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diff --git a/44058-8.txt b/44058-0.txt index 597c850..807ac54 100644 --- a/44058-8.txt +++ b/44058-0.txt @@ -1,35 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series, by William Swainson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series - -Author: William Swainson - -Release Date: October 29, 2013 [EBook #44058] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44058 *** Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text. @@ -172,7 +141,7 @@ _Swainson's, or Blue-bellied Lory._ ---- -Family Psittacid. Sub-family Psittacin. Genus Lorius. _Swains_. +Family Psittacidæ. Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Lorius. _Swains_. SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -193,12 +162,12 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Blue bellied Parrakeet. _Brown's Ill. pl. 7, White's Voyage, pl. 4. p. 140._ - Le Perruche tte bleue, male. _Le Vaill. Perr. 1. pl. 24. fig. + Le Perruche à tête bleue, male. _Le Vaill. Perr. 1. pl. 24. fig. pulcherima._ Perruche des Moluques. _Buffon, Pl. Enl. No. 743?_ - _Trichoglossus hmatodus. Lin. Tr. 15. p. 289. omitting Syn._ + _Trichoglossus hæmatodus. Lin. Tr. 15. p. 289. omitting Syn._ ---- @@ -242,7 +211,7 @@ Genus Amphrisius, _Sw._ Sub-genus Protesilaus, _Sw._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. Wings trigonal, acute, yellow with black transverse bands; the inferior - lengthened, narrowed, with two long acute tails; antenn short, the club + lengthened, narrowed, with two long acute tails; antennæ short, the club thick, slightly compressed, but solid, and convex all round; front very hairy; _Larva_ covered with sharp spines. _Pupa_ braced, but suspended downwards. @@ -297,7 +266,7 @@ _Cressida Butterfly_. ---- -Sub-Fam. Papilion. Genus Papilio. Sub-Genus Cressida. _Nobis_. +Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus Papilio. Sub-Genus Cressida. _Nobis_. SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -324,7 +293,7 @@ butterfly, was that of Sir Joseph Banks; who found it in Van Deimans Land, during his celebrated scientific voyage with Captain Cook. Fabricius, the most eminent entomologist of that day, described the species from this specimen: which, with the whole of the Banksian Cabinet, was presented by -its learned and munificent possessor to the Linnan Society of London, +its learned and munificent possessor to the Linnæan Society of London, where it still exists. The only published figure is that of Donovans, which is much too small, and is otherwise faulty. The species is still very rare in collections; our own, a fine pair, were received from Van Diemans Land. @@ -353,7 +322,7 @@ _Memnon Butterfly_. ---- -Fam. Papilionid. Sub-Fam. Papilion. Genus Papilio.--_Sw._ +Fam. Papilionidæ. Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus Papilio.--_Sw._ (Typical form or Sub-genus.) @@ -361,7 +330,7 @@ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. Wings without tails; the anterior horizontally lengthened, entire; the posterior margin concave; posterior wings perpendicularly lengthened, the - margin rounded and scolloped; antenn long. _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced + margin rounded and scolloped; antennæ long. _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced in an erect position. SUB-TYPES OF FORM. 1. _Typical_, Memnon. 2. _Sub-typical_, Erectheus. 3. @@ -382,7 +351,7 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Although of sombre colours, this butterfly is imposing in its size, and highly interesting. It is, in fact, that form which is _pre-eminently -typical_ of the whole of the Latriellian _Papilionid_. It seems to be +typical_ of the whole of the Latriellian _Papilionidæ_. It seems to be common throughout India and particularly so in Java, from whence we possess several specimens. Dr. Horsfield's elaborate work has furnished us with figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis. @@ -422,7 +391,7 @@ Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. _Swains._ GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. - _Animal_ with four tentacul, the lower pair very short; _Shell_ discoid, + _Animal_ with four tentaculæ, the lower pair very short; _Shell_ discoid, greatly depressed; the spire but slightly raised above the body whorl; aperture large, oblique, angulated; the lower portion generally dentated; the margin thickened and reflected. @@ -440,9 +409,9 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. _Encycl. Meth. pl. 462. f. 1. a. b.?_ - Helicodonta. _A. de Frrusac. pl. 58. f. 2._ + Helicodonta. _A. de Fèrrusac. pl. 58. f. 2._ - Helix caracolla. _Guerin. Iconog. du Rg. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1._ + Helix caracolla. _Guerin. Iconog. du Règ. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1._ ---- @@ -460,7 +429,7 @@ that celebrated artist and entomologist, the late Mr. Lewin, then a guest in the house, executed highly finished drawings upon vellum of each species; and from one of these our present figures are faithfully copied. At the request of our friend Dr. Leach, a copy was also made by some one -and transmitted to Baron de Frussac, for his great work upon Land shell, +and transmitted to Baron de Fèrussac, for his great work upon Land shell, where it will be found engraved at pl. 58. fig. 2. M. Guerin has re-copied this latter figure, but as both are inaccurate, without any fault of these gentlemen, (who never saw the original drawing of Lewin) we have now @@ -481,7 +450,7 @@ _Indian Wren-warbler_. ---- -Family, Sylviad. Sub-Family, Sylvian. _Sw._ Genus, Prinia. _Horsf._ +Family, Sylviadæ. Sub-Family, Sylvianæ. _Sw._ Genus, Prinia. _Horsf._ GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -515,7 +484,7 @@ have been accurately measured. We must refer the scientific Ornithologist, for our exposition of the natural affinities of this group, to _Northern Zoology, vol. 2, p. 200_. It is unquestionably the Rasorial and Scansorial genus of the Sub-family -_Sylvian_, as there pointed out, and of which _Orthotomus_ is a sub-genus, +_Sylvianæ_, as there pointed out, and of which _Orthotomus_ is a sub-genus, or type of form. * * * * * * @@ -531,13 +500,13 @@ _Amphrisius Butterfly_. ---- -Family Papilionid. Sub-Fam. Papilion. Genus. Amphrisius. _Sw._ (Typical +Family Papilionidæ. Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus. Amphrisius. _Sw._ (Typical Sub-Genus). SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. Wings without tails, the anterior externally dentated, the posterior - short and rounded, the margin scolloped; Antenn long. Larva covered with + short and rounded, the margin scolloped; Antennæ long. Larva covered with spine-like tubercles; _Pupa_ braced in an inverted position. ---- @@ -660,7 +629,7 @@ or pillar, sufficiently points it out as belonging to this group. -[Illustration: MURICIN. Pl. 3. +[Illustration: MURICINÆ. Pl. 3. _Murex eurystomus_] @@ -671,7 +640,7 @@ _Wide mouthed Murex_. ---- -Family Cassid, Sub-family Muricin, _Nob._ Genus. Murex _Auct._ +Family Cassidæ, Sub-family Muricinæ, _Nob._ Genus. Murex _Auct._ SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. @@ -738,7 +707,7 @@ _Polydorus Butterfly_. ---- -Sub-family Papilion. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Polydorus. _Sw._ +Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Polydorus. _Sw._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -800,7 +769,7 @@ _Yellow-vented Short-foot_. ---- -Family Laniad. Sub-fam. Tyrannin. Genus Ptiliogonys. _Nob._ +Family Laniadæ. Sub-fam. Tyranninæ. Genus Ptiliogonys. _Nob._ GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -826,7 +795,7 @@ was killed near Real del Monte; and these, we believe, are at present the only specimens that have reached England. By viewing this as the type of the Scansorial group of the -Tyrant-flycatchers, (_Tyrannin_) every circumstance, even the most minute, +Tyrant-flycatchers, (_Tyranninæ_) every circumstance, even the most minute, regarding its structure and its colours will be explained. As representing _Brachypus_, (North. Zool. 2. 485.) and its analogies, it has the under tail covers richly coloured. As representing _Leiothryx_ (Il. 490.) it has @@ -836,7 +805,7 @@ is a Titmouse among the Tyrants, and is nearly as much of a _Ceblepyris_ as of a _Tyrannus_. Indeed, when we described the female, we thought it actually entered the circle of the former, but the laws of representation has set us right on this point. _Phoenicornis_ is the first of the -_Ceblepyrin_, as _Philiogonys_ is the last of the _Tyrannin_. The +_Ceblepyrinæ_, as _Philiogonys_ is the last of the _Tyranninæ_. The _females_ of _Phoenicornis_ are clothed in the same slate coloured plumage, but, as being of a _fissirostral_ type, their mouths are conspicuously bristled, while those of _Ptiliogonys_ are quite smooth. Finally, the wings @@ -855,14 +824,14 @@ _Waved Pupa-snail._ ---- -Family Pupad. _Guilding._ Genus Carychium. _Muller._ +Family Pupadæ. _Guilding._ Genus Carychium. _Muller._ Sub-Gen. Plecocheilus. _Guild._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. _Animal_ hermaphrodite, snail-like; the head bilobed, and bearing four - tentacul, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles + tentaculæ, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles greatly lunated, with a small transverse mouth and a triangular cutaneous plate; mantle perforated. _Eggs_ large, externally calcarious. _Shell_ oval, ventricose, the two last spiral whorls very short, but elevated; @@ -905,7 +874,7 @@ This noble species was discovered by Mr. Guilding, in great numbers, upon the trunks and branches of trees in the forests of St Vincent: its eggs are hard like those of a bird, and the young shell resembles that of a _Succinea_. In _Carychium_ the eyes are at the _base_, but here they are at -the _tips_ of the tentacul. +the _tips_ of the tentaculæ. * * * * * * @@ -920,7 +889,7 @@ _Swainsonian Swallow-tail._ ---- -Sub-family Papilion. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. _Nob._ +Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. _Nob._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. @@ -966,17 +935,17 @@ _Pompilius, or Javanese Swallow-tail._ ---- -Sub-family Papilion. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. _Nob._ +Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. _Nob._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. _Wings_ trigonal, acute, yellow, with black transverse bands, the - inferior with two long narrow acute tails; _Antenn_ short, the club + inferior with two long narrow acute tails; _Antennæ_ short, the club thick and solid at the base, but greatly compressed at the tip, where it is concave beneath; _head_ small, front hairy; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced in an erect position. -_Type_ Podalirius Europus. _Nobis._ +_Type_ Podalirius Europæus. _Nobis._ ---- @@ -1024,7 +993,7 @@ _Clear-winged Butterfly._ ---- -Sub. Family Papilion. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, _Nob._ +Sub. Family Papilionæ. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, _Nob._ (_Erycinian type_). SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. @@ -1032,7 +1001,7 @@ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. _Size and aspect of an_ Erycina; _Anterior wings_ sub-hyaline; _posterior_ greatly lengthened, and terminating in two long tails; _Head_, _thorax_, and _body_ very thick; _Anterior feet_, _palpi_, and - _Antenn_ papilioniform. + _Antennæ_ papilioniform. ---- @@ -1050,7 +1019,7 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. There are only two collections we believe in this country, which possess this rare and extraordinary butterfly, and it may be even doubted whether these specimens do not belong to distinct species. One is in the Banksian -cabinet, now possessed by the Linnan Society, the other in that of the +cabinet, now possessed by the Linnæan Society, the other in that of the lady of our friend J. G. Children Esq. Zoologist to the British Museum. We are told the species has been "made into a genus" by some continental methodist, but who, according to the disreputable and slovenly mode fast @@ -1061,8 +1030,8 @@ are thus pledged to do so upon every occasion. Nature has so admirably disguised this insect in the external form of that tribe of butterflys which she intends it to represent, that it was only upon looking to its anatomical construction, that we discovered it was a -type of the true _Papilion_, and not of the _Erycin_. The construction of -the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antenn, all which are +type of the true _Papilionæ_, and not of the _Erycinæ_. The construction of +the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antennæ, all which are here represented, magnified, places this fact beyond doubt, and leaves us nothing to desire but a knowledge of its caterpillar and chrysalis, and of the direction of the wings when the species is at rest. We suspect that @@ -1083,7 +1052,7 @@ _Mexican Trogon. female._ ---- -Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonid. _See North Zool. 2, p. 326._ +Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonidæ. _See North Zool. 2, p. 326._ GENERIC CHARACTERS. @@ -1140,10 +1109,10 @@ all of which, at the same time, are marked by geographic peculiarities. [Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 2. -_1, bulimodes._ _2, livida._] +_1, bulimoïdes._ _2, livida._] -ACHATINELLA bulimodes, +ACHATINELLA bulimoïdes, _Thick-spired Achatinella--middle figures_. @@ -1160,7 +1129,7 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. _Shell ovate-oblong, subventricose, whiteish, with chesnut bands; spire thickened, the tip pale brown._ - Achatinella bulimodes. _Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ + Achatinella bulimoïdes. _Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ ---- @@ -1200,7 +1169,7 @@ of deep orange brown; aperture white, tinged with purple. -[Illustration: MURICIN. Pl. 3. +[Illustration: MURICINÆ. Pl. 3. MUREX (PHYLLONOTUS) _Imperialis._ _var. a._] @@ -1272,7 +1241,7 @@ _Thetys Butterfly_. ---- -Family Nymphalid. Sub-family Paphian. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. +Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. (Heliconian Type.) SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -1308,7 +1277,7 @@ precisely the same in every group throughout the animal kingdom. The genus itself represents the Swallow-tailed types already figured (_Podalirius_, _Protesilaus_, and _Leptocircus_), but of the three remaining sub-genera of _Marius_, we are as yet ignorant. It is, however, by this genus that the -two sub-families of _Paphian_ and _Heliconin_ are united; as it blends +two sub-families of _Paphianæ_ and _Heliconinæ_ are united; as it blends into the latter by means of the genus _Fabius_, which we shall shortly illustrate. @@ -1325,13 +1294,13 @@ _Zeonia Butterfly_. ---- -Family Erycinid. Sub-family Erycin. Genus ----; Sub-genus Zeonia. _Nob._ +Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Erycinæ. Genus ----; Sub-genus Zeonia. _Nob._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. Wings trigonal, hyaline, the posterior ending in long tails; Palpi very - short, not projecting beyond the head; Antenn hairy, with the club very + short, not projecting beyond the head; Antennæ hairy, with the club very small, but gradually thickening from the base. ---- @@ -1363,7 +1332,7 @@ similar to the upper. We possess the mutilated remains of a second species; but we know not to what natural genus they belong. Fig. 1. _Zeonia_, wing. 2. _Leptocircus_, wing. 3. _Zeonia_; anterior foot, -with the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antenn. +with the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antennæ. * * * * * * @@ -1380,7 +1349,7 @@ _Golden-eared Parrakeet._ ---- -Sub-family Psittacin. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The +Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The Rasorial type.) SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -1397,14 +1366,14 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. _Cinereous, wings with a longitudinal white stripe; ears orange; lateral tail feathers banded with yellow and black._ - Palornis Nov-Hollandi. New Holland Parrakeet. _Lears Parrots, No 8._ + Palæornis Novæ-Hollandiæ. New Holland Parrakeet. _Lears Parrots, No 8._ ---- The discovery of this remarkable and highly interesting Australian species is due to Allen Cunningham, Esq. who, on an inland expedition ordered by our government, in 1827, discovered it in small flocks on the arid sandy -plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150 E. We must again express our +plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150¾ E. We must again express our public thanks to this intelligent and liberal naturalist for the ornithological specimens then collected. Among these were two skins of the bird in question; but as the mere addition of a new species to our already @@ -1423,7 +1392,7 @@ ornithological nomenclature, possess any claim to permanent interest, or carry with them any authority: they encumber rather than advance science, by keeping up the already overwhelming stock of undigested materials. Mr. Lear has recently given beautiful figures of this species, but under the -peculiarly inappropriate name of _Palornis Nov-hollandi_. The genus is +peculiarly inappropriate name of _Palæornis Novæ-hollandiæ_. The genus is _Platycercus_, _all_ the species of which are from New Holland, excepting those of the Fissirostral type. The exactness of our figure renders a detailed account of its plumage unessential. @@ -1483,7 +1452,7 @@ manifested in _all_ other portions of the animal world, when they are sufficiently investigated. Hence it is that remote resemblances between objects, widely different in themselves, can be explained: hence the analogy which the _Glires_ bears to the Hedgehogs, and to the -_Ceblepyrin_; and hence the resemblance between this shell and the +_Ceblepyrinæ_; and hence the resemblance between this shell and the Porcupines; an analogy the more singular, as it extends even to the black and white colour of the spines. @@ -1500,7 +1469,7 @@ _Australian Jasia-Butterfly._ ---- -Family Nymphalid. Sub-family Paphian. Genus, ---- +Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus, ---- SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -1528,10 +1497,10 @@ the rest of the genus _Jasia_, of which it is a typical example. The geographic range of this group is thus proved to extend from the South of Europe to Australia, but it is entirely unknown in the new world. -The family of _Nymphalid_ is the sub-typical group of the diurnal +The family of _Nymphalidæ_ is the sub-typical group of the diurnal Lepidoptera, forming our tribe _Papiliones_. In its own circle it therefore -represents the _Fer_ among quadrupeds, the _Raptores_ among birds, the -_Aptera_ among annulose animals, and the _Scolopendrid_ in the order +represents the _Feræ_ among quadrupeds, the _Raptores_ among birds, the +_Aptera_ among annulose animals, and the _Scolopendridæ_ in the order _Myriapoda_. The analogical representations resulting from this view of the subject are innumerable. @@ -1548,11 +1517,11 @@ _Burchells Yellow._ ---- -Family Papilionid. Sub-family Colian. Genus (?). Teracolus _Nob._ +Family Papilionidæ. Sub-family Colianæ. Genus (?). Teracolus _Nob._ GENERIC CHARACTERS. - Antenn with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings + Antennæ with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings trigonal, posterior rounded; Palpi as in _Colias_, but the scales intermixed with hairs. @@ -1570,15 +1539,15 @@ Mr. Burchell was the first who discovered this unpublished species in the interior of Southern Africa, and by his kindness we are enabled to illustrate it. His specimens, unfortunately, are not in the best condition, for he was obliged to preserve many of his insects in books; and these, -having been among the number, may probably have had the antenn more +having been among the number, may probably have had the antennæ more compressed than they were in nature. The form of this butterfly, nevertheless, is perfectly distinct from _Colias_, as may be seen by comparing the nerves of the anterior wings, here given in outline. -Not having completed our analysis of the _Colian_, we cannot speak with +Not having completed our analysis of the _Colianæ_, we cannot speak with any confidence on the rank or the station of this type; we are inclined to believe it is a _genus_ between those of Colias and Terias, connecting this -sub-family with the _Licinin_. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera +sub-family with the _Licininæ_. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera of _Colias_, in which case the genus, which it would then represent, is unknown. Fig. 1. represents the anterior wing of _Teracolus_, 2, of _Terias_, and 3, of _Colias_. @@ -1596,15 +1565,15 @@ _Australian Burnet_. ---- -Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthocerid. Sw. (Zyganid Auct.) Genus ----? +Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthoceridæ. Sw. (Zyganidæ Auct.) Genus ----? SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. Anterior Wings papilioniform, i. e. the exterior margin as long, or longer, than that of the posterior; inferior wings lengthened - perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antenn pectinate in both sexes. + perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antennæ pectinate in both sexes. -Type _Phalna militaris_. Lin. Don. _Ins. of China_. pl. 43. +Type _Phalæna militaris_. Lin. Don. _Ins. of China_. pl. 43. ---- @@ -1618,11 +1587,11 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. The diurnal or Heliconean Hawk-mouths, form one of the most natural and remarkable groups among Lepidopterous insects. They fly during the heat of the day; and, (as representing in their own family the tribe of -_Phalnides_) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their +_Phalænides_) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their slow flight, long transparent wings, and proneness to imitate death on being handled, they afford a most beautiful analogy to the Heliconian Butterflys. Both have their chief metropolis in equinoctial America, and -both find their prototypes in the lovely family of _Erycinid_. It is +both find their prototypes in the lovely family of _Erycinidæ_. It is really surprizing that searchers after the _natural_ system, should have overlooked such a group. @@ -1634,7 +1603,7 @@ descending to the shores of York Island, and again in nutmeg woods adjoining Brunswick Bay. The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-family -_Papilion_ will immediately distinguish this from all the American genera. +_Papilionæ_ will immediately distinguish this from all the American genera. The plant, _Pattersonia glauca_, is of a sub-genus also peculiar to New Holland. @@ -1653,7 +1622,7 @@ _Great-footed Babbler._ ---- -Family Merulid. Sub-family Crateropodin. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. +Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Crateropodinæ. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. Sub-genus Leptonix. (_The Rasorial type._) _Nob._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -1693,7 +1662,7 @@ immediate point of connection between _Malacocircus_ Sw. and _Timalia_ Horsf. Total length 9 inches; bill from the gape 1-1/10; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus -1; hind toe and claw 1. +1¾; hind toe and claw 1½. * * * * * * @@ -1733,7 +1702,7 @@ should have been so long uncharacterized in our Conchological Systems; seeing that the other four types, viz. _Arca_, _Pectunculus_, _Cuculloea_, and _Nucula_, were defined many years ago by the celebrated Lamarck. We have consequently supplied this omission; and at the same time have -selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the _B. No_; from +selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the _B. Noæ_; from which it differs in sculpture, colour, and in the umbones being less remote from each other. @@ -1761,7 +1730,7 @@ _Gorget Warbler_. ---- -Family Sylviad. Sub-fam: Sylvian. Genus (?) Apalis. +Family Sylviadæ. Sub-fam: Sylvianæ. Genus (?) Apalis. GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. @@ -1814,7 +1783,7 @@ _Idea-likeness Butterfly._ ---- -Family Papilionid. Sub-fam. Papilion. Genus Clytia. +Family Papilionidæ. Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus Clytia. ---- @@ -1847,14 +1816,14 @@ pupa to Dr. Horsfield, in whose interesting work it is engraved. To that plate we must refer the entomologist who wishes to understand the previous states of this insect; while its general aspect at once intimates its resemblance or analogy to the Sub-genus _Idea_ F, and consequently points -it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of the _Papilion_. +it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of the _Papilionæ_. According to these views, _Clytia_ is united to _Amphrysius_, by the sub-genus _Epius_; (Pap. Epius. Auct.) and at the same time forms the -generic passage to the _Pierid_, Sw. For want of a better term, we must +generic passage to the _Pieridæ_, Sw. For want of a better term, we must call this the _Rasorial_ type, as it corresponds to that Ornithological group. -The aberrant group of the Sub-family _Papilion_ appear to be the genera +The aberrant group of the Sub-family _Papilionæ_ appear to be the genera _Leilus_, Sw. (_Uranea_ Lat.) _Antimachus_, Sw. and _Clytia_ Sw. the two typical genera being _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_, Sw. @@ -1871,7 +1840,7 @@ _Lysithous Butterfly._ ---- -Sub-fam. Papilion. Genus, Papilio. _Sw._ Sub-genus Thoas. _Nob._ +Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus, Papilio. _Sw._ Sub-genus Thoas. _Nob._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -1936,7 +1905,7 @@ _Finned Murex._ ---- -Family Buccinid. Sub-fam. Muricin. _Sw._ Genus Murex. _Lam._ Sub-genus +Family Buccinidæ. Sub-fam. Muricinæ. _Sw._ Genus Murex. _Lam._ Sub-genus Pteronotus. Sw. SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -2002,14 +1971,14 @@ SPECIFIC (?) CHARACTER. _Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with obsolete white bands._ - Ach. bulimodes (var. rosea) _Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. + Ach. bulimoïdes (var. rosea) _Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. 85._ ---- The figures on this plate complete the illustration of our monograph of this pretty and interesting group of shells. At present, we feel undecided -whether this is a species, or a variety of _A. bulimodes_, from which it +whether this is a species, or a variety of _A. bulimoïdes_, from which it differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove very distinct, instead of scarcely perceptible, and in colour. We possess only two specimens which came, with all the others, from the Pacific Islands. @@ -2051,7 +2020,7 @@ _Three banded Burnet._ ---- -Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthocerid. _Sw._ Genus ----? Sub-genus. +Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthoceridæ. _Sw._ Genus ----? Sub-genus. ---- @@ -2059,7 +2028,7 @@ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. Anterior wings with the outer or exterior margin much shorter than the posterior; inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded. - Antenn slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically. + Antennæ slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically. Inhabits Tropical America only. _Nob._ ---- @@ -2082,7 +2051,7 @@ researches in Brazil, the chief metropolis of this group, great attention was paid to these insects, of which we have a most extensive series. They fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch counterfeit death. Most of the species, when handled, discharge from their -body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the _Heliconid_. +body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the _Heliconidæ_. ---- @@ -2119,22 +2088,22 @@ _Surinam Emerald Butterfly._ ---- -Family, Papilionid. Sub-fam Papilion. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (_Fissirostral +Family, Papilionidæ. Sub-fam Papilionæ. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (_Fissirostral or Hesperian type_) Sub-genus. Leilus _proper_. Sw. SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. - I. TYPICAL. Antenn filiform, thickened in the + I. TYPICAL. Antennæ filiform, thickened in the middle; posterior wings with long pointed tails. LEILUS. - II. SUB-TYPICAL. Antenn as in the last, but + II. SUB-TYPICAL. Antennæ as in the last, but arcuated near the tip. Tails of the posterior wings short and obtuse. ORONTES. - III. ABERRANT. Antenn clavate; front very + III. ABERRANT. Antennæ clavate; front very hairy; tails none. RIPHEUS. - Antenn clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. LEPTOCIRCUS. + Antennæ clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. LEPTOCIRCUS. ---- @@ -2162,14 +2131,14 @@ The present species appears confined to Surinam. Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and construction of this group; while the name of _Urania_, bestowed upon it by -Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnus, more +Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnæus, more correctly, placed it with the genuine _Papiliones_; a station which is confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those of _Leptocircus_, figured at pl. 106, being provided with that short spiney process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies which result from this location of _Leilus_ are beautiful, and almost -interminable. It is the representation of the _Noctuid_ and of the -_Hesperid_ in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all +interminable. It is the representation of the _Noctuidæ_ and of the +_Hesperidæ_ in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all these being modifications of the natatorial type of the VERTEBRATA. * * * * * * @@ -2189,8 +2158,8 @@ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. _Wings_ when at rest, horizontal, slightly expanded; posterior furnished with acute tails. Palpi short, porrect; the last joint nearly naked, - projecting beyond the head, but shorter than the second joint. _Tibi_ of - the anterior feet, spined in the middle: claws very small. _Antenn_ + projecting beyond the head, but shorter than the second joint. _Tibiæ_ of + the anterior feet, spined in the middle: claws very small. _Antennæ_ filiform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, but not uncinate. _Sw._ @@ -2244,7 +2213,7 @@ _Striated Babbler._ ---- -Family Merulid. Sub-fam. Crateropodin. Sw. _North. Zool. 2, p 156._ Genus +Family Merulidæ. Sub-fam. Crateropodinæ. Sw. _North. Zool. 2, p 156._ Genus Malacocircus. GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -2268,7 +2237,7 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. ---- The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-family -_Crateropodin_, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer +_Crateropodinæ_, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer latitudes of the old world; extending to the north as far as Egypt, and to the south over the greatest part of Australia. Like all birds which belong to the natatorial type, the majority of the species live in the vicinity of @@ -2304,7 +2273,7 @@ _The Volute Mitres._ ---- -Family Volutid. Sub-family Mitran. Genus Mitreola. _Sw._ +Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Mitranæ. Genus Mitreola. _Sw._ GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -2325,13 +2294,13 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. We feel much obliged to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for calling our attention to the remarkable construction of this Volute Mitre, of which we had not then seen a specimen. We view it as supplying that link of connection between the -_Volutin_ and the _Mitran_, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we had +_Volutinæ_ and the _Mitranæ_, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we had long been in search of. Of the genus, however, we know as yet but of two species, represented on the plate somewhat larger than their natural size. We have also added a figure of our _Mitra acuminata_, to shew how beautifully _Mitreola_ is represented by the fourth type of the genus _Mitra_, as now restricted, to which type (represented by _M. Zebra_), -_acuminata_ also belongs: both, as prototypes of the _Strombid_, have the +_acuminata_ also belongs: both, as prototypes of the _Strombidæ_, have the outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are totally different, while the spire of one is acute, and of the other papillary. _M. monodonta_ is a Grignon fossil: some specimens are so well preserved, that @@ -2403,10 +2372,10 @@ remembering that the influence of fashion is universal, and that she is always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been -left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-family _Papilion_, -represents the sub-family _Harpalin_, (Harpalid, _Auct._) And that this +left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-family _Papilionæ_, +represents the sub-family _Harpalinæ_, (Harpalidæ, _Auct._) And that this analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of their -_tibi_, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of +_tibiæ_, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of the COLEOPTERA and the LEPIDOPTERA. * * * * * * @@ -2449,10 +2418,10 @@ species were the same, the posterior wings of _Cramer's_, would be spotted like those of _Drury's_, yet they are essentially different: a piece of paper, put over to hide the tails in our present figure, which may then be compared with the next, will at once explain our meaning: but setting this -aside, Cramer expressly asserts that his insect has the Antenn "_sans +aside, Cramer expressly asserts that his insect has the Antennæ "_sans boutons_", and "_comme filiformes_", and very justly compares it with our _Leilus Surinamensis_, "_mas plus encore_," with _Pap. Orontes_, L. -(_Orontes Noctudes_, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads. +(_Orontes Noctuïdes_, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads. How totally inapplicable this account is to Drury's insect, will be presently shewn. Cramer has most correctly given the immediate affinities @@ -2496,7 +2465,7 @@ Captain May, of Hammersmith: with whom it was seen by Drury, and drawn by Harris. It is not however, on this account only that we have been induced to copy this figure, but because its illustration will clear up one of the most intricate and perplexing questions, that has hitherto impeded the -natural arrangement of the Linnn _Papiliones_, and even of the whole order +natural arrangement of the Linnæn _Papiliones_, and even of the whole order of Lepidoptera. The error of Cramer, regarding _Rhipheus_ has already been rectified. It @@ -2504,7 +2473,7 @@ will now be demonstrated that not only are the two insects distinct as _species_, but that they actually belong to different _genera_. Cramer's being a _Urania_ of Fabricius and Latrielle, while Drury's is a _Papilio_ of the same authors. This is proved by the figures; and confirmed by the -following words of Drury, "_The antenn are black, and knobbed at their +following words of Drury, "_The antennæ are black, and knobbed at their extremities_," in other words, clavate; while the palpi, as expressed in the figure, are so small as not to project beyond the head, where they lie hid in the frontal hairs: this also being a typical distinction of the @@ -2523,16 +2492,16 @@ supposed anomaly, and reconciles facts apparently the most inexplicable. -[Illustration: LYCNA _Dispar_.] +[Illustration: LYCÆNA _Dispar_.] -LYCNA dispar. +LYCÆNA dispar. _The Large British Copper._ ---- -Family Erycinid. Sub-family Theclin. Sw. Genus Polyommatus. +Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Sw. Genus Polyommatus. GENERIC CHARACTER. @@ -2544,18 +2513,18 @@ GENERIC CHARACTER. SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. _Posterior wings obsoletely dentated, particularly at the anal angle: - club of the antenn short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint - lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely vertical._ _Type._ L. Phlas. + club of the antennæ short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint + lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely vertical._ _Type._ L. Phlæas. ---- SPECIFIC CHARACTER. _Wings coppery: the male with two discoid black dots on the anterior, and - one on the posterior wings: club of the antenn elongated and fusiform._ + one on the posterior wings: club of the antennæ elongated and fusiform._ (_Aberrant._) - Papilio Hippotho. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40. + Papilio Hippothoë. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40. Pap. dispar. Haworth. Lep. Brit. p. 40. Stevens. Brit. Ent. 1. p. 82. Pl. 3 @@ -2570,14 +2539,14 @@ or sub-genera. These compose, what we have elsewhere defined, a natural and perfect group; (_North. Zool. 2, 288_) inasmuch as it has been tested by the analogies, and conformed by the representations, which it bears to innumerable others, both in the Annulose and vertebrated circles. According -to this analysis, both _Lycna_ and _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, +to this analysis, both _Lycæna_ and _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, instead of being types either of families or sub-families, are of one and the same genus: which genus, moreover, is but the portion of the aberrant -group of the _Theclin_. The typical forms of the genus _Erycina_, +group of the _Theclinæ_. The typical forms of the genus _Erycina_, exclusively confined to Tropical America, constitute, in fact, the pre-eminent perfection of the family in question. -As _Lycna_ represents the _Nymphalid_, or sub-typical family of the +As _Lycæna_ represents the _Nymphalidæ_, or sub-typical family of the Diurnal Butterflys, so is it the sub-typical form of the genus _Polyommatus_. Its geographic range is wide, being extended to the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. The largest British species is @@ -2596,14 +2565,14 @@ _Brazilian Blue._ ---- -Family Erycinid. Sub-family Theclin. Genus Polyommatus (The typical +Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus (The typical sub-genus.) SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. Wings entire, obtuse; the posterior rounded, particularly at the anal angle. Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct - and nearly naked. Antenn with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club. + and nearly naked. Antennæ with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club. Colour blue, beneath ocellated. ---- @@ -2631,15 +2600,15 @@ the whole of America on the other, without offering more than a sectional variation of character. It is uncertain, however, whether any species occur in Australia; for the European type seems to be represented there by the sub-genus _Erina_. The genus, _collectively_, is a rasorial type, -representing the family _Satyrid_ among the _Papiliones_,--_Parnassius_ -among the _Papilionid_,--and the _Paconid_ among Birds. +representing the family _Satyridæ_ among the _Papiliones_,--_Parnassius_ +among the _Papilionidæ_,--and the _Paconidæ_ among Birds. Pol. Cassius is one of the most common species of Brazil, where we found it frequenting similar situations, and possessing the same habits, as the ordinary Blues of England. The analysis bestowed upon this group, convinces us that _Pithecops, H._ is but a section of this sub-genus. The upper figure represents the male, the lower the female: both are enlarged. The -connecting species between _Polyommatus_ and _Lycna_ are _Helle_, Hub. +connecting species between _Polyommatus_ and _Lycæna_ are _Helle_, Hub. _Lametia_, and _Boeticus_. * * * * * * @@ -2655,16 +2624,16 @@ _Buff-spotted Blue._ ---- -Family, Ericinid. Sub-fam., Theclin. _Sw._ Genus, Polyommatus. _Lat._ +Family, Ericinidæ. Sub-fam., Theclinæ. _Sw._ Genus, Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus, Erina. _Sw._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. Wings obtuse, very entire: palpi covered only with compact scales, the - last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antenn + last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antennæ short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath. - _Typical._ Hesp. Erinus. _Fab._ _Aberrant._ Lycna ignita. _Leach._ + _Typical._ Hesp. Erinus. _Fab._ _Aberrant._ Lycæna ignita. _Leach._ ---- @@ -2683,24 +2652,24 @@ _Pithecops_; the palpi of these latter being both hairy, like the typical _Polyommatus_, and squamose, as in _Erina_: the posterior wings of both are also much of the same shape. By these blended characters Nature gently glides into the form now under consideration, which is the satyrian or -_rasorial_ type of the genus; representing the _Satyrid_, the -_Hipparchian_, &c. and which supplies the place of _Polyommatus_, strictly +_rasorial_ type of the genus; representing the _Satyridæ_, the +_Hipparchianæ_, &c. and which supplies the place of _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, on the Australian continent. We have already before us six species from that country; five of which are typical, but the sixth, the _L. ignita_ of our friend Dr. Leach (_Zool. Miss. I. pl. 60_), demands particular attention. We have elsewhere shewn that all aberrant forms unite -into a circle of their own. Now as _Erina_, _Lucia_, and _Nas_, are the +into a circle of their own. Now as _Erina_, _Lucia_, and _Naïs_, are the aberrant forms of the genus _Polyommatus_, so there should be species -either in the first or the last,--that is, in _Erina_ or _Nas_, which +either in the first or the last,--that is, in _Erina_ or _Naïs_, which would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We accordingly find it demonstrated by _Erina ignita_; for that insect, although essentially -belonging to this type, in the characters of the _palpi_ and _antenn_, -nevertheless assumes one of the great distinctions of _Nas_.---_The wings +belonging to this type, in the characters of the _palpi_ and _antennæ_, +nevertheless assumes one of the great distinctions of _Naïs_.---_The wings of the two sexes being different_: the posterior pair in the female are dentated, while those of the male are completely entire; so that the first -might pass for a _Nas_, and the second for an _Erina_; both sexes further +might pass for a _Naïs_, and the second for an _Erina_; both sexes further shew the union of these two types, by having the under surface of their -wings ornamented, as in _Nas_, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the +wings ornamented, as in _Naïs_, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the scale, are somewhat enlarged. We have sent a specimen of _E. pulchella_ to the British Museum for general reference. @@ -2717,12 +2686,12 @@ _Brown-winged Blue._ ---- -Sub-fam. Theclin. Genus Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus Lucia. _Sw._ +Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus Lucia. _Sw._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. Wings horizontally lengthened, entire: palpi very slender, ciliate with - long hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. Antenn + long hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. Antennæ with a lengthened club, either cylindrical or compressed. Colours obscure, moth-like. @@ -2742,15 +2711,15 @@ Mus. Nost. ---- This, which appears the most aberrant type of the genus, immediately -reminds the student of a dark coloured _Erycina_ or a _Phalna_, both of +reminds the student of a dark coloured _Erycina_ or a _Phalæna_, both of which families, as being the Heliconian or Erycinian type of _Polyommatus_, it truly represents. It is at once known from _Erina_, by its very peculiar -palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antenn of three species now +palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antennæ of three species now before us, present a remarkable difference. In two of these, the club is compressed and spatulate, like that of _Erina_; but in the third, here -figured, it has the cylindrical form belonging to _Nas_. Which of these +figured, it has the cylindrical form belonging to _Naïs_. Which of these forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but there cannot be a -stranger link of connection between _Lucia_ and _Nas_, than the fact of +stranger link of connection between _Lucia_ and _Naïs_, than the fact of this species borrowing, as it were, the cylindrical club of the latter. Without such a link, in short, the series would be imperfect. @@ -2760,29 +2729,29 @@ regard them as unnamed. This, and the two other species we possess, are all from Australia. On bringing the genus _Polyommatus_ to analogical tests, the only demonstration of a natural group, we find the sub-genera representing the families of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in the following -manner:--1. TYPICAL, Polyommatus, _Papilionid_.--2. SUB-TYPICAL, Lycna, -_Nymphalid_.--3. ABERRANT, Nas-_Hesperid_, Lucia-_Erycidin_, and -Erina-_Satyrid_. +manner:--1. TYPICAL, Polyommatus, _Papilionidæ_.--2. SUB-TYPICAL, Lycæna, +_Nymphalidæ_.--3. ABERRANT, Naïs-_Hesperidæ_, Lucia-_Erycidinæ_, and +Erina-_Satyridæ_. * * * * * * -[Illustration: NAS _splendens_.] +[Illustration: NAÏS _splendens_.] -NAS splendens. +NAÏS splendens. _Blue-shouldered Copper_. ---- -Sub-fam. Theclin. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Nas. _Sw._ +Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Naïs. _Sw._ SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. Wings sub-angulated; posterior dentated, particularly at the anal angle. - Copper coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antenn cylindrical, + Copper coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antennæ cylindrical, thickening from the base: the tip truncate. ---- @@ -2793,7 +2762,7 @@ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. beneath fulvous; the posterior varied with ferruginous, and marked by silvery spots._ - Pap. Nas. _Cramer, pl. 57, fig. D. E._ + Pap. Naïs. _Cramer, pl. 57, fig. D. E._ ---- @@ -2807,16 +2776,16 @@ represents that order of birds, as the Swallow-tailed _Papiliones_ typify the Swallows. That we should find this form in a group where the chief character is the roundness and the integrity of the wings, is certainly astonishing; but it shews that the laws of Nature are as simple, as they -are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus with _Lycna_, with +are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus with _Lycæna_, with which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All the species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the -_Argynnin_, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The +_Argynninæ_, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The species now figured, are probably male and female, and were received from Africa. We have now given the natural types of an Entomological genus; the only one -that has been attempted, since the demonstration of _Phanus_ and -_Scarabus_. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at +that has been attempted, since the demonstration of _Phanæus_ and +_Scarabæus_. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at present have any other foundation, strictly speaking, than mere opinion. But the great principles of variation are now discovered, and we must hope that those naturalists of a higher order, who join acknowledged talent to @@ -2897,11 +2866,11 @@ IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 No. 29. - Lycna dispar 132 + Lycæna dispar 132 Polyommatus Cassius 133 Erina pulchella 134 Lucia limbaria 135 - Nas splendens 136 + Naïs splendens 136 * * * * * * @@ -2939,7 +2908,7 @@ VOL. III. Centronotus radix, (_Murex_) 113 Clytia dissimilis 120 Cressida heliconides 94 - Crateropodin, _The genera of_ 127 + Crateropodinæ, _The genera of_ 127 _Copper, Large British_ 132 ---- _blue shouldered_ 136 _Emerald Butterfly, Brazilian_ 126 @@ -3032,7 +3001,7 @@ _In the order of Publication._ Pieris Nigrina 69 Eurymus Europome 70 Euterpe Teria 74 - Peleus acus 75 + Peleus Æacus 75 ---- Gentius 75 Melete Limnobia 79 Endymion Regalis 85 @@ -3041,7 +3010,7 @@ _In the order of Publication._ Jasia Athama 90 Protesilaus Leilus 93 Cressida heliconides 94 - Papilio Mmnon 95 + Papilio Mémnon 95 Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 Polydorus Thoas 101 Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 @@ -3061,11 +3030,11 @@ _In the order of Publication._ ---- Occidentalis 129 ---- Orientalis 130 Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - Lycna dispar 132 + Lycæna dispar 132 Polyommatus Casseus 133 Erina pulchella 134 Lucia limbaria 135 - Nas splendens 136 + Naïs splendens 136 * * * * * * @@ -3073,7 +3042,7 @@ _In the order of Publication._ _Systematic Arrangement._ - PAPILIONID. _Sw._ + PAPILIONIDÆ. _Sw._ pl. Pieris Nigrina 69 Euterpe Teria 74 @@ -3100,28 +3069,28 @@ _Systematic Arrangement._ Amynthia Swainsonia 63 Teracolus subfasciatus 115 - Fam. NYMPHALID. _Sw._ + Fam. NYMPHALIDÆ. _Sw._ Marius Cinna 45 Petrius Thetys 59 ---- larva and pupa 110 Jasia Athama 90 ---- Australis 114 - Fam. ERYCINID. _Sw._ + Fam. ERYCINIDÆ. _Sw._ Rhetus Crameri 33 Zeonia heliconides 111 Endymion regalis 85 Arcas Imperialis 88 - Lycna dispar 132 + Lycæna dispar 132 Polyommatus Cassius 133 Erina pulchella 134 Lucia limbaria 135 - Nas splendens 135 + Naïs splendens 135 - Fam. HESPERID. _Sw._ + Fam. HESPERIDÆ. _Sw._ Eudamus Agesilaus 48 ---- Doryssus 48 - Peleus acus 75 + Peleus Æacus 75 ---- Gentius 75 Tribe. SPHINGIDES. _Sw._ @@ -3177,7 +3146,7 @@ _In the order of Publication._ Volutilithes muricata 53 ---- pertusa 53 Mitrella fusca, occellata 54 - ---- olivformis 54 + ---- olivæformis 54 Margarita crocata 55 Olivella purpurata 58 ---- eburnea 58 @@ -3218,7 +3187,7 @@ _In the order of Publication._ _In Systematic Order._ - VOLUTID. + VOLUTIDÆ. pl. Voluta cymbium 84 ---- bullata 15 @@ -3240,7 +3209,7 @@ _In Systematic Order._ Tiara Isabella 50 ---- sulcata 50 Mitrella fusca. ocellata 54 - ---- olivformis 54 + ---- olivæformis 54 Mitreola monodonta 128 ---- terebellum 128 Oliva volutella 40 @@ -3254,21 +3223,21 @@ _In Systematic Order._ Marginella oblonga 44 ---- guttata 44 - MURICID. + MURICIDÆ. Murex (Phyllonotus) Imperialis 67, 109 ---- eurystomus 100 ---- erythrostomus 73 Centronotus radix 113 Pteronotus pinnatus 122 - STROMBID. + STROMBIDÆ. Strombus Peruvianus 39 Rostellaria curvirostris 34 Conus lithoglyphus 65 ---- fumigatus 68 ---- franciscanus 68 - HELICID. + HELICIDÆ. Ampullaria carinata 9 ---- Nilotica 38 ---- subcarinata 38 @@ -3279,7 +3248,7 @@ _In Systematic Order._ Caracolla acutissima 96 Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - TURBID. + TURBIDÆ. Marmarostoma undulata 14 BIVALVES. @@ -3321,14 +3290,14 @@ _In the order of Publication._ Drymophyla longipes 23 Platycercus scapularis 26 Drymophila fasciata 27 - Aglaa gyrola 28 + Aglaïa gyrola 28 ---- flava 31 Psaris Jardinii 35 - Petroca multicolor 36 + Petroïca multicolor 36 Ploceus Textor 37 Psaris cristatus 41 - Chtura macroptera 42 - Petroca bicolor 43 + Chætura macroptera 42 + Petroïca bicolor 43 Fluvicola cursoria 46 Macropteryx longipennis 47 Sylvia Regulus 51 @@ -3360,16 +3329,16 @@ _In the order of Publication._ _In Systematic Order._ - FALCONID. + FALCONIDÆ. Polyborus Braziliensis 1 - LANIAD. + LANIADÆ. Malaconotus Barbarus 71 ---- atro-coccineus 76 - Phnicornis flammeus 52 + Phænicornis flammeus 52 Ptiliogonys cinereus male, 62. female, 120 - MERULID. + MERULIDÆ. Drymophila longipes 23 ---- fasciata 27 Donacobius vociferans 72 @@ -3377,7 +3346,7 @@ _In Systematic Order._ Leptonyx macropus 117 Malacocircus striatus 127 - SYLVIAD. + SYLVIADÆ. Sylvia Regulus 51 Petroica multicolor 36 ---- bicolor 43 @@ -3387,22 +3356,22 @@ _In Systematic Order._ Prinia familiaris 97 Gryllivora saularis 61 - MUSCICAPID. + MUSCICAPIDÆ. Psaris Jardinii 35 ---- cristatus 41 Fluvicola cursoria 46 Todus viridis 66 - FRINGILLID. + FRINGILLIDÆ. Aglaia gyrola 28 ---- flava 31 Ploceus textor 37 - STURNID, CORVID. + STURNIDÆ, CORVIDÆ. Icterus Cayanensis 22 Garrulus sordidus 86 - PSITTACID. + PSITTACIDÆ. Psittacus vernalis 1 Lorius Isidorii 8 ---- Garrulus 12 @@ -3412,14 +3381,14 @@ _In Systematic Order._ Platycircus scapularis 26 Leptolophus auricomis 112 - CUCULID, CERTHIAD. + CUCULIDÆ, CERTHIADÆ. Cuculus nigricans 7 Coccyzus Levaillantii 13 Thryothorus Mexicanus 11 FISSIROSTRES. Hirundo fasciata 17 - Chtura macroptera 42 + Chætura macroptera 42 Macropteryx longipennis 47 Nyctiornis amictus 56 Prionites Mexicanus 81 @@ -3584,361 +3553,4 @@ Systematic index to the Birds: 'Trogon' corrected from 'Togon' End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions. 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Vol. III. </title> @@ -82,45 +82,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series, by William Swainson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series - -Author: William Swainson - -Release Date: October 29, 2013 [EBook #44058] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44058 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;" title="Transcriber's note" summary="Transcriber's note" class="sp4"> @@ -283,7 +245,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Psittacid. Sub-family Psittacin. Genus Lorius. <i>Swains</i>.</p> + <p class="ac">Family Psittacidæ. Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Lorius. <i>Swains</i>.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -303,9 +265,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) flanks, orange-crimson.</i></p> <p>Trichoglossus Swainsoni. <i>Jardine and Selby. Ill. of Orn. pl. iii.</i></p> <p>Blue bellied Parrakeet. <i>Brown's Ill. pl. 7, White's Voyage, pl. 4. p. 140.</i></p> - <p>Le Perruche tte bleue, male. <i>Le Vaill. Perr. 1. pl. 24. fig. pulcherima.</i></p> + <p>Le Perruche à tête bleue, male. <i>Le Vaill. Perr. 1. pl. 24. fig. pulcherima.</i></p> <p>Perruche des Moluques. <i>Buffon, Pl. Enl. No. 743?</i></p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Trichoglossus hmatodus. Lin. Tr. 15. p. 289. omitting Syn.</i></p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Trichoglossus hæmatodus. Lin. Tr. 15. p. 289. omitting Syn.</i></p> </div> <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> @@ -354,7 +316,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Wings trigonal, acute, yellow with black transverse bands; the inferior - lengthened, narrowed, with two long acute tails; antenn short, the club thick, slightly + lengthened, narrowed, with two long acute tails; antennæ short, the club thick, slightly compressed, but solid, and convex all round; front very hairy; <i>Larva</i> covered with sharp spines. <i>Pupa</i> braced, but suspended downwards.</p> </div> @@ -412,7 +374,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-Fam. Papilion. Genus Papilio. Sub-Genus Cressida. <i>Nobis</i>.</p> + <p class="ac">Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus Papilio. Sub-Genus Cressida. <i>Nobis</i>.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -441,7 +403,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Joseph Banks; who found it in Van Deimans Land, during his celebrated scientific voyage with Captain Cook. Fabricius, the most eminent entomologist of that day, described the species from this specimen: which, with the whole of the Banksian Cabinet, was presented by its learned and - munificent possessor to the Linnan Society of London, where it still exists. The only published + munificent possessor to the Linnæan Society of London, where it still exists. The only published figure is that of Donovans, which is much too small, and is otherwise faulty. The species is still very rare in collections; our own, a fine pair, were received from Van Diemans Land.</p> @@ -473,7 +435,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Fam. Papilionid. Sub-Fam. Papilion. Genus Papilio.—<i>Sw.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Fam. Papilionidæ. Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus Papilio.—<i>Sw.</i></p> <p class="ac">(Typical form or Sub-genus.)</p> @@ -481,7 +443,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p>Wings without tails; the anterior horizontally lengthened, entire; the posterior margin - concave; posterior wings perpendicularly lengthened, the margin rounded and scolloped; antenn + concave; posterior wings perpendicularly lengthened, the margin rounded and scolloped; antennæ long. <i>Larva</i> smooth; <i>Pupa</i> braced in an erect position.</p> <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">Sub-Types of form.</span> 1. <i>Typical</i>, Memnon. 2. <i>Sub-typical</i>, Erectheus. 3. <i>Aberrant</i>, Pammon, Drusius? Codrus.</p> @@ -502,7 +464,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Although of sombre colours, this butterfly is imposing in its size, and highly interesting. It is, in fact, that form which is <i>pre-eminently typical</i> of the whole of the Latriellian - <i>Papilionid</i>. It seems to be common throughout India and particularly so in Java, from + <i>Papilionidæ</i>. It seems to be common throughout India and particularly so in Java, from whence we possess several specimens. Dr. Horsfield's elaborate work has furnished us with figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis.</p> @@ -544,7 +506,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic (?) Character.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Animal</i> with four tentacul, the lower pair very short; <i>Shell</i> + <p class="sp0"><i>Animal</i> with four tentaculæ, the lower pair very short; <i>Shell</i> discoid, greatly depressed; the spire but slightly raised above the body whorl; aperture large, oblique, angulated; the lower portion generally dentated; the margin thickened and reflected.</p> @@ -560,8 +522,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) extremity</i>.</p> <p>Caracolla acutissima. <i>Lam. Syst. 6. p. 2. p. 95. Knorr. vol. 4 pl. 5. f. 2. 3.</i></p> <p><i>Encycl. Meth. pl. 462. f. 1. a. b.?</i></p> - <p>Helicodonta. <i>A. de Frrusac. pl. 58. f. 2.</i></p> - <p class="sp0">Helix caracolla. <i>Guerin. Iconog. du Rg. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1.</i></p> + <p>Helicodonta. <i>A. de Fèrrusac. pl. 58. f. 2.</i></p> + <p class="sp0">Helix caracolla. <i>Guerin. Iconog. du Règ. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1.</i></p> </div> <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> @@ -576,7 +538,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) their shells. Of their ultimate fate we know not: but that celebrated artist and entomologist, the late Mr. Lewin, then a guest in the house, executed highly finished drawings upon vellum of each species; and from one of these our present figures are faithfully copied. At the request of our - friend Dr. Leach, a copy was also made by some one and transmitted to Baron de Frussac, for his + friend Dr. Leach, a copy was also made by some one and transmitted to Baron de Fèrussac, for his great work upon Land shell, where it will be found engraved at pl. 58. fig. 2. M. Guerin has re-copied this latter figure, but as both are inaccurate, without any fault of these gentlemen, (who never saw the original drawing of Lewin) we have now represented it correctly.</p> @@ -603,7 +565,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family, Sylviad. Sub-Family, Sylvian. <i>Sw.</i> Genus, <span class="correction" + <p class="ac">Family, Sylviadæ. Sub-Family, Sylvianæ. <i>Sw.</i> Genus, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Prinea'.">Prinia</span>. <i>Horsf.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -637,7 +599,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>We must refer the scientific Ornithologist, for our exposition of the natural affinities of this group, to <i>Northern Zoology, vol. 2, p. 200</i>. It is unquestionably the Rasorial and - Scansorial genus of the Sub-family <i>Sylvian</i>, as there pointed out, and of which + Scansorial genus of the Sub-family <i>Sylvianæ</i>, as there pointed out, and of which <i>Orthotomus</i> is a sub-genus, or type of form.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -660,14 +622,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Papilionid. Sub-Fam. Papilion. Genus. Amphrisius. <i>Sw.</i> (Typical + <p class="ac">Family Papilionidæ. Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus. Amphrisius. <i>Sw.</i> (Typical Sub-Genus).</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Characters.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Wings without tails, the anterior externally dentated, the posterior short and - rounded, the margin scolloped; Antenn long. Larva covered with spine-like tubercles; + rounded, the margin scolloped; Antennæ long. Larva covered with spine-like tubercles; <i>Pupa</i> braced in an inverted position.</p> </div> @@ -791,7 +753,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div id="plate100" class="leftmar"><i>Pl.</i> 100.</div> - <p class="ac"><span class="larger">MURICIN. Pl. 3.</span><br/> + <p class="ac"><span class="larger">MURICINÆ. Pl. 3.</span><br/> <i>Murex <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'euristomus'.">eurystomus</span></i></p> <div class="ac fcenter sp3" style="width:37%;"> @@ -808,7 +770,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Cassid, Sub-family Muricin, <i>Nob.</i> Genus. Murex <i>Auct.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Family Cassidæ, Sub-family Muricinæ, <i>Nob.</i> Genus. Murex <i>Auct.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Synopsis of the Sub-genera.</span></p> @@ -899,7 +861,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-family Papilion. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Polydorus. <i>Sw.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Polydorus. <i>Sw.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -963,7 +925,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Laniad. Sub-fam. Tyrannin. Genus <span class="correction" + <p class="ac">Family Laniadæ. Sub-fam. Tyranninæ. Genus <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Pliliogonys'">Ptiliogonys</span>. <i>Nob.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -989,7 +951,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) specimens that have reached England.</p> <p>By viewing this as the type of the Scansorial group of the Tyrant-flycatchers, - (<i>Tyrannin</i>) every circumstance, even the most minute, regarding its structure and its + (<i>Tyranninæ</i>) every circumstance, even the most minute, regarding its structure and its colours will be explained. As representing <i>Brachypus</i>, (North. Zool. 2. 485.) and its analogies, it has the under tail covers richly coloured. As representing <i>Leiothryx</i> (Il. 490.) it has the same coloured cinereous and silky plumage: as a scansorial type, it has a @@ -997,7 +959,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the Tyrants, and is nearly as much of a <i>Ceblepyris</i> as of a <i>Tyrannus</i>. Indeed, when we described the female, we thought it actually entered the circle of the former, but the laws of representation has set us right on this point. <i>Phœnicornis</i> is the first of the - <i>Ceblepyrin</i>, as <i>Philiogonys</i> is the last of the <i>Tyrannin</i>. The <i>females</i> + <i>Ceblepyrinæ</i>, as <i>Philiogonys</i> is the last of the <i>Tyranninæ</i>. The <i>females</i> of <i>Phœnicornis</i> are clothed in the same slate coloured plumage, but, as being of a <i>fissirostral</i> type, their mouths are conspicuously bristled, while those of <i>Ptiliogonys</i> are quite smooth. Finally, the wings are those of a <i>Ceblepyris</i>, but the @@ -1022,7 +984,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Pupad. <i>Guilding.</i> Genus Carychium. <i>Muller.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Family Pupadæ. <i>Guilding.</i> Genus Carychium. <i>Muller.</i></p> <p class="ac">Sub-Gen. Plecocheilus. <i>Guild.</i></p> @@ -1031,7 +993,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0"><i>Animal</i> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'hermaphrotide'.">hermaphrodite</span>, snail-like; the head bilobed, and - bearing four tentacul, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles greatly + bearing four tentaculæ, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles greatly lunated, with a small transverse mouth and a triangular cutaneous plate; mantle perforated. <i>Eggs</i> large, externally calcarious. <i>Shell</i> oval, ventricose, the two last spiral whorls very short, but elevated; aperture entire, elongated; outer lip thickened and reflected; @@ -1067,7 +1029,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>This noble species was discovered by Mr. Guilding, in great numbers, upon the trunks and branches of trees in the forests of St Vincent: its eggs are hard like those of a bird, and the young shell resembles that of a <i>Succinea</i>. In <i>Carychium</i> the eyes are at the - <i>base</i>, but here they are at the <i>tips</i> of the tentacul.</p> + <i>base</i>, but here they are at the <i>tips</i> of the tentaculæ.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -1089,7 +1051,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-family Papilion. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. <i>Nob.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. <i>Nob.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Characters.</span></p> @@ -1140,18 +1102,18 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-family Papilion. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. <i>Nob.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. <i>Nob.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0"><i>Wings</i> trigonal, acute, yellow, with black transverse bands, the inferior - with two long narrow acute tails; <i>Antenn</i> short, the club thick and solid at the base, + with two long narrow acute tails; <i>Antennæ</i> short, the club thick and solid at the base, but greatly compressed at the tip, where it is concave beneath; <i>head</i> small, front hairy; <i>Larva</i> smooth; <i>Pupa</i> braced in an erect position.</p> </div> - <p class="ac"><i>Type</i> Podalirius Europus. <i>Nobis.</i></p> + <p class="ac"><i>Type</i> Podalirius Europæus. <i>Nobis.</i></p> <hr style="width:6em"/> @@ -1203,7 +1165,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub. Family Papilion. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, <i>Nob.</i> + <p class="ac">Sub. Family Papilionæ. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, <i>Nob.</i> (<i>Erycinian type</i>).</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Characters.</span></p> @@ -1212,7 +1174,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp0"><i>Size and aspect of an</i> Erycina; <i>Anterior wings</i> sub-hyaline; <i>posterior</i> greatly lengthened, and terminating in two long tails; <i>Head</i>, <i>thorax</i>, and <i>body</i> very thick; <i>Anterior feet</i>, <i>palpi</i>, and - <i>Antenn</i> papilioniform.</p> + <i>Antennæ</i> papilioniform.</p> </div> <hr style="width:6em"/> @@ -1231,7 +1193,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>There are only two collections we believe in this country, which possess this rare and extraordinary butterfly, and it may be even doubted whether these specimens do not belong to - distinct species. One is in the Banksian cabinet, now possessed by the Linnan Society, the other + distinct species. One is in the Banksian cabinet, now possessed by the Linnæan Society, the other in that of the lady of our friend J. G. Children Esq. Zoologist to the British Museum. We are told the species has been "made into a genus" by some continental methodist, but who, according to the disreputable and slovenly mode fast creeping <i>among us</i>, gives no definition. We have @@ -1240,8 +1202,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Nature has so admirably disguised this insect in the external form of that tribe of butterflys which she intends it to represent, that it was only upon looking to its anatomical construction, - that we discovered it was a type of the true <i>Papilion</i>, and not of the <i>Erycin</i>. The - construction of the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antenn, all which are here + that we discovered it was a type of the true <i>Papilionæ</i>, and not of the <i>Erycinæ</i>. The + construction of the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antennæ, all which are here represented, magnified, places this fact beyond doubt, and leaves us nothing to desire but a knowledge of its caterpillar and chrysalis, and of the direction of the wings when the species is at rest. We suspect that like those of <i>Urania</i>, they are then <i>deflexed</i>.</p> @@ -1267,7 +1229,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonid. <i>See North Zool. 2, p. 326.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonidæ. <i>See North Zool. 2, p. 326.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic Characters.</span></p> @@ -1328,7 +1290,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div id="plate108" class="leftmar"><i>Pl.</i> 108.</div> <p class="ac"><span class="larger">ACHATINELLA. Pl. 2.</span><br/> - <i>1, bulimodes.</i> <i>2, livida.</i></p> + <i>1, bulimoïdes.</i> <i>2, livida.</i></p> <div class="ac fcenter sp3" style="width:36%;"> <a href="images/s2_pl108.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/s2_pl108.jpg" alt="Plate 108." @@ -1337,7 +1299,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">ACHATINELLA</span> - bulimodes,</span></p> + bulimoïdes,</span></p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><i>Thick-spired Achatinella—middle figures</i>.</span></p> @@ -1355,7 +1317,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Shell ovate-oblong, subventricose, whiteish, with chesnut bands; spire thickened, the tip pale brown.</i></p> - <p class="sp0">Achatinella bulimodes. <i>Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85.</i></p> + <p class="sp0">Achatinella bulimoïdes. <i>Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85.</i></p> </div> <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> @@ -1396,7 +1358,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div id="plate109" class="leftmar"><i>Pl.</i> 109.</div> - <p class="ac"><span class="larger">MURICIN. Pl. 3.</span><br/> + <p class="ac"><span class="larger">MURICINÆ. Pl. 3.</span><br/> MUREX (PHYLLONOTUS) <i>Imperialis.</i> <i>var. a.</i></p> <div class="ac fcenter sp3" style="width:37%;"> @@ -1497,7 +1459,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Nymphalid. Sub-family Paphian. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. (Heliconian + <p class="ac">Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. (Heliconian Type.)</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -1532,7 +1494,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) same in every group throughout the animal kingdom. The genus itself represents the Swallow-tailed types already figured (<i>Podalirius</i>, <i>Protesilaus</i>, and <i>Leptocircus</i>), but of the three remaining sub-genera of <i>Marius</i>, we are as yet ignorant. It is, however, by this genus - that the two sub-families of <i>Paphian</i> and <i>Heliconin</i> are united; as it blends into + that the two sub-families of <i>Paphianæ</i> and <i>Heliconinæ</i> are united; as it blends into the latter by means of the genus <i>Fabius</i>, which we shall shortly illustrate.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -1554,14 +1516,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="sp3 ac">Family Erycinid. Sub-family Erycin. Genus ——; Sub-genus Zeonia. + <p class="sp3 ac">Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Erycinæ. Genus ——; Sub-genus Zeonia. <i>Nob.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Wings trigonal, hyaline, the posterior ending in long tails; Palpi very short, - not projecting beyond the head; Antenn hairy, with the club very small, but gradually + not projecting beyond the head; Antennæ hairy, with the club very small, but gradually thickening from the base.</p> </div> @@ -1595,7 +1557,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) second species; but we know not to what natural genus they belong.</p> <p>Fig. 1. <i>Zeonia</i>, wing. 2. <i>Leptocircus</i>, wing. 3. <i>Zeonia</i>; anterior foot, with - the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antenn.</p> + the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antennæ.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -1618,7 +1580,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-family Psittacin. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The Rasorial + <p class="ac">Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The Rasorial type.)</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -1636,14 +1598,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Cinereous, wings with a longitudinal white stripe; ears orange; lateral tail feathers banded with yellow and black.</i></p> - <p class="sp0">Palornis Nov-Hollandi. New Holland Parrakeet. <i>Lears Parrots, No 8.</i></p> + <p class="sp0">Palæornis Novæ-Hollandiæ. New Holland Parrakeet. <i>Lears Parrots, No 8.</i></p> </div> <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> <p>The discovery of this remarkable and highly interesting Australian species is due to Allen Cunningham, Esq. who, on an inland expedition ordered by our government, in 1827, discovered it in - small flocks on the arid sandy plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150 E. We must again + small flocks on the arid sandy plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150¾ E. We must again express our public thanks to this intelligent and liberal naturalist for the ornithological specimens then collected. Among these were two skins of the bird in question; but as the mere addition of a new species to our already overwhelming list would be of little importance to the @@ -1658,7 +1620,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) ornithological nomenclature, possess any claim to permanent interest, or carry with them any authority: they encumber rather than advance science, by keeping up the already overwhelming stock of undigested materials. Mr. Lear has recently given beautiful figures of this species, but under - the peculiarly inappropriate name of <i>Palornis Nov-hollandi</i>. The genus is + the peculiarly inappropriate name of <i>Palæornis Novæ-hollandiæ</i>. The genus is <i>Platycercus</i>, <i>all</i> the species of which are from New Holland, excepting those of the Fissirostral type. The exactness of our figure renders a detailed account of its plumage unessential.</p> @@ -1721,7 +1683,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) correct, it follows that it will be equally manifested in <i>all</i> other portions of the animal world, when they are sufficiently investigated. Hence it is that remote resemblances between objects, widely different in themselves, can be explained: hence the analogy which the - <i>Glires</i> bears to the Hedgehogs, and to the <i>Ceblepyrin</i>; and hence the resemblance + <i>Glires</i> bears to the Hedgehogs, and to the <i>Ceblepyrinæ</i>; and hence the resemblance between this shell and the Porcupines; an analogy the more singular, as it extends even to the black and white colour of the spines.</p> @@ -1745,7 +1707,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Nymphalid. Sub-family Paphian. Genus, ——</p> + <p class="ac">Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus, ——</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -1772,10 +1734,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) is a typical example. The geographic range of this group is thus proved to extend from the South of Europe to Australia, but it is entirely unknown in the new world.</p> - <p>The family of <i>Nymphalid</i> is the sub-typical group of the diurnal Lepidoptera, forming - our tribe <i>Papiliones</i>. In its own circle it therefore represents the <i>Fer</i> among + <p>The family of <i>Nymphalidæ</i> is the sub-typical group of the diurnal Lepidoptera, forming + our tribe <i>Papiliones</i>. In its own circle it therefore represents the <i>Feræ</i> among quadrupeds, the <i>Raptores</i> among birds, the <i>Aptera</i> among annulose animals, and the - <i>Scolopendrid</i> in the order <i>Myriapoda</i>. The analogical representations resulting from + <i>Scolopendridæ</i> in the order <i>Myriapoda</i>. The analogical representations resulting from this view of the subject are innumerable.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -1797,12 +1759,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Papilionid. Sub-family Colian. Genus (?). Teracolus <i>Nob.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Family Papilionidæ. Sub-family Colianæ. Genus (?). Teracolus <i>Nob.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic Characters.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0">Antenn with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings + <p class="sp0">Antennæ with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings trigonal, posterior rounded; Palpi as in <i>Colias</i>, but the scales intermixed with hairs.</p> </div> @@ -1822,13 +1784,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Mr. Burchell was the first who discovered this unpublished species in the interior of Southern Africa, and by his kindness we are enabled to illustrate it. His specimens, unfortunately, are not in the best condition, for he was obliged to preserve many of his insects in books; and these, - having been among the number, may probably have had the antenn more compressed than they were in + having been among the number, may probably have had the antennæ more compressed than they were in nature. The form of this butterfly, nevertheless, is perfectly distinct from <i>Colias</i>, as may be seen by comparing the nerves of the anterior wings, here given in outline.</p> - <p>Not having completed our analysis of the <i>Colian</i>, we cannot speak with any confidence on + <p>Not having completed our analysis of the <i>Colianæ</i>, we cannot speak with any confidence on the rank or the station of this type; we are inclined to believe it is a <i>genus</i> between - those of Colias and Terias, connecting this sub-family with the <i>Licinin</i>. It may, however, + those of Colias and Terias, connecting this sub-family with the <i>Licininæ</i>. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera of <i>Colias</i>, in which case the genus, which it would then represent, is unknown. Fig. 1. represents the anterior wing of <i>Teracolus</i>, 2, of <i>Terias</i>, and 3, of <i>Colias</i>.</p> @@ -1852,17 +1814,17 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthocerid. Sw. (Zyganid Auct.) Genus ——?</p> + <p class="ac">Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthoceridæ. Sw. (Zyganidæ Auct.) Genus ——?</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-generic Characters.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Anterior Wings papilioniform, i. e. the exterior margin as long, or longer, than - that of the posterior; inferior wings lengthened perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antenn + that of the posterior; inferior wings lengthened perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antennæ pectinate in both sexes.</p> </div> - <p class="ac">Type <i>Phalna militaris</i>. Lin. Don. <i>Ins. of China</i>. pl. 43.</p> + <p class="ac">Type <i>Phalæna militaris</i>. Lin. Don. <i>Ins. of China</i>. pl. 43.</p> <hr style="width:6em"/> @@ -1878,10 +1840,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The diurnal or Heliconean Hawk-mouths, form one of the most natural and remarkable groups among <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Lepedopterous'.">Lepidopterous</span> insects. They fly during the heat of the day; and, (as representing in their own family the tribe of - <i>Phalnides</i>) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their slow flight, long + <i>Phalænides</i>) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their slow flight, long transparent wings, and proneness to imitate death on being handled, they afford a most beautiful analogy to the Heliconian Butterflys. Both have their chief metropolis in equinoctial America, and - both find their prototypes in the lovely family of <i>Erycinid</i>. It is really surprizing that + both find their prototypes in the lovely family of <i>Erycinidæ</i>. It is really surprizing that searchers after the <i>natural</i> system, should have overlooked such a group.</p> <p>Among the comparatively few genera of this division, found in India and the adjacent islands, @@ -1890,7 +1852,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) woods descending to the shores of York Island, and again in nutmeg woods adjoining Brunswick Bay.</p> - <p>The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-family <i>Papilion</i> will + <p>The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-family <i>Papilionæ</i> will immediately distinguish this from all the American genera. The plant, <i>Pattersonia glauca</i>, is of a sub-genus also peculiar to New Holland.</p> @@ -1915,7 +1877,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Merulid. Sub-family Crateropodin. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. Sub-genus + <p class="ac">Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Crateropodinæ. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. Sub-genus Leptonix. (<i>The Rasorial type.</i>) <i>Nob.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-generic Character.</span></p> @@ -1955,7 +1917,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Malacocircus</i> Sw. and <i>Timalia</i> Horsf.</p> <p>Total length 9 inches; bill from the gape 1<span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span - class="suu">10</span>; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus 1; hind toe and claw 1.</p> + class="suu">10</span>; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus 1¾; hind toe and claw 1½.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -2003,7 +1965,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) long uncharacterized in our Conchological Systems; seeing that the other four types, viz. <i>Arca</i>, <i>Pectunculus</i>, <i>Cucullœa</i>, and <i>Nucula</i>, were defined many years ago by the celebrated Lamarck. We have consequently supplied this omission; and at the same - time have selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the <i>B. No</i>; from which + time have selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the <i>B. Noæ</i>; from which it differs in sculpture, colour, and in the umbones being less remote from each other.</p> <p>The Animals of these shells affix themselves to other bodies by a particular muscle, which is @@ -2033,7 +1995,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Sylviad. Sub-fam: Sylvian. Genus (?) Apalis.</p> + <p class="ac">Family Sylviadæ. Sub-fam: Sylvianæ. Genus (?) Apalis.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic (?) Character.</span></p> @@ -2093,7 +2055,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Papilionid. Sub-fam. Papilion. Genus Clytia.</p> + <p class="ac">Family Papilionidæ. Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus Clytia.</p> <hr style="width:6em"/> @@ -2129,12 +2091,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) plate we must refer the entomologist who wishes to understand the previous states of this insect; while its general aspect at once intimates its resemblance or analogy to the Sub-genus <i>Idea</i> F, and consequently points it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of the - <i>Papilion</i>. According to these views, <i>Clytia</i> is united to <i>Amphrysius</i>, by the + <i>Papilionæ</i>. According to these views, <i>Clytia</i> is united to <i>Amphrysius</i>, by the sub-genus <i>Epius</i>; (Pap. Epius. Auct.) and at the same time forms the generic passage to the - <i>Pierid</i>, Sw. For want of a better term, we must call this the <i>Rasorial</i> type, as it + <i>Pieridæ</i>, Sw. For want of a better term, we must call this the <i>Rasorial</i> type, as it corresponds to that Ornithological group.</p> - <p>The aberrant group of the Sub-family <i>Papilion</i> appear to be the genera <i>Leilus</i>, + <p>The aberrant group of the Sub-family <i>Papilionæ</i> appear to be the genera <i>Leilus</i>, Sw. (<i>Uranea</i> Lat.) <i>Antimachus</i>, Sw. and <i>Clytia</i> Sw. the two typical genera being <i>Papilio</i> and <i>Amphrisius</i>, Sw.</p> @@ -2158,7 +2120,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-fam. Papilion. Genus, Papilio. <i>Sw.</i> Sub-genus Thoas. <i>Nob.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus, Papilio. <i>Sw.</i> Sub-genus Thoas. <i>Nob.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -2240,7 +2202,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Buccinid. Sub-fam. Muricin. <i>Sw.</i> Genus Murex. <i>Lam.</i> Sub-genus + <p class="ac">Family Buccinidæ. Sub-fam. Muricinæ. <i>Sw.</i> Genus Murex. <i>Lam.</i> Sub-genus Pteronotus. Sw.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -2307,7 +2269,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with obsolete white bands.</i></p> - <p class="sp0">Ach. bulimodes (var. rosea) <i>Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. + <p class="sp0">Ach. bulimoïdes (var. rosea) <i>Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. 85.</i></p> </div> @@ -2315,7 +2277,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The figures on this plate complete the illustration of our monograph of this pretty and interesting group of shells. At present, we feel undecided whether this is a species, or a variety - of <i>A. bulimodes</i>, from which it differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove + of <i>A. bulimoïdes</i>, from which it differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove very distinct, instead of scarcely perceptible, and in colour. We possess only two specimens which came, with all the others, from the Pacific Islands.</p> @@ -2363,7 +2325,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthocerid. <i>Sw.</i> Genus ——? + <p class="ac">Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthoceridæ. <i>Sw.</i> Genus ——? Sub-genus.</p> <hr style="width:6em"/> @@ -2372,7 +2334,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Anterior wings with the outer or exterior margin much shorter than the posterior; - inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded. Antenn slightly pectinated in + inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded. Antennæ slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically. Inhabits Tropical America only. <i>Nob.</i></p> </div> @@ -2395,7 +2357,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) researches in Brazil, the chief metropolis of this group, great attention was paid to these insects, of which we have a most extensive series. They fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch counterfeit death. Most of the species, when handled, discharge - from their body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the <i>Heliconid</i>.</p> + from their body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the <i>Heliconidæ</i>.</p> <p class="sp3 ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> @@ -2441,7 +2403,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family, Papilionid. Sub-fam Papilion. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (<i>Fissirostral or + <p class="ac">Family, Papilionidæ. Sub-fam Papilionæ. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (<i>Fissirostral or Hesperian type</i>) Sub-genus. Leilus <i>proper</i>. Sw.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Synopsis of the Sub-genera.</span></p> @@ -2449,24 +2411,24 @@ by The Internet Archive) <table class="sp2 mc w50" title="Sub-genera of Genus Leilus" summary="Sub-genera of Genus Leilus"> <tr> <td>I.</td> - <td><span class="sc">Typical.</span> Antenn filiform, thickened in the middle; posterior + <td><span class="sc">Typical.</span> Antennæ filiform, thickened in the middle; posterior wings with long pointed tails.</td> <td class="vbm"><span class="sc">Leilus.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pt1">II.</td> - <td class="pt1"><span class="sc">Sub-Typical.</span> Antenn as in the last, but arcuated near + <td class="pt1"><span class="sc">Sub-Typical.</span> Antennæ as in the last, but arcuated near the tip. Tails of the posterior wings short and obtuse.</td> <td class="vbm"><span class="sc">Orontes.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pt1" rowspan="2">III.</td> - <td class="pt1"><span class="sc">Aberrant.</span> Antenn clavate; front very hairy; tails + <td class="pt1"><span class="sc">Aberrant.</span> Antennæ clavate; front very hairy; tails none.</td> <td class="vbm"><span class="sc">Ripheus.</span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt1">Antenn clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long.</td> + <td class="pt1">Antennæ clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long.</td> <td class="vbm"><span class="sc">Leptocircus.</span></td> </tr> </table> @@ -2494,12 +2456,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and construction of this group; while the name of <i>Urania</i>, bestowed upon it by Fabricius, has long been appropriated - to a genus of plants. Linnus, more correctly, placed it with the genuine <i>Papiliones</i>; a + to a genus of plants. Linnæus, more correctly, placed it with the genuine <i>Papiliones</i>; a station which is confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those of <i>Leptocircus</i>, figured at pl. <a href="#plate106">106</a>, being provided with that short spiney process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies which result from this location of <i>Leilus</i> are beautiful, and almost interminable. It is the - representation of the <i>Noctuid</i> and of the <i>Hesperid</i> in its own circle; and of the + representation of the <i>Noctuidæ</i> and of the <i>Hesperidæ</i> in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all these being modifications of the natatorial type of the <span class="smaller">VERTEBRATA</span>.</p> @@ -2528,8 +2490,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0"><i>Wings</i> when at rest, horizontal, slightly expanded; posterior furnished with acute tails. Palpi short, porrect; the last joint nearly naked, projecting beyond the head, - but shorter than the second joint. <i>Tibi</i> of the anterior feet, spined in the middle: - claws very small. <i>Antenn</i> filiform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, + but shorter than the second joint. <i>Tibiæ</i> of the anterior feet, spined in the middle: + claws very small. <i>Antennæ</i> filiform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, but not uncinate. <i>Sw.</i></p> </div> @@ -2585,7 +2547,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Merulid. Sub-fam. Crateropodin. Sw. <i>North. Zool. 2, p 156.</i> Genus + <p class="ac">Family Merulidæ. Sub-fam. Crateropodinæ. Sw. <i>North. Zool. 2, p 156.</i> Genus Malacocircus.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -2611,7 +2573,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p>The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-family <i>Crateropodin</i>, Sw.) are + <p>The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-family <i>Crateropodinæ</i>, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer latitudes of the old world; extending to the north as far as Egypt, and to the south over the greatest part of Australia. Like all birds which belong to the natatorial type, the majority of the species live in the vicinity of water. Their voice, like @@ -2650,7 +2612,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Volutid. Sub-family Mitran. Genus Mitreola. <i>Sw.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Mitranæ. Genus Mitreola. <i>Sw.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -2671,13 +2633,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>We feel much obliged to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for calling our attention to the remarkable construction of this Volute Mitre, of which we had not then seen a specimen. We view it as - supplying that link of connection between the <i>Volutin</i> and the <i>Mitran</i>, the Volute + supplying that link of connection between the <i>Volutinæ</i> and the <i>Mitranæ</i>, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we had long been in search of. Of the genus, however, we know as yet but of two species, represented on the plate somewhat larger than their natural size. We have also added a figure of our <i>Mitra acuminata</i>, to shew how beautifully <i>Mitreola</i> is represented by the fourth type of the genus <i>Mitra</i>, as now restricted, to which type (represented by <i>M. Zebra</i>), <i>acuminata</i> also belongs: both, as prototypes of the - <i>Strombid</i>, have the outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are + <i>Strombidæ</i>, have the outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are totally different, while the spire of one is acute, and of the other papillary. <i>M. monodonta</i> is a Grignon fossil: some specimens are so well preserved, that the colours may be traced in the appearance of zebra-like stripes: thus strongly corroborating our views on its true @@ -2753,9 +2715,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) is universal, and that she is always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been left for us to make known the fact, - that the sub-family <i>Papilion</i>, represents the sub-family <i>Harpalin</i>, (Harpalid, + that the sub-family <i>Papilionæ</i>, represents the sub-family <i>Harpalinæ</i>, (Harpalidæ, <i>Auct.</i>) And that this analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of their - <i>tibi</i>, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of the <span + <i>tibiæ</i>, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of the <span class="sc">Coleoptera</span> and the <span class="sc">Lepidoptera</span>.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -2803,9 +2765,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) wings of <i>Cramer's</i>, would be spotted like those of <i>Drury's</i>, yet they are essentially different: a piece of paper, put over to hide the tails in our present figure, which may then be compared with the next, will at once explain our meaning: but setting this aside, Cramer expressly - asserts that his insect has the Antenn "<i>sans boutons</i>", and "<i>comme filiformes</i>", and + asserts that his insect has the Antennæ "<i>sans boutons</i>", and "<i>comme filiformes</i>", and very justly compares it with our <i>Leilus Surinamensis</i>, "<i>mas plus encore</i>," with - <i>Pap. Orontes</i>, L. (<i>Orontes Noctudes</i>, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads.</p> + <i>Pap. Orontes</i>, L. (<i>Orontes Noctuïdes</i>, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads.</p> <p>How totally inapplicable this account is to Drury's insect, will be presently shewn. Cramer has most correctly given the immediate affinities of this insect. We have no space to state our @@ -2852,13 +2814,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) May, of Hammersmith: with whom it was seen by Drury, and drawn by Harris. It is not however, on this account only that we have been induced to copy this figure, but because its illustration will clear up one of the most intricate and perplexing questions, that has hitherto impeded the natural - arrangement of the Linnn <i>Papiliones</i>, and even of the whole order of Lepidoptera.</p> + arrangement of the Linnæn <i>Papiliones</i>, and even of the whole order of Lepidoptera.</p> <p>The error of Cramer, regarding <i>Rhipheus</i> has already been rectified. It will now be demonstrated that not only are the two insects distinct as <i>species</i>, but that they actually belong to different <i>genera</i>. Cramer's being a <i>Urania</i> of Fabricius and Latrielle, while Drury's is a <i>Papilio</i> of the same authors. This is proved by the figures; and - confirmed by the following words of Drury, "<i>The antenn are black, and knobbed at their + confirmed by the following words of Drury, "<i>The antennæ are black, and knobbed at their extremities</i>," in other words, clavate; while the palpi, as expressed in the figure, are so small as not to project beyond the head, where they lie hid in the frontal hairs: this also being a typical distinction of the Latrellian <i>Papiliones</i>. The figures in Drury's work were all @@ -2875,7 +2837,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div id="plate132" class="leftmar"><i>Pl.</i> 132.</div> - <p class="ac"><span class="larger">LYCNA <i>Dispar</i>.</span></p> + <p class="ac"><span class="larger">LYCÆNA <i>Dispar</i>.</span></p> <div class="ac fcenter sp3" style="width:35%;"> <a href="images/s2_pl132.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/s2_pl132.jpg" alt="Plate 132." @@ -2883,7 +2845,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="smaller ac"></div> </div> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">LYCNA</span> + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">LYCÆNA</span> dispar.</span></p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><i>The Large British @@ -2891,7 +2853,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Erycinid. Sub-family Theclin. Sw. Genus Polyommatus.</p> + <p class="ac">Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Sw. Genus Polyommatus.</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></p> @@ -2905,8 +2867,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0"><i>Posterior wings obsoletely dentated, particularly at the anal angle: club of - the antenn short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely - vertical.</i> <i>Type.</i> L. Phlas.</p> + the antennæ short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely + vertical.</i> <i>Type.</i> L. Phlæas.</p> </div> <hr style="width:6em"/> @@ -2915,8 +2877,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Wings coppery: the male with two discoid black dots on the anterior, and one on the - posterior wings: club of the antenn elongated and fusiform.</i> (<i>Aberrant.</i>)</p> - <p>Papilio Hippotho. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40.</p> + posterior wings: club of the antennæ elongated and fusiform.</i> (<i>Aberrant.</i>)</p> + <p>Papilio Hippothoë. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40.</p> <p class="sp0">Pap. dispar. Haworth. Lep. Brit. p. 40. Stevens. Brit. Ent. 1. p. 82. Pl. 3</p> </div> @@ -2928,13 +2890,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) subordinate types or sub-genera. These compose, what we have elsewhere defined, a natural and perfect group; (<i>North. Zool. 2, 288</i>) inasmuch as it has been tested by the analogies, and conformed by the representations, which it bears to innumerable others, both in the Annulose and - vertebrated circles. According to this analysis, both <i>Lycna</i> and <i>Polyommatus</i>, + vertebrated circles. According to this analysis, both <i>Lycæna</i> and <i>Polyommatus</i>, strictly so termed, instead of being types either of families or sub-families, are of one and the same genus: which genus, moreover, is but the portion of the aberrant group of the - <i>Theclin</i>. The typical forms of the genus <i>Erycina</i>, exclusively confined to Tropical + <i>Theclinæ</i>. The typical forms of the genus <i>Erycina</i>, exclusively confined to Tropical America, constitute, in fact, the pre-eminent perfection of the family in question.</p> - <p>As <i>Lycna</i> represents the <i>Nymphalid</i>, or sub-typical family of the Diurnal + <p>As <i>Lycæna</i> represents the <i>Nymphalidæ</i>, or sub-typical family of the Diurnal Butterflys, so is it the sub-typical form of the genus <i>Polyommatus</i>. Its geographic range is wide, being extended to the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. The largest British species is that now figured, from the identical specimens mentioned by Lewin.</p> @@ -2959,14 +2921,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family Erycinid. Sub-family Theclin. Genus Polyommatus (The typical + <p class="ac">Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus (The typical sub-genus.)</p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Wings entire, obtuse; the posterior rounded, particularly at the anal angle. - Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct and nearly naked. Antenn with + Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct and nearly naked. Antennæ with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club. Colour blue, beneath ocellated.</p> </div> @@ -2993,16 +2955,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) islands on one side, and over the whole of America on the other, without offering more than a sectional variation of character. It is uncertain, however, whether any species occur in Australia; for the European type seems to be represented there by the sub-genus <i>Erina</i>. The - genus, <i>collectively</i>, is a rasorial type, representing the family <i>Satyrid</i> among the - <i>Papiliones</i>,—<i>Parnassius</i> among the <i>Papilionid</i>,—and the - <i>Paconid</i> among Birds.</p> + genus, <i>collectively</i>, is a rasorial type, representing the family <i>Satyridæ</i> among the + <i>Papiliones</i>,—<i>Parnassius</i> among the <i>Papilionidæ</i>,—and the + <i>Paconidæ</i> among Birds.</p> <p>Pol. Cassius is one of the most common species of Brazil, where we found it frequenting similar situations, and possessing the same habits, as the ordinary Blues of England. The analysis bestowed upon this group, convinces us that <i>Pithecops, H.</i> is but a section of this sub-genus. The upper figure represents the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'female'.">male</span>, the lower the female: both are enlarged. The - connecting species between <i>Polyommatus</i> and <i>Lycna</i> are <i>Helle</i>, Hub. + connecting species between <i>Polyommatus</i> and <i>Lycæna</i> are <i>Helle</i>, Hub. <i>Lametia</i>, and <i>Boeticus</i>.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> @@ -3024,16 +2986,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Family, Ericinid. Sub-fam., Theclin. <i>Sw.</i> Genus, Polyommatus. <i>Lat.</i> + <p class="ac">Family, Ericinidæ. Sub-fam., Theclinæ. <i>Sw.</i> Genus, Polyommatus. <i>Lat.</i> Sub-genus, Erina. <i>Sw.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p>Wings obtuse, very entire: palpi covered only with compact scales, the last joint lengthened, - slender, and very naked. Club of the antenn short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, + slender, and very naked. Club of the antennæ short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath.</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Typical.</i> Hesp. Erinus. <i>Fab.</i> <i>Aberrant.</i> Lycna ignita. + <p class="sp0"><i>Typical.</i> Hesp. Erinus. <i>Fab.</i> <i>Aberrant.</i> Lycæna ignita. <i>Leach.</i></p> </div> @@ -3055,21 +3017,21 @@ by The Internet Archive) latter being both hairy, like the typical <i>Polyommatus</i>, and squamose, as in <i>Erina</i>: the posterior wings of both are also much of the same shape. By these blended characters Nature gently glides into the form now under consideration, which is the satyrian or <i>rasorial</i> type - of the genus; representing the <i>Satyrid</i>, the <i>Hipparchian</i>, &c. and which + of the genus; representing the <i>Satyridæ</i>, the <i>Hipparchianæ</i>, &c. and which supplies the place of <i>Polyommatus</i>, strictly so termed, on the Australian continent. We have already before us six species from that country; five of which are typical, but the sixth, the <i>L. ignita</i> of our friend Dr. Leach (<i>Zool. Miss. I. pl. 60</i>), demands particular attention. We have elsewhere shewn that all aberrant forms unite into a circle of their own. Now - as <i>Erina</i>, <i>Lucia</i>, and <i>Nas</i>, are the aberrant forms of the genus + as <i>Erina</i>, <i>Lucia</i>, and <i>Naïs</i>, are the aberrant forms of the genus <i>Polyommatus</i>, so there should be species either in the first or the last,—that is, in - <i>Erina</i> or <i>Nas</i>, which would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We + <i>Erina</i> or <i>Naïs</i>, which would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We accordingly find it demonstrated by <i>Erina ignita</i>; for that insect, although essentially - belonging to this type, in the characters of the <i>palpi</i> and <i>antenn</i>, nevertheless - assumes one of the great distinctions of <i>Nas</i>.—-<i>The wings of the two sexes being + belonging to this type, in the characters of the <i>palpi</i> and <i>antennæ</i>, nevertheless + assumes one of the great distinctions of <i>Naïs</i>.—-<i>The wings of the two sexes being different</i>: the posterior pair in the female are dentated, while those of the male are - completely entire; so that the first might pass for a <i>Nas</i>, and the second for an + completely entire; so that the first might pass for a <i>Naïs</i>, and the second for an <i>Erina</i>; both sexes further shew the union of these two types, by having the under surface of - their wings ornamented, as in <i>Nas</i>, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the scale, are + their wings ornamented, as in <i>Naïs</i>, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the scale, are somewhat enlarged. We have sent a specimen of <i>E. pulchella</i> to the British Museum for general reference.</p> @@ -3092,13 +3054,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-fam. Theclin. Genus Polyommatus. <i>Lat.</i> Sub-genus Lucia. <i>Sw.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. <i>Lat.</i> Sub-genus Lucia. <i>Sw.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-Generic Character.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Wings horizontally lengthened, entire: palpi very slender, ciliate with long - hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. Antenn with a lengthened club, + hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. Antennæ with a lengthened club, either cylindrical or compressed. Colours obscure, moth-like.</p> </div> @@ -3119,13 +3081,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> <p>This, which appears the most aberrant type of the genus, immediately reminds the student of a - dark coloured <i>Erycina</i> or a <i>Phalna</i>, both of which families, as being the Heliconian + dark coloured <i>Erycina</i> or a <i>Phalæna</i>, both of which families, as being the Heliconian or Erycinian type of <i>Polyommatus</i>, it truly represents. It is at once known from - <i>Erina</i>, by its very peculiar palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antenn of three + <i>Erina</i>, by its very peculiar palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antennæ of three species now before us, present a remarkable difference. In two of these, the club is compressed and spatulate, like that of <i>Erina</i>; but in the third, here figured, it has the cylindrical - form belonging to <i>Nas</i>. Which of these forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but - there cannot be a stranger link of connection between <i>Lucia</i> and <i>Nas</i>, than the fact + form belonging to <i>Naïs</i>. Which of these forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but + there cannot be a stranger link of connection between <i>Lucia</i> and <i>Naïs</i>, than the fact of this species borrowing, as it were, the cylindrical club of the latter. Without such a link, in short, the series would be imperfect.</p> @@ -3134,16 +3096,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) the two other species we possess, are all from Australia. On bringing the genus <i>Polyommatus</i> to analogical tests, the only demonstration of a natural group, we find the sub-genera representing the families of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in the following manner:—1. <span - class="sc">Typical</span>, Polyommatus, <i>Papilionid</i>.—2. <span - class="sc">Sub-Typical</span>, Lycna, <i>Nymphalid</i>.—3. <span - class="sc">Aberrant</span>, Nas-<i>Hesperid</i>, Lucia-<i>Erycidin</i>, and - Erina-<i>Satyrid</i>.</p> + class="sc">Typical</span>, Polyommatus, <i>Papilionidæ</i>.—2. <span + class="sc">Sub-Typical</span>, Lycæna, <i>Nymphalidæ</i>.—3. <span + class="sc">Aberrant</span>, Naïs-<i>Hesperidæ</i>, Lucia-<i>Erycidinæ</i>, and + Erina-<i>Satyridæ</i>.</p> <hr style="width:30em"/> <div id="plate136" class="leftmar"><i>Pl.</i> 136.</div> - <p class="ac"><span class="larger">NAS <i>splendens</i>.</span></p> + <p class="ac"><span class="larger">NAÏS <i>splendens</i>.</span></p> <div class="ac fcenter sp3" style="width:34%;"> <a href="images/s2_pl136.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/s2_pl136.jpg" alt="Plate 136." @@ -3151,7 +3113,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="smaller ac"></div> </div> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">NAS</span> + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">NAÏS</span> splendens.</span></p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><i>Blue-shouldered @@ -3159,13 +3121,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> - <p class="ac">Sub-fam. Theclin. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Nas. <i>Sw.</i></p> + <p class="ac">Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Naïs. <i>Sw.</i></p> <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Sub-generic Character</span>.</p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p class="sp0">Wings sub-angulated; posterior dentated, particularly at the anal angle. Copper - coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antenn cylindrical, thickening from the base: the + coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antennæ cylindrical, thickening from the base: the tip truncate.</p> </div> @@ -3176,7 +3138,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Wings above coppery, with black dots, their basal half-shining blue; beneath fulvous; the posterior varied with ferruginous, and marked by silvery spots.</i></p> - <p class="sp0">Pap. Nas. <i>Cramer, pl. 57, fig. <span class="smaller">D. E.</span></i></p> + <p class="sp0">Pap. Naïs. <i>Cramer, pl. 57, fig. <span class="smaller">D. E.</span></i></p> </div> <p class="ac"><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></p> @@ -3190,13 +3152,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Papiliones</i> typify the Swallows. That we should find this form in a group where the chief character is the roundness and the integrity of the wings, is certainly astonishing; but it shews that the laws of Nature are as simple, as they are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus - with <i>Lycna</i>, with which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All - the species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the <i>Argynnin</i>, we + with <i>Lycæna</i>, with which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All + the species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the <i>Argynninæ</i>, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The species now figured, are probably male and female, and were received from Africa.</p> <p>We have now given the natural types of an Entomological genus; the only one that has been - attempted, since the demonstration of <i>Phanus</i> and <i>Scarabus</i>. These are but three + attempted, since the demonstration of <i>Phanæus</i> and <i>Scarabæus</i>. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at present have any other foundation, strictly speaking, than mere opinion. But the great principles of variation are now discovered, and we must hope that those naturalists of a higher order, who join acknowledged talent to matured experience, will @@ -3445,7 +3407,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Lycna dispar</td> + <td>Lycæna dispar</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#plate132">132</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3461,7 +3423,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate135">135</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Nas splendens</td> + <td>Naïs splendens</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#plate136">136</a></td> </tr> </table> @@ -3583,7 +3545,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate94">94</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Crateropodin, <i>The genera of</i></td> + <td>Crateropodinæ, <i>The genera of</i></td> <td class="ar"><a href="#plate127">127</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3915,7 +3877,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate74">74</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Peleus acus</td> + <td>Peleus Æacus</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate75">75</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -3951,7 +3913,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="#plate94">94</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Papilio Mmnon</td> + <td>Papilio Mémnon</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="#plate95">95</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4032,7 +3994,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="#plate131">131</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Lycna dispar</td> + <td>Lycæna dispar</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="#plate132">132</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4048,7 +4010,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="#plate135">135</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Nas splendens</td> + <td>Naïs splendens</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="#plate136">136</a></td> </tr> </table> @@ -4057,7 +4019,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><i>Systematic Arrangement.</i></p> <table class="mc wa" title="Inner table" summary="Inner table"> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">PAPILIONID. <i>Sw.</i></td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">PAPILIONIDÆ. <i>Sw.</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1"> </td> @@ -4161,7 +4123,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate115">115</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">Fam. NYMPHALID. <i>Sw.</i></td> + <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">Fam. NYMPHALIDÆ. <i>Sw.</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Marius Cinna</td> @@ -4184,7 +4146,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate114">114</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">Fam. ERYCINID. <i>Sw.</i></td> + <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">Fam. ERYCINIDÆ. <i>Sw.</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Rhetus Crameri</td> @@ -4203,7 +4165,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate88">88</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl1">Lycna dispar</td> + <td class="pl1">Lycæna dispar</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#plate132">132</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4219,11 +4181,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate135">135</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl1">Nas splendens</td> + <td class="pl1">Naïs splendens</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#plate135">135</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">Fam. HESPERID. <i>Sw.</i></td> + <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">Fam. HESPERIDÆ. <i>Sw.</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Eudamus Agesilaus</td> @@ -4234,7 +4196,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate48">48</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl1">Peleus acus</td> + <td class="pl1">Peleus Æacus</td> <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate75">75</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4414,7 +4376,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate54">54</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>—— olivformis</td> + <td>—— olivæformis</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate54">54</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4555,7 +4517,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><i>In Systematic Order.</i></p> <table class="mc wa" title="Inner table" summary="Inner table"> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">VOLUTID.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">VOLUTIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1"> </td> @@ -4642,7 +4604,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate54">54</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl1">—— olivformis</td> + <td class="pl1">—— olivæformis</td> <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate54">54</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4694,7 +4656,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate44">44</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">MURICID.</td> + <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">MURICIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="pl1">Murex (Phyllonotus) Imperialis</td> @@ -4720,7 +4682,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate122">122</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">STROMBID.</td> + <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">STROMBIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Strombus Peruvianus</td> @@ -4743,7 +4705,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate68">68</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">HELICID.</td> + <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">HELICIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Ampullaria carinata</td> @@ -4786,7 +4748,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate103">103</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">TURBID.</td> + <td class="ac pt1" colspan="2">TURBIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Marmarostoma undulata</td> @@ -4909,7 +4871,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate27">27</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Aglaa gyrola</td> + <td>Aglaïa gyrola</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate28">28</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4921,7 +4883,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate35">35</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Petroca multicolor</td> + <td>Petroïca multicolor</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate36">36</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -4933,11 +4895,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate41">41</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Chtura macroptera</td> + <td>Chætura macroptera</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate42">42</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>Petroca bicolor</td> + <td>Petroïca bicolor</td> <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate43">43</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5043,14 +5005,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac"><i>In Systematic Order.</i></p> <table class="mc wa" title="Inner table" summary="Inner table"> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">FALCONID.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">FALCONIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Polyborus Braziliensis</td> <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate1">1</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">LANIAD.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">LANIADÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Malaconotus Barbarus</td> @@ -5061,7 +5023,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate76">76</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl1">Phnicornis flammeus</td> + <td class="pl1">Phænicornis flammeus</td> <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate52">52</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5072,7 +5034,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) female, <a href="#plate120">120</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">MERULID.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">MERULIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Drymophila longipes</td> @@ -5099,7 +5061,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate127">127</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">SYLVIAD.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">SYLVIADÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Sylvia Regulus</td> @@ -5134,7 +5096,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate61">61</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">MUSCICAPID.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">MUSCICAPIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Psaris Jardinii</td> @@ -5153,7 +5115,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate66">66</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">FRINGILLID.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">FRINGILLIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Aglaia gyrola</td> @@ -5168,7 +5130,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate37">37</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">STURNID, CORVID.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">STURNIDÆ, CORVIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Icterus Cayanensis</td> @@ -5179,7 +5141,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44057/44057-h/44057-h.htm#plate86">86</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">PSITTACID.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">PSITTACIDÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Psittacus vernalis</td> @@ -5214,7 +5176,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#plate112">112</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="ac" colspan="2">CUCULID, CERTHIAD.</td> + <td class="ac" colspan="2">CUCULIDÆ, CERTHIADÆ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pl1">Cuculus nigricans</td> @@ -5236,7 +5198,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate17">17</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl1">Chtura macroptera</td> + <td class="pl1">Chætura macroptera</td> <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44056/44056-h/44056-h.htm#plate42">42</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5477,383 +5439,6 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>9, Trafalgar Street, Walworth.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series - -Author: William Swainson - -Release Date: October 29, 2013 [EBook #44058] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work. -Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44056. -Volume II: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44057. - - * * * * * - - - -Zoological Illustrations, - -OR - -ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS - -OF - -NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING - -ANIMALS, - -SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF - -Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, - -AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR NATURAL AFFINITIES. - -BY - -WM. SWAINSON, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S. - -ASSISTANT COMMISSARY GENERAL TO H. M. FORCES. CORRESPONDING MEMBER -OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER -OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHIC SOCIETY, &c. - -VOL. III. - -SECOND SERIES. - -London: - -PRINTED BY W. J. SPARROW, 3, EDWARD STREET, HAMPSTEAD ROAD. - -PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW, - -AND R. HAVELL, 77, OXFORD STREET. - -1832.-1833. - -* * * * * * - - - -TO - -WILLIAM JOHN BURCHELL, ESQ., - -THE AFRICAN TRAVELLER, - -Whose discoveries have benefited every branch of natural science; whose -knowledge is equal to their full elucidation; and whose -talents,--unfostered by, and unknown to, his own Government,--are held in -respect and estimation throughout the civilized world. - -THIS THIRD VOLUME OF - -Zoological Illustrations, - -IS DEDICATED; - -BY HIS ATTACHED AND AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, - -THE AUTHOR. - -* * * * * * - - - -PREFACE. - ----- - -In closing our second series of ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, we cannot but -express gratification at the terms in which they have been alluded to at -home and abroad. It is hardly necessary to state that the scientific -interest of the subjects described, and the attention bestowed upon the -plates, have progressively increased, as the work has approached its -termination. The contents of this series may now be divided into three -equal portions, so that the BIRDS, the INSECTS, and the SHELLS, will form -distinct and uniform volumes, unconnected, except in the general title, -with each other. - -As complete sets of the first series have now become very scarce, new -editions of the deficient parts are in rapid progress; and the whole will -then be divided, as above, into three portions. - -It is but justice to Mr. G. Bayfield,[1] that the author should here -express his satisfaction at the skill and care with which he has executed -the colouring of the plates, both of this work, and of every other in which -his services have been engaged. - -In answer to several correspondents who have requested to know what book we -can recommend, as giving a general and popular introduction to the -_natural_ arrangement of animals, we are obliged to confess that amid -countless volumes of anecdotes, compilations, and methods, no such work has -ever been undertaken. With the intention of supplying this deficiency, we -have devoted the greatest portion of the last five years to an Encyclopedia -of Zoology; wherein the science will be placed under a new and striking -light; no less instructive to the general reader, than interesting to the -learned. In another year, we trust this work will be before the public. To -_that_ volume we must consequently refer the readers of _this_, whenever -they wish to understand the full scope and influence of those novelties in -natural arrangment, which are but slightly glanced at in the following -descriptions. - -As more than usual care is necessary in the binding of these volumes, it -may be as well to mention that we have particularly instructed Mr. Betts, -of Compton Street, Brunswick Square, on this subject. - - _Tittenhanger Green, - 4th March, 1833._ - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TRICHOGLOSSUS _Swainsonii_. - -_Swainson's Green-lory._] - - -TRICHOGLOSSUS Swainsoni. - -_Swainson's, or Blue-bellied Lory._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae. Sub-family Psittacinae. Genus Lorius. _Swains_. - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ obsoletely notched; _Tail_ lengthened, cuneated, narrowed from the - base, the two middle tail feathers conspicuously longest, _Nob._ - -_Type_ Lorius. (Trichoglossus.) Swainsoni. J. and S. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Green: head, middle of the body and bands on the sides, azure-blue; - throat, breast, and flanks, orange-crimson._ - - Trichoglossus Swainsoni. _Jardine and Selby. Ill. of Orn. pl. iii._ - - Blue bellied Parrakeet. _Brown's Ill. pl. 7, White's Voyage, pl. 4. p. - 140._ - - Le Perruche a tete bleue, male. _Le Vaill. Perr. 1. pl. 24. fig. - pulcherima._ - - Perruche des Moluques. _Buffon, Pl. Enl. No. 743?_ - - _Trichoglossus haematodus. Lin. Tr. 15. p. 289. omitting Syn._ - ----- - -Large flocks of these resplendent Lorys enliven the woods of New Holland, -clinging to the Eucalypti trees, and sucking the honey from the blossoms by -their brush-shaped tongue. Mr. Caley, whose notes we now follow, says it a -bird remarkable for docility and attachment to some people, although a -perfect scold to others. When young they are caught by the natives, but -from the loss of their favourite food seldom survive in confinement. An -individual, kept by Mr. Caley, on being shewn the coloured drawing of a -native plant, tried to suck the flowers, and it even made the same attempt -with a piece of cotton furniture. Its scientific history we have already -given elsewhere. - -We have received more than usual pleasure at seeing our name affixed to -this charming bird, and in clearing up its history. (_Ill. of Orn. vol. 3. -p. iii._) As a child we well remember our unwearied delight at seeing its -figure in _White's Voyage_. As a collector we have preserved a series of -nearly twenty specimens, and as a naturalist our name is no longer excluded -from the Ornithological Nomenclature of New Holland. It is indeed somewhat -curious, that while we were giving information to one of the writers in the -_Lin. Trans_. upon the subjects of his paper, he should have studiously -witheld from us the only public acknowledgement, for such assistance, it -was in his power to make. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PROTESILAUS _Leilus_.] - - -PROTESILAUS Leilus, - -_Protesilaus Butterfly_. - ----- - -Genus Amphrisius, _Sw._ Sub-genus Protesilaus, _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Wings trigonal, acute, yellow with black transverse bands; the inferior - lengthened, narrowed, with two long acute tails; antennae short, the club - thick, slightly compressed, but solid, and convex all round; front very - hairy; _Larva_ covered with sharp spines. _Pupa_ braced, but suspended - downwards. - -Type, Pap. Protesilaus. AUCT. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings straw-colour; the superior with four, short, black, costal bands - towards the base, and two towards the exterior margin; the latter uniting - at the posterior angle._ - - Pap. Protesilaus. _Lin. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. pl. p. 23. Ency. Meth. p. 50. - Merian Sur. pl. 43. Cramer, pl. 202. f. a. b._ - ----- - -From the resemblance which this insect bears to the rare British species, -named by collectors the scarce Swallow-tail, (_Papilio Podalirius_,) it is -generally called the Brazilian Swallow-tail. We advert to this -circumstance, trivial as it may sound to scientific ears, first because it -is one of the many proofs in which the nomenclature of the vulgar conveys -greater information than that of the professor: and secondly, because these -very names, in numberless instances, imply a perception of natural -analogies, which, without the labour of philosophic research, suggest -themselves to unscientific observers. In the present instance, these facts -may be verified in the most unquestionable manner. According to our views, -_Protesilaus_ not only represents one of the primary groups of the -Lepidoptera, but also typifies the Fissirostral birds, of which the -swallows are the most pre-eminent. - -Madam Merian's valuable work on the Insects of Surinam, has furnished us -with a figure of the larva; which, unlike that of the European -Swallow-tails, is covered with spines: the chrysalis also departs from the -usual type of the family, in having the head directed downwards. These -facts we have verified by an inspection of the original drawings, of M. -Merian, now deposited in the British Museum. These are all important -variations in structure, which can only be explained by the natural system. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CRESSIDA _Heliconides_] - - -CRESSIDA Heliconides - -_Cressida Butterfly_. - ----- - -Sub-Fam. Papilionae. Genus Papilio. Sub-Genus Cressida. _Nobis_. - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings diaphanous; posterior perpendicularly elongated, obtusely dentated - or scolloped. Antenna stout, the club very thick. - -Types, Cressida Heliconides and Harmonides. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings diaphanous, with the base, and two opaque, costal - transverse spots, black; posterior black, with a central white space, and - a marginal row of crimson spots, brightest beneath._ - - Papilio Cressida, _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. p. 20. Don. Ill. of Ent. 3. pl. - 12. f. 2. Ency. Meth. p. 76. No. 145._ - ----- - -For a long time, the only museum in Europe which could boast of this -butterfly, was that of Sir Joseph Banks; who found it in Van Deimans Land, -during his celebrated scientific voyage with Captain Cook. Fabricius, the -most eminent entomologist of that day, described the species from this -specimen: which, with the whole of the Banksian Cabinet, was presented by -its learned and munificent possessor to the Linnaean Society of London, -where it still exists. The only published figure is that of Donovans, which -is much too small, and is otherwise faulty. The species is still very rare -in collections; our own, a fine pair, were received from Van Diemans Land. - -Although unacquainted with the larva, and pupa state of this species, -nature has stamped the perfect insect with the image of that group she -intends it to represent. Its long, narrow, anterior wings, almost -transparent, immediately reminds even the unpractised entomologist of the -Heliconian butterflys; while the analysis of the genus _Papilio_, confirms -this idea, by shewing that _Cressida_ is the Heliconian type. We scarcely -need remind the student of the natural system that if our theory be -correct, this representation, under one form or other, will be found to -pervade every group of _Lepidoptera_. In all such as we have yet -investigated, this opinion has been fully verified. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PAPILIO _Memnon_.] - - -PAPILIO Memnon, - -_Memnon Butterfly_. - ----- - -Fam. Papilionidae. Sub-Fam. Papilionae. Genus Papilio.--_Sw._ - -(Typical form or Sub-genus.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Wings without tails; the anterior horizontally lengthened, entire; the - posterior margin concave; posterior wings perpendicularly lengthened, the - margin rounded and scolloped; antennae long. _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ - braced in an erect position. - - SUB-TYPES OF FORM. 1. _Typical_, Memnon. 2. _Sub-typical_, Erectheus. 3. - _Aberrant_, Pammon, Drusius? Codrus. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, rayed with blue-grey; inferior wings beneath with two rows - of marginal black spots on a pale ground, and four red spots at the - base._ - - Papilio Memnon, _Linn. Auct. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 29. No. 10. Cramer, pl. - 91. f. c._ - ----- - -Although of sombre colours, this butterfly is imposing in its size, and -highly interesting. It is, in fact, that form which is _pre-eminently -typical_ of the whole of the Latriellian _Papilionidae_. It seems to be -common throughout India and particularly so in Java, from whence we possess -several specimens. Dr. Horsfield's elaborate work has furnished us with -figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis. - -In now first defining some of the natural groups of the modern Genus -_Papilio_, it may be as well to state that we give the results of minute -analysis, the details of which we hope to lay before the public on a future -occasion. In regard to the nomenclature, we have adopted the following -principles, suggested to us by a scientific friend of no ordinary -authority, as tending to facilitate recollection, without altering well -known specific names. Each genus or sub-genus will be named after that -species which is its peculiar type; and the new specific name of this -species will imply one of its supposed natural analogies. Thus the -sub-genus _Protesilaus_, derives its name from the typical species, while -the specific name, now proposed of _Leilus_, points out the analogy of the -group to _Urania_ Fab. The sub-genus we now define, as being in our -estimation, pre-eminently typical, retains the name of the genus. It seems -also a geographic group, since all the species yet discovered belong to the -old world. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CARACOLLA _acutissima._ - -_Two-toothed Disk-Snail._] - - -CARACOLLA acutissima, - -_Two-Toothed Disk Snail_. - ----- - -Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. _Swains._ - -GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. - - _Animal_ with four tentaculae, the lower pair very short; _Shell_ - discoid, greatly depressed; the spire but slightly raised above the body - whorl; aperture large, oblique, angulated; the lower portion generally - dentated; the margin thickened and reflected. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell imperforate, with the spiral whorls flattened obliquely, the body - whorl acutely carinated, and convex beneath: outer lip reflected; with - from 1 to 2 tuberculated teeth near the extremity_. - - Caracolla acutissima. _Lam. Syst. 6. p. 2. p. 95. Knorr. vol. 4 pl. 5. f. - 2. 3._ - - _Encycl. Meth. pl. 462. f. 1. a. b.?_ - - Helicodonta. _A. de Ferrusac. pl. 58. f. 2._ - - Helix caracolla. _Guerin. Iconog. du Reg. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1._ - ----- - -It is seldom we can deliniate more than the covering of testacious animals, -particularly where the species are natives of tropical countries. In the -present instance we owe this power to the singular fact of this snail -having survived a voyage from Jamaica, and peered out upon an English sun. -It is now near forty years ago since an intelligent correspondent of our -honoured father sent him from Jamaica, a box of land shells: they were -carefully packed in moist decayed wood, and enclosed the living animals. -The season was summer and the voyage short; the box was immediately opened, -and by placing the shells in luke-warm water, the animals of every one -slowly emerged from their shells. Of their ultimate fate we know not: but -that celebrated artist and entomologist, the late Mr. Lewin, then a guest -in the house, executed highly finished drawings upon vellum of each -species; and from one of these our present figures are faithfully copied. -At the request of our friend Dr. Leach, a copy was also made by some one -and transmitted to Baron de Ferussac, for his great work upon Land shell, -where it will be found engraved at pl. 58. fig. 2. M. Guerin has re-copied -this latter figure, but as both are inaccurate, without any fault of these -gentlemen, (who never saw the original drawing of Lewin) we have now -represented it correctly. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PRINIA _familiaris_ - -_Indian Wren warbler._] - - -PRINIA familiaris, - -_Indian Wren-warbler_. - ----- - -Family, Sylviadae. Sub-Family, Sylvianae. _Sw._ Genus, Prinia. _Horsf._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill rather lengthened, much compressed, entire; rictus smooth; wings - rounded; tail broad and cuneate; feet large, strong. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above olive brown, beneath yellowish; ears, throat, and tips of the - greater and lesser wing-covers white; tail feathers tipt with dusky - white, and margined beneath by a black bar._ - - Prinia familiaris. _Horsfield. Zool. Researches. Linn. Trans. 8. 165._ - -The sultry groves of India are not without birds which recall to the -European the songsters of his own distant land. And although nature, in her -boundless profusion, has so distributed her productions that even the -little "Kitty Wren" may in vain be looked for beyond the confines of -Europe, its representative in the East is no less neat, active, and -familiar to the habitations of man. The _Prinia familiaris_, observes Dr. -Horsfield (whose politeness enables us to figure the bird), is abundant in -many parts of Java, near villages and gardens, in the confines of which, -among trees and shrubs, it builds its nest. Sprightly and active in all its -motions, it sports among the branches in short and rapid flights, and has -received its native name from its enlivening and pleasant notes. Our figure -is the size of life, and to avoid a tedious description, all the details -have been accurately measured. - -We must refer the scientific Ornithologist, for our exposition of the -natural affinities of this group, to _Northern Zoology, vol. 2, p. 200_. It -is unquestionably the Rasorial and Scansorial genus of the Sub-family -_Sylvianae_, as there pointed out, and of which _Orthotomus_ is a -sub-genus, or type of form. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: AMPHRISIUS _Nymphalides._] - - -AMPHRISIUS Nympalides, - -_Amphrisius Butterfly_. - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. Sub-Fam. Papilionae. Genus. Amphrisius. _Sw._ (Typical -Sub-Genus). - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Wings without tails, the anterior externally dentated, the posterior - short and rounded, the margin scolloped; Antennae long. Larva covered - with spine-like tubercles; _Pupa_ braced in an inverted position. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings black, with longitudinal paler rays; posterior wings - yellow, with a black serrated border, and an internal row of black - spots._ - - - Papilio Amphrisius. _Godart. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 27, No. 7._ - - Papilio Heliacon. _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. p. 19. Don. Ind. Ins. pl. 19. f. - 1._ - - Papilio Amphrisius.--_Horsf. Descrip. Cat. Part 1. pl. 4. f. 13._ - ----- - -The Butterflies of which we consider the species now figured as the typical -example, constitute one of the great natural divisions of the modern genus -_Papilio_; and they are peculiarly distinguished in all their three stages -of existence, namely in the caterpillar, the pupa, and in the winged state. -Dr. Horsfield has enabled us to illustrate the two former, and we add a -figure of the perfect butterfly from specimens in our own cabinet, -collected in Java. It seems subject to much variation in point of colour, -but we have strong suspicions that some of the varieties are distinct -species. The richness of the black resembles Genoa velvet, while that of -the yellow may be compared to glossy satin. All the larger species of the -group are Oriental, but we suspect America is not without typical examples, -although they are of a much smaller size. The species however, even with -these additions, are so few, that the sub-types of the group cannot be -accurately made out. - -As this seems to be the pre-eminent type of the genus, we preserve to it -the generic name. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 1. - -_1, Pica. 2, Perversa. 3, Acuta_] - - -ACHATINELLA Pica, - -_The Bead Snails_. - ----- - -Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. _Lam. Sw._ Genus ----? - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell oblong-conic, spiral, Columella with the base thickened and - truncate, inner lip none; outer lip internally thickened; aperture - without teeth. _Nob._ - -Type _Monodonta seminigra_ Lam. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell trochiform, black; apex and base of the pillar white._ - - Monodonta semi-nigra _Lam._ - - Achatina pica. _Swains. Monog. in Brands Journal, April, 1828, p. 84._ - ----- - -Achatinella is a very peculiar group of land shells, found only in the -Pacific Islands. They are all small, and so remarkably beautiful, that the -natives use them for ornaments. It was under this form that seven different -species came into our possession on the return of Captain, now Lord Byron, -from his voyage to the South Seas. As the systematic conchologist will find -them fully described in the Journal above quoted, we now only illustrate -them by figures. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA perversa, _fig. 2._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell reversed, sub-trochiform, fulvous brown with darker transverse - bands and longitudinal lines; apex and suture white._ - - Achatinella perversa. _Swains. Monog. No. 2, p. 84._ - -Our figures of this elegant species are somewhat larger than nature. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA Acuta, Fig. 3. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate-oblong, chesnut, with a marginal fulvous band; spire - somewhat lengthened, acute, the tip black._ - - Achatinella acuta _Sw. Monog. No. 3, p. 84._ - -Shell somewhat pyriform, the spire being pointed, and considerably longer -than the aperture: In these respects it differs considerably from the two -preceding, but the great peculiarity of the twisted and truncated columella -or pillar, sufficiently points it out as belonging to this group. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MURICINAE. Pl. 3. - -_Murex eurystomus_] - - -MUREX (_Centronotus_) eurystomus, - -_Wide mouthed Murex_. - ----- - -Family Cassidae, Sub-family Muricinae, _Nob._ Genus. Murex _Auct._ - -SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. - - 1. _Typical._ - - Canal very long: Shell armed with tooth-like - spines mostly arranged in three varices MUREX _Auct._ - - 2. _Sub-Typical_ (?). - - Canal very long: Shell without spines, varices - tuberculated. HAUSTELLARIA. _Sw._ - - 3. _Aberrant._ - - Canal moderate: Shell with foliated or compressed - varices. - 1. Varices foliated, mostly three. PHYLLONOTUS. _Sw._ - 2. Varices numerous, mostly acute. CENTRONOTUS. _Sw._ - 3. Varices compressed, fin shaped. PTERYNOTUS. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell with from 7 to 8 simple foliated varices; body whorl with three - brown bands; aperture effuse, tinged with rosey; umbelicus very large._ - - Murex Saxatilis. _Auct. Lamark. 7. p. 167. Martini. pl. 108. f. 1013._ - ----- - -We feel some surprize that Lamark should have viewed this large and -imposing _Murex_ as one of the varieties of _Saxatilis,_ from which it is -unquestionably distinct. It is by no means common, nor do we know its -precise locality. - -In directing the attention of the philosophic Zoologist to the above -synopsis, we feel called upon to express our opinion on the unfortunate -Denis De Montford, whose labours, however honoured in his own country, have -neither been understood nor appreciated in this. We can say of him, what -can be said of very few, that he had an intuitive perception of natural -groups. And if we cannot place him on a par with his great rival Lamark, in -the extent of his researches, or the polished accuracy of his names, we can -safely affirm that in other respects, he is fully equal, either to him, or -to any of his successors. - -There are some extraordinary analogies between the natural types of this -genus, and the series of vertebrated animals, which we cannot at present -develope. Nor can our doubts on the Sub-typical form, which we rather think -has not been discovered, effect any alteration of the series here pointed -out. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: POLYDORUS Thoas.] - - -POLYDORUS Thoas, - -_Polydorus Butterfly_. - ----- - -Sub-family Papilionae. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Polydorus. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Anterior wings horizontally narrow and obtuse, posterior perpendicularly -lengthened, and furnished with prominent spatulate tails; _Larva_ covered -with fleshy tubercles; _Pupa_ braced and suspended, but with the head -downwards. - -Types, Pap. Polydorus. Polystes. Romulus. &c. _Auct._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings brownish black, with darker stripes between the nerves; - posterior, black with a central five-parted spot of white; lunules round - the margin, obscure above, bright crimson beneath._ - - Papilio Polydorus _Linn. Cramer. Pl. 128. f. a. b. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. - p. 9. Ency. Meth. p. 72. No. 130. Horsf. Cat. pl. 3. f. 17. 17. a._ - (_larva and pupa_). - ----- - -Among the most remarkable of those laws which belong to the natural system, -is that which assigns to every great division of our globe its peculiar -races of animals: and these in numerous instances, are so marked, that a -naturalist would no more expect to find such genera inhabiting a different -continent, than a Physiologist would hope to discover a race of Hottentots -among the Highlands of Scotland. It is under the tropical latitudes of the -old world (and chiefly those of Asia), that nature has placed the group of -butterflys which we now, for the first time, characterize. Distinguished, -in the most beautiful manner, by their larva and pupa, they shew, even in -the external appearance of the perfect insect, an unerring distinction, in -the dark stripes between the nerves of the anterior wings. We have indeed, -in the tropics of America, a race of black and crimson butterflys -representing these of India; but they belong to a very different group; and -are known at the first glance by their broader wings, totally destitute of -the stripes just mentioned. - -M. M. Latrielle and Godart, are evidently mistaken regarding the insect -figured by Clerk, which they consider to be the female of _Polydorus_; this -error we have ascertained from fine specimens of both sexes, sent from Java -and now in our possession. We have figured the male, and Dr. Horsfield has -enabled us to add the Caterpillar and Chrysalis. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PTILIOGONYS _cinereus_. - -_Male_.] - - -PTILIOGONYS cinereus,_ male_. - -_Yellow-vented Short-foot_. - ----- - -Family Laniadae. Sub-fam. Tyranninae. Genus Ptiliogonys. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Zool. Journ. no. 10. p. 164. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Light cinereous; flanks olive; under tail covers bright yellow; quills - and tail glossy blue-black, the latter ornamented with a central snowy - band; chin and vent white._ - - For Synonyms--see pl. 62. - ----- - -On the sixty-second plate of these Illustrations, we figured the female of -this elegant and highly interesting bird, from a specimen sent to us from -Mexico, by the late Mr. W. Bullock. We are now enabled to add the male from -a fine example, obligingly presented to us by John Taylor Esq. F. R. S. It -was killed near Real del Monte; and these, we believe, are at present the -only specimens that have reached England. - -By viewing this as the type of the Scansorial group of the -Tyrant-flycatchers, (_Tyranninae_) every circumstance, even the most -minute, regarding its structure and its colours will be explained. As -representing _Brachypus_, (North. Zool. 2. 485.) and its analogies, it has -the under tail covers richly coloured. As representing _Leiothryx_ (Il. -490.) it has the same coloured cinereous and silky plumage: as a scansorial -type, it has a conspicuous although an _incumbent_ crest, and a long -ornamented tail. It is a Titmouse among the Tyrants, and is nearly as much -of a _Ceblepyris_ as of a _Tyrannus_. Indeed, when we described the female, -we thought it actually entered the circle of the former, but the laws of -representation has set us right on this point. _Phoenicornis_ is the first -of the _Ceblepyrinae_, as _Philiogonys_ is the last of the _Tyranninae_. -The _females_ of _Phoenicornis_ are clothed in the same slate coloured -plumage, but, as being of a _fissirostral_ type, their mouths are -conspicuously bristled, while those of _Ptiliogonys_ are quite smooth. -Finally, the wings are those of a _Ceblepyris_, but the tail that of a -_Tyrannula!_ - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PLECOCHEILUS _undulatus_.] - - -PLECOCHEILUS undulatus. - -_Waved Pupa-snail._ - ----- - -Family Pupadae. _Guilding._ Genus Carychium. _Muller._ - -Sub-Gen. Plecocheilus. _Guild._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Animal_ hermaphrodite, snail-like; the head bilobed, and bearing four - tentaculae, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles - greatly lunated, with a small transverse mouth and a triangular cutaneous - plate; mantle perforated. _Eggs_ large, externally calcarious. _Shell_ - oval, ventricose, the two last spiral whorls very short, but elevated; - aperture entire, elongated; outer lip thickened and reflected; inner lip - thin, nearly obsolete; pillar with a strong compressed inflexed plate. - _Guilding._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell irregularly and minutely corrugated, and longitudinally striated; - marked beneath the olive epidermis with oblique, undulated, dark - stripes._ - - Carychium undulatum (1814). _Leach. Zool. Mis. 1. pl. 35._ - - Auricula caprella (1822). _Lam. Sys. 6. 2. p. 140. Chemnitz pl. 176, f. - 1701.-2._ - - Plecocheilus undulatus. _Guilding in Zool. Journ. 3. p. 532._ - ----- - -The pleasure which our scientific brethren will receive from possessing -this copy of Mr. Guilding's beautiful drawing, will be changed into regret -on knowing that the gifted hand which originally traced it is now cold. A -liver complaint, doubtless brought on by too much exposure to a tropical -sun, terminated the mortal career, a few months ago, of this accomplished -Zoologist and excellent man. The name of Guilding now belongs to posterity. -His loss, and that too in the prime of life, leaves a blank in the ranks of -science, which there is no one so qualified to fill; where can we look for -profound and indefatigable research, matured knowledge, a ready pen and an -exquisite pencil, all employed unceasingly to illustrate _from life_ the -animals of tropical regions. The search, unfortunately, will be fruitless. -May his spirit now be with that God whose minister he was, and whose works -upon earth it was his purest delight to study. - -This noble species was discovered by Mr. Guilding, in great numbers, upon -the trunks and branches of trees in the forests of St Vincent: its eggs are -hard like those of a bird, and the young shell resembles that of a -_Succinea_. In _Carychium_ the eyes are at the _base_, but here they are at -the _tips_ of the tentaculae. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PROTESILAUS _Swainsonius_.] - - -PROTESILAUS Swainsonius, - -_Swainsonian Swallow-tail._ - ----- - -Sub-family Papilionae. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - -See pl. 93. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings pale straw-colour; anterior with a forked band near the black - exterior margin, and another much shorter towards the middle, both - black._ - - Papilio Swainsonius. _Langsdorff_, MS.S. - -Mus. Nost. - ----- - -We have searched in vain for some account of this very distinct and -handsome species, collected by our venerable and enthusiastic friend Dr -Langsdorff, in the interior of Brazil; and transmitted to us some years -ago, in remembrance of the many happy days we passed together in the -enchanting scenery of that delightful region. We have not seen the species -in any of the London collections, and we believe it altogether undescribed. - -The Larva and pupa are of course unknown to us, but the whole structure of -the perfect insect agrees so truly with that of _Protesilaus Lelius_, that -we have no doubt whatever of its belonging to the same sub-genus, and thus -becoming an interesting addition to a group, capable of the most complete -and diversified demonstration. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PODALIRIUS _Pompilius_.] - - -PODALIRIUS Pompilius, - -_Pompilius, or Javanese Swallow-tail._ - ----- - -Sub-family Papilionae. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings_ trigonal, acute, yellow, with black transverse bands, the - inferior with two long narrow acute tails; _Antennae_ short, the club - thick and solid at the base, but greatly compressed at the tip, where it - is concave beneath; _head_ small, front hairy; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ - braced in an erect position. - -_Type_ Podalirius Europaeus. _Nobis._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above pale yellow, the anterior with five short, black, stripes - across the areola; and two others, much longer and broader, close to the - exterior margin: posterior wings without lunulate spots._ - - Papilio Pompilius. _Fab. Mantissa 2. p. 8. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 25. Ency. - Meth. 1. p. 49. Horsf. Cat. pl. 3. fig. 5. 5. a._ (_larva and pupa._) - ----- - -We may term this the Javanese Swallow-tail, for in that and the other -Indian islands it appears to be not uncommon. We are indebted to the -elegant _Catalogue_ above quoted, for our figures of the _larva_ and -_pupa_; and to the rich collection of Mrs. Children for the examination of -the perfect insect. - -Entomologists will doubtless feel surprize that this and the _Protesilaus_ -on our last plate, should be placed as distinct types in two different -genera. We have not done this without long deliberation; but we cannot, in -a work of this nature, enter into those details which would demonstrate -these divisions to be truly natural, in the most rigid acceptation of the -word. We desire not, however, that Entomologists should adapt our -views,--at least for the present. We hope, indeed, that they will not, -because experience has shewn, that until a theory has been fully explained, -more injury than good results to science, from injudiciously adopting, and -hastily applying, a system not understood. We only desire, in short, to -record our views, that they may be comprehended hereafter. We consider this -as the Thrysanuriform type of the sub-genus, and our English _Papilio -Machaon_ of authors, as the Heliconian.--_Tempus ducamus._ - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEPTOCIRCUS _Curius_.] - - -LEPTOCIRCUS Curius, - -_Clear-winged Butterfly._ - ----- - -Sub. Family Papilionae. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, _Nob._ -(_Erycinian type_). - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - _Size and aspect of an_ Erycina; _Anterior wings_ sub-hyaline; - _posterior_ greatly lengthened, and terminating in two long tails; - _Head_, _thorax_, and _body_ very thick; _Anterior feet_, _palpi_, and - _Antennae_ papilioniform. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Black; the exterior half of the superior wings hyaline, bordered with - black, inner half with a green band, continued on the inferior wings, - which are plicated, and edged externally with white._ - - Papilio Curius _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 28. Don. Ind. Ins. pl. 47. f. 1. - bad._ - ----- - -There are only two collections we believe in this country, which possess -this rare and extraordinary butterfly, and it may be even doubted whether -these specimens do not belong to distinct species. One is in the Banksian -cabinet, now possessed by the Linnaean Society, the other in that of the -lady of our friend J. G. Children Esq. Zoologist to the British Museum. We -are told the species has been "made into a genus" by some continental -methodist, but who, according to the disreputable and slovenly mode fast -creeping _among us_, gives no definition. We have elsewhere expressed our -reasons for rejecting all such names (_North. Zool. 2. pref. lx._), and we -are thus pledged to do so upon every occasion. - -Nature has so admirably disguised this insect in the external form of that -tribe of butterflys which she intends it to represent, that it was only -upon looking to its anatomical construction, that we discovered it was a -type of the true _Papilionae_, and not of the _Erycinae_. The construction -of the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antennae, all which -are here represented, magnified, places this fact beyond doubt, and leaves -us nothing to desire but a knowledge of its caterpillar and chrysalis, and -of the direction of the wings when the species is at rest. We suspect that -like those of _Urania_, they are then _deflexed_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TROGON _Mexicanus. f._ - -_Mexican Trogon. fem._] - - -TROGON Mexicanus, - -_Mexican Trogon. female._ - ----- - -Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonidae. _See North Zool. 2, p. 326._ - -GENERIC CHARACTERS. - -_Body_ thick. _Bill_ very short, strong, thick, nearly triangular, but the -sides compressed, surrounded by long, stiff, bristly feathers, the culmen -arched from the base. _Wings_ very convex, the quills graduated; tail very -broad, feet short, weak, gressorial. - -SUB-GENERA. - - 1. Bill with several unequal serratures on the - margin of the upper mandible: head not - crested, tail even, tarsi feathered to the - base of the toes; anterior toes united to - half their length. America. TROGON. _Auct._ - - 2. Bill serrated; head with an erect compressed - crest; tail very long, cuneated. America. CALURUS. _Sw._ - - 3. Bill entire. Inhabits tropical Asia. HARPACTES. _Sw._ - - 4. Bill with obscure serratures: tarsi naked, - covered with scales; the two anterior toes - divided nearly to their base. (_Type_, - Trogon Narina). Africa. APALODERMA. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Female. Breast and upper plumage olive brown; body and under tail covers - crimson; front, chin, and ears grey; wing covers lineated with undulate - dusky lines; two middle tail feathers ferruginous brown, with black - tips._ - ----- - -We have already given the general reader some account of the manners of -these very singular birds, and we have said more upon them in _North. Zool. -Vol. 2_. Having figured the male on our 82nd plate, we now exhibit, in the -female, that remarkable difference between the sexes, which pervades all -the species. Our figure and specific character renders a detailed -description of the plumage unnecessary; it should be observed, however, -that the lateral tail feathers, in the female, are without those two black -transverse bands on the inner web, towards the tip, which are so -conspicuous in the male. There is another species from Mexico, which -country seems to be the most northern range of these birds. We feel -gratified at being able to characterize four typical forms of the genus; -all of which, at the same time, are marked by geographic peculiarities. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 2. - -_1, bulimoides._ _2, livida._] - - -ACHATINELLA bulimoides, - -_Thick-spired Achatinella--middle figures_. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 99. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate-oblong, subventricose, whiteish, with chesnut bands; spire - thickened, the tip pale brown._ - - Achatinella bulimoides. _Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ - ----- - -We continue our Illustrations of these pretty little land-shells, of which -all the species, as we before remarked, are natives of the South Sea -Islands, and very little known to collectors. The present is distinguished -by the thickness of its spire, the apex being more suddenly pointed. We -have represented two varieties in point of colour, but in both the suture -is scarcely, if at all, margined by an indented grove. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA livida, - -_Livid Achatinella_. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell reversed, ovate, obtuse, livid brown or greyish; spire thickened; - suture with a deep fulvous line._ - - Achatinella livida. _Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ - ----- - -A small reversed species, unbanded, and scarcely exceeding half an inch in -length. In form it perfectly resembles the green variety of _Bulimus -citrinus_. The three specimens in our museum vary in colour from a light -olive brown, to a livid purple which lies in longitudinal shades, and -gradually changes, on the spiral whorls, to white; suture marked by a line -of deep orange brown; aperture white, tinged with purple. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MURICINAE. Pl. 3. - -MUREX (PHYLLONOTUS) _Imperialis._ _var. a._] - - -MUREX (_Phyllonotus_) Imperialis, - -_Imperial Murex. var. a._ - ----- - -Genus Murex. Sub-genus Phyllonotus. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - -See pl. 100. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 67. - ----- - -In a popular work like this, we wish to consult the taste of the amateur, -no less than of the philosophic naturalist; and with this object we have -delineated a beautiful variety, having the aperture rose colour, of the -_Murex imperialis_ already figured at pl. 67 of our second volume. It was -then in the possession of Messrs. Stuchbury, and was nearly the only one, -among very many of the usual orange-mouthed specimens, which came to their -hands. - -We have already intimated that the series of types in this genus, (see pl. -100) besides possessing innumerable analogies in the class _Mollusca_, -exhibits a most singular one with the series of vertebrated animals; four -of which can be traced by comparing them with four of the classes of the -vertebrated circle. Commencing with _Phyllonotus_, we may call them, from -the hideous and repulsive aspect of many of the species, the _Reptile_ -type, as the name given to one (_Murex scorpio_), sufficiently intimates. -In the tooth-like spines of _Murex tenuispinosus_ we see some resemblance -to the teeth of quadrupeds: the _Murex haustellum_ has been well compared -to the head of a snipe, while in the fin shaped varices of _Murex -pinnatus_, we have a representation of the _fish_. If the analogy between -_Centronotus_ and the _Amphibia_ cannot be traced, it is because the latter -has so few forms; but the Hedgehogs, which represent the _Amphibia_ in the -circle of Quadrupeds, are again represented under the form of a shell, in -the sub-genus _Centronotus_. These analogies, however remote are -unquestionably natural, _because they follow each other in a uniform -series_. - - Thus, Murex represents Mammalia. - Haustellaria Aves. - Pterynotus Pisces. - Centronotus Amphibia--Hystrix. - Phyllonotus Reptilia. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MARIUS (PETREUS) _Thetys_. - -_Larva & Pupa_.] - - -MARIUS (_Petreus_) Thetys, - -_Thetys Butterfly_. - ----- - -Family Nymphalidae. Sub-family Paphianae. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. -(Heliconian Type.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Superior wings long, horizontally lengthened; Larva naked, with 3, 4 - fleshy filaments on the body. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 59. - ----- - -The perfect insect, or butterfly, of this elegant species we have already -figured at pl. 59 of our second volume: and that our illustration of a form -so interesting may be complete, we have now delineated the caterpillar and -the chrysalis, as given by Stoll; together with a sprig of the _Cashew_ -tree upon which it feeds. Every entomologist, upon looking to the perfect -insect, will immediately be struck with its resemblance to the long-winged -Heliconian Butterflys, and to the genus _Euploea_, which is the Erycinian -type of that family. Now this resemblance, which hardly requires pointing -out, is a perfectly natural analogy; and is confirmed in the most -remarkable manner by the caterpillar, which puts on that peculiar form -which distinguishes _Euploea_. The species in short, in every stage, -exemplifies the truth of that fundamental law of nature which we have -elsewhere so fully illustrated, viz. "that every _natural_ group, contains -representations of ALL others in the same class," following each other -precisely in the same series: thus establishing a truth which has long been -suspected, but not before demonstrated, that the laws of variation are -precisely the same in every group throughout the animal kingdom. The genus -itself represents the Swallow-tailed types already figured (_Podalirius_, -_Protesilaus_, and _Leptocircus_), but of the three remaining sub-genera of -_Marius_, we are as yet ignorant. It is, however, by this genus that the -two sub-families of _Paphianae_ and _Heliconinae_ are united; as it blends -into the latter by means of the genus _Fabius_, which we shall shortly -illustrate. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ZEONIA _Heliconides_.] - - -ZEONIA Heliconides, - -_Zeonia Butterfly_. - ----- - -Family Erycinidae. Sub-family Erycinae. Genus ----; Sub-genus Zeonia. -_Nob._ - - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings trigonal, hyaline, the posterior ending in long tails; Palpi very - short, not projecting beyond the head; Antennae hairy, with the club very - small, but gradually thickening from the base. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings hyaline; the margins, and a common central band black and opaque; - inferior wings two-tailed, with a red stripe at the anal angle._ - ----- - -No method is more calculated to demonstrate the existence of that -symbolical representation which reigns throughout nature, than that of -bringing before the eye of the student a series of forms belonging to -different families, but which are _disguised_, under an outward appearance -of general similitude; How few, even among professed entomologists, would -suspect that the present butterfly, and _Leptocircus Curius_, pl. 106, were -of totally different families: looking to their general aspect, as size, -form, and colour, we should even be tempted to place them in the same -genus; On closer examination, however, we find that one is a genuine -_Papilio_, and the other an _Erycina_; That this fact may be placed beyond -all doubt, we have given magnified details of both insects, which, from -their great rarity, will be highly acceptable to the Entomologist. - -The specimen here figured is the only one we met with in Brazil, nor have -we seen the species in any other collection; Excepting the black bands and -the crimson spots, all the wings are transparent; the under surface being -similar to the upper. We possess the mutilated remains of a second species; -but we know not to what natural genus they belong. - -Fig. 1. _Zeonia_, wing. 2. _Leptocircus_, wing. 3. _Zeonia_; anterior foot, -with the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antennae. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEPTOLOPHUS _auricomis_. - -_Golden-eared Parrakeet._] - - -LEPTOLOPHUS auricomis, - -_Golden-eared Parrakeet._ - ----- - -Sub-family Psittacinae. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The -Rasorial type.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill distinctly toothed, culmen slightly carinated; nostrils thick, - tumid, naked; head crested; wings very long, outer web of the quills not - sinuated; tail very broad, cuneated, the two middle tail feathers - conspicuously longest and pointed. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Cinereous, wings with a longitudinal white stripe; ears orange; lateral - tail feathers banded with yellow and black._ - - Palaeornis Novae-Hollandiae. New Holland Parrakeet. _Lears Parrots, No - 8._ - ----- - -The discovery of this remarkable and highly interesting Australian species -is due to Allen Cunningham, Esq. who, on an inland expedition ordered by -our government, in 1827, discovered it in small flocks on the arid sandy -plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150-3/4 E. We must again express -our public thanks to this intelligent and liberal naturalist for the -ornithological specimens then collected. Among these were two skins of the -bird in question; but as the mere addition of a new species to our already -overwhelming list would be of little importance to the philosophy of the -science, we have hitherto refrained from publishing it. In truth, the -natural affinities of this extraordinary Cockatoo-Parrakeet called for a -much deeper investigation of the whole family than it had yet received, nor -are we ashamed to confess that nearly five years elapsed before we could -partially accomplish this, with any thing like satisfactory results. But we -regret not the delay, since it is obvious that the illustration of such an -apparently anomalous form as this, is infinitely more useful to science -than the specification, _in a few lines_, of a hundred new species, or even -of as many new genera, unaccompanied by analytical or comparative results. -The time, in fact, is now gone by, when such crude additions to -ornithological nomenclature, possess any claim to permanent interest, or -carry with them any authority: they encumber rather than advance science, -by keeping up the already overwhelming stock of undigested materials. Mr. -Lear has recently given beautiful figures of this species, but under the -peculiarly inappropriate name of _Palaeornis Novae-hollandiae_. The genus -is _Platycercus_, _all_ the species of which are from New Holland, -excepting those of the Fissirostral type. The exactness of our figure -renders a detailed account of its plumage unessential. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MUREX (_Centronotus_) _radix_.] - - -MUREX (_Centronotus_) radix, - -_Porcupine Murex._ - ----- - - -Genus Murex. Sub-genus Centronotus. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 100. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate globuse, transversely grooved; with numerous varices, armed - with compressed, spine-like foliations: colour white; the spines, base, - and inner lip black._ - - Murex radix. _Gm. 3527. Lam. Syst. 7. 168._ - ----- - -Centronotus _radix_ was formerly a shell of excessive rarity, but many -specimens have latterly been brought from Panama; one of these, obligingly -lent to us by Mr. Cummin, we have here figured of the natural size. - -We cannot too often place before the student those objects in nature which -seem more especially to illustrate that wonderful system on which the whole -has been created. In the infinite diversity which pervades the works of -"Him who made us," two things have obviously been intended: one, the -manifestation of His power in the creation of the individual: the other, an -illustration of some important truth connected with the spiritual welfare -of mankind. The first is manifest, and speaks to our senses: the second is -emblematical, and calls for an exertion of those reasoning faculties with -which the Creator, for such purposes, aided by those helps he has promised, -has given to us. In accordance with this latter assumption, both divines -and Naturalists concur in considering Nature as a book of Emblems, "where -one thing represents another." That this theory, resting heretofore on -general belief, is capable of mathematic definition, we have elsewhere -largely demonstrated, (North. Zool.). And if, as regards one division of -animated nature the theory is correct, it follows that it will be equally -manifested in _all_ other portions of the animal world, when they are -sufficiently investigated. Hence it is that remote resemblances between -objects, widely different in themselves, can be explained: hence the -analogy which the _Glires_ bears to the Hedgehogs, and to the -_Ceblepyrinae_; and hence the resemblance between this shell and the -Porcupines; an analogy the more singular, as it extends even to the black -and white colour of the spines. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: JASIA _Australis_.] - - -JASIA Australis, - -_Australian Jasia-Butterfly._ - ----- - -Family Nymphalidae. Sub-family Paphianae. Genus, ---- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 90. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above yellowish white, the outer half of the anterior black with a - series of spots disposed in the shape of the letter Y; inferior wings - with a black border, margined by cinereous, and an orange spot at the - anal angle._ - ----- - -We believe the specimen from which our figures of this new and strikingly -distinct butterfly were taken, is the only one which has yet been sent to -Europe. It was captured by Mr. Cunningham, who accompanied Captain King, in -his voyage to the North West coast of Australia, on the skirts of Careening -Bay, Port Nelson, where the Ship Mermaid was hove down; and the officers -had more leasure to attend to zoological pursuits. Mr. Cunningham remarked -that it flew with great swiftness, in which respect it perfectly resembles -the rest of the genus _Jasia_, of which it is a typical example. The -geographic range of this group is thus proved to extend from the South of -Europe to Australia, but it is entirely unknown in the new world. - -The family of _Nymphalidae_ is the sub-typical group of the diurnal -Lepidoptera, forming our tribe _Papiliones_. In its own circle it therefore -represents the _Ferae_ among quadrupeds, the _Raptores_ among birds, the -_Aptera_ among annulose animals, and the _Scolopendridae_ in the order -_Myriapoda_. The analogical representations resulting from this view of the -subject are innumerable. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TERACOLUS _Sub-fasciatus_.] - - -TERACOLUS sub-fasciatus, - -_Burchells Yellow._ - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. Sub-family Colianae. Genus (?). Teracolus _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Antennae with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings - trigonal, posterior rounded; Palpi as in _Colias_, but the scales - intermixed with hairs. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings pale yellow, with a terminal orange spot, margined - externally with brown, and internally by a short black bar; areola with a - black dot; posterior wings yellowish white, both beneath immaculate._ - ----- - -Mr. Burchell was the first who discovered this unpublished species in the -interior of Southern Africa, and by his kindness we are enabled to -illustrate it. His specimens, unfortunately, are not in the best condition, -for he was obliged to preserve many of his insects in books; and these, -having been among the number, may probably have had the antennae more -compressed than they were in nature. The form of this butterfly, -nevertheless, is perfectly distinct from _Colias_, as may be seen by -comparing the nerves of the anterior wings, here given in outline. - -Not having completed our analysis of the _Colianae_, we cannot speak with -any confidence on the rank or the station of this type; we are inclined to -believe it is a _genus_ between those of Colias and Terias, connecting this -sub-family with the _Licininae_. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera -of _Colias_, in which case the genus, which it would then represent, is -unknown. Fig. 1. represents the anterior wing of _Teracolus_, 2, of -_Terias_, and 3, of _Colias_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: HELEONA _Fenestrata_.] - - -HELEONA fenestrata, - -_Australian Burnet_. - ----- - -Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthoceridae. Sw. (Zyganidae Auct.) Genus ----? - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Anterior Wings papilioniform, i. e. the exterior margin as long, or - longer, than that of the posterior; inferior wings lengthened - perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antennae pectinate in both sexes. - -Type _Phalaena militaris_. Lin. Don. _Ins. of China_. pl. 43. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings hyaline, clouded with irregular waved bars of blue; body, thorax, - and macular band round the margin of the inferior wings, orange._ - ----- - -The diurnal or Heliconean Hawk-mouths, form one of the most natural and -remarkable groups among Lepidopterous insects. They fly during the heat of -the day; and, (as representing in their own family the tribe of -_Phalaenides_) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their -slow flight, long transparent wings, and proneness to imitate death on -being handled, they afford a most beautiful analogy to the Heliconian -Butterflys. Both have their chief metropolis in equinoctial America, and -both find their prototypes in the lovely family of _Erycinidae_. It is -really surprizing that searchers after the _natural_ system, should have -overlooked such a group. - -Among the comparatively few genera of this division, found in India and the -adjacent islands, is that now first defined: and we illustrate it by a new -and very rare species, even in its own country. It was twice seen by Mr. -Cunningham, on the North West Coast of Australia; once in shady woods -descending to the shores of York Island, and again in nutmeg woods -adjoining Brunswick Bay. - -The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-family -_Papilionae_ will immediately distinguish this from all the American -genera. The plant, _Pattersonia glauca_, is of a sub-genus also peculiar to -New Holland. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEPTONYX _macropus_. - -_Great footed Babbler._] - - -LEPTONYX macropus - -_Great-footed Babbler._ - ----- - -Family Merulidae. Sub-family Crateropodinae. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. -Sub-genus Leptonix. (_The Rasorial type._) _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Feet of extraordinary size and thickness, all the anterior toes of nearly - equal length; the claws long, slender, and but slightly curved. Tail - slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Wings very short. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above brown beneath whiteish, with transverse undulated lines; breast - and rump, rufous brown; chin, stripe above and beneath the eye, - whiteish._ - ----- - -For the use of this new and singularly formed bird, we are indebted to -Professor Hooker, who, with his usual liberality, has recently sent for our -inspection, a valuable box of Chilian birds, most of which are undescribed. -They form the foundation of his son's, Mr William Hooker's collection, who -has already commenced with much zeal the study of this interesting science. - -All the rasorial characters are strikingly displayed in this extraordinary -type; which exhibits the greatest developement of the foot of any -insessorial bird yet discovered. It no doubt lives entirely upon the -ground; for the feet are formed precisely on the same model as those of -_Menura_ and _Orthonyx_, both of which are the rasorial types of their -respective circles, and are consequently representatives of _Leptonyx_: the -same analogy explains its resemblance to a partridge, and more distantly to -the sub-genus _Erythaca_ Sw. by its rufous breast. - -The Indian bird erroneously called _Pitta thoracica_ by M. Temminck, -follows this in close affinity, and is either the Grallatorial type, or the -immediate point of connection between _Malacocircus_ Sw. and _Timalia_ -Horsf. - -Total length 9 inches; bill from the gape 1-1/10; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus -1-3/4; hind toe and claw 1-1/2. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: BYSSOARCA _Zebra_.] - - -BYSSOARCA Zebra. - -_Zebra Ark-shell._ - ----- - -Genus. Arca. _Lin. Lam._ Sub-genus. Byssoarca. _Nob._ - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Animal_ fixed by byssiform filaments to other bodies. _Shell_ - transverse; umbones remote; valves gaping in the middle of the ventral - margin. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Margins angulated; valves marked with simple uniform and regular - grooves, radiating from the umbones: shell transversely and obliquely - striped with brown._ - ----- - -It is somewhat surprising that the sedentary type of the genus _Arca_ -should have been so long uncharacterized in our Conchological Systems; -seeing that the other four types, viz. _Arca_, _Pectunculus_, _Cuculloea_, -and _Nucula_, were defined many years ago by the celebrated Lamarck. We -have consequently supplied this omission; and at the same time have -selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the _B. Noae_; -from which it differs in sculpture, colour, and in the umbones being less -remote from each other. - -The Animals of these shells affix themselves to other bodies by a -particular muscle, which is protruded through the gaping part of the -valves; they also adhere, when young, by the byssiform epidermes which -covers the exterior: a specimen now before us, which we procured in the Bay -of Naples, perfectly exemplifies this singular property. The present -species is not uncommon in the West Indies, and has been sent to us from -Jamaica. Like all others of this particular type it is almost constantly -covered by coralline substances. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: APALIS _thoracica_. - -_Gorget Warbler._] - - -APALIS thoracica, - -_Gorget Warbler_. - ----- - -Family Sylviadae. Sub-fam: Sylvianae. Genus (?) Apalis. - -GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. - - General structure of _Prinea_, but the bill shorter, the plumage more - compact, and the outer toe not connected to the middle as far as the - first joint. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Olive green, beneath yellowish white; breast with a black collar; three - lateral tail-feathers partly white: front black._ - - Le Plastron Noir. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. 3 pl. 123. f. 1. male. 2. fem._ - Motacilla thoracica. _Nat. Miss. 22. pl. 969._ - ----- - -This is one of the pretty warblers of Southern Africa, discovered by Le -Vaillant: it is very common and widely distributed in the interior, but -rare near the Cape. Le Vaillant mentions having found a young bird of the -Criard Cuckoo, in the pigmy nest of this little species, which had already -grown to the size of a thrush: it not only filled the nest, but actually -enlarged and destroyed its original shape. Yet still did the foster -parents, by a most extraordinary instinct, go on feeding this overgrown -parasite, although it was even then more than double the size of -themselves. Our figure is of the natural size of the male; the female is -without the black collar. Specimens are in Mr. Burchell's Museum and in our -own. - -That this bird is of a tenuirostral type, is almost certain; seeing that it -is an obvious representation of _Motacilla_, _Pachycephala_, _Tamatia_, -_Trichas_, _Charadrius_, and many other collared groups: but whether it -forms part of the genus _Prinea_, or represents the tenuirostral genus -between that and _Culicivora_, is very uncertain. We suspect that this -latter station is filled by the Taylor-Warblers of India, not one of which -is to be found in our public Museums. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CLYTIA _dissimilis_.] - - -CLYTIA dissimilis, - -_Idea-likeness Butterfly._ - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. Sub-fam. Papilionae. Genus Clytia. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings rounded, spotted. Anterior broad, ample, the posterior and the - external margins of equal length: posterior slightly undulated at the - margin, but destitute of tails. Pupa braced, with the head upwards. - -TYPES. Pap. Clytia, dissimilis. _L._ Pap. Macarius. _Godart._ P. Panope -_Cr._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, the interstices of the nerves pale fulvous white, broken - into numerous stripes and spots, inferior wings with a marginal row of - orange spots, surmounted by pale lunules, on a black border._ - - Papilio dissimilis Linn. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 38. Ency. Meth. 1. p. - 76. Cramer. Pl. 82. C. D. Roemer. Gen. Ins. pl. 18. f. 6._ - ----- - -We have never seen specimens of this Butterfly from any other country than -China, although it appears that General Hardwicke has met with it in -British India, and has communicated a valuable drawing of the larva and -pupa to Dr. Horsfield, in whose interesting work it is engraved. To that -plate we must refer the entomologist who wishes to understand the previous -states of this insect; while its general aspect at once intimates its -resemblance or analogy to the Sub-genus _Idea_ F, and consequently points -it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of the _Papilionae_. -According to these views, _Clytia_ is united to _Amphrysius_, by the -sub-genus _Epius_; (Pap. Epius. Auct.) and at the same time forms the -generic passage to the _Pieridae_, Sw. For want of a better term, we must -call this the _Rasorial_ type, as it corresponds to that Ornithological -group. - -The aberrant group of the Sub-family _Papilionae_ appear to be the genera -_Leilus_, Sw. (_Uranea_ Lat.) _Antimachus_, Sw. and _Clytia_ Sw. the two -typical genera being _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_, Sw. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: THOAS _Lysithous_.] - - -THOAS Lysithous, - -_Lysithous Butterfly._ - ----- - -Sub-fam. Papilionae. Genus, Papilio. _Sw._ Sub-genus Thoas. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Posterior wings terminating in spatulate or obtuse tails; the margins - deeply scoloped; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced, with the head directed - _upwards_. - -TYPICAL SECTIONS. - - 1. Wings with macular yellow bands. PAP. THOAS. _Auct._ - - 2. Wings with entire white bands, the posterior - spotted with crimson. AGAVIUS. - - 3. Wings black, varied with emerald green - bands or dots; tails short, obtuse. PARIS. - - 4. Tails obsolete. EVANDER. - - 5. Tails short, acute. ANDROGEUS. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings uniform black; anterior with a white band; posterior dentated and - tailed, margined by red lunules; the disk white, bordered behind by 4-5 - red spots._ - - Papilio Lisithous. _Ency. Meth. 1. p. 73, no. 136._ - ----- - -We discovered this imposing species in the interior of Brazil, in 1814, -long before it was made known in France by the specific name we have -adopted. It is confined to the southern provinces; for we never met with it -north of the Rio St. Francesco. Although greatly resembling _Thoas Agavus_ -and _Harrisianus_, (Z. Ill. 1 Series, pl. 109) it is at once distinguished -by the longer and more acute dentations of the inferior wings. The under -side shews no material difference from the upper. To the second type of -this subgenus belongs also _Ascarius_ L. _Polybius_ Sw. (Z. I. 1 Series, -pl. 137), and _Tros._ Fab. while _Dardanus_ F. probably connects this -American group with the third or _Paris_ type, whose geographic range is -confined to Asia. - -In the fourth form (_Evander_), representing the Heliconian type, the tails -are obsolete, but they begin to appear again in the fifth, and thus -complete the circle of the sub-genus _Thoas_. By studying this natural -series, the Entomologist will discover a most beautiful set of analogies -between the genera _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MUREX (_Pteronotus_) _pinnatus_.] - - -MUREX (_Pteronotus_) pinnatus. - -_Finned Murex._ - ----- - -Family Buccinidae. Sub-fam. Muricinae. _Sw._ Genus Murex. _Lam._ Sub-genus -Pteronotus. Sw. - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See Pl. 100. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell snowy white, with three twisted varices, which are surmounted by a - thin, dilated fringe, having the margins undulated; channel curved; outer - lip crenate._ - - Murex pinnatus. _Swains. Bligh. Cat. App. p. 17._ - - _Martini. Conch. 3 pl. III. fig. 1036-1037._ (_bad._) - ----- - -This highly elegant and delicate species was first described by us in the -_Catalogue of the Bligh Collection_, at the sale of which a specimen -produced five pounds. Latterly, however, the species has become more -frequent: the figures are taken from a fine individual in our Museum, -procured from China. The pure white of the surface is relieved by a slight -iredescent or pearly gloss, similar to that on the scales of many fish: but -which is probably concealed, in a state of nature, by a thick and soft -epidermis, similar to that of _Triton corrugatum_, Lam. - -The structure of this sub-genus is further remarkable for the prolongation -of the basal end of the principal varex on the body whorl, which, in nearly -all the species, is so prominent, as to give the shell an appearance of -having two channels. It is remarkable that this horn-like process occurs in -that part of the shell which is immediately above the head of the animal: -so that even in this genus of Mollusca we see a manifestation of that -principle of the natural system, by which one of the aberrant types of -nearly all animals have crests, horns, or similar protuberances on or near -the head. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 3. - -_1. rosea. 2. pulcherrima._] - - -ACHATINELLA rosea, - -_Rosey, reversed Achatinella_. - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 99 and 108. - ----- - -SPECIFIC (?) CHARACTER. - - _Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with - obsolete white bands._ - - Ach. bulimoides (var. rosea) _Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. - 85._ - ----- - -The figures on this plate complete the illustration of our monograph of -this pretty and interesting group of shells. At present, we feel undecided -whether this is a species, or a variety of _A. bulimoides_, from which it -differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove very distinct, -instead of scarcely perceptible, and in colour. We possess only two -specimens which came, with all the others, from the Pacific Islands. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA pulcherrima. - -_Fig. 2._ - - _Shell ovate-oblong, sub-cylindrical, white or yellow, with broad bands - of chesnut; margin of the lip, brown._ - - Ach. pulcherrima. _Sw. ut. sup. p. 86._ - ----- - -This species is the most lengthened in form, and the most beautiful in -colour of all those we have yet seen: some individuals, however, are more -ventricose than others and the colours are no less variable. The ground -colour is usually of a rich and deep chesnut, with from one to three bands -of orange yellow, fulvous, or white; we have figured a further variety of a -rich golden yellow with a chesnut line only at its suture: but in all these -the marginal groove is very close and distinct. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ANTHOMYZA - -_Tiresina_. 2 _heliconides_.] - - -ANTHOMYZA Tiresia. - -_Three banded Burnet._ - ----- - -Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthoceridae. _Sw._ Genus ----? Sub-genus. - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Anterior wings with the outer or exterior margin much shorter than the - posterior; inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded. - Antennae slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically. - Inhabits Tropical America only. _Nob._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Large: anterior wings black, with one basal, and two transverse, opaque, - deep yellow bands; posterior yellow, with a broad black border; margins - of both wings dotted with white._ - - P. Tiresia. _Cramer. Pl. 85. f. B._ - ----- - -We now, for the first time, detach from the moth-like, or diurnal Sphinxes, -all those large and imposing species which are found in Tropical America; -and by comparing their characters with those of the Oriental group -_Helonia_, it will be seen how strikingly they differ. During our -researches in Brazil, the chief metropolis of this group, great attention -was paid to these insects, of which we have a most extensive series. They -fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch -counterfeit death. Most of the species, when handled, discharge from their -body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the _Heliconidae_. - ----- - - -ANTHOMYZA heliconides, - -_Heliconian Burnet_. - ----- - - _Anterior wings black, with one basal and two transverse hyaline - yellowish white bands: posterior yellowish white, with a broad black - border, margins of both wings dotted with white._ - ----- - -If we were not in possession of both sexes of the foregoing species, we -should have suspected that _this_ was a mere sexual difference; but the -spots are transparent. The remarkable resemblance between this and some of -the Heliconian butterflies, particularly _Linus_ and _Psidii_, (Cr. pl. -257.) is truly astonishing. Nature could not have stamped their analogy -stronger. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Surinamensis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Surinamensis. - -_Surinam Emerald Butterfly._ - ----- - -Family, Papilionidae. Sub-fam Papilionae. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (_Fissirostral -or Hesperian type_) Sub-genus. Leilus _proper_. Sw. - -SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. - - I. TYPICAL. Antennae filiform, thickened in the - middle; posterior wings with long pointed tails. LEILUS. - - II. SUB-TYPICAL. Antennae as in the last, but - arcuated near the tip. Tails of the posterior - wings short and obtuse. ORONTES. - - III. ABERRANT. Antennae clavate; front very - hairy; tails none. RIPHEUS. - - Antennae clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. - LEPTOCIRCUS. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, varied with lines and bands of emerald-blue green: - posterior tailed; the green spots round the margin running into each - other; tails nearly white._ - - Papilio Leilus. _Linn. Sys. Nat. 2. 750. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. p. 21. Merian. - Surin. pl. 29._ - - Urania Leilus. _Fab. Syst. Gloss._ - ----- - -The Butterflys composing this remarkable genus are perhaps the most -splendid insects in creation. No art can effectually represent the -changeable and resplendent green which relieves the velvet black of the -wings, and which varies with every change of light. The typical species are -found in Tropical America, where they fly with amazing rapidity, and -perform, like their prototypes the Swallows, annual migrations. When at -rest, the anterior wings are flat or horizontal, but only slightly spread. -The present species appears confined to Surinam. - -Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and -construction of this group; while the name of _Urania_, bestowed upon it by -Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnaeus, more -correctly, placed it with the genuine _Papiliones_; a station which is -confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those of -_Leptocircus_, figured at pl. 106, being provided with that short spiney -process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies -which result from this location of _Leilus_ are beautiful, and almost -interminable. It is the representation of the _Noctuidae_ and of the -_Hesperidae_ in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all -these being modifications of the natatorial type of the VERTEBRATA. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Brasiliensis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Braziliensis. - -_Brazilian Emerald Butterfly._ - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings_ when at rest, horizontal, slightly expanded; posterior furnished - with acute tails. Palpi short, porrect; the last joint nearly naked, - projecting beyond the head, but shorter than the second joint. _Tibiae_ - of the anterior feet, spined in the middle: claws very small. _Antennae_ - filiform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, but not - uncinate. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, varied with lines and bands of golden green: posterior - wings tailed, the green spots round the margin divided and insulated; the - tails black, with a narrow white edge._ - -In Mus. Britt. Nost. - ----- - -This species, hitherto confounded with that peculiar to Surinam, is found -only in Brazil; but its precise geographic range, in that vast empire, has -not been correctly ascertained. We had the pleasure of capturing several -specimens in Lat. 8, 24, S. in the vicinity of Pernambuco, where great -numbers appear during the early weeks of May, and again in June. - -On refering to our journals, we find the following note. "_Papilio -Leilus._--Great numbers of this insect were flying during the whole of the -morning, past _Aqua Fria_ (Pernambuco), in a direction from north to south: -not one deviated from this course, notwithstanding the flowers which were -growing around: they flew against the wind, which blew rather strong, and -near the ground, but mounted over every tree or other high object which lay -in their course; yet their flight was so rapid, that I could not capture a -single specimen. They went singly, and near fifty or sixty must have passed -the spot opposite the window, before mid-day: they continued to pass for -three or four days in this manner. 12th June, 1817." Now it is clear that -these insects could not have come from so far north as Surinam, where only -the other species is found; and they certainly do not migrate to the more -southern latitude of Rio de Janeiro. As we have never seen this species in -the London Cabinets, we have deposited a specimen in the British Museum, -that our entomologists may become acquainted with the structure of the -feet. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MALACOCIRCUS _Striatus._ - -_Striped Babbler._] - - -MALACOCIRCUS striatus. - -_Striated Babbler._ - ----- - -Family Merulidae. Sub-fam. Crateropodinae. Sw. _North. Zool. 2, p 156._ -Genus Malacocircus. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill rasorial, i. e. short, high at the base, conspicuously arched from - the front, where the feathers are divided; tip obsoletely notched. Tarsi - thick, moderate; the scales entire. Wings and tail rounded. - -SUB-GENERA. Megalurus. Pomatorhinus. _Horsf._ Malacocircus. Leptonyx. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Entirely light brown: wings and tail darker, the quills marked by - transverse dark lines: bill and feet yellow: margin of the quills - changeable greyish white._ - - Gracula striata. _Mus. Paris._ - ----- - -The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-family -_Crateropodinae_, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer -latitudes of the old world; extending to the north as far as Egypt, and to -the south over the greatest part of Australia. Like all birds which belong -to the natatorial type, the majority of the species live in the vicinity of -water. Their voice, like that of _Donacobius_, Sw. is particularly -discordant, and many of them appear to be gregarious. The present species -we received from Ceylon, but without any notice of its habits: another -specimen is in the Paris Museum, under the manuscript name of _Gracula -striata_, from the circumstance of the scapular quills, and also the tail -feathers, being marked with transverse lines of a darker brown, varying in -intensity according to the rays of light. - -We have not yet sufficiently worked out this intricate and little known -group: the very existence of which was first announced in North. Zool. 2, -p. 156. According to our present views, the genera yet characterized appear -to be _Crateropus_, _Malacocircus_, _Pellornium_, and _Timalia_. To -_Crateropus_, we at present refer the sub-genera _Grallina_, Vieil, -_Cinclosoma_, H. & V. and _Aipunemia_, Sw.; while those of _Malacocircus_ -are probably _Megalurus_, H. _Pomatorhinus_, H. and _Leptonyx_, Sw. Under -the genus _Timalia_, we place _Psophodes_ and _Dasyornis_, H. & V. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MITREOLA. - -_1. monodonta. 2. terebellum. 3. Mitra acuminata._] - - -MITREOLA monodonta, - -_The Volute Mitres._ - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Sub-family Mitranae. Genus Mitreola. _Sw._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell fusiform, smooth; the middle plaits of the pillar largest apex of the -spire generally papillary. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate, acute, smooth; spire slightly striated, the tip papillary; - outer lip within, gibbous._ - - Mitra monodonta. _Lam. Syst. 7, p. 324._ - ----- - -We feel much obliged to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for calling our attention to the -remarkable construction of this Volute Mitre, of which we had not then seen -a specimen. We view it as supplying that link of connection between the -_Volutinae_ and the _Mitranae_, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we -had long been in search of. Of the genus, however, we know as yet but of -two species, represented on the plate somewhat larger than their natural -size. We have also added a figure of our _Mitra acuminata_, to shew how -beautifully _Mitreola_ is represented by the fourth type of the genus -_Mitra_, as now restricted, to which type (represented by _M. Zebra_), -_acuminata_ also belongs: both, as prototypes of the _Strombidae_, have the -outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are totally -different, while the spire of one is acute, and of the other papillary. _M. -monodonta_ is a Grignon fossil: some specimens are so well preserved, that -the colours may be traced in the appearance of zebra-like stripes: thus -strongly corroborating our views on its true analogies. - ----- - - -MITRA terebellum. - - _Shell fusiform, turrited, smooth, base striated; channel sub-entire._ - Mitra terebellum. _Lam. Sys. 7, 325. Ency. Meth. pl. 392, a, b, c, d?_ - ----- - -Of this Grignon fossil, we have but one specimen: it agrees with Lamarck's -description, but not with the figure he quotes; and it may possibly be a -distinct species between his _M. plicatella_ and _terebellum_. The plaits -are like those of _M. monodonta_; but the tip of the spire is acute, and -slightly plaited. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Occidentalis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Occidentalis, - -_West India Emerald-Butterfly._ - ----- - - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Posterior wings with a flame-coloured, irregularly indented, marginal - band; tails black, with emerald green spots._ - - Papilio Sloaneus. Cramer. _pl. 85. e. f. vol. 1. p. 134._ - - Papilio Leilus. var. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 22._ - ----- - -Specimens of this rare and splendid species, sent to our museum from the -island of Jamaica, enable us to complete the illustration of the only three -American species of this type hitherto discovered. It is in all probability -the same as that figured by Cramer; particularly as his specimens came from -the same locality. Even a superficial comparison of this figure with those -on our two last plates, will shew the error of Fabricius and others, in -classing them all under the same name. We have represented the species in -that attitude which is assumed by _L. Braziliensis_, when at rest; the -wings of which species are sometimes _less_ but never _more_ expanded: the -fruit, upon which the insect is reposing, is the common West India -_Banana_, shewing its natural size. - -In drawing the attention of Entomologists to the anatomical details of this -typical example of the genus _Leilus_, it will be readily perceived that -the obscurity which has involved its natural affinities, has entirely -arisen from ignorance of its structure. At a time when minute and obscure -Coleoptera are submitted to the most delicate dissection, under powerful -magnifiers, the LEPIDOPTERA, not only the most striking and splendid of all -insects, _but the pre-eminent type of the_ ANNULOSA, have been -comparatively neglected. We cannot otherwise account for this, but by -remembering that the influence of fashion is universal, and that she is -always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one -order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so -many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been -left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-family _Papilionae_, -represents the sub-family _Harpalinae_, (Harpalidae, _Auct._) And that this -analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of their -_tibiae_, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of -the COLEOPTERA and the LEPIDOPTERA. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Orientalis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Orientalis. - -_Oriental Emerald Butterfly._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Posterior wings six tailed; anal angle with a large flame-coloured - space, varied with black spots; tails unequal, whiteish._ - - Papilio Rhipheus. _Cramer, Vol. 2, page 193, pl. 385, fig. A. B._ - ----- - -That the natural affinities of this superb and highly interesting group of -insects should be no longer a matter of doubt, we are induced to deviate, -for the first time, from our usual practice. On this and the next plate we -have copied two figures of insects which we have never seen, for the -purpose of bringing them immediately before the eye of the entomologist, -and of clearing up some remarkable facts concerning them. - -The first of these is taken from Cramer, who calls it _Pap. Rhipheus_, from -an unaccountable idea that it was the same species as one figured by Drury, -under that name. He imagines that this latter figure was made from a -mutilated specimen, in which the tails had been broken off, and that _his_, -consequently, represented the insect in its perfect state. Every succeeding -writer, so far as we can discover, has taken up this idea, without the -precaution of investigating its correctness. Now it follows that if the two -species were the same, the posterior wings of _Cramer's_, would be spotted -like those of _Drury's_, yet they are essentially different: a piece of -paper, put over to hide the tails in our present figure, which may then be -compared with the next, will at once explain our meaning: but setting this -aside, Cramer expressly asserts that his insect has the Antennae "_sans -boutons_", and "_comme filiformes_", and very justly compares it with our -_Leilus Surinamensis_, "_mas plus encore_," with _Pap. Orontes_, L. -(_Orontes Noctuides_, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads. - -How totally inapplicable this account is to Drury's insect, will be -presently shewn. Cramer has most correctly given the immediate affinities -of this insect. We have no space to state our reasons for considering it, -at present, as a true _Leilus_; although with six tails, instead of _two_. -It may _possibly_, however, be the fifth, or natatorial type, which in our -synopsis of the genus at Pl. 125, we have not ventured to indicate. We have -never seen, or even heard of a specimen in modern cabinets; that figured by -Cramer, was found at Chandernagor, in Bengal, and was in the rich -collection of M. Gigot d'Orcy. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: RHIPHEUS _Dasycephalus. Sw._] - - -RHIPHEUS dasycephalus. - -_Round-winged Emerald Butterfly_ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - Wings black, varied with numerous irregular lines of emerald green; - posterior with the internal and anal angle, deep blood-red, shining with - gold and spotted with black. - - Papilio Rhipheus. Drury. Ins. 2, p. 40, pl. 23, 1. 2. - ----- - -If the imagination was taxed to invent, or to concentrate into one figure -all that was splendid, lovely, or rare in the insect world, Nature would -far exceed the poor invention of man by the production of this incomparably -splendid creature; its rarity also is so great, that but one specimen has -ever been seen: this was brought from China, and in 1773, belonged to a -Captain May, of Hammersmith: with whom it was seen by Drury, and drawn by -Harris. It is not however, on this account only that we have been induced -to copy this figure, but because its illustration will clear up one of the -most intricate and perplexing questions, that has hitherto impeded the -natural arrangement of the Linnaen _Papiliones_, and even of the whole -order of Lepidoptera. - -The error of Cramer, regarding _Rhipheus_ has already been rectified. It -will now be demonstrated that not only are the two insects distinct as -_species_, but that they actually belong to different _genera_. Cramer's -being a _Urania_ of Fabricius and Latrielle, while Drury's is a _Papilio_ -of the same authors. This is proved by the figures; and confirmed by the -following words of Drury, "_The antennae are black, and knobbed at their -extremities_," in other words, clavate; while the palpi, as expressed in -the figure, are so small as not to project beyond the head, where they lie -hid in the frontal hairs: this also being a typical distinction of the -Latrellian _Papiliones_. The figures in Drury's work were all drawn and -engraved by Moses Harris, well known as one of the most accurate artists -that ever lived: as a remarkable proof of this, we find that he has not -failed to delineate that peculiar nuration of the anterior wings, which -belongs only to the types of _Leilus_. A closer affinity therefore between -_Papilio_ and _Leilus_ cannot possibly be imagined: while its remarkably -hairy front, points out its analogy, as an aberrant type in its own genus, -to _Chlorisses_, among insects, and _Dasycephala_ among birds. So true it -is that the natural system "illuminates with a flood of light" every -supposed anomaly, and reconciles facts apparently the most inexplicable. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LYCAENA _Dispar_.] - - -LYCAENA dispar. - -_The Large British Copper._ - ----- - -Family Erycinidae. Sub-family Theclinae. Sw. Genus Polyommatus. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings (typically) obtuse, rounded; anterior having the external margin - shorter than the posterior: posterior wings entire or nearly so: - destitute both of filiform caudal appendages, and of metallic anal spots. - _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Posterior wings obsoletely dentated, particularly at the anal angle: - club of the antennae short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint - lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely vertical._ _Type._ L. Phlaeas. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings coppery: the male with two discoid black dots on the anterior, and - one on the posterior wings: club of the antennae elongated and fusiform._ - (_Aberrant._) - - Papilio Hippothoe. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40. - - Pap. dispar. Haworth. Lep. Brit. p. 40. Stevens. Brit. Ent. 1. p. 82. Pl. - 3 - ----- - -As considerable misconception appears to exist regarding the type of the -tenuirostral or vermiform family of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, we shall -endeavour to illustrate this subject. Our concluding number is accordingly -devoted to the genus _Polyommatus_ of Latrielle, and its subordinate types -or sub-genera. These compose, what we have elsewhere defined, a natural and -perfect group; (_North. Zool. 2, 288_) inasmuch as it has been tested by -the analogies, and conformed by the representations, which it bears to -innumerable others, both in the Annulose and vertebrated circles. According -to this analysis, both _Lycaena_ and _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, -instead of being types either of families or sub-families, are of one and -the same genus: which genus, moreover, is but the portion of the aberrant -group of the _Theclinae_. The typical forms of the genus _Erycina_, -exclusively confined to Tropical America, constitute, in fact, the -pre-eminent perfection of the family in question. - -As _Lycaena_ represents the _Nymphalidae_, or sub-typical family of the -Diurnal Butterflys, so is it the sub-typical form of the genus -_Polyommatus_. Its geographic range is wide, being extended to the -temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. The largest British species is -that now figured, from the identical specimens mentioned by Lewin. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: POLYOMMATUS _Cassius_.] - - -POLYOMMATUS Cassius. - -_Brazilian Blue._ - ----- - -Family Erycinidae. Sub-family Theclinae. Genus Polyommatus (The typical -sub-genus.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings entire, obtuse; the posterior rounded, particularly at the anal - angle. Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct - and nearly naked. Antennae with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club. - Colour blue, beneath ocellated. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Male: wings sub-diaphanous, blue, immaculate; whitish near the anal - angle. Female: the disk of all white, with black spots and borders. In - both sexes, beneath white, with blackish dots: those on the anterior - wings transverse and confluent._ - - Pap. Cassius. (the female) _Cramer, pl. 23, fig. C. D._ - ----- - -We have elsewhere pointed out, as one of the peculiar distinctions of forms -and groups pre-eminently typical, that their geographic distribution is -invariably wide, and generally universal; and that this is one of the -reasons why certain forms are found both in Europe, America, India, and -Australia. This was said of Birds, and the remark is even more applicable -when we look to insects. We accordingly find, that the typical species of -the genus now under consideration, not only spread themselves over all -Europe and Africa, but extend to the Indian islands on one side, and over -the whole of America on the other, without offering more than a sectional -variation of character. It is uncertain, however, whether any species occur -in Australia; for the European type seems to be represented there by the -sub-genus _Erina_. The genus, _collectively_, is a rasorial type, -representing the family _Satyridae_ among the _Papiliones_,--_Parnassius_ -among the _Papilionidae_,--and the _Paconidae_ among Birds. - -Pol. Cassius is one of the most common species of Brazil, where we found it -frequenting similar situations, and possessing the same habits, as the -ordinary Blues of England. The analysis bestowed upon this group, convinces -us that _Pithecops, H._ is but a section of this sub-genus. The upper -figure represents the male, the lower the female: both are enlarged. The -connecting species between _Polyommatus_ and _Lycaena_ are _Helle_, Hub. -_Lametia_, and _Boeticus_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ERINA _pulchella_.] - - -ERINA pulchella. - -_Buff-spotted Blue._ - ----- - -Family, Ericinidae. Sub-fam., Theclinae. _Sw._ Genus, Polyommatus. _Lat._ -Sub-genus, Erina. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings obtuse, very entire: palpi covered only with compact scales, the - last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antennae - short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath. - - _Typical._ Hesp. Erinus. _Fab._ _Aberrant._ Lycaena ignita. _Leach._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above brown, glossed with blue; anterior with a discoid fulvous - spot; beneath white: posterior pair with three black dots in the middle._ - -Mus. Brit. Nost. - ----- - -The passage from _Polyommatus_ to the type now before us, is distinctly -marked by the section (for under that rank we may still retain it), named -_Pithecops_; the palpi of these latter being both hairy, like the typical -_Polyommatus_, and squamose, as in _Erina_: the posterior wings of both are -also much of the same shape. By these blended characters Nature gently -glides into the form now under consideration, which is the satyrian or -_rasorial_ type of the genus; representing the _Satyridae_, the -_Hipparchianae_, &c. and which supplies the place of _Polyommatus_, -strictly so termed, on the Australian continent. We have already before us -six species from that country; five of which are typical, but the sixth, -the _L. ignita_ of our friend Dr. Leach (_Zool. Miss. I. pl. 60_), demands -particular attention. We have elsewhere shewn that all aberrant forms unite -into a circle of their own. Now as _Erina_, _Lucia_, and _Nais_, are the -aberrant forms of the genus _Polyommatus_, so there should be species -either in the first or the last,--that is, in _Erina_ or _Nais_, which -would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We accordingly find it -demonstrated by _Erina ignita_; for that insect, although essentially -belonging to this type, in the characters of the _palpi_ and _antennae_, -nevertheless assumes one of the great distinctions of _Nais_.---_The wings -of the two sexes being different_: the posterior pair in the female are -dentated, while those of the male are completely entire; so that the first -might pass for a _Nais_, and the second for an _Erina_; both sexes further -shew the union of these two types, by having the under surface of their -wings ornamented, as in _Nais_, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the -scale, are somewhat enlarged. We have sent a specimen of _E. pulchella_ to -the British Museum for general reference. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LUCIA _limbaria_.] - - -LUCIA limbaria. - -_Brown-winged Blue._ - ----- - -Sub-fam. Theclinae. Genus Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus Lucia. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings horizontally lengthened, entire: palpi very slender, ciliate with - long hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. - Antennae with a lengthened club, either cylindrical or compressed. - Colours obscure, moth-like. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above brown, disk of the anterior fulvous, with two brown spots - above, and three beneath, encircled with white: posterior beneath varied - with grey and white, with a central band of square brown spots._ - - Hesp. Lucanus? _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3, 1, p. 322. Donovan's Ind. Ins. pl. 43, - f. 4?_ - -Mus. Nost. - ----- - -This, which appears the most aberrant type of the genus, immediately -reminds the student of a dark coloured _Erycina_ or a _Phalaena_, both of -which families, as being the Heliconian or Erycinian type of _Polyommatus_, -it truly represents. It is at once known from _Erina_, by its very peculiar -palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antennae of three species now -before us, present a remarkable difference. In two of these, the club is -compressed and spatulate, like that of _Erina_; but in the third, here -figured, it has the cylindrical form belonging to _Nais_. Which of these -forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but there cannot be a -stranger link of connection between _Lucia_ and _Nais_, than the fact of -this species borrowing, as it were, the cylindrical club of the latter. -Without such a link, in short, the series would be imperfect. - -As we cannot satisfactorily determine whether the types here figured of -_Lucia_ and _Erina_ are described in books, we have been compelled to -regard them as unnamed. This, and the two other species we possess, are all -from Australia. On bringing the genus _Polyommatus_ to analogical tests, -the only demonstration of a natural group, we find the sub-genera -representing the families of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in the following -manner:--1. TYPICAL, Polyommatus, _Papilionidae_.--2. SUB-TYPICAL, Lycaena, -_Nymphalidae_.--3. ABERRANT, Nais-_Hesperidae_, Lucia-_Erycidinae_, and -Erina-_Satyridae_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: NAIS _splendens_.] - - -NAIS splendens. - -_Blue-shouldered Copper_. - ----- - -Sub-fam. Theclinae. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Nais. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings sub-angulated; posterior dentated, particularly at the anal angle. - Copper coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antennae cylindrical, - thickening from the base: the tip truncate. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above coppery, with black dots, their basal half-shining blue; - beneath fulvous; the posterior varied with ferruginous, and marked by - silvery spots._ - - Pap. Nais. _Cramer, pl. 57, fig. D. E._ - ----- - -In every natural group of the diurnal Lepidoptera which we have analysed, -(and the number is somewhat considerable,) there is always one in which the -posterior wings are more than usually tailed; and this seems to be such a -prevalent form throughout the Vertebrata and the Annulosa, that we believe -it is universal: in other words, that it is one of the PRIMARY TYPES of -Nature. We have consequently termed it the _natatorial_, since it -represents that order of birds, as the Swallow-tailed _Papiliones_ typify -the Swallows. That we should find this form in a group where the chief -character is the roundness and the integrity of the wings, is certainly -astonishing; but it shews that the laws of Nature are as simple, as they -are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus with _Lycaena_, with -which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All the -species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the -_Argynninae_, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The -species now figured, are probably male and female, and were received from -Africa. - -We have now given the natural types of an Entomological genus; the only one -that has been attempted, since the demonstration of _Phanaeus_ and -_Scarabaeus_. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at -present have any other foundation, strictly speaking, than mere opinion. -But the great principles of variation are now discovered, and we must hope -that those naturalists of a higher order, who join acknowledged talent to -matured experience, will follow up the subject. - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL INDEX -_OF THE PLATES TO_ -VOL. III. -IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. - ----- - - - No. 21. pl. - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - Protesilaus Leilus 93 - Cressida Heliconides 94 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - No. 22. - Prinia familiaris 97 - Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 - Achatinella pica 99 - ---- perversa 99 - ---- acuta 99 - Murex eurystomus 100 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - - No. 23. - Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Leptocircus Curius 106 - - No. 24. - Trogon Mexicanus 107 - Achatinella bulimoides 108 - ---- livida 108 - Phyllonotus Imperialis. var. 109 - Petreus Thetys 110 - Zeonia Heliconides 111 - - No. 25. - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - Centronotus radix 113 - Jasia Australis 114 - Teracolus subfasciatus 115 - Heleona fenestrata 116 - - No. 26. - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Byssoarca Zebra 118 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - - No. 27. - Pteronotus pinnatus 122 - Achatinella rosea 123 - ---- pulcherrima 123 - Anthomyza Teresia 124 - ---- Heliconides 124 - Leilus Surinamensis 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - - No. 28. - Malacocircus striatus 127 - Mitreola monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Mitra acuminata 128 - Leilus Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 130 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - - No. 29. - Lycaena dispar 132 - Polyommatus Cassius 133 - Erina pulchella 134 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Nais splendens 136 - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX -TO -VOL. III. - ----- - - Achatinella, Generic character 99 - ---- acuta 99 - ---- bulimoides 108 - ---- livida 108 - ---- perversa 98 - ---- pulcherrima 123 - ---- pica 99 - ---- _Plates of_ 99, 108, 123 - Amphrisius, Nymphalides 98 - Anthomyza Tiresia 124 - ---- heliconides 124 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Apaloderma, _sub-generic character_ 107 - _Ark-shell, Zebra_ 118 - Arca, _The sub-genera of_ 118 - _Babbler, Great-footed_ 117 - ---- _Striated_ 127 - _Blues, The small_ 132 to 136 - _Burnet, Australian_ 116 - ---- _Three-banded_ 124 - ---- _Heliconian_ 124 - Calurus, _sub-generic character_ 107 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - Centronotus radix, (_Murex_) 113 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Cressida heliconides 94 - Crateropodinae, _The genera of_ 127 - _Copper, Large British_ 132 - ---- _blue shouldered_ 136 - _Emerald Butterfly, Brazilian_ 126 - ---- _Surinam_ 125 - ---- _West Indian_ 129 - ---- _Oriental_ 130 - ---- _Round-winged_ 131 - Erina pulchella 134 - Hapactes, _sub-generic character_ 107 - Heleona fenestrata 110 - Jasia australis 114 - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Leptocircus curius 106 - Leilus, The sub-genera of 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - ---- Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 132 - _Lory-parrakeet, Blue bellied_ 92 - ---- _Swainsonian_ 92 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Marius (Petreus) Thetys 110 - Malacocircus striatus 127 - Mitra acuminata 128 - Mitreola _generic character_ 128 - ---- monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Murex, Analogies of the sub-genera 109 - ---- (Centronotus) Radix 113 - ---- (Pteronotus) pinnatus 112 - ---- (Phyllonotus) eurystomus 100 - ---- imperialis 109 - Nais splendens 126 - Orontes, _sub-generic character_ 125 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Patersonia glauca 116 - _Parrakeet, blue bellied_ 92 - ---- _golden eared_ 112 - Phyllonotus imperialis 109 - Pteronotus pinnatus 112 - Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Polyommatus, _The sub-genera of_ 132-136 - ---- Cassius 133 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - Prinia familiaris 97 - Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 - ---- Leilus 93 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - _Short foot, Yellow vented_ 102 - _Snail, Waved Pupa_ 103 - ---- _Caracolla_ 96 - _Swallow-tail, Brazilian_ 93 - ---- _Swainsonian_ 104 - ---- _Javanese_ 107 - Trogon, _The sub-genera of_ 107 - ---- Mexicanus, female 107 - Teracolus sub-fasciatus 115 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - ---- _The Sectional Types_ 121 - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - _Volute mitres, The_ 128 - _Warbler, Gorget_ 119 - Zeonia heliconides 111 - -* * * * * * - - - -INDEX - -TO THE INSECTS. - -(SECOND SERIES.) - ----- - -_In the order of Publication._ - - pl. - Protesilaus Niamus 32 - Rhetus Crameri 33 - Marius Cinna 45 - Eudamus Agesilaus 48 - ---- Doryssus 48 - Petreus Thetys 59 - Eurymus Philodice 60 - Amynthia Swainsonia 63 - Pieris Nigrina 69 - Eurymus Europome 70 - Euterpe Teria 74 - Peleus Aeacus 75 - ---- Gentius 75 - Melete Limnobia 79 - Endymion Regalis 85 - Arcas Imperialis 88 - Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 - Jasia Athama 90 - Protesilaus Leilus 93 - Cressida heliconides 94 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Leptocircus Curius 106 - Petreus Thetys (larva) 110 - Zeonia heliconides 111 - Jasia Australis 114 - Teracolus subfasciatus 115 - Heleona fenestrata 116 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - Anthomyza Teresia 124 - ---- heliconides 124 - Leilus Surinamensis 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - ---- Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 130 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - Lycaena dispar 132 - Polyommatus Casseus 133 - Erina pulchella 134 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Nais splendens 136 - -* * * * * * - - - -_Systematic Arrangement._ - - PAPILIONIDAE. _Sw._ - pl. - Pieris Nigrina 69 - Euterpe Teria 74 - Melete Limnobia 79 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - Protesilaus Leilus 93 - ---- Swainsonius 104 - ---- Niamus 32 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Cressida heliconides 94 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - Leilus Surinamensis 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - ---- Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 130 - Leptocircus Curius 106 - Eurymus Philodice 60 - ---- Europome 70 - Amynthia Swainsonia 63 - Teracolus subfasciatus 115 - - Fam. NYMPHALIDAE. _Sw._ - Marius Cinna 45 - Petrius Thetys 59 - ---- larva and pupa 110 - Jasia Athama 90 - ---- Australis 114 - - Fam. ERYCINIDAE. _Sw._ - Rhetus Crameri 33 - Zeonia heliconides 111 - Endymion regalis 85 - Arcas Imperialis 88 - Lycaena dispar 132 - Polyommatus Cassius 133 - Erina pulchella 134 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Nais splendens 135 - - Fam. HESPERIDAE. _Sw._ - Eudamus Agesilaus 48 - ---- Doryssus 48 - Peleus Aeacus 75 - ---- Gentius 75 - - Tribe. SPHINGIDES. _Sw._ - Heleona fenestrata 116 - Anthomyza Teresia 124 - ---- heliconides 124 - -* * * * * * - - - -INDEX - -TO THE SHELLS. - -(SECOND SERIES.) - ----- - -_In the order of Publication._ - - pl. - Ancilliaria rubiginosa 4 - Mitra melaniana 5 - ---- tessellata 5 - Ampullaria carinata 9 - Unio truncatus 10 - Marmarostoma undulata 14 - Voluta bullata 15 - Anodon areolatus 18 - Mitra bicolor 19 - ---- carinata 19 - ---- strigata 19 - Tellina latirostra 20 - Lingula anatina 24 - ---- hians 25 - Melania amarula 29 - ---- setosa 29 - Mitra fulva 30 - ---- ambigua 30 - ---- punctata 30 - Rostellaria curvirostris 34 - Ampullaria Nilotica 38 - ---- subcarinata 38 - Strombus Peruvianus 39 - Oliva volutella 40 - ---- striata 40 - Marginella oblonga 44 - ---- guttata 44 - Mitra episcopalis 49 - Tiara Isabella 50 - ---- sulcata 50 - Volutilithes muricata 53 - ---- pertusa 53 - Mitrella fusca, occellata 54 - ---- olivaeformis 54 - Margarita crocata 55 - Olivella purpurata 58 - ---- eburnea 58 - Ampullaria fasciata 64 - Conus lithoglyphus 65 - Murex imperialis 67 - Conus fumigatus 68 - ---- franciscanus 68 - Murex erythrostomus 73 - Harpula vexillum 77 - Hiatula Lamarcii 78 - ---- pallida 78 - ---- maculosa 78 - Cymbiola vespertilio 83 - Voluta cymbium 84 - Scapbella maculata 87 - Geotrochus pileus 91 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - Achatinella pica, perversa 99 - ---- acuta 99 - ---- bulimoides 108 - ---- livida 108 - ---- rosea 123 - ---- pulcherrima 123 - Murex eurystomus 100 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - Phyllonotus Imperialis 109 - Centronotus radix 113 - Byssoarca Zebra 118 - Pteronotus pinnatus 122 - Mitreola monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Mitra acuminata 128 - -* * * * * * - - - -_In Systematic Order._ - - VOLUTIDAE. - pl. - Voluta cymbium 84 - ---- bullata 15 - Cymbiola vespertilio 83 - Harpula vexillum 77 - Volutilithes muricata 53 - ---- pertusa 53 - Schaphella maculata 87 - Mitra episcopalis 49 - ---- melaniana 5 - ---- tessellata 5 - ---- bicolor 19 - ---- carinata 19 - ---- strigata 19 - ---- fulva 30 - ---- ambigua 30 - ---- punctata 30 - ---- acuminata 128 - Tiara Isabella 50 - ---- sulcata 50 - Mitrella fusca. ocellata 54 - ---- olivaeformis 54 - Mitreola monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Oliva volutella 40 - ---- striata 40 - Olivella purpurata 58 - ---- eburnea 58 - Hiatula Lamarcii 78 - ---- pallida 78 - ---- maculosa 78 - Ancillaria rubiginosa 4 - Marginella oblonga 44 - ---- guttata 44 - - MURICIDAE. - Murex (Phyllonotus) Imperialis 67, 109 - ---- eurystomus 100 - ---- erythrostomus 73 - Centronotus radix 113 - Pteronotus pinnatus 122 - - STROMBIDAE. - Strombus Peruvianus 39 - Rostellaria curvirostris 34 - Conus lithoglyphus 65 - ---- fumigatus 68 - ---- franciscanus 68 - - HELICIDAE. - Ampullaria carinata 9 - ---- Nilotica 38 - ---- subcarinata 38 - ---- fasciata 64 - Melania amarula and setosa 29 - Achatinella, six species, 99, 108, 123 - Geotrochus pileus 91 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - - TURBIDAE. - Marmarostoma undulata 14 - - BIVALVES. - Unio truncatus 10 - Anodon areolatus 18 - Tellina latirostra 20 - Margarita crocata 55 - Lingula aratina 24 - ---- hians 25 - Byssoarca zebra 113 - -* * * * * * - - - -INDEX - -TO THE BIRDS. - -(SECOND SERIES.) - ----- - -_In the order of Publication._ - - Psittacus vernalis 1 - Polyborus Braziliensis 2 - Setophaga picta 3 - Parra Africana 6 - Cuculus nigricans 7 - Lorius Isidorii 8 - Thriothorus Mexicanus 11 - Lorius Garrulus 12 - Coccyzus Levaillantii 13 - Paleornis Pondicerianus 16 - Hirundo fasciata 17 - Nanodes venustus 21 - Icterus Cayanensis 22 - Drymophyla longipes 23 - Platycercus scapularis 26 - Drymophila fasciata 27 - Aglaia gyrola 28 - ---- flava 31 - Psaris Jardinii 35 - Petroica multicolor 36 - Ploceus Textor 37 - Psaris cristatus 41 - Chaetura macroptera 42 - Petroica bicolor 43 - Fluvicola cursoria 46 - Macropteryx longipennis 47 - Sylvia Regulus 51 - Phoenicornis flammeus 52 - Nyctiornis amictus 56 - Culicivora atricapilla 57 - Gryllivora Saularis 61 - Ptiliogonys cinereus 62 - Todus viridis 66 - Malaconotus Barbarus 71 - Donacobius vociferans 72 - Malaconotus atro-coccineus 76 - Crateropus Reinwardii 80 - Prionites Mexicanus 81 - Trogon Mexicanus 82 - Garrulus sordidus 86 - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - Prinia familiaris 97 - Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 - Trogon Mexicanus. mas 107 - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Malacocircus striatus 127 - -* * * * * * - - - -_In Systematic Order._ - - FALCONIDAE. - Polyborus Braziliensis 1 - - LANIADAE. - Malaconotus Barbarus 71 - ---- atro-coccineus 76 - Phaenicornis flammeus 52 - Ptiliogonys cinereus male, 62. female, 120 - - MERULIDAE. - Drymophila longipes 23 - ---- fasciata 27 - Donacobius vociferans 72 - Crateropus Reinwardii 80 - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Malacocircus striatus 127 - - SYLVIADAE. - Sylvia Regulus 51 - Petroica multicolor 36 - ---- bicolor 43 - Setophaga picta 3 - Culicivora atricapilla 57 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Prinia familiaris 97 - Gryllivora saularis 61 - - MUSCICAPIDAE. - Psaris Jardinii 35 - ---- cristatus 41 - Fluvicola cursoria 46 - Todus viridis 66 - - FRINGILLIDAE. - Aglaia gyrola 28 - ---- flava 31 - Ploceus textor 37 - - STURNIDAE, CORVIDAE. - Icterus Cayanensis 22 - Garrulus sordidus 86 - - PSITTACIDAE. - Psittacus vernalis 1 - Lorius Isidorii 8 - ---- Garrulus 12 - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - Paleornis Pondicerianus 16 - Nanodes venustus 21 - Platycircus scapularis 26 - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - - CUCULIDAE, CERTHIADAE. - Cuculus nigricans 7 - Coccyzus Levaillantii 13 - Thryothorus Mexicanus 11 - - FISSIROSTRES. - Hirundo fasciata 17 - Chaetura macroptera 42 - Macropteryx longipennis 47 - Nyctiornis amictus 56 - Prionites Mexicanus 81 - Trogon Mexicanus female, 82. male, 107 - ---- - Parra Africana 6 - -* * * * * * - - - -LIST OF ORIGINAL SUBSCRIBERS, - -WHO HAVE SENT THEIR NAMES. - ----- - - AUDUBON, J. J. Esq., America - BAYFIELD, Mr. G., Walworth - BONAPARTE, CHARLES LUCIAN, PRINCE of Musignano, Rome - BOLTON, Mrs. Liverpool - BOX----Esq., Night Rider Street - BREE, The Rev. W. T. Allesley, Rectory, Warwickshire - CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY - CASE, Mrs. J. DEAN, Liverpool - CORRIE, Mrs. Woodville, Birmin. - DOBSON, BENJAMIN, Esq., Bolton - CHILDREN, J. GEO. Esq., British Museum - GOODALL, The Very Rev. Dr. _Provost of Eton_ - GRAY, J. E. Esq. British Museum - GRAY, JOHN, Esq. Whitefield House, near Bolton - GALTON, Miss, Birmingham - GRIFFITHS, E. Esq. Gray's Inn - HOOKER, Professor, Glasgow - HARDWICKE, GENERAL, Lambeth - HORSFIELD, Dr, East India House - HICK, B. Esq. Bolton - HILL, LADY, Hawkestone Citadel - JARDINE, SIR WM. BART., Jardine Hall, Dumfrieshire - KENNEDY, Mrs. Manchester - LESSON, M. J. P., Paris - LEDSAM, JOHN, Esq. Birmingham - LITTLEDALE, Mrs. GEO., Liverpool - LINCOLN, AB. Esq. Highbury Place - LYNES, Mrs. Stourbridge - MAUD, THE REV. P. BATH - MAUD, CHARLES, Esq. Bath - MILLS, Mrs. Warwickshire - MOILLIET, J. L. Esq. Birmingham - MOSELEY, Mrs. Leaton Hall, Stourbridge - NEWCOME, The Rev. T. Shenley - NORTHUMBERLAND, HER GRACE THE DUTCHESS OF - PERCY, The HON. Mrs. C. Bertie Guy's Cliff, Warwick - PHILLIPS, Mrs. Stirchley Rectory - PHIPSON, WM. Esq. Birmingham - RAFFLES, The Rev. Dr. Liverpool - RUSSELL, WM. Esq. Birmingham - ROGET, Dr. London - SELBY, P. JOHN, Twizel House - SCORESBY, The Rev. H., Leeds - SHERBOURNE., ROBT. Esq. Liverpool - STOREY, J. SAMUEL, Esq. St. Albans - SMITH, Mrs. NEWMAN, Croydon - THOYTS, Mrs. Oakfield, Reading - TIMPERON, Mrs. New Barnes, near St. Albans - WEBSTER, MISS, Birmingham - WILLIAMS, Professor. For the Radcliffe Library - WILSON, JAMES, Esq. Edinburgh - WOOD, CHARLES, Esq. Secretary of the Treasury - WOOD, J. S. Esq. Glasgow - - SECEDERS. - - BOSTOCK, Dr. London - MARTINEAUX, Mrs. Norwich - YATES, The Rev. J. London - ---- MISS E. Liverpool - ----- - -*** _As the short notice given to the public has prevented many from -sending their names, the possession of this list, will serve to distinguish -such copies of the work, the plates of which, have passed the inspection of -the author._ - -* * * * * * - - - - -Notes. - -[1] 9, Trafalgar Street, Walworth. - - * * * * * - - - -Corrections made to printed text - -Plate 92: 'elsewhere' corrected from 'elsewere' - -Plate 94: 'transverse' (spots) corrected from 'transvere' - -Plate 97, plate caption and Genus: 'PRINIA' corrected from 'PRINEA' - -Plate 100, plate caption: 'eurystomus' corrected from 'euristomus' - -Plate 102, headings: 'PTILIOGONYS' corrected from 'PLILIOGONYS' (twice) - -Plate 103: 'hermaphrodite' corrected from 'hermaphrotide' - -Plate 109: 'Mollusca' corrected from 'Mollusa' - -Ib., in table: 'Amphibia' corrected from 'Amphibea' - -Plate 111: (Leptocircus) 'Curius' corrected from 'heliconides'. Cf. plate -106 and all the indexes - -Plate 113: 'transversely' corrected from 'trasversely' - -Plate 116: 'Lepidopterous' corrected from 'Lepedopterous' - -Plate 118, in headings: 'Arca' corrected from 'Area' - -Plate 119: (in heading and again under Specific Character) 'thoracica' -corrected from 'thoracia' - -Ib.: 'structure' corrected from 'structue' - -Plate 120, main title: 'dissimilis' corrected from 'dissimiles'; again -under 'Types' - -Plate 122: 'aberrant' corrected from 'abberant' - -Plate 133, heading: 'POLYOMMATUS' corrected from 'PLOYOMMATUS' - -Plate 133: (The upper figure represents the) 'male' corrected from 'female' - -Alphabetic index: (Heleona) 'fenestrata' corrected from 'fenetrata' - -Alphabetic index to the Insects: Heleona fenestrata '116' corrected from -'110' and re-ordered - -Systematic index to the Insects: (Cressida) 'heliconides' corrected from -'helinonides' - -Alphabetic index to the Shells: (Marmarostoma) 'undulata' corrected from -'uudulata' - -Systematic index to the Shells: (Ampullaria) 'subcarinata' corrected from -'snbcarinata' - -Indexes to the Birds (both): Trogon Mexicanus, '82' corrected from '81' - -Systematic index to the Birds: 'Trogon' corrected from 'Togon' - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. 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