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diff --git a/44057.txt b/44057.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4c91783..0000000 --- a/44057.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3546 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. Volume II, Second Series, by William Swainson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions. Volume II, Second Series - -Author: William Swainson - -Release Date: October 29, 2013 [EBook #44057] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL II *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work. -Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44056. -Volume III: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44058. - - * * * * * - - - -Zoological Illustrations, - -OR - -ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS - -OF - -NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING - -ANIMALS, - -SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF - -Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, - -AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR APPARENT AFFINITIES. - -BY - -WM. SWAINSON, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S. - -ASSISTANT COMMISSARY GENERAL TO H. M. FORCES. CORRESPONDING MEMBER -OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER -OF THE HISTORIC SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; MEMBER OF -THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY, &c. &c. &c. - -VOL. II. - -SECOND SERIES. - -London: - -PRINTED BY W. J. SPARROW, BERNERS MEWS, BERNERS STREET. - -PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW, - -AND R. HAVELL, 77, OXFORD STREET. - -1831-2. - -* * * * * * - - - -TO HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY, - -Louis Philippe, - -KING OF THE FRENCH, - -Whom as a PRIVATE GENTLEMAN, exiled by despotism from his native country, -enjoyed that respect which the dignity of virtue can alone ensure; whom, as -a PRINCE, descended from a race of Kings, gained the affections of a whole -people;--as the KING of a great and intellectual nation, enjoys the love -and veneration of the wise and the good; and as a true PATRON OF SCIENCE, -munificently encourages, both privately and publicly, all who are engaged -in its pursuit, - -THIS VOLUME - -OF - -ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, - -Is dedicated, - -WITH SENTIMENTS OF THE HIGHEST ADMIRATION - -AND OF THE GREATEST RESPECT, - -BY THE AUTHOR. - -* * * * * * - - - -PREFACE. - ----- - -The present state of science in Britain, the usual subject of our preface, -has recently been discussed by powerful writers;[1] and has drawn from -others,[2] equally eminent, bitter reflections. As regards Zoology, there -is a great show of patronage. Zoological gardens, and new societies have -sprang up: cheap publications, on _popular_ natural history, appear daily; -and professors have been installed at the two London Universities. Yet what -has resulted? We have lecturers expounding systems they do not -comprehend,[3] and we have professors maintaining that a walk into the -fields will make "a very good naturalist."[4] Meantime nearly every -periodical work on pure science has languished or died away. The -_Zoological Journal_ has been discontinued, although nominally patronized -by a society enjoying an enormous annual receipt. The fact, indeed, is but -too apparent, that the science of the country, _speaking generally_, has -become superficial, while "neither literature nor art has been encouraged -in our opulent Island, half as much as they have been by some of the petty -kingdoms of the Continent."[5] - -But the political horizon is happily brightening, and the change will -ultimately affect all. The stream of national patronage has long been -prevented from branching off and fertilizing spots, now impoverished and -neglected. Natural History, more than any other science, requires such aid; -because it is inapplicable to the purposes of life; and while its study is -attended with enormous expence, its acquirement leads to nothing tangible. -It is a melancholy fact, that while our present laws crush individual -exertion, by extorting a large number of free copies of the most costly -works, undertaken by their authors without the slightest hope of -remuneration,--the Government of France assigns _for subscriptions_ to such -publications, an annual sum of L10,000.[6] But on questions regarding the -patronage of science, Great Britain, unfortunately, is poorer than any -nation in Europe. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: FLUVICOLA _cursoria_. - -_Courier Waterchat._] - - -FLUVICOLA cursoria. - -_Courier Waterchat._ - ----- - -Family Todidae. Sub-Family Fluvicolinae. - - FLUVICOLINAE. _Bill_, in general, strong; depressed, the tip abruptly - bent and notched: _gape_ with stiff bristles. _Tarsi_ long; _toes_ nearly - free, _claws_ slender and acute. _Scapular covers_ long. _Quill_ and - _tail_ feathers very broad; but the latter of various shapes. Frequent - marshy situations in the New World. _Nobis._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. 172. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _White, back brown; wings, stripe on each side the head, and broad - rounded tail, black; the latter tipt with white._ - ----- - -There is to be found, in Tropical America, a singular race of flycatching -birds, whose plumage is black and white. Their haunts are only in the -vicinity of water: they pursue their prey upon the ground, running with -great celerity, and are constantly in motion. They have, in short, all the -manners and habits of the Stone Chats, and when we published the definition -of this genus, we were led to believe it belonged to the Saxicolinae. The -present species we met with in abundance at Pernambuco, frequenting the -sides of the rivers and lagoons. - -It is not surprising that ornithologists, who are so frequently compelled -to form their ideas of natural divisions from mere skins, should be -entirely unacquainted with the group, of which this genus is probably the -type. But it is strange that the full and accurate information concerning -it, which has long ago been furnished by Azara, should have been so utterly -neglected. In the views which we have taken of the affinities of these -birds, we consider they present a point of junction with the Saxicolae; -passing on one side into the genuine Flycatchers of America, (_Tyrannula_ -Sw.) and on the other into the typical Todies. The contents however of this -group, we are but partially acquainted with. It will comprise _Nengetus_, -Sw. _Alecturus_, Vieil, and several other forms now widely scattered in the -newest systems, together with one or two others not yet defined, which we -have only seen in the Paris Museum. - - Since the above was printed, we find the name of _Xolmus_ has just been - proposed for this genus by M. Boie, he not being of course aware that - this, and some of his other groups, were published by us three years ago. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MACROPTERYX _longipennis_. - -_Long winged crested Swift._] - - -MACROPTERYX longipennis. - -_Javanese crested Swallow._ - ----- - -Family Hirundinidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ (_fig. 1.2._) small, entire, base depressed and straight, the - outer half of the culmen suddenly curved; lower mandible straight, - nostrils large, oblong: _Tarsi_ short, without scales; anterior toes of - nearly equal length; (_fig. 3.4._) claws strong; hinder toe long, not - versatile, the claw very short and thick. _Nob._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above obscure glossy green; throat, breast, and lower part of the back - light grey; belly, spot on the scapulars, and line over the eye, white; - ears rufous; front with an incumbent crest._ - - Hirundo Klecho, Horsfield, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 143, female? - - Cypselus longipennis. Pl. Col. Pl. 83, f. 1? - ----- - -To Dr. Horsfield, one of the most successful and scientific investigators -of Oriental Zoology, we are indebted for the first discovery, in Java, of -this charming bird. Of its economy nothing is as yet known; but the -uncommon length of its wings, indicate its possessing the utmost rapidity -of flight. Another, and a much larger species, is among the Ornithological -treasures discovered in the Eastern Archipelago by my estimable friend M. -Lesson, and which he has already communicated to the public. A third is the -_Cypselus Comatus_, of M. M. Temminck and Laugier. - -The peculiar structure of these birds oblige us to consider them as forming -a natural group, intermediate between the typical Swifts, and the Swallows. -To the first they are allied by their strong scansorial feet; to the latter -by the length and fixed position of the hind toe, and the depression of the -bill. - -We suppose that the figure of the Hirondille longipennes, in the _Planches -Coloriees_, (pl. 83), is intended to represent this species; if so, it is -incorrect, both in drawing, proportion, colouring, and detail. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: EUDAMUS Pl.1. - -_1. Agesilaus. 2. Doryssus._] - - -EUDAMUS Agesilaus. - ----- - -Family Hesperidae.--_Nob._ (_Anopluriform Stirps. Horsf._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Antennae with the club unequally fusiform, the outer half abruptly bent, - forming a lengthened, attenuated hook, alike in both sexes; anterior - wings papilioniform: posterior wings with the caudal appendages very long - and obtuse. - -Type.--_Hesperia Proteus._ Fab. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Posterior wings dark brown, with a broad, entire, cream coloured margin; - beneath marked with two darker bands, and a basal dot: appendages very - long, whiteish._ - ----- - -The insects composing this group, have only been discovered in the hot -latitudes of America. In the _Systema Naturae_ one species alone is -recorded; Fabricius was acquainted with three; our own cabinet possesses -eighteen, all collected in a comparatively insignificant portion of Brazil. -Others have been figured by Drury and Cramer, so that the number of species -already known, may probably amount to near thirty. - -The flight of these Swallow-tailed _Hesperidae_, is usually performed in -the morning and evening, and is so rapid, as frequently to elude the eye of -the observer. They rest with _all the four wings perpendicular_, similar to -the Swallow-tailed Butterflies, (_P. Machaon_, &c.) The present is a very -rare species; we captured only two specimens near Bahia. - ----- - -EUDAMUS Doryssus. - - _Posterior wings, with short snowy tails, and a half border of white on - both sides; beneath brown, with a few paler dots near the base._ - ----- - -The sexes of this species materially differ. Our figure represents the -female: in the male, the wings are browner, and highly glossed at their -base with green; the snowy border on the posterior wings is very narrow -above, but much broader beneath. It appears very locally distributed; we -found it common in the vicinity of Bahia. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MITRANAE Pl. 4. - -_Mitra episcopalis._] - - -MITRA Episcopalis. - ----- - -Family Volutidae.--Sub-Family Mitrianae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Animal_---- - - _Shell_ never turrited or plaited, ovate-fusiform, the _base_ wide, - obtuse, and truncated: _pillar_ with 4 plaits: the plaits simple. _Outer - lip_ crenulated, or toothed: _Aperture_ at the base effuse, smooth - within, and destitute of an internal groove. _Nobis._ - - Types of Form. - - 1, _M. episcopalis_. 2, _papalis_. 3, _scabriuscula_. 4, _Zebra_. 5, - _ferruginea_. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell with the spire thickened, and marked by transverse punctured dots: - white with crimson spots; inferior spots small and quadrate, the superior - large and irregular; pillar 4 plaited._ - - Voluta vel Mitra episcopalis, _Auct._ (Lam. Syst. 7. 299.) - ----- - -We view this elegant, though common shell, as the type of the Lamarkean -Mitres, a group we shall hereafter consider as a sub-family. It is common -in various parts of the Asiatic Ocean, and sometimes occurs of gigantic -size: in its natural state it is covered with a thin olive epidermis. - -We regret that the nature of this work will not permit us to do more than -furnish the clue, to the natural arrangement of the two typical groups of -this family, _Voluta_ and _Mitra_. The first of these we have, indeed, -pledged ourselves to enter upon more fully in _Exotic Conchology_. But the -arrangement of the Volutes is so intimately connected with that of the -Mitres, that we scarcely know how to illustrate one, without perpetually -adverting to the other. - -The two typical groups of the Lamarkian _Mitrae_ we now characterise from -their shells; they correspond to those of the typical Volutes; while their -internal relations may be learned from the respective types of form here -designated. The genera _Mitra_ and _Tiara_, each present a circular series -of affinities, and are united by the fourth type in each group. Even a -partial study of this disposition will reveal to the Conchologist a harmony -of design, amid the greatest diversity of structure, which he could -scarcely have suspected in the mere covering of an animal. - -The shells which appear associated with _M. episcopalis_, in this type of -form, are never coronated: the only external sculpture which they in -general possess, are delicate rows of minute punctured dots, in the typical -examples, as _Pertusa_, _millipora_, _versicolor_, the outer lip is acutely -toothed; while in the aberrant species, _Melaniana_, _tessellata_, -_scutulata_, _&c_. this part is smooth. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MITRANAE Pl. 5. - -_1. Tiara isabella. 2. sulcata._] - - -TIARA isabella. - -_Fawn coloured Mitre._ - ----- - -Order Zoophaga. Family Volutidae. - -Sub-Family Mitrianae. (G. Mitra. Auct.) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Animal_---- - - Shell turrited, fusiform, the _base_ contracted and slightly recurved; - _pillar_ with 4-5 plaits, the upper plait sulcated: _outer lip_ smooth, - or entire. _Aperture_ narrow, striated within, and presenting an internal - groove at its upper extremity. _Nobis._ - - Types of Form. - - 1, _M. Corrugata_. 2, _Regina_. 3, _Sanguisuga_. 4, _Microzonias_. 5, - _Isabella_. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Ti. (Ty. 5) Shell slender, fawn coloured, unspotted, marked by slender - crowded, transverse, convex ribs, the interstices deeply cancellated; - inner lip wanting, outer lip crenately undulate; pillar 5 plaited._ - ----- - -It is highly probable that the Mitres, like some other carnivorous marine -animals, seek their prey, and habitually reside, in the deep recesses of -the ocean. Instances are recorded of individuals having been brought up -from great depths; and notwithstanding the number of species, of which we -already know near 150, very few are common. - -This genus, in short, is now become too overloaded, even for the purposes -of artificial arrangement: but we refrained from characterizing any other -group than _Conohelix_, until we analized the remainder. _Tiara_ appears to -be the second, or sub-typical group. The subordinate section, or type of -form, represented by T. _isabella_, includes several little known shells, -all marked by delicate transverse ribs and longitudinal striae: the outer -lip is not strictly toothed or crenated, but is merely undulated by the -external sculpture: this subordinate group in _Tiara_, is aberrant: all the -species whose habitat we know, have come from the Pacific Ocean. - -_Tiara isabella_ is a shell of the greatest rarity. Our drawing was made -from a specimen (presumed unique) sold at the Bligh Sale for 3_l._ 3_s._ It -was stated to come from New Holland, and is now in the Manchester Museum. - ----- - -TIARA sulcata. - -_Sulcated Mitre._ - ----- - - _Tiara. (Ty. 5.) Shell marked by distinct, carinated, remote transverse - ribs, the interstices concave: pillar three plaited, epidermis brown._ - -For this new and very distinct species, we are indebted to Mr. Bulwar. It -was collected on the Pacific side of the American Isthmus. The central line -indicates the true size of our specimen. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: SYLVIA _Regulus_. - -_Gold-crested Warbler._] - - -SYLVIA Regulus. - -_Gold-crest. Golden-crested Warbler._ - ----- - -Family, Sylviadae. Sub-family, Sylvianae. _Nob._ -(_See North. Zool. Vol. 2._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ very weak, considerably compressed, nearly straight; the tip bent - and notched: _rictus_ bristled. _Wings_ moderate. _Tail_ rather short. - -SUB-GENERA. Acanthiza. _Horsf. & Vig._ Phyllopneuste. _Meyer. pars._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Sides of the head without any indication of white bands, crest of the - male yellow-orange, bill very weak._ Temminck. - - Sylvia Regulus. _Tem. Man. 1. 229. Roitelet ordinaire._ - - Motacilla Regulus. _Linn. 1. 338._ - - Golden-crested Wren. _Montague, Ornith. Dict. 2. p._--_See particularly - the Introduction to Vol. 1. p. 34._ - ----- - -With the exception of the Humming Birds, the Gold crests are the smallest -birds in creation. The natural size of the only species found in this -country is here represented; while the weight seldom exceeds eighty grains. -Notwithstanding its delicate structure, this beautiful little bird braves -the severest winters of Northern Europe: it is found in Denmark (_Muell. -Zool. Dan._), and extends to the borders of the Arctic Circle, (_Temm._) It -is more frequent with us than is generally supposed, but its diminitive -size screens it from observation. It is perpetually in motion: hopping -among the branches, examining every leaf and spray, and will frequently -catch minute insects that endeavour to escape, by darting at them like a -Flycatcher: we have repeatedly watched a pair of these birds which -frequented our garden at Warwick, in the middle of winter, for three years: -their favourite resort was an old fir-tree, which they regularly and -carefully explored, much in the manner of the Titmice (_Parii_.) - -If the name of _Sylvia_ is to be retained in Ornithological systems, it -should obviously be applied to this, which has been correctly thought the -typical group of the whole family. _Acanthiza_, for reasons elsewhere -explained, appears a subordinate type, and _Phyllopneuste_ cannot be -adopted, without a glaring violation of natural affinities. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PHAENICORNIS _flammeus_. - -_Orange Redbird._] - - -PHAENICORNIS flammeus. - -_Orange Redbird._ - ----- - -Family Laniadae. Sub-family Ceblepyrinae. _Nob._ - -GENERIC(?) CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ with the sides compressed, the under mandible rather thick, the - gonyx ascending: _rictus_ bristled. _Feathers_ on the back and _rump_ - slightly spinous. _Wings_ short. _Tail_ rather lengthened, graduated, the - tip forked: the feathers narrow. - -PHAENICORNIS. _Nob. Boie (pars.)_ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Glossy black and golden orange: head, throat, wings, upper part of the - back and middle of the tail glossy black; wings with two stripes of - orange._ - - Muscicapa flammea. _Auct. Tem. Pl. Col. pl. 263._ - -Mus. Paris. Nost. - ----- - -The Birds now arranged under this group, exclusively belong to Southern -India and its luxuriant Islands. About five species have been discovered, -most of which are ornamented with a plumage of the brightest scarlet, -crimson, or orange, relieved by glossy black. Their economy is not known, -but their structure leads us to believe they live upon caterpillars and -soft insects; as another group, representing these birds in Africa, are -known to prefer such food. Both have the back feathers thick and rigid; -although these characters are least apparent in _Phaenicornis_. Our figure -is nearly of the natural size. The female is stated to be yellow, where the -male is orange. It appears to be not uncommon in Java. - -The genera _Parus_, _Turdus_, _Muscicapa_ and _Sylvia_ have alternately -been made the receptacles for these birds; to neither of which do we -consider they have any immediate affinity. Their whole structure evidently -accords with that of the Ceblepyrii, or Caterpillar catchers, of M. Cuvier; -a group first pointed out by Le Vaillant: but as these have never been put -in order, we can say nothing on the rank of _Phaenicornis_, or on its -various relations. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: VOLUTILITHES. Pl. 1. - -_1. Muricina. 2. pertusa._] - - -VOLUTILITHES muricina. - ----- - -Family, Volutidae. Sub-Family, Volutinae. _Nob._ - -(_Genus Voluta, Lam._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Spiral whorls regularly and gradually diminishing towards the apex, which - is always acute. Plaits of the pillar numerous, always indistinct, - generally evanescent, and sometimes wanting. _Nobis._ - -Type, Voluta musicalis? _Lam._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell nearly fusiform, the base narrow and smooth; the upper part with - longitudinal, subcostated, spinous plaits: inner lip thickened, the last - plait on the pillar very thick, and separated from the others, which are - slender, and nearly obsolete, by a deep groove._ - - Voluta Muricina. _Lam. Syst. 7, 1, 350. Ency. Meth. pl. 383. f. 1._ - ----- - -The fourth principal division of the Lamarkian Volutes has hitherto been -found only in a fossil state; unless, indeed, the _Voluta Braziliana_ -really belongs to this type. The species are very numerous, both in the -London clay, and the _Calcaire grossier_ of Grignon. They offer some -beautiful types of form, representing the conterminous groups in this -family, some of which we may hereafter notice more particularly. The -pre-eminent type may probably be the _V. musicalis_ of Lamarck; as yet, we -only know this fossil from descriptions and figures, but it has obviously -been confounded with several others. - -Lamarck has given a character so exquisitely finished of _V. muricina_, -that we have done little more than translate his words. Our specimen -appears to be from Grignon, and was furnished to us with the following, by -Messrs. Stuchbury, 33, Theobald's Road, Bedford Row. - ----- - -VOLUTILITHES pertusa. - - _Shell subfusiform, and the base striated; the upper part with thick, - remote, and somewhat nodulous ribs; traversed near the suture with lines - of punctured striae; inner lip thickened, plaits on the pillar distinct, - the last very strong, the two next smaller, and the upper very slender._ - ----- - -This species is certainly undescribed by Lamarck, nor do we find it in Dr. -Fleming's useful compendium of the "Mineral Conchology." Our specimen has -the grey tinge of the London clay fossils. Neither of these species are -typical; as they represent the recent costated Volutes, in the adjoining -group. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MITRANAE. Pl. 6. - -_1. Mitrella fusca. 2. ocellata. 3. olivaeformis._] - - -MITRELLA fusca. - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Sub-family Mitriana. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell smooth, polished, sub-fusiform, the base obtuse and effuse; the - plaits of the pillar oblique, and extending far beyond the aperture; - outer lip internally smooth, the margin entire. _Nobis._ - -Types of form. - -1. _M. fissuella._ 2. _casta. bicolor._ 3. _Olivaeformis._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell entirely brown, marked by bands of punctured dots; spire and - aperture nearly equal._ - ----- - -The natural situation of this group, in its own circle of affinity, has -already been shewn; it connects, in the most satisfactory manner, the genus -_Mitra_, as now restricted, with that of _Conohelix_, and opens at the same -time a passage to the Olives. The species yet discovered are few, and hence -we yet can only trace three types of form; the first evidently representing -_Mitra_, and the third, probably, typifying _Conohelix_. _M. Olivaria_ -Lam., which truly belongs to this genus, may, perhaps, be only a -modification of the 2nd type, to which our present species strictly -belongs. The representation of this group among the Volutes, will be found -in _Voluta Zebra_ and its allies. - -_Mitrella fusca_ is small, and of great rarity; our own specimen, -beautifully perfect, is the only one we have yet seen. - ----- - -MITRELLA ocellata. - - _Shell whiteish, the lower half of the principal whorl brown, with a band - of alternate rufous and white spots, and marked with reticulated white - lines, and remote sulcated striae, internally punctured; spire, and upper - part of the body whorl, delicately plaited, the plates crossed by - transverse lines of excavated dots._ - ----- - -This species has probably been overlooked as a variety of _M. Fissurella_; -its markings, indeed, are partially the same, but its sculpture, and even -its form, proves it to be distinct. The alternate white and rufous spots -bear a fanciful resemblance to eyes. The description of _M. Olivaeformis_ -has already been given at Pl. 48, in the first volume of our former Series. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MARGARITADAE Pl. 1 - -_Margarita crocata._] - - -MARGARITA crocata. - -_Orange Pearl-Oyster._ - ----- - -Order Acephala. Family Margaritadae. _Nob._ - - MARGARITADAE. _Animal_ byssiferous, attached to marine bodies by a - fascicle of tendinous filaments. _Shell_ foliaceous, the centre - internally pearly and iridescent: the form irregular; the margins fragile - and transparent. _Nob._ - -GENERA. MARGARITA. MALLEUS. PERNA. PINNA. (VULSELLA?) _Lam._ - -Sub-genera? Avicula. Crenatula. Inoceramus. _Auct._ - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Margarita. See Leach. Zool. Miss. 1. p.107. (1814.) - -(_Meleagrina. Lam. Syst. 1819._) - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell subquadrate, squamose, fulvous or yellow, the ear of the right - valve dilated and scarcely sinuated, that of the left valve very small: - inside silvery blue, hinge smooth._ - ----- - -It is the animal of this genus of Shells, which in sickness and disease, -produces the true oriental Pearl: the costly ornament of sovereigns, and -the chaste foil of beauty. An interesting account of the Pearl fishery of -Ceylon, will be found in Mr. Wood's entertaining _Zoography_, extracted -from Percival's History of that island. - -The present is a small species, seldom exceeding the size of the figure: in -young shells there is a cardinal tubercle in our valve, which disappears -with age. The Pearl-oysters are nearly all inhabitants of warm seas; the -species require much elucidation. - -The genera, above enumerated, appear to present such a series of -affinities, as to justify our suspicions that they form a natural group: -the more so, as their analogies may be traced among the perlacious -fluviatile shells, forming our family _Unionidae_. If further investigation -should confirm the correctness of this idea, the sub-genera will, of -course, become types of form; bearing the same relation to the genera, as -_Dipsus_ does to _Anodon_, or _Castalia_ to _Hyria_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: NYCTINOMUS _amictus_. - -_Duvaucel's Nightfeeder._] - - -NYCTIORNIS amictus. - -_Duvaucel's Nightfeeder._ - ----- - -Sub-order, Fissirostres. Family ----? - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ subfalcated, compressed, margins of the upper mandible folding - over those of the lower: _rictus_ excessively wide. _Wings_ rounded, - moderate. Plumage lax, long. _Tarsi_ much shorter than the hallux. _Toes_ - and claws as in _Merops_ and _Prionites_. _Nobis._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Green, crown (in the adult) lilach, front of the throat and breast - bright red._ - - Merops amictus. _Pl. Col. pl. 310. fig. pessima._ - -Mus. Paris. - ----- - -This is perhaps the rarest, and certainly the most extraordinary bird, -which the recent Zoological researches in India has brought to light. Its -discovery is due to a young and accomplished Naturalist of France--M. -Duvaucel, now alas! no more: but who lived to perpetuate his name by his -brilliant discoveries, and to enrich the French Museum with the most -splendid specimens of oriential Zoology now in Europe. - -The form, habit, and wings of this charming bird, are almost precisely -those of _Prionites_; while the bill resembles that of _Merops_. Nothing -can exceed the beauty of its lilach crown, or the bright vermillion of its -throat. The bill is strong, and marked above on each sides with a sulcated -line: the gape is so wide, as to reach underneath the eye. The whole -structure of the bird, its round wings, and long lax plumage, indicates a -totally different economy from that of _Merops_; and this has been -confirmed by Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, who inform us that another -beautiful species, they have described, _feeds during the night_. - -Our drawing, scrupulously exact, was made at the _Jardin des Plants_. As we -find _Nyctinomus_ is a name already appropriated, we have substituted -_Nyctiornis_: and we place this group at the extremity of the -_Fissirostres_, adjoining to _Prionites_ among the _Scansores_. - -Total length ab. 13, wings 5-1/4, tail (beyond,) 3, tarsi hardly 1/2 in. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CULICIVORA _atricapilla_. - -_Black-crowned Gnatcatcher._] - - -CULICIVORA atricapilla. - -_Black crowned Warbler._ - ----- - -Family, Sylviadae. Sub-family, Sylvianae. _Nob._ -(_See North Zool. Vol. 2._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - CULICIVORA. _Swains. in Zool. Journ. No. 11. Lesson Man. 2. p. 430._ - - _Bill_ very slender, the base depressed, the sides compressed, the culmen - arched from the base. _Nostrils_ long; aperture linear and naked; rictus - bearded. _Wings_ remarkably short. _Tail_ slender, graduated, and - generally lengthened. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above cinereous, beneath white; upper part of the head, middle tail - feathers, and base of the three outer feathers deep black. Quills - blackish, with white and grey margins._ - - Figuier a tete noir de Cayenne? _Pl. Enl. pl. 704. f. 1.?_ - ----- - -The birds composing this natural but intricate group, have hitherto been -found only in America. Scarcely superior in size to the Gold-crested Wrens, -they exhibit much of the same activity and restlessness in searching after -insects. Yet their manners, in other respects, are more in unison with -those of the flycatching birds. - -In size and in structure, our bird perfectly accords with the _Sylvia -caerulea_ of Vieil, and represents that northern species in tropical -America, but we are fearful of identifying it with that figured in the _Pl. -Enl._ Our drawings are of the natural size; in both these species the bill -perfectly resembles that of _Prinia_. Horsf. except in being somewhat -shorter: the feet, however, are those of _Setophaga_, Swains. The -Flycatchers and Warblers, are so blended together, by all writers, that we -have not yet been able to discover the typical example of this group. Its -true affinities, however, appear to be as follows:-- - -_Culicivora_ is represented in Africa by _Drymoica, Sw._, in India by -_Prinia, Horsf._, and in Australia by _Malurus, Vieil._ These genera, in -conjunction with that of _Sylvia_, seem to indicate the first typical -circle of this family. Culicivora exhibits many singular characters; in -some approaching to _Prinia_, the tail is very short: others, shewing an -affinity to _Sylvia_, have yellow crests: while a few species, leading to -_Setophaga_, present us with the depressed bill of a Flycatcher. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: OLIVA. Pl. 2. - -_Olivella purpurata. 2. eburnea._] - - -OLIVA purpurata. - -_Purple-mouthed Olive._ - ----- - -Family Volutidae.--Genus Oliva. _Auct._ - -SUB-GENUS, OLIVELLA. - -CHARACTERS. - - _Spire_ of the shell lengthened, conic, the tip acute: inner lip not - thickened, outer lip straight: base of the pillar curved inwards, and - marked by 2 strong plaits; upper plaits evanescent, or entirely wanting. - _Aperture_ effuse, and closed by an operculum? _Nobis._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell whiteish, with a very acute spire, nearly as long as the aperture; - middle of the body whorl marked by angulated brown lines: suture with - spots and fascicles of longitudinal stripes: basal belt very broad: - aperture purple._ - - Oliva biplicata? _Sow. Tank. Cat. No. 2332. p. 33._ - ----- - -This shell maybe considered as typical of a small group of Olives, which we -suspect are peculiar to the American seas; they offer many points of -difference from those of the Indian Ocean. We recollect to have seen -another species, in some cabinet, with a small operculum. We have been -fearful of pronouncing this to be the _O. biplicata_, as the judicious -Conchologist will perceive the two descriptions do not exactly agree; and -we have another to which the characters given of _biplicata_ will equally -well apply. The perpendicular line indicates the natural size. - ----- - -OLIVA eburnea. - -_Ivory Olive._ - - _Shell entirely white, or marked by two bands of angulated purplish - spots; pillar about 8-9 plaited: basal belt and spire always white; the - former single._ - - Oliva eburnea. _Lam. Syst. 7. 1. p. 438._ - ----- - -This is the very common little Olive, sent in such abundance in the West -India boxes of shells; we figure it, because it is seldom rightly named in -collections, being confounded with _conoidalis_, _oryza_, and several -others of an equally diminutive size: the plaits are sharp, short, well -defined, and nearly all of equal size; although the base of the pillar -forms an internal elevation. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MARIUS _Thetys_.] - - -MARIUS Thetys. - ----- - -Order Lepidoptera. Sub-order Papilionides. - -(Thrysanuriform Stirps.--Horsf.) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Pl. 45. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings horizontally lengthened, above bright rufous, transversely banded, - with blackish stripes; beneath marbled with brown: lower part of the - head, body, abdominal margin of the inferior icings, and feet, cream - colour._ - - Papilio Petreus, _Cramer, Pl. 87, D. E._ - - ---- Thetys. _Fabricius._ Mant. Ins. 2, p.47. Eus. Syst. 3, 1, 77. - ----- - -We frequently captured this Butterfly on the skirts of the Brazilian -forests: its flight is bold and powerful, but it loves to bask on those -leafy spots, where the sun, darting through a small opening of the dense -foliage, illuminates a little space with sparkling brightness. - -The poor and somewhat inaccurate figure of this insect in Cramer's work, is -the only representation yet published. We have not had leisure to -investigate its scientific relations, further than to ascertain its close -affinity with _Marius_; of which group it appears on aberrant species. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: EURYMUS _Philodice_.] - - -EURYMUS Philodice. - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. (Juliform Stirps. Horsf.) - -Sub Family, Colianae. - -Sub-genus(?) Eurymus. _Nob. Horsf._ - -CHARACTERS. - - _Palpi_ rather lengthened, cloathed and fringed with unequal, disunited - hairs, the two last joints obliquely porrect, and scarcely touching the - head. _Antennae_ slender, terminating abruptly in a thick cylindrical - club. _Wings_ simple, rounded, entire; destitute of concealed appendages. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings yellow above; with a common border of black. Anterior above with a - small, linear-oval, black, discoid spot._ - - Col. Alis integerrimis, rotundatis, flavis, limbo communi supra nigro: - subtus anticis puncto ocellari, posticis sesquialtero argenteo; his - sub-rufescentibus; anticarum limbo supra (fem.) flavo maculato. _Ency. - Meth. p. 100._ - ----- - -The Butterflies constituting this group, are nearly restricted in their -geographic range to the temperate regions of the old and the new world. -Their principal metropolis appears to be in Europe; about twelve species -having been described as natives of that continent. Of these, five are -found in Britain; one of which, _E. Edusa_, has a very wide range; we have -seen specimens from the mountains of Nepaul, and we possess others, -collected by our friend Mr. Burchell, in Southern Africa. _C. Philodice_ -hitherto unfigured, is the only species of a strictly typical character -discovered in North America: we have several specimens from New York, where -it appears not uncommon: the middle figure represents the female. - -In illustrating this group, we feel called up to notice in a particular -manner, the courtesy of Dr. Horsfield in adopting our manuscript name, -after it had remained so many years unpublished, that the circumstance, on -our part, had been totally forgotton. To us the mere credit of having -pointed out a group, flattering as it might once have been, is now -trifling: but the high principles which prompted the unequivocal thanks of -Dr. Horsfield, must ever demand our respect. The passage, indeed, so -honourable to its writer, singularly contrasts with the ambiguous -acknowledgements, tendered to us from other quarter. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: GRYLLIVORA _saularis_. - -_Male._] - - -GRYLLIVORA Saularis. - -_Dial Bird._ - ----- - -Family Sylviadae. Sub Family Saxicolinae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ strong, compressed, the culmen gradually curved from the base, the - tip strongly notched: the margins inflexed, the rictus bearded. _Tarsi_ - elevated, robust. _Wings_ rounded, the 3, 4, 5 and 6th quills nearly - equal, lesser quills nearly all of equal length. _Tail_ graduated; the - feathers broad. _Nob._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Glossy blue-black, body beneath, and a broad longitudinal band in the - middle of the wing, pure white: tail graduated, the three middle feathers - black and nearly equal, the three outer suddenly diminishing, and pure - white._ - - Gracula Saularis. _Auctorum._ - ----- - -Naturalists, until of late, were accustomed to pay so little regard to the -habits and manners of birds, that of some of the most common species, we -know as little now, as we did a century ago. We are in this predicament -with the species before us, called the Dial Bird by Albin, whose vague and -very questionable account of its manners, has been copied by every -succeeding writer. We believe that under the name of Gracula Saularis, two, -if not three species are confounded. We doubt Le Vaillants _Cadran_ (Ois. -d'Af. pl. 109) being the same as our bird: he distinctly describes and -figures the female as _rufous_. Ours, (so labelled), is grey. To us, its -natural affinity with the Saxicolae appears almost unquestionable, but on -this point we shall dwell more at length in another place. The curious -analogy between this bird and _Petroica bicolor_, has already been -mentioned: the plumage of both are precisely alike. It is thus that Nature, -ever unfolding some new link of her interminable chain of relations, -impresses on the mind the sublimity of that plan, which OMNIPOTENCE alone -can fully comprehend. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PTILIOGONYS _cinereus_. - -_female._] - - -PTILIOGONYS cinereus. _female._ - ----- - -Family Laniadae. Sub-family Ceblepyrinae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. 164. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Head sub-crested; body above cinerous, tinged with grey brown, beneath - ferruginous; belly white; under tail covers bright yellow; lateral tail - feathers with an internal white band._ Female. - - Ptiliogonys cinereus. _Cat. of Mex. Mus. App. p. 4. (1824.)_ - - Ptiliogonys (_not Ptiliogonatus_,) cinereus. _Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. - 164. Phil. Mag. and Annals. June 1827, p. 367._ - - Piroll velaute. _Pl. Col. p. 422._ - -Mus. Nost. - ----- - -Although not particularly striking in its plumage, this is one of the most -interesting birds, to the ornithologist, which has yet been gleaned from -the little known regions of Mexico. Closely allied, by its short and broad -bill to the Flycatchers, it is principally distinguished from them by the -absence of those bristles round the mouth, which almost invariably belong -to purely insectivorous birds. Its very short, robust, and feathered tarsi, -the profile of the bill, construction of the wing, and even the colouring -of the plumage, all remind us of the _Ceblepyrinae_ or -Catterpillar-catchers, and point to that group as containing its true -affinities: a group, however, which is in such confusion, that we venture -not to hazard any speculations on the precise station of this curious -genus. - -If the authors of the _Planches Coloriees_, will consult the Philosophical -Magazine for July 1827, (one of the oldest and best of our scientific -Journals), they will find that this, and most of the birds from Mexico, -which they are now describing as _new_, were long ago named and -characterized by us. Our list, indeed, of all those brought over by Mr. -Bullock, was printed with the catalogue, in 1824, when one of the Authors -was himself in England, and viewed the collection. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CYNTILIA _Swainsonia_.] - - -AMYNTHIA Swainsonia. - ----- - -Family Papilionidae. Sub-family Colianae. - -CHARACTERS. - - _Antennae_ graduating from the base to a lengthened, cylindrical - truncated club; the terminal joint of which is naked and concave. _Head_ - smooth, destitute of a fascicle of hairs between the antennae. _Palpi_ as - in _Colias_, the last joint inclining upwards. _Wings_ angulated, with - concealed appendages. _Feet_ as in _Colias_. _Nob._ - -Type. _Col. Merula._ Auct. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above greenish white, anterior with a yellow disk, and a - quadrangular black dot, encircled with orange: wings beneath obscurely - lineated with green._ - - Colias Swainsonia. _Leach. M. S. S._ - ----- - -We had the satisfaction of discovering this lovely Butterfly in the -interior of Pernambuco, during our Brazilian researches in 1813. Although -assiduously sought after, we never captured more than three specimens, and -these were met with far distant from the coast: it must be either -excessively rare, or very locally distributed. The colouring is peculiarly -chaste and elegant; the ground is a pearly white, tinged with green, and -relieved by clear yellow: in the female this latter colour is more diluted, -and spreads nearly to the base of the anterior wings. This group appears to -be the tropical representative of _Gonepteryx_; from which it is much more -distinguished than _Eurymus_ is from _Colias_. The two European types are -called by British collectors, Brimstones, and Clouded-yellows. Dr. -Horsfield has judiciously removed _P. Glaucippe_ from _Pieris_ to _Colias_, -to which (although an aberrant species,) it manifestly belongs. We should -not be surprised if that insect leads to _Amynthia_ by means of _Amy. -Leachiana_ (Pl. 6. of our first series), which will be seen, from the -description, to exhibit many deviations from its conjenors: this however is -a mere supposition, for we have not yet analized these groups. Independant -of the characters here sketched, _Gonepteryx_ is distinctly separated from -_Amynthia_, by the peculiar construction of the feet. The mistake of the -printer, seen upon the plate, was discovered too late for correction. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: AMPULLARIA. Pl. 3. - -_A. fasciata._] - - -AMPULLARIA fasciata. var. - -_Fasciated Apple Snail._ - ----- - -Order, Phytophaga. Family, Ampullaridae. _Guilding._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Guilding in Zool. Journ. No. 12, p. 538 - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell thin, smooth, banded, ventricose; spire pointed, the whorls very - convex; umbilicus open, rather large._ - - Am. fasciata. _Lam. Sys. 6, 177._ - - Am. fasciata. _Zool. Illust. 1 Series. 2. pl. 103._ - - Am. fasciata, var. canaliculata. _Sw. in Bligh Cat._ - - Am. canaliculata. _Lam. Syst. 6, 178._ - ----- - -In our former series we represented this species as it is usually seen; our -present figures were drawn from a very uncommon variety, received by Mrs. -Mawe from Brazil, in which not the slightest appearance of the external -transverse bands are apparent. The specimen now forms a part of the -valuable and extensive Museum of the Natural History Society of Manchester; -a collection which we believe is superior to that of any provincial town in -the kingdom. It is gratifying to us to inform the scientific student, that -its contents will be thrown open to his enquiries with a promptitude and -liberality, which he will in vain look for at some of the Zoological -Institutions of the metropolis. - -Our friend Henry Parker, Esq. of Liverpool, who while prosecuting his -botanical researches in Demerara, was not unmindful of conchology, favoured -us with an interesting series of specimens from that river, clearly shewing -that the A. _fasciata_ and _canaliculata_ of Lamarck are varieties of one -species; or rather, that there are specimens of _fasciata_ which perfectly -agree with his description of _canaliculata_. We further learn from Mr. -Parker, that the inhabitant of this, and of other species, are a favourite -food with the crafty Herons, who use their bill as a spear to take them -from the bottom; in some places, the banks of the river are strewed with -empty shells, all perforated by these birds. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CONUS. Pl. 2. - -_Conus lithoglyphus._] - - -CONUS lithoglyphus. - -_Ermine Cone._ - ----- - -Zoophaga. Family Strombidae. _Nob._ - - Operculum of the Animal smaller than the aperture of its shell; outer lip - of the latter detached above. - - TYPICAL GENERA. 1, TEREBELLUM. 2, STROMBUS. 3, CONUS. 4, ----? 5, - PLEUROTOMA. _Auct._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lam. Syst. 7, 440. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell turbinated, redish orange, with two undulated white boards; base - granulated, spire obtuse._ - - Conus lithoglyphus. _Mus. Gevers. p. 350. Brug. Ency. Meth. p. 692. Lam. - Syst. 7, 490. C. Ermineus, Dillwyn, 395._ - - Icones. _Seba 3, pl. 42, f. 40, 41. Chem. pl. 140, f. 1298. Ency. Meth. - pl. 338, f. 8.? Martini, 2, pl. 57, f. 630.--1.?_ - ----- - -The Cone Shells belong to a predatious race of Molluscae, who feed upon the -innumerable "creeping things," which swarm in the prolific seas of the -Oriental hemisphere: destitute both of jaws and lips, their mouth is formed -into a long trunk or proboscis; with this they contrive to bore into solid -shells, and suck the vital juices of their victims. Nearly all the species -are natives of the Indian Ocean. - -The circular system of Nature has been so fully demonstrated, that it must -now be received as the first great truth in Natural History. As, therefore, -there can be but _one_ natural system, it necessarily follows that all -combinations of groups, whether large or small, which do not pretend to -exhibit such a disposition, must be more or less artificial -classifications. We allude to this our opinion, as explanatory of those -principles which have influenced the views indicated here of M. Cuviers -_Pectinibranchi_; the more so, as we shall be obliged to characterize many -new divisions, and to reform others, without the immediate opportunity of -explaining our reasons. In another work we hope to enter on such details; -and to shew we have been guided, in this matter, by more weighty -considerations than mere individual opinion. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TODUS _viridis_. - -_Green Tody._] - - -TODUS viridis. - -_Green Tody._ - ----- - -Family Todidae. See Pl. 41. - - PUBLISHED GENERA. Fluvicola. Nengetus. Alecturus. Muscicapa, (_pars_). - Conopophaga. Platyrhynchus. Todus. Eurylamus. Querula? Psaris. - Pachyrhynchus. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lesson, Man. 1, p. 178. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Bright green, beneath whiteish; throat scarlet; sides of the body rosey; - under tail covers yellow._ - - Todus viridis. _Auct._ - -Mus. Paris. Nost. - ----- - -This singular little bird has long excited the particular attention of -those naturalists who study the affinities of groups, more than the details -of species. It is a native of the West Indian Islands, and although stated -to be not uncommon, the accounts given of its manners are perfectly -contradictory. One author asserts that it is almost always seen upon the -ground, from whence it receives the name of _Perroquet de Terre_: another, -that it only frequents the "lonely part of moist places" (woods?), where it -sits in a couched manner, with its head thrown considerably back, and is so -stupid, as almost to be taken by the hand. M. Vieillot confirms part of the -latter particulars, although he repeats, without denying, the former. In -our opinion the last is entitled to the most credance, although it is -contradictory to the idea of this being a terrestial bird. - -We cannot but feel surprise and regret, that the "very interesting account" -of this bird, long ago announced (_Zool. Journ. Dec. 1827. p. 439_), as -having been sent from Cuba, by Mr. Macleay, to the Linnean Society, should -still be unknown to the scientific world. There is, indeed, a valuable -paper by this gentleman on certain birds of Cuba, in the first part of the -sixteenth Vol. of the Society's Transactions, where its author alludes to -the "description and anatomy of two birds" (_p. 12_) both of which are -nevertheless omitted: The _Todus viridis_, we apprehend is truly "one of -those solitary species," which, as Mr. Macleay observes, "from having been -neglected, may serve to unfold an exception, _sufficient to destroy the -most plausible system_." For ourselves, we shall feel much surprised if -this bird is entitled, in the slightest degree, to a station among the -_Fissirostres_, in which order it has been placed by M. Vigors, in his -paper "On the Natural affinities of Birds." - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MURICINAE Pl. 1. - -_Murex imperialis._] - - -MUREX Imperialis. - -_Imperial Murex._ - ----- - -Family, Buccinidae. Sub-family Muricinae. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lam. Syst. - - Types of form. 1. M. Regius. 2. palmarosae. 3. tripterus. 4. - tenuispinosus. 5. radix? _Lam._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - Type 1. _Shell ponderous, with from four to five varices between the two - lips; the varices simple, nodulous, and obtuse: intermediate, or false - varices, none; aperture yellow, orange, or red; inner lip striated only - at the base._ - ----- - -The inhabitants of the Murices, or Rock Shells, are rapacious; and feed, -for the most part, upon animal matter, either living or dead. By the latter -instinct they are led to frequent harbours and sea-ports, for the sake of -offal, and other animal refuse, thrown from vessels, which they greedily -devour. Lamarck, with his usual precision, has characterized many species; -but for the very beautiful one now, we believe, for the first time -described, we have to thank Messrs. Stuchbury, who favoured us with the -inspection of a fine series of specimens, received from the Island of -Margarita, Lat. 11. 20. N. Lon. 63. 20. W. - -The genera _Buccinum_ and _Murex_ of Linne, appear typical of the -carnivorous order _Zoophaga_, whose shells are either notched or channelled -at their base. These arrange themselves under two great divisions. In one -the animal has an operculum or lid, which closes the entrance of his shell; -in the other, the shell itself is more or less enveloped by two large -lobes, called the mantle, with which the animal covers his habitation. -Nevertheless, these two divisions, as M. Cuvier has fully shown, become -insensibly united, and form one natural group. The two principal divisions -of the operculated race are represented by _Cassis_ and _Murex_; the genera -of the first have been pretty correctly made out; but those of the -_Muricinae_ require much reformation; so far as regards the definition of -their typical forms, and their apparent series of affinities. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CONUS. Pl. 1. - -_1. fumigatus. 2. franciscanus._] - - -CONUS fumigatus. - ----- - -Family Strombidae. Sub-family Conianae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lamarck. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell smooth, spire very short, channeled, or with the whorls. concave: - colour chesnut, belted with white, and articulated rows of chesnut dots._ - - Conus fumigatus _Brug. Diet. 94. Lam. Syst. 7. 496._ - - Icones. _Mart. 2 pl. 56. f. 618. Ency. Meth. pl. 336. f. 7._ - ----- - -A species not conspicuous for its beauty, but by no means of common -occurrence: its close resemblance to the next has induced us to illustrate -both by figures. _C. fumigatus_ seldom exceeds the size here represented; -it may at once be known from _franciscanus_ (which is a much smaller -shell,) by the spiral whorls being _concave_, instead of _convex_: this -species occurs in the Indian Ocean. - -If the student compares either _Strombus Luhuanus_, _Mauritianus_, or -_Persicus_, with any of the wide mouthed Cones, he will immediately -perceive the affinity between the two groups. In both, the operculum of the -animal is small, but in _Conus_ it seems reduced to a mere vestage; while -the shell, nearly rolled upon its own axis, indicates the near approach -which Nature has now made towards the Cowries; a family, however, -essentially distinguished by the great developement of the mantle, and the -total absence of an operculum. - ----- - -CONUS franciscanus. - - _Shell smooth, chesnut, with two white bands, the upper one near the - suture: spire short, the whorls convex._ - - C. franciscanus. _Lam. Syst. 7. 493. Ency. Meth. 337. f. 5._ - ----- - -Lamarck mentions Africa and the shores of the Mediterranean, as the native -locality of this shell. It escaped our researches on the coasts of Italy, -Sicily, and Greece, and we suspect it to be an Oriental species. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PIERIS _Nigrina_.] - - -PIERIS Nigrina. - ----- - -PIERIS (_pars._) Latr: Stev. PONTIA (_pars._) Fab. Horsf. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Antennae_ with a spatulate, considerably compressed, obovate club. - _Palpi_ hairy: the first joint with basal articulations, (Horsf. pl. 4. - f. 10) beyond which it is hardly longer than the second, or the third, - which are each of equal length. _Anterior Wings_ with the exterior margin - manifestly shorter than the posterior. - -Type. Pieris Belisama. _Lat._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above white in one sex, grey in the other; anterior tipt with - black; beneath black, with a terminal band of yellow: posterior wings - beneath black, varied with grey, and marked with an undulated, nearly - central, border of crimson._ - - Pieris Nigrina. _Fab. Sys. Ent. 475. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 20. Ency. Meth. p. - 149. Don. Ins. of New Holl. 19. f. 1._ - ----- - -Although this elegantly marked insect has long been known to Entomologists, -we believe it has only once been figured. It is not uncommon in Australia, -and being a typical species, we select it to illustrate this group. - -The Butterflies called _Whites_, in the common language of Collectors, -(_Pieris_, _Lat._) are distinguished by their great simplicity of -colouring, and a predominence of white upon their wings. It is a singular -fact, that the various species of this family, among which are included the -different white Butterflies of Europe; feed chiefly on such plants as are -nourishing and salutary to the human body, such as the various sorts of -cabbages, coleworts, turnips, &c., and in every foreign country where these -white Butterflies have been found, plants of the same nutricious qualities, -are sure to be discovered in the vicinity of their haunts. - -The group to which we here restrict the name of _Pieris_, is confined, we -believe, exclusively to the old world, and principally to intertropical -latitudes. We have been much embarassed, however, in applying this name -correctly. Dr. Horsfield has placed many of our Indian _Pieres_ under the -genus _Pontia_, which group is restricted by Mr. Stephens to European -insects. As this latter disposition is more in unison with our own views, -we have adapted it; considering _P. Crataegi_ to be the only aberrant -representative of _Pieris_ in Europe. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: EURYMUS _Europome_.] - - -EURYMUS Europome. - -_The Clouded Sulphur._ - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Pl. 60. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _See Stevens. Ill. of Brit. Ent. 1. p. 10. and Haw. Lep. Brit. 13._ - - Papilio Europome. _Haworth Lep. Brit. p. 13. No. 12._ - - Colias Europome. _Stev. pl. 1.* fig. 1. male. 2. 3. female._ Syst. Cat. - 5797. - -In Mus. Nost. - ----- - -Much interest has recently been excited among British entomologists -regarding this butterfly. Some are of opinion that it is not a native of -Britain, while others, with a strong shew of reason, contend that it is -truly indiginous. The specimens in the British collection formed by our -lamented parent, and now in our possession, having been alluded to by both -parties, we have been induced to represent them, and to throw some light -upon their history. - -So anxiously did our honored father preserve his cabinet, free from exotic -specimens, that knowingly, he never admitted _one_, even as a temporary -substitute for a native example. Yet living, in his early days, in constant -intercourse with the famous Dutchess of Portland, Dr. Lightfoot, and Mr. -Lewin, he received, from these sources, some few insects, which were placed -in his cabinet, _under the assurance_ that they were British. Among these -are _Pap. Podalirius_, _Daplidice_, and the two specimens of the alleged -_Europome_ here figured: the latter being mistaken, _and intermixed_, with -three examples of the true _Hyale_. On the other hand, it is incumbent upon -us to say, that both these have been mended, before coming into our -father's possession, by the heads and antennae of _Gonepteryx Rhamni_! We -must also state, that upon closely comparing them with a series of _E. -Philodice_, we have failed to discover what appears to us a true specific -distinction. The same unsuccess has attended our efforts to detach -_Chrysotheme_ from _Edusa_, of which latter we possess specimens from -Germany, Genoa, Sicily, Greece, Africa, and several others unlabelled, all -varying more or less from each other, and from British examples. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MALACONOTUS _Barbarus_. - -_Barbary Shrike._] - - -MALACONOTUS Barbarus. - -_Barbary, or yellow-crowned Shrike._ - ----- - -Family Laniadae. Sub-family Thamnophilinae. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Swains. in Zool. Journ. 3. p. 163. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above glossy black, beneath crimson; crown fulvous yellow: vent and - flanks buff._ - - Lanius barbarus. _Linn._ Icon. _Pl. Enl. 56._ - - Laniarius barbarus. _Ency. Meth. Orn. p. 755._ - - Le Gonolek. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. pl. 69._ - ----- - -The true Shrikes, of which two, if not three species inhabit England, are -bold and cruel birds: they attack others, scarcely smaller than themselves, -and seize them like a Falcon, by their talons during flight. The Bush -Shrikes on the other hand, are a more ignoble race; they only prowl after -young or sickly birds, and seek their principal nourishment from those -insects which shelter in foliage. These birds form two distinct groups, -confined to the tropical latitudes of the Old and the New World. The first, -_Thamnophilus_, is restricted to America, and the species are known by -their dark coloured plumage. _Malaconotus_, is, we believe, purely an -African group, while most of the typical species, like the present, are -cloathed in bright and beautiful colours. - -This elegant bird seems to be abundant in Western Africa, but is rare -towards the Cape of Good Hope. Hence Le Vaillant had no opportunity of -learning its peculiar manners. Its size is that of a Thrush; the feathers -on the back are very long, and the first joint of the outer toe is _free_. -Nature, ever prone to typify her relations, and to preserve harmony between -groups, essentially distinct, has given to the bill of this bird, a form -closely resembling that of _Pitta_; the genus by which _Malaconotus_ is -represented among the Thrushes. - -A partial consideration of this group induced us, some years ago, to adopt -the generic name of _Laniarius_; but in a more recent investigation of the -species so denominated, we have failed to discover sufficient reason for -separating them, generically, from _Malaconotus_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: DONACOBIUS _vociferans_. - -_Babbling Thrush._] - - -DONACOBIUS vociferans. - -_Babbling Thrush._ - ----- - -Family Merulidae. Sub-family Macropodianae. _Nob._ - -CHARACTERS. - - Bill arched from the base, moderate, and generally entire; wings very - short: tail broad, rounded. Feet and toes of great strength and size; - plumage lax, and soft. _Nobis._ - - GRACULA (_pars._) _Cuv._ POMATORHINUS. _Horsf. Tem._ (_pars._) PITTA. - (_p._) OPETIORHYNCHUS. IXOS. (_p._) MALURUS (_p._) _Tem._ TIMALIA. - MEGALURUS. _Horsf._ DASYORNIS. PHOSPHODES. _Vig._ - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill slender, moderate, the upper mandible notched; nostrils naked, - membranaceous, the aperture terminal. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above blackish brown, beneath fulvous yellow; sides of the body lineated - with black lines, base of the quills and tips of the laternal tail - feathers pure white, sides of the neck, with a naked space._ - - Gracula longirostris? _Auct._ - ----- - -It is seldom that the notes of the feathered race are absolutely -disagreeable, but we never remember to have heard a bird with a voice of -such astounding discord, as that now before us. Its particular note, if -note it could be called, we do not now recollect; but it was so shrill, -grating, and monotonous, that we have frequently rushed out of the house, -to drive away the babbling disturbers. This happened at the hospitable -residence of our friend Mr. Pinches, of Pernambucco, whose house was close -to a small swamp, overgrown with reeds, among which these birds delight to -dwell; and which in fact, they never quit. Clinging to the smooth stems by -their strong feet and acute claws, they were incessantly uttering discord -with the most provoking perseverance: all the time moving their body from -one side to the other, spreading out their tail, and straining their -throats, in the most grotesque way imaginable. On each side of the neck, is -a long space of bare skin of a deep yellow colour: they live in pairs, and -build a pensile nest among the reeds: their flight is very slow and feeble. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MURICINAE. Pl. 2. - -_Murex erythrostomus._] - - -MUREX erythrostomus. - -_Pink-mouthed Murex._ - ----- - -Family Buccinidae. Sub-family Muricinae. _Nob._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - (Type 1.) _Shell spinous: varices between the two lips four; armed with - conic, generally pointed spines, the upper and lower of which are - vaulted; colour reddish white, articulated with brown: false varices - intermediate; aperture rosey: inner lip smooth._ - ----- - -Messrs. Stuchbury obligingly forwarded us fine specimens of this lovely -species, for comparison with _M. Regius_ and _Imperialis_. In general habit -it has a close affinity to the first, but is distinguished by intermediate -false varices, which in that species are wanting; while the upper and lower -spines are alone vaulted: from _Imperialis_ our shell is further removed, -by the varices being spinous, instead of nodulous; this latter character -being seen only in the intermediate protuberances, and in the false -varices. - -We have already intimated our belief that _Murex_ and _Cassis_ represent -two equivalent groups; and these, as containing several established genera, -we shall consider as sub-families: giving them the usual termination of -_inae_. Those higher naturalists, who have long since abandoned the belief -in absolute divisions and isolated genera, are fully aware that no groups -are more likely to exhibit the arrangement of nature, than such as contain -numerous species, under a great diversity of forms. The _Murices_ are of -this description, and appear to exhibit, among themselves, a circular -series. _Triton_ and _Murex_ also seem typical genera, and of equal value. -_Ranella_ obviously belongs to the first; yet, as it is merely a -subordinate type of form, we cannot, under this belief, retain it as a -_genus_, without a manifest inconsistency; unless, indeed, it is thought -expedient to consider the types of form in _Murex_, as so many genera, and -elevate three others in _Triton_ to the same rank; a refinement in -nomenclature, which we cannot think is in the least degree necessary. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: EUTERPE _Terea_.] - - -EUTERPE Terea. - ----- - -PAPILIO. (_pars._) _Latrielle._ SUB-FAMILY PIERESINAE. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Antennae_ lengthened, terminating in a broad, very compressed, spatulate - club. _Palpi_ hairy; the first joint very long, exceeding the united - length of the two next: second joint half as long as the first; third - very small, manifestly shorter than the second. _Anterior wings_ long, - papilioniform; the exterior margin longer than the posterior. _Nob._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above black: anterior both above and below, with a trifid white or - yellowish central spot: posterior with a four-parted rosey spot; and - varigated beneath, at the base, with yellow and rosy stripes._ - - Papilio Terias. _Latrielle & Godart. En. Meth. 1. p. 38. No. 39._ - ----- - -Nature has so completely disguised this Butterfly in the form and colours -of a genuine Papilio, as to have deceived the first entomologist now in -Europe, and his most skilful and accurate coadjutator. In the _Ency. -Methodique_ we find this species recorded as a _Papilio_; whereas it -perfectly agrees, in all the details of its structure, with the characters -proposed in that valuable work for the genus _Pieris_. Whether nature has -employed this beautiful device to indicate the group which next succeeds in -her series, or whether she has intended it to point out a strong analogy, -are questions which, in our present imperfect knowledge of Lepidopterous -groups, cannot be answered. - -Of this group we possess several new and highly interesting species. It is -worthy of remark, that they were all collected in one particular locality, -and at the same season. This was during a short residence at Mandioca, the -plantation of Dr. Langsdorff, among the woods at the base of the Organ -mountains, near Rio de Janeiro. - -We believe this group is restricted to tropical America, where it probably -represents the genuine _Pieres_, (as defined at pl. 69,) of the Old World. -The present species is subject to much variation in the size, proportion, -and colour of its spots: the white is sometimes pale yellow, and the rosy -becomes of a deeper and brighter hue. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PELEUS. - -_1. Gentius. 2. Aeacus_] - - -PELEUS Aeacus. - ----- - -Family Hesperidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Antennae_ not hooked, the club formed into a long, slender, fusiform - arch. _Wings_ with both surfaces alike, horizontally divaricated when at - rest; posterior rounded, entire; broader from the base to the anal angle, - than to the exterior margin. - -Type. Hesp. Peleus. _Fab._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings deep brownish black; anterior with a redish transverse band, - united to a spot of the same, and tipt with a sub-hyaline band of redish - orange._ - - Hesp. Peleus. _Fab. Cramer, pl. 284, f. F._ - ----- - -Entomologists, from being acquainted only with the habits of the European -species of this family, represent the _Hesperidae_ as resting with only the -hinder wings elevated: This is altogether a mistake. Some groups, indeed, -assume this position when basking in the sun, or taking food; but even -these, when fairly at rest, erect their wings in the ordinary manner: a -fact we have repeatedly witnessed. Not so, however, with the group we now -illustrate: and which is peculiar to South America. These insects rest -_with all the four wings expanded_; and hide themselves during the meridian -heat, on the under side of broad leaves, in the deep forests. From never -appearing exposed, this species long escaped our search, but having once -discovered this singular part of its economy, we captured it in abundance. -It probably feeds, like many of the _Sphingides_, or Hawk Moths, in the -morning and evening, but its haunts were too far from our habitation, to -allow of ascertaining this point. - ----- - -PELEUS Gentius. - - _Anterior wings black, with three yellow bars, posterior yellow, with a - simple black border._ - - Hesp. Gentius. _Fab. Cramer, pl. 179, f. C._ - ----- - -Our specimens of this very rare insect were captured by Dr. Langsdorff, in -the interior of Southern Brazil, the colours of the under surface of the -wings are the same as those of the upper. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MALACONOTUS _atro-coccineus_. - -_Black & crimson Shrike._] - - -MALACONOTUS atro-coccineus. - -_Burchell's Shrike._ - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER, &c. See Pl. 71. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Black, beneath crimson: lesser wing covers banded with white, greater - covers and lesser quills with a broad, white, longitudinal stripe._ - - Malaconotus atro-coccineus. _Burchell, Zool. Journ. 1. p. 461. Pl. 18._ - -Mus. D. Burchell. - ----- - -Among the few Ornithological subjects which that accomplished traveller, -Mr. Burchell, has yet published from his vast collections of African -Zoology, is the charming bird here figured. It was discovered near -Litakoon, the principal town of the Bachapins, a nation never before known -to Europeans. Its principal range is between lat. 27. 20. and 29. 10. S. on -the meridian of 24. E. "To a traveller," continues our friend, "wandering -through the airy groves of the _Transgaripine_, the sight of these _Lanii_, -flying from branch to branch above his head, and displaying their fine -colour in all its brilliancy, suddenly arrests his steps, and claims his -admiration. Viewed in such a position, little of their black colour is -seen, and they then appear to be entirely scarlet." - -A most beautiful analogy may be traced between the two principal groups of -the Bush Shrikes, and those of the Ant-thrushes. The genus _Malaconotus_ -corresponds to the _Pittae_, in being restricted to the old world, in the -vivid colours of their plumage, and the connexion, in the typical species, -of the two outer toes. In _Thamnophilus_ and _Myothera_, both American -groups, the colours are uniformly dark; and their resemblance in structure -is so close, that no author has yet pointed out their distinctions. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: HARPULA VEXILLUM. - -_Orange Flag Volute._] - - -HARPULA vexillum. - -_Orange-flag Volute._ - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Sub-family Volutinae. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTERS. - - Shell generally tuberculated or longitudinally ribbed: apex of the spire - papillary, smooth, and in general distorted: Pillar with numerous - distinct plaits; the upper small and slender, the lower thickest and - shortest. - -Type. _Voluta Hebraea._ Lam. - - TYPES OF FORM. I. Vol. Hebraea, musica, pusio, polyzonalis, &c. II. Vol. - bullata? III. Vol. multicostata, mitraeformis, costata, lyriformis, - nucleus, &c. IV. Vol. rupestris, dubia? V. Vol. lapponica, vexillum. - _Auct._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell either smooth, or slightly and acutely tuberculated; white with - numerous bands of orange; pillar thickened in the middle, and marked with - from six to eight plates._ - - Voluta vexillum. _Auct. Lam. Syst. 7. 346. Ency. Meth. pl. 381 f. 1. a. - b. optime._ - ----- - -Few Volutes can exceed this in elegance or beauty. The peculiarity of its -markings, resembling the national colours of Holland, has procured it the -name of the Orange-flag Volute. Although long known to Conchologists, it -still continues a rare shell to our cabinets, and is much sought for on the -continent, particular among the collectors in Holland; they view it with -something of a national fondness, and value it at a high price. It is -brought from Amboyna, and some other islands of the Indian Ocean. The -many-plaited Volutes, form one of the most natural groups in the whole -department of Conchology; and one which the most unpractised student will -have no difficulty in understanding. The more experienced Conchologist, in -studying its contents, will detect some very extraordinary and beautiful -analogies. It contains, in fact, representations of all the principal -divisions of the old genus Voluta, and also of the corresponding groups -among the Mitras; to which sub-family it forms the true passage. We feel -some hesitation, however, in regard to the second type; or that which must -lead immediately to _Volutilithes_; as we rather suspect that the true -type, or more properly the annectant form, by which this union is effected, -has not yet been discovered. We share also in Mr. Broderips doubts, -regarding the situation of his _V. dubia_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: OLIVAE PL. 3. - -_Hiatula Lamarci 2. pallida. 3. maculata._] - - -OLIVAE. Pl. 3. - -_The Wide-mouthed Olives._ - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Genus Oliva. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENUS HIATULA. _Nob._ - - Suture channelled. Pillar above smooth, not thickened, beneath tumid, and - marked with a few oblique plaits: base of the aperture very wide. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. - - Hiatula Lamarci. _Fulvous brown: pillar white, with about four lengthened - plaits, and intermediate shortened ones between them, inner margin of the - lip brown._ Fig. 1. - - H. pallida. _Aperture and base of the pillar livid brown: plaits 4-5, - simple, equal; inner margin of the lip pale._ Fig. 2. - - H. maculosa. _Aperture orange, marked above with a black spot: base of - the pillar white, the plaits small, crowded, and of unequal length._ Fig. - 3. - -Mus. Nost. - ----- - -As the connection of the Olives with the Mitres has been illustrated in a -former number, we now characterize the sub-genus by which the former are -united to the _Ancillariae_. The thickened and oblique plaits on the -pillar, its smoothness on the upper part, and the great width of the -aperture, are all characters which render this affinity unquestionable, and -detach the group from the more common and typical Olives before alluded to. - -Since we published the figure of _Oliva striata_, (Oliva, Pl. 1. f. 2.) we -have procured the true _Ancillaria canalifera_ of Lamark, and find it as we -suspected, a very different shell. As _Hiatula_ leads to the _Ancillariae_, -so does the sub-genus _Olivella_, (comprising the small operculated Olives) -conduct us to the Mitres, by means of _Olivella volutella_, already figured -in this work. We believe the _third_ aberrant form is represented by our -_Oliva striata_, but we shall not proceed to characterize it as a -sub-genus, until a better acquaintance with the group is obtained; its -analogy to _Conohelix_, by its external sculpture, seems to us a strong -ground of distinction. - -We procured all these wide-mouthed Olives from the Messrs. Stuchbury, to -whom we are often indebted for the loan of interesting specimens. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PIERIS LIMNOBIA. - -_S. G. Melete._] - - -PIERIS (_Melete_) Limnobia. - -_Yellow-underwing White._ - ----- - -Genus Pieris, Lat. - -CHARACTERS. - - _Antennae_ as in _Euterpe_. _Palpi_ lengthened, the terminal joint - linear, pointed, nearly naked, and longer than either of the two next. - _Anterior wings_ trigonal, the exterior and the posterior margins of - equal length: _posterior wings_ dilated. _Male_ with the terminal - abdominal valves large, abruptly attenuated, and hooked. - -Type. Pieris Limnobia. Lat. & Godart. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Anterior wings above yellowish white, with a black triangular exterior - border, and a costal band in the female. Posterior above yellow, with an - orange border, divided in the female, into round spots upon a black - ground: under surface with a deep brown border, unspotted._ - - Pieris Limnobia. _Ency. Meth. 1 p. 144. No. 93._ - - ---- Lycimnia? _Cramer pl. 105. f. E. F. Ency. Meth. No. 92?_ - ----- - -We found this pretty Butterfly in profusion near the woods of Mandioca, at -the foot of the Organ Mountains of Rio de Janeiro; when in company with our -learned friend Professor Raddi, now prosecuting his researches in Egypt: it -appears late in the season, and frequents the flowery openings of thick -woods. The female is without the black costal band, and the margins of the -lower wings are simply orange. The accurate description of _Limnoria_ in -the _Ency. Meth._ perfectly accords with our specimens; but we suspect the -_Lycimnia_ of Cramer is also the same species. - -In illustrating the Lepidopterous insects, we shall first define all those -variations in form, which appear to us sufficiently important; directing -our chief attention to the external anatomy of the perfect insect. These -groups or forms, we shall provisionally name: we shall next endeavour to -detect their true affinities, and their relative value; abolishing such as -may be found unnecessary, and confirming others which assume a higher -station. We intend, in short, to proceed only by analysis, and we therefore -wish that any incidental remarks, made by us in the interim, may be looked -on with suspicion: or at least, with that doubt which must attend all -opinions resulting only from synthesis. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CRATEROPUS REINWARDII. - -_Black masked Thrush._] - - -CRATEROPUS Reinwardii. - -_Black-masked, or Reinwardts Thrush._ - ----- - -Family Merulidae. Sub-family Macropodianae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill hard, compressed, either slightly notched or entire: wings and tail - rounded, the former short, the latter broad. Feet remarkably large and - strong; the two outer fore toes equal, the middle lengthened; hind toe - and claw very large; claws compressed, strong, and but slightly curved. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above grey; throat spotted; wings and tail brown; head and ears black; - chin white._ - -In Mus. Paris. Nost. - ----- - -Of the habits of this plain, but singularly formed bird, we know nothing. -It is, we believe, one of the numerous discoveries made by that able -Zoologist, Professor Reinwardt, in the Indian Islands; and should it not be -already described, (a point we cannot fully ascertain,) we trust it may be -allowed to bear the name of one, whose important labours merit the thanks -and respect of all the scientific world. - -The length of our specimen, as indicated by the scale on the plate, is ten -inches and three quarters. The feet, in all their details, are uncommonly -strong, while the wings are feeble and much rounded. The fifth and sixth -quills are longest; the scapular quills and the tail feathers, when held to -the light, exhibit transverse dark shades. - -We have elsewhere pointed out[7] the characters by which the strong legged -Thrushes form one of the sub-families of the _Merulidae_; the two other -aberrant divisions, being represented by the true Orioles (_Oriolinae_,) -and the short legged Thrushes (_Brachypinae_.) That these form a circle of -their own, independant of the Ant Thrushes (_Myotherinae_,) and the true -Thrushes (_Merulinae_) has unintentionally been proved by M. M. Temminck -and Vigors; the first in proposing, and the latter in adopting, the genus -_Ixos_; an artificial group, compounded of birds totally dissimilar to each -other, but which, in the progression of certain species, demonstrate the -circular arrangement of the three subfamilies above named. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PRIONITES _Martii_. - -_Martius's Motmot._] - - -PRIONITES Mexicanus. - -_Mexican Motmot._ - ----- - -Family Trogonidae. Sub-family Prionitinae. _Nob._ -(_See Northern Zoology, 2. p. 326._) - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Small, above green, beneath paler; head and neck above cinnamon, ears - black, varied and tipped with bright blue stripes; belly white._ - - Momotus Martii. _Jardine & Selby. Ill. of Orn. 2 pl. 25._ - - Prionites Mexicanus. _Swains. Phil. Mag. June 1827. p. 442._ - ----- - -The Motmots, so named from their monotonous note, live only in the tropical -forests of the New World, preferring those deep recesses of perpetual -shade, where a high canopy of matted foliage, nearly excludes the rays of a -vertical sun. They appear even more solitary in their disposition than the -Trogons; their note may be heard, morning and evening, from the depths of -the forests, but the bird is never seen, unless the hunter comes -unexpectedly upon its retreat. This we have generally found to be a low, -withered branch, completely shaded, and just at the edge of such paths as -are made by the Cavies, or the Indians. The Jacamas and the Trogons both -love these shady nooks, where they sit nearly motionless, watching for -passing insects, upon which they dart. Such is, no doubt, the manner in -which the Motmot feeds; but his strong confirmation enables him to capture -larger game. Travellers assert that he also devours the eggs and young of -other birds, like the Toucans: this we believe, as both have the same long -and feather-like tongue. Thus has nature allied these two groups, each -standing at the confines of their own tribe: incontestably proving the -union of the Scansores, Teniurostres, and Fissirostres, into one great -circle. - -The present species has only been found in Mexico, although the London -Ornithologists have confounded it with the Prionites Martii of Brazil. -Hence the error of Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, and adopted upon our -plate. Distrusting our first opinion, we believed the London co-adjutors of -these gentlemen, having access to the original work of Dr. Spix, could not -have made such a blunder, but a personal inspection of the original figure -decided the question. No two species can well be more different. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TROGON MEXICANUS. - -_Mexican Trogon_] - - -TROGON Mexicanus. - -_Mexican Trogon. Male._ - ----- - -Tribe Fissirostres. Family Trogonidae. - -Sub-family Trogoninae. (G. Trogon. _Auct._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lesson Man. 2 p. 139. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above golden green, beneath crimson; tail black; the three outer - feathers banded with white on their outer web only; inner webs with an - oblique white stripe along their shafts; the inner edge spotted with - white._ Male. - - Trogon Mexicanus, female. _See Swains. in Phil. Mag. June 1827._ - -Mus. Dom. Taylor. - ----- - -The Trogons are found only in the dark primeval forests of the Tropics; -shunning the haunts of man, and living in solitude and silence. It is not, -therefore, to be wondered at, that their peculiar economy should be -shrouded in mystery, or that the naturalists of Europe should be much -perplexed in finding them a place in their artificial or their natural -systems. Our researches in Tropical America, will enable us to communicate, -in the forthcoming volume of Northern Zoology, some very singular -information on these birds, which we shall not now anticipate. - -The species are much more numerous then is imagined, but they are, perhaps, -less understood than those of any one group of Ornithology. Males of -different species are classed as the same, while their females are -considered as distinct. The number enumerated in the last edition of the -Synopsis of Birds as inhabiting all South America, is six; but we possess -eight species from Brazil alone; besides several others, which it is -impossible to identify from books. - -The Mexican Trogon was first described by us, from a bird, which we felt -assured was a female; and this belief was soon after confirmed, by the -arrival of a fine specimen of the male, to Mr. Taylor, from Real del Monte; -in whose possession it now is. We shall defer a detailed account of its -plumage, until we illustrate the other sex. - -Total length 11 in. bill nine-tenths, wings 5-3/4, tail 7-3/4, the -outermost feather 3-1/2 in. shorter. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CYMBIOLA _vespertilio_. - -_Bat Volute._] - - -CYMBIOLA vespertilio. - -_Bat Volute._ - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Sub-family Volutinae. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell armed with spinous tubercles, sometimes smooth but never ribbed; - spiral whorls gradually diminishing in size, but not distorted; the apix - thick and obtuse; pillar with four plaits. - - TYPES OF FORM.--1. Marmorata. Broderpia. _Sw._ (Cymbiola. _Sow._) 2. - Vespertilio. Nivosa. Rutila. Aulica. Pulchra. Pacifica. 3. Elongata (?) - Gracilis. Magnifica. Tuberculata. 4. ----? 5. Lugubris. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell armed with spinous tubercles, pale fulvous with remote angular - waved lines of brown; spiral whorls plaited; pillar with four plaits._ - - Voluta vespertilio. _Lam. Sys. 7. 1. p. 336._ - ----- - -The second or sub-typical genus of the Volutes, appears to be represented -by this common though elegant species; here figured from one of the largest -specimens we have ever seen. The group is chiefly distinguished by the very -obtuse but regular termination of its spire, the whorls of which are never -distorted or disproportionately inflated: the plaits are always four, and -the pillar is never thickened in the middle: the shells of all the typical -species are furnished with pointed tubercles; and from their general -aspect, do not appear to be covered, like the typical Volutes, by the -dilated mantle of the animal, yet the two groups blend into each other by -means of the first type of form above indicated. - -As we have deemed it advisable to employ the name of _Cymbiola_, (hitherto -used in a _specific_ sense), as a generic appellation for the whole group, -we trust that those who may adopt our views, will hereafter distinguish the -_Voluta cymbiola_ of Sowerby, now in the cabinet of Mr. Broderip, by the -name of _Cymbiola Broderpia_, in just commemoration of a gentleman whose -knowledge of conchology, and whose general labours in the cause of science -we have so often had occasion to honour. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: VOLUTA _cymbium_. - -_Marbled Melon._] - - -VOLUTA cymbium. - -_Clouded Melon Volute._ - ----- - -Sub-family Volutinae _Nob._ (Gen. Melo. Cymba. Voluta. _Brod._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell enveloped by the mantle of the animal: oval, ventricose; spire very - obtuse, papillary, remarkably short, the whorls (when defined) abruptly - lessening. Pillar with from 3 to 4 carinated plaits. - - TYPES OF FORM.--1. V. fulgetrum. 2. V. cymbium. olla. Neptuni, porcina, - proboscidalis, rubiginosa. 3. melo, tessellata, Ethiopica, diadema, - armata, nautica. 4. Imperialis, Scapha (?) 5. angulata. _Auct._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - Type 2. _Shell ovate, marbled with rufous and white, suture channelled, - the margin carinated: spire rude, irregular, plaits on the pillar - variable._ - - Voluta cymbium. _Auct. Lam. Sys. 7. 9. 332, Ency. Meth. pl. 386, f. - 3._--L'Yet, _Adans. Seneg. pl. 3. f. 1. p. 44._ - - Cymba cymbium. _Brod. in Sow. Genera._ - ----- - -That the system of nature is essentially a system of types and symbols, is -a truth which has not only been perceived by philosophers, but is apparent -to every attentive observer of nature. It has been our endeavour, in the -second volume of _Northern Zoology_, to investigate this system, and to -ascertain those laws by which it is regulated. One of the results of this -enquiry has been, that every genus, pre-eminently typical, contains a -greater number of forms than any other; the necessary consequence of -comprising within itself, representations of every division in the whole -family. By this test must our present definition of the typical genus -_Voluta_ be tried. We consider this particular species as the type of the -whole group: according to Adanson, it is abundant on the western coast of -Africa, where it is stated to vary considerably, both in its colour and in -its plaits. To the same traveller we are indebted for the best account of -the animal, which he describes under the name of L'Yet. It has been -thought, indeed, that this is the _Voluta neptuni_, but as the interior of -Adanson's L'Yet is "blanche" and that of _Neptuni_ is yellowish orange, we -rather think that the French writer intended to designate the _Voluta -cymbium_ of systematic authors. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ENDYMION _regalis_. - -_Maroon banded Hair streak._] - - -ENDYMION regalis. - -_Maroon-banded Hair-streak._ - ----- - -Tribe Papiliones. Family, Polyommatidae. Sub-family, Theclanae. _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Palpi in one sex (male) scarcely projecting beyond the head, the last - joint very minute; in the other (female) lengthened, porrect, curved - downwards, the last joint as long as that which precedes it; in both - obtuse and covered with close-set scales; posterior wings four tailed. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above shining blue: beneath golden emerald green, with a common - black stripe, and a broad red band on the posterior wings; ocelli none._ - - Papilio regalis. _Cramer. Ins. Pl. 72. f. E. F._ - - Hesperia Endymion. _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 268._ - ----- - -This superb butterfly, both in size and brilliancy of colour, may vie with -the Emerald Hair-streak, and both are among the most beautiful of their -family yet discovered. The general colour of the under surface is of the -richest golden green; the under wings being crossed by a broad bar of deep -maroon, softened into pearly white. The female is known by being the -largest, and by having the black margin of the upper wings much broader. -Our specimens were captured in Brazil. Lat 8. 12. S. - -The palpi, which in the sub-genus _Arcas_ are equally long and perfect in -both sexes, are very different in the male and female of the present -sub-genus. In other respects there seems to be a close affinity between -them. We have not had time, however, to enter upon their minute dissection. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: GARRULUS SORDIDUS. - -_Dusky bodied Jay._] - - -GARRULUS sordidus. - -_Dusky-bodied Jay._ - ----- - -Family Corvidae. Sub-family Garulinae. _Nob._ -_See Northern Zoology, 2. p. 288._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above dusky blue, brighter upon the crown, wings, and tail; beneath - grey; chin and belly whiteish; ears blackish; tail distinctly rounded._ - - Garrulus sordidus. _Swains. Synopsis, No. 66._ (_Phil. Mag. June 1827._) - ----- - -The Jays, although allied to the Crows, have many peculiar characteristics. -While the latter roam about and seek their food in all situations, the Jays -confine themselves to thick woods, feeding upon fruits, insects, and eggs, -and seldom perch upon the ground. In unison with that symbolical system -which pervades all nature, we find a perfect representation of this group -in the Bush-Shrikes of the new world. - -America seems to possess three Jays, closely resembling each other, but -each (if they have been described correctly) having some peculiar -distinction. As these have not been clearly stated, and as some confusion -has consequently crept into the subject, we shall shortly state their -distinctions. The Florida Jay of Prince C. Bonaparte, (G. Floridamus) which -has been thought the same as ours, is a much smaller bird, being only -11-1/2 in. long, and the back is "yellowish brown," not dusky blue, (See -_Bon. Am. Orn. 2. p. 61._) The _Garrulus ultramarinus_ of the same noble -and learned writer, appears to us from the following account, to be -distinct from either. "Its principal characters may be found in its larger -dimensions, but especially in the shape of its tail, which is _perfectly -even, and not in the least cuneiform_, as it generally is in all the Jays," -(_Am. Orn. 2. 62._) Now the tail of our species is _decidedly rounded_, the -outer feather being full one inch shorter than the middle. - -The _Garrulus sordidus_ inhabits the table land of Mexico, from whence our -specimen was received. Total length, 11 in.: bill, 1-1/2: wings, 7: tarsi, -1-7/10: tail, 6-1/2 in. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: SCAPHELLA _maculata. Sw._ - -_Olive Volute._] - - -SCAPHELLA maculata. - -_Olive Volute._ - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Sub-family Volutinae. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell fusiform, invariably smooth and polished: spiral whorls gradually - diminishing in size, the apex obtuse but rarely thickened or distorted: - pillar generally gibbous in the middle, with from four to six thick and - unequal plaits: margin of the outer lip thickened. - - TYPICAL SPECIES.--Scaph. undulata. Junonia, maculata, zebra. - - ABERRANT SPECIES.--Scaph. papillaris, elongata (?) - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell small, oval, fulvous, with longitudinal purplish-brown spots, - disposed in three transverse bands: spire conical: pillar four plaited, - not gibbous._ - - Voluta maculata. _Swains. Bligh. Cat. app. p. 11._ - ----- - -Of this distinct and very remarkable genus of Volutes, few species have -hitherto been discovered: the subordinate divisions cannot therefore be -traced; nor do we feel satisfied that all the typical characters have been -detected: we consider it nevertheless, as a perfectly natural genus, -absolutely essential to mark the connection between the Volutes and the -_Marginillae_. Lamark, indeed, as if aware of this affinity, actually -describes one species as a _Marginilla_. The union of the three aberrant -genera of _Scaphella_, _Volutilithes_, and _Harpula_, into one circle, is -effected by the _Scap. papillaris_ and the _Harpula Lapponica_: the former -species conducting us at the same time to the typical Volutes, by means of -_Voluta fulgetrum_ of Sowerby. - -_Scaphella maculata_ is a native of the Australian seas, and is of great -rarity. Our drawings were made from one of the beautiful specimens in Mr. -Broderip's possession, It is probable that the animals of this genus -envelope their shells in an ample mantle, since they are almost always -enamelled. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ARCAS _Imperialis_.] - - -ARCAS imperialis. - -_Emerald Hair-streak._ - ----- - -Tribe, Papiliones. Family, Polyommatidae. Sub-family, Theclanae, _Nob._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Palpi, in both sexes, very long, thick, porrect, twice as long as the - head, curved downwards, all the joints entirely covered with close-set - scales, posterior wings six-tailed. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above shining blue: beneath emerald-green, marked with minute black - waved lines._ - - Papilio imperialis. _Cramer, Pl. 75. f. E. F._ - - Hesperia Venus. _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 268._ - ----- - -It is impossible to depicture with correctness, the resplendant blue which -ornaments the upper surface, or the vivid emerald green on the under wings, -of this rare and splendid insect. It is possessed by few collectors; nor -did we capture more than three specimens, during two years devoted to the -entomology and ornithology of Brazil. The male is distinguished by a black -central spot on the anterior wings. The very remarkable prolongation of the -palpi, which are alike in both sexes, induces us to consider this insect as -a type of form, or in other words, a sub-genus: but we are at present -unprepared to state any thing satisfactory on its true affinities. - -We have thought it right in this and other instances, to retain the -original specific name of Cramer; and we shall do the same in all instances -where it will not produce a discordant union of generic and specific names. -On this head, as the principle of Linnaeus, from the great number of new -genera since defined, can no longer be acted upon, we think that specific -appellations, derived from some character of the insect, are much better, -in every respect, than attempting to render the nomenclature of the -Lepidoptera a correct index to the mythology of the Ancients. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CHLORISSES _Sarpedon_.] - - -CHLORISSES Sarpedon, - -_Sarpedon Butterfly._ - ----- - -NATURAL GROUPS. - -Tribe, Papiliones. _Family_, Papilionidae. _Sub-fam._ Papilionae. - -_Genus_ ----. _Sub-Genus_, Chlorisses, _Nobis_. - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings_, black, banded or variegated with green: the posterior narrowed, - with obsolete acute tails; _Head_, thick, sessile, the front very hairy; - _Antennae_, long, the club spatulate, and concave beneath; _Posterior - feet_, with the first joint of the tarsus as long as the tibiae. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, with a common green band: posterior obsoletely tailed: - beneath, marked with a red and black lunated spot at the base._ - - Papilio Sarpedon. _Linn. Fab. Entom. Syst. 3. p. 1. p. 14. No. 41. - Cramer. Pl. 122. f. D. E._ - - Papilio Sarpedon. _Ency. Meth. 9. p. 46. No. 62._ - ----- - -Entomologists of the last century classed all day-flying Butterflies in the -Genus _Papilio_. But this denomination has been restricted, of late years, -to such as possess six long perfect legs; very short palpi, and the -anterior shanks spined near the middle. Now this group is so peculiarly -distinct, and comprises within itself such numerous variations of form, -that we have always viewed it as pre-eminently calculated to put to the -most severe test any arrangement, the principles of which are conceived to -be those of Nature. The _Papilionae_ have consequently, for many years, -engaged much of our attention. Baffled in numerous attempts to understand -their arrangement, it was only upon applying those principles of the -natural system, which we have detailed in _Northern Zoology, vol. 2_, that -their true affinities became apparent. At present we shall only apprise the -Entomologist that the divisions above named are _circular groups_, and the -result of strict analysis. The sub-genus _Chlorisses_, in reference to -Ornithology, is a scansorial type. - -The present Insect, figured from the male sex, is one of the most beautiful -butterflies of India. General Hardwicke presented us with specimens from -Nepaul; and we have since received others from Java. The typical species is -_Papilio Agamemnon_, where the green colour is broken into round spots. The -most extraordinary circumstance, however, which belongs to the group, is -this; that although a sub-genus, it yet contains within itself -_subordinate_ types of form, representing all the higher divisions. The -only ornithological group we have yet ascertained as possessing this -property, is the sub-genus _Parus_ (proper). - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: JASIA _Athama_.] - - -JASIA Athama, - -_Athama Butterfly._ - ----- - -Tribe, Papiliones. Family, Nymphalidae. _Nobis._ - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Lower wings_, acutely bi-caudate; _Antennae_, short, gradually - thickening into a lengthened, cylindrical club, the tip nearly truncate; - _Palpi_, projecting, and longer above, than is the head; their tips - acute; their joints concealed by compact scales. - -_Type_, Papilio Jasius. _Auct._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above blackish, with a broad, common band, and an anterior spot of - straw colour; beneath, having the band greenish, and margined with - chesnut._ - - Papilio Athamas. _Cramer_, Pl. 89. f. C. D. - ----- - -We can communicate but little on this elegant Butterfly, of which our -figures represent the female: the other sex is known by having the straw -coloured band much narrower; on the under surface this colour is prismatic; -changing, in some lights, to a delicate pea green. The great size and -thickness of the thorax, intimate a powerful and rapid flight. The group is -Oriental; but one species, the beautiful and rare _Pap. Jasius._ Lin. we -have captured in the Island of Sicily, the most southern part of Europe. - -As we have not yet completed the analysis of this family of Butterflies, we -know not the rank or true affinities of the present group. It is evidently -either one of the lowest types of form, or a sub-genus. We have received -both sexes of these insects from Java, where the species appears to be -common. The resemblance of this group, to _Rhetus_ and _Marius_, would seem -to indicate points of strong natural analogy. - -We adopt the original specific name of Cramer: for we cannot, at this -moment, trace the species in the voluminous works of Fabricius. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: GEOTROCHUS _pileus_. - -_Cap Land-Trochus._] - - -GEOTROCHUS pileus. - -_Cap-shaped Land-trochus._ - ----- - -Order Phytophages. _Swains._ Tribe ---- - -SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell pyramidical, each volution, reckoning from the base, gradually - diminishing and forming a conic spire, basal volution depressed, margin - of the outer lip reflected and entire. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell trochiform, smooth, generally banded with reddish and yellowish - bands: volutious convex._ - - Trochus Pileus. _Chemnetz. Pl. 122. f. 1046-7-8._ - - Helix pileus. _Dillwyn. p. 933. No. 106._ - - _Lister. Tab. 14. f. 11._ - -In Mus. Nost. - ----- - -Although this shell, in artificial arrangements, may be very well placed -among the sub-divisions of _Helix_ or _Bulimus_, we feel persuaded that it -is, _naturally_, the type of a Sub-genus: we have no hesitation, therefore, -in recording it as such. Another species, sharply carinated, -semi-transparent, and of a milky whiteness, we discovered in Brazil: and we -are thus led to conclude that the habitat of _Geotrochus pileus_, which no -author has yet mentioned, may probably be Tropical America. - -The figures of this species, given by Chemnitz and Born, represent it as -marked by several narrow bands of a rufous brown colour: but the variety -here delineated, has only one, of a deep purple; it is almost the only -specimen answering to this description, which we have yet seen: both -varieties are very rare, and much prized by collectors. - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL INDEX -_OF THE PLATES TO_ -VOL. II. -IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. - ----- - - _N.B. The number here affixed to the Plates, for convenience of - reference, had better be marked in pencil upon the Plates themselves._ - - No. 11. pl. - Fluvicola cursoria 46 - Macropteryx longipennis 47 - Eudamus Agesilaus (F. 1.) 48 - ---- Doryssus (F. 2.) 48 - Mitra episcopalis 49 - Tiara Isabella 50 - ---- sulcata 50 - - No. 12. - Sylvia Regulus 51 - Phoenicornis flammeus 52 - Volutilithes muricina 53 - ---- pertusa (F. 2.) 53 - Mitrella fusca (F. l.) 54 - ---- ocellata (F. 2.) 54 - ---- olivaeformis (F. 3.) 54 - Margarita crocata 55 - - No. 13. - Nyctiornis amictus 56 - Culicivora atricapilla 57 - Olivella purpurata (F. 1.) 58 - ---- eburnea (F. 2.) 58 - Marius Thetys 59 - Eurymus Philodice 60 - - No. 14. - Gryllivora Saularis 61 - Ptiliogonys cinereus 62 - Amynthia Swainsonia 63 - Ampullaria fasciata 64 - Conus lithoglyphus 65 - - No. 15. - Todus viridis 66 - Murex Imperialis 67 - Conus fumigatus 68 - ---- franciscanus (F. 2.) 68 - Pieris Nigrina 69 - Eurymus Europome 70 - - No. 16. - Malaconotus Barbarus 71 - Donacobius vociferans 72 - Murex erythrostomus 73 - Euterpe Teria 74 - Peleus Aeacus (F. 1.) 75 - ---- Gentius (F. 2.) 75 - - No. 17. - Malaconotus atrococcineus 76 - Harpula vexillum 77 - Hiatula Lamarci (F. 1.) 78 - ---- pallida (F. 2.) 78 - ---- maculosa (F. 3.) 78 - Pieris (_Melete_) Limnobia 79 - Crateropus Reinwardii 80 - - No. 18. - Prionites Mexicanus 81 - Trogon Mexicanus 82 - Cymbiola Vespertilio 83 - Voluta Cymbium 84 - Endymion regalis 85 - - No. 19. - Garrulus sordidus 86 - Scaphella maculata 87 - Arcas Imperialis 88 - Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 - Jasia Athama 90 - - No. 20. - Geotrochus pileus 91 - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX -OF -LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES, &c., -TO -VOL. II. - ----- - - Ampullaria fasciata, 64 - Amynthia Swainsonia, 63 - _Apple Snail, fasciated_, 64 - Arcas, S. G. Characters of, 88 - ---- Imperialis, 88 - _Butterfly, Sarpedon_, 89 - ---- _Athama_, 90 - Chlorisses, S. G. Characters of, 89 - ---- Sarpedon, 89 - Conus fumigatus, 68 - ---- franciscanus, 68 - ---- lithoglyphus, 65 - Crateropus, G. Characters of, 80 - ---- Reiwardii, 80 - Culicivora, G. Characters of, 57 - ---- atricapilla, 57 - Cymbiola, G. Characters of, 83 - ---- Types of form, 83 - ---- vespertilio, 83 - _Dial Bird_, 62 - Donacobius, S. G. Characters of, 72 - ---- vociferans, 72 - Eudamus, G. Characters of, 48 - ---- Agesilaus, 48 - ---- Doryssus, 48 - Eudymion, S. G. Characters of, 85 - ---- regalis, 85 - Eurymus, S. G. Characters of, 60 - ---- Philodice, 60 - ---- Europome, 70 - Euterpe, G. Characters of, 74 - ---- Teria, 74 - Fluvicola cursoria, 46 - Garrulus sordidus, 86 - Geotrochus, S. G. Characters of, 91 - ---- pileus, 81 - _Golden crested Warbler_, 51 - Gryllivora, S. G. Characters of, 61 - ---- Saularis, 61 - Harpula, G. Characters of, 77 - ---- Types of form, 77 - ---- vexillum, 77 - Hiatula, S. G. Characters of, 78 - ---- Lamarci, 78 - ---- pallida, 78 - ---- maculosa, 78 - Jasia Athama, 90 - _Jay, Dusky_, 86 - _Land-trochus, cap-shaped_, 91 - Macropterx, S. G. Characters of, 47 - ---- longipennis,, 47 - Malaconotus atrococcineus, 76 - ---- barbarus, 71 - Marius Thetys, 59 - Melete, S. G. Characters of, 79 - ---- Limnobia, 79 - Mitranae (Pl. 4.), 49 - ---- (Pl. 5.), 50 - ---- (Pl. 6.), 54 - Mitra episcopalis, 49 - Mitrella, G. Characters of, 54 - ---- fusca, 54 - ---- ocellata, 54 - ---- olivaeformis, 54 - Muricinae (Pl. 1.), 67 - ---- (Pl. 2.), 73 - Murex crythrostomus, 73 - ---- Imperialis, 67 - _Motmot, Mexican_, 81 - Nyctiornis, G. Characters of, 56 - ---- amictus, 56 - _Nightfeeder, Duvaucels_, 56 - Olivae (Pl. 2.), 78 - ---- (Pl. 3.), 78 - Olivella, S. G. Characters of, 58 - ---- eburnea, 58 - ---- purpurata, 58 - _Olive, purple mouthed_, 58 - ---- _ivory_, 58 - _Olives, the wide mouthed_, 78 - _Pearl Oyster, orange_, 55 - Peleus, G. Characters of, 75 - ---- Aeacus, 75 - ---- Gentius, 75 - Phoenicornis, G. Characters of, 52 - ---- flammeus, 52 - Pieris, G. Characters of, 66 - ---- Nigrina, 69 - Ptiliogonys cinereus, fem., 62 - Prionites Mexicanus, 81 - _Redbird, orange_, 52 - Scaphella, G. Characters of, 87 - ---- maculata, 87 - _Shrike, Barbary_, 71 - ---- _Burchells_, 76 - Strombidae, Ch. of the family, 65 - Sylvia G. Characters of, 51 - ---- Regulus, 51 - Thiara, G. Characters of, 50 - ---- Isabella, 50 - ---- sulcata, 50 - _Thrush, babbling_, 72 - Todinae, Characters of, 66 - Todus, viridis, 66 - _Tody, Green_, 66 - Trogon Mexicanus, 82 - _Trogon Mexican_, 82 - ---- habits of, 82 - Voluta, G. Characters of, 84 - ---- Types of form, 84 - ---- vespertileo, 84 - _Volute, clouded melon_, 83 - ---- _Bat_, 84 - ---- _Orange flag_, 77 - Volutilithes, G. Characters of, 53 - ---- muricina, 53 - ---- pertusa, 53 - -* * * * * * - - - -Notes. - -[1] Babbage (_On the Decline of Science_), Quarterly Review. - -[2] Herschel. Sir Humphrey Davy. Sir Nicholas Harris. Millengen. (_Ancient - Coins_). See also Lowdon's Natural His. Mag. Nov. 1831. p. 481. - -[3] Northern Zool. 2. p. xliv. - -[4] Montague's _Orn. Dict._ new edition, _preface_. - -[5] Athaeneum Journal, Jan. 1832. p. 32. - -[6] _Ibid._, p. 37. - -[7] Northern Zoology, Vol. ii. - - * * * * * - - - -Corrections made to printed text - -Plate 53: 'fusiform' corrected from 'fuciform'. So also 'subfusiform' (same -plate), and 'fusiform' on Pls. 75 & 87. Fusiform means 'spindle-shaped': if -fuciform meant anything it would be 'seaweed-shaped'. - -Plate 56: 'beautiful' corrected from 'beautful' - -Ibid.: 'Jardin' corrected from 'Jarden' - -Plate 58: (characters given of) 'biplicata' corrected from 'bliplicata' - -Plate 59: 'Lepidoptera' corrected from 'Lepidaptera' - -Plate 60: 'appendages' corrected from 'appendges' - -Plate 62, main title: 'PTILIOGONYS' corrected from 'PLILIOGONYS' - -Plate 62: 'characterized' corrected from 'charactized' - -Plate 65: (Generic) 'Character' corrected from 'Charicter' - -Plate 72: 'monotonous' corrected from 'monotinous' - -Plate 79: 'Lepidopterous' corrected from 'Lepedopterous' - -Plate 89: 'Antennae' corrected from 'Anteunae' - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. 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