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diff --git a/44057-0.txt b/44057-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01cdc61 --- /dev/null +++ b/44057-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3158 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44057 *** + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + +Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). + +Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work. +Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44056. +Volume III: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44058. + + * * * * * + + + +Zoological Illustrations, + +OR + +ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS + +OF + +NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING + +ANIMALS, + +SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF + +Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, + +AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR APPARENT AFFINITIES. + +BY + +WM. SWAINSON, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S. + +ASSISTANT COMMISSARY GENERAL TO H. M. FORCES. CORRESPONDING MEMBER +OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER +OF THE HISTORIC SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; MEMBER OF +THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY, &c. &c. &c. + +VOL. II. + +SECOND SERIES. + +London: + +PRINTED BY W. J. SPARROW, BERNERS MEWS, BERNERS STREET. + +PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW, + +AND R. HAVELL, 77, OXFORD STREET. + +1831-2. + +* * * * * * + + + +TO HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY, + +Louis Philippe, + +KING OF THE FRENCH, + +Whom as a PRIVATE GENTLEMAN, exiled by despotism from his native country, +enjoyed that respect which the dignity of virtue can alone ensure; whom, as +a PRINCE, descended from a race of Kings, gained the affections of a whole +people;--as the KING of a great and intellectual nation, enjoys the love +and veneration of the wise and the good; and as a true PATRON OF SCIENCE, +munificently encourages, both privately and publicly, all who are engaged +in its pursuit, + +THIS VOLUME + +OF + +ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, + +Is dedicated, + +WITH SENTIMENTS OF THE HIGHEST ADMIRATION + +AND OF THE GREATEST RESPECT, + +BY THE AUTHOR. + +* * * * * * + + + +PREFACE. + +---- + +The present state of science in Britain, the usual subject of our preface, +has recently been discussed by powerful writers;[1] and has drawn from +others,[2] equally eminent, bitter reflections. As regards Zoology, there +is a great show of patronage. Zoological gardens, and new societies have +sprang up: cheap publications, on _popular_ natural history, appear daily; +and professors have been installed at the two London Universities. Yet what +has resulted? We have lecturers expounding systems they do not +comprehend,[3] and we have professors maintaining that a walk into the +fields will make "a very good naturalist."[4] Meantime nearly every +periodical work on pure science has languished or died away. The +_Zoological Journal_ has been discontinued, although nominally patronized +by a society enjoying an enormous annual receipt. The fact, indeed, is but +too apparent, that the science of the country, _speaking generally_, has +become superficial, while "neither literature nor art has been encouraged +in our opulent Island, half as much as they have been by some of the petty +kingdoms of the Continent."[5] + +But the political horizon is happily brightening, and the change will +ultimately affect all. The stream of national patronage has long been +prevented from branching off and fertilizing spots, now impoverished and +neglected. Natural History, more than any other science, requires such aid; +because it is inapplicable to the purposes of life; and while its study is +attended with enormous expence, its acquirement leads to nothing tangible. +It is a melancholy fact, that while our present laws crush individual +exertion, by extorting a large number of free copies of the most costly +works, undertaken by their authors without the slightest hope of +remuneration,--the Government of France assigns _for subscriptions_ to such +publications, an annual sum of £10,000.[6] But on questions regarding the +patronage of science, Great Britain, unfortunately, is poorer than any +nation in Europe. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: FLUVICOLA _cursoria_. + +_Courier Waterchat._] + + +FLUVICOLA cursoria. + +_Courier Waterchat._ + +---- + +Family Todidæ. Sub-Family Fluvicolinæ. + + FLUVICOLINÆ. _Bill_, in general, strong; depressed, the tip abruptly bent + and notched: _gape_ with stiff bristles. _Tarsi_ long; _toes_ nearly + free, _claws_ slender and acute. _Scapular covers_ long. _Quill_ and + _tail_ feathers very broad; but the latter of various shapes. Frequent + marshy situations in the New World. _Nobis._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. 172. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _White, back brown; wings, stripe on each side the head, and broad + rounded tail, black; the latter tipt with white._ + +---- + +There is to be found, in Tropical America, a singular race of flycatching +birds, whose plumage is black and white. Their haunts are only in the +vicinity of water: they pursue their prey upon the ground, running with +great celerity, and are constantly in motion. They have, in short, all the +manners and habits of the Stone Chats, and when we published the definition +of this genus, we were led to believe it belonged to the Saxicolinæ. The +present species we met with in abundance at Pernambuco, frequenting the +sides of the rivers and lagoons. + +It is not surprising that ornithologists, who are so frequently compelled +to form their ideas of natural divisions from mere skins, should be +entirely unacquainted with the group, of which this genus is probably the +type. But it is strange that the full and accurate information concerning +it, which has long ago been furnished by Azara, should have been so utterly +neglected. In the views which we have taken of the affinities of these +birds, we consider they present a point of junction with the Saxicolæ; +passing on one side into the genuine Flycatchers of America, (_Tyrannula_ +Sw.) and on the other into the typical Todies. The contents however of this +group, we are but partially acquainted with. It will comprise _Nengetus_, +Sw. _Alecturus_, Vieil, and several other forms now widely scattered in the +newest systems, together with one or two others not yet defined, which we +have only seen in the Paris Museum. + + Since the above was printed, we find the name of _Xolmus_ has just been + proposed for this genus by M. Boié, he not being of course aware that + this, and some of his other groups, were published by us three years ago. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MACROPTERYX _longipennis_. + +_Long winged crested Swift._] + + +MACROPTERYX longipennis. + +_Javanese crested Swallow._ + +---- + +Family Hirundinidæ. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Bill_ (_fig. 1.2._) small, entire, base depressed and straight, the + outer half of the culmen suddenly curved; lower mandible straight, + nostrils large, oblong: _Tarsi_ short, without scales; anterior toes of + nearly equal length; (_fig. 3.4._) claws strong; hinder toe long, not + versatile, the claw very short and thick. _Nob._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above obscure glossy green; throat, breast, and lower part of the back + light grey; belly, spot on the scapulars, and line over the eye, white; + ears rufous; front with an incumbent crest._ + + Hirundo Klecho, Horsfield, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 143, female? + + Cypselus longipennis. Pl. Col. Pl. 83, f. 1? + +---- + +To Dr. Horsfield, one of the most successful and scientific investigators +of Oriental Zoology, we are indebted for the first discovery, in Java, of +this charming bird. Of its economy nothing is as yet known; but the +uncommon length of its wings, indicate its possessing the utmost rapidity +of flight. Another, and a much larger species, is among the Ornithological +treasures discovered in the Eastern Archipelago by my estimable friend M. +Lesson, and which he has already communicated to the public. A third is the +_Cypselus Comatus_, of M. M. Temminck and Laugier. + +The peculiar structure of these birds oblige us to consider them as forming +a natural group, intermediate between the typical Swifts, and the Swallows. +To the first they are allied by their strong scansorial feet; to the latter +by the length and fixed position of the hind toe, and the depression of the +bill. + +We suppose that the figure of the Hirondille longipennes, in the _Planches +Coloriées_, (pl. 83), is intended to represent this species; if so, it is +incorrect, both in drawing, proportion, colouring, and detail. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: EUDAMUS Pl.1. + +_1. Agesilaus. 2. Doryssus._] + + +EUDAMUS Agesilaus. + +---- + +Family Hesperidæ.--_Nob._ (_Anopluriform Stirps. Horsf._) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Antennæ with the club unequally fusiform, the outer half abruptly bent, + forming a lengthened, attenuated hook, alike in both sexes; anterior + wings papilioniform: posterior wings with the caudal appendages very long + and obtuse. + +Type.--_Hesperia Proteus._ Fab. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Posterior wings dark brown, with a broad, entire, cream coloured margin; + beneath marked with two darker bands, and a basal dot: appendages very + long, whiteish._ + +---- + +The insects composing this group, have only been discovered in the hot +latitudes of America. In the _Systema Naturæ_ one species alone is +recorded; Fabricius was acquainted with three; our own cabinet possesses +eighteen, all collected in a comparatively insignificant portion of Brazil. +Others have been figured by Drury and Cramer, so that the number of species +already known, may probably amount to near thirty. + +The flight of these Swallow-tailed _Hesperidæ_, is usually performed in the +morning and evening, and is so rapid, as frequently to elude the eye of the +observer. They rest with _all the four wings perpendicular_, similar to the +Swallow-tailed Butterflies, (_P. Machaon_, &c.) The present is a very rare +species; we captured only two specimens near Bahia. + +---- + +EUDAMUS Doryssus. + + _Posterior wings, with short snowy tails, and a half border of white on + both sides; beneath brown, with a few paler dots near the base._ + +---- + +The sexes of this species materially differ. Our figure represents the +female: in the male, the wings are browner, and highly glossed at their +base with green; the snowy border on the posterior wings is very narrow +above, but much broader beneath. It appears very locally distributed; we +found it common in the vicinity of Bahia. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MITRANÆ Pl. 4. + +_Mitra episcopalis._] + + +MITRA Episcopalis. + +---- + +Family Volutidæ.--Sub-Family Mitrianæ. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Animal_---- + + _Shell_ never turrited or plaited, ovate-fusiform, the _base_ wide, + obtuse, and truncated: _pillar_ with 4 plaits: the plaits simple. _Outer + lip_ crenulated, or toothed: _Aperture_ at the base effuse, smooth + within, and destitute of an internal groove. _Nobis._ + + Types of Form. + + 1, _M. episcopalis_. 2, _papalis_. 3, _scabriuscula_. 4, _Zebra_. 5, + _ferruginea_. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell with the spire thickened, and marked by transverse punctured dots: + white with crimson spots; inferior spots small and quadrate, the superior + large and irregular; pillar 4 plaited._ + + Voluta vel Mitra episcopalis, _Auct._ (Lam. Syst. 7. 299.) + +---- + +We view this elegant, though common shell, as the type of the Lamarkean +Mitres, a group we shall hereafter consider as a sub-family. It is common +in various parts of the Asiatic Ocean, and sometimes occurs of gigantic +size: in its natural state it is covered with a thin olive epidermis. + +We regret that the nature of this work will not permit us to do more than +furnish the clue, to the natural arrangement of the two typical groups of +this family, _Voluta_ and _Mitra_. The first of these we have, indeed, +pledged ourselves to enter upon more fully in _Exotic Conchology_. But the +arrangement of the Volutes is so intimately connected with that of the +Mitres, that we scarcely know how to illustrate one, without perpetually +adverting to the other. + +The two typical groups of the Lamarkian _Mitræ_ we now characterise from +their shells; they correspond to those of the typical Volutes; while their +internal relations may be learned from the respective types of form here +designated. The genera _Mitra_ and _Tiara_, each present a circular series +of affinities, and are united by the fourth type in each group. Even a +partial study of this disposition will reveal to the Conchologist a harmony +of design, amid the greatest diversity of structure, which he could +scarcely have suspected in the mere covering of an animal. + +The shells which appear associated with _M. episcopalis_, in this type of +form, are never coronated: the only external sculpture which they in +general possess, are delicate rows of minute punctured dots, in the typical +examples, as _Pertusa_, _millipora_, _versicolor_, the outer lip is acutely +toothed; while in the aberrant species, _Melaniana_, _tessellata_, +_scutulata_, _&c_. this part is smooth. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MITRANÆ Pl. 5. + +_1. Tiara isabella. 2. sulcata._] + + +TIARA isabella. + +_Fawn coloured Mitre._ + +---- + +Order Zoophaga. Family Volutidæ. + +Sub-Family Mitrianæ. (G. Mitra. Auct.) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Animal_---- + + Shell turrited, fusiform, the _base_ contracted and slightly recurved; + _pillar_ with 4-5 plaits, the upper plait sulcated: _outer lip_ smooth, + or entire. _Aperture_ narrow, striated within, and presenting an internal + groove at its upper extremity. _Nobis._ + + Types of Form. + + 1, _M. Corrugata_. 2, _Regina_. 3, _Sanguisuga_. 4, _Microzonias_. 5, + _Isabella_. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Ti. (Ty. 5) Shell slender, fawn coloured, unspotted, marked by slender + crowded, transverse, convex ribs, the interstices deeply cancellated; + inner lip wanting, outer lip crenately undulate; pillar 5 plaited._ + +---- + +It is highly probable that the Mitres, like some other carnivorous marine +animals, seek their prey, and habitually reside, in the deep recesses of +the ocean. Instances are recorded of individuals having been brought up +from great depths; and notwithstanding the number of species, of which we +already know near 150, very few are common. + +This genus, in short, is now become too overloaded, even for the purposes +of artificial arrangement: but we refrained from characterizing any other +group than _Conohelix_, until we analized the remainder. _Tiara_ appears to +be the second, or sub-typical group. The subordinate section, or type of +form, represented by T. _isabella_, includes several little known shells, +all marked by delicate transverse ribs and longitudinal striæ: the outer +lip is not strictly toothed or crenated, but is merely undulated by the +external sculpture: this subordinate group in _Tiara_, is aberrant: all the +species whose habitat we know, have come from the Pacific Ocean. + +_Tiara isabella_ is a shell of the greatest rarity. Our drawing was made +from a specimen (presumed unique) sold at the Bligh Sale for 3_l._ 3_s._ It +was stated to come from New Holland, and is now in the Manchester Museum. + +---- + +TIARA sulcata. + +_Sulcated Mitre._ + +---- + + _Tiara. (Ty. 5.) Shell marked by distinct, carinated, remote transverse + ribs, the interstices concave: pillar three plaited, epidermis brown._ + +For this new and very distinct species, we are indebted to Mr. Bulwar. It +was collected on the Pacific side of the American Isthmus. The central line +indicates the true size of our specimen. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: SYLVIA _Regulus_. + +_Gold-crested Warbler._] + + +SYLVIA Regulus. + +_Gold-crest. Golden-crested Warbler._ + +---- + +Family, Sylviadæ. Sub-family, Sylvianæ. _Nob._ +(_See North. Zool. Vol. 2._) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Bill_ very weak, considerably compressed, nearly straight; the tip bent + and notched: _rictus_ bristled. _Wings_ moderate. _Tail_ rather short. + +SUB-GENERA. Acanthiza. _Horsf. & Vig._ Phyllopneuste. _Meyer. pars._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Sides of the head without any indication of white bands, crest of the + male yellow-orange, bill very weak._ Temminck. + + Sylvia Regulus. _Tem. Man. 1. 229. Roitelet ordinaire._ + + Motacilla Regulus. _Linn. 1. 338._ + + Golden-crested Wren. _Montague, Ornith. Dict. 2. p._--_See particularly + the Introduction to Vol. 1. p. 34._ + +---- + +With the exception of the Humming Birds, the Gold crests are the smallest +birds in creation. The natural size of the only species found in this +country is here represented; while the weight seldom exceeds eighty grains. +Notwithstanding its delicate structure, this beautiful little bird braves +the severest winters of Northern Europe: it is found in Denmark (_Müll. +Zool. Dan._), and extends to the borders of the Arctic Circle, (_Temm._) It +is more frequent with us than is generally supposed, but its diminitive +size screens it from observation. It is perpetually in motion: hopping +among the branches, examining every leaf and spray, and will frequently +catch minute insects that endeavour to escape, by darting at them like a +Flycatcher: we have repeatedly watched a pair of these birds which +frequented our garden at Warwick, in the middle of winter, for three years: +their favourite resort was an old fir-tree, which they regularly and +carefully explored, much in the manner of the Titmice (_Parii_.) + +If the name of _Sylvia_ is to be retained in Ornithological systems, it +should obviously be applied to this, which has been correctly thought the +typical group of the whole family. _Acanthiza_, for reasons elsewhere +explained, appears a subordinate type, and _Phyllopneuste_ cannot be +adopted, without a glaring violation of natural affinities. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PHÆNICORNIS _flammeus_. + +_Orange Redbird._] + + +PHÆNICORNIS flammeus. + +_Orange Redbird._ + +---- + +Family Laniadæ. Sub-family Ceblepyrinæ. _Nob._ + +GENERIC(?) CHARACTER. + + _Bill_ with the sides compressed, the under mandible rather thick, the + gonyx ascending: _rictus_ bristled. _Feathers_ on the back and _rump_ + slightly spinous. _Wings_ short. _Tail_ rather lengthened, graduated, the + tip forked: the feathers narrow. + +PHÆNICORNIS. _Nob. Boié (pars.)_ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Glossy black and golden orange: head, throat, wings, upper part of the + back and middle of the tail glossy black; wings with two stripes of + orange._ + + Muscicapa flammea. _Auct. Tem. Pl. Col. pl. 263._ + +Mus. Paris. Nost. + +---- + +The Birds now arranged under this group, exclusively belong to Southern +India and its luxuriant Islands. About five species have been discovered, +most of which are ornamented with a plumage of the brightest scarlet, +crimson, or orange, relieved by glossy black. Their economy is not known, +but their structure leads us to believe they live upon caterpillars and +soft insects; as another group, representing these birds in Africa, are +known to prefer such food. Both have the back feathers thick and rigid; +although these characters are least apparent in _Phænicornis_. Our figure +is nearly of the natural size. The female is stated to be yellow, where the +male is orange. It appears to be not uncommon in Java. + +The genera _Parus_, _Turdus_, _Muscicapa_ and _Sylvia_ have alternately +been made the receptacles for these birds; to neither of which do we +consider they have any immediate affinity. Their whole structure evidently +accords with that of the Ceblepyrii, or Caterpillar catchers, of M. Cuvier; +a group first pointed out by Le Vaillant: but as these have never been put +in order, we can say nothing on the rank of _Phænicornis_, or on its +various relations. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: VOLUTILITHES. Pl. 1. + +_1. Muricina. 2. pertusa._] + + +VOLUTILITHES muricina. + +---- + +Family, Volutidæ. Sub-Family, Volutinæ. _Nob._ + +(_Genus Voluta, Lam._) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Spiral whorls regularly and gradually diminishing towards the apex, which + is always acute. Plaits of the pillar numerous, always indistinct, + generally evanescent, and sometimes wanting. _Nobis._ + +Type, Voluta musicalis? _Lam._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell nearly fusiform, the base narrow and smooth; the upper part with + longitudinal, subcostated, spinous plaits: inner lip thickened, the last + plait on the pillar very thick, and separated from the others, which are + slender, and nearly obsolete, by a deep groove._ + + Voluta Muricina. _Lam. Syst. 7, 1, 350. Ency. Meth. pl. 383. f. 1._ + +---- + +The fourth principal division of the Lamarkian Volutes has hitherto been +found only in a fossil state; unless, indeed, the _Voluta Braziliana_ +really belongs to this type. The species are very numerous, both in the +London clay, and the _Calcaire grossier_ of Grignon. They offer some +beautiful types of form, representing the conterminous groups in this +family, some of which we may hereafter notice more particularly. The +pre-eminent type may probably be the _V. musicalis_ of Lamarck; as yet, we +only know this fossil from descriptions and figures, but it has obviously +been confounded with several others. + +Lamarck has given a character so exquisitely finished of _V. muricina_, +that we have done little more than translate his words. Our specimen +appears to be from Grignon, and was furnished to us with the following, by +Messrs. Stuchbury, 33, Theobald's Road, Bedford Row. + +---- + +VOLUTILITHES pertusa. + + _Shell subfusiform, and the base striated; the upper part with thick, + remote, and somewhat nodulous ribs; traversed near the suture with lines + of punctured striæ; inner lip thickened, plaits on the pillar distinct, + the last very strong, the two next smaller, and the upper very slender._ + +---- + +This species is certainly undescribed by Lamarck, nor do we find it in Dr. +Fleming's useful compendium of the "Mineral Conchology." Our specimen has +the grey tinge of the London clay fossils. Neither of these species are +typical; as they represent the recent costated Volutes, in the adjoining +group. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MITRANÆ. Pl. 6. + +_1. Mitrella fusca. 2. ocellata. 3. olivæformis._] + + +MITRELLA fusca. + +---- + +Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Mitriana. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Shell smooth, polished, sub-fusiform, the base obtuse and effuse; the + plaits of the pillar oblique, and extending far beyond the aperture; + outer lip internally smooth, the margin entire. _Nobis._ + +Types of form. + +1. _M. fissuella._ 2. _casta. bicolor._ 3. _Olivæformis._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell entirely brown, marked by bands of punctured dots; spire and + aperture nearly equal._ + +---- + +The natural situation of this group, in its own circle of affinity, has +already been shewn; it connects, in the most satisfactory manner, the genus +_Mitra_, as now restricted, with that of _Conohelix_, and opens at the same +time a passage to the Olives. The species yet discovered are few, and hence +we yet can only trace three types of form; the first evidently representing +_Mitra_, and the third, probably, typifying _Conohelix_. _M. Olivaria_ +Lam., which truly belongs to this genus, may, perhaps, be only a +modification of the 2nd type, to which our present species strictly +belongs. The representation of this group among the Volutes, will be found +in _Voluta Zebra_ and its allies. + +_Mitrella fusca_ is small, and of great rarity; our own specimen, +beautifully perfect, is the only one we have yet seen. + +---- + +MITRELLA ocellata. + + _Shell whiteish, the lower half of the principal whorl brown, with a band + of alternate rufous and white spots, and marked with reticulated white + lines, and remote sulcated striæ, internally punctured; spire, and upper + part of the body whorl, delicately plaited, the plates crossed by + transverse lines of excavated dots._ + +---- + +This species has probably been overlooked as a variety of _M. Fissurella_; +its markings, indeed, are partially the same, but its sculpture, and even +its form, proves it to be distinct. The alternate white and rufous spots +bear a fanciful resemblance to eyes. The description of _M. Olivæformis_ +has already been given at Pl. 48, in the first volume of our former Series. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MARGARITADÆ Pl. 1 + +_Margarita crocata._] + + +MARGARITA crocata. + +_Orange Pearl-Oyster._ + +---- + +Order Acephala. Family Margaritadæ. _Nob._ + + MARGARITADÆ. _Animal_ byssiferous, attached to marine bodies by a + fascicle of tendinous filaments. _Shell_ foliaceous, the centre + internally pearly and iridescent: the form irregular; the margins fragile + and transparent. _Nob._ + +GENERA. MARGARITA. MALLEUS. PERNA. PINNA. (VULSELLA?) _Lam._ + +Sub-genera? Avicula. Crenatula. Inoceramus. _Auct._ + +---- + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + +Margarita. See Leach. Zool. Miss. 1. p.107. (1814.) + +(_Meleagrina. Lam. Syst. 1819._) + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell subquadrate, squamose, fulvous or yellow, the ear of the right + valve dilated and scarcely sinuated, that of the left valve very small: + inside silvery blue, hinge smooth._ + +---- + +It is the animal of this genus of Shells, which in sickness and disease, +produces the true oriental Pearl: the costly ornament of sovereigns, and +the chaste foil of beauty. An interesting account of the Pearl fishery of +Ceylon, will be found in Mr. Wood's entertaining _Zoography_, extracted +from Percival's History of that island. + +The present is a small species, seldom exceeding the size of the figure: in +young shells there is a cardinal tubercle in our valve, which disappears +with age. The Pearl-oysters are nearly all inhabitants of warm seas; the +species require much elucidation. + +The genera, above enumerated, appear to present such a series of +affinities, as to justify our suspicions that they form a natural group: +the more so, as their analogies may be traced among the perlacious +fluviatile shells, forming our family _Unionidæ_. If further investigation +should confirm the correctness of this idea, the sub-genera will, of +course, become types of form; bearing the same relation to the genera, as +_Dipsus_ does to _Anodon_, or _Castalia_ to _Hyria_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: NYCTINOMUS _amictus_. + +_Duvaucel's Nightfeeder._] + + +NYCTIORNIS amictus. + +_Duvaucel's Nightfeeder._ + +---- + +Sub-order, Fissirostres. Family ----? + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Bill_ subfalcated, compressed, margins of the upper mandible folding + over those of the lower: _rictus_ excessively wide. _Wings_ rounded, + moderate. Plumage lax, long. _Tarsi_ much shorter than the hallux. _Toes_ + and claws as in _Merops_ and _Prionites_. _Nobis._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Green, crown (in the adult) lilach, front of the throat and breast + bright red._ + + Merops amictus. _Pl. Col. pl. 310. fig. pessima._ + +Mus. Paris. + +---- + +This is perhaps the rarest, and certainly the most extraordinary bird, +which the recent Zoological researches in India has brought to light. Its +discovery is due to a young and accomplished Naturalist of France--M. +Duvaucel, now alas! no more: but who lived to perpetuate his name by his +brilliant discoveries, and to enrich the French Museum with the most +splendid specimens of oriential Zoology now in Europe. + +The form, habit, and wings of this charming bird, are almost precisely +those of _Prionites_; while the bill resembles that of _Merops_. Nothing +can exceed the beauty of its lilach crown, or the bright vermillion of its +throat. The bill is strong, and marked above on each sides with a sulcated +line: the gape is so wide, as to reach underneath the eye. The whole +structure of the bird, its round wings, and long lax plumage, indicates a +totally different economy from that of _Merops_; and this has been +confirmed by Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, who inform us that another +beautiful species, they have described, _feeds during the night_. + +Our drawing, scrupulously exact, was made at the _Jardin des Plants_. As we +find _Nyctinomus_ is a name already appropriated, we have substituted +_Nyctiornis_: and we place this group at the extremity of the +_Fissirostres_, adjoining to _Prionites_ among the _Scansores_. + +Total length ab. 13, wings 5¼, tail (beyond,) 3, tarsi hardly ½ in. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CULICIVORA _atricapilla_. + +_Black-crowned Gnatcatcher._] + + +CULICIVORA atricapilla. + +_Black crowned Warbler._ + +---- + +Family, Sylviadæ. Sub-family, Sylvianæ. _Nob._ +(_See North Zool. Vol. 2._) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + CULICIVORA. _Swains. in Zool. Journ. No. 11. Lesson Man. 2. p. 430._ + + _Bill_ very slender, the base depressed, the sides compressed, the culmen + arched from the base. _Nostrils_ long; aperture linear and naked; rictus + bearded. _Wings_ remarkably short. _Tail_ slender, graduated, and + generally lengthened. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above cinereous, beneath white; upper part of the head, middle tail + feathers, and base of the three outer feathers deep black. Quills + blackish, with white and grey margins._ + + Figuier à tête noir de Cayenne? _Pl. Enl. pl. 704. f. 1.?_ + +---- + +The birds composing this natural but intricate group, have hitherto been +found only in America. Scarcely superior in size to the Gold-crested Wrens, +they exhibit much of the same activity and restlessness in searching after +insects. Yet their manners, in other respects, are more in unison with +those of the flycatching birds. + +In size and in structure, our bird perfectly accords with the _Sylvia +cærulea_ of Vieil, and represents that northern species in tropical +America, but we are fearful of identifying it with that figured in the _Pl. +Enl._ Our drawings are of the natural size; in both these species the bill +perfectly resembles that of _Prinia_. Horsf. except in being somewhat +shorter: the feet, however, are those of _Setophaga_, Swains. The +Flycatchers and Warblers, are so blended together, by all writers, that we +have not yet been able to discover the typical example of this group. Its +true affinities, however, appear to be as follows:-- + +_Culicivora_ is represented in Africa by _Drymoica, Sw._, in India by +_Prinia, Horsf._, and in Australia by _Malurus, Vieil._ These genera, in +conjunction with that of _Sylvia_, seem to indicate the first typical +circle of this family. Culicivora exhibits many singular characters; in +some approaching to _Prinia_, the tail is very short: others, shewing an +affinity to _Sylvia_, have yellow crests: while a few species, leading to +_Setophaga_, present us with the depressed bill of a Flycatcher. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: OLIVA. Pl. 2. + +_Olivella purpurata. 2. eburnea._] + + +OLIVA purpurata. + +_Purple-mouthed Olive._ + +---- + +Family Volutidæ.--Genus Oliva. _Auct._ + +SUB-GENUS, OLIVELLA. + +CHARACTERS. + + _Spire_ of the shell lengthened, conic, the tip acute: inner lip not + thickened, outer lip straight: base of the pillar curved inwards, and + marked by 2 strong plaits; upper plaits evanescent, or entirely wanting. + _Aperture_ effuse, and closed by an operculum? _Nobis._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell whiteish, with a very acute spire, nearly as long as the aperture; + middle of the body whorl marked by angulated brown lines: suture with + spots and fascicles of longitudinal stripes: basal belt very broad: + aperture purple._ + + Oliva biplicata? _Sow. Tank. Cat. No. 2332. p. 33._ + +---- + +This shell maybe considered as typical of a small group of Olives, which we +suspect are peculiar to the American seas; they offer many points of +difference from those of the Indian Ocean. We recollect to have seen +another species, in some cabinet, with a small operculum. We have been +fearful of pronouncing this to be the _O. biplicata_, as the judicious +Conchologist will perceive the two descriptions do not exactly agree; and +we have another to which the characters given of _biplicata_ will equally +well apply. The perpendicular line indicates the natural size. + +---- + +OLIVA eburnea. + +_Ivory Olive._ + + _Shell entirely white, or marked by two bands of angulated purplish + spots; pillar about 8-9 plaited: basal belt and spire always white; the + former single._ + + Oliva eburnea. _Lam. Syst. 7. 1. p. 438._ + +---- + +This is the very common little Olive, sent in such abundance in the West +India boxes of shells; we figure it, because it is seldom rightly named in +collections, being confounded with _conoidalis_, _oryza_, and several +others of an equally diminutive size: the plaits are sharp, short, well +defined, and nearly all of equal size; although the base of the pillar +forms an internal elevation. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MARIUS _Thetys_.] + + +MARIUS Thetys. + +---- + +Order Lepidoptera. Sub-order Papilionides. + +(Thrysanuriform Stirps.--Horsf.) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Pl. 45. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings horizontally lengthened, above bright rufous, transversely banded, + with blackish stripes; beneath marbled with brown: lower part of the + head, body, abdominal margin of the inferior icings, and feet, cream + colour._ + + Papilio Petreus, _Cramer, Pl. 87, D. E._ + + ---- Thetys. _Fabricius._ Mant. Ins. 2, p.47. Eus. Syst. 3, 1, 77. + +---- + +We frequently captured this Butterfly on the skirts of the Brazilian +forests: its flight is bold and powerful, but it loves to bask on those +leafy spots, where the sun, darting through a small opening of the dense +foliage, illuminates a little space with sparkling brightness. + +The poor and somewhat inaccurate figure of this insect in Cramer's work, is +the only representation yet published. We have not had leisure to +investigate its scientific relations, further than to ascertain its close +affinity with _Marius_; of which group it appears on aberrant species. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: EURYMUS _Philodice_.] + + +EURYMUS Philodice. + +---- + +Family Papilionidæ. (Juliform Stirps. Horsf.) + +Sub Family, Colianæ. + +Sub-genus(?) Eurymus. _Nob. Horsf._ + +CHARACTERS. + + _Palpi_ rather lengthened, cloathed and fringed with unequal, disunited + hairs, the two last joints obliquely porrect, and scarcely touching the + head. _Antennæ_ slender, terminating abruptly in a thick cylindrical + club. _Wings_ simple, rounded, entire; destitute of concealed appendages. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings yellow above; with a common border of black. Anterior above with a + small, linear-oval, black, discoid spot._ + + Col. Alis integerrimis, rotundatis, flavis, limbo communi suprà nigro: + subtùs anticis puncto ocellari, posticis sesquialtero argenteo; his + sub-rufescentibus; anticarum limbo suprà (fem.) flavo maculato. _Ency. + Meth. p. 100._ + +---- + +The Butterflies constituting this group, are nearly restricted in their +geographic range to the temperate regions of the old and the new world. +Their principal metropolis appears to be in Europe; about twelve species +having been described as natives of that continent. Of these, five are +found in Britain; one of which, _E. Edusa_, has a very wide range; we have +seen specimens from the mountains of Nepaul, and we possess others, +collected by our friend Mr. Burchell, in Southern Africa. _C. Philodice_ +hitherto unfigured, is the only species of a strictly typical character +discovered in North America: we have several specimens from New York, where +it appears not uncommon: the middle figure represents the female. + +In illustrating this group, we feel called up to notice in a particular +manner, the courtesy of Dr. Horsfield in adopting our manuscript name, +after it had remained so many years unpublished, that the circumstance, on +our part, had been totally forgotton. To us the mere credit of having +pointed out a group, flattering as it might once have been, is now +trifling: but the high principles which prompted the unequivocal thanks of +Dr. Horsfield, must ever demand our respect. The passage, indeed, so +honourable to its writer, singularly contrasts with the ambiguous +acknowledgements, tendered to us from other quarter. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: GRYLLIVORA _saularis_. + +_Male._] + + +GRYLLIVORA Saularis. + +_Dial Bird._ + +---- + +Family Sylviadæ. Sub Family Saxicolinæ. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Bill_ strong, compressed, the culmen gradually curved from the base, the + tip strongly notched: the margins inflexed, the rictus bearded. _Tarsi_ + elevated, robust. _Wings_ rounded, the 3, 4, 5 and 6th quills nearly + equal, lesser quills nearly all of equal length. _Tail_ graduated; the + feathers broad. _Nob._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Glossy blue-black, body beneath, and a broad longitudinal band in the + middle of the wing, pure white: tail graduated, the three middle feathers + black and nearly equal, the three outer suddenly diminishing, and pure + white._ + + Gracula Saularis. _Auctorum._ + +---- + +Naturalists, until of late, were accustomed to pay so little regard to the +habits and manners of birds, that of some of the most common species, we +know as little now, as we did a century ago. We are in this predicament +with the species before us, called the Dial Bird by Albin, whose vague and +very questionable account of its manners, has been copied by every +succeeding writer. We believe that under the name of Gracula Saularis, two, +if not three species are confounded. We doubt Le Vaillants _Cadran_ (Ois. +d'Af. pl. 109) being the same as our bird: he distinctly describes and +figures the female as _rufous_. Ours, (so labelled), is grey. To us, its +natural affinity with the Saxicolæ appears almost unquestionable, but on +this point we shall dwell more at length in another place. The curious +analogy between this bird and _Petroica bicolor_, has already been +mentioned: the plumage of both are precisely alike. It is thus that Nature, +ever unfolding some new link of her interminable chain of relations, +impresses on the mind the sublimity of that plan, which OMNIPOTENCE alone +can fully comprehend. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PTILIOGONYS _cinereus_. + +_female._] + + +PTILIOGONYS cinereus. _female._ + +---- + +Family Laniadæ. Sub-family Ceblepyrinæ. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. 164. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Head sub-crested; body above cinerous, tinged with grey brown, beneath + ferruginous; belly white; under tail covers bright yellow; lateral tail + feathers with an internal white band._ Female. + + Ptiliogonys cinereus. _Cat. of Mex. Mus. App. p. 4. (1824.)_ + + Ptiliogonys (_not Ptiliogonatus_,) cinereus. _Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. + 164. Phil. Mag. and Annals. June 1827, p. 367._ + + Piroll velauté. _Pl. Col. p. 422._ + +Mus. Nost. + +---- + +Although not particularly striking in its plumage, this is one of the most +interesting birds, to the ornithologist, which has yet been gleaned from +the little known regions of Mexico. Closely allied, by its short and broad +bill to the Flycatchers, it is principally distinguished from them by the +absence of those bristles round the mouth, which almost invariably belong +to purely insectivorous birds. Its very short, robust, and feathered tarsi, +the profile of the bill, construction of the wing, and even the colouring +of the plumage, all remind us of the _Ceblepyrinæ_ or +Catterpillar-catchers, and point to that group as containing its true +affinities: a group, however, which is in such confusion, that we venture +not to hazard any speculations on the precise station of this curious +genus. + +If the authors of the _Planches Coloriées_, will consult the Philosophical +Magazine for July 1827, (one of the oldest and best of our scientific +Journals), they will find that this, and most of the birds from Mexico, +which they are now describing as _new_, were long ago named and +characterized by us. Our list, indeed, of all those brought over by Mr. +Bullock, was printed with the catalogue, in 1824, when one of the Authors +was himself in England, and viewed the collection. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CYNTILIA _Swainsonia_.] + + +AMYNTHIA Swainsonia. + +---- + +Family Papilionidæ. Sub-family Colianæ. + +CHARACTERS. + + _Antennæ_ graduating from the base to a lengthened, cylindrical truncated + club; the terminal joint of which is naked and concave. _Head_ smooth, + destitute of a fascicle of hairs between the antennæ. _Palpi_ as in + _Colias_, the last joint inclining upwards. _Wings_ angulated, with + concealed appendages. _Feet_ as in _Colias_. _Nob._ + +Type. _Col. Merula._ Auct. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above greenish white, anterior with a yellow disk, and a + quadrangular black dot, encircled with orange: wings beneath obscurely + lineated with green._ + + Colias Swainsonia. _Leach. M. S. S._ + +---- + +We had the satisfaction of discovering this lovely Butterfly in the +interior of Pernambuco, during our Brazilian researches in 1813. Although +assiduously sought after, we never captured more than three specimens, and +these were met with far distant from the coast: it must be either +excessively rare, or very locally distributed. The colouring is peculiarly +chaste and elegant; the ground is a pearly white, tinged with green, and +relieved by clear yellow: in the female this latter colour is more diluted, +and spreads nearly to the base of the anterior wings. This group appears to +be the tropical representative of _Gonepteryx_; from which it is much more +distinguished than _Eurymus_ is from _Colias_. The two European types are +called by British collectors, Brimstones, and Clouded-yellows. Dr. +Horsfield has judiciously removed _P. Glaucippe_ from _Pieris_ to _Colias_, +to which (although an aberrant species,) it manifestly belongs. We should +not be surprised if that insect leads to _Amynthia_ by means of _Amy. +Leachiana_ (Pl. 6. of our first series), which will be seen, from the +description, to exhibit many deviations from its conjenors: this however is +a mere supposition, for we have not yet analized these groups. Independant +of the characters here sketched, _Gonepteryx_ is distinctly separated from +_Amynthia_, by the peculiar construction of the feet. The mistake of the +printer, seen upon the plate, was discovered too late for correction. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: AMPULLARIA. Pl. 3. + +_A. fasciata._] + + +AMPULLARIA fasciata. var. + +_Fasciated Apple Snail._ + +---- + +Order, Phytophaga. Family, Ampullaridæ. _Guilding._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Guilding in Zool. Journ. No. 12, p. 538 + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell thin, smooth, banded, ventricose; spire pointed, the whorls very + convex; umbilicus open, rather large._ + + Am. fasciata. _Lam. Sys. 6, 177._ + + Am. fasciata. _Zool. Illust. 1 Series. 2. pl. 103._ + + Am. fasciata, var. canaliculata. _Sw. in Bligh Cat._ + + Am. canaliculata. _Lam. Syst. 6, 178._ + +---- + +In our former series we represented this species as it is usually seen; our +present figures were drawn from a very uncommon variety, received by Mrs. +Mawe from Brazil, in which not the slightest appearance of the external +transverse bands are apparent. The specimen now forms a part of the +valuable and extensive Museum of the Natural History Society of Manchester; +a collection which we believe is superior to that of any provincial town in +the kingdom. It is gratifying to us to inform the scientific student, that +its contents will be thrown open to his enquiries with a promptitude and +liberality, which he will in vain look for at some of the Zoological +Institutions of the metropolis. + +Our friend Henry Parker, Esq. of Liverpool, who while prosecuting his +botanical researches in Demerara, was not unmindful of conchology, favoured +us with an interesting series of specimens from that river, clearly shewing +that the A. _fasciata_ and _canaliculata_ of Lamarck are varieties of one +species; or rather, that there are specimens of _fasciata_ which perfectly +agree with his description of _canaliculata_. We further learn from Mr. +Parker, that the inhabitant of this, and of other species, are a favourite +food with the crafty Herons, who use their bill as a spear to take them +from the bottom; in some places, the banks of the river are strewed with +empty shells, all perforated by these birds. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CONUS. Pl. 2. + +_Conus lithoglyphus._] + + +CONUS lithoglyphus. + +_Ermine Cone._ + +---- + +Zoophaga. Family Strombidæ. _Nob._ + + Operculum of the Animal smaller than the aperture of its shell; outer lip + of the latter detached above. + + TYPICAL GENERA. 1, TEREBELLUM. 2, STROMBUS. 3, CONUS. 4, ----? 5, + PLEUROTOMA. _Auct._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lam. Syst. 7, 440. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell turbinated, redish orange, with two undulated white boards; base + granulated, spire obtuse._ + + Conus lithoglyphus. _Mus. Gevers. p. 350. Brug. Ency. Meth. p. 692. Lam. + Syst. 7, 490. C. Ermineus, Dillwyn, 395._ + + Icones. _Seba 3, pl. 42, f. 40, 41. Chem. pl. 140, f. 1298. Ency. Meth. + pl. 338, f. 8.? Martini, 2, pl. 57, f. 630.--1.?_ + +---- + +The Cone Shells belong to a predatious race of Molluscæ, who feed upon the +innumerable "creeping things," which swarm in the prolific seas of the +Oriental hemisphere: destitute both of jaws and lips, their mouth is formed +into a long trunk or proboscis; with this they contrive to bore into solid +shells, and suck the vital juices of their victims. Nearly all the species +are natives of the Indian Ocean. + +The circular system of Nature has been so fully demonstrated, that it must +now be received as the first great truth in Natural History. As, therefore, +there can be but _one_ natural system, it necessarily follows that all +combinations of groups, whether large or small, which do not pretend to +exhibit such a disposition, must be more or less artificial +classifications. We allude to this our opinion, as explanatory of those +principles which have influenced the views indicated here of M. Cuviers +_Pectinibranchi_; the more so, as we shall be obliged to characterize many +new divisions, and to reform others, without the immediate opportunity of +explaining our reasons. In another work we hope to enter on such details; +and to shew we have been guided, in this matter, by more weighty +considerations than mere individual opinion. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: TODUS _viridis_. + +_Green Tody._] + + +TODUS viridis. + +_Green Tody._ + +---- + +Family Todidæ. See Pl. 41. + + PUBLISHED GENERA. Fluvicola. Nengetus. Alecturus. Muscicapa, (_pars_). + Conopophaga. Platyrhynchus. Todus. Eurylamus. Querula? Psaris. + Pachyrhynchus. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lesson, Man. 1, p. 178. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Bright green, beneath whiteish; throat scarlet; sides of the body rosey; + under tail covers yellow._ + + Todus viridis. _Auct._ + +Mus. Paris. Nost. + +---- + +This singular little bird has long excited the particular attention of +those naturalists who study the affinities of groups, more than the details +of species. It is a native of the West Indian Islands, and although stated +to be not uncommon, the accounts given of its manners are perfectly +contradictory. One author asserts that it is almost always seen upon the +ground, from whence it receives the name of _Perroquet de Terre_: another, +that it only frequents the "lonely part of moist places" (woods?), where it +sits in a couched manner, with its head thrown considerably back, and is so +stupid, as almost to be taken by the hand. M. Vieillot confirms part of the +latter particulars, although he repeats, without denying, the former. In +our opinion the last is entitled to the most credance, although it is +contradictory to the idea of this being a terrestial bird. + +We cannot but feel surprise and regret, that the "very interesting account" +of this bird, long ago announced (_Zool. Journ. Dec. 1827. p. 439_), as +having been sent from Cuba, by Mr. Macleay, to the Linnean Society, should +still be unknown to the scientific world. There is, indeed, a valuable +paper by this gentleman on certain birds of Cuba, in the first part of the +sixteenth Vol. of the Society's Transactions, where its author alludes to +the "description and anatomy of two birds" (_p. 12_) both of which are +nevertheless omitted: The _Todus viridis_, we apprehend is truly "one of +those solitary species," which, as Mr. Macleay observes, "from having been +neglected, may serve to unfold an exception, _sufficient to destroy the +most plausible system_." For ourselves, we shall feel much surprised if +this bird is entitled, in the slightest degree, to a station among the +_Fissirostres_, in which order it has been placed by M. Vigors, in his +paper "On the Natural affinities of Birds." + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MURICINÆ Pl. 1. + +_Murex imperialis._] + + +MUREX Imperialis. + +_Imperial Murex._ + +---- + +Family, Buccinidæ. Sub-family Muricinæ. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lam. Syst. + + Types of form. 1. M. Regius. 2. palmarosæ. 3. tripterus. 4. + tenuispinosus. 5. radix? _Lam._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + Type 1. _Shell ponderous, with from four to five varices between the two + lips; the varices simple, nodulous, and obtuse: intermediate, or false + varices, none; aperture yellow, orange, or red; inner lip striated only + at the base._ + +---- + +The inhabitants of the Murices, or Rock Shells, are rapacious; and feed, +for the most part, upon animal matter, either living or dead. By the latter +instinct they are led to frequent harbours and sea-ports, for the sake of +offal, and other animal refuse, thrown from vessels, which they greedily +devour. Lamarck, with his usual precision, has characterized many species; +but for the very beautiful one now, we believe, for the first time +described, we have to thank Messrs. Stuchbury, who favoured us with the +inspection of a fine series of specimens, received from the Island of +Margarita, Lat. 11. 20. N. Lon. 63. 20. W. + +The genera _Buccinum_ and _Murex_ of Linné, appear typical of the +carnivorous order _Zoophaga_, whose shells are either notched or channelled +at their base. These arrange themselves under two great divisions. In one +the animal has an operculum or lid, which closes the entrance of his shell; +in the other, the shell itself is more or less enveloped by two large +lobes, called the mantle, with which the animal covers his habitation. +Nevertheless, these two divisions, as M. Cuvier has fully shown, become +insensibly united, and form one natural group. The two principal divisions +of the operculated race are represented by _Cassis_ and _Murex_; the genera +of the first have been pretty correctly made out; but those of the +_Muricinæ_ require much reformation; so far as regards the definition of +their typical forms, and their apparent series of affinities. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CONUS. Pl. 1. + +_1. fumigatus. 2. franciscanus._] + + +CONUS fumigatus. + +---- + +Family Strombidæ. Sub-family Conianæ. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lamarck. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell smooth, spire very short, channeled, or with the whorls· concave: + colour chesnut, belted with white, and articulated rows of chesnut dots._ + + Conus fumigatus _Brug. Diet. 94. Lam. Syst. 7. 496._ + + Icones. _Mart. 2 pl. 56. f. 618. Ency. Meth. pl. 336. f. 7._ + +---- + +A species not conspicuous for its beauty, but by no means of common +occurrence: its close resemblance to the next has induced us to illustrate +both by figures. _C. fumigatus_ seldom exceeds the size here represented; +it may at once be known from _franciscanus_ (which is a much smaller +shell,) by the spiral whorls being _concave_, instead of _convex_: this +species occurs in the Indian Ocean. + +If the student compares either _Strombus Luhuanus_, _Mauritianus_, or +_Persicus_, with any of the wide mouthed Cones, he will immediately +perceive the affinity between the two groups. In both, the operculum of the +animal is small, but in _Conus_ it seems reduced to a mere vestage; while +the shell, nearly rolled upon its own axis, indicates the near approach +which Nature has now made towards the Cowries; a family, however, +essentially distinguished by the great developement of the mantle, and the +total absence of an operculum. + +---- + +CONUS franciscanus. + + _Shell smooth, chesnut, with two white bands, the upper one near the + suture: spire short, the whorls convex._ + + C. franciscanus. _Lam. Syst. 7. 493. Ency. Meth. 337. f. 5._ + +---- + +Lamarck mentions Africa and the shores of the Mediterranean, as the native +locality of this shell. It escaped our researches on the coasts of Italy, +Sicily, and Greece, and we suspect it to be an Oriental species. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PIERIS _Nigrina_.] + + +PIERIS Nigrina. + +---- + +PIERIS (_pars._) Latr: Stev. PONTIA (_pars._) Fab. Horsf. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennæ_ with a spatulate, considerably compressed, obovate club. + _Palpi_ hairy: the first joint with basal articulations, (Horsf. pl. 4. + f. 10) beyond which it is hardly longer than the second, or the third, + which are each of equal length. _Anterior Wings_ with the exterior margin + manifestly shorter than the posterior. + +Type. Pieris Belisama. _Lat._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above white in one sex, grey in the other; anterior tipt with + black; beneath black, with a terminal band of yellow: posterior wings + beneath black, varied with grey, and marked with an undulated, nearly + central, border of crimson._ + + Pieris Nigrina. _Fab. Sys. Ent. 475. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 20. Ency. Meth. p. + 149. Don. Ins. of New Holl. 19. f. 1._ + +---- + +Although this elegantly marked insect has long been known to Entomologists, +we believe it has only once been figured. It is not uncommon in Australia, +and being a typical species, we select it to illustrate this group. + +The Butterflies called _Whites_, in the common language of Collectors, +(_Pieris_, _Lat._) are distinguished by their great simplicity of +colouring, and a predominence of white upon their wings. It is a singular +fact, that the various species of this family, among which are included the +different white Butterflies of Europe; feed chiefly on such plants as are +nourishing and salutary to the human body, such as the various sorts of +cabbages, coleworts, turnips, &c., and in every foreign country where these +white Butterflies have been found, plants of the same nutricious qualities, +are sure to be discovered in the vicinity of their haunts. + +The group to which we here restrict the name of _Pieris_, is confined, we +believe, exclusively to the old world, and principally to intertropical +latitudes. We have been much embarassed, however, in applying this name +correctly. Dr. Horsfield has placed many of our Indian _Pieres_ under the +genus _Pontia_, which group is restricted by Mr. Stephens to European +insects. As this latter disposition is more in unison with our own views, +we have adapted it; considering _P. Cratægi_ to be the only aberrant +representative of _Pieris_ in Europe. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: EURYMUS _Europome_.] + + +EURYMUS Europome. + +_The Clouded Sulphur._ + +---- + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Pl. 60. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _See Stevens. Ill. of Brit. Ent. 1. p. 10. and Haw. Lep. Brit. 13._ + + Papilio Europome. _Haworth Lep. Brit. p. 13. No. 12._ + + Colias Europome. _Stev. pl. 1.* fig. 1. male. 2. 3. female._ Syst. Cat. + 5797. + +In Mus. Nost. + +---- + +Much interest has recently been excited among British entomologists +regarding this butterfly. Some are of opinion that it is not a native of +Britain, while others, with a strong shew of reason, contend that it is +truly indiginous. The specimens in the British collection formed by our +lamented parent, and now in our possession, having been alluded to by both +parties, we have been induced to represent them, and to throw some light +upon their history. + +So anxiously did our honored father preserve his cabinet, free from exotic +specimens, that knowingly, he never admitted _one_, even as a temporary +substitute for a native example. Yet living, in his early days, in constant +intercourse with the famous Dutchess of Portland, Dr. Lightfoot, and Mr. +Lewin, he received, from these sources, some few insects, which were placed +in his cabinet, _under the assurance_ that they were British. Among these +are _Pap. Podalirius_, _Daplidice_, and the two specimens of the alleged +_Europome_ here figured: the latter being mistaken, _and intermixed_, with +three examples of the true _Hyale_. On the other hand, it is incumbent upon +us to say, that both these have been mended, before coming into our +father's possession, by the heads and antennae of _Gonepteryx Rhamni_! We +must also state, that upon closely comparing them with a series of _E. +Philodice_, we have failed to discover what appears to us a true specific +distinction. The same unsuccess has attended our efforts to detach +_Chrysotheme_ from _Edusa_, of which latter we possess specimens from +Germany, Genoa, Sicily, Greece, Africa, and several others unlabelled, all +varying more or less from each other, and from British examples. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MALACONOTUS _Barbarus_. + +_Barbary Shrike._] + + +MALACONOTUS Barbarus. + +_Barbary, or yellow-crowned Shrike._ + +---- + +Family Laniadæ. Sub-family Thamnophilinæ. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + +Swains. in Zool. Journ. 3. p. 163. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above glossy black, beneath crimson; crown fulvous yellow: vent and + flanks buff._ + + Lanius barbarus. _Linn._ Icon. _Pl. Enl. 56._ + + Laniarius barbarus. _Ency. Meth. Orn. p. 755._ + + Le Gonolek. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. pl. 69._ + +---- + +The true Shrikes, of which two, if not three species inhabit England, are +bold and cruel birds: they attack others, scarcely smaller than themselves, +and seize them like a Falcon, by their talons during flight. The Bush +Shrikes on the other hand, are a more ignoble race; they only prowl after +young or sickly birds, and seek their principal nourishment from those +insects which shelter in foliage. These birds form two distinct groups, +confined to the tropical latitudes of the Old and the New World. The first, +_Thamnophilus_, is restricted to America, and the species are known by +their dark coloured plumage. _Malaconotus_, is, we believe, purely an +African group, while most of the typical species, like the present, are +cloathed in bright and beautiful colours. + +This elegant bird seems to be abundant in Western Africa, but is rare +towards the Cape of Good Hope. Hence Le Vaillant had no opportunity of +learning its peculiar manners. Its size is that of a Thrush; the feathers +on the back are very long, and the first joint of the outer toe is _free_. +Nature, ever prone to typify her relations, and to preserve harmony between +groups, essentially distinct, has given to the bill of this bird, a form +closely resembling that of _Pitta_; the genus by which _Malaconotus_ is +represented among the Thrushes. + +A partial consideration of this group induced us, some years ago, to adopt +the generic name of _Laniarius_; but in a more recent investigation of the +species so denominated, we have failed to discover sufficient reason for +separating them, generically, from _Malaconotus_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: DONACOBIUS _vociferans_. + +_Babbling Thrush._] + + +DONACOBIUS vociferans. + +_Babbling Thrush._ + +---- + +Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Macropodianæ. _Nob._ + +CHARACTERS. + + Bill arched from the base, moderate, and generally entire; wings very + short: tail broad, rounded. Feet and toes of great strength and size; + plumage lax, and soft. _Nobis._ + + GRACULA (_pars._) _Cuv._ POMATORHINUS. _Horsf. Tem._ (_pars._) PITTA. + (_p._) OPETIORHYNCHUS. IXOS. (_p._) MALURUS (_p._) _Tem._ TIMALIA. + MEGALURUS. _Horsf._ DASYORNIS. PHOSPHODES. _Vig._ + +---- + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Bill slender, moderate, the upper mandible notched; nostrils naked, + membranaceous, the aperture terminal. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above blackish brown, beneath fulvous yellow; sides of the body lineated + with black lines, base of the quills and tips of the laternal tail + feathers pure white, sides of the neck, with a naked space._ + + Gracula longirostris? _Auct._ + +---- + +It is seldom that the notes of the feathered race are absolutely +disagreeable, but we never remember to have heard a bird with a voice of +such astounding discord, as that now before us. Its particular note, if +note it could be called, we do not now recollect; but it was so shrill, +grating, and monotonous, that we have frequently rushed out of the house, +to drive away the babbling disturbers. This happened at the hospitable +residence of our friend Mr. Pinches, of Pernambucco, whose house was close +to a small swamp, overgrown with reeds, among which these birds delight to +dwell; and which in fact, they never quit. Clinging to the smooth stems by +their strong feet and acute claws, they were incessantly uttering discord +with the most provoking perseverance: all the time moving their body from +one side to the other, spreading out their tail, and straining their +throats, in the most grotesque way imaginable. On each side of the neck, is +a long space of bare skin of a deep yellow colour: they live in pairs, and +build a pensile nest among the reeds: their flight is very slow and feeble. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MURICINÆ. Pl. 2. + +_Murex erythrostomus._] + + +MUREX erythrostomus. + +_Pink-mouthed Murex._ + +---- + +Family Buccinidæ. Sub-family Muricinæ. _Nob._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + (Type 1.) _Shell spinous: varices between the two lips four; armed with + conic, generally pointed spines, the upper and lower of which are + vaulted; colour reddish white, articulated with brown: false varices + intermediate; aperture rosey: inner lip smooth._ + +---- + +Messrs. Stuchbury obligingly forwarded us fine specimens of this lovely +species, for comparison with _M. Regius_ and _Imperialis_. In general habit +it has a close affinity to the first, but is distinguished by intermediate +false varices, which in that species are wanting; while the upper and lower +spines are alone vaulted: from _Imperialis_ our shell is further removed, +by the varices being spinous, instead of nodulous; this latter character +being seen only in the intermediate protuberances, and in the false +varices. + +We have already intimated our belief that _Murex_ and _Cassis_ represent +two equivalent groups; and these, as containing several established genera, +we shall consider as sub-families: giving them the usual termination of +_inæ_. Those higher naturalists, who have long since abandoned the belief +in absolute divisions and isolated genera, are fully aware that no groups +are more likely to exhibit the arrangement of nature, than such as contain +numerous species, under a great diversity of forms. The _Murices_ are of +this description, and appear to exhibit, among themselves, a circular +series. _Triton_ and _Murex_ also seem typical genera, and of equal value. +_Ranella_ obviously belongs to the first; yet, as it is merely a +subordinate type of form, we cannot, under this belief, retain it as a +_genus_, without a manifest inconsistency; unless, indeed, it is thought +expedient to consider the types of form in _Murex_, as so many genera, and +elevate three others in _Triton_ to the same rank; a refinement in +nomenclature, which we cannot think is in the least degree necessary. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: EUTERPE _Terea_.] + + +EUTERPE Terea. + +---- + +PAPILIO. (_pars._) _Latrielle._ SUB-FAMILY PIERESINÆ. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennæ_ lengthened, terminating in a broad, very compressed, spatulate + club. _Palpi_ hairy; the first joint very long, exceeding the united + length of the two next: second joint half as long as the first; third + very small, manifestly shorter than the second. _Anterior wings_ long, + papilioniform; the exterior margin longer than the posterior. _Nob._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above black: anterior both above and below, with a trifid white or + yellowish central spot: posterior with a four-parted rosey spot; and + varigated beneath, at the base, with yellow and rosy stripes._ + + Papilio Terias. _Latrielle & Godart. En. Meth. 1. p. 38. No. 39._ + +---- + +Nature has so completely disguised this Butterfly in the form and colours +of a genuine Papilio, as to have deceived the first entomologist now in +Europe, and his most skilful and accurate coadjutator. In the _Ency. +Methodique_ we find this species recorded as a _Papilio_; whereas it +perfectly agrees, in all the details of its structure, with the characters +proposed in that valuable work for the genus _Pieris_. Whether nature has +employed this beautiful device to indicate the group which next succeeds in +her series, or whether she has intended it to point out a strong analogy, +are questions which, in our present imperfect knowledge of Lepidopterous +groups, cannot be answered. + +Of this group we possess several new and highly interesting species. It is +worthy of remark, that they were all collected in one particular locality, +and at the same season. This was during a short residence at Mandioca, the +plantation of Dr. Langsdorff, among the woods at the base of the Organ +mountains, near Rio de Janeiro. + +We believe this group is restricted to tropical America, where it probably +represents the genuine _Pieres_, (as defined at pl. 69,) of the Old World. +The present species is subject to much variation in the size, proportion, +and colour of its spots: the white is sometimes pale yellow, and the rosy +becomes of a deeper and brighter hue. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PELEUS. + +_1. Gentius. 2. Æacus_] + + +PELEUS Æacus. + +---- + +Family Hesperidæ. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennæ_ not hooked, the club formed into a long, slender, fusiform + arch. _Wings_ with both surfaces alike, horizontally divaricated when at + rest; posterior rounded, entire; broader from the base to the anal angle, + than to the exterior margin. + +Type. Hesp. Peleus. _Fab._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings deep brownish black; anterior with a redish transverse band, + united to a spot of the same, and tipt with a sub-hyaline band of redish + orange._ + + Hesp. Peleus. _Fab. Cramer, pl. 284, f. F._ + +---- + +Entomologists, from being acquainted only with the habits of the European +species of this family, represent the _Hesperidæ_ as resting with only the +hinder wings elevated: This is altogether a mistake. Some groups, indeed, +assume this position when basking in the sun, or taking food; but even +these, when fairly at rest, erect their wings in the ordinary manner: a +fact we have repeatedly witnessed. Not so, however, with the group we now +illustrate: and which is peculiar to South America. These insects rest +_with all the four wings expanded_; and hide themselves during the meridian +heat, on the under side of broad leaves, in the deep forests. From never +appearing exposed, this species long escaped our search, but having once +discovered this singular part of its economy, we captured it in abundance. +It probably feeds, like many of the _Sphingides_, or Hawk Moths, in the +morning and evening, but its haunts were too far from our habitation, to +allow of ascertaining this point. + +---- + +PELEUS Gentius. + + _Anterior wings black, with three yellow bars, posterior yellow, with a + simple black border._ + + Hesp. Gentius. _Fab. Cramer, pl. 179, f. C._ + +---- + +Our specimens of this very rare insect were captured by Dr. Langsdorff, in +the interior of Southern Brazil, the colours of the under surface of the +wings are the same as those of the upper. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: MALACONOTUS _atro-coccineus_. + +_Black & crimson Shrike._] + + +MALACONOTUS atro-coccineus. + +_Burchell's Shrike._ + +---- + +GENERIC CHARACTER, &c. See Pl. 71. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Black, beneath crimson: lesser wing covers banded with white, greater + covers and lesser quills with a broad, white, longitudinal stripe._ + + Malaconotus atro-coccineus. _Burchell, Zool. Journ. 1. p. 461. Pl. 18._ + +Mus. D. Burchell. + +---- + +Among the few Ornithological subjects which that accomplished traveller, +Mr. Burchell, has yet published from his vast collections of African +Zoology, is the charming bird here figured. It was discovered near +Litakoon, the principal town of the Bachapins, a nation never before known +to Europeans. Its principal range is between lat. 27. 20. and 29. 10. S. on +the meridian of 24. E. "To a traveller," continues our friend, "wandering +through the airy groves of the _Transgaripine_, the sight of these _Lanii_, +flying from branch to branch above his head, and displaying their fine +colour in all its brilliancy, suddenly arrests his steps, and claims his +admiration. Viewed in such a position, little of their black colour is +seen, and they then appear to be entirely scarlet." + +A most beautiful analogy may be traced between the two principal groups of +the Bush Shrikes, and those of the Ant-thrushes. The genus _Malaconotus_ +corresponds to the _Pittæ_, in being restricted to the old world, in the +vivid colours of their plumage, and the connexion, in the typical species, +of the two outer toes. In _Thamnophilus_ and _Myothera_, both American +groups, the colours are uniformly dark; and their resemblance in structure +is so close, that no author has yet pointed out their distinctions. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: HARPULA VEXILLUM. + +_Orange Flag Volute._] + + +HARPULA vexillum. + +_Orange-flag Volute._ + +---- + +Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Volutinæ. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTERS. + + Shell generally tuberculated or longitudinally ribbed: apex of the spire + papillary, smooth, and in general distorted: Pillar with numerous + distinct plaits; the upper small and slender, the lower thickest and + shortest. + +Type. _Voluta Hebræa._ Lam. + + TYPES OF FORM. I. Vol. Hebræa, musica, pusio, polyzonalis, &c. II. Vol. + bullata? III. Vol. multicostata, mitræformis, costata, lyriformis, + nucleus, &c. IV. Vol. rupestris, dubia? V. Vol. lapponica, vexillum. + _Auct._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell either smooth, or slightly and acutely tuberculated; white with + numerous bands of orange; pillar thickened in the middle, and marked with + from six to eight plates._ + + Voluta vexillum. _Auct. Lam. Syst. 7. 346. Ency. Meth. pl. 381 f. 1. a. + b. optimè._ + +---- + +Few Volutes can exceed this in elegance or beauty. The peculiarity of its +markings, resembling the national colours of Holland, has procured it the +name of the Orange-flag Volute. Although long known to Conchologists, it +still continues a rare shell to our cabinets, and is much sought for on the +continent, particular among the collectors in Holland; they view it with +something of a national fondness, and value it at a high price. It is +brought from Amboyna, and some other islands of the Indian Ocean. The +many-plaited Volutes, form one of the most natural groups in the whole +department of Conchology; and one which the most unpractised student will +have no difficulty in understanding. The more experienced Conchologist, in +studying its contents, will detect some very extraordinary and beautiful +analogies. It contains, in fact, representations of all the principal +divisions of the old genus Voluta, and also of the corresponding groups +among the Mitras; to which sub-family it forms the true passage. We feel +some hesitation, however, in regard to the second type; or that which must +lead immediately to _Volutilithes_; as we rather suspect that the true +type, or more properly the annectant form, by which this union is effected, +has not yet been discovered. We share also in Mr. Broderips doubts, +regarding the situation of his _V. dubia_. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: OLIVÆ PL. 3. + +_Hiatula Lamarci 2. pallida. 3. maculata._] + + +OLIVÆ. Pl. 3. + +_The Wide-mouthed Olives._ + +---- + +Family Volutidæ. Genus Oliva. _Nob._ + +SUB-GENUS HIATULA. _Nob._ + + Suture channelled. Pillar above smooth, not thickened, beneath tumid, and + marked with a few oblique plaits: base of the aperture very wide. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. + + Hiatula Lamarci. _Fulvous brown: pillar white, with about four lengthened + plaits, and intermediate shortened ones between them, inner margin of the + lip brown._ Fig. 1. + + H. pallida. _Aperture and base of the pillar livid brown: plaits 4-5, + simple, equal; inner margin of the lip pale._ Fig. 2. + + H. maculosa. _Aperture orange, marked above with a black spot: base of + the pillar white, the plaits small, crowded, and of unequal length._ Fig. + 3. + +Mus. Nost. + +---- + +As the connection of the Olives with the Mitres has been illustrated in a +former number, we now characterize the sub-genus by which the former are +united to the _Ancillariæ_. The thickened and oblique plaits on the pillar, +its smoothness on the upper part, and the great width of the aperture, are +all characters which render this affinity unquestionable, and detach the +group from the more common and typical Olives before alluded to. + +Since we published the figure of _Oliva striata_, (Oliva, Pl. 1. f. 2.) we +have procured the true _Ancillaria canalifera_ of Lamark, and find it as we +suspected, a very different shell. As _Hiatula_ leads to the _Ancillariæ_, +so does the sub-genus _Olivella_, (comprising the small operculated Olives) +conduct us to the Mitres, by means of _Olivella volutella_, already figured +in this work. We believe the _third_ aberrant form is represented by our +_Oliva striata_, but we shall not proceed to characterize it as a +sub-genus, until a better acquaintance with the group is obtained; its +analogy to _Conohelix_, by its external sculpture, seems to us a strong +ground of distinction. + +We procured all these wide-mouthed Olives from the Messrs. Stuchbury, to +whom we are often indebted for the loan of interesting specimens. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PIERIS LIMNOBIA. + +_S. G. Melete._] + + +PIERIS (_Melete_) Limnobia. + +_Yellow-underwing White._ + +---- + +Genus Pieris, Lat. + +CHARACTERS. + + _Antennæ_ as in _Euterpe_. _Palpi_ lengthened, the terminal joint linear, + pointed, nearly naked, and longer than either of the two next. _Anterior + wings_ trigonal, the exterior and the posterior margins of equal length: + _posterior wings_ dilated. _Male_ with the terminal abdominal valves + large, abruptly attenuated, and hooked. + +Type. Pieris Limnobia. Lat. & Godart. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Anterior wings above yellowish white, with a black triangular exterior + border, and a costal band in the female. Posterior above yellow, with an + orange border, divided in the female, into round spots upon a black + ground: under surface with a deep brown border, unspotted._ + + Pieris Limnobia. _Ency. Meth. 1 p. 144. No. 93._ + + ---- Lycimnia? _Cramer pl. 105. f. E. F. Ency. Meth. No. 92?_ + +---- + +We found this pretty Butterfly in profusion near the woods of Mandioca, at +the foot of the Organ Mountains of Rio de Janeiro; when in company with our +learned friend Professor Raddi, now prosecuting his researches in Egypt: it +appears late in the season, and frequents the flowery openings of thick +woods. The female is without the black costal band, and the margins of the +lower wings are simply orange. The accurate description of _Limnoria_ in +the _Ency. Meth._ perfectly accords with our specimens; but we suspect the +_Lycimnia_ of Cramer is also the same species. + +In illustrating the Lepidopterous insects, we shall first define all those +variations in form, which appear to us sufficiently important; directing +our chief attention to the external anatomy of the perfect insect. These +groups or forms, we shall provisionally name: we shall next endeavour to +detect their true affinities, and their relative value; abolishing such as +may be found unnecessary, and confirming others which assume a higher +station. We intend, in short, to proceed only by analysis, and we therefore +wish that any incidental remarks, made by us in the interim, may be looked +on with suspicion: or at least, with that doubt which must attend all +opinions resulting only from synthesis. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CRATEROPUS REINWARDII. + +_Black masked Thrush._] + + +CRATEROPUS Reinwardii. + +_Black-masked, or Reinwardts Thrush._ + +---- + +Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Macropodianæ. + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Bill hard, compressed, either slightly notched or entire: wings and tail + rounded, the former short, the latter broad. Feet remarkably large and + strong; the two outer fore toes equal, the middle lengthened; hind toe + and claw very large; claws compressed, strong, and but slightly curved. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above grey; throat spotted; wings and tail brown; head and ears black; + chin white._ + +In Mus. Paris. Nost. + +---- + +Of the habits of this plain, but singularly formed bird, we know nothing. +It is, we believe, one of the numerous discoveries made by that able +Zoologist, Professor Reinwardt, in the Indian Islands; and should it not be +already described, (a point we cannot fully ascertain,) we trust it may be +allowed to bear the name of one, whose important labours merit the thanks +and respect of all the scientific world. + +The length of our specimen, as indicated by the scale on the plate, is ten +inches and three quarters. The feet, in all their details, are uncommonly +strong, while the wings are feeble and much rounded. The fifth and sixth +quills are longest; the scapular quills and the tail feathers, when held to +the light, exhibit transverse dark shades. + +We have elsewhere pointed out[7] the characters by which the strong legged +Thrushes form one of the sub-families of the _Merulidæ_; the two other +aberrant divisions, being represented by the true Orioles (_Oriolinæ_,) and +the short legged Thrushes (_Brachypinæ_.) That these form a circle of their +own, independant of the Ant Thrushes (_Myotherinæ_,) and the true Thrushes +(_Merulinæ_) has unintentionally been proved by M. M. Temminck and Vigors; +the first in proposing, and the latter in adopting, the genus _Ixos_; an +artificial group, compounded of birds totally dissimilar to each other, but +which, in the progression of certain species, demonstrate the circular +arrangement of the three subfamilies above named. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: PRIONITES _Martii_. + +_Martius's Motmot._] + + +PRIONITES Mexicanus. + +_Mexican Motmot._ + +---- + +Family Trogonidæ. Sub-family Prionitinæ. _Nob._ +(_See Northern Zoology, 2. p. 326._) + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Small, above green, beneath paler; head and neck above cinnamon, ears + black, varied and tipped with bright blue stripes; belly white._ + + Momotus Martii. _Jardine & Selby. Ill. of Orn. 2 pl. 25._ + + Prionites Mexicanus. _Swains. Phil. Mag. June 1827. p. 442._ + +---- + +The Motmots, so named from their monotonous note, live only in the tropical +forests of the New World, preferring those deep recesses of perpetual +shade, where a high canopy of matted foliage, nearly excludes the rays of a +vertical sun. They appear even more solitary in their disposition than the +Trogons; their note may be heard, morning and evening, from the depths of +the forests, but the bird is never seen, unless the hunter comes +unexpectedly upon its retreat. This we have generally found to be a low, +withered branch, completely shaded, and just at the edge of such paths as +are made by the Cavies, or the Indians. The Jacamas and the Trogons both +love these shady nooks, where they sit nearly motionless, watching for +passing insects, upon which they dart. Such is, no doubt, the manner in +which the Motmot feeds; but his strong confirmation enables him to capture +larger game. Travellers assert that he also devours the eggs and young of +other birds, like the Toucans: this we believe, as both have the same long +and feather-like tongue. Thus has nature allied these two groups, each +standing at the confines of their own tribe: incontestably proving the +union of the Scansores, Teniurostres, and Fissirostres, into one great +circle. + +The present species has only been found in Mexico, although the London +Ornithologists have confounded it with the Prionites Martii of Brazil. +Hence the error of Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, and adopted upon our +plate. Distrusting our first opinion, we believed the London co-adjutors of +these gentlemen, having access to the original work of Dr. Spix, could not +have made such a blunder, but a personal inspection of the original figure +decided the question. No two species can well be more different. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: TROGON MEXICANUS. + +_Mexican Trogon_] + + +TROGON Mexicanus. + +_Mexican Trogon. Male._ + +---- + +Tribe Fissirostres. Family Trogonidæ. + +Sub-family Trogoninæ. (G. Trogon. _Auct._) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lesson Man. 2 p. 139. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above golden green, beneath crimson; tail black; the three outer + feathers banded with white on their outer web only; inner webs with an + oblique white stripe along their shafts; the inner edge spotted with + white._ Male. + + Trogon Mexicanus, female. _See Swains. in Phil. Mag. June 1827._ + +Mus. Dom. Taylor. + +---- + +The Trogons are found only in the dark primeval forests of the Tropics; +shunning the haunts of man, and living in solitude and silence. It is not, +therefore, to be wondered at, that their peculiar economy should be +shrouded in mystery, or that the naturalists of Europe should be much +perplexed in finding them a place in their artificial or their natural +systems. Our researches in Tropical America, will enable us to communicate, +in the forthcoming volume of Northern Zoology, some very singular +information on these birds, which we shall not now anticipate. + +The species are much more numerous then is imagined, but they are, perhaps, +less understood than those of any one group of Ornithology. Males of +different species are classed as the same, while their females are +considered as distinct. The number enumerated in the last edition of the +Synopsis of Birds as inhabiting all South America, is six; but we possess +eight species from Brazil alone; besides several others, which it is +impossible to identify from books. + +The Mexican Trogon was first described by us, from a bird, which we felt +assured was a female; and this belief was soon after confirmed, by the +arrival of a fine specimen of the male, to Mr. Taylor, from Real del Monte; +in whose possession it now is. We shall defer a detailed account of its +plumage, until we illustrate the other sex. + +Total length 11 in. bill nine-tenths, wings 5¾, tail 7¾, the outermost +feather 3½ in. shorter. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CYMBIOLA _vespertilio_. + +_Bat Volute._] + + +CYMBIOLA vespertilio. + +_Bat Volute._ + +---- + +Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Volutinæ. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Shell armed with spinous tubercles, sometimes smooth but never ribbed; + spiral whorls gradually diminishing in size, but not distorted; the apix + thick and obtuse; pillar with four plaits. + + TYPES OF FORM.--1. Marmorata. Broderpia. _Sw._ (Cymbiola. _Sow._) 2. + Vespertilio. Nivosa. Rutila. Aulica. Pulchra. Pacifica. 3. Elongata (?) + Gracilis. Magnifica. Tuberculata. 4. ----? 5. Lugubris. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell armed with spinous tubercles, pale fulvous with remote angular + waved lines of brown; spiral whorls plaited; pillar with four plaits._ + + Voluta vespertilio. _Lam. Sys. 7. 1. p. 336._ + +---- + +The second or sub-typical genus of the Volutes, appears to be represented +by this common though elegant species; here figured from one of the largest +specimens we have ever seen. The group is chiefly distinguished by the very +obtuse but regular termination of its spire, the whorls of which are never +distorted or disproportionately inflated: the plaits are always four, and +the pillar is never thickened in the middle: the shells of all the typical +species are furnished with pointed tubercles; and from their general +aspect, do not appear to be covered, like the typical Volutes, by the +dilated mantle of the animal, yet the two groups blend into each other by +means of the first type of form above indicated. + +As we have deemed it advisable to employ the name of _Cymbiola_, (hitherto +used in a _specific_ sense), as a generic appellation for the whole group, +we trust that those who may adopt our views, will hereafter distinguish the +_Voluta cymbiola_ of Sowerby, now in the cabinet of Mr. Broderip, by the +name of _Cymbiola Broderpia_, in just commemoration of a gentleman whose +knowledge of conchology, and whose general labours in the cause of science +we have so often had occasion to honour. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: VOLUTA _cymbium_. + +_Marbled Melon._] + + +VOLUTA cymbium. + +_Clouded Melon Volute._ + +---- + +Sub-family Volutinæ _Nob._ (Gen. Melo. Cymba. Voluta. _Brod._) + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Shell enveloped by the mantle of the animal: oval, ventricose; spire very + obtuse, papillary, remarkably short, the whorls (when defined) abruptly + lessening. Pillar with from 3 to 4 carinated plaits. + + TYPES OF FORM.--1. V. fulgetrum. 2. V. cymbium. olla. Neptuni, porcina, + proboscidalis, rubiginosa. 3. melo, tessellata, Ethiopica, diadema, + armata, nautica. 4. Imperialis, Scapha (?) 5. angulata. _Auct._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + Type 2. _Shell ovate, marbled with rufous and white, suture channelled, + the margin carinated: spire rude, irregular, plaits on the pillar + variable._ + + Voluta cymbium. _Auct. Lam. Sys. 7. 9. 332, Ency. Meth. pl. 386, f. + 3._--L'Yet, _Adans. Seneg. pl. 3. f. 1. p. 44._ + + Cymba cymbium. _Brod. in Sow. Genera._ + +---- + +That the system of nature is essentially a system of types and symbols, is +a truth which has not only been perceived by philosophers, but is apparent +to every attentive observer of nature. It has been our endeavour, in the +second volume of _Northern Zoology_, to investigate this system, and to +ascertain those laws by which it is regulated. One of the results of this +enquiry has been, that every genus, pre-eminently typical, contains a +greater number of forms than any other; the necessary consequence of +comprising within itself, representations of every division in the whole +family. By this test must our present definition of the typical genus +_Voluta_ be tried. We consider this particular species as the type of the +whole group: according to Adanson, it is abundant on the western coast of +Africa, where it is stated to vary considerably, both in its colour and in +its plaits. To the same traveller we are indebted for the best account of +the animal, which he describes under the name of L'Yet. It has been +thought, indeed, that this is the _Voluta neptuni_, but as the interior of +Adanson's L'Yet is "blanche" and that of _Neptuni_ is yellowish orange, we +rather think that the French writer intended to designate the _Voluta +cymbium_ of systematic authors. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ENDYMION _regalis_. + +_Maroon banded Hair streak._] + + +ENDYMION regalis. + +_Maroon-banded Hair-streak._ + +---- + +Tribe Papiliones. Family, Polyommatidæ. Sub-family, Theclanæ. _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Palpi in one sex (male) scarcely projecting beyond the head, the last + joint very minute; in the other (female) lengthened, porrect, curved + downwards, the last joint as long as that which precedes it; in both + obtuse and covered with close-set scales; posterior wings four tailed. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above shining blue: beneath golden emerald green, with a common + black stripe, and a broad red band on the posterior wings; ocelli none._ + + Papilio regalis. _Cramer. Ins. Pl. 72. f. E. F._ + + Hesperia Endymion. _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 268._ + +---- + +This superb butterfly, both in size and brilliancy of colour, may vie with +the Emerald Hair-streak, and both are among the most beautiful of their +family yet discovered. The general colour of the under surface is of the +richest golden green; the under wings being crossed by a broad bar of deep +maroon, softened into pearly white. The female is known by being the +largest, and by having the black margin of the upper wings much broader. +Our specimens were captured in Brazil. Lat 8. 12. S. + +The palpi, which in the sub-genus _Arcas_ are equally long and perfect in +both sexes, are very different in the male and female of the present +sub-genus. In other respects there seems to be a close affinity between +them. We have not had time, however, to enter upon their minute dissection. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: GARRULUS SORDIDUS. + +_Dusky bodied Jay._] + + +GARRULUS sordidus. + +_Dusky-bodied Jay._ + +---- + +Family Corvidæ. Sub-family Garulinæ. _Nob._ +_See Northern Zoology, 2. p. 288._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above dusky blue, brighter upon the crown, wings, and tail; beneath + grey; chin and belly whiteish; ears blackish; tail distinctly rounded._ + + Garrulus sordidus. _Swains. Synopsis, No. 66._ (_Phil. Mag. June 1827._) + +---- + +The Jays, although allied to the Crows, have many peculiar characteristics. +While the latter roam about and seek their food in all situations, the Jays +confine themselves to thick woods, feeding upon fruits, insects, and eggs, +and seldom perch upon the ground. In unison with that symbolical system +which pervades all nature, we find a perfect representation of this group +in the Bush-Shrikes of the new world. + +America seems to possess three Jays, closely resembling each other, but +each (if they have been described correctly) having some peculiar +distinction. As these have not been clearly stated, and as some confusion +has consequently crept into the subject, we shall shortly state their +distinctions. The Florida Jay of Prince C. Bonaparte, (G. Floridamus) which +has been thought the same as ours, is a much smaller bird, being only 11½ +in. long, and the back is "yellowish brown," not dusky blue, (See _Bon. Am. +Orn. 2. p. 61._) The _Garrulus ultramarinus_ of the same noble and learned +writer, appears to us from the following account, to be distinct from +either. "Its principal characters may be found in its larger dimensions, +but especially in the shape of its tail, which is _perfectly even, and not +in the least cuneiform_, as it generally is in all the Jays," (_Am. Orn. 2. +62._) Now the tail of our species is _decidedly rounded_, the outer feather +being full one inch shorter than the middle. + +The _Garrulus sordidus_ inhabits the table land of Mexico, from whence our +specimen was received. Total length, 11 in.: bill, 1½: wings, 7: tarsi, +1-7/10: tail, 6½ in. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: SCAPHELLA _maculata. Sw._ + +_Olive Volute._] + + +SCAPHELLA maculata. + +_Olive Volute._ + +---- + +Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Volutinæ. _Nob._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Shell fusiform, invariably smooth and polished: spiral whorls gradually + diminishing in size, the apex obtuse but rarely thickened or distorted: + pillar generally gibbous in the middle, with from four to six thick and + unequal plaits: margin of the outer lip thickened. + + TYPICAL SPECIES.--Scaph. undulata. Junonia, maculata, zebra. + + ABERRANT SPECIES.--Scaph. papillaris, elongata (?) + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell small, oval, fulvous, with longitudinal purplish-brown spots, + disposed in three transverse bands: spire conical: pillar four plaited, + not gibbous._ + + Voluta maculata. _Swains. Bligh. Cat. app. p. 11._ + +---- + +Of this distinct and very remarkable genus of Volutes, few species have +hitherto been discovered: the subordinate divisions cannot therefore be +traced; nor do we feel satisfied that all the typical characters have been +detected: we consider it nevertheless, as a perfectly natural genus, +absolutely essential to mark the connection between the Volutes and the +_Marginillæ_. Lamark, indeed, as if aware of this affinity, actually +describes one species as a _Marginilla_. The union of the three aberrant +genera of _Scaphella_, _Volutilithes_, and _Harpula_, into one circle, is +effected by the _Scap. papillaris_ and the _Harpula Lapponica_: the former +species conducting us at the same time to the typical Volutes, by means of +_Voluta fulgetrum_ of Sowerby. + +_Scaphella maculata_ is a native of the Australian seas, and is of great +rarity. Our drawings were made from one of the beautiful specimens in Mr. +Broderip's possession, It is probable that the animals of this genus +envelope their shells in an ample mantle, since they are almost always +enamelled. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: ARCAS _Imperialis_.] + + +ARCAS imperialis. + +_Emerald Hair-streak._ + +---- + +Tribe, Papiliones. Family, Polyommatidæ. Sub-family, Theclanæ, _Nob._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Palpi, in both sexes, very long, thick, porrect, twice as long as the + head, curved downwards, all the joints entirely covered with close-set + scales, posterior wings six-tailed. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Above shining blue: beneath emerald-green, marked with minute black + waved lines._ + + Papilio imperialis. _Cramer, Pl. 75. f. E. F._ + + Hesperia Venus. _Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 268._ + +---- + +It is impossible to depicture with correctness, the resplendant blue which +ornaments the upper surface, or the vivid emerald green on the under wings, +of this rare and splendid insect. It is possessed by few collectors; nor +did we capture more than three specimens, during two years devoted to the +entomology and ornithology of Brazil. The male is distinguished by a black +central spot on the anterior wings. The very remarkable prolongation of the +palpi, which are alike in both sexes, induces us to consider this insect as +a type of form, or in other words, a sub-genus: but we are at present +unprepared to state any thing satisfactory on its true affinities. + +We have thought it right in this and other instances, to retain the +original specific name of Cramer; and we shall do the same in all instances +where it will not produce a discordant union of generic and specific names. +On this head, as the principle of Linnæus, from the great number of new +genera since defined, can no longer be acted upon, we think that specific +appellations, derived from some character of the insect, are much better, +in every respect, than attempting to render the nomenclature of the +Lepidoptera a correct index to the mythology of the Ancients. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CHLORISSES _Sarpedon_.] + + +CHLORISSES Sarpedon, + +_Sarpedon Butterfly._ + +---- + +NATURAL GROUPS. + +Tribe, Papiliones. _Family_, Papilionidæ. _Sub-fam._ Papilionæ. + +_Genus_ ----. _Sub-Genus_, Chlorisses, _Nobis_. + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings_, black, banded or variegated with green: the posterior narrowed, + with obsolete acute tails; _Head_, thick, sessile, the front very hairy; + _Antennæ_, long, the club spatulate, and concave beneath; _Posterior + feet_, with the first joint of the tarsus as long as the tibiæ. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings black, with a common green band: posterior obsoletely tailed: + beneath, marked with a red and black lunated spot at the base._ + + Papilio Sarpedon. _Linn. Fab. Entom. Syst. 3. p. 1. p. 14. No. 41. + Cramer. Pl. 122. f. D. E._ + + Papilio Sarpedon. _Ency. Meth. 9. p. 46. No. 62._ + +---- + +Entomologists of the last century classed all day-flying Butterflies in the +Genus _Papilio_. But this denomination has been restricted, of late years, +to such as possess six long perfect legs; very short palpi, and the +anterior shanks spined near the middle. Now this group is so peculiarly +distinct, and comprises within itself such numerous variations of form, +that we have always viewed it as pre-eminently calculated to put to the +most severe test any arrangement, the principles of which are conceived to +be those of Nature. The _Papilionæ_ have consequently, for many years, +engaged much of our attention. Baffled in numerous attempts to understand +their arrangement, it was only upon applying those principles of the +natural system, which we have detailed in _Northern Zoology, vol. 2_, that +their true affinities became apparent. At present we shall only apprise the +Entomologist that the divisions above named are _circular groups_, and the +result of strict analysis. The sub-genus _Chlorisses_, in reference to +Ornithology, is a scansorial type. + +The present Insect, figured from the male sex, is one of the most beautiful +butterflies of India. General Hardwicke presented us with specimens from +Nepaul; and we have since received others from Java. The typical species is +_Papilio Agamemnon_, where the green colour is broken into round spots. The +most extraordinary circumstance, however, which belongs to the group, is +this; that although a sub-genus, it yet contains within itself +_subordinate_ types of form, representing all the higher divisions. The +only ornithological group we have yet ascertained as possessing this +property, is the sub-genus _Parus_ (proper). + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: JASIA _Athama_.] + + +JASIA Athama, + +_Athama Butterfly._ + +---- + +Tribe, Papiliones. Family, Nymphalidæ. _Nobis._ + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Lower wings_, acutely bi-caudate; _Antennæ_, short, gradually thickening + into a lengthened, cylindrical club, the tip nearly truncate; _Palpi_, + projecting, and longer above, than is the head; their tips acute; their + joints concealed by compact scales. + +_Type_, Papilio Jasius. _Auct._ + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Wings above blackish, with a broad, common band, and an anterior spot of + straw colour; beneath, having the band greenish, and margined with + chesnut._ + + Papilio Athamas. _Cramer_, Pl. 89. f. C. D. + +---- + +We can communicate but little on this elegant Butterfly, of which our +figures represent the female: the other sex is known by having the straw +coloured band much narrower; on the under surface this colour is prismatic; +changing, in some lights, to a delicate pea green. The great size and +thickness of the thorax, intimate a powerful and rapid flight. The group is +Oriental; but one species, the beautiful and rare _Pap. Jasius._ Lin. we +have captured in the Island of Sicily, the most southern part of Europe. + +As we have not yet completed the analysis of this family of Butterflies, we +know not the rank or true affinities of the present group. It is evidently +either one of the lowest types of form, or a sub-genus. We have received +both sexes of these insects from Java, where the species appears to be +common. The resemblance of this group, to _Rhetus_ and _Marius_, would seem +to indicate points of strong natural analogy. + +We adopt the original specific name of Cramer: for we cannot, at this +moment, trace the species in the voluminous works of Fabricius. + +* * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: GEOTROCHUS _pileus_. + +_Cap Land-Trochus._] + + +GEOTROCHUS pileus. + +_Cap-shaped Land-trochus._ + +---- + +Order Phytophages. _Swains._ Tribe ---- + +SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Shell pyramidical, each volution, reckoning from the base, gradually + diminishing and forming a conic spire, basal volution depressed, margin + of the outer lip reflected and entire. + +---- + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Shell trochiform, smooth, generally banded with reddish and yellowish + bands: volutious convex._ + + Trochus Pileus. _Chemnetz. Pl. 122. f. 1046-7-8._ + + Helix pileus. _Dillwyn. p. 933. No. 106._ + + _Lister. Tab. 14. f. 11._ + +In Mus. Nost. + +---- + +Although this shell, in artificial arrangements, may be very well placed +among the sub-divisions of _Helix_ or _Bulimus_, we feel persuaded that it +is, _naturally_, the type of a Sub-genus: we have no hesitation, therefore, +in recording it as such. Another species, sharply carinated, +semi-transparent, and of a milky whiteness, we discovered in Brazil: and we +are thus led to conclude that the habitat of _Geotrochus pileus_, which no +author has yet mentioned, may probably be Tropical America. + +The figures of this species, given by Chemnitz and Born, represent it as +marked by several narrow bands of a rufous brown colour: but the variety +here delineated, has only one, of a deep purple; it is almost the only +specimen answering to this description, which we have yet seen: both +varieties are very rare, and much prized by collectors. + +* * * * * * + + + +GENERAL INDEX +_OF THE PLATES TO_ +VOL. II. +IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. + +---- + + _N.B. The number here affixed to the Plates, for convenience of + reference, had better be marked in pencil upon the Plates themselves._ + + No. 11. pl. + Fluvicola cursoria 46 + Macropteryx longipennis 47 + Eudamus Agesilaus (F. 1.) 48 + ---- Doryssus (F. 2.) 48 + Mitra episcopalis 49 + Tiara Isabella 50 + ---- sulcata 50 + + No. 12. + Sylvia Regulus 51 + Phoenicornis flammeus 52 + Volutilithes muricina 53 + ---- pertusa (F. 2.) 53 + Mitrella fusca (F. l.) 54 + ---- ocellata (F. 2.) 54 + ---- olivæformis (F. 3.) 54 + Margarita crocata 55 + + No. 13. + Nyctiornis amictus 56 + Culicivora atricapilla 57 + Olivella purpurata (F. 1.) 58 + ---- eburnea (F. 2.) 58 + Marius Thetys 59 + Eurymus Philodice 60 + + No. 14. + Gryllivora Saularis 61 + Ptiliogonys cinereus 62 + Amynthia Swainsonia 63 + Ampullaria fasciata 64 + Conus lithoglyphus 65 + + No. 15. + Todus viridis 66 + Murex Imperialis 67 + Conus fumigatus 68 + ---- franciscanus (F. 2.) 68 + Pieris Nigrina 69 + Eurymus Europome 70 + + No. 16. + Malaconotus Barbarus 71 + Donacobius vociferans 72 + Murex erythrostomus 73 + Euterpe Teria 74 + Peleus Æacus (F. 1.) 75 + ---- Gentius (F. 2.) 75 + + No. 17. + Malaconotus atrococcineus 76 + Harpula vexillum 77 + Hiatula Lamarci (F. 1.) 78 + ---- pallida (F. 2.) 78 + ---- maculosa (F. 3.) 78 + Pieris (_Melete_) Limnobia 79 + Crateropus Reinwardii 80 + + No. 18. + Prionites Mexicanus 81 + Trogon Mexicanus 82 + Cymbiola Vespertilio 83 + Voluta Cymbium 84 + Endymion regalis 85 + + No. 19. + Garrulus sordidus 86 + Scaphella maculata 87 + Arcas Imperialis 88 + Chlorisses Sarpedon 89 + Jasia Athama 90 + + No. 20. + Geotrochus pileus 91 + +* * * * * * + + + +GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX +OF +LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES, &c., +TO +VOL. II. + +---- + + Ampullaria fasciata, 64 + Amynthia Swainsonia, 63 + _Apple Snail, fasciated_, 64 + Arcas, S. G. Characters of, 88 + ---- Imperialis, 88 + _Butterfly, Sarpedon_, 89 + ---- _Athama_, 90 + Chlorisses, S. G. Characters of, 89 + ---- Sarpedon, 89 + Conus fumigatus, 68 + ---- franciscanus, 68 + ---- lithoglyphus, 65 + Crateropus, G. Characters of, 80 + ---- Reiwardii, 80 + Culicivora, G. Characters of, 57 + ---- atricapilla, 57 + Cymbiola, G. Characters of, 83 + ---- Types of form, 83 + ---- vespertilio, 83 + _Dial Bird_, 62 + Donacobius, S. G. Characters of, 72 + ---- vociferans, 72 + Eudamus, G. Characters of, 48 + ---- Agesilaus, 48 + ---- Doryssus, 48 + Eudymion, S. G. Characters of, 85 + ---- regalis, 85 + Eurymus, S. G. Characters of, 60 + ---- Philodice, 60 + ---- Europome, 70 + Euterpe, G. Characters of, 74 + ---- Teria, 74 + Fluvicola cursoria, 46 + Garrulus sordidus, 86 + Geotrochus, S. G. Characters of, 91 + ---- pileus, 81 + _Golden crested Warbler_, 51 + Gryllivora, S. G. Characters of, 61 + ---- Saularis, 61 + Harpula, G. Characters of, 77 + ---- Types of form, 77 + ---- vexillum, 77 + Hiatula, S. G. Characters of, 78 + ---- Lamarci, 78 + ---- pallida, 78 + ---- maculosa, 78 + Jasia Athama, 90 + _Jay, Dusky_, 86 + _Land-trochus, cap-shaped_, 91 + Macropterx, S. G. Characters of, 47 + ---- longipennis,, 47 + Malaconotus atrococcineus, 76 + ---- barbarus, 71 + Marius Thetys, 59 + Melete, S. G. Characters of, 79 + ---- Limnobia, 79 + Mitranæ (Pl. 4.), 49 + ---- (Pl. 5.), 50 + ---- (Pl. 6.), 54 + Mitra episcopalis, 49 + Mitrella, G. Characters of, 54 + ---- fusca, 54 + ---- ocellata, 54 + ---- olivæformis, 54 + Muricinæ (Pl. 1.), 67 + ---- (Pl. 2.), 73 + Murex crythrostomus, 73 + ---- Imperialis, 67 + _Motmot, Mexican_, 81 + Nyctiornis, G. Characters of, 56 + ---- amictus, 56 + _Nightfeeder, Duvaucels_, 56 + Olivæ (Pl. 2.), 78 + ---- (Pl. 3.), 78 + Olivella, S. G. Characters of, 58 + ---- eburnea, 58 + ---- purpurata, 58 + _Olive, purple mouthed_, 58 + ---- _ivory_, 58 + _Olives, the wide mouthed_, 78 + _Pearl Oyster, orange_, 55 + Peleus, G. Characters of, 75 + ---- Æacus, 75 + ---- Gentius, 75 + Phoenicornis, G. Characters of, 52 + ---- flammeus, 52 + Pieris, G. Characters of, 66 + ---- Nigrina, 69 + Ptiliogonys cinereus, fem., 62 + Prionites Mexicanus, 81 + _Redbird, orange_, 52 + Scaphella, G. Characters of, 87 + ---- maculata, 87 + _Shrike, Barbary_, 71 + ---- _Burchells_, 76 + Strombidæ, Ch. of the family, 65 + Sylvia G. Characters of, 51 + ---- Regulus, 51 + Thiara, G. Characters of, 50 + ---- Isabella, 50 + ---- sulcata, 50 + _Thrush, babbling_, 72 + Todinæ, Characters of, 66 + Todus, viridis, 66 + _Tody, Green_, 66 + Trogon Mexicanus, 82 + _Trogon Mexican_, 82 + ---- habits of, 82 + Voluta, G. Characters of, 84 + ---- Types of form, 84 + ---- vespertileo, 84 + _Volute, clouded melon_, 83 + ---- _Bat_, 84 + ---- _Orange flag_, 77 + Volutilithes, G. Characters of, 53 + ---- muricina, 53 + ---- pertusa, 53 + +* * * * * * + + + +Notes. + +[1] Babbage (_On the Decline of Science_), Quarterly Review. + +[2] Herschel. Sir Humphrey Davy. Sir Nicholas Harris. Millengen. (_Ancient + Coins_). See also Lowdon's Natural His. Mag. Nov. 1831. p. 481. + +[3] Northern Zool. 2. p. xliv. + +[4] Montague's _Orn. Dict._ new edition, _preface_. + +[5] Athæneum Journal, Jan. 1832. p. 32. + +[6] _Ibid._, p. 37. + +[7] Northern Zoology, Vol. ii. + + * * * * * + + + +Corrections made to printed text + +Plate 53: 'fusiform' corrected from 'fuciform'. So also 'subfusiform' (same +plate), and 'fusiform' on Pls. 75 & 87. Fusiform means 'spindle-shaped': if +fuciform meant anything it would be 'seaweed-shaped'. + +Plate 56: 'beautiful' corrected from 'beautful' + +Ibid.: 'Jardin' corrected from 'Jarden' + +Plate 58: (characters given of) 'biplicata' corrected from 'bliplicata' + +Plate 59: 'Lepidoptera' corrected from 'Lepidaptera' + +Plate 60: 'appendages' corrected from 'appendges' + +Plate 62, main title: 'PTILIOGONYS' corrected from 'PLILIOGONYS' + +Plate 62: 'characterized' corrected from 'charactized' + +Plate 65: (Generic) 'Character' corrected from 'Charicter' + +Plate 72: 'monotonous' corrected from 'monotinous' + +Plate 79: 'Lepidopterous' corrected from 'Lepedopterous' + +Plate 89: 'Antennæ' corrected from 'Anteunæ' + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original +Figures and Descriptions. Volume II, Second Series, by William Swainson + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44057 *** |