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diff --git a/44058.txt b/44058.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8357c8c..0000000 --- a/44058.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3948 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series, by William Swainson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions. Volume III, Second Series - -Author: William Swainson - -Release Date: October 29, 2013 [EBook #44058] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work. -Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44056. -Volume II: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44057. - - * * * * * - - - -Zoological Illustrations, - -OR - -ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS - -OF - -NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING - -ANIMALS, - -SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF - -Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, - -AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR NATURAL AFFINITIES. - -BY - -WM. SWAINSON, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S. - -ASSISTANT COMMISSARY GENERAL TO H. M. FORCES. CORRESPONDING MEMBER -OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER -OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHIC SOCIETY, &c. - -VOL. III. - -SECOND SERIES. - -London: - -PRINTED BY W. J. SPARROW, 3, EDWARD STREET, HAMPSTEAD ROAD. - -PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW, - -AND R. HAVELL, 77, OXFORD STREET. - -1832.-1833. - -* * * * * * - - - -TO - -WILLIAM JOHN BURCHELL, ESQ., - -THE AFRICAN TRAVELLER, - -Whose discoveries have benefited every branch of natural science; whose -knowledge is equal to their full elucidation; and whose -talents,--unfostered by, and unknown to, his own Government,--are held in -respect and estimation throughout the civilized world. - -THIS THIRD VOLUME OF - -Zoological Illustrations, - -IS DEDICATED; - -BY HIS ATTACHED AND AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, - -THE AUTHOR. - -* * * * * * - - - -PREFACE. - ----- - -In closing our second series of ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, we cannot but -express gratification at the terms in which they have been alluded to at -home and abroad. It is hardly necessary to state that the scientific -interest of the subjects described, and the attention bestowed upon the -plates, have progressively increased, as the work has approached its -termination. The contents of this series may now be divided into three -equal portions, so that the BIRDS, the INSECTS, and the SHELLS, will form -distinct and uniform volumes, unconnected, except in the general title, -with each other. - -As complete sets of the first series have now become very scarce, new -editions of the deficient parts are in rapid progress; and the whole will -then be divided, as above, into three portions. - -It is but justice to Mr. G. Bayfield,[1] that the author should here -express his satisfaction at the skill and care with which he has executed -the colouring of the plates, both of this work, and of every other in which -his services have been engaged. - -In answer to several correspondents who have requested to know what book we -can recommend, as giving a general and popular introduction to the -_natural_ arrangement of animals, we are obliged to confess that amid -countless volumes of anecdotes, compilations, and methods, no such work has -ever been undertaken. With the intention of supplying this deficiency, we -have devoted the greatest portion of the last five years to an Encyclopedia -of Zoology; wherein the science will be placed under a new and striking -light; no less instructive to the general reader, than interesting to the -learned. In another year, we trust this work will be before the public. To -_that_ volume we must consequently refer the readers of _this_, whenever -they wish to understand the full scope and influence of those novelties in -natural arrangment, which are but slightly glanced at in the following -descriptions. - -As more than usual care is necessary in the binding of these volumes, it -may be as well to mention that we have particularly instructed Mr. Betts, -of Compton Street, Brunswick Square, on this subject. - - _Tittenhanger Green, - 4th March, 1833._ - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TRICHOGLOSSUS _Swainsonii_. - -_Swainson's Green-lory._] - - -TRICHOGLOSSUS Swainsoni. - -_Swainson's, or Blue-bellied Lory._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae. Sub-family Psittacinae. Genus Lorius. _Swains_. - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ obsoletely notched; _Tail_ lengthened, cuneated, narrowed from the - base, the two middle tail feathers conspicuously longest, _Nob._ - -_Type_ Lorius. (Trichoglossus.) Swainsoni. J. and S. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Green: head, middle of the body and bands on the sides, azure-blue; - throat, breast, and flanks, orange-crimson._ - - Trichoglossus Swainsoni. _Jardine and Selby. Ill. of Orn. pl. iii._ - - Blue bellied Parrakeet. _Brown's Ill. pl. 7, White's Voyage, pl. 4. p. - 140._ - - Le Perruche a tete bleue, male. _Le Vaill. Perr. 1. pl. 24. fig. - pulcherima._ - - Perruche des Moluques. _Buffon, Pl. Enl. No. 743?_ - - _Trichoglossus haematodus. Lin. Tr. 15. p. 289. omitting Syn._ - ----- - -Large flocks of these resplendent Lorys enliven the woods of New Holland, -clinging to the Eucalypti trees, and sucking the honey from the blossoms by -their brush-shaped tongue. Mr. Caley, whose notes we now follow, says it a -bird remarkable for docility and attachment to some people, although a -perfect scold to others. When young they are caught by the natives, but -from the loss of their favourite food seldom survive in confinement. An -individual, kept by Mr. Caley, on being shewn the coloured drawing of a -native plant, tried to suck the flowers, and it even made the same attempt -with a piece of cotton furniture. Its scientific history we have already -given elsewhere. - -We have received more than usual pleasure at seeing our name affixed to -this charming bird, and in clearing up its history. (_Ill. of Orn. vol. 3. -p. iii._) As a child we well remember our unwearied delight at seeing its -figure in _White's Voyage_. As a collector we have preserved a series of -nearly twenty specimens, and as a naturalist our name is no longer excluded -from the Ornithological Nomenclature of New Holland. It is indeed somewhat -curious, that while we were giving information to one of the writers in the -_Lin. Trans_. upon the subjects of his paper, he should have studiously -witheld from us the only public acknowledgement, for such assistance, it -was in his power to make. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PROTESILAUS _Leilus_.] - - -PROTESILAUS Leilus, - -_Protesilaus Butterfly_. - ----- - -Genus Amphrisius, _Sw._ Sub-genus Protesilaus, _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Wings trigonal, acute, yellow with black transverse bands; the inferior - lengthened, narrowed, with two long acute tails; antennae short, the club - thick, slightly compressed, but solid, and convex all round; front very - hairy; _Larva_ covered with sharp spines. _Pupa_ braced, but suspended - downwards. - -Type, Pap. Protesilaus. AUCT. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings straw-colour; the superior with four, short, black, costal bands - towards the base, and two towards the exterior margin; the latter uniting - at the posterior angle._ - - Pap. Protesilaus. _Lin. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. pl. p. 23. Ency. Meth. p. 50. - Merian Sur. pl. 43. Cramer, pl. 202. f. a. b._ - ----- - -From the resemblance which this insect bears to the rare British species, -named by collectors the scarce Swallow-tail, (_Papilio Podalirius_,) it is -generally called the Brazilian Swallow-tail. We advert to this -circumstance, trivial as it may sound to scientific ears, first because it -is one of the many proofs in which the nomenclature of the vulgar conveys -greater information than that of the professor: and secondly, because these -very names, in numberless instances, imply a perception of natural -analogies, which, without the labour of philosophic research, suggest -themselves to unscientific observers. In the present instance, these facts -may be verified in the most unquestionable manner. According to our views, -_Protesilaus_ not only represents one of the primary groups of the -Lepidoptera, but also typifies the Fissirostral birds, of which the -swallows are the most pre-eminent. - -Madam Merian's valuable work on the Insects of Surinam, has furnished us -with a figure of the larva; which, unlike that of the European -Swallow-tails, is covered with spines: the chrysalis also departs from the -usual type of the family, in having the head directed downwards. These -facts we have verified by an inspection of the original drawings, of M. -Merian, now deposited in the British Museum. These are all important -variations in structure, which can only be explained by the natural system. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CRESSIDA _Heliconides_] - - -CRESSIDA Heliconides - -_Cressida Butterfly_. - ----- - -Sub-Fam. Papilionae. Genus Papilio. Sub-Genus Cressida. _Nobis_. - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings diaphanous; posterior perpendicularly elongated, obtusely dentated - or scolloped. Antenna stout, the club very thick. - -Types, Cressida Heliconides and Harmonides. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings diaphanous, with the base, and two opaque, costal - transverse spots, black; posterior black, with a central white space, and - a marginal row of crimson spots, brightest beneath._ - - Papilio Cressida, _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. p. 20. Don. Ill. of Ent. 3. pl. - 12. f. 2. Ency. Meth. p. 76. No. 145._ - ----- - -For a long time, the only museum in Europe which could boast of this -butterfly, was that of Sir Joseph Banks; who found it in Van Deimans Land, -during his celebrated scientific voyage with Captain Cook. Fabricius, the -most eminent entomologist of that day, described the species from this -specimen: which, with the whole of the Banksian Cabinet, was presented by -its learned and munificent possessor to the Linnaean Society of London, -where it still exists. The only published figure is that of Donovans, which -is much too small, and is otherwise faulty. The species is still very rare -in collections; our own, a fine pair, were received from Van Diemans Land. - -Although unacquainted with the larva, and pupa state of this species, -nature has stamped the perfect insect with the image of that group she -intends it to represent. Its long, narrow, anterior wings, almost -transparent, immediately reminds even the unpractised entomologist of the -Heliconian butterflys; while the analysis of the genus _Papilio_, confirms -this idea, by shewing that _Cressida_ is the Heliconian type. We scarcely -need remind the student of the natural system that if our theory be -correct, this representation, under one form or other, will be found to -pervade every group of _Lepidoptera_. In all such as we have yet -investigated, this opinion has been fully verified. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PAPILIO _Memnon_.] - - -PAPILIO Memnon, - -_Memnon Butterfly_. - ----- - -Fam. Papilionidae. Sub-Fam. Papilionae. Genus Papilio.--_Sw._ - -(Typical form or Sub-genus.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Wings without tails; the anterior horizontally lengthened, entire; the - posterior margin concave; posterior wings perpendicularly lengthened, the - margin rounded and scolloped; antennae long. _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ - braced in an erect position. - - SUB-TYPES OF FORM. 1. _Typical_, Memnon. 2. _Sub-typical_, Erectheus. 3. - _Aberrant_, Pammon, Drusius? Codrus. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, rayed with blue-grey; inferior wings beneath with two rows - of marginal black spots on a pale ground, and four red spots at the - base._ - - Papilio Memnon, _Linn. Auct. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 29. No. 10. Cramer, pl. - 91. f. c._ - ----- - -Although of sombre colours, this butterfly is imposing in its size, and -highly interesting. It is, in fact, that form which is _pre-eminently -typical_ of the whole of the Latriellian _Papilionidae_. It seems to be -common throughout India and particularly so in Java, from whence we possess -several specimens. Dr. Horsfield's elaborate work has furnished us with -figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis. - -In now first defining some of the natural groups of the modern Genus -_Papilio_, it may be as well to state that we give the results of minute -analysis, the details of which we hope to lay before the public on a future -occasion. In regard to the nomenclature, we have adopted the following -principles, suggested to us by a scientific friend of no ordinary -authority, as tending to facilitate recollection, without altering well -known specific names. Each genus or sub-genus will be named after that -species which is its peculiar type; and the new specific name of this -species will imply one of its supposed natural analogies. Thus the -sub-genus _Protesilaus_, derives its name from the typical species, while -the specific name, now proposed of _Leilus_, points out the analogy of the -group to _Urania_ Fab. The sub-genus we now define, as being in our -estimation, pre-eminently typical, retains the name of the genus. It seems -also a geographic group, since all the species yet discovered belong to the -old world. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CARACOLLA _acutissima._ - -_Two-toothed Disk-Snail._] - - -CARACOLLA acutissima, - -_Two-Toothed Disk Snail_. - ----- - -Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. _Swains._ - -GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. - - _Animal_ with four tentaculae, the lower pair very short; _Shell_ - discoid, greatly depressed; the spire but slightly raised above the body - whorl; aperture large, oblique, angulated; the lower portion generally - dentated; the margin thickened and reflected. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell imperforate, with the spiral whorls flattened obliquely, the body - whorl acutely carinated, and convex beneath: outer lip reflected; with - from 1 to 2 tuberculated teeth near the extremity_. - - Caracolla acutissima. _Lam. Syst. 6. p. 2. p. 95. Knorr. vol. 4 pl. 5. f. - 2. 3._ - - _Encycl. Meth. pl. 462. f. 1. a. b.?_ - - Helicodonta. _A. de Ferrusac. pl. 58. f. 2._ - - Helix caracolla. _Guerin. Iconog. du Reg. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1._ - ----- - -It is seldom we can deliniate more than the covering of testacious animals, -particularly where the species are natives of tropical countries. In the -present instance we owe this power to the singular fact of this snail -having survived a voyage from Jamaica, and peered out upon an English sun. -It is now near forty years ago since an intelligent correspondent of our -honoured father sent him from Jamaica, a box of land shells: they were -carefully packed in moist decayed wood, and enclosed the living animals. -The season was summer and the voyage short; the box was immediately opened, -and by placing the shells in luke-warm water, the animals of every one -slowly emerged from their shells. Of their ultimate fate we know not: but -that celebrated artist and entomologist, the late Mr. Lewin, then a guest -in the house, executed highly finished drawings upon vellum of each -species; and from one of these our present figures are faithfully copied. -At the request of our friend Dr. Leach, a copy was also made by some one -and transmitted to Baron de Ferussac, for his great work upon Land shell, -where it will be found engraved at pl. 58. fig. 2. M. Guerin has re-copied -this latter figure, but as both are inaccurate, without any fault of these -gentlemen, (who never saw the original drawing of Lewin) we have now -represented it correctly. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PRINIA _familiaris_ - -_Indian Wren warbler._] - - -PRINIA familiaris, - -_Indian Wren-warbler_. - ----- - -Family, Sylviadae. Sub-Family, Sylvianae. _Sw._ Genus, Prinia. _Horsf._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill rather lengthened, much compressed, entire; rictus smooth; wings - rounded; tail broad and cuneate; feet large, strong. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above olive brown, beneath yellowish; ears, throat, and tips of the - greater and lesser wing-covers white; tail feathers tipt with dusky - white, and margined beneath by a black bar._ - - Prinia familiaris. _Horsfield. Zool. Researches. Linn. Trans. 8. 165._ - -The sultry groves of India are not without birds which recall to the -European the songsters of his own distant land. And although nature, in her -boundless profusion, has so distributed her productions that even the -little "Kitty Wren" may in vain be looked for beyond the confines of -Europe, its representative in the East is no less neat, active, and -familiar to the habitations of man. The _Prinia familiaris_, observes Dr. -Horsfield (whose politeness enables us to figure the bird), is abundant in -many parts of Java, near villages and gardens, in the confines of which, -among trees and shrubs, it builds its nest. Sprightly and active in all its -motions, it sports among the branches in short and rapid flights, and has -received its native name from its enlivening and pleasant notes. Our figure -is the size of life, and to avoid a tedious description, all the details -have been accurately measured. - -We must refer the scientific Ornithologist, for our exposition of the -natural affinities of this group, to _Northern Zoology, vol. 2, p. 200_. It -is unquestionably the Rasorial and Scansorial genus of the Sub-family -_Sylvianae_, as there pointed out, and of which _Orthotomus_ is a -sub-genus, or type of form. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: AMPHRISIUS _Nymphalides._] - - -AMPHRISIUS Nympalides, - -_Amphrisius Butterfly_. - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. Sub-Fam. Papilionae. Genus. Amphrisius. _Sw._ (Typical -Sub-Genus). - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Wings without tails, the anterior externally dentated, the posterior - short and rounded, the margin scolloped; Antennae long. Larva covered - with spine-like tubercles; _Pupa_ braced in an inverted position. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings black, with longitudinal paler rays; posterior wings - yellow, with a black serrated border, and an internal row of black - spots._ - - - Papilio Amphrisius. _Godart. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 27, No. 7._ - - Papilio Heliacon. _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. p. 19. Don. Ind. Ins. pl. 19. f. - 1._ - - Papilio Amphrisius.--_Horsf. Descrip. Cat. Part 1. pl. 4. f. 13._ - ----- - -The Butterflies of which we consider the species now figured as the typical -example, constitute one of the great natural divisions of the modern genus -_Papilio_; and they are peculiarly distinguished in all their three stages -of existence, namely in the caterpillar, the pupa, and in the winged state. -Dr. Horsfield has enabled us to illustrate the two former, and we add a -figure of the perfect butterfly from specimens in our own cabinet, -collected in Java. It seems subject to much variation in point of colour, -but we have strong suspicions that some of the varieties are distinct -species. The richness of the black resembles Genoa velvet, while that of -the yellow may be compared to glossy satin. All the larger species of the -group are Oriental, but we suspect America is not without typical examples, -although they are of a much smaller size. The species however, even with -these additions, are so few, that the sub-types of the group cannot be -accurately made out. - -As this seems to be the pre-eminent type of the genus, we preserve to it -the generic name. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 1. - -_1, Pica. 2, Perversa. 3, Acuta_] - - -ACHATINELLA Pica, - -_The Bead Snails_. - ----- - -Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. _Lam. Sw._ Genus ----? - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell oblong-conic, spiral, Columella with the base thickened and - truncate, inner lip none; outer lip internally thickened; aperture - without teeth. _Nob._ - -Type _Monodonta seminigra_ Lam. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell trochiform, black; apex and base of the pillar white._ - - Monodonta semi-nigra _Lam._ - - Achatina pica. _Swains. Monog. in Brands Journal, April, 1828, p. 84._ - ----- - -Achatinella is a very peculiar group of land shells, found only in the -Pacific Islands. They are all small, and so remarkably beautiful, that the -natives use them for ornaments. It was under this form that seven different -species came into our possession on the return of Captain, now Lord Byron, -from his voyage to the South Seas. As the systematic conchologist will find -them fully described in the Journal above quoted, we now only illustrate -them by figures. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA perversa, _fig. 2._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell reversed, sub-trochiform, fulvous brown with darker transverse - bands and longitudinal lines; apex and suture white._ - - Achatinella perversa. _Swains. Monog. No. 2, p. 84._ - -Our figures of this elegant species are somewhat larger than nature. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA Acuta, Fig. 3. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate-oblong, chesnut, with a marginal fulvous band; spire - somewhat lengthened, acute, the tip black._ - - Achatinella acuta _Sw. Monog. No. 3, p. 84._ - -Shell somewhat pyriform, the spire being pointed, and considerably longer -than the aperture: In these respects it differs considerably from the two -preceding, but the great peculiarity of the twisted and truncated columella -or pillar, sufficiently points it out as belonging to this group. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MURICINAE. Pl. 3. - -_Murex eurystomus_] - - -MUREX (_Centronotus_) eurystomus, - -_Wide mouthed Murex_. - ----- - -Family Cassidae, Sub-family Muricinae, _Nob._ Genus. Murex _Auct._ - -SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. - - 1. _Typical._ - - Canal very long: Shell armed with tooth-like - spines mostly arranged in three varices MUREX _Auct._ - - 2. _Sub-Typical_ (?). - - Canal very long: Shell without spines, varices - tuberculated. HAUSTELLARIA. _Sw._ - - 3. _Aberrant._ - - Canal moderate: Shell with foliated or compressed - varices. - 1. Varices foliated, mostly three. PHYLLONOTUS. _Sw._ - 2. Varices numerous, mostly acute. CENTRONOTUS. _Sw._ - 3. Varices compressed, fin shaped. PTERYNOTUS. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell with from 7 to 8 simple foliated varices; body whorl with three - brown bands; aperture effuse, tinged with rosey; umbelicus very large._ - - Murex Saxatilis. _Auct. Lamark. 7. p. 167. Martini. pl. 108. f. 1013._ - ----- - -We feel some surprize that Lamark should have viewed this large and -imposing _Murex_ as one of the varieties of _Saxatilis,_ from which it is -unquestionably distinct. It is by no means common, nor do we know its -precise locality. - -In directing the attention of the philosophic Zoologist to the above -synopsis, we feel called upon to express our opinion on the unfortunate -Denis De Montford, whose labours, however honoured in his own country, have -neither been understood nor appreciated in this. We can say of him, what -can be said of very few, that he had an intuitive perception of natural -groups. And if we cannot place him on a par with his great rival Lamark, in -the extent of his researches, or the polished accuracy of his names, we can -safely affirm that in other respects, he is fully equal, either to him, or -to any of his successors. - -There are some extraordinary analogies between the natural types of this -genus, and the series of vertebrated animals, which we cannot at present -develope. Nor can our doubts on the Sub-typical form, which we rather think -has not been discovered, effect any alteration of the series here pointed -out. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: POLYDORUS Thoas.] - - -POLYDORUS Thoas, - -_Polydorus Butterfly_. - ----- - -Sub-family Papilionae. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Polydorus. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Anterior wings horizontally narrow and obtuse, posterior perpendicularly -lengthened, and furnished with prominent spatulate tails; _Larva_ covered -with fleshy tubercles; _Pupa_ braced and suspended, but with the head -downwards. - -Types, Pap. Polydorus. Polystes. Romulus. &c. _Auct._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings brownish black, with darker stripes between the nerves; - posterior, black with a central five-parted spot of white; lunules round - the margin, obscure above, bright crimson beneath._ - - Papilio Polydorus _Linn. Cramer. Pl. 128. f. a. b. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. - p. 9. Ency. Meth. p. 72. No. 130. Horsf. Cat. pl. 3. f. 17. 17. a._ - (_larva and pupa_). - ----- - -Among the most remarkable of those laws which belong to the natural system, -is that which assigns to every great division of our globe its peculiar -races of animals: and these in numerous instances, are so marked, that a -naturalist would no more expect to find such genera inhabiting a different -continent, than a Physiologist would hope to discover a race of Hottentots -among the Highlands of Scotland. It is under the tropical latitudes of the -old world (and chiefly those of Asia), that nature has placed the group of -butterflys which we now, for the first time, characterize. Distinguished, -in the most beautiful manner, by their larva and pupa, they shew, even in -the external appearance of the perfect insect, an unerring distinction, in -the dark stripes between the nerves of the anterior wings. We have indeed, -in the tropics of America, a race of black and crimson butterflys -representing these of India; but they belong to a very different group; and -are known at the first glance by their broader wings, totally destitute of -the stripes just mentioned. - -M. M. Latrielle and Godart, are evidently mistaken regarding the insect -figured by Clerk, which they consider to be the female of _Polydorus_; this -error we have ascertained from fine specimens of both sexes, sent from Java -and now in our possession. We have figured the male, and Dr. Horsfield has -enabled us to add the Caterpillar and Chrysalis. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PTILIOGONYS _cinereus_. - -_Male_.] - - -PTILIOGONYS cinereus,_ male_. - -_Yellow-vented Short-foot_. - ----- - -Family Laniadae. Sub-fam. Tyranninae. Genus Ptiliogonys. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Zool. Journ. no. 10. p. 164. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Light cinereous; flanks olive; under tail covers bright yellow; quills - and tail glossy blue-black, the latter ornamented with a central snowy - band; chin and vent white._ - - For Synonyms--see pl. 62. - ----- - -On the sixty-second plate of these Illustrations, we figured the female of -this elegant and highly interesting bird, from a specimen sent to us from -Mexico, by the late Mr. W. Bullock. We are now enabled to add the male from -a fine example, obligingly presented to us by John Taylor Esq. F. R. S. It -was killed near Real del Monte; and these, we believe, are at present the -only specimens that have reached England. - -By viewing this as the type of the Scansorial group of the -Tyrant-flycatchers, (_Tyranninae_) every circumstance, even the most -minute, regarding its structure and its colours will be explained. As -representing _Brachypus_, (North. Zool. 2. 485.) and its analogies, it has -the under tail covers richly coloured. As representing _Leiothryx_ (Il. -490.) it has the same coloured cinereous and silky plumage: as a scansorial -type, it has a conspicuous although an _incumbent_ crest, and a long -ornamented tail. It is a Titmouse among the Tyrants, and is nearly as much -of a _Ceblepyris_ as of a _Tyrannus_. Indeed, when we described the female, -we thought it actually entered the circle of the former, but the laws of -representation has set us right on this point. _Phoenicornis_ is the first -of the _Ceblepyrinae_, as _Philiogonys_ is the last of the _Tyranninae_. -The _females_ of _Phoenicornis_ are clothed in the same slate coloured -plumage, but, as being of a _fissirostral_ type, their mouths are -conspicuously bristled, while those of _Ptiliogonys_ are quite smooth. -Finally, the wings are those of a _Ceblepyris_, but the tail that of a -_Tyrannula!_ - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PLECOCHEILUS _undulatus_.] - - -PLECOCHEILUS undulatus. - -_Waved Pupa-snail._ - ----- - -Family Pupadae. _Guilding._ Genus Carychium. _Muller._ - -Sub-Gen. Plecocheilus. _Guild._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Animal_ hermaphrodite, snail-like; the head bilobed, and bearing four - tentaculae, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles - greatly lunated, with a small transverse mouth and a triangular cutaneous - plate; mantle perforated. _Eggs_ large, externally calcarious. _Shell_ - oval, ventricose, the two last spiral whorls very short, but elevated; - aperture entire, elongated; outer lip thickened and reflected; inner lip - thin, nearly obsolete; pillar with a strong compressed inflexed plate. - _Guilding._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell irregularly and minutely corrugated, and longitudinally striated; - marked beneath the olive epidermis with oblique, undulated, dark - stripes._ - - Carychium undulatum (1814). _Leach. Zool. Mis. 1. pl. 35._ - - Auricula caprella (1822). _Lam. Sys. 6. 2. p. 140. Chemnitz pl. 176, f. - 1701.-2._ - - Plecocheilus undulatus. _Guilding in Zool. Journ. 3. p. 532._ - ----- - -The pleasure which our scientific brethren will receive from possessing -this copy of Mr. Guilding's beautiful drawing, will be changed into regret -on knowing that the gifted hand which originally traced it is now cold. A -liver complaint, doubtless brought on by too much exposure to a tropical -sun, terminated the mortal career, a few months ago, of this accomplished -Zoologist and excellent man. The name of Guilding now belongs to posterity. -His loss, and that too in the prime of life, leaves a blank in the ranks of -science, which there is no one so qualified to fill; where can we look for -profound and indefatigable research, matured knowledge, a ready pen and an -exquisite pencil, all employed unceasingly to illustrate _from life_ the -animals of tropical regions. The search, unfortunately, will be fruitless. -May his spirit now be with that God whose minister he was, and whose works -upon earth it was his purest delight to study. - -This noble species was discovered by Mr. Guilding, in great numbers, upon -the trunks and branches of trees in the forests of St Vincent: its eggs are -hard like those of a bird, and the young shell resembles that of a -_Succinea_. In _Carychium_ the eyes are at the _base_, but here they are at -the _tips_ of the tentaculae. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PROTESILAUS _Swainsonius_.] - - -PROTESILAUS Swainsonius, - -_Swainsonian Swallow-tail._ - ----- - -Sub-family Papilionae. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - -See pl. 93. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings pale straw-colour; anterior with a forked band near the black - exterior margin, and another much shorter towards the middle, both - black._ - - Papilio Swainsonius. _Langsdorff_, MS.S. - -Mus. Nost. - ----- - -We have searched in vain for some account of this very distinct and -handsome species, collected by our venerable and enthusiastic friend Dr -Langsdorff, in the interior of Brazil; and transmitted to us some years -ago, in remembrance of the many happy days we passed together in the -enchanting scenery of that delightful region. We have not seen the species -in any of the London collections, and we believe it altogether undescribed. - -The Larva and pupa are of course unknown to us, but the whole structure of -the perfect insect agrees so truly with that of _Protesilaus Lelius_, that -we have no doubt whatever of its belonging to the same sub-genus, and thus -becoming an interesting addition to a group, capable of the most complete -and diversified demonstration. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PODALIRIUS _Pompilius_.] - - -PODALIRIUS Pompilius, - -_Pompilius, or Javanese Swallow-tail._ - ----- - -Sub-family Papilionae. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings_ trigonal, acute, yellow, with black transverse bands, the - inferior with two long narrow acute tails; _Antennae_ short, the club - thick and solid at the base, but greatly compressed at the tip, where it - is concave beneath; _head_ small, front hairy; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ - braced in an erect position. - -_Type_ Podalirius Europaeus. _Nobis._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above pale yellow, the anterior with five short, black, stripes - across the areola; and two others, much longer and broader, close to the - exterior margin: posterior wings without lunulate spots._ - - Papilio Pompilius. _Fab. Mantissa 2. p. 8. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 25. Ency. - Meth. 1. p. 49. Horsf. Cat. pl. 3. fig. 5. 5. a._ (_larva and pupa._) - ----- - -We may term this the Javanese Swallow-tail, for in that and the other -Indian islands it appears to be not uncommon. We are indebted to the -elegant _Catalogue_ above quoted, for our figures of the _larva_ and -_pupa_; and to the rich collection of Mrs. Children for the examination of -the perfect insect. - -Entomologists will doubtless feel surprize that this and the _Protesilaus_ -on our last plate, should be placed as distinct types in two different -genera. We have not done this without long deliberation; but we cannot, in -a work of this nature, enter into those details which would demonstrate -these divisions to be truly natural, in the most rigid acceptation of the -word. We desire not, however, that Entomologists should adapt our -views,--at least for the present. We hope, indeed, that they will not, -because experience has shewn, that until a theory has been fully explained, -more injury than good results to science, from injudiciously adopting, and -hastily applying, a system not understood. We only desire, in short, to -record our views, that they may be comprehended hereafter. We consider this -as the Thrysanuriform type of the sub-genus, and our English _Papilio -Machaon_ of authors, as the Heliconian.--_Tempus ducamus._ - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEPTOCIRCUS _Curius_.] - - -LEPTOCIRCUS Curius, - -_Clear-winged Butterfly._ - ----- - -Sub. Family Papilionae. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, _Nob._ -(_Erycinian type_). - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - _Size and aspect of an_ Erycina; _Anterior wings_ sub-hyaline; - _posterior_ greatly lengthened, and terminating in two long tails; - _Head_, _thorax_, and _body_ very thick; _Anterior feet_, _palpi_, and - _Antennae_ papilioniform. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Black; the exterior half of the superior wings hyaline, bordered with - black, inner half with a green band, continued on the inferior wings, - which are plicated, and edged externally with white._ - - Papilio Curius _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 28. Don. Ind. Ins. pl. 47. f. 1. - bad._ - ----- - -There are only two collections we believe in this country, which possess -this rare and extraordinary butterfly, and it may be even doubted whether -these specimens do not belong to distinct species. One is in the Banksian -cabinet, now possessed by the Linnaean Society, the other in that of the -lady of our friend J. G. Children Esq. Zoologist to the British Museum. We -are told the species has been "made into a genus" by some continental -methodist, but who, according to the disreputable and slovenly mode fast -creeping _among us_, gives no definition. We have elsewhere expressed our -reasons for rejecting all such names (_North. Zool. 2. pref. lx._), and we -are thus pledged to do so upon every occasion. - -Nature has so admirably disguised this insect in the external form of that -tribe of butterflys which she intends it to represent, that it was only -upon looking to its anatomical construction, that we discovered it was a -type of the true _Papilionae_, and not of the _Erycinae_. The construction -of the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antennae, all which -are here represented, magnified, places this fact beyond doubt, and leaves -us nothing to desire but a knowledge of its caterpillar and chrysalis, and -of the direction of the wings when the species is at rest. We suspect that -like those of _Urania_, they are then _deflexed_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TROGON _Mexicanus. f._ - -_Mexican Trogon. fem._] - - -TROGON Mexicanus, - -_Mexican Trogon. female._ - ----- - -Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonidae. _See North Zool. 2, p. 326._ - -GENERIC CHARACTERS. - -_Body_ thick. _Bill_ very short, strong, thick, nearly triangular, but the -sides compressed, surrounded by long, stiff, bristly feathers, the culmen -arched from the base. _Wings_ very convex, the quills graduated; tail very -broad, feet short, weak, gressorial. - -SUB-GENERA. - - 1. Bill with several unequal serratures on the - margin of the upper mandible: head not - crested, tail even, tarsi feathered to the - base of the toes; anterior toes united to - half their length. America. TROGON. _Auct._ - - 2. Bill serrated; head with an erect compressed - crest; tail very long, cuneated. America. CALURUS. _Sw._ - - 3. Bill entire. Inhabits tropical Asia. HARPACTES. _Sw._ - - 4. Bill with obscure serratures: tarsi naked, - covered with scales; the two anterior toes - divided nearly to their base. (_Type_, - Trogon Narina). Africa. APALODERMA. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Female. Breast and upper plumage olive brown; body and under tail covers - crimson; front, chin, and ears grey; wing covers lineated with undulate - dusky lines; two middle tail feathers ferruginous brown, with black - tips._ - ----- - -We have already given the general reader some account of the manners of -these very singular birds, and we have said more upon them in _North. Zool. -Vol. 2_. Having figured the male on our 82nd plate, we now exhibit, in the -female, that remarkable difference between the sexes, which pervades all -the species. Our figure and specific character renders a detailed -description of the plumage unnecessary; it should be observed, however, -that the lateral tail feathers, in the female, are without those two black -transverse bands on the inner web, towards the tip, which are so -conspicuous in the male. There is another species from Mexico, which -country seems to be the most northern range of these birds. We feel -gratified at being able to characterize four typical forms of the genus; -all of which, at the same time, are marked by geographic peculiarities. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 2. - -_1, bulimoides._ _2, livida._] - - -ACHATINELLA bulimoides, - -_Thick-spired Achatinella--middle figures_. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 99. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate-oblong, subventricose, whiteish, with chesnut bands; spire - thickened, the tip pale brown._ - - Achatinella bulimoides. _Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ - ----- - -We continue our Illustrations of these pretty little land-shells, of which -all the species, as we before remarked, are natives of the South Sea -Islands, and very little known to collectors. The present is distinguished -by the thickness of its spire, the apex being more suddenly pointed. We -have represented two varieties in point of colour, but in both the suture -is scarcely, if at all, margined by an indented grove. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA livida, - -_Livid Achatinella_. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell reversed, ovate, obtuse, livid brown or greyish; spire thickened; - suture with a deep fulvous line._ - - Achatinella livida. _Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._ - ----- - -A small reversed species, unbanded, and scarcely exceeding half an inch in -length. In form it perfectly resembles the green variety of _Bulimus -citrinus_. The three specimens in our museum vary in colour from a light -olive brown, to a livid purple which lies in longitudinal shades, and -gradually changes, on the spiral whorls, to white; suture marked by a line -of deep orange brown; aperture white, tinged with purple. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MURICINAE. Pl. 3. - -MUREX (PHYLLONOTUS) _Imperialis._ _var. a._] - - -MUREX (_Phyllonotus_) Imperialis, - -_Imperial Murex. var. a._ - ----- - -Genus Murex. Sub-genus Phyllonotus. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - -See pl. 100. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 67. - ----- - -In a popular work like this, we wish to consult the taste of the amateur, -no less than of the philosophic naturalist; and with this object we have -delineated a beautiful variety, having the aperture rose colour, of the -_Murex imperialis_ already figured at pl. 67 of our second volume. It was -then in the possession of Messrs. Stuchbury, and was nearly the only one, -among very many of the usual orange-mouthed specimens, which came to their -hands. - -We have already intimated that the series of types in this genus, (see pl. -100) besides possessing innumerable analogies in the class _Mollusca_, -exhibits a most singular one with the series of vertebrated animals; four -of which can be traced by comparing them with four of the classes of the -vertebrated circle. Commencing with _Phyllonotus_, we may call them, from -the hideous and repulsive aspect of many of the species, the _Reptile_ -type, as the name given to one (_Murex scorpio_), sufficiently intimates. -In the tooth-like spines of _Murex tenuispinosus_ we see some resemblance -to the teeth of quadrupeds: the _Murex haustellum_ has been well compared -to the head of a snipe, while in the fin shaped varices of _Murex -pinnatus_, we have a representation of the _fish_. If the analogy between -_Centronotus_ and the _Amphibia_ cannot be traced, it is because the latter -has so few forms; but the Hedgehogs, which represent the _Amphibia_ in the -circle of Quadrupeds, are again represented under the form of a shell, in -the sub-genus _Centronotus_. These analogies, however remote are -unquestionably natural, _because they follow each other in a uniform -series_. - - Thus, Murex represents Mammalia. - Haustellaria Aves. - Pterynotus Pisces. - Centronotus Amphibia--Hystrix. - Phyllonotus Reptilia. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MARIUS (PETREUS) _Thetys_. - -_Larva & Pupa_.] - - -MARIUS (_Petreus_) Thetys, - -_Thetys Butterfly_. - ----- - -Family Nymphalidae. Sub-family Paphianae. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. -(Heliconian Type.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Superior wings long, horizontally lengthened; Larva naked, with 3, 4 - fleshy filaments on the body. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 59. - ----- - -The perfect insect, or butterfly, of this elegant species we have already -figured at pl. 59 of our second volume: and that our illustration of a form -so interesting may be complete, we have now delineated the caterpillar and -the chrysalis, as given by Stoll; together with a sprig of the _Cashew_ -tree upon which it feeds. Every entomologist, upon looking to the perfect -insect, will immediately be struck with its resemblance to the long-winged -Heliconian Butterflys, and to the genus _Euploea_, which is the Erycinian -type of that family. Now this resemblance, which hardly requires pointing -out, is a perfectly natural analogy; and is confirmed in the most -remarkable manner by the caterpillar, which puts on that peculiar form -which distinguishes _Euploea_. The species in short, in every stage, -exemplifies the truth of that fundamental law of nature which we have -elsewhere so fully illustrated, viz. "that every _natural_ group, contains -representations of ALL others in the same class," following each other -precisely in the same series: thus establishing a truth which has long been -suspected, but not before demonstrated, that the laws of variation are -precisely the same in every group throughout the animal kingdom. The genus -itself represents the Swallow-tailed types already figured (_Podalirius_, -_Protesilaus_, and _Leptocircus_), but of the three remaining sub-genera of -_Marius_, we are as yet ignorant. It is, however, by this genus that the -two sub-families of _Paphianae_ and _Heliconinae_ are united; as it blends -into the latter by means of the genus _Fabius_, which we shall shortly -illustrate. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ZEONIA _Heliconides_.] - - -ZEONIA Heliconides, - -_Zeonia Butterfly_. - ----- - -Family Erycinidae. Sub-family Erycinae. Genus ----; Sub-genus Zeonia. -_Nob._ - - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings trigonal, hyaline, the posterior ending in long tails; Palpi very - short, not projecting beyond the head; Antennae hairy, with the club very - small, but gradually thickening from the base. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings hyaline; the margins, and a common central band black and opaque; - inferior wings two-tailed, with a red stripe at the anal angle._ - ----- - -No method is more calculated to demonstrate the existence of that -symbolical representation which reigns throughout nature, than that of -bringing before the eye of the student a series of forms belonging to -different families, but which are _disguised_, under an outward appearance -of general similitude; How few, even among professed entomologists, would -suspect that the present butterfly, and _Leptocircus Curius_, pl. 106, were -of totally different families: looking to their general aspect, as size, -form, and colour, we should even be tempted to place them in the same -genus; On closer examination, however, we find that one is a genuine -_Papilio_, and the other an _Erycina_; That this fact may be placed beyond -all doubt, we have given magnified details of both insects, which, from -their great rarity, will be highly acceptable to the Entomologist. - -The specimen here figured is the only one we met with in Brazil, nor have -we seen the species in any other collection; Excepting the black bands and -the crimson spots, all the wings are transparent; the under surface being -similar to the upper. We possess the mutilated remains of a second species; -but we know not to what natural genus they belong. - -Fig. 1. _Zeonia_, wing. 2. _Leptocircus_, wing. 3. _Zeonia_; anterior foot, -with the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antennae. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEPTOLOPHUS _auricomis_. - -_Golden-eared Parrakeet._] - - -LEPTOLOPHUS auricomis, - -_Golden-eared Parrakeet._ - ----- - -Sub-family Psittacinae. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The -Rasorial type.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill distinctly toothed, culmen slightly carinated; nostrils thick, - tumid, naked; head crested; wings very long, outer web of the quills not - sinuated; tail very broad, cuneated, the two middle tail feathers - conspicuously longest and pointed. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Cinereous, wings with a longitudinal white stripe; ears orange; lateral - tail feathers banded with yellow and black._ - - Palaeornis Novae-Hollandiae. New Holland Parrakeet. _Lears Parrots, No - 8._ - ----- - -The discovery of this remarkable and highly interesting Australian species -is due to Allen Cunningham, Esq. who, on an inland expedition ordered by -our government, in 1827, discovered it in small flocks on the arid sandy -plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150-3/4 E. We must again express -our public thanks to this intelligent and liberal naturalist for the -ornithological specimens then collected. Among these were two skins of the -bird in question; but as the mere addition of a new species to our already -overwhelming list would be of little importance to the philosophy of the -science, we have hitherto refrained from publishing it. In truth, the -natural affinities of this extraordinary Cockatoo-Parrakeet called for a -much deeper investigation of the whole family than it had yet received, nor -are we ashamed to confess that nearly five years elapsed before we could -partially accomplish this, with any thing like satisfactory results. But we -regret not the delay, since it is obvious that the illustration of such an -apparently anomalous form as this, is infinitely more useful to science -than the specification, _in a few lines_, of a hundred new species, or even -of as many new genera, unaccompanied by analytical or comparative results. -The time, in fact, is now gone by, when such crude additions to -ornithological nomenclature, possess any claim to permanent interest, or -carry with them any authority: they encumber rather than advance science, -by keeping up the already overwhelming stock of undigested materials. Mr. -Lear has recently given beautiful figures of this species, but under the -peculiarly inappropriate name of _Palaeornis Novae-hollandiae_. The genus -is _Platycercus_, _all_ the species of which are from New Holland, -excepting those of the Fissirostral type. The exactness of our figure -renders a detailed account of its plumage unessential. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MUREX (_Centronotus_) _radix_.] - - -MUREX (_Centronotus_) radix, - -_Porcupine Murex._ - ----- - - -Genus Murex. Sub-genus Centronotus. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 100. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate globuse, transversely grooved; with numerous varices, armed - with compressed, spine-like foliations: colour white; the spines, base, - and inner lip black._ - - Murex radix. _Gm. 3527. Lam. Syst. 7. 168._ - ----- - -Centronotus _radix_ was formerly a shell of excessive rarity, but many -specimens have latterly been brought from Panama; one of these, obligingly -lent to us by Mr. Cummin, we have here figured of the natural size. - -We cannot too often place before the student those objects in nature which -seem more especially to illustrate that wonderful system on which the whole -has been created. In the infinite diversity which pervades the works of -"Him who made us," two things have obviously been intended: one, the -manifestation of His power in the creation of the individual: the other, an -illustration of some important truth connected with the spiritual welfare -of mankind. The first is manifest, and speaks to our senses: the second is -emblematical, and calls for an exertion of those reasoning faculties with -which the Creator, for such purposes, aided by those helps he has promised, -has given to us. In accordance with this latter assumption, both divines -and Naturalists concur in considering Nature as a book of Emblems, "where -one thing represents another." That this theory, resting heretofore on -general belief, is capable of mathematic definition, we have elsewhere -largely demonstrated, (North. Zool.). And if, as regards one division of -animated nature the theory is correct, it follows that it will be equally -manifested in _all_ other portions of the animal world, when they are -sufficiently investigated. Hence it is that remote resemblances between -objects, widely different in themselves, can be explained: hence the -analogy which the _Glires_ bears to the Hedgehogs, and to the -_Ceblepyrinae_; and hence the resemblance between this shell and the -Porcupines; an analogy the more singular, as it extends even to the black -and white colour of the spines. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: JASIA _Australis_.] - - -JASIA Australis, - -_Australian Jasia-Butterfly._ - ----- - -Family Nymphalidae. Sub-family Paphianae. Genus, ---- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 90. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above yellowish white, the outer half of the anterior black with a - series of spots disposed in the shape of the letter Y; inferior wings - with a black border, margined by cinereous, and an orange spot at the - anal angle._ - ----- - -We believe the specimen from which our figures of this new and strikingly -distinct butterfly were taken, is the only one which has yet been sent to -Europe. It was captured by Mr. Cunningham, who accompanied Captain King, in -his voyage to the North West coast of Australia, on the skirts of Careening -Bay, Port Nelson, where the Ship Mermaid was hove down; and the officers -had more leasure to attend to zoological pursuits. Mr. Cunningham remarked -that it flew with great swiftness, in which respect it perfectly resembles -the rest of the genus _Jasia_, of which it is a typical example. The -geographic range of this group is thus proved to extend from the South of -Europe to Australia, but it is entirely unknown in the new world. - -The family of _Nymphalidae_ is the sub-typical group of the diurnal -Lepidoptera, forming our tribe _Papiliones_. In its own circle it therefore -represents the _Ferae_ among quadrupeds, the _Raptores_ among birds, the -_Aptera_ among annulose animals, and the _Scolopendridae_ in the order -_Myriapoda_. The analogical representations resulting from this view of the -subject are innumerable. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TERACOLUS _Sub-fasciatus_.] - - -TERACOLUS sub-fasciatus, - -_Burchells Yellow._ - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. Sub-family Colianae. Genus (?). Teracolus _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Antennae with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings - trigonal, posterior rounded; Palpi as in _Colias_, but the scales - intermixed with hairs. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings pale yellow, with a terminal orange spot, margined - externally with brown, and internally by a short black bar; areola with a - black dot; posterior wings yellowish white, both beneath immaculate._ - ----- - -Mr. Burchell was the first who discovered this unpublished species in the -interior of Southern Africa, and by his kindness we are enabled to -illustrate it. His specimens, unfortunately, are not in the best condition, -for he was obliged to preserve many of his insects in books; and these, -having been among the number, may probably have had the antennae more -compressed than they were in nature. The form of this butterfly, -nevertheless, is perfectly distinct from _Colias_, as may be seen by -comparing the nerves of the anterior wings, here given in outline. - -Not having completed our analysis of the _Colianae_, we cannot speak with -any confidence on the rank or the station of this type; we are inclined to -believe it is a _genus_ between those of Colias and Terias, connecting this -sub-family with the _Licininae_. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera -of _Colias_, in which case the genus, which it would then represent, is -unknown. Fig. 1. represents the anterior wing of _Teracolus_, 2, of -_Terias_, and 3, of _Colias_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: HELEONA _Fenestrata_.] - - -HELEONA fenestrata, - -_Australian Burnet_. - ----- - -Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthoceridae. Sw. (Zyganidae Auct.) Genus ----? - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Anterior Wings papilioniform, i. e. the exterior margin as long, or - longer, than that of the posterior; inferior wings lengthened - perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antennae pectinate in both sexes. - -Type _Phalaena militaris_. Lin. Don. _Ins. of China_. pl. 43. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings hyaline, clouded with irregular waved bars of blue; body, thorax, - and macular band round the margin of the inferior wings, orange._ - ----- - -The diurnal or Heliconean Hawk-mouths, form one of the most natural and -remarkable groups among Lepidopterous insects. They fly during the heat of -the day; and, (as representing in their own family the tribe of -_Phalaenides_) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their -slow flight, long transparent wings, and proneness to imitate death on -being handled, they afford a most beautiful analogy to the Heliconian -Butterflys. Both have their chief metropolis in equinoctial America, and -both find their prototypes in the lovely family of _Erycinidae_. It is -really surprizing that searchers after the _natural_ system, should have -overlooked such a group. - -Among the comparatively few genera of this division, found in India and the -adjacent islands, is that now first defined: and we illustrate it by a new -and very rare species, even in its own country. It was twice seen by Mr. -Cunningham, on the North West Coast of Australia; once in shady woods -descending to the shores of York Island, and again in nutmeg woods -adjoining Brunswick Bay. - -The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-family -_Papilionae_ will immediately distinguish this from all the American -genera. The plant, _Pattersonia glauca_, is of a sub-genus also peculiar to -New Holland. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEPTONYX _macropus_. - -_Great footed Babbler._] - - -LEPTONYX macropus - -_Great-footed Babbler._ - ----- - -Family Merulidae. Sub-family Crateropodinae. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. -Sub-genus Leptonix. (_The Rasorial type._) _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Feet of extraordinary size and thickness, all the anterior toes of nearly - equal length; the claws long, slender, and but slightly curved. Tail - slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Wings very short. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above brown beneath whiteish, with transverse undulated lines; breast - and rump, rufous brown; chin, stripe above and beneath the eye, - whiteish._ - ----- - -For the use of this new and singularly formed bird, we are indebted to -Professor Hooker, who, with his usual liberality, has recently sent for our -inspection, a valuable box of Chilian birds, most of which are undescribed. -They form the foundation of his son's, Mr William Hooker's collection, who -has already commenced with much zeal the study of this interesting science. - -All the rasorial characters are strikingly displayed in this extraordinary -type; which exhibits the greatest developement of the foot of any -insessorial bird yet discovered. It no doubt lives entirely upon the -ground; for the feet are formed precisely on the same model as those of -_Menura_ and _Orthonyx_, both of which are the rasorial types of their -respective circles, and are consequently representatives of _Leptonyx_: the -same analogy explains its resemblance to a partridge, and more distantly to -the sub-genus _Erythaca_ Sw. by its rufous breast. - -The Indian bird erroneously called _Pitta thoracica_ by M. Temminck, -follows this in close affinity, and is either the Grallatorial type, or the -immediate point of connection between _Malacocircus_ Sw. and _Timalia_ -Horsf. - -Total length 9 inches; bill from the gape 1-1/10; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus -1-3/4; hind toe and claw 1-1/2. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: BYSSOARCA _Zebra_.] - - -BYSSOARCA Zebra. - -_Zebra Ark-shell._ - ----- - -Genus. Arca. _Lin. Lam._ Sub-genus. Byssoarca. _Nob._ - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Animal_ fixed by byssiform filaments to other bodies. _Shell_ - transverse; umbones remote; valves gaping in the middle of the ventral - margin. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Margins angulated; valves marked with simple uniform and regular - grooves, radiating from the umbones: shell transversely and obliquely - striped with brown._ - ----- - -It is somewhat surprising that the sedentary type of the genus _Arca_ -should have been so long uncharacterized in our Conchological Systems; -seeing that the other four types, viz. _Arca_, _Pectunculus_, _Cuculloea_, -and _Nucula_, were defined many years ago by the celebrated Lamarck. We -have consequently supplied this omission; and at the same time have -selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the _B. Noae_; -from which it differs in sculpture, colour, and in the umbones being less -remote from each other. - -The Animals of these shells affix themselves to other bodies by a -particular muscle, which is protruded through the gaping part of the -valves; they also adhere, when young, by the byssiform epidermes which -covers the exterior: a specimen now before us, which we procured in the Bay -of Naples, perfectly exemplifies this singular property. The present -species is not uncommon in the West Indies, and has been sent to us from -Jamaica. Like all others of this particular type it is almost constantly -covered by coralline substances. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: APALIS _thoracica_. - -_Gorget Warbler._] - - -APALIS thoracica, - -_Gorget Warbler_. - ----- - -Family Sylviadae. Sub-fam: Sylvianae. Genus (?) Apalis. - -GENERIC (?) CHARACTER. - - General structure of _Prinea_, but the bill shorter, the plumage more - compact, and the outer toe not connected to the middle as far as the - first joint. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Olive green, beneath yellowish white; breast with a black collar; three - lateral tail-feathers partly white: front black._ - - Le Plastron Noir. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. 3 pl. 123. f. 1. male. 2. fem._ - Motacilla thoracica. _Nat. Miss. 22. pl. 969._ - ----- - -This is one of the pretty warblers of Southern Africa, discovered by Le -Vaillant: it is very common and widely distributed in the interior, but -rare near the Cape. Le Vaillant mentions having found a young bird of the -Criard Cuckoo, in the pigmy nest of this little species, which had already -grown to the size of a thrush: it not only filled the nest, but actually -enlarged and destroyed its original shape. Yet still did the foster -parents, by a most extraordinary instinct, go on feeding this overgrown -parasite, although it was even then more than double the size of -themselves. Our figure is of the natural size of the male; the female is -without the black collar. Specimens are in Mr. Burchell's Museum and in our -own. - -That this bird is of a tenuirostral type, is almost certain; seeing that it -is an obvious representation of _Motacilla_, _Pachycephala_, _Tamatia_, -_Trichas_, _Charadrius_, and many other collared groups: but whether it -forms part of the genus _Prinea_, or represents the tenuirostral genus -between that and _Culicivora_, is very uncertain. We suspect that this -latter station is filled by the Taylor-Warblers of India, not one of which -is to be found in our public Museums. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CLYTIA _dissimilis_.] - - -CLYTIA dissimilis, - -_Idea-likeness Butterfly._ - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. Sub-fam. Papilionae. Genus Clytia. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings rounded, spotted. Anterior broad, ample, the posterior and the - external margins of equal length: posterior slightly undulated at the - margin, but destitute of tails. Pupa braced, with the head upwards. - -TYPES. Pap. Clytia, dissimilis. _L._ Pap. Macarius. _Godart._ P. Panope -_Cr._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, the interstices of the nerves pale fulvous white, broken - into numerous stripes and spots, inferior wings with a marginal row of - orange spots, surmounted by pale lunules, on a black border._ - - Papilio dissimilis Linn. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 38. Ency. Meth. 1. p. - 76. Cramer. Pl. 82. C. D. Roemer. Gen. Ins. pl. 18. f. 6._ - ----- - -We have never seen specimens of this Butterfly from any other country than -China, although it appears that General Hardwicke has met with it in -British India, and has communicated a valuable drawing of the larva and -pupa to Dr. Horsfield, in whose interesting work it is engraved. To that -plate we must refer the entomologist who wishes to understand the previous -states of this insect; while its general aspect at once intimates its -resemblance or analogy to the Sub-genus _Idea_ F, and consequently points -it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of the _Papilionae_. -According to these views, _Clytia_ is united to _Amphrysius_, by the -sub-genus _Epius_; (Pap. Epius. Auct.) and at the same time forms the -generic passage to the _Pieridae_, Sw. For want of a better term, we must -call this the _Rasorial_ type, as it corresponds to that Ornithological -group. - -The aberrant group of the Sub-family _Papilionae_ appear to be the genera -_Leilus_, Sw. (_Uranea_ Lat.) _Antimachus_, Sw. and _Clytia_ Sw. the two -typical genera being _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_, Sw. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: THOAS _Lysithous_.] - - -THOAS Lysithous, - -_Lysithous Butterfly._ - ----- - -Sub-fam. Papilionae. Genus, Papilio. _Sw._ Sub-genus Thoas. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Posterior wings terminating in spatulate or obtuse tails; the margins - deeply scoloped; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced, with the head directed - _upwards_. - -TYPICAL SECTIONS. - - 1. Wings with macular yellow bands. PAP. THOAS. _Auct._ - - 2. Wings with entire white bands, the posterior - spotted with crimson. AGAVIUS. - - 3. Wings black, varied with emerald green - bands or dots; tails short, obtuse. PARIS. - - 4. Tails obsolete. EVANDER. - - 5. Tails short, acute. ANDROGEUS. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings uniform black; anterior with a white band; posterior dentated and - tailed, margined by red lunules; the disk white, bordered behind by 4-5 - red spots._ - - Papilio Lisithous. _Ency. Meth. 1. p. 73, no. 136._ - ----- - -We discovered this imposing species in the interior of Brazil, in 1814, -long before it was made known in France by the specific name we have -adopted. It is confined to the southern provinces; for we never met with it -north of the Rio St. Francesco. Although greatly resembling _Thoas Agavus_ -and _Harrisianus_, (Z. Ill. 1 Series, pl. 109) it is at once distinguished -by the longer and more acute dentations of the inferior wings. The under -side shews no material difference from the upper. To the second type of -this subgenus belongs also _Ascarius_ L. _Polybius_ Sw. (Z. I. 1 Series, -pl. 137), and _Tros._ Fab. while _Dardanus_ F. probably connects this -American group with the third or _Paris_ type, whose geographic range is -confined to Asia. - -In the fourth form (_Evander_), representing the Heliconian type, the tails -are obsolete, but they begin to appear again in the fifth, and thus -complete the circle of the sub-genus _Thoas_. By studying this natural -series, the Entomologist will discover a most beautiful set of analogies -between the genera _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MUREX (_Pteronotus_) _pinnatus_.] - - -MUREX (_Pteronotus_) pinnatus. - -_Finned Murex._ - ----- - -Family Buccinidae. Sub-fam. Muricinae. _Sw._ Genus Murex. _Lam._ Sub-genus -Pteronotus. Sw. - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See Pl. 100. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell snowy white, with three twisted varices, which are surmounted by a - thin, dilated fringe, having the margins undulated; channel curved; outer - lip crenate._ - - Murex pinnatus. _Swains. Bligh. Cat. App. p. 17._ - - _Martini. Conch. 3 pl. III. fig. 1036-1037._ (_bad._) - ----- - -This highly elegant and delicate species was first described by us in the -_Catalogue of the Bligh Collection_, at the sale of which a specimen -produced five pounds. Latterly, however, the species has become more -frequent: the figures are taken from a fine individual in our Museum, -procured from China. The pure white of the surface is relieved by a slight -iredescent or pearly gloss, similar to that on the scales of many fish: but -which is probably concealed, in a state of nature, by a thick and soft -epidermis, similar to that of _Triton corrugatum_, Lam. - -The structure of this sub-genus is further remarkable for the prolongation -of the basal end of the principal varex on the body whorl, which, in nearly -all the species, is so prominent, as to give the shell an appearance of -having two channels. It is remarkable that this horn-like process occurs in -that part of the shell which is immediately above the head of the animal: -so that even in this genus of Mollusca we see a manifestation of that -principle of the natural system, by which one of the aberrant types of -nearly all animals have crests, horns, or similar protuberances on or near -the head. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ACHATINELLA. Pl. 3. - -_1. rosea. 2. pulcherrima._] - - -ACHATINELLA rosea, - -_Rosey, reversed Achatinella_. - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See pl. 99 and 108. - ----- - -SPECIFIC (?) CHARACTER. - - _Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with - obsolete white bands._ - - Ach. bulimoides (var. rosea) _Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. - 85._ - ----- - -The figures on this plate complete the illustration of our monograph of -this pretty and interesting group of shells. At present, we feel undecided -whether this is a species, or a variety of _A. bulimoides_, from which it -differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove very distinct, -instead of scarcely perceptible, and in colour. We possess only two -specimens which came, with all the others, from the Pacific Islands. - ----- - - -ACHATINELLA pulcherrima. - -_Fig. 2._ - - _Shell ovate-oblong, sub-cylindrical, white or yellow, with broad bands - of chesnut; margin of the lip, brown._ - - Ach. pulcherrima. _Sw. ut. sup. p. 86._ - ----- - -This species is the most lengthened in form, and the most beautiful in -colour of all those we have yet seen: some individuals, however, are more -ventricose than others and the colours are no less variable. The ground -colour is usually of a rich and deep chesnut, with from one to three bands -of orange yellow, fulvous, or white; we have figured a further variety of a -rich golden yellow with a chesnut line only at its suture: but in all these -the marginal groove is very close and distinct. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ANTHOMYZA - -_Tiresina_. 2 _heliconides_.] - - -ANTHOMYZA Tiresia. - -_Three banded Burnet._ - ----- - -Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthoceridae. _Sw._ Genus ----? Sub-genus. - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Anterior wings with the outer or exterior margin much shorter than the - posterior; inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded. - Antennae slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically. - Inhabits Tropical America only. _Nob._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Large: anterior wings black, with one basal, and two transverse, opaque, - deep yellow bands; posterior yellow, with a broad black border; margins - of both wings dotted with white._ - - P. Tiresia. _Cramer. Pl. 85. f. B._ - ----- - -We now, for the first time, detach from the moth-like, or diurnal Sphinxes, -all those large and imposing species which are found in Tropical America; -and by comparing their characters with those of the Oriental group -_Helonia_, it will be seen how strikingly they differ. During our -researches in Brazil, the chief metropolis of this group, great attention -was paid to these insects, of which we have a most extensive series. They -fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch -counterfeit death. Most of the species, when handled, discharge from their -body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the _Heliconidae_. - ----- - - -ANTHOMYZA heliconides, - -_Heliconian Burnet_. - ----- - - _Anterior wings black, with one basal and two transverse hyaline - yellowish white bands: posterior yellowish white, with a broad black - border, margins of both wings dotted with white._ - ----- - -If we were not in possession of both sexes of the foregoing species, we -should have suspected that _this_ was a mere sexual difference; but the -spots are transparent. The remarkable resemblance between this and some of -the Heliconian butterflies, particularly _Linus_ and _Psidii_, (Cr. pl. -257.) is truly astonishing. Nature could not have stamped their analogy -stronger. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Surinamensis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Surinamensis. - -_Surinam Emerald Butterfly._ - ----- - -Family, Papilionidae. Sub-fam Papilionae. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (_Fissirostral -or Hesperian type_) Sub-genus. Leilus _proper_. Sw. - -SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA. - - I. TYPICAL. Antennae filiform, thickened in the - middle; posterior wings with long pointed tails. LEILUS. - - II. SUB-TYPICAL. Antennae as in the last, but - arcuated near the tip. Tails of the posterior - wings short and obtuse. ORONTES. - - III. ABERRANT. Antennae clavate; front very - hairy; tails none. RIPHEUS. - - Antennae clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. - LEPTOCIRCUS. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, varied with lines and bands of emerald-blue green: - posterior tailed; the green spots round the margin running into each - other; tails nearly white._ - - Papilio Leilus. _Linn. Sys. Nat. 2. 750. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. p. 21. Merian. - Surin. pl. 29._ - - Urania Leilus. _Fab. Syst. Gloss._ - ----- - -The Butterflys composing this remarkable genus are perhaps the most -splendid insects in creation. No art can effectually represent the -changeable and resplendent green which relieves the velvet black of the -wings, and which varies with every change of light. The typical species are -found in Tropical America, where they fly with amazing rapidity, and -perform, like their prototypes the Swallows, annual migrations. When at -rest, the anterior wings are flat or horizontal, but only slightly spread. -The present species appears confined to Surinam. - -Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and -construction of this group; while the name of _Urania_, bestowed upon it by -Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnaeus, more -correctly, placed it with the genuine _Papiliones_; a station which is -confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those of -_Leptocircus_, figured at pl. 106, being provided with that short spiney -process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies -which result from this location of _Leilus_ are beautiful, and almost -interminable. It is the representation of the _Noctuidae_ and of the -_Hesperidae_ in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all -these being modifications of the natatorial type of the VERTEBRATA. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Brasiliensis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Braziliensis. - -_Brazilian Emerald Butterfly._ - ----- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings_ when at rest, horizontal, slightly expanded; posterior furnished - with acute tails. Palpi short, porrect; the last joint nearly naked, - projecting beyond the head, but shorter than the second joint. _Tibiae_ - of the anterior feet, spined in the middle: claws very small. _Antennae_ - filiform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, but not - uncinate. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, varied with lines and bands of golden green: posterior - wings tailed, the green spots round the margin divided and insulated; the - tails black, with a narrow white edge._ - -In Mus. Britt. Nost. - ----- - -This species, hitherto confounded with that peculiar to Surinam, is found -only in Brazil; but its precise geographic range, in that vast empire, has -not been correctly ascertained. We had the pleasure of capturing several -specimens in Lat. 8, 24, S. in the vicinity of Pernambuco, where great -numbers appear during the early weeks of May, and again in June. - -On refering to our journals, we find the following note. "_Papilio -Leilus._--Great numbers of this insect were flying during the whole of the -morning, past _Aqua Fria_ (Pernambuco), in a direction from north to south: -not one deviated from this course, notwithstanding the flowers which were -growing around: they flew against the wind, which blew rather strong, and -near the ground, but mounted over every tree or other high object which lay -in their course; yet their flight was so rapid, that I could not capture a -single specimen. They went singly, and near fifty or sixty must have passed -the spot opposite the window, before mid-day: they continued to pass for -three or four days in this manner. 12th June, 1817." Now it is clear that -these insects could not have come from so far north as Surinam, where only -the other species is found; and they certainly do not migrate to the more -southern latitude of Rio de Janeiro. As we have never seen this species in -the London Cabinets, we have deposited a specimen in the British Museum, -that our entomologists may become acquainted with the structure of the -feet. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MALACOCIRCUS _Striatus._ - -_Striped Babbler._] - - -MALACOCIRCUS striatus. - -_Striated Babbler._ - ----- - -Family Merulidae. Sub-fam. Crateropodinae. Sw. _North. Zool. 2, p 156._ -Genus Malacocircus. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill rasorial, i. e. short, high at the base, conspicuously arched from - the front, where the feathers are divided; tip obsoletely notched. Tarsi - thick, moderate; the scales entire. Wings and tail rounded. - -SUB-GENERA. Megalurus. Pomatorhinus. _Horsf._ Malacocircus. Leptonyx. _Sw._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Entirely light brown: wings and tail darker, the quills marked by - transverse dark lines: bill and feet yellow: margin of the quills - changeable greyish white._ - - Gracula striata. _Mus. Paris._ - ----- - -The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-family -_Crateropodinae_, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer -latitudes of the old world; extending to the north as far as Egypt, and to -the south over the greatest part of Australia. Like all birds which belong -to the natatorial type, the majority of the species live in the vicinity of -water. Their voice, like that of _Donacobius_, Sw. is particularly -discordant, and many of them appear to be gregarious. The present species -we received from Ceylon, but without any notice of its habits: another -specimen is in the Paris Museum, under the manuscript name of _Gracula -striata_, from the circumstance of the scapular quills, and also the tail -feathers, being marked with transverse lines of a darker brown, varying in -intensity according to the rays of light. - -We have not yet sufficiently worked out this intricate and little known -group: the very existence of which was first announced in North. Zool. 2, -p. 156. According to our present views, the genera yet characterized appear -to be _Crateropus_, _Malacocircus_, _Pellornium_, and _Timalia_. To -_Crateropus_, we at present refer the sub-genera _Grallina_, Vieil, -_Cinclosoma_, H. & V. and _Aipunemia_, Sw.; while those of _Malacocircus_ -are probably _Megalurus_, H. _Pomatorhinus_, H. and _Leptonyx_, Sw. Under -the genus _Timalia_, we place _Psophodes_ and _Dasyornis_, H. & V. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MITREOLA. - -_1. monodonta. 2. terebellum. 3. Mitra acuminata._] - - -MITREOLA monodonta, - -_The Volute Mitres._ - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Sub-family Mitranae. Genus Mitreola. _Sw._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell fusiform, smooth; the middle plaits of the pillar largest apex of the -spire generally papillary. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate, acute, smooth; spire slightly striated, the tip papillary; - outer lip within, gibbous._ - - Mitra monodonta. _Lam. Syst. 7, p. 324._ - ----- - -We feel much obliged to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for calling our attention to the -remarkable construction of this Volute Mitre, of which we had not then seen -a specimen. We view it as supplying that link of connection between the -_Volutinae_ and the _Mitranae_, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we -had long been in search of. Of the genus, however, we know as yet but of -two species, represented on the plate somewhat larger than their natural -size. We have also added a figure of our _Mitra acuminata_, to shew how -beautifully _Mitreola_ is represented by the fourth type of the genus -_Mitra_, as now restricted, to which type (represented by _M. Zebra_), -_acuminata_ also belongs: both, as prototypes of the _Strombidae_, have the -outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are totally -different, while the spire of one is acute, and of the other papillary. _M. -monodonta_ is a Grignon fossil: some specimens are so well preserved, that -the colours may be traced in the appearance of zebra-like stripes: thus -strongly corroborating our views on its true analogies. - ----- - - -MITRA terebellum. - - _Shell fusiform, turrited, smooth, base striated; channel sub-entire._ - Mitra terebellum. _Lam. Sys. 7, 325. Ency. Meth. pl. 392, a, b, c, d?_ - ----- - -Of this Grignon fossil, we have but one specimen: it agrees with Lamarck's -description, but not with the figure he quotes; and it may possibly be a -distinct species between his _M. plicatella_ and _terebellum_. The plaits -are like those of _M. monodonta_; but the tip of the spire is acute, and -slightly plaited. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Occidentalis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Occidentalis, - -_West India Emerald-Butterfly._ - ----- - - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Posterior wings with a flame-coloured, irregularly indented, marginal - band; tails black, with emerald green spots._ - - Papilio Sloaneus. Cramer. _pl. 85. e. f. vol. 1. p. 134._ - - Papilio Leilus. var. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 22._ - ----- - -Specimens of this rare and splendid species, sent to our museum from the -island of Jamaica, enable us to complete the illustration of the only three -American species of this type hitherto discovered. It is in all probability -the same as that figured by Cramer; particularly as his specimens came from -the same locality. Even a superficial comparison of this figure with those -on our two last plates, will shew the error of Fabricius and others, in -classing them all under the same name. We have represented the species in -that attitude which is assumed by _L. Braziliensis_, when at rest; the -wings of which species are sometimes _less_ but never _more_ expanded: the -fruit, upon which the insect is reposing, is the common West India -_Banana_, shewing its natural size. - -In drawing the attention of Entomologists to the anatomical details of this -typical example of the genus _Leilus_, it will be readily perceived that -the obscurity which has involved its natural affinities, has entirely -arisen from ignorance of its structure. At a time when minute and obscure -Coleoptera are submitted to the most delicate dissection, under powerful -magnifiers, the LEPIDOPTERA, not only the most striking and splendid of all -insects, _but the pre-eminent type of the_ ANNULOSA, have been -comparatively neglected. We cannot otherwise account for this, but by -remembering that the influence of fashion is universal, and that she is -always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one -order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so -many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been -left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-family _Papilionae_, -represents the sub-family _Harpalinae_, (Harpalidae, _Auct._) And that this -analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of their -_tibiae_, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of -the COLEOPTERA and the LEPIDOPTERA. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEILUS _Orientalis_. _Sw._] - - -LEILUS Orientalis. - -_Oriental Emerald Butterfly._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Posterior wings six tailed; anal angle with a large flame-coloured - space, varied with black spots; tails unequal, whiteish._ - - Papilio Rhipheus. _Cramer, Vol. 2, page 193, pl. 385, fig. A. B._ - ----- - -That the natural affinities of this superb and highly interesting group of -insects should be no longer a matter of doubt, we are induced to deviate, -for the first time, from our usual practice. On this and the next plate we -have copied two figures of insects which we have never seen, for the -purpose of bringing them immediately before the eye of the entomologist, -and of clearing up some remarkable facts concerning them. - -The first of these is taken from Cramer, who calls it _Pap. Rhipheus_, from -an unaccountable idea that it was the same species as one figured by Drury, -under that name. He imagines that this latter figure was made from a -mutilated specimen, in which the tails had been broken off, and that _his_, -consequently, represented the insect in its perfect state. Every succeeding -writer, so far as we can discover, has taken up this idea, without the -precaution of investigating its correctness. Now it follows that if the two -species were the same, the posterior wings of _Cramer's_, would be spotted -like those of _Drury's_, yet they are essentially different: a piece of -paper, put over to hide the tails in our present figure, which may then be -compared with the next, will at once explain our meaning: but setting this -aside, Cramer expressly asserts that his insect has the Antennae "_sans -boutons_", and "_comme filiformes_", and very justly compares it with our -_Leilus Surinamensis_, "_mas plus encore_," with _Pap. Orontes_, L. -(_Orontes Noctuides_, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads. - -How totally inapplicable this account is to Drury's insect, will be -presently shewn. Cramer has most correctly given the immediate affinities -of this insect. We have no space to state our reasons for considering it, -at present, as a true _Leilus_; although with six tails, instead of _two_. -It may _possibly_, however, be the fifth, or natatorial type, which in our -synopsis of the genus at Pl. 125, we have not ventured to indicate. We have -never seen, or even heard of a specimen in modern cabinets; that figured by -Cramer, was found at Chandernagor, in Bengal, and was in the rich -collection of M. Gigot d'Orcy. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: RHIPHEUS _Dasycephalus. Sw._] - - -RHIPHEUS dasycephalus. - -_Round-winged Emerald Butterfly_ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - Wings black, varied with numerous irregular lines of emerald green; - posterior with the internal and anal angle, deep blood-red, shining with - gold and spotted with black. - - Papilio Rhipheus. Drury. Ins. 2, p. 40, pl. 23, 1. 2. - ----- - -If the imagination was taxed to invent, or to concentrate into one figure -all that was splendid, lovely, or rare in the insect world, Nature would -far exceed the poor invention of man by the production of this incomparably -splendid creature; its rarity also is so great, that but one specimen has -ever been seen: this was brought from China, and in 1773, belonged to a -Captain May, of Hammersmith: with whom it was seen by Drury, and drawn by -Harris. It is not however, on this account only that we have been induced -to copy this figure, but because its illustration will clear up one of the -most intricate and perplexing questions, that has hitherto impeded the -natural arrangement of the Linnaen _Papiliones_, and even of the whole -order of Lepidoptera. - -The error of Cramer, regarding _Rhipheus_ has already been rectified. It -will now be demonstrated that not only are the two insects distinct as -_species_, but that they actually belong to different _genera_. Cramer's -being a _Urania_ of Fabricius and Latrielle, while Drury's is a _Papilio_ -of the same authors. This is proved by the figures; and confirmed by the -following words of Drury, "_The antennae are black, and knobbed at their -extremities_," in other words, clavate; while the palpi, as expressed in -the figure, are so small as not to project beyond the head, where they lie -hid in the frontal hairs: this also being a typical distinction of the -Latrellian _Papiliones_. The figures in Drury's work were all drawn and -engraved by Moses Harris, well known as one of the most accurate artists -that ever lived: as a remarkable proof of this, we find that he has not -failed to delineate that peculiar nuration of the anterior wings, which -belongs only to the types of _Leilus_. A closer affinity therefore between -_Papilio_ and _Leilus_ cannot possibly be imagined: while its remarkably -hairy front, points out its analogy, as an aberrant type in its own genus, -to _Chlorisses_, among insects, and _Dasycephala_ among birds. So true it -is that the natural system "illuminates with a flood of light" every -supposed anomaly, and reconciles facts apparently the most inexplicable. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LYCAENA _Dispar_.] - - -LYCAENA dispar. - -_The Large British Copper._ - ----- - -Family Erycinidae. Sub-family Theclinae. Sw. Genus Polyommatus. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings (typically) obtuse, rounded; anterior having the external margin - shorter than the posterior: posterior wings entire or nearly so: - destitute both of filiform caudal appendages, and of metallic anal spots. - _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Posterior wings obsoletely dentated, particularly at the anal angle: - club of the antennae short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint - lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely vertical._ _Type._ L. Phlaeas. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings coppery: the male with two discoid black dots on the anterior, and - one on the posterior wings: club of the antennae elongated and fusiform._ - (_Aberrant._) - - Papilio Hippothoe. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40. - - Pap. dispar. Haworth. Lep. Brit. p. 40. Stevens. Brit. Ent. 1. p. 82. Pl. - 3 - ----- - -As considerable misconception appears to exist regarding the type of the -tenuirostral or vermiform family of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, we shall -endeavour to illustrate this subject. Our concluding number is accordingly -devoted to the genus _Polyommatus_ of Latrielle, and its subordinate types -or sub-genera. These compose, what we have elsewhere defined, a natural and -perfect group; (_North. Zool. 2, 288_) inasmuch as it has been tested by -the analogies, and conformed by the representations, which it bears to -innumerable others, both in the Annulose and vertebrated circles. According -to this analysis, both _Lycaena_ and _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, -instead of being types either of families or sub-families, are of one and -the same genus: which genus, moreover, is but the portion of the aberrant -group of the _Theclinae_. The typical forms of the genus _Erycina_, -exclusively confined to Tropical America, constitute, in fact, the -pre-eminent perfection of the family in question. - -As _Lycaena_ represents the _Nymphalidae_, or sub-typical family of the -Diurnal Butterflys, so is it the sub-typical form of the genus -_Polyommatus_. Its geographic range is wide, being extended to the -temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. The largest British species is -that now figured, from the identical specimens mentioned by Lewin. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: POLYOMMATUS _Cassius_.] - - -POLYOMMATUS Cassius. - -_Brazilian Blue._ - ----- - -Family Erycinidae. Sub-family Theclinae. Genus Polyommatus (The typical -sub-genus.) - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings entire, obtuse; the posterior rounded, particularly at the anal - angle. Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct - and nearly naked. Antennae with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club. - Colour blue, beneath ocellated. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Male: wings sub-diaphanous, blue, immaculate; whitish near the anal - angle. Female: the disk of all white, with black spots and borders. In - both sexes, beneath white, with blackish dots: those on the anterior - wings transverse and confluent._ - - Pap. Cassius. (the female) _Cramer, pl. 23, fig. C. D._ - ----- - -We have elsewhere pointed out, as one of the peculiar distinctions of forms -and groups pre-eminently typical, that their geographic distribution is -invariably wide, and generally universal; and that this is one of the -reasons why certain forms are found both in Europe, America, India, and -Australia. This was said of Birds, and the remark is even more applicable -when we look to insects. We accordingly find, that the typical species of -the genus now under consideration, not only spread themselves over all -Europe and Africa, but extend to the Indian islands on one side, and over -the whole of America on the other, without offering more than a sectional -variation of character. It is uncertain, however, whether any species occur -in Australia; for the European type seems to be represented there by the -sub-genus _Erina_. The genus, _collectively_, is a rasorial type, -representing the family _Satyridae_ among the _Papiliones_,--_Parnassius_ -among the _Papilionidae_,--and the _Paconidae_ among Birds. - -Pol. Cassius is one of the most common species of Brazil, where we found it -frequenting similar situations, and possessing the same habits, as the -ordinary Blues of England. The analysis bestowed upon this group, convinces -us that _Pithecops, H._ is but a section of this sub-genus. The upper -figure represents the male, the lower the female: both are enlarged. The -connecting species between _Polyommatus_ and _Lycaena_ are _Helle_, Hub. -_Lametia_, and _Boeticus_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ERINA _pulchella_.] - - -ERINA pulchella. - -_Buff-spotted Blue._ - ----- - -Family, Ericinidae. Sub-fam., Theclinae. _Sw._ Genus, Polyommatus. _Lat._ -Sub-genus, Erina. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings obtuse, very entire: palpi covered only with compact scales, the - last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antennae - short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath. - - _Typical._ Hesp. Erinus. _Fab._ _Aberrant._ Lycaena ignita. _Leach._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above brown, glossed with blue; anterior with a discoid fulvous - spot; beneath white: posterior pair with three black dots in the middle._ - -Mus. Brit. Nost. - ----- - -The passage from _Polyommatus_ to the type now before us, is distinctly -marked by the section (for under that rank we may still retain it), named -_Pithecops_; the palpi of these latter being both hairy, like the typical -_Polyommatus_, and squamose, as in _Erina_: the posterior wings of both are -also much of the same shape. By these blended characters Nature gently -glides into the form now under consideration, which is the satyrian or -_rasorial_ type of the genus; representing the _Satyridae_, the -_Hipparchianae_, &c. and which supplies the place of _Polyommatus_, -strictly so termed, on the Australian continent. We have already before us -six species from that country; five of which are typical, but the sixth, -the _L. ignita_ of our friend Dr. Leach (_Zool. Miss. I. pl. 60_), demands -particular attention. We have elsewhere shewn that all aberrant forms unite -into a circle of their own. Now as _Erina_, _Lucia_, and _Nais_, are the -aberrant forms of the genus _Polyommatus_, so there should be species -either in the first or the last,--that is, in _Erina_ or _Nais_, which -would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We accordingly find it -demonstrated by _Erina ignita_; for that insect, although essentially -belonging to this type, in the characters of the _palpi_ and _antennae_, -nevertheless assumes one of the great distinctions of _Nais_.---_The wings -of the two sexes being different_: the posterior pair in the female are -dentated, while those of the male are completely entire; so that the first -might pass for a _Nais_, and the second for an _Erina_; both sexes further -shew the union of these two types, by having the under surface of their -wings ornamented, as in _Nais_, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the -scale, are somewhat enlarged. We have sent a specimen of _E. pulchella_ to -the British Museum for general reference. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LUCIA _limbaria_.] - - -LUCIA limbaria. - -_Brown-winged Blue._ - ----- - -Sub-fam. Theclinae. Genus Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus Lucia. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings horizontally lengthened, entire: palpi very slender, ciliate with - long hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. - Antennae with a lengthened club, either cylindrical or compressed. - Colours obscure, moth-like. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above brown, disk of the anterior fulvous, with two brown spots - above, and three beneath, encircled with white: posterior beneath varied - with grey and white, with a central band of square brown spots._ - - Hesp. Lucanus? _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3, 1, p. 322. Donovan's Ind. Ins. pl. 43, - f. 4?_ - -Mus. Nost. - ----- - -This, which appears the most aberrant type of the genus, immediately -reminds the student of a dark coloured _Erycina_ or a _Phalaena_, both of -which families, as being the Heliconian or Erycinian type of _Polyommatus_, -it truly represents. It is at once known from _Erina_, by its very peculiar -palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antennae of three species now -before us, present a remarkable difference. In two of these, the club is -compressed and spatulate, like that of _Erina_; but in the third, here -figured, it has the cylindrical form belonging to _Nais_. Which of these -forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but there cannot be a -stranger link of connection between _Lucia_ and _Nais_, than the fact of -this species borrowing, as it were, the cylindrical club of the latter. -Without such a link, in short, the series would be imperfect. - -As we cannot satisfactorily determine whether the types here figured of -_Lucia_ and _Erina_ are described in books, we have been compelled to -regard them as unnamed. This, and the two other species we possess, are all -from Australia. On bringing the genus _Polyommatus_ to analogical tests, -the only demonstration of a natural group, we find the sub-genera -representing the families of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in the following -manner:--1. TYPICAL, Polyommatus, _Papilionidae_.--2. SUB-TYPICAL, Lycaena, -_Nymphalidae_.--3. ABERRANT, Nais-_Hesperidae_, Lucia-_Erycidinae_, and -Erina-_Satyridae_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: NAIS _splendens_.] - - -NAIS splendens. - -_Blue-shouldered Copper_. - ----- - -Sub-fam. Theclinae. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Nais. _Sw._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings sub-angulated; posterior dentated, particularly at the anal angle. - Copper coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antennae cylindrical, - thickening from the base: the tip truncate. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above coppery, with black dots, their basal half-shining blue; - beneath fulvous; the posterior varied with ferruginous, and marked by - silvery spots._ - - Pap. Nais. _Cramer, pl. 57, fig. D. E._ - ----- - -In every natural group of the diurnal Lepidoptera which we have analysed, -(and the number is somewhat considerable,) there is always one in which the -posterior wings are more than usually tailed; and this seems to be such a -prevalent form throughout the Vertebrata and the Annulosa, that we believe -it is universal: in other words, that it is one of the PRIMARY TYPES of -Nature. We have consequently termed it the _natatorial_, since it -represents that order of birds, as the Swallow-tailed _Papiliones_ typify -the Swallows. That we should find this form in a group where the chief -character is the roundness and the integrity of the wings, is certainly -astonishing; but it shews that the laws of Nature are as simple, as they -are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus with _Lycaena_, with -which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All the -species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the -_Argynninae_, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The -species now figured, are probably male and female, and were received from -Africa. - -We have now given the natural types of an Entomological genus; the only one -that has been attempted, since the demonstration of _Phanaeus_ and -_Scarabaeus_. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at -present have any other foundation, strictly speaking, than mere opinion. -But the great principles of variation are now discovered, and we must hope -that those naturalists of a higher order, who join acknowledged talent to -matured experience, will follow up the subject. - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL INDEX -_OF THE PLATES TO_ -VOL. III. -IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. - ----- - - - No. 21. pl. - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - Protesilaus Leilus 93 - Cressida Heliconides 94 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - No. 22. - Prinia familiaris 97 - Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 - Achatinella pica 99 - ---- perversa 99 - ---- acuta 99 - Murex eurystomus 100 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - - No. 23. - Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Leptocircus Curius 106 - - No. 24. - Trogon Mexicanus 107 - Achatinella bulimoides 108 - ---- livida 108 - Phyllonotus Imperialis. var. 109 - Petreus Thetys 110 - Zeonia Heliconides 111 - - No. 25. - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - Centronotus radix 113 - Jasia Australis 114 - Teracolus subfasciatus 115 - Heleona fenestrata 116 - - No. 26. - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Byssoarca Zebra 118 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - - No. 27. - Pteronotus pinnatus 122 - Achatinella rosea 123 - ---- pulcherrima 123 - Anthomyza Teresia 124 - ---- Heliconides 124 - Leilus Surinamensis 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - - No. 28. - Malacocircus striatus 127 - Mitreola monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Mitra acuminata 128 - Leilus Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 130 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - - No. 29. - Lycaena dispar 132 - Polyommatus Cassius 133 - Erina pulchella 134 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Nais splendens 136 - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX -TO -VOL. III. - ----- - - Achatinella, Generic character 99 - ---- acuta 99 - ---- bulimoides 108 - ---- livida 108 - ---- perversa 98 - ---- pulcherrima 123 - ---- pica 99 - ---- _Plates of_ 99, 108, 123 - Amphrisius, Nymphalides 98 - Anthomyza Tiresia 124 - ---- heliconides 124 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Apaloderma, _sub-generic character_ 107 - _Ark-shell, Zebra_ 118 - Arca, _The sub-genera of_ 118 - _Babbler, Great-footed_ 117 - ---- _Striated_ 127 - _Blues, The small_ 132 to 136 - _Burnet, Australian_ 116 - ---- _Three-banded_ 124 - ---- _Heliconian_ 124 - Calurus, _sub-generic character_ 107 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - Centronotus radix, (_Murex_) 113 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Cressida heliconides 94 - Crateropodinae, _The genera of_ 127 - _Copper, Large British_ 132 - ---- _blue shouldered_ 136 - _Emerald Butterfly, Brazilian_ 126 - ---- _Surinam_ 125 - ---- _West Indian_ 129 - ---- _Oriental_ 130 - ---- _Round-winged_ 131 - Erina pulchella 134 - Hapactes, _sub-generic character_ 107 - Heleona fenestrata 110 - Jasia australis 114 - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Leptocircus curius 106 - Leilus, The sub-genera of 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - ---- Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 132 - _Lory-parrakeet, Blue bellied_ 92 - ---- _Swainsonian_ 92 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Marius (Petreus) Thetys 110 - Malacocircus striatus 127 - Mitra acuminata 128 - Mitreola _generic character_ 128 - ---- monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Murex, Analogies of the sub-genera 109 - ---- (Centronotus) Radix 113 - ---- (Pteronotus) pinnatus 112 - ---- (Phyllonotus) eurystomus 100 - ---- imperialis 109 - Nais splendens 126 - Orontes, _sub-generic character_ 125 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Patersonia glauca 116 - _Parrakeet, blue bellied_ 92 - ---- _golden eared_ 112 - Phyllonotus imperialis 109 - Pteronotus pinnatus 112 - Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Polyommatus, _The sub-genera of_ 132-136 - ---- Cassius 133 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - Prinia familiaris 97 - Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 - ---- Leilus 93 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - _Short foot, Yellow vented_ 102 - _Snail, Waved Pupa_ 103 - ---- _Caracolla_ 96 - _Swallow-tail, Brazilian_ 93 - ---- _Swainsonian_ 104 - ---- _Javanese_ 107 - Trogon, _The sub-genera of_ 107 - ---- Mexicanus, female 107 - Teracolus sub-fasciatus 115 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - ---- _The Sectional Types_ 121 - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - _Volute mitres, The_ 128 - _Warbler, Gorget_ 119 - Zeonia heliconides 111 - -* * * * * * - - - -INDEX - -TO THE INSECTS. - -(SECOND SERIES.) - ----- - -_In the order of Publication._ - - pl. - Protesilaus Niamus 32 - Rhetus Crameri 33 - Marius Cinna 45 - Eudamus Agesilaus 48 - ---- Doryssus 48 - Petreus Thetys 59 - Eurymus Philodice 60 - Amynthia Swainsonia 63 - Pieris Nigrina 69 - Eurymus Europome 70 - Euterpe Teria 74 - Peleus Aeacus 75 - ---- Gentius 75 - Melete Limnobia 79 - Endymion Regalis 85 - Arcas Imperialis 88 - Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 - Jasia Athama 90 - Protesilaus Leilus 93 - Cressida heliconides 94 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - Protesilaus Swainsonius 104 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Leptocircus Curius 106 - Petreus Thetys (larva) 110 - Zeonia heliconides 111 - Jasia Australis 114 - Teracolus subfasciatus 115 - Heleona fenestrata 116 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - Anthomyza Teresia 124 - ---- heliconides 124 - Leilus Surinamensis 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - ---- Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 130 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - Lycaena dispar 132 - Polyommatus Casseus 133 - Erina pulchella 134 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Nais splendens 136 - -* * * * * * - - - -_Systematic Arrangement._ - - PAPILIONIDAE. _Sw._ - pl. - Pieris Nigrina 69 - Euterpe Teria 74 - Melete Limnobia 79 - Clytia dissimilis 120 - Amphrisius Nymphalides 98 - Polydorus Thoas 101 - Protesilaus Leilus 93 - ---- Swainsonius 104 - ---- Niamus 32 - Podalirius Pompilius 105 - Cressida heliconides 94 - Thoas Lysithous 121 - Papilio Memnon 95 - Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 - Rhipheus dasycephalus 131 - Leilus Surinamensis 125 - ---- Braziliensis 126 - ---- Occidentalis 129 - ---- Orientalis 130 - Leptocircus Curius 106 - Eurymus Philodice 60 - ---- Europome 70 - Amynthia Swainsonia 63 - Teracolus subfasciatus 115 - - Fam. NYMPHALIDAE. _Sw._ - Marius Cinna 45 - Petrius Thetys 59 - ---- larva and pupa 110 - Jasia Athama 90 - ---- Australis 114 - - Fam. ERYCINIDAE. _Sw._ - Rhetus Crameri 33 - Zeonia heliconides 111 - Endymion regalis 85 - Arcas Imperialis 88 - Lycaena dispar 132 - Polyommatus Cassius 133 - Erina pulchella 134 - Lucia limbaria 135 - Nais splendens 135 - - Fam. HESPERIDAE. _Sw._ - Eudamus Agesilaus 48 - ---- Doryssus 48 - Peleus Aeacus 75 - ---- Gentius 75 - - Tribe. SPHINGIDES. _Sw._ - Heleona fenestrata 116 - Anthomyza Teresia 124 - ---- heliconides 124 - -* * * * * * - - - -INDEX - -TO THE SHELLS. - -(SECOND SERIES.) - ----- - -_In the order of Publication._ - - pl. - Ancilliaria rubiginosa 4 - Mitra melaniana 5 - ---- tessellata 5 - Ampullaria carinata 9 - Unio truncatus 10 - Marmarostoma undulata 14 - Voluta bullata 15 - Anodon areolatus 18 - Mitra bicolor 19 - ---- carinata 19 - ---- strigata 19 - Tellina latirostra 20 - Lingula anatina 24 - ---- hians 25 - Melania amarula 29 - ---- setosa 29 - Mitra fulva 30 - ---- ambigua 30 - ---- punctata 30 - Rostellaria curvirostris 34 - Ampullaria Nilotica 38 - ---- subcarinata 38 - Strombus Peruvianus 39 - Oliva volutella 40 - ---- striata 40 - Marginella oblonga 44 - ---- guttata 44 - Mitra episcopalis 49 - Tiara Isabella 50 - ---- sulcata 50 - Volutilithes muricata 53 - ---- pertusa 53 - Mitrella fusca, occellata 54 - ---- olivaeformis 54 - Margarita crocata 55 - Olivella purpurata 58 - ---- eburnea 58 - Ampullaria fasciata 64 - Conus lithoglyphus 65 - Murex imperialis 67 - Conus fumigatus 68 - ---- franciscanus 68 - Murex erythrostomus 73 - Harpula vexillum 77 - Hiatula Lamarcii 78 - ---- pallida 78 - ---- maculosa 78 - Cymbiola vespertilio 83 - Voluta cymbium 84 - Scapbella maculata 87 - Geotrochus pileus 91 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - Achatinella pica, perversa 99 - ---- acuta 99 - ---- bulimoides 108 - ---- livida 108 - ---- rosea 123 - ---- pulcherrima 123 - Murex eurystomus 100 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - Phyllonotus Imperialis 109 - Centronotus radix 113 - Byssoarca Zebra 118 - Pteronotus pinnatus 122 - Mitreola monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Mitra acuminata 128 - -* * * * * * - - - -_In Systematic Order._ - - VOLUTIDAE. - pl. - Voluta cymbium 84 - ---- bullata 15 - Cymbiola vespertilio 83 - Harpula vexillum 77 - Volutilithes muricata 53 - ---- pertusa 53 - Schaphella maculata 87 - Mitra episcopalis 49 - ---- melaniana 5 - ---- tessellata 5 - ---- bicolor 19 - ---- carinata 19 - ---- strigata 19 - ---- fulva 30 - ---- ambigua 30 - ---- punctata 30 - ---- acuminata 128 - Tiara Isabella 50 - ---- sulcata 50 - Mitrella fusca. ocellata 54 - ---- olivaeformis 54 - Mitreola monodonta 128 - ---- terebellum 128 - Oliva volutella 40 - ---- striata 40 - Olivella purpurata 58 - ---- eburnea 58 - Hiatula Lamarcii 78 - ---- pallida 78 - ---- maculosa 78 - Ancillaria rubiginosa 4 - Marginella oblonga 44 - ---- guttata 44 - - MURICIDAE. - Murex (Phyllonotus) Imperialis 67, 109 - ---- eurystomus 100 - ---- erythrostomus 73 - Centronotus radix 113 - Pteronotus pinnatus 122 - - STROMBIDAE. - Strombus Peruvianus 39 - Rostellaria curvirostris 34 - Conus lithoglyphus 65 - ---- fumigatus 68 - ---- franciscanus 68 - - HELICIDAE. - Ampullaria carinata 9 - ---- Nilotica 38 - ---- subcarinata 38 - ---- fasciata 64 - Melania amarula and setosa 29 - Achatinella, six species, 99, 108, 123 - Geotrochus pileus 91 - Caracolla acutissima 96 - Plecocheilus undulatus 103 - - TURBIDAE. - Marmarostoma undulata 14 - - BIVALVES. - Unio truncatus 10 - Anodon areolatus 18 - Tellina latirostra 20 - Margarita crocata 55 - Lingula aratina 24 - ---- hians 25 - Byssoarca zebra 113 - -* * * * * * - - - -INDEX - -TO THE BIRDS. - -(SECOND SERIES.) - ----- - -_In the order of Publication._ - - Psittacus vernalis 1 - Polyborus Braziliensis 2 - Setophaga picta 3 - Parra Africana 6 - Cuculus nigricans 7 - Lorius Isidorii 8 - Thriothorus Mexicanus 11 - Lorius Garrulus 12 - Coccyzus Levaillantii 13 - Paleornis Pondicerianus 16 - Hirundo fasciata 17 - Nanodes venustus 21 - Icterus Cayanensis 22 - Drymophyla longipes 23 - Platycercus scapularis 26 - Drymophila fasciata 27 - Aglaia gyrola 28 - ---- flava 31 - Psaris Jardinii 35 - Petroica multicolor 36 - Ploceus Textor 37 - Psaris cristatus 41 - Chaetura macroptera 42 - Petroica bicolor 43 - Fluvicola cursoria 46 - Macropteryx longipennis 47 - Sylvia Regulus 51 - Phoenicornis flammeus 52 - Nyctiornis amictus 56 - Culicivora atricapilla 57 - Gryllivora Saularis 61 - Ptiliogonys cinereus 62 - Todus viridis 66 - Malaconotus Barbarus 71 - Donacobius vociferans 72 - Malaconotus atro-coccineus 76 - Crateropus Reinwardii 80 - Prionites Mexicanus 81 - Trogon Mexicanus 82 - Garrulus sordidus 86 - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - Prinia familiaris 97 - Ptiliogonys cinereus 102 - Trogon Mexicanus. mas 107 - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Malacocircus striatus 127 - -* * * * * * - - - -_In Systematic Order._ - - FALCONIDAE. - Polyborus Braziliensis 1 - - LANIADAE. - Malaconotus Barbarus 71 - ---- atro-coccineus 76 - Phaenicornis flammeus 52 - Ptiliogonys cinereus male, 62. female, 120 - - MERULIDAE. - Drymophila longipes 23 - ---- fasciata 27 - Donacobius vociferans 72 - Crateropus Reinwardii 80 - Leptonyx macropus 117 - Malacocircus striatus 127 - - SYLVIADAE. - Sylvia Regulus 51 - Petroica multicolor 36 - ---- bicolor 43 - Setophaga picta 3 - Culicivora atricapilla 57 - Apalis thoracica 119 - Prinia familiaris 97 - Gryllivora saularis 61 - - MUSCICAPIDAE. - Psaris Jardinii 35 - ---- cristatus 41 - Fluvicola cursoria 46 - Todus viridis 66 - - FRINGILLIDAE. - Aglaia gyrola 28 - ---- flava 31 - Ploceus textor 37 - - STURNIDAE, CORVIDAE. - Icterus Cayanensis 22 - Garrulus sordidus 86 - - PSITTACIDAE. - Psittacus vernalis 1 - Lorius Isidorii 8 - ---- Garrulus 12 - Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92 - Paleornis Pondicerianus 16 - Nanodes venustus 21 - Platycircus scapularis 26 - Leptolophus auricomis 112 - - CUCULIDAE, CERTHIADAE. - Cuculus nigricans 7 - Coccyzus Levaillantii 13 - Thryothorus Mexicanus 11 - - FISSIROSTRES. - Hirundo fasciata 17 - Chaetura macroptera 42 - Macropteryx longipennis 47 - Nyctiornis amictus 56 - Prionites Mexicanus 81 - Trogon Mexicanus female, 82. male, 107 - ---- - Parra Africana 6 - -* * * * * * - - - -LIST OF ORIGINAL SUBSCRIBERS, - -WHO HAVE SENT THEIR NAMES. - ----- - - AUDUBON, J. J. Esq., America - BAYFIELD, Mr. G., Walworth - BONAPARTE, CHARLES LUCIAN, PRINCE of Musignano, Rome - BOLTON, Mrs. Liverpool - BOX----Esq., Night Rider Street - BREE, The Rev. W. T. Allesley, Rectory, Warwickshire - CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY - CASE, Mrs. J. DEAN, Liverpool - CORRIE, Mrs. Woodville, Birmin. - DOBSON, BENJAMIN, Esq., Bolton - CHILDREN, J. GEO. Esq., British Museum - GOODALL, The Very Rev. Dr. _Provost of Eton_ - GRAY, J. E. Esq. British Museum - GRAY, JOHN, Esq. Whitefield House, near Bolton - GALTON, Miss, Birmingham - GRIFFITHS, E. Esq. Gray's Inn - HOOKER, Professor, Glasgow - HARDWICKE, GENERAL, Lambeth - HORSFIELD, Dr, East India House - HICK, B. Esq. Bolton - HILL, LADY, Hawkestone Citadel - JARDINE, SIR WM. BART., Jardine Hall, Dumfrieshire - KENNEDY, Mrs. Manchester - LESSON, M. J. P., Paris - LEDSAM, JOHN, Esq. Birmingham - LITTLEDALE, Mrs. GEO., Liverpool - LINCOLN, AB. Esq. Highbury Place - LYNES, Mrs. Stourbridge - MAUD, THE REV. P. BATH - MAUD, CHARLES, Esq. Bath - MILLS, Mrs. Warwickshire - MOILLIET, J. L. Esq. Birmingham - MOSELEY, Mrs. Leaton Hall, Stourbridge - NEWCOME, The Rev. T. Shenley - NORTHUMBERLAND, HER GRACE THE DUTCHESS OF - PERCY, The HON. Mrs. C. Bertie Guy's Cliff, Warwick - PHILLIPS, Mrs. Stirchley Rectory - PHIPSON, WM. Esq. Birmingham - RAFFLES, The Rev. Dr. Liverpool - RUSSELL, WM. Esq. Birmingham - ROGET, Dr. London - SELBY, P. JOHN, Twizel House - SCORESBY, The Rev. H., Leeds - SHERBOURNE., ROBT. Esq. Liverpool - STOREY, J. SAMUEL, Esq. St. Albans - SMITH, Mrs. NEWMAN, Croydon - THOYTS, Mrs. Oakfield, Reading - TIMPERON, Mrs. New Barnes, near St. Albans - WEBSTER, MISS, Birmingham - WILLIAMS, Professor. For the Radcliffe Library - WILSON, JAMES, Esq. Edinburgh - WOOD, CHARLES, Esq. Secretary of the Treasury - WOOD, J. S. Esq. Glasgow - - SECEDERS. - - BOSTOCK, Dr. London - MARTINEAUX, Mrs. Norwich - YATES, The Rev. J. London - ---- MISS E. Liverpool - ----- - -*** _As the short notice given to the public has prevented many from -sending their names, the possession of this list, will serve to distinguish -such copies of the work, the plates of which, have passed the inspection of -the author._ - -* * * * * * - - - - -Notes. - -[1] 9, Trafalgar Street, Walworth. - - * * * * * - - - -Corrections made to printed text - -Plate 92: 'elsewhere' corrected from 'elsewere' - -Plate 94: 'transverse' (spots) corrected from 'transvere' - -Plate 97, plate caption and Genus: 'PRINIA' corrected from 'PRINEA' - -Plate 100, plate caption: 'eurystomus' corrected from 'euristomus' - -Plate 102, headings: 'PTILIOGONYS' corrected from 'PLILIOGONYS' (twice) - -Plate 103: 'hermaphrodite' corrected from 'hermaphrotide' - -Plate 109: 'Mollusca' corrected from 'Mollusa' - -Ib., in table: 'Amphibia' corrected from 'Amphibea' - -Plate 111: (Leptocircus) 'Curius' corrected from 'heliconides'. Cf. plate -106 and all the indexes - -Plate 113: 'transversely' corrected from 'trasversely' - -Plate 116: 'Lepidopterous' corrected from 'Lepedopterous' - -Plate 118, in headings: 'Arca' corrected from 'Area' - -Plate 119: (in heading and again under Specific Character) 'thoracica' -corrected from 'thoracia' - -Ib.: 'structure' corrected from 'structue' - -Plate 120, main title: 'dissimilis' corrected from 'dissimiles'; again -under 'Types' - -Plate 122: 'aberrant' corrected from 'abberant' - -Plate 133, heading: 'POLYOMMATUS' corrected from 'PLOYOMMATUS' - -Plate 133: (The upper figure represents the) 'male' corrected from 'female' - -Alphabetic index: (Heleona) 'fenestrata' corrected from 'fenetrata' - -Alphabetic index to the Insects: Heleona fenestrata '116' corrected from -'110' and re-ordered - -Systematic index to the Insects: (Cressida) 'heliconides' corrected from -'helinonides' - -Alphabetic index to the Shells: (Marmarostoma) 'undulata' corrected from -'uudulata' - -Systematic index to the Shells: (Ampullaria) 'subcarinata' corrected from -'snbcarinata' - -Indexes to the Birds (both): Trogon Mexicanus, '82' corrected from '81' - -Systematic index to the Birds: 'Trogon' corrected from 'Togon' - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. 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