areola; and two others, much longer and broader, close to the + exterior margin: posterior wings without lunulate spots._ + + Papilio Pompilius. _Fab. Mantissa 2. p. 8. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 25. Ency. + Meth. 1. p. 49. Horsf. Cat. pl. 3. fig. 5. 5. a._ (_larva and pupa._) + +---- + +We may term this the Javanese Swallow-tail, for in that and the other +Indian islands it appears to be not uncommon. We are indebted to the +elegant _Catalogue_ above quoted, for our figures of the _larva_ and +_pupa_; and to the rich collection of Mrs. Children for the examination of +the perfect insect. + +Entomologists will doubtless feel surprize that this and the _Protesilaus_ +on our last plate, should be placed as distinct types in two different +genera. We have not done this without long deliberation; but we cannot, in +a work of this nature, enter into those details which would demonstrate +these divisions to be truly natural, in the most rigid acceptation of the +word. We desire not, however, that Entomologists should adapt our +views,--at least for the present. We hope, indeed, that they will not, +because experience has shewn, that until a theory has been fully explained, +more injury than good results to science, from injudiciously adopting, and +hastily applying, a system not understood. We only desire, in short, to +record our views, that they may be comprehended hereafter. We consider this +as the Thrysanuriform type of the sub-genus, and our English _Papilio +Machaon_ of authors, as the Heliconian.--_Tempus ducamus._ + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LEPTOCIRCUS _Curius_.] + + +LEPTOCIRCUS Curius, + +_Clear-winged Butterfly._ + +---- + +Sub. Family Papilionæ. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, _Nob._ +(_Erycinian type_). + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. + + _Size and aspect of an_ Erycina; _Anterior wings_ sub-hyaline; + _posterior_ greatly lengthened, and terminating in two long tails; + _Head_, _thorax_, and _body_ very thick; _Anterior feet_, _palpi_, and + _Antennæ_ papilioniform. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Black; the exterior half of the superior wings hyaline, bordered with + black, inner half with a green band, continued on the inferior wings, + which are plicated, and edged externally with white._ + + Papilio Curius _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 28. Don. Ind. Ins. pl. 47. f. 1. + bad._ + +---- + +There are only two collections we believe in this country, which possess +this rare and extraordinary butterfly, and it may be even doubted whether +these specimens do not belong to distinct species. One is in the Banksian +cabinet, now possessed by the Linnæan Society, the other in that of the +lady of our friend J. G. Children Esq. Zoologist to the British Museum. We +are told the species has been "made into a genus" by some continental +methodist, but who, according to the disreputable and slovenly mode fast +creeping _among us_, gives no definition. We have elsewhere expressed our +reasons for rejecting all such names (_North. Zool. 2. pref. lx._), and we +are thus pledged to do so upon every occasion. + +Nature has so admirably disguised this insect in the external form of that +tribe of butterflys which she intends it to represent, that it was only +upon looking to its anatomical construction, that we discovered it was a +type of the true _Papilionæ_, and not of the _Erycinæ_. The construction of +the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antennæ, all which are +here represented, magnified, places this fact beyond doubt, and leaves us +nothing to desire but a knowledge of its caterpillar and chrysalis, and of +the direction of the wings when the species is at rest. We suspect that +like those of _Urania_, they are then _deflexed_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: TROGON _Mexicanus. f._ + +_Mexican Trogon. fem._] + + +TROGON Mexicanus, + +_Mexican Trogon. female._ + +---- + +Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonidæ. _See North Zool. 2, p. 326._ + +GENERIC CHARACTERS. + +_Body_ thick. _Bill_ very short, strong, thick, nearly triangular, but the +sides compressed, surrounded by long, stiff, bristly feathers, the culmen +arched from the base. _Wings_ very convex, the quills graduated; tail very +broad, feet short, weak, gressorial. + +SUB-GENERA. + + 1. Bill with several unequal serratures on the + margin of the upper mandible: head not + crested, tail even, tarsi feathered to the + base of the toes; anterior toes united to + half their length. America. TROGON. _Auct._ + + 2. Bill serrated; head with an erect compressed + crest; tail very long, cuneated. America. CALURUS. _Sw._ + + 3. Bill entire. Inhabits tropical Asia. HARPACTES. _Sw._ + + 4. Bill with obscure serratures: tarsi naked, + covered with scales; the two anterior toes + divided nearly to their base. (_Type_, + Trogon Narina). Africa. APALODERMA. _Sw._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Female. Breast and upper plumage olive brown; body and under tail covers + crimson; front, chin, and ears grey; wing covers lineated with undulate + dusky lines; two middle tail feathers ferruginous brown, with black + tips._ + +---- + +We have already given the general reader some account of the manners of +these very singular birds, and we have said more upon them in _North. Zool. +Vol. 2_. Having figured the male on our 82nd plate, we now exhibit, in the +female, that remarkable difference between the sexes, which pervades all +the species. Our figure and specific character renders a detailed +description of the plumage unnecessary; it should be observed, however, +that the lateral tail feathers, in the female, are without those two black +transverse bands on the inner web, towards the tip, which are so +conspicuous in the male. There is another species from Mexico, which +country seems to be the most northern range of these birds. We feel +gratified at being able to characterize four typical forms of the genus; +all of which, at the same time, are marked by geographic peculiarities. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 2. + +_1, bulimoïdes._ _2, livida._] + + +ACHATINELLA bulimoïdes, + +_Thick-spired Achatinella--middle figures_. + +---- + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + +See pl. 99. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell ovate-oblong, subventricose, whiteish, with chesnut bands; spire + thickened, the tip pale brown._ + + Achatinella bulimoïdes. _Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ + +---- + +We continue our Illustrations of these pretty little land-shells, of which +all the species, as we before remarked, are natives of the South Sea +Islands, and very little known to collectors. The present is distinguished +by the thickness of its spire, the apex being more suddenly pointed. We +have represented two varieties in point of colour, but in both the suture +is scarcely, if at all, margined by an indented grove. + +---- + + +ACHATINELLA livida, + +_Livid Achatinella_. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell reversed, ovate, obtuse, livid brown or greyish; spire thickened; + suture with a deep fulvous line._ + + Achatinella livida. _Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ + +---- + +A small reversed species, unbanded, and scarcely exceeding half an inch in +length. In form it perfectly resembles the green variety of _Bulimus +citrinus_. The three specimens in our museum vary in colour from a light +olive brown, to a livid purple which lies in longitudinal shades, and +gradually changes, on the spiral whorls, to white; suture marked by a line +of deep orange brown; aperture white, tinged with purple. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MURICINÆ. Pl. 3. + +MUREX (PHYLLONOTUS) _Imperialis._ _var. a._] + + +MUREX (_Phyllonotus_) Imperialis, + +_Imperial Murex. var. a._ + +---- + +Genus Murex. Sub-genus Phyllonotus. _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. + +See pl. 100. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + +See pl. 67. + +---- + +In a popular work like this, we wish to consult the taste of the amateur, +no less than of the philosophic naturalist; and with this object we have +delineated a beautiful variety, having the aperture rose colour, of the +_Murex imperialis_ already figured at pl. 67 of our second volume. It was +then in the possession of Messrs. Stuchbury, and was nearly the only one, +among very many of the usual orange-mouthed specimens, which came to their +hands. + +We have already intimated that the series of types in this genus, (see pl. +100) besides possessing innumerable analogies in the class _Mollusca_, +exhibits a most singular one with the series of vertebrated animals; four +of which can be traced by comparing them with four of the classes of the +vertebrated circle. Commencing with _Phyllonotus_, we may call them, from +the hideous and repulsive aspect of many of the species, the _Reptile_ +type, as the name given to one (_Murex scorpio_), sufficiently intimates. +In the tooth-like spines of _Murex tenuispinosus_ we see some resemblance +to the teeth of quadrupeds: the _Murex haustellum_ has been well compared +to the head of a snipe, while in the fin shaped varices of _Murex +pinnatus_, we have a representation of the _fish_. If the analogy between +_Centronotus_ and the _Amphibia_ cannot be traced, it is because the latter +has so few forms; but the Hedgehogs, which represent the _Amphibia_ in the +circle of Quadrupeds, are again represented under the form of a shell, in +the sub-genus _Centronotus_. These analogies, however remote are +unquestionably natural, _because they follow each other in a uniform +series_. + + Thus, Murex represents Mammalia. + Haustellaria Aves. + Pterynotus Pisces. + Centronotus Amphibia--Hystrix. + Phyllonotus Reptilia. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MARIUS (PETREUS) _Thetys_. + +_Larva & Pupa_.] + + +MARIUS (_Petreus_) Thetys, + +_Thetys Butterfly_. + +---- + +Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. +(Heliconian Type.) + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Superior wings long, horizontally lengthened; Larva naked, with 3, 4 + fleshy filaments on the body. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + +See pl. 59. + +---- + +The perfect insect, or butterfly, of this elegant species we have already +figured at pl. 59 of our second volume: and that our illustration of a form +so interesting may be complete, we have now delineated the caterpillar and +the chrysalis, as given by Stoll; together with a sprig of the _Cashew_ +tree upon which it feeds. Every entomologist, upon looking to the perfect +insect, will immediately be struck with its resemblance to the long-winged +Heliconian Butterflys, and to the genus _Euploea_, which is the Erycinian +type of that family. Now this resemblance, which hardly requires pointing +out, is a perfectly natural analogy; and is confirmed in the most +remarkable manner by the caterpillar, which puts on that peculiar form +which distinguishes _Euploea_. The species in short, in every stage, +exemplifies the truth of that fundamental law of nature which we have +elsewhere so fully illustrated, viz. "that every _natural_ group, contains +representations of ALL others in the same class," following each other +precisely in the same series: thus establishing a truth which has long been +suspected, but not before demonstrated, that the laws of variation are +precisely the same in every group throughout the animal kingdom. The genus +itself represents the Swallow-tailed types already figured (_Podalirius_, +_Protesilaus_, and _Leptocircus_), but of the three remaining sub-genera of +_Marius_, we are as yet ignorant. It is, however, by this genus that the +two sub-families of _Paphianæ_ and _Heliconinæ_ are united; as it blends +into the latter by means of the genus _Fabius_, which we shall shortly +illustrate. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ZEONIA _Heliconides_.] + + +ZEONIA Heliconides, + +_Zeonia Butterfly_. + +---- + +Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Erycinæ. Genus ----; Sub-genus Zeonia. _Nob._ + + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings trigonal, hyaline, the posterior ending in long tails; Palpi very + short, not projecting beyond the head; Antennæ hairy, with the club very + small, but gradually thickening from the base. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings hyaline; the margins, and a common central band black and opaque; + inferior wings two-tailed, with a red stripe at the anal angle._ + +---- + +No method is more calculated to demonstrate the existence of that +symbolical representation which reigns throughout nature, than that of +bringing before the eye of the student a series of forms belonging to +different families, but which are _disguised_, under an outward appearance +of general similitude; How few, even among professed entomologists, would +suspect that the present butterfly, and _Leptocircus Curius_, pl. 106, were +of totally different families: looking to their general aspect, as size, +form, and colour, we should even be tempted to place them in the same +genus; On closer examination, however, we find that one is a genuine +_Papilio_, and the other an _Erycina_; That this fact may be placed beyond +all doubt, we have given magnified details of both insects, which, from +their great rarity, will be highly acceptable to the Entomologist. + +The specimen here figured is the only one we met with in Brazil, nor have +we seen the species in any other collection; Excepting the black bands and +the crimson spots, all the wings are transparent; the under surface being +similar to the upper. We possess the mutilated remains of a second species; +but we know not to what natural genus they belong. + +Fig. 1. _Zeonia_, wing. 2. _Leptocircus_, wing. 3. _Zeonia_; anterior foot, +with the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antennæ. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LEPTOLOPHUS _auricomis_. + +_Golden-eared Parrakeet._] + + +LEPTOLOPHUS auricomis, + +_Golden-eared Parrakeet._ + +---- + +Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The +Rasorial type.) + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Bill distinctly toothed, culmen slightly carinated; nostrils thick, + tumid, naked; head crested; wings very long, outer web of the quills not + sinuated; tail very broad, cuneated, the two middle tail feathers + conspicuously longest and pointed. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Cinereous, wings with a longitudinal white stripe; ears orange; lateral + tail feathers banded with yellow and black._ + + Palæornis Novæ-Hollandiæ. New Holland Parrakeet. _Lears Parrots, No 8._ + +---- + +The discovery of this remarkable and highly interesting Australian species +is due to Allen Cunningham, Esq. who, on an inland expedition ordered by +our government, in 1827, discovered it in small flocks on the arid sandy +plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150¾ E. We must again express our +public thanks to this intelligent and liberal naturalist for the +ornithological specimens then collected. Among these were two skins of the +bird in question; but as the mere addition of a new species to our already +overwhelming list would be of little importance to the philosophy of the +science, we have hitherto refrained from publishing it. In truth, the +natural affinities of this extraordinary Cockatoo-Parrakeet called for a +much deeper investigation of the whole family than it had yet received, nor +are we ashamed to confess that nearly five years elapsed before we could +partially accomplish this, with any thing like satisfactory results. But we +regret not the delay, since it is obvious that the illustration of such an +apparently anomalous form as this, is infinitely more useful to science +than the specification, _in a few lines_, of a hundred new species, or even +of as many new genera, unaccompanied by analytical or comparative results. +The time, in fact, is now gone by, when such crude additions to +ornithological nomenclature, possess any claim to permanent interest, or +carry with them any authority: they encumber rather than advance science, +by keeping up the already overwhelming stock of undigested materials. Mr. +Lear has recently given beautiful figures of this species, but under the +peculiarly inappropriate name of _Palæornis Novæ-hollandiæ_. The genus is +_Platycercus_, _all_ the species of which are from New Holland, excepting +those of the Fissirostral type. The exactness of our figure renders a +detailed account of its plumage unessential. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MUREX (_Centronotus_) _radix_.] + + +MUREX (_Centronotus_) radix, + +_Porcupine Murex._ + +---- + + +Genus Murex. Sub-genus Centronotus. _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + +See pl. 100. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell ovate globuse, transversely grooved; with numerous varices, armed + with compressed, spine-like foliations: colour white; the spines, base, + and inner lip black._ + + Murex radix. _Gm. 3527. Lam. Syst. 7. 168._ + +---- + +Centronotus _radix_ was formerly a shell of excessive rarity, but many +specimens have latterly been brought from Panama; one of these, obligingly +lent to us by Mr. Cummin, we have here figured of the natural size. + +We cannot too often place before the student those objects in nature which +seem more especially to illustrate that wonderful system on which the whole +has been created. In the infinite diversity which pervades the works of +"Him who made us," two things have obviously been intended: one, the +manifestation of His power in the creation of the individual: the other, an +illustration of some important truth connected with the spiritual welfare +of mankind. The first is manifest, and speaks to our senses: the second is +emblematical, and calls for an exertion of those reasoning faculties with +which the Creator, for such purposes, aided by those helps he has promised, +has given to us. In accordance with this latter assumption, both divines +and Naturalists concur in considering Nature as a book of Emblems, "where +one thing represents another." That this theory, resting heretofore on +general belief, is capable of mathematic definition, we have elsewhere +largely demonstrated, (North. Zool.). And if, as regards one division of +animated nature the theory is correct, it follows that it will be equally +manifested in _all_ other portions of the animal world, when they are +sufficiently investigated. Hence it is that remote resemblances between +objects, widely different in themselves, can be explained: hence the +analogy which the _Glires_ bears to the Hedgehogs, and to the +_Ceblepyrinæ_; and hence the resemblance between this shell and the +Porcupines; an analogy the more singular, as it extends even to the black +and white colour of the spines. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: JASIA _Australis_.] + + +JASIA Australis, + +_Australian Jasia-Butterfly._ + +---- + +Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus, ---- + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + +See pl. 90. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above yellowish white, the outer half of the anterior black with a + series of spots disposed in the shape of the letter Y; inferior wings + with a black border, margined by cinereous, and an orange spot at the + anal angle._ + +---- + +We believe the specimen from which our figures of this new and strikingly +distinct butterfly were taken, is the only one which has yet been sent to +Europe. It was captured by Mr. Cunningham, who accompanied Captain King, in +his voyage to the North West coast of Australia, on the skirts of Careening +Bay, Port Nelson, where the Ship Mermaid was hove down; and the officers +had more leasure to attend to zoological pursuits. Mr. Cunningham remarked +that it flew with great swiftness, in which respect it perfectly resembles +the rest of the genus _Jasia_, of which it is a typical example. The +geographic range of this group is thus proved to extend from the South of +Europe to Australia, but it is entirely unknown in the new world. + +The family of _Nymphalidæ_ is the sub-typical group of the diurnal +Lepidoptera, forming our tribe _Papiliones_. In its own circle it therefore +represents the _Feræ_ among quadrupeds, the _Raptores_ among birds, the +_Aptera_ among annulose animals, and the _Scolopendridæ_ in the order +_Myriapoda_. The analogical representations resulting from this view of the +subject are innumerable. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: TERACOLUS _Sub-fasciatus_.] + + +TERACOLUS sub-fasciatus, + +_Burchells Yellow._ + +---- + +Family Papilionidæ. Sub-family Colianæ. Genus (?). Teracolus _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTERS. + + Antennæ with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings + trigonal, posterior rounded; Palpi as in _Colias_, but the scales + intermixed with hairs. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Anterior wings pale yellow, with a terminal orange spot, margined + externally with brown, and internally by a short black bar; areola with a + black dot; posterior wings yellowish white, both beneath immaculate._ + +---- + +Mr. Burchell was the first who discovered this unpublished species in the +interior of Southern Africa, and by his kindness we are enabled to +illustrate it. His specimens, unfortunately, are not in the best condition, +for he was obliged to preserve many of his insects in books; and these, +having been among the number, may probably have had the antennæ more +compressed than they were in nature. The form of this butterfly, +nevertheless, is perfectly distinct from _Colias_, as may be seen by +comparing the nerves of the anterior wings, here given in outline. + +Not having completed our analysis of the _Colianæ_, we cannot speak with +any confidence on the rank or the station of this type; we are inclined to +believe it is a _genus_ between those of Colias and Terias, connecting this +sub-family with the _Licininæ_. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera +of _Colias_, in which case the genus, which it would then represent, is +unknown. Fig. 1. represents the anterior wing of _Teracolus_, 2, of +_Terias_, and 3, of _Colias_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: HELEONA _Fenestrata_.] + + +HELEONA fenestrata, + +_Australian Burnet_. + +---- + +Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthoceridæ. Sw. (Zyganidæ Auct.) Genus ----? + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. + + Anterior Wings papilioniform, i. e. the exterior margin as long, or + longer, than that of the posterior; inferior wings lengthened + perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antennæ pectinate in both sexes. + +Type _Phalæna militaris_. Lin. Don. _Ins. of China_. pl. 43. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings hyaline, clouded with irregular waved bars of blue; body, thorax, + and macular band round the margin of the inferior wings, orange._ + +---- + +The diurnal or Heliconean Hawk-mouths, form one of the most natural and +remarkable groups among Lepidopterous insects. They fly during the heat of +the day; and, (as representing in their own family the tribe of +_Phalænides_) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their +slow flight, long transparent wings, and proneness to imitate death on +being handled, they afford a most beautiful analogy to the Heliconian +Butterflys. Both have their chief metropolis in equinoctial America, and +both find their prototypes in the lovely family of _Erycinidæ_. It is +really surprizing that searchers after the _natural_ system, should have +overlooked such a group. + +Among the comparatively few genera of this division, found in India and the +adjacent islands, is that now first defined: and we illustrate it by a new +and very rare species, even in its own country. It was twice seen by Mr. +Cunningham, on the North West Coast of Australia; once in shady woods +descending to the shores of York Island, and again in nutmeg woods +adjoining Brunswick Bay. + +The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-family +_Papilionæ_ will immediately distinguish this from all the American genera. +The plant, _Pattersonia glauca_, is of a sub-genus also peculiar to New +Holland. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LEPTONYX _macropus_. + +_Great footed Babbler._] + + +LEPTONYX macropus + +_Great-footed Babbler._ + +---- + +Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Crateropodinæ. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. +Sub-genus Leptonix. (_The Rasorial type._) _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Feet of extraordinary size and thickness, all the anterior toes of nearly + equal length; the claws long, slender, and but slightly curved. Tail + slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Wings very short. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above brown beneath whiteish, with transverse undulated lines; breast + and rump, rufous brown; chin, stripe above and beneath the eye, + whiteish._ + +---- + +For the use of this new and singularly formed bird, we are indebted to +Professor Hooker, who, with his usual liberality, has recently sent for our +inspection, a valuable box of Chilian birds, most of which are undescribed. +They form the foundation of his son's, Mr William Hooker's collection, who +has already commenced with much zeal the study of this interesting science. + +All the rasorial characters are strikingly displayed in this extraordinary +type; which exhibits the greatest developement of the foot of any +insessorial bird yet discovered. It no doubt lives entirely upon the +ground; for the feet are formed precisely on the same model as those of +_Menura_ and _Orthonyx_, both of which are the rasorial types of their +respective circles, and are consequently representatives of _Leptonyx_: the +same analogy explains its resemblance to a partridge, and more distantly to +the sub-genus _Erythaca_ Sw. by its rufous breast. + +The Indian bird erroneously called _Pitta thoracica_ by M. Temminck, +follows this in close affinity, and is either the Grallatorial type, or the +immediate point of connection between _Malacocircus_ Sw. and _Timalia_ +Horsf. + +Total length 9 inches; bill from the gape 1-1/10; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus +1¾; hind toe and claw 1½. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: BYSSOARCA _Zebra_.] + + +BYSSOARCA Zebra. + +_Zebra Ark-shell._ + +---- + +Genus. Arca. _Lin. Lam._ Sub-genus. Byssoarca. _Nob._ + +---- + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Animal_ fixed by byssiform filaments to other bodies. _Shell_ + transverse; umbones remote; valves gaping in the middle of the ventral + margin. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Margins angulated; valves marked with simple uniform and regular + grooves, radiating from the umbones: shell transversely and obliquely + striped with brown._ + +---- + +It is somewhat surprising that the sedentary type of the genus _Arca_ +should have been so long uncharacterized in our Conchological Systems; +seeing that the other four types, viz. _Arca_, _Pectunculus_, _Cuculloea_, +and _Nucula_, were defined many years ago by the celebrated Lamarck. We +have consequently supplied this omission; and at the same time have +selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the _B. Noæ_; from +which it differs in sculpture, colour, and in the umbones being less remote +from each other. + +The Animals of these shells affix themselves to other bodies by a +particular muscle, which is protruded through the gaping part of the +valves; they also adhere, when young, by the byssiform epidermes which +covers the exterior: a specimen now before us, which we procured in the Bay +of Naples, perfectly exemplifies this singular property. The present +species is not uncommon in the West Indies, and has been sent to us from +Jamaica. Like all others of this particular type it is almost constantly +covered by coralline substances. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: APALIS _thoracica_. + +_Gorget Warbler._] + + +APALIS thoracica, + +_Gorget Warbler_. + +---- + +Family Sylviadæ. Sub-fam: Sylvianæ. Genus (?) Apalis. + +GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. + + General structure of _Prinea_, but the bill shorter, the plumage more + compact, and the outer toe not connected to the middle as far as the + first joint. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Olive green, beneath yellowish white; breast with a black collar; three + lateral tail-feathers partly white: front black._ + + Le Plastron Noir. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. 3 pl. 123. f. 1. male. 2. fem._ + Motacilla thoracica. _Nat. Miss. 22. pl. 969._ + +---- + +This is one of the pretty warblers of Southern Africa, discovered by Le +Vaillant: it is very common and widely distributed in the interior, but +rare near the Cape. Le Vaillant mentions having found a young bird of the +Criard Cuckoo, in the pigmy nest of this little species, which had already +grown to the size of a thrush: it not only filled the nest, but actually +enlarged and destroyed its original shape. Yet still did the foster +parents, by a most extraordinary instinct, go on feeding this overgrown +parasite, although it was even then more than double the size of +themselves. Our figure is of the natural size of the male; the female is +without the black collar. Specimens are in Mr. Burchell's Museum and in our +own. + +That this bird is of a tenuirostral type, is almost certain; seeing that it +is an obvious representation of _Motacilla_, _Pachycephala_, _Tamatia_, +_Trichas_, _Charadrius_, and many other collared groups: but whether it +forms part of the genus _Prinea_, or represents the tenuirostral genus +between that and _Culicivora_, is very uncertain. We suspect that this +latter station is filled by the Taylor-Warblers of India, not one of which +is to be found in our public Museums. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CLYTIA _dissimilis_.] + + +CLYTIA dissimilis, + +_Idea-likeness Butterfly._ + +---- + +Family Papilionidæ. Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus Clytia. + +---- + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings rounded, spotted. Anterior broad, ample, the posterior and the + external margins of equal length: posterior slightly undulated at the + margin, but destitute of tails. Pupa braced, with the head upwards. + +TYPES. Pap. Clytia, dissimilis. _L._ Pap. Macarius. _Godart._ P. Panope +_Cr._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings black, the interstices of the nerves pale fulvous white, broken + into numerous stripes and spots, inferior wings with a marginal row of + orange spots, surmounted by pale lunules, on a black border._ + + Papilio dissimilis Linn. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 38. Ency. Meth. 1. p. + 76. Cramer. Pl. 82. C. D. Roemer. Gen. Ins. pl. 18. f. 6._ + +---- + +We have never seen specimens of this Butterfly from any other country than +China, although it appears that General Hardwicke has met with it in +British India, and has communicated a valuable drawing of the larva and +pupa to Dr. Horsfield, in whose interesting work it is engraved. To that +plate we must refer the entomologist who wishes to understand the previous +states of this insect; while its general aspect at once intimates its +resemblance or analogy to the Sub-genus _Idea_ F, and consequently points +it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of the _Papilionæ_. +According to these views, _Clytia_ is united to _Amphrysius_, by the +sub-genus _Epius_; (Pap. Epius. Auct.) and at the same time forms the +generic passage to the _Pieridæ_, Sw. For want of a better term, we must +call this the _Rasorial_ type, as it corresponds to that Ornithological +group. + +The aberrant group of the Sub-family _Papilionæ_ appear to be the genera +_Leilus_, Sw. (_Uranea_ Lat.) _Antimachus_, Sw. and _Clytia_ Sw. the two +typical genera being _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_, Sw. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: THOAS _Lysithous_.] + + +THOAS Lysithous, + +_Lysithous Butterfly._ + +---- + +Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus, Papilio. _Sw._ Sub-genus Thoas. _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Posterior wings terminating in spatulate or obtuse tails; the margins + deeply scoloped; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced, with the head directed + _upwards_. + +TYPICAL SECTIONS. + + 1. Wings with macular yellow bands. PAP. THOAS. _Auct._ + + 2. Wings with entire white bands, the posterior + spotted with crimson. AGAVIUS. + + 3. Wings black, varied with emerald green + bands or dots; tails short, obtuse. PARIS. + + 4. Tails obsolete. EVANDER. + + 5. Tails short, acute. ANDROGEUS. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings uniform black; anterior with a white band; posterior dentated and + tailed, margined by red lunules; the disk white, bordered behind by 4-5 + red spots._ + + Papilio Lisithous. _Ency. Meth. 1. p. 73, no. 136._ + +---- + +We discovered this imposing species in the interior of Brazil, in 1814, +long before it was made known in France by the specific name we have +adopted. It is confined to the southern provinces; for we never met with it +north of the Rio St. Francesco. Although greatly resembling _Thoas Agavus_ +and _Harrisianus_, (Z. Ill. 1 Series, pl. 109) it is at once distinguished +by the longer and more acute dentations of the inferior wings. The under +side shews no material difference from the upper. To the second type of +this subgenus belongs also _Ascarius_ L. _Polybius_ Sw. (Z. I. 1 Series, +pl. 137), and _Tros._ Fab. while _Dardanus_ F. probably connects this +American group with the third or _Paris_ type, whose geographic range is +confined to Asia. + +In the fourth form (_Evander_), representing the Heliconian type, the tails +are obsolete, but they begin to appear again in the fifth, and thus +complete the circle of the sub-genus _Thoas_. By studying this natural +series, the Entomologist will discover a most beautiful set of analogies +between the genera _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MUREX (_Pteronotus_) _pinnatus_.] + + +MUREX (_Pteronotus_) pinnatus. + +_Finned Murex._ + +---- + +Family Buccinidæ. Sub-fam. Muricinæ. _Sw._ Genus Murex. _Lam._ Sub-genus +Pteronotus. Sw. + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + +See Pl. 100. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell snowy white, with three twisted varices, which are surmounted by a + thin, dilated fringe, having the margins undulated; channel curved; outer + lip crenate._ + + Murex pinnatus. _Swains. Bligh. Cat. App. p. 17._ + + _Martini. Conch. 3 pl. III. fig. 1036-1037._ (_bad._) + +---- + +This highly elegant and delicate species was first described by us in the +_Catalogue of the Bligh Collection_, at the sale of which a specimen +produced five pounds. Latterly, however, the species has become more +frequent: the figures are taken from a fine individual in our Museum, +procured from China. The pure white of the surface is relieved by a slight +iredescent or pearly gloss, similar to that on the scales of many fish: but +which is probably concealed, in a state of nature, by a thick and soft +epidermis, similar to that of _Triton corrugatum_, Lam. + +The structure of this sub-genus is further remarkable for the prolongation +of the basal end of the principal varex on the body whorl, which, in nearly +all the species, is so prominent, as to give the shell an appearance of +having two channels. It is remarkable that this horn-like process occurs in +that part of the shell which is immediately above the head of the animal: +so that even in this genus of Mollusca we see a manifestation of that +principle of the natural system, by which one of the aberrant types of +nearly all animals have crests, horns, or similar protuberances on or near +the head. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 3. + +_1. rosea. 2. pulcherrima._] + + +ACHATINELLA rosea, + +_Rosey, reversed Achatinella_. + +---- + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + +See pl. 99 and 108. + +---- + +SPECIFIC (?) CHARACTER. + + _Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with + obsolete white bands._ + + Ach. bulimoïdes (var. rosea) _Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. + 85._ + +---- + +The figures on this plate complete the illustration of our monograph of +this pretty and interesting group of shells. At present, we feel undecided +whether this is a species, or a variety of _A. bulimoïdes_, from which it +differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove very distinct, +instead of scarcely perceptible, and in colour. We possess only two +specimens which came, with all the others, from the Pacific Islands. + +---- + + +ACHATINELLA pulcherrima. + +_Fig. 2._ + + _Shell ovate-oblong, sub-cylindrical, white or yellow, with broad bands + of chesnut; margin of the lip, brown._ + + Ach. pulcherrima. _Sw. ut. sup. p. 86._ + +---- + +This species is the most lengthened in form, and the most beautiful in +colour of all those we have yet seen: some individuals, however, are more +ventricose than others and the colours are no less variable. The ground +colour is usually of a rich and deep chesnut, with from one to three bands +of orange yellow, fulvous, or white; we have figured a further variety of a +rich golden yellow with a chesnut line only at its suture: but in all these +the marginal groove is very close and distinct. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ANTHOMYZA + +_Tiresina_. 2 _heliconides_.] + + +ANTHOMYZA Tiresia. + +_Three banded Burnet._ + +---- + +Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthoceridæ. _Sw._ Genus ----? Sub-genus. + +---- + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Anterior wings with the outer or exterior margin much shorter than the + posterior; inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded. + Antennæ slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically. + Inhabits Tropical America only. _Nob._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Large: anterior wings black, with one basal, and two transverse, opaque, + deep yellow bands; posterior yellow, with a broad black border; margins + of both wings dotted with white._ + + P. Tiresia. _Cramer. Pl. 85. f. B._ + +---- + +We now, for the first time, detach from the moth-like, or diurnal Sphinxes, +all those large and imposing species which are found in Tropical America; +and by comparing their characters with those of the Oriental group +_Helonia_, it will be seen how strikingly they differ. During our +researches in Brazil, the chief metropolis of this group, great attention +was paid to these insects, of which we have a most extensive series. They +fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch +counterfeit death. Most of the species, when handled, discharge from their +body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the _Heliconidæ_. + +---- + + +ANTHOMYZA heliconides, + +_Heliconian Burnet_. + +---- + + _Anterior wings black, with one basal and two transverse hyaline + yellowish white bands: posterior yellowish white, with a broad black + border, margins of both wings dotted with white._ + +---- + +If we were not in possession of both sexes of the foregoing species, we +should have suspected that _this_ was a mere sexual difference; but the +spots are transparent. The remarkable resemblance between this and some of +the Heliconian butterflies, particularly _Linus_ and _Psidii_, (Cr. pl. +257.) is truly astonishing. Nature could not have stamped their analogy +stronger. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LEILUS _Surinamensis_. _Sw._] + + +LEILUS Surinamensis. + +_Surinam Emerald Butterfly._ + +---- + +Family, Papilionidæ. Sub-fam Papilionæ. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (_Fissirostral +or Hesperian type_) Sub-genus. Leilus _proper_. Sw. + +SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. + + I. TYPICAL. Antennæ filiform, thickened in the + middle; posterior wings with long pointed tails. LEILUS. + + II. SUB-TYPICAL. Antennæ as in the last, but + arcuated near the tip. Tails of the posterior + wings short and obtuse. ORONTES. + + III. ABERRANT. Antennæ clavate; front very + hairy; tails none. RIPHEUS. + + Antennæ clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. LEPTOCIRCUS. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings black, varied with lines and bands of emerald-blue green: + posterior tailed; the green spots round the margin running into each + other; tails nearly white._ + + Papilio Leilus. _Linn. Sys. Nat. 2. 750. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. p. 21. Merian. + Surin. pl. 29._ + + Urania Leilus. _Fab. Syst. Gloss._ + +---- + +The Butterflys composing this remarkable genus are perhaps the most +splendid insects in creation. No art can effectually represent the +changeable and resplendent green which relieves the velvet black of the +wings, and which varies with every change of light. The typical species are +found in Tropical America, where they fly with amazing rapidity, and +perform, like their prototypes the Swallows, annual migrations. When at +rest, the anterior wings are flat or horizontal, but only slightly spread. +The present species appears confined to Surinam. + +Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and +construction of this group; while the name of _Urania_, bestowed upon it by +Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnæus, more +correctly, placed it with the genuine _Papiliones_; a station which is +confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those of +_Leptocircus_, figured at pl. 106, being provided with that short spiney +process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies +which result from this location of _Leilus_ are beautiful, and almost +interminable. It is the representation of the _Noctuidæ_ and of the +_Hesperidæ_ in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all +these being modifications of the natatorial type of the VERTEBRATA. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LEILUS _Brasiliensis_. _Sw._] + + +LEILUS Braziliensis. + +_Brazilian Emerald Butterfly._ + +---- + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings_ when at rest, horizontal, slightly expanded; posterior furnished + with acute tails. Palpi short, porrect; the last joint nearly naked, + projecting beyond the head, but shorter than the second joint. _Tibiæ_ of + the anterior feet, spined in the middle: claws very small. _Antennæ_ + filiform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, but not + uncinate. _Sw._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings black, varied with lines and bands of golden green: posterior + wings tailed, the green spots round the margin divided and insulated; the + tails black, with a narrow white edge._ + +In Mus. Britt. Nost. + +---- + +This species, hitherto confounded with that peculiar to Surinam, is found +only in Brazil; but its precise geographic range, in that vast empire, has +not been correctly ascertained. We had the pleasure of capturing several +specimens in Lat. 8, 24, S. in the vicinity of Pernambuco, where great +numbers appear during the early weeks of May, and again in June. + +On refering to our journals, we find the following note. "_Papilio +Leilus._--Great numbers of this insect were flying during the whole of the +morning, past _Aqua Fria_ (Pernambuco), in a direction from north to south: +not one deviated from this course, notwithstanding the flowers which were +growing around: they flew against the wind, which blew rather strong, and +near the ground, but mounted over every tree or other high object which lay +in their course; yet their flight was so rapid, that I could not capture a +single specimen. They went singly, and near fifty or sixty must have passed +the spot opposite the window, before mid-day: they continued to pass for +three or four days in this manner. 12th June, 1817." Now it is clear that +these insects could not have come from so far north as Surinam, where only +the other species is found; and they certainly do not migrate to the more +southern latitude of Rio de Janeiro. As we have never seen this species in +the London Cabinets, we have deposited a specimen in the British Museum, +that our entomologists may become acquainted with the structure of the +feet. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MALACOCIRCUS _Striatus._ + +_Striped Babbler._] + + +MALACOCIRCUS striatus. + +_Striated Babbler._ + +---- + +Family Merulidæ. Sub-fam. Crateropodinæ. Sw. _North. Zool. 2, p 156._ Genus +Malacocircus. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Bill rasorial, i. e. short, high at the base, conspicuously arched from + the front, where the feathers are divided; tip obsoletely notched. Tarsi + thick, moderate; the scales entire. Wings and tail rounded. + +SUB-GENERA. Megalurus. Pomatorhinus. _Horsf._ Malacocircus. Leptonyx. _Sw._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Entirely light brown: wings and tail darker, the quills marked by + transverse dark lines: bill and feet yellow: margin of the quills + changeable greyish white._ + + Gracula striata. _Mus. Paris._ + +---- + +The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-family +_Crateropodinæ_, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer +latitudes of the old world; extending to the north as far as Egypt, and to +the south over the greatest part of Australia. Like all birds which belong +to the natatorial type, the majority of the species live in the vicinity of +water. Their voice, like that of _Donacobius_, Sw. is particularly +discordant, and many of them appear to be gregarious. The present species +we received from Ceylon, but without any notice of its habits: another +specimen is in the Paris Museum, under the manuscript name of _Gracula +striata_, from the circumstance of the scapular quills, and also the tail +feathers, being marked with transverse lines of a darker brown, varying in +intensity according to the rays of light. + +We have not yet sufficiently worked out this intricate and little known +group: the very existence of which was first announced in North. Zool. 2, +p. 156. According to our present views, the genera yet characterized appear +to be _Crateropus_, _Malacocircus_, _Pellornium_, and _Timalia_. To +_Crateropus_, we at present refer the sub-genera _Grallina_, Vieil, +_Cinclosoma_, H. & V. and _Aipunemia_, Sw.; while those of _Malacocircus_ +are probably _Megalurus_, H. _Pomatorhinus_, H. and _Leptonyx_, Sw. Under +the genus _Timalia_, we place _Psophodes_ and _Dasyornis_, H. & V. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MITREOLA. + +_1. monodonta. 2. terebellum. 3. Mitra acuminata._] + + +MITREOLA monodonta, + +_The Volute Mitres._ + +---- + +Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Mitranæ. Genus Mitreola. _Sw._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + +Shell fusiform, smooth; the middle plaits of the pillar largest apex of the +spire generally papillary. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell ovate, acute, smooth; spire slightly striated, the tip papillary; + outer lip within, gibbous._ + + Mitra monodonta. _Lam. Syst. 7, p. 324._ + +---- + +We feel much obliged to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for calling our attention to the +remarkable construction of this Volute Mitre, of which we had not then seen +a specimen. We view it as supplying that link of connection between the +_Volutinæ_ and the _Mitranæ_, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we had +long been in search of. Of the genus, however, we know as yet but of two +species, represented on the plate somewhat larger than their natural size. +We have also added a figure of our _Mitra acuminata_, to shew how +beautifully _Mitreola_ is represented by the fourth type of the genus +_Mitra_, as now restricted, to which type (represented by _M. Zebra_), +_acuminata_ also belongs: both, as prototypes of the _Strombidæ_, have the +outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are totally +different, while the spire of one is acute, and of the other papillary. _M. +monodonta_ is a Grignon fossil: some specimens are so well preserved, that +the colours may be traced in the appearance of zebra-like stripes: thus +strongly corroborating our views on its true analogies. + +---- + + +MITRA terebellum. + + _Shell fusiform, turrited, smooth, base striated; channel sub-entire._ + Mitra terebellum. _Lam. Sys. 7, 325. Ency. Meth. pl. 392, a, b, c, d?_ + +---- + +Of this Grignon fossil, we have but one specimen: it agrees with Lamarck's +description, but not with the figure he quotes; and it may possibly be a +distinct species between his _M. plicatella_ and _terebellum_. The plaits +are like those of _M. monodonta_; but the tip of the spire is acute, and +slightly plaited. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LEILUS _Occidentalis_. _Sw._] + + +LEILUS Occidentalis, + +_West India Emerald-Butterfly._ + +---- + + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Posterior wings with a flame-coloured, irregularly indented, marginal + band; tails black, with emerald green spots._ + + Papilio Sloaneus. Cramer. _pl. 85. e. f. vol. 1. p. 134._ + + Papilio Leilus. var. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 22._ + +---- + +Specimens of this rare and splendid species, sent to our museum from the +island of Jamaica, enable us to complete the illustration of the only three +American species of this type hitherto discovered. It is in all probability +the same as that figured by Cramer; particularly as his specimens came from +the same locality. Even a superficial comparison of this figure with those +on our two last plates, will shew the error of Fabricius and others, in +classing them all under the same name. We have represented the species in +that attitude which is assumed by _L. Braziliensis_, when at rest; the +wings of which species are sometimes _less_ but never _more_ expanded: the +fruit, upon which the insect is reposing, is the common West India +_Banana_, shewing its natural size. + +In drawing the attention of Entomologists to the anatomical details of this +typical example of the genus _Leilus_, it will be readily perceived that +the obscurity which has involved its natural affinities, has entirely +arisen from ignorance of its structure. At a time when minute and obscure +Coleoptera are submitted to the most delicate dissection, under powerful +magnifiers, the LEPIDOPTERA, not only the most striking and splendid of all +insects, _but the pre-eminent type of the_ ANNULOSA, have been +comparatively neglected. We cannot otherwise account for this, but by +remembering that the influence of fashion is universal, and that she is +always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one +order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so +many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been +left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-family _Papilionæ_, +represents the sub-family _Harpalinæ_, (Harpalidæ, _Auct._) And that this +analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of their +_tibiæ_, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of +the COLEOPTERA and the LEPIDOPTERA. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LEILUS _Orientalis_. _Sw._] + + +LEILUS Orientalis. + +_Oriental Emerald Butterfly._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Posterior wings six tailed; anal angle with a large flame-coloured + space, varied with black spots; tails unequal, whiteish._ + + Papilio Rhipheus. _Cramer, Vol. 2, page 193, pl. 385, fig. A. B._ + +---- + +That the natural affinities of this superb and highly interesting group of +insects should be no longer a matter of doubt, we are induced to deviate, +for the first time, from our usual practice. On this and the next plate we +have copied two figures of insects which we have never seen, for the +purpose of bringing them immediately before the eye of the entomologist, +and of clearing up some remarkable facts concerning them. + +The first of these is taken from Cramer, who calls it _Pap. Rhipheus_, from +an unaccountable idea that it was the same species as one figured by Drury, +under that name. He imagines that this latter figure was made from a +mutilated specimen, in which the tails had been broken off, and that _his_, +consequently, represented the insect in its perfect state. Every succeeding +writer, so far as we can discover, has taken up this idea, without the +precaution of investigating its correctness. Now it follows that if the two +species were the same, the posterior wings of _Cramer's_, would be spotted +like those of _Drury's_, yet they are essentially different: a piece of +paper, put over to hide the tails in our present figure, which may then be +compared with the next, will at once explain our meaning: but setting this +aside, Cramer expressly asserts that his insect has the Antennæ "_sans +boutons_", and "_comme filiformes_", and very justly compares it with our +_Leilus Surinamensis_, "_mas plus encore_," with _Pap. Orontes_, L. +(_Orontes Noctuïdes_, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads. + +How totally inapplicable this account is to Drury's insect, will be +presently shewn. Cramer has most correctly given the immediate affinities +of this insect. We have no space to state our reasons for considering it, +at present, as a true _Leilus_; although with six tails, instead of _two_. +It may _possibly_, however, be the fifth, or natatorial type, which in our +synopsis of the genus at Pl. 125, we have not ventured to indicate. We have +never seen, or even heard of a specimen in modern cabinets; that figured by +Cramer, was found at Chandernagor, in Bengal, and was in the rich +collection of M. Gigot d'Orcy. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: RHIPHEUS _Dasycephalus. Sw._] + + +RHIPHEUS dasycephalus. + +_Round-winged Emerald Butterfly_ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + Wings black, varied with numerous irregular lines of emerald green; + posterior with the internal and anal angle, deep blood-red, shining with + gold and spotted with black. + + Papilio Rhipheus. Drury. Ins. 2, p. 40, pl. 23, 1. 2. + +---- + +If the imagination was taxed to invent, or to concentrate into one figure +all that was splendid, lovely, or rare in the insect world, Nature would +far exceed the poor invention of man by the production of this incomparably +splendid creature; its rarity also is so great, that but one specimen has +ever been seen: this was brought from China, and in 1773, belonged to a +Captain May, of Hammersmith: with whom it was seen by Drury, and drawn by +Harris. It is not however, on this account only that we have been induced +to copy this figure, but because its illustration will clear up one of the +most intricate and perplexing questions, that has hitherto impeded the +natural arrangement of the Linnæn _Papiliones_, and even of the whole order +of Lepidoptera. + +The error of Cramer, regarding _Rhipheus_ has already been rectified. It +will now be demonstrated that not only are the two insects distinct as +_species_, but that they actually belong to different _genera_. Cramer's +being a _Urania_ of Fabricius and Latrielle, while Drury's is a _Papilio_ +of the same authors. This is proved by the figures; and confirmed by the +following words of Drury, "_The antennæ are black, and knobbed at their +extremities_," in other words, clavate; while the palpi, as expressed in +the figure, are so small as not to project beyond the head, where they lie +hid in the frontal hairs: this also being a typical distinction of the +Latrellian _Papiliones_. The figures in Drury's work were all drawn and +engraved by Moses Harris, well known as one of the most accurate artists +that ever lived: as a remarkable proof of this, we find that he has not +failed to delineate that peculiar nuration of the anterior wings, which +belongs only to the types of _Leilus_. A closer affinity therefore between +_Papilio_ and _Leilus_ cannot possibly be imagined: while its remarkably +hairy front, points out its analogy, as an aberrant type in its own genus, +to _Chlorisses_, among insects, and _Dasycephala_ among birds. So true it +is that the natural system "illuminates with a flood of light" every +supposed anomaly, and reconciles facts apparently the most inexplicable. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LYCÆNA _Dispar_.] + + +LYCÆNA dispar. + +_The Large British Copper._ + +---- + +Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Sw. Genus Polyommatus. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings (typically) obtuse, rounded; anterior having the external margin + shorter than the posterior: posterior wings entire or nearly so: + destitute both of filiform caudal appendages, and of metallic anal spots. + _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Posterior wings obsoletely dentated, particularly at the anal angle: + club of the antennæ short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint + lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely vertical._ _Type._ L. Phlæas. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings coppery: the male with two discoid black dots on the anterior, and + one on the posterior wings: club of the antennæ elongated and fusiform._ + (_Aberrant._) + + Papilio Hippothoë. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40. + + Pap. dispar. Haworth. Lep. Brit. p. 40. Stevens. Brit. Ent. 1. p. 82. Pl. + 3 + +---- + +As considerable misconception appears to exist regarding the type of the +tenuirostral or vermiform family of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, we shall +endeavour to illustrate this subject. Our concluding number is accordingly +devoted to the genus _Polyommatus_ of Latrielle, and its subordinate types +or sub-genera. These compose, what we have elsewhere defined, a natural and +perfect group; (_North. Zool. 2, 288_) inasmuch as it has been tested by +the analogies, and conformed by the representations, which it bears to +innumerable others, both in the Annulose and vertebrated circles. According +to this analysis, both _Lycæna_ and _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, +instead of being types either of families or sub-families, are of one and +the same genus: which genus, moreover, is but the portion of the aberrant +group of the _Theclinæ_. The typical forms of the genus _Erycina_, +exclusively confined to Tropical America, constitute, in fact, the +pre-eminent perfection of the family in question. + +As _Lycæna_ represents the _Nymphalidæ_, or sub-typical family of the +Diurnal Butterflys, so is it the sub-typical form of the genus +_Polyommatus_. Its geographic range is wide, being extended to the +temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. The largest British species is +that now figured, from the identical specimens mentioned by Lewin. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: POLYOMMATUS _Cassius_.] + + +POLYOMMATUS Cassius. + +_Brazilian Blue._ + +---- + +Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus (The typical +sub-genus.) + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings entire, obtuse; the posterior rounded, particularly at the anal + angle. Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct + and nearly naked. Antennæ with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club. + Colour blue, beneath ocellated. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Male: wings sub-diaphanous, blue, immaculate; whitish near the anal + angle. Female: the disk of all white, with black spots and borders. In + both sexes, beneath white, with blackish dots: those on the anterior + wings transverse and confluent._ + + Pap. Cassius. (the female) _Cramer, pl. 23, fig. C. D._ + +---- + +We have elsewhere pointed out, as one of the peculiar distinctions of forms +and groups pre-eminently typical, that their geographic distribution is +invariably wide, and generally universal; and that this is one of the +reasons why certain forms are found both in Europe, America, India, and +Australia. This was said of Birds, and the remark is even more applicable +when we look to insects. We accordingly find, that the typical species of +the genus now under consideration, not only spread themselves over all +Europe and Africa, but extend to the Indian islands on one side, and over +the whole of America on the other, without offering more than a sectional +variation of character. It is uncertain, however, whether any species occur +in Australia; for the European type seems to be represented there by the +sub-genus _Erina_. The genus, _collectively_, is a rasorial type, +representing the family _Satyridæ_ among the _Papiliones_,--_Parnassius_ +among the _Papilionidæ_,--and the _Paconidæ_ among Birds. + +Pol. Cassius is one of the most common species of Brazil, where we found it +frequenting similar situations, and possessing the same habits, as the +ordinary Blues of England. The analysis bestowed upon this group, convinces +us that _Pithecops, H._ is but a section of this sub-genus. The upper +figure represents the male, the lower the female: both are enlarged. The +connecting species between _Polyommatus_ and _Lycæna_ are _Helle_, Hub. +_Lametia_, and _Boeticus_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ERINA _pulchella_.] + + +ERINA pulchella. + +_Buff-spotted Blue._ + +---- + +Family, Ericinidæ. Sub-fam., Theclinæ. _Sw._ Genus, Polyommatus. _Lat._ +Sub-genus, Erina. _Sw._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings obtuse, very entire: palpi covered only with compact scales, the + last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antennæ + short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath. + + _Typical._ Hesp. Erinus. _Fab._ _Aberrant._ Lycæna ignita. _Leach._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above brown, glossed with blue; anterior with a discoid fulvous + spot; beneath white: posterior pair with three black dots in the middle._ + +Mus. Brit. Nost. + +---- + +The passage from _Polyommatus_ to the type now before us, is distinctly +marked by the section (for under that rank we may still retain it), named +_Pithecops_; the palpi of these latter being both hairy, like the typical +_Polyommatus_, and squamose, as in _Erina_: the posterior wings of both are +also much of the same shape. By these blended characters Nature gently +glides into the form now under consideration, which is the satyrian or +_rasorial_ type of the genus; representing the _Satyridæ_, the +_Hipparchianæ_, &c. and which supplies the place of _Polyommatus_, strictly +so termed, on the Australian continent. We have already before us six +species from that country; five of which are typical, but the sixth, the +_L. ignita_ of our friend Dr. Leach (_Zool. Miss. I. pl. 60_), demands +particular attention. We have elsewhere shewn that all aberrant forms unite +into a circle of their own. Now as _Erina_, _Lucia_, and _Naïs_, are the +aberrant forms of the genus _Polyommatus_, so there should be species +either in the first or the last,--that is, in _Erina_ or _Naïs_, which +would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We accordingly find it +demonstrated by _Erina ignita_; for that insect, although essentially +belonging to this type, in the characters of the _palpi_ and _antennæ_, +nevertheless assumes one of the great distinctions of _Naïs_.---_The wings +of the two sexes being different_: the posterior pair in the female are +dentated, while those of the male are completely entire; so that the first +might pass for a _Naïs_, and the second for an _Erina_; both sexes further +shew the union of these two types, by having the under surface of their +wings ornamented, as in _Naïs_, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the +scale, are somewhat enlarged. We have sent a specimen of _E. pulchella_ to +the British Museum for general reference. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: LUCIA _limbaria_.] + + +LUCIA limbaria. + +_Brown-winged Blue._ + +---- + +Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus Lucia. _Sw._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings horizontally lengthened, entire: palpi very slender, ciliate with + long hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. Antennæ + with a lengthened club, either cylindrical or compressed. Colours + obscure, moth-like. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above brown, disk of the anterior fulvous, with two brown spots + above, and three beneath, encircled with white: posterior beneath varied + with grey and white, with a central band of square brown spots._ + + Hesp. Lucanus? _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3, 1, p. 322. Donovan's Ind. Ins. pl. 43, + f. 4?_ + +Mus. Nost. + +---- + +This, which appears the most aberrant type of the genus, immediately +reminds the student of a dark coloured _Erycina_ or a _Phalæna_, both of +which families, as being the Heliconian or Erycinian type of _Polyommatus_, +it truly represents. It is at once known from _Erina_, by its very peculiar +palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antennæ of three species now +before us, present a remarkable difference. In two of these, the club is +compressed and spatulate, like that of _Erina_; but in the third, here +figured, it has the cylindrical form belonging to _Naïs_. Which of these +forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but there cannot be a +stranger link of connection between _Lucia_ and _Naïs_, than the fact of +this species borrowing, as it were, the cylindrical club of the latter. +Without such a link, in short, the series would be imperfect. + +As we cannot satisfactorily determine whether the types here figured of +_Lucia_ and _Erina_ are described in books, we have been compelled to +regard them as unnamed. This, and the two other species we possess, are all +from Australia. On bringing the genus _Polyommatus_ to analogical tests, +the only demonstration of a natural group, we find the sub-genera +representing the families of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in the following +manner:--1. TYPICAL, Polyommatus, _Papilionidæ_.--2. SUB-TYPICAL, Lycæna, +_Nymphalidæ_.--3. ABERRANT, Naïs-_Hesperidæ_, Lucia-_Erycidinæ_, and +Erina-_Satyridæ_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: NAÏS _splendens_.] + + +NAÏS splendens. + +_Blue-shouldered Copper_. + +---- + +Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Naïs. _Sw._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Wings sub-angulated; posterior dentated, particularly at the anal angle. + Copper coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antennæ cylindrical, + thickening from the base: the tip truncate. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above coppery, with black dots, their basal half-shining blue; + beneath fulvous; the posterior varied with ferruginous, and marked by + silvery spots._ + + Pap. Naïs. _Cramer, pl. 57, fig. D. E._ + +---- + +In every natural group of the diurnal Lepidoptera which we have analysed, +(and the number is somewhat considerable,) there is always one in which the +posterior wings are more than usually tailed; and this seems to be such a +prevalent form throughout the Vertebrata and the Annulosa, that we believe +it is universal: in other words, that it is one of the PRIMARY TYPES of +Nature. We have consequently termed it the _natatorial_, since it +represents that order of birds, as the Swallow-tailed _Papiliones_ typify +the Swallows. That we should find this form in a group where the chief +character is the roundness and the integrity of the wings, is certainly +astonishing; but it shews that the laws of Nature are as simple, as they +are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus with _Lycæna_, with +which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All the +species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the +_Argynninæ_, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The +species now figured, are probably male and female, and were received from +Africa. + +We have now given the natural types of an Entomological genus; the only one +that has been attempted, since the demonstration of _Phanæus_ and +_Scarabæus_. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at +present have any other foundation, strictly speaking, than mere opinion. +But the great principles of variation are now discovered, and we must hope +that those naturalists of a higher order, who join acknowledged talent to +matured experience, will follow up the subject. + +* * * * * * + + + +GENERAL INDEX +_OF THE PLATES TO_ +VOL. III. +IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. + +---- + + + No. 21. pl. + Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 + Protesilaus Leilus 93 + Cressida Heliconides 94 + Papilio Memnon 95 + Caracolla acutissima 96 + No. 22. + Prinia familiaris 97 + Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 + Achatinella pica 99 + ---- perversa 99 + ---- acuta 99 + Murex eurystomus 100 + Polydorus Thoas 101 + + No. 23. + Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 + Plecocheilus undulatus 103 + Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 + Podalirius Pompilius 105 + Leptocircus Curius 106 + + No. 24. + Trogon Mexicanus 107 + Achatinella bulimoides 108 + ---- livida 108 + Phyllonotus Imperialis. var. 109 + Petreus Thetys 110 + Zeonia Heliconides 111 + + No. 25. + Leptolophus auricomis 112 + Centronotus radix 113 + Jasia Australis 114 + Teracolus subfasciatus 115 + Heleona fenestrata 116 + + No. 26. + Leptonyx macropus 117 + Byssoarca Zebra 118 + Apalis thoracica 119 + Clytia dissimilis 120 + Thoas Lysithous 121 + + No. 27. + Pteronotus pinnatus 122 + Achatinella rosea 123 + ---- pulcherrima 123 + Anthomyza Teresia 124 + ---- Heliconides 124 + Leilus Surinamensis 125 + ---- Braziliensis 126 + + No. 28. + Malacocircus striatus 127 + Mitreola monodonta 128 + ---- terebellum 128 + Mitra acuminata 128 + Leilus Occidentalis 129 + ---- Orientalis 130 + Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 + + No. 29. + Lycæna dispar 132 + Polyommatus Cassius 133 + Erina pulchella 134 + Lucia limbaria 135 + Naïs splendens 136 + +* * * * * * + + + +GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX +TO +VOL. III. + +---- + + Achatinella, Generic character 99 + ---- acuta 99 + ---- bulimoides 108 + ---- livida 108 + ---- perversa 98 + ---- pulcherrima 123 + ---- pica 99 + ---- _Plates of_ 99, 108, 123 + Amphrisius, Nymphalides 98 + Anthomyza Tiresia 124 + ---- heliconides 124 + Apalis thoracica 119 + Apaloderma, _sub-generic character_ 107 + _Ark-shell, Zebra_ 118 + Arca, _The sub-genera of_ 118 + _Babbler, Great-footed_ 117 + ---- _Striated_ 127 + _Blues, The small_ 132 to 136 + _Burnet, Australian_ 116 + ---- _Three-banded_ 124 + ---- _Heliconian_ 124 + Calurus, _sub-generic character_ 107 + Caracolla acutissima 96 + Centronotus radix, (_Murex_) 113 + Clytia dissimilis 120 + Cressida heliconides 94 + Crateropodinæ, _The genera of_ 127 + _Copper, Large British_ 132 + ---- _blue shouldered_ 136 + _Emerald Butterfly, Brazilian_ 126 + ---- _Surinam_ 125 + ---- _West Indian_ 129 + ---- _Oriental_ 130 + ---- _Round-winged_ 131 + Erina pulchella 134 + Hapactes, _sub-generic character_ 107 + Heleona fenestrata 110 + Jasia australis 114 + Leptolophus auricomis 112 + Leptonyx macropus 117 + Leptocircus curius 106 + Leilus, The sub-genera of 125 + ---- Braziliensis 126 + ---- Occidentalis 129 + ---- Orientalis 132 + _Lory-parrakeet, Blue bellied_ 92 + ---- _Swainsonian_ 92 + Lucia limbaria 135 + Marius (Petreus) Thetys 110 + Malacocircus striatus 127 + Mitra acuminata 128 + Mitreola _generic character_ 128 + ---- monodonta 128 + ---- terebellum 128 + Murex, Analogies of the sub-genera 109 + ---- (Centronotus) Radix 113 + ---- (Pteronotus) pinnatus 112 + ---- (Phyllonotus) eurystomus 100 + ---- imperialis 109 + Nais splendens 126 + Orontes, _sub-generic character_ 125 + Papilio Memnon 95 + Patersonia glauca 116 + _Parrakeet, blue bellied_ 92 + ---- _golden eared_ 112 + Phyllonotus imperialis 109 + Pteronotus pinnatus 112 + Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 + Plecocheilus undulatus 103 + Podalirius Pompilius 105 + Polyommatus, _The sub-genera of_ 132-136 + ---- Cassius 133 + Polydorus Thoas 101 + Prinia familiaris 97 + Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 + ---- Leilus 93 + Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 + _Short foot, Yellow vented_ 102 + _Snail, Waved Pupa_ 103 + ---- _Caracolla_ 96 + _Swallow-tail, Brazilian_ 93 + ---- _Swainsonian_ 104 + ---- _Javanese_ 107 + Trogon, _The sub-genera of_ 107 + ---- Mexicanus, female 107 + Teracolus sub-fasciatus 115 + Thoas Lysithous 121 + ---- _The Sectional Types_ 121 + Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 + _Volute mitres, The_ 128 + _Warbler, Gorget_ 119 + Zeonia heliconides 111 + +* * * * * * + + + +INDEX + +TO THE INSECTS. + +(SECOND SERIES.) + +---- + +_In the order of Publication._ + + pl. + Protesilaus Niamus 32 + Rhetus Crameri 33 + Marius Cinna 45 + Eudamus Agesilaus 48 + ---- Doryssus 48 + Petreus Thetys 59 + Eurymus Philodice 60 + Amynthia Swainsonia 63 + Pieris Nigrina 69 + Eurymus Europome 70 + Euterpe Teria 74 + Peleus Æacus 75 + ---- Gentius 75 + Melete Limnobia 79 + Endymion Regalis 85 + Arcas Imperialis 88 + Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 + Jasia Athama 90 + Protesilaus Leilus 93 + Cressida heliconides 94 + Papilio Mémnon 95 + Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 + Polydorus Thoas 101 + Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 + Podalirius Pompilius 105 + Leptocircus Curius 106 + Petreus Thetys (larva) 110 + Zeonia heliconides 111 + Jasia Australis 114 + Teracolus subfasciatus 115 + Heleona fenestrata 116 + Clytia dissimilis 120 + Thoas Lysithous 121 + Anthomyza Teresia 124 + ---- heliconides 124 + Leilus Surinamensis 125 + ---- Braziliensis 126 + ---- Occidentalis 129 + ---- Orientalis 130 + Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 + Lycæna dispar 132 + Polyommatus Casseus 133 + Erina pulchella 134 + Lucia limbaria 135 + Naïs splendens 136 + +* * * * * * + + + +_Systematic Arrangement._ + + PAPILIONIDÆ. _Sw._ + pl. + Pieris Nigrina 69 + Euterpe Teria 74 + Melete Limnobia 79 + Clytia dissimilis 120 + Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 + Polydorus Thoas 101 + Protesilaus Leilus 93 + ---- Swainsonius 104 + ---- Niamus 32 + Podalirius Pompilius 105 + Cressida heliconides 94 + Thoas Lysithous 121 + Papilio Memnon 95 + Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 + Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 + Leilus Surinamensis 125 + ---- Braziliensis 126 + ---- Occidentalis 129 + ---- Orientalis 130 + Leptocircus Curius 106 + Eurymus Philodice 60 + ---- Europome 70 + Amynthia Swainsonia 63 + Teracolus subfasciatus 115 + + Fam. NYMPHALIDÆ. _Sw._ + Marius Cinna 45 + Petrius Thetys 59 + ---- larva and pupa 110 + Jasia Athama 90 + ---- Australis 114 + + Fam. ERYCINIDÆ. _Sw._ + Rhetus Crameri 33 + Zeonia heliconides 111 + Endymion regalis 85 + Arcas Imperialis 88 + Lycæna dispar 132 + Polyommatus Cassius 133 + Erina pulchella 134 + Lucia limbaria 135 + Naïs splendens 135 + + Fam. HESPERIDÆ. _Sw._ + Eudamus Agesilaus 48 + ---- Doryssus 48 + Peleus Æacus 75 + ---- Gentius 75 + + Tribe. SPHINGIDES. _Sw._ + Heleona fenestrata 116 + Anthomyza Teresia 124 + ---- heliconides 124 + +* * * * * * + + + +INDEX + +TO THE SHELLS. + +(SECOND SERIES.) + +---- + +_In the order of Publication._ + + pl. + Ancilliaria rubiginosa 4 + Mitra melaniana 5 + ---- tessellata 5 + Ampullaria carinata 9 + Unio truncatus 10 + Marmarostoma undulata 14 + Voluta bullata 15 + Anodon areolatus 18 + Mitra bicolor 19 + ---- carinata 19 + ---- strigata 19 + Tellina latirostra 20 + Lingula anatina 24 + ---- hians 25 + Melania amarula 29 + ---- setosa 29 + Mitra fulva 30 + ---- ambigua 30 + ---- punctata 30 + Rostellaria curvirostris 34 + Ampullaria Nilotica 38 + ---- subcarinata 38 + Strombus Peruvianus 39 + Oliva volutella 40 + ---- striata 40 + Marginella oblonga 44 + ---- guttata 44 + Mitra episcopalis 49 + Tiara Isabella 50 + ---- sulcata 50 + Volutilithes muricata 53 + ---- pertusa 53 + Mitrella fusca, occellata 54 + ---- olivæformis 54 + Margarita crocata 55 + Olivella purpurata 58 + ---- eburnea 58 + Ampullaria fasciata 64 + Conus lithoglyphus 65 + Murex imperialis 67 + Conus fumigatus 68 + ---- franciscanus 68 + Murex erythrostomus 73 + Harpula vexillum 77 + Hiatula Lamarcii 78 + ---- pallida 78 + ---- maculosa 78 + Cymbiola vespertilio 83 + Voluta cymbium 84 + Scapbella maculata 87 + Geotrochus pileus 91 + Caracolla acutissima 96 + Achatinella pica, perversa 99 + ---- acuta 99 + ---- bulimoides 108 + ---- livida 108 + ---- rosea 123 + ---- pulcherrima 123 + Murex eurystomus 100 + Plecocheilus undulatus 103 + Phyllonotus Imperialis 109 + Centronotus radix 113 + Byssoarca Zebra 118 + Pteronotus pinnatus 122 + Mitreola monodonta 128 + ---- terebellum 128 + Mitra acuminata 128 + +* * * * * * + + + +_In Systematic Order._ + + VOLUTIDÆ. + pl. + Voluta cymbium 84 + ---- bullata 15 + Cymbiola vespertilio 83 + Harpula vexillum 77 + Volutilithes muricata 53 + ---- pertusa 53 + Schaphella maculata 87 + Mitra episcopalis 49 + ---- melaniana 5 + ---- tessellata 5 + ---- bicolor 19 + ---- carinata 19 + ---- strigata 19 + ---- fulva 30 + ---- ambigua 30 + ---- punctata 30 + ---- acuminata 128 + Tiara Isabella 50 + ---- sulcata 50 + Mitrella fusca. ocellata 54 + ---- olivæformis 54 + Mitreola monodonta 128 + ---- terebellum 128 + Oliva volutella 40 + ---- striata 40 + Olivella purpurata 58 + ---- eburnea 58 + Hiatula Lamarcii 78 + ---- pallida 78 + ---- maculosa 78 + Ancillaria rubiginosa 4 + Marginella oblonga 44 + ---- guttata 44 + + MURICIDÆ. + Murex (Phyllonotus) Imperialis 67, 109 + ---- eurystomus 100 + ---- erythrostomus 73 + Centronotus radix 113 + Pteronotus pinnatus 122 + + STROMBIDÆ. + Strombus Peruvianus 39 + Rostellaria curvirostris 34 + Conus lithoglyphus 65 + ---- fumigatus 68 + ---- franciscanus 68 + + HELICIDÆ. + Ampullaria carinata 9 + ---- Nilotica 38 + ---- subcarinata 38 + ---- fasciata 64 + Melania amarula and setosa 29 + Achatinella, six species, 99, 108, 123 + Geotrochus pileus 91 + Caracolla acutissima 96 + Plecocheilus undulatus 103 + + TURBIDÆ. + Marmarostoma undulata 14 + + BIVALVES. + Unio truncatus 10 + Anodon areolatus 18 + Tellina latirostra 20 + Margarita crocata 55 + Lingula aratina 24 + ---- hians 25 + Byssoarca zebra 113 + +* * * * * * + + + +INDEX + +TO THE BIRDS. + +(SECOND SERIES.) + +---- + +_In the order of Publication._ + + Psittacus vernalis 1 + Polyborus Braziliensis 2 + Setophaga picta 3 + Parra Africana 6 + Cuculus nigricans 7 + Lorius Isidorii 8 + Thriothorus Mexicanus 11 + Lorius Garrulus 12 + Coccyzus Levaillantii 13 + Paleornis Pondicerianus 16 + Hirundo fasciata 17 + Nanodes venustus 21 + Icterus Cayanensis 22 + Drymophyla longipes 23 + Platycercus scapularis 26 + Drymophila fasciata 27 + Aglaïa gyrola 28 + ---- flava 31 + Psaris Jardinii 35 + Petroïca multicolor 36 + Ploceus Textor 37 + Psaris cristatus 41 + Chætura macroptera 42 + Petroïca bicolor 43 + Fluvicola cursoria 46 + Macropteryx longipennis 47 + Sylvia Regulus 51 + Phoenicornis flammeus 52 + Nyctiornis amictus 56 + Culicivora atricapilla 57 + Gryllivora Saularis 61 + Ptiliogonys cinereus 62 + Todus viridis 66 + Malaconotus Barbarus 71 + Donacobius vociferans 72 + Malaconotus atro-coccineus 76 + Crateropus Reinwardii 80 + Prionites Mexicanus 81 + Trogon Mexicanus 82 + Garrulus sordidus 86 + Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 + Prinia familiaris 97 + Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 + Trogon Mexicanus. mas 107 + Leptolophus auricomis 112 + Leptonyx macropus 117 + Apalis thoracica 119 + Malacocircus striatus 127 + +* * * * * * + + + +_In Systematic Order._ + + FALCONIDÆ. + Polyborus Braziliensis 1 + + LANIADÆ. + Malaconotus Barbarus 71 + ---- atro-coccineus 76 + Phænicornis flammeus 52 + Ptiliogonys cinereus male, 62. female, 120 + + MERULIDÆ. + Drymophila longipes 23 + ---- fasciata 27 + Donacobius vociferans 72 + Crateropus Reinwardii 80 + Leptonyx macropus 117 + Malacocircus striatus 127 + + SYLVIADÆ. + Sylvia Regulus 51 + Petroica multicolor 36 + ---- bicolor 43 + Setophaga picta 3 + Culicivora atricapilla 57 + Apalis thoracica 119 + Prinia familiaris 97 + Gryllivora saularis 61 + + MUSCICAPIDÆ. + Psaris Jardinii 35 + ---- cristatus 41 + Fluvicola cursoria 46 + Todus viridis 66 + + FRINGILLIDÆ. + Aglaia gyrola 28 + ---- flava 31 + Ploceus textor 37 + + STURNIDÆ, CORVIDÆ. + Icterus Cayanensis 22 + Garrulus sordidus 86 + + PSITTACIDÆ. + Psittacus vernalis 1 + Lorius Isidorii 8 + ---- Garrulus 12 + Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 + Paleornis Pondicerianus 16 + Nanodes venustus 21 + Platycircus scapularis 26 + Leptolophus auricomis 112 + + CUCULIDÆ, CERTHIADÆ. + Cuculus nigricans 7 + Coccyzus Levaillantii 13 + Thryothorus Mexicanus 11 + + FISSIROSTRES. + Hirundo fasciata 17 + Chætura macroptera 42 + Macropteryx longipennis 47 + Nyctiornis amictus 56 + Prionites Mexicanus 81 + Trogon Mexicanus female, 82. male, 107 + ---- + Parra Africana 6 + +* * * * * * + + + +LIST OF ORIGINAL SUBSCRIBERS, + +WHO HAVE SENT THEIR NAMES. + +---- + + AUDUBON, J. J. Esq., America + BAYFIELD, Mr. G., Walworth + BONAPARTE, CHARLES LUCIAN, PRINCE of Musignano, Rome + BOLTON, Mrs. Liverpool + BOX----Esq., Night Rider Street + BREE, The Rev. W. T. Allesley, Rectory, Warwickshire + CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY + CASE, Mrs. J. DEAN, Liverpool + CORRIE, Mrs. Woodville, Birmin. + DOBSON, BENJAMIN, Esq., Bolton + CHILDREN, J. GEO. Esq., British Museum + GOODALL, The Very Rev. Dr. _Provost of Eton_ + GRAY, J. E. Esq. British Museum + GRAY, JOHN, Esq. Whitefield House, near Bolton + GALTON, Miss, Birmingham + GRIFFITHS, E. Esq. Gray's Inn + HOOKER, Professor, Glasgow + HARDWICKE, GENERAL, Lambeth + HORSFIELD, Dr, East India House + HICK, B. Esq. Bolton + HILL, LADY, Hawkestone Citadel + JARDINE, SIR WM. BART., Jardine Hall, Dumfrieshire + KENNEDY, Mrs. Manchester + LESSON, M. J. P., Paris + LEDSAM, JOHN, Esq. Birmingham + LITTLEDALE, Mrs. GEO., Liverpool + LINCOLN, AB. Esq. Highbury Place + LYNES, Mrs. Stourbridge + MAUD, THE REV. P. BATH + MAUD, CHARLES, Esq. Bath + MILLS, Mrs. Warwickshire + MOILLIET, J. L. Esq. Birmingham + MOSELEY, Mrs. Leaton Hall, Stourbridge + NEWCOME, The Rev. T. Shenley + NORTHUMBERLAND, HER GRACE THE DUTCHESS OF + PERCY, The HON. Mrs. C. Bertie Guy's Cliff, Warwick + PHILLIPS, Mrs. Stirchley Rectory + PHIPSON, WM. Esq. Birmingham + RAFFLES, The Rev. Dr. Liverpool + RUSSELL, WM. Esq. Birmingham + ROGET, Dr. London + SELBY, P. JOHN, Twizel House + SCORESBY, The Rev. H., Leeds + SHERBOURNE., ROBT. Esq. Liverpool + STOREY, J. SAMUEL, Esq. St. Albans + SMITH, Mrs. NEWMAN, Croydon + THOYTS, Mrs. Oakfield, Reading + TIMPERON, Mrs. New Barnes, near St. Albans + WEBSTER, MISS, Birmingham + WILLIAMS, Professor. For the Radcliffe Library + WILSON, JAMES, Esq. Edinburgh + WOOD, CHARLES, Esq. Secretary of the Treasury + WOOD, J. S. Esq. Glasgow + + SECEDERS. + + BOSTOCK, Dr. London + MARTINEAUX, Mrs. Norwich + YATES, The Rev. J. London + ---- MISS E. Liverpool + +---- + +*** _As the short notice given to the public has prevented many from +sending their names, the possession of this list, will serve to distinguish +such copies of the work, the plates of which, have passed the inspection of +the author._ + +* * * * * * + + + + +Notes. + +[1] 9, Trafalgar Street, Walworth. + + * * * * * + + + +Corrections made to printed text + +Plate 92: 'elsewhere' corrected from 'elsewere' + +Plate 94: 'transverse' (spots) corrected from 'transvere' + +Plate 97, plate caption and Genus: 'PRINIA' corrected from 'PRINEA' + +Plate 100, plate caption: 'eurystomus' corrected from 'euristomus' + +Plate 102, headings: 'PTILIOGONYS' corrected from 'PLILIOGONYS' (twice) + +Plate 103: 'hermaphrodite' corrected from 'hermaphrotide' + +Plate 109: 'Mollusca' corrected from 'Mollusa' + +Ib., in table: 'Amphibia' corrected from 'Amphibea' + +Plate 111: (Leptocircus) 'Curius' corrected from 'heliconides'. Cf. plate +106 and all the indexes + +Plate 113: 'transversely' corrected from 'trasversely' + +Plate 116: 'Lepidopterous' corrected from 'Lepedopterous' + +Plate 118, in headings: 'Arca' corrected from 'Area' + +Plate 119: (in heading and again under Specific Character) 'thoracica' +corrected from 'thoracia' + +Ib.: 'structure' corrected from 'structue' + +Plate 120, main title: 'dissimilis' corrected from 'dissimiles'; again +under 'Types' + +Plate 122: 'aberrant' corrected from 'abberant' + +Plate 133, heading: 'POLYOMMATUS' corrected from 'PLOYOMMATUS' + +Plate 133: (The upper figure represents the) 'male' corrected from 'female' + +Alphabetic index: (Heleona) 'fenestrata' corrected from 'fenetrata' + +Alphabetic index to the Insects: Heleona fenestrata '116' corrected from +'110' and re-ordered + +Systematic index to the Insects: (Cressida) 'heliconides' corrected from +'helinonides' + +Alphabetic index to the Shells: (Marmarostoma) 'undulata' corrected from +'uudulata' + +Systematic index to the Shells: (Ampullaria) 'subcarinata' corrected from +'snbcarinata' + +Indexes to the Birds (both): Trogon Mexicanus, '82' corrected from '81' + +Systematic index to the Birds: 'Trogon' corrected from 'Togon' + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original +Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series, by William Swainson + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44058 *** |