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diff --git a/44056.txt b/44056.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8bdeeb6..0000000 --- a/44056.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3703 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. Volume I, Second Series, by William Swainson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions. Volume I, Second Series - -Author: William Swainson - -Release Date: October 29, 2013 [EBook #44056] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL I *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work. -Volume II: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44057. -Volume III: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44058. - - * * * * * - - - -Zoological Illustrations, - -OR - -ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS - -OF - -NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING - -ANIMALS, - -SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF - -Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, - -AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR APPARENT AFFINITIES. - -BY - -WM. SWAINSON, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S. - -ASSISTANT COMMISSARY GENERAL TO H. M. FORCES. CORRESPONDING MEMBER -OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER -OF THE HISTORIC SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; MEMBER OF -THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY, &c. &c. &c. - -VOL. I. - -SECOND SERIES. - -London: - -PRINTED BY R. HAVELL, JUN. NEWMAN STREET. - -PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN AND CRADOCK, - -PATERNOSTER ROW. - -1829. - -* * * * * * - - - -TO -MRS. CORRIE, -OF -WOODVILLE, NEAR BIRMINGHAM. - ----- - -MY DEAR MADAM, - -Allow me, in dedicating this volume of Illustrations to you, to evince my -respect and friendship for one whose talents shun publicity. It may have a -beneficial influence on the rising generation, to know, that a highly -cultivated understanding, and varied accomplishments, are not inconsistent -with a perfect discharge of all the social duties. And that a mind stored -with knowledge, and imbued with Religion, is an effectual antidote to the -cheerless influence of debilitated health. - -That these, my Zoological _Recreations_, may in your opinion, contribute to -the great end which the naturalist should ever keep in view, the -developement of the harmonies of Creation, and the discovery of the natural -system, is the hope of, - - MY DEAR MADAM, - Your obliged and sincere Friend, - WILLIAM SWAINSON. - -* * * * * * - - - -PREFACE. - ----- - -The execution of the Zoological drawings now published, have been to us an -agreeable relaxation from severer studies; and the concise descriptions by -which they are accompanied, are intended to convey, in a condensed and -popular form, the partial result of more extended investigations. Species -are the objects of which the whole fabric of animated nature is composed, -and their respective properties must be investigated, before their natural -combinations can be understood. Their delineation is therefore highly -important. Figures bring before us objects which cannot always be -understood by words; while if faithfully executed, they possess the same -value as every period of time; for nature is unchangeable. - -It is to be regretted that of late much discussion should have arisen among -our own naturalists, as to the relative merits of the different modes by -which they study nature. The searchers after the natural system throwing -obloquy on those who investigate species,[1] while the latter contend that -mankind is more interested in knowing the properties of species, than those -of groups.[2] To us it appears that such discussions are unnecessary, and -but ill calculated to promote that good feeling which should prevail in a -division of labour. The power of embracing comprehensive views, and of -detecting diversified relations, must be confined to a few, because such -objects require the greatest exertion of a superior mind, yet they must -ever be mainly dependant on the labours of another class of naturalists: -those who analyze the properties of species, and separate with critical -judgment, and nice discrimination, resemblances from affinities. But for -these valuable coadjutors our acquaintance with nature would be altogether -speculative: they supply, in short, by analysis, that basis upon which all -true knowledge of nature must repose. Natural combinations can never be -fully detected, without an acquaintance with their component parts. - -The investigator of general laws, and the discriminator of species, are -thus advancing the knowledge of their favourite science by different modes -of study. The paths they have chosen, although essentially distinct, lead -but to one common point; and as both must be trodden, it seems unnecessary -to discuss which road is the most honourable. - -In the classification of the subjects here comprised, we have followed no -particular system: the chief object aimed at, being to point out apparent -relations and affinities. To those Ornithological groups which Linneus -named Genera, and which subsequent systematists have considered Families or -sub-families, we have applied the designations long used by Leach, Stevens, -Fleming, Vigors, &c., but in all cases where such divisions are -unaccompanied by a definition, (in the following pages,) we wish it to be -understood, that the name is merely applied _provisionally_; indicating the -_probable_ station of the individual; and that in very few instances do our -own opinions on the nature of such groups, coincide with those of the -different writers who have gone before us. - -The splendid discovery of the circular system of Nature, has given a -totally new aspect to this science; but has nevertheless been attended with -an evil, no where more apparent than in Ornithology; where synthesis has -completely set aside analysis, and where the rugged and laborious path of -patient investigation, has been deserted for the flowery walks of -Speculation and Hypothesis. The combinations thus produced, may well excite -the smile of our continental neighbours, nor need we feel surprise that -they look, with something like contempt, on such arrangements "called -natural" of affinities and relations. - -On the other hand the Ornithological writings of Sonnini, Le Vaillant, -Wilson, and Azara, are never failing sources of information to the searcher -after truth. The observations of such men, who recorded Nature as she -really is, and who cared very little for the fashionable systems of the -day, may be for a time neglected: but they must finally assume that -importance which is ever attached to unbiassed and disinterested testimony. -To this honourable list our own country can furnish other names. The habits -and economy of our native birds have been accurately and patiently -investigated by those lyncean naturalists, White, Montague, and Selby, -while their internal structure is now engaging the attention of Mr. -Yarrell, a Gentleman eminently qualified by long study, and matured -reflection, for such a task. - -In Conchology we have been more desirous to illustrate groups, than -species; the latter will be done, on a very extensive scale, in the -forthcoming work of Mess. Sowerby. - -From the patient labours, and cautious deductions, of Dr. Horsfield, we -expect a more perfect elucidation of the Lepidopterous Insects than has -yet, perhaps, been attempted. As this will be the result of careful -analysis, we shall place a high degree of confidence in the views it may -develope. - -In conclusion, it may be as well to add, that our views on several of the -higher groups, here but slightly noticed, will be more fully explained in -another work, now preparing for Publication. - - - - _Tittenhanger Green, St. Albans,_ - _24th July, 1829._ - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Sapphire crowned Parrot_ - -_fem._] - - -PSITTACULUS vernalis. - -_Vernal Parrakeet._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae.--Vigors. -Genus Psittaculus.--(Lesson. Man. 2. p. 148.) - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Green, with the head more splendid; bill red; rump and upper tail covers - scarlet; spot on the throat orange._ - - Psittacus vernalis. _Sparman Mus. Carl. Pl. 29._ - - Psittacula vernalis. _Gen. Zool. 14. p. 144._ - ----- - -The Vernal Parrakeet has hitherto remained unfigured, except in the scarce -and little known work of Sparman: nor was its native country ascertained, -until recent travellers discovered it in the islands of Java and Teinor. - -This is one of the smallest of parrots, scarcely exceeding five inches in -length; the feathers of the head have a silky texture, and their colour, in -some lights, is particularly vivid: the tail and the wings are green above, -but of a rich deep blue beneath; a character said to be equally conspicuous -in P. _galgulus_ L. The spot on the throat, in our specimen, is orange. - -In respect to the situation of this bird among its congeners, we retain it, -provisionally, in the genus _Psittacula_ of Brisson & Kuhl, adopting the -termination used by M. Spix, to avoid the alteration of specific names. We -have not yet had leisure to study the new divisions made in this family, -with that attention they deserve; but it strikes us, as a defect in the -genus _Psittaculus_, that it unites birds of the Old and the New World in -one group. Except in their size, no two parrots can be more dissimilar in -construction than the Indian P. _vernalis_, and the American P. -_passerinus_. In the first, the under mandible is smallest, narrow, and -rather pointed; the first quill longest; and the tail feathers rounded. In -P. _passerinus_, the under mandible is largest, high, very thick, and quite -obtuse; the second quill longest, and the tail feathers acutely pointed. -These may be usefully employed as sectional characters, until the contents -of the two groups are better understood. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Brazilian Crested Eagle_, - -Polyborus Braziliensis.] - - -POLYBORUS Braziliensis - -_The Caracara; or Brazilian-crested Eagle._ - ----- - -Family Falconidae. -GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Vieil. Orn. 3. p. 1180. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Body above and beneath, crest of the head, and end of the tail, blackish - brown: the rest of the plumage cream colour, varied with spots and - bands._ - - Falco Braziliensis. _Lin. Gm. 64._ - - Buzard du Brezil. _Buffon._ - - La Caracara. _Azara Voy. 3. p. 32._ _Vieil. Orn. 3. p. 1180._ - - Polyborus Vulgaris. _Vieil. Gall. Pl. 7._ - -In Mus. Paris. D. Taylor. - ----- - -The whole extent of Tropical America, from Mexico to the banks of the Rio -Plata, is inhabited by this majestic bird. It has been slightly noticed by -the earlier writers, but nothing was known of its history, until the -publication of the invaluable Memoirs of Azara. - -Its length is about twenty-one inches. In its habits there is a mixture of -cowardice and daring. It will attack all other rapacious birds, excepting -eagles, for the purpose of robbing them of their prey, and will often seize -the game of the hunter, before he has time to secure it. Yet the Caracara -is frequently driven from its haunts by the courage of small birds; and -will only attack young chickens when not defended by their mother. - -The birds which form the modern genera of _Daptrius_, _Ibycter_, -_Polyborus_, and _Milvago_, present so many characters in common, that we -cannot consider them of sufficient rank to be called genera. They appear to -us, taken collectively, to form one group, in which every species exhibits -a peculiar modification of structure, assimilating either to the Vultures -or the Falcons. Allied both in structure and manners to both these -families, each bird may be considered as a strongly marked link of -connexion. They present, in short, that interchange of characters, -generally confined to individual species, which Nature invariably exhibits -at the union of her more comprehensive groups. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Painted Flycatcher_ - -Setophaga picta.] - - -SETOPHAGA picta. - -_Painted Flycatcher._ - ----- - -Family Muscicapidae -GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Lesson Man. 2 p. 430. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Black; breast and middle of the body crimson; greater wing covers, and - three external tail feathers, snowy._ - -In Mus. D. Taylor. - ----- - -A specimen of this richly-coloured bird was sent to John Taylor, Esq., F. -G. S., &c., from Real del Monte, in Mexico. It is not only new to -Ornithologists, but forms a beautiful addition to a geographic group, -originally founded upon one species. - -The figure is the size of life. The bristles at the bill are compact, -rigid, and all directed forwards: under tail covers and thighs whitish: the -white band on the wings occupies the greater covers, and the tips of the -lesser: the quill covers are also margined with white: the extreme base of -the three outer tail feathers are more or less black. - -The characters upon which we formed this group, confine it strictly to -birds of the New World. For although the habits of the typical species -evince a marked affinity to the Fantailed Flycatchers of Australia, the -construction of their wings is totally different. The disposition of the -black and crimson colours on our bird, will remind the Ornithologist of the -Red-bellied Flycatcher of Latham, of which, in fact, it is nearly an exact -prototype. But this resemblance, however strong, appears to us to be one of -analogy, rather than of affinity. We consequently consider the _Muscicapa -Multicolor_, _Lathami_, and _Goodenovia_, of MM. Horsfield and Vigors, as -more truly belonging to the family of _Sylviadae_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Ancillaria rubiginosa_] - - -ANCILLARIA rubiginosa. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell oblong, smooth, entirely polished: suture not channelled. Base of - the pillar oblique, thickened, and striated. S. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell imperforate, oblong, chestnut; spire elongated; body whorl above - banded; base with two belts and a concave groove._ Sw. in Phil. Mag. 62. - p. 403. - - A. rubiginosa. _Sw. in Brand's Journ., No. 36, p. 283._ - ----- - -The Ancillariae are marine shells, few in number, and peculiar to warm -latitudes. They are naturally polished, and very much shaped, like the -Olives; but the suture, which in those shells is marked by a deep grove, is -in these covered by a thick enamel. The animal, we believe, remains -unknown. In a monograph of this genus, published in the Journal above -quoted, we described fourteen recent, and four fossil species, being all -which, at that period, we had seen. Of these, the present is one of the -largest, and certainly the most beautiful. Our figure was made from a -matchless specimen, received by Mrs. Mawe from China, and now in the -collection of Mr. Broderip. - -We hear, with pleasure, that Mr. George Sowerby has selected this -interesting group for an early illustration in his promised _Species -Conchyliorum_. The professional opportunities which this zealous -Conchologist enjoys will, no doubt, enable him to make considerable and -valuable additions to this and every other department of his subject; and -he has our cordial good wishes for success in this most laborious -undertaking. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Mitra melaniana_] - - -MITRA melaniana. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Zool. Illustr. 1 Series, Pl. 23. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell smooth, blackish brown, with very minute punctured transverse - striae; spire attenuated, longer than the aperture; pillar 4-plaited._ - - Mitra melaniana. _Lam. Syst. 7. p. 314._ - - M. nigra? _Chem. Conch. 10 Pl. 151. f. 1430, 1431._ - - M. carbonaria. _Sw. in Bligh. Cat. App. p. 10._ - ----- - -We are acquainted with two shells, perfectly distinct as species, yet -sufficiently alike to render Lamarck's description of his M. _melaniana_ -applicable to both. In this uncertainty, we at first intended to -distinguish _this_ by the name of _carbonaria_, and to consider the other -as Lamarck's _melaniana_, but further consideration induces us to alter -this arrangement; the second species we propose to illustrate in an early -number. Our figure was taken from a full-sized specimen, received from -Australia, and now in the Manchester Museum. - ----- - - -MITRA tessellata. - ----- - - _Shell ovate, smooth, with remote transverse punctured striae; whitish, - cancellated by transverse and longitudinal fulvous lines; inner lip brown - at the base; outer lip smooth._ - - Mitra tessellata. _Swains. in Brand's Journal, No. 33. p. 34. (Ap. - 1824.)_ - ----- - -We have already given a full account of this very rare shell; a repetition -of which is rendered unnecessary by the publication of the figures. The -specimen from which these were taken, was then in the possession of Mrs. -Mawe, whose kindness and liberality, in forwarding our scientific pursuits, -has been, for very many years, constant and invariable. We know not its -country, nor have we ever seen a second example. - -Mr. Grey has recently given an additional interest to this group, by -publishing an account of the structure of the animal. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _African Jacana_ - -Parra Africana.] - - -PARRA Africana. - -_African Jacana._ - ----- - -Family Rallidae. -GENERIC CHARACTER.--_See Lesson Man. 2. p. 285._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above deep cinnamon; crown of the head naked; throat white; breast - fulvous; neck and quills black; spur on the wing obsolete._ - - Parra Africana. _Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 764._ - - African Jacana. _Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. p. 246. Gen. Hist. 9. p. 393._ - -In Mus. Par. Nostro. - ----- - -The Jacanas are wading birds, somewhat analagous, both in structure and -habits, to the European water-hen; but in their native haunts, from not -being disturbed, they are less shy. The number of these birds on the lakes -of Brazil, the elegance of their movements, and their fearlessness of man, -excite an interest in the traveller who journeys through regions, -ornamented alone by Nature. - -Most of the Jacanas inhabit South America--a few occur in India; and this, -as its name implies, is found in Africa. The typical species have the wings -armed with a strong and very acute bony spur; but in P. _Africana_, this is -so small, as not to be perceived when the wing is closed.--Bruce mentions -this bird by the name of Meylie, as inhabiting Abyssinia; and Mr. Salt -found it at Mozambique. Our specimen was received from Western Africa, by -Mr. Ward, Animal Preserver, Broad Street, Golden Square. - -The peculiar structure of the feet of these birds is highly singular, but -their particular use has not, we believe, been explained. The Jacanas are -very light birds; and their long toes, spreading over a wide surface, -enable them to walk on the floating leaves of aquatic plants, with as much -facility as if they were on land. In such situations their appearance is -really delusive; for their pressure being sufficient to sink the supporting -leaf just below the surface, the birds actually appear to walk upon the -water. - -Total length, ab. 10-1/2; bill, 1-2/10; wings, 5-2/10; tarsi, 2-2/10; hind -toe and claw, 5-1/10. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: AFRICAN BLACK CUCKOW. - -_Cuculus nigricans._] - - -CUCULUS nigricans. - -_African Black Cuckow._ - ----- - -Family Cuculidae. -GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Lesson. Man. 2. 119. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Black glossed with blue; quills internally white, with blackish bands; - tips of the lateral tail feathers whitish; bill and legs black._ - ----- - -The genus _Cuculus_, even as now restricted, contains a number of species, -dispersed over the continents and islands of the Old World. In America they -are not known: but the genus _Coccyzus_, which there represents the group, -is one of those few which are common to both hemispheres. - -The specific distinctions of birds having a uniform black plumage, is at -all times difficult; and more so, when we attempt to identify them with the -descriptions of authors. Of the black Cuckows of Africa, our bird comes -nearest to the _Coucou criard_ of Levaillant, (Ois. d'Af. pl. 204-5,) but -differs in having the bill and feet black instead of yellow: it cannot be -the _Cuculus Indicus niger_ of Brisson, as _that_ has the quills, -internally, "tout a fait noir:" neither is it the black Indian Cuckow of -Edwards, pl. 58, (_Cuculus niger_ Lin.,) whose bill and feet are red. We -were inclined to think that the second species of Buffon's _Coukeels_ might -be our bird, notwithstanding the difference of their locality; but -Commerson's original description decides the question; his words are -"_Cuculus cristatus mindanensis coeruleo nigricans totus_," (Buff. ed. Son. -54. p. 54.) Our bird has no crest. We have here consulted only original -writers; for subsequent transcribers have so blended these birds under one -name, that it is scarcely possible to disentangle their synonyms. M. -Vieillot has increased the confusion, by transposing the specific names of -Linnaeus: the true _C. niger_, L. being his _Orientalis_ (En. Meth. Orn. -1331). - -Our bird was sent to us for examination by Mr. Ward. It is a genuine -Cuckow: the nostrils being round, the third quill longest, and the second -shorter than the fourth. It came from Western Africa. - -Total length, 12-1/2; bill, 1-1/10; wings, 6-3/4; tail, 6-1/2. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Blue necked Lory_] - - -LORIUS Isidorii. - -_Blue-necked Lory._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae. -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Lesson. Man. 2. 148. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Crimson; crown, nape, neck, throat, and middle of the belly violet blue; - quill covers tipt with black; tail moderate, graduated, reddish brown._ - ----- - -A splendid specimen of this lovely bird (the only one we believe in this -kingdom), came into our possession some years ago through Mr. Warwick, a -travelling naturalist of great merit. It was purchased by him, alive, in -the Isle of France, where it had been brought in a trading vessel from New -Guinea: but it unfortunately died on its passage to England. - -We feel happy, that in recording this new and beautiful bird, an early -opportunity is given us of commemorating our deep sense of the kindness we -received from a young naturalist of France, whose writings have already -acquired celebrity, and who promises to inherit the great and commanding -talents of his illustrious father. In prosecuting our studies at the -_Garden of Plants_, we met with such unexampled liberality from its most -distinguished Professors, that we feel embarrassed where first to return -our thanks. But the facilities and attentions we received from M. Isidore -Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, partly involved a sacrifice of personal -convenience; uncalled for, either by the nature of his appointment, or by -the common rules of courtesy. So much for the reception which British -naturalists receive in France. We should do well, when striving to imitate -the Zoological Institutions of that nation, if we imbibed somewhat more of -their liberality. We hope the time is not far distant, when the system of -regulations and restrictions, which now fence the Museum of a popular -Society, from all who cannot pay for admittance, as members, may be -exchanged for a policy more creditable to the age, and more honourable to -the nation. - -We shall offer a few remarks, illustrating this particular genus, in our -next number. - -Total length, 9 in.; wings 5; tail (beyond) 1-1/2, from the base, 3-1/2. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: AMPULLARIA Pl. 1. - -_A. carinata._] - - -AMPULLARIA carinata. - -_Carinated Apple-snail._ - ----- - -Family Ampullaridae.--Guild. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - PACHYSTOMA. Shell ventricose; margin of the lip thick, generally grooved; - operculum testaceous. Zool. Journ. 12. p. 536. - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell olive, ventricose, without bands; whorls carinated near the - suture._ - ----- - -In the first Series of our Illustrations, we endeavoured to lessen the -confusion which, at that time, prevailed among the species of Ampullaria, -figuring and naming such as appeared to us truly distinct. During the -course of our labours, the sixth part of the "_Animaux sans Vetebres_" of -the celebrated Lamarck was published in Paris; in which is described -several species, figured in our volumes under other names. A want of mutual -communication between authors writing at the same time, and on the same -subject, has naturally caused confusion in nomenclature; which, at an early -period, we intend to elucidate. - -Our friend the Rev. L. Guilding, whose accuracy of observation can only be -equalled by his indefatigable zeal, has established the distinction between -the horny and shelly operculated _Ampullariae_, on anatomical principles. -The present species (which was engraved before his valuable memoir was -published) must consequently be placed in his genus _Pachystoma_; while the -_carinata_ of Lamarck, from having a horny operculum, remains with the true -Ampullariae. - -We know not the precise locality of our species; but conjecture it may be -from some of the rivers of India.--Specimens, in different stages of -growth, are in the Manchester Museum, and in our own. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: UNIO Pl. 1. - -_U. truncatus_] - - -UNIO truncatus. - -_Truncated River Mussel._ - ----- - -Acephala Dimyaria. -Sub-family Les Nayades.--_Lam._ - -SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. - - UNIO. Shells with lateral and cardinal teeth, the latter short and deeply - divided. - - HYRIA. Lateral and cardinal teeth distinct; but the latter lengthened, - and united to the former by irregular dentations. - - IRIDINA. Teeth consisting of a single crenated line, parallel with the - ligament. - - ANODON. All the teeth either obsolete, or entirely wanting. - - ALASMODON. Lateral teeth none; cardinal teeth simple, or slightly - divided. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell thick, oblong, sub-cylindrical, within pearly, umbones close to - the anterior margin, which is truncate; posterior extremity narrowed._ - ----- - -In our former Series, we have frequently mentioned the Fluviatile Bivalve -Shells, of which the genus _Unio_ appears to be the type. In a group which -present so few certain characters, either for discriminating the species or -characterizing the genera, we have, with other writers, held different -opinions at different times. And the reader has only to peruse an -interesting paper on these shells, in the Zoological Journal (Vol. I. p. -53), to be convinced of the intricacy of the subject. - -Nevertheless it is observed, by those who study natural affinities, that -when the links between two distinct forms of animals are so complete, that -their dissimilarities are lost in intermediate and undefinable gradations, -it is then that the natural arrangement is most likely to be discovered. -For it has been demonstrated in such groups, that the most perfect order -and harmony will come out, of what appeared an inextricable entanglement of -relations. Such, however, will never result from the belief in a simple -scale of Nature, or by attempting to circumscribe groups by absolute -characters. We therefore now offer the foregoing sketch of the natural -divisions of the _Nayades_, as the result of all we have seen or read upon -this difficult subject. - -We are unacquainted with any described species to which the shell here -figured can be referred. Its substance is very thick, and its form nearly -cylindrical. We have seen but one specimen, and that was with Mrs. Mawe. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: WHITE BREASTED WREN. - -_Thryothorus Mexicanus._] - - -THRIOTHORUS Mexicanus. - -_Mexican, or White-throated Wren._ - ----- - -Family Certhiadae. -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Vieil. Orn. 2. 627. - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Brown, varied with dusky lines and white dots; throat and breast snowy; - tail ferruginous, with black bars._ - -Mus. D. Taylor. - ----- - -In the collection of Birds before alluded to, formed by the late Mr. John -Morgan at Real del Monte, was a single skin of this new and elegant -species. The snowy whiteness of its throat, renders it not liable to be -mistaken in a group of birds, presenting in general a great similarity of -plumage. The upper parts are greyish brown, varied with obscure, dusky, -broken lines of blackish; each feather being tipt with a small round white -spot: wing covers and tertials the same: upper and under tail covers -ferruginous; each feather with a white spot before the white one which is -at the tip, lower breast and all the under plumage rufous brown, crossed by -black lines; the white dots nearly obsolete, tail ferruginous, with about -six black bars: legs brown, hind claw as long as the tarsus. Fourth and -fifth quill longest. - -This genus has been judiciously separated by M. Vieillot from _Troglodytes_ -(to which belongs our Brown European Wren), on account of its lengthened -and generally notched bill: the greater prolongation of the hind toe is a -further distinction; indicating an affinity with the more perfect -scansorial Creepers. - -To this group belongs the _Myothera obsoleta_ of Prince Charles Bonaparte. -No example of that genus, or of _Thamnophilus_ (in their most extended -sense), has yet been found north of Cuba: their straight, cylindrical, and -abruptly-hooked bills, offer a striking contrast to the lengthened, -compressed, curved, and consequently feeble structure of this part in -_Thriothorus_ and _Troglodytes_. - -Total length, 5-1/2; bill, 1-1/10; wings, and tail, 2-6/10 tarsi, 7/10. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Ceram Lory_] - - -LORIUS garrulus. - -_Ceram Lory._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill moderate, compressed, end of the upper mandible, within, entirely - smooth; under mandible lengthened, conic; the tip entire. Legs stout; - Tail moderate, rounded or graduated; the feathers broad, their tips - obtuse. _Nob._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Scarlet: wings green, shoulders yellow, half of the tail bluish black._ - - Psittacus garrulus. _Lin. 144. Kuhl. Cons. Psit. p. 41. No. 56._ - - Le Lori-Noira. _Buffon. Sonn. 27. p. 126. Pl. Enl. 216._ - - Le Perroquet Lori Nouara. _Levail. 2. pl. 96._ - - Scarlet Lory. _Edw. pl. 172._ - - Le Lory de Ceram. _Briss. Orn. 4. 215._ - ----- - -The popular name of Lories has long been given to those Parrots, peculiar -to the continent and islands of India, whose brilliant red plumage forms a -strong contrast to the green colour which generally pervades this family. -The southern limits of their distribution do not extend to Australia, but -much of their general structure is transferred to the Lory-Parrakeets, -forming the modern genus _Trichoglossus_; this latter group being diffused -over the remaining islands of the great Pacific Ocean. - -The Ceram Lory, from being well known, and exhibiting the prominent -characters of its tribe, is a correct type of the genus. Its length is -about eleven inches. The general colour is rich scarlet, with the wings and -thighs green: the bend of the shoulder, (and sometimes a spot on the back,) -is yellow. Tail graduated, the lower half of the feathers deep blackish -green, glossed with blue. Inhabits the Molucca Islands. - -Notwithstanding the attention recently bestowed in characterizing the -groups of this family, the most important external peculiarity of _Lorius_ -and _Trichoglossus_ has been overlooked. In these birds, that part of the -roof of the under mandible which projects beyond the lower, is generally -thin, and always perfectly smooth: a weakness of structure which renders it -impossible for these parrots to feed upon hard substances; and betrays -their frugivorous and suctorial nature, by indications perceptible to every -one. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: LEVAILLANTS CUCKOW. - -_Coccyzus Levaillanti_] - - -COCCYZUS Levaillantii. - -_Black and White-throated Cuckow._ - ----- - -Family Cuculidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Lesson. Man. 2. 120. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Head crested, the feathers pointed; plumage above black glossed with - green; band at the base of the quills, end of the tail, and under parts - of the body, white; throat striped with black._ - - Variete du Coucou Edolio, _Le Vail. Ois. d'Af. 4. pl. 209._ - ----- - -Unlike the true Cuckows, the birds of this genus rear and provide for their -young in the ordinary manner. The species are numerous in the tropical -latitudes of both hemispheres. Two are found in North America, which, in -their external characters, approach so near to the genuine Cuckows, that -they barely come within the definition of the present group. - -It frequently happens that species, originally well described, become -involved in obscurity by compilers. Le Vaillant, who first described this -bird, supposed it a variety of his _Coucou Edolio_: but in this he was -mistaken; the one being a _Cuculus_; the other a _Coccyzus_. We should have -thought our species might be the _Cuculus Afer._ of Drs. Leach and Latham, -had not the former stated his bird to be a _variety_ of Le Vaillant's, and -figured it as an example of the genus _Cuculus_. Dr. Latham (Gen. Hist. 3, -290) copies this description of _C. Afer_. (Zool. Mis. 1. p. 31), adds some -further characters not seen in our bird, and, under the same name, -describes what is evidently another species. Lastly, M. Vieillot, in his -account of the genus _Coccyzus_ (Orn. Ency. Meth. p. 1342), relying on the -usual accuracy of Le Vaillant--and never, perhaps, having seen the -bird--omits it altogether. To prevent this confusion extending further, and -to detach the species from those dubious descriptions with which it has -been mixed, we have thought it best to record it by the name of its first -describer. - -Our figure will render a detailed description unnecessary: the wings, -although long, are rounded; the fifth quill being the longest. The total -length is fifteen inches. Inhabits Senegal, and the Western Coast of -Africa. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MARMAROSTOMA. Pl. 1. - -_M. undulata._] - - -MARMAROSTOMA undulata. - -_Waved Pearl Snail._ - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell turbinated, ponderous, the whorls generally angulated, the - substance pearly: aperture circular, closed by a testaceous operculum: - umbilicus none. - -_Type_, Turbo chrysostomus. L. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell angulated, variegated with green and brown undulated stripes, - summit of each whorl coronated._ - ----- - -From the genera _Turbo_ and _Trochus_ of modern Conchologists, we have -detached all those species whose shells are closed by a calcarious -operculum; and this group we propose to distinguish by the name of -_Marmarostoma_. The species, like the _Trochi_, properly so called, are all -of a pearly structure; but their substance is much thicker; the base of the -shell is slightly produced; the exterior surface is marked either with -tubercles, grooves, or elevated ridges; and the aperture (from the -convexity of the last whorl) forms a circle. If the student compares these -characters with Trochus Zizyphinus, a common British shell, he will -immediately perceive the leading differences between the two groups. - -But it is the calcarious nature of the operculum (as indicating an -important difference in the organization of the animal) which constitutes -the primary character of _Marmarostoma_: the particular structure of this -appendage varies considerably in the different species: in some its outer -surface is smooth and convex; and in others variously granulated. In the -present shell it is marked by three or four deep semicircular grooves; that -nearest the middle is the deepest, and terminates in an umbilicus. In some -specimens, the spines on the principal ridge of the body whorl are nearly -obsolete; but those which crown the summit appear constant. - -We are indebted to the Rev. Mr. Bulwer, a scientific and arduous -Conchologist, for our specimens of this new species, purchased by him in a -collection sent from Panama. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: VOLUTA. Pl. I. - -_V. Bullata_] - - -VOLUTA bullata. - -_Bulla-shaped Volute._ - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Zool. Ill. 1 Series, pl. 161. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell oval, smooth, fulvous, marked by zigzac darker lines; spire short, - papillary; outer lip ascending towards the spire; base of the pillar with - two strong plaits._ - -Mus. D. Broderip. - ----- - -Among the shells which formed part of the African Museum, exhibited and -finally sold in London some few years back, was a single specimen of this -new and curious Volute. Worn and battered by the friction of the waves, it -still retained its colour and markings sufficiently distinct to admit of a -tolerably accurate delineation. The only part we have ventured to restore -is the contour of the outer lip, which we have adapted to the lines of -growth. The middle figure represents the shell in its broken state; and -this clearly shews the ascending of the lip towards the spire, in the same -manner as in V. _lapponica_. - -The affinities which are suggested by the peculiar structure of this shell, -are curious. In its general shape, and in the number of its plaits, it is -obviously allied to _Voluta Nucleus, harpa_; _lyraeformis_, &c., where the -two last plaits of the pillar are very thick, and those above either small -or evanescent; but from such, our shell differs materially by being quite -smooth, and in having a short obtuse spire. We do not believe that this -part has received much injury. The suture is perfect to the very end: -further evidence may be drawn from the extreme narrowness of the third -spiral whorl; a formation which only belongs to papillary spired shells. -This character, joined with the smoothness and size of the body whorl, -shews a closer approximation to the Melon shells, than to any other -division of the group. Three or four intermediate forms are alone wanting -to complete the double series. - -Mr. Broderip, who is in possession of this shell, has recently arranged the -Lamarkian _Volutae_ into very natural groups; two of which are considered -as holding the rank of genera. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Mustachoe Parrakeet._] - - -PALEORNIS Pondicerianus. - -_Pondichery, or Mustachoe Parrakeet._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Zool. Journ. 2, p. 46.--Less. Man. 2, p. 145. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Green; head pale bluish; frontal line and stripe on the lower jaw black; - wings with a central spot of yellowish; breast pale red._ - - Le Perruche a moustaches. _Buffon. Sonn. 27, p. 185, Pl. Enl. 517._ - - ---- a poitrine rose. _Levail. Pl. 31._ - - P. Pondicerianus. _Kuhl, Nova Acta, &c. No. 48*._ - - Paleornis Pondicerianus. _Vigors. Zool. Journ. 2, p. 54._ - ----- - -The Ring-necked Parrakeets of India, and the Asiatic Islands, are now -considered as forming a particular genus. The geographic distribution of -the group, and the characters of the species, have been detailed with much -skill and classic erudition, in the Zoological Journal. - -Among the numerous ornithological facts, which the distinguished liberality -of MM. Cuvier and Geoffroy St. Hilaire enabled us to ascertain, during a -course of study at the Royal Museum of Paris, is one that relates to this -species. Specimens in that noble collection, both from Pondichery and Java, -enable us to affirm, that the _Psittacus Osbeckii_ and _Pondicerianus_ of -authors, are one and the same species. - -Notwithstanding the frequency of this bird in Java, and other parts of -India, we are completely ignorant of its natural history, of those -diversified habits, and modes of living,--in short, of that knowledge, -which gives such an animating charm to natural history, which manifests the -provision of the Almighty for all His creatures, which can be known and -understood by all, and which prompts the heart to contemplation and praise. -Is there no one, in all our vast Oriental territory, to record something of -the feathered inhabitants of the Eastern World? Is there not, throughout -India, even _one_ of our countrymen, imbued with the spirit of a Wilson, a -Levaillant, or an Audubon? - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: WHITE BANDED SWALLOW. - -_Hirundo fasciata._] - - -HIRUNDO fasciata. - -_White-banded Swallow._ - ----- - -Family Hirundinidae.--Sub-Fam. Hirundina. - -Feet slender, perching, the outer and middle toe connected at the base: -bill entirely depressed. _Nob._ - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -G. HIRUNDO.--Lesson. Man. 1, 419. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Glossy blue black: thighs and band on the abdomen snowy._ - - Hirundo fasciata. _Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 575._ - - L'Hirondelle a ceinture blanche. _Buffon. Pl. Enl. 724, f. 2._ - - White-bellied Swallow. _Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 567._ - ----- - -This elegant bird, although mentioned by several writers, is of great -rarity. So seldom, indeed, is it seen in collections, that we never beheld -a specimen prior to our visit to the Royal Museum of Paris, where our -drawing was made. Buffon's description seems to have been transcribed by -all succeeding writers; and the only figure hitherto published is that at -Plate 724 of the Planches Enluminees. - -The habits of the Swallow tribe are known to every one. Like the -Flycatchers, they feed upon insects captured on the wing; but these insects -are of so small a size, that they are swallowed during the flight of the -bird. This at once accounts for Swallows not being provided with those -stiff bristles, for confining the struggles of their prey, which are so -essential to the Flycatchers. These latter birds frequently feed upon -insects much too large to be swallowed at the moment of capture; they -therefore hold their prey until they again perch, and swallow it when at -rest. - -The figure is the size of life. Excepting the band on the body, and the -spot on the thighs--both of which are snowy white--the whole plumage is of -a deep black, richly glossed with dark blue. The first quill is longest, -and the tail is deeply forked. - -According to Buffon, this bird is sometimes seen perched on floating trees -in the rivers of Guiana and Cayenne. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: Anodon, _Pl. 1_ - -_A. areolatus_.] - - -ANODON areolatus. - -_Areolated Horse Mussel._ - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See Unio, Pl. 1. -(Anodon. Iridina. Dipsus. _Auct._) - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell transversely oval, not winged, umbones small, ventricose, not - touching; with a short undulated projection of the hinge margin in one - valve, and a corresponding concavity in the other; both placed beneath - the umbones._ - ----- - -The principal character of _Anodon_, rests on the absence of teeth; the _A. -anatinus_, common to our rivers and ponds, being taken as the type of the -group. But, as Nature steps progressively, in her departure from one form, -and in her advance to another, so among the Anodons we find several shells, -which do not strictly exhibit the typical character; and these we shall -briefly notice. - -In the sketch already given of this group, we have placed the genus -_Anodon_ between _Iridina_ and _Alasmodon_. The _Iridina nilotica_ Sow, -"has scarcely any appearance of crenations along the hinge line," but for -this, it consequently would present a simple lamellar ridge, extending -nearly the length of the shell; such, in short, as is seen in _Dipsus -plicatus_ (Leach), whose tooth may be so described. By this shell we are -led to _A. rubens_ Lam. where a lamellar plate, though much shorter, is -placed beneath the umbones. _Iridina Cailliandi_ perfectly resembles _A. -rubens_, except in being without any vestige of this plate. We have now -entered among the typical species, where every form occurs between a round -and an ensiform shape. Leaving these, Nature proceeds to fashion an -indistinct developement of _Alasmodon_ in the species before us, where that -part of the hinge plate, immediately beneath the umbones, is somewhat -raised, and undulated. In _A. rugosus_ these compressed undulations assume -more the form of tubercles; and finally, in the _Alasmodon marginatus_ of -Say, the teeth are sufficiently developed to place that shell in a distinct -group. - -Our esteemed and accomplished friend, Mrs. Corrie of Birmingham, favoured -us with two examples of what appears to be a variety of that which we have -figured. The substance of both is opake; the inside white, tinged with -buff, and with scarcely any pearly lustre. Inhabits North America, but we -know not any precise locality. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MITRA. Pl. 2. - -_1. strigata. 2. bicolor. 3. carinata._] - - -MITRA strigata. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell very smooth, chestnut with paler longitudinal stripes, which are - white at their commencement; aperture white, shorter than the spire; - pillar 4-plaited_. - - Mitra strigata. _Sw. in Brand's Journ., No. 33, p. 37, Ap. 1824._ - ----- - -The Conchologist will find a full description of the three Mitras here -figured in the Journal above mentioned. They are all of singular rarity, -more particularly _strigata_ and _carinata_, as of these we have never seen -second specimens. _M. strigata_ belongs to that group which contains M. -_melaniana_, _scutulata,_ &c. Its country is unknown. - ----- - -MITRA bicolor. - ----- - - _Shell smooth, polished, fusiform, white, with a brown central band; - upper part of the body whorl and spire with cancellated punctured striae: - base with simple striae_. - ----- - -This pretty shell seldom exceeds three-quarters of an inch in length; our -figure is consequently enlarged: the pillar has four plaits. This, in -conjunction with M. _casta_, _olivaria_, _dactylus_ (Lam.), and -_olivaeformis_ (Sw.), constitute a particular group, allied to -_Conoehelix_, having the plaits extending far beyond the aperture. - -Inhabits the South Seas. In the Manchester Museum, and in our own. - ----- - -MITRA carinata. - - _Shell slender, fusiform, brown; whorls with a single carinated ridge, - and striated transversely near the suture; pillar 4-plaited._ - ----- - -The habit of this Mitra will place it with the fusiform species; from all -of which, however, it differs in not having exterior plaits, nodules, or -impressed sculpture. The aperture is smooth within, and white. We have only -seen one specimen, received by Mrs. Mawe, from Sierra Leone, and this was -covered with a brown epidermis. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: TELLINA. P.I. - -_T. latirostra._] - - -TELLINA latirostra. - -_Wide-beaked Tellen._ - ----- - -Order Acephala.--Tribe Dimiaria (_Nob._). - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Lam. Sys. 5, 519. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell oblong; anterior side narrowed and angulated; both valves glossy, - smooth, equally convex, and marked by very delicate radiating striae._ - - _T. testa oblonga, purpurascente, subradiata, anterius sinuato-angulata, - rostri margine infimo ascendente._ Lam. Syst. 5, p. 523. - ----- - -There are few groups in Conchology, more particularly among the bivalve -shells, possessing so great a union of delicacy and beauty as the Tellinae; -and perhaps there is none in which the species, from their general -similarity of shape, and variability of colouring, are so little -understood. For these reasons, we intend to illustrate this elegant genus -very fully. - -The _Tellinae_ appear to hold a station with the most typical groups of the -Bivalve Mollusca; or those in which the animal can freely remove, from -place to place, by the foot. In all such the shells are solid, regular, and -not attached to other substances. - -We select the _Tellina latirostra_ of Lamarck for our first subject. As a -species it has not been figured; while the original description, which we -have transcribed, is so slight, that some uncertainty exists as to the -precise species intended by the writer. That to which we here apply the -name, is certainly very like, as Lamarck observes, to _T. rostrata_; -although his description, in other respects, is applicable to other species -now before us. Our _Tellina latirostra_ is not common, although we once -received a considerable number from Amboyna. Its surface is very smooth, -but the delicate striae, which can scarcely be seen by the naked eye, -become perfectly clear under a common lens. The Manchester Nat. Hist. -Society is in possession of a lovely series, exhibiting the following -variations of colour: 1, pure white; 2, rose-coloured round the umbones, -paler beyond; 3, entirely rose colour; 4, blush white, with a rosy shade on -each side the umbones; 5, pale orange; 6, buff yellow, resembling _T. -depressa_. In all these the points of the umbones are invariably white. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Blue-winged Parrakeet._] - - -NANODES venustus. - -_Blue-fronted Parrakeet._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill entire; the lower mandible short, deep, thick, and rounded; nostrils - very large, fleshy, naked; wings pointed; tarsi, toes, and claws very - slender--the former manifestly longer than the hind toe; tail cuneated; - the feathers narrow and lanceolate. _Nob._ - -Type.--_Psittacus pulchellus._--Zool. Ill. 2, Pl. 73. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Sides of the head yellowish; front with a blue band; wing-covers and - tail blue, the latter tipt with yellow; throat and breast deep green; - belly yellow._ - - Psittacus venustus. _Linn. Trans. (Temm.) xiii. p. 121._ - - ---- chrysostomas. _Kuhl. Nov. Act. p. 51, Pl. 1._ - - Nanodes venustus. _Linn. Trans. (Vig. and Hors.) xv. 274._ - ----- - -The Ground Parrakeets of Australia, of which this is one of the most -beautiful, form a small but richly coloured group of birds, remarkable for -the peculiar structure of their feet, which leads them to frequent the -ground more than any of their family. In the form of their bill, wings, and -tail, they exhibit a close resemblance, in miniature, to the Maccaws of the -New World, and may justly be supposed to represent those birds in the -Southern hemisphere. - -We received two specimens of the Blue-fronted Parrakeet, some years ago, -from Van Dieman's Land; yet even there it is considered scarce; nor did we -observe it in any of the collections in Paris. - -Assenting, in a great measure, to those general principles of arrangement -which several eminent Ornithologists have proposed regarding this family, -we nevertheless consider that the succession of affinities, and even the -nature of the leading groups, are not yet correctly understood. In the -present case, we would rather have seen _Nanodes_ placed as a sub-genus to -_Pezoporus_; from which it merely differs in the comparative shortness of -the feet. The connexion between the two forms, moreover, is so close as -not, in our judgment, to admit the intervention of _Platycercus_, or any -other group yet discovered. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Yellow shouldered Oriole._ - -I. Cayanensis.] - - -ICTERUS Cayanensis. - -_Cayenne Hangnest._ - ----- - -Fam. Sturnidae.--Sub-Fam. Icterina (_Nobis_). - - Bill lengthened, conic, acute, entire, the commissure not sinuated. Tarsi - short, adapted for perching; claws strong, fully curved. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill black; both mandibles slightly bent; nostrils furnished with a - membrane; tail lengthened, graduated; wings slightly rounded._ Nob. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Black, not glossy; lesser wing-covers above yellow, beneath black - margined by yellow; legs bluish._ - - Oriolus Cayanensis. _Lin. 1. p. 163._ - - Xanthornus Cayanensis. _Brisson. Orn. 2. p. 123. pl. 9. f. 2._ - - Carouge de St. Thomas. _Pl. Enl. 535. f. 2._ - - Yellow-winged Pye. _Edwards, pl. 322?_ - -In Mus. Nost. - ----- - -The Starlings of the old continent, are represented in America by a tribe -of birds formerly denominated Orioles, but which we shall distinguish by -the name of Hangnests. They are gregarious and noisy; living both upon -insects, fruits, and grain. Their nests are purse-shaped, woven with great -dexterity, and generally suspended from the extreme branches of lofty -trees. - -Much has been done to illustrate the affinities of these birds, and to -define the species; but both are imperfectly known. Regarding their natural -arrangement, our own views are quite at variance with the ingenious theory -of Mr. Vigors; and as to the species, the bird before us is a curious -example of error. - -The true _O. cayanensis_, in the best modern systems, has been lost sight -of; and, under the new name of _chrysopterus_ (Vieil. Wagler.), has been -confounded with _three_ others, one of which is a _Xanthornus_, one an -_Icterus_, and one an _Agelaius_! The only authentic synonyms, which can -therefore be consulted for our bird, are those we have quoted. - -_Cassicus_, _Cassiculus_, _Xanthornus_, and _Icterus_ are the only -published genera which will come within our definition of the _Icterinae_. - -Total length, 9 in.; bill, 1; wings, 4; tail, 4-1/10; tarsi, 8/10. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Long leg'd Ant Thrush_ - -(_M. grallatoria._)] - - -DRYMOPHILA longipes. - -_Long-legged Ant Thrush._ - ----- - -Family Meruladae. - -Sub-family Myotherina. - - Legs long, adapted for walking; wings and tail short, the latter weak, - rounded or even, but never forked or divaricated; claws but slightly - curved. _Nob._ - ----- - -GENUS DRYMOPHILA.--Lesson. Man. 1. p. 196. - - D. longipes. _Above rufous; sides of the head cinereous; throat and - breast black; body beneath white; tarsi long, pale_. - - _Sw. in Zool. Journ. 2. p. 152. Gen. Zool. 13. 2. 179. Lesson. Man. 1. p. - 196._ - -In Mus. Nost. - ----- - -The Ant Thrushes, as originally defined by us, constitute a natural group -of Birds peculiar to, and very abundant in, the tropical regions of the New -World. They are found only in the deep shades of forests, seeking their -nourishment on the ground, from ants and other terrestrial insects. Beyond -such retreats they never venture, and thus their natural love for seclusion -has prevented us from knowing more of their economy. - -The species are numerous: our own cabinet contains fifteen: but nearly -double that number are among the rich and surpassing treasures of the Royal -Museum at Paris. Of that here figured, we have never seen a second -specimen. - -In the form of the bill, and the elongated lax plumage of the back, -_Drymophila_ bears a close resemblance to the smaller species of Bush -Shrikes (_Thamnophilus_), but the construction of the feet--adapted in one -for perching, and in the other for walking--will sufficiently distinguish -these groups. - -The specific name of _grallaria_, engraved on the plate, was inadvertently -changed for that of _longipes_ in the published account. The figure -represents the natural size. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Lingula anatina._] - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Lingula hians._] - - -LINGULA anatina. - ----- - -Class Mollusca.--Order Brachiopoda (_Macleay_). - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Lam. Sys. 61, 257. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Valves of equal breadth, much depressed, and longitudinally sulcated; - the basal extremities approximating._ - - Lingula anatina. _Cuv. Bulletin, No. 52*. Ann. du Mus. v. 1, p. 69*. Lam. - Syst. 61, 258._ - - Lingula anatina. _Sw. in Phil. Mag. 62, p. 403, Dec. 1823._ - - Icones. _Ency. Meth. Pl. 250, f. 1, a, b, c. Chemn. Pl. 172, 1675, 1677. - Seba. 3 tab. 16, f. 4*._ - ----- - -The nature of the animal inhabiting the shell of _Lingula_ remained -unknown, until the illustrious Cuvier detected its affinity with -_Terebratula_, _Crania_, and those singular bivalve shells forming the -order _Brachiopoda_ of Mr. Macleay. The valves have neither teeth or -ligament, but are united by muscles, and supported on a fleshy peduncle, -three or four inches in length, by which the animal is attached to marine -bodies. - -We believe that under the common name of _Anatina_, two species have been -included. Their respective peculiarities were published, some time ago, in -the Journal above alluded to; and are now more fully illustrated by -figures, and by such specific distinctions as are exhibited by the shells. -Both species appear to inhabit the Indian Ocean. - ----- - -LINGULA hians. - - _Valves narrowed towards their base, convex, and generally smooth; both - extremities widely gaping._ - ----- - -We do not recollect to have seen this species so frequent in collections as -the preceding; it is always smaller, more convex in the middle, and -generally smooth. Mrs. Mawe favoured us with fine specimens of both, for -delineation. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Pennantian Parrakeet._] - - -PLATYCERCUS scapularis. - -_Tabuan, or King Parrakeet._ - ----- - -Family Psittacidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER.--Lesson. Man. 2, 146. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Green; head, neck, and body beneath scarlet; lower part of the back - blue; scapular covers with a pea green stripe; tail black._ - - Tabuan Parrot. _White's Voyage, pl. in p. 168 (male)._ - - Grande Perruche a collier et croupion bleus. _Le Vail. Par. pl. 55._ - - Platycercus scapularis. _Vig. and Hors. Linn. Trans. 15, 1, 284._ - ----- - -Greatly allied to the Ground Parrakeets of Australia, but differing from -them in many particulars, are the Broad-tailed Parrakeets of the same -region, forming the modern group _Platycercus_. The former appear to -represent the Maccaws; while the latter exhibit many strong points of -analogy to the Lories; but we question if their resemblance extends -further. - -We have had one of these beautiful Parrakeets in our possession, alive, for -many years. Its manners are gentle and timid. Like many of its congeners, -it delights to wash itself in a basin of water. In the day, and during -winter, it is generally silent; but on a mild evening it will go on, for -two or three hours, with a somewhat whistling note; sometimes shrill, but -generally soft and pleasing. Its ordinary diet is moistened bread, with a -little hemp and canary seed; but during summer and autumn the small garden -fruits appear to be highly welcome to our elegant little favourite. - -Our figure represents a variety of the male bird, wherein the light green -on the scapular feathers is wanting. The total length is about sixteen -inches. - -We consider the primary divisions of the _Psittacidae_, are those which -have long been recognized under the familiar names of Maccaws, Cockatoos, -Parrots, Lories, and Parrakeets. Such a series is the result of a -synthetical investigation we have given to the subject; but this mode of -inquiry is so deceptive, and has led to so many erroneous conclusions, that -until each of these groups are submitted to a patient analysis, which has -never yet been done, no correct opinion on the subject can be formed. The -name on the Plate (engraved five years ago) is a mistake. The first -description and figure of this bird is in "White's Voyage to New South -Wales," where it is described as not uncommon. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _White shoulder'd Ant Thrush_ - -(_M. Bicincta._)] - - -DRYMOPHILA trifasciata. - -_White-shouldered Ant Thrush._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _General plumage black; with the shoulder covers, interscapulars, and two - bands on the wing covers, snowy._ - - D. trifasciata. _Swains. in Zool. Journ. 2, p. 152. Gen. Zool. 13, 2, - 179. Lesson. Manuel. 1, p. 196._ - -In Mus. Paris. Nostro. - ----- - -We found this remarkable bird not uncommon in the thick Forests of Pitanga, -near Bahia, during our travels in Brazil in the years 1815-7. Yet although -the male birds were frequent, we were never fortunate enough to procure a -female. It has likewise been found in the southern provinces of that -empire, by Dr. Langsdorff. - -Its total length is about seven inches; the whole plumage, with the -exception of the snowy bands on the wings, is intensely black: the white -spot on the back is only seen when the feathers are raised: the irides, in -the live bird, are of a beautiful crimson. - -My friend M. Lesson, conjectures truly in thinking, that the birds placed -by M. Temminck in our genus _Drymophila_, have no connexion or analogy with -those species we have described, or with the characters on which we -originally founded the group: they belong, in short, to a different family. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Red headed Tanager._ - -T. Gyrola.] - - -AGLAIA Gyrola. - -_Red-headed Tanager._ - ----- - -Family Fringillidae?--G. Tanagra. _Auct._ - -Aglaia. _Lesson. Man. 2, 423._ - - Bill small, short, compressed; nostrils concealed by velvet-like - feathers. Wings rather lengthened, pointed; 2, 3 and 4 quills equal and - longest. Tail even. - -Type.--_Tanagra Tatao._--Lin. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Vivid green, sometimes varied on the breast with blue: the whole head - bright rufous, bordered round the neck with a narrow golden ring._ - - Tanagra Gyrola. _Lin. 1, 315. Lath. In. Orn. 1, 427._ - - ---- _Desmarest Tan. pl. 15. Vieil. Orn. 2, p. 778._ - - Le Rouverdin. _Buff. Son. 12, p. 341. Pl. Enl. 133, f. 2. Edw. pl. 23._ - - Red-headed Tanager. _Lath. Syn. 3, 233. Gen. Hist. 6, 16._ - ----- - -The splendid little birds arranged under this group belong exclusively to -Tropical America. They are generally seen in pairs, frequenting open woody -tracts; feed principally upon fruits, and seldom if ever perch upon the -ground: In the variety, and richness of their colours, they are only -surpassed by the Humming Birds. - -The Red-headed Tanager has never, we believe, been found in Brazil; -although it occurs in Cayenne, Surinam, and some of the West India Islands. -Buffon was its first describer; he informs us that in French Guyana it -appears in small flocks, two or three times in a year; arriving when the -fruit of a particular tree is ripe, and departing when it begins to fail. -Some specimens are more brilliant than others, originating probably from -age or locality: those from Cayenne are known by a delicate blue tinge on -the breast. A further variety has been described (_Ency. Meth._), in which -the upper part of the neck is also red, and the back marked by a large spot -of dull rufous (_brun-marron_). We suspect this will prove a distinct -species. The rank of this group, whether as generic or subgeneric, can only -be determined by analyzing the whole family. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MELANIA Pl. 1. - -_1, setosa. 2, amarula._] - - -MELANIA amarula. - ----- - -Order Phytophaga. (_Gasteropoda, Cuv. Pars._) - - Molluscae destitute of a syphon, but furnished with jaws, and generally - enclosed in a univale shell, with an entire aperture. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - -See Lam. Sys. 6, 2, p. 163.--Dubois Trans. 193. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate-conical, blackish, upper part of the whorls armed with solid - porrect spines; aperture bluish white._ - - M. amarula. _Lam. Sys. 6, 2, p. 166. Chemn. pl. 134, f. 1218-9. Ency. pl. - 468, f. 6._ - ----- - -This is a genus of fresh water shells, particularly abundant in Africa, -Asia, and America; we have also heard it has lately been detected in -Europe. - -We should not have figured this common and well known shell, but for the -purpose of comparing it with the next. When in a young state, the spines -are very acute: more advanced they become less so; and in old individuals -they are often very obtuse. - ----- - -MELANIA setosa. - - _Shell ovate-conical, brownish olive; whorls armed with porrect tubular - spines, enclosing setaceous bristles._ - - Melania setosa. _Sw. in Brand's Journal, No. 33, p. 13._ - -This is a most singular species. From the tubular spines emerge two or -three hornlike, elastic bristles, which appear embedded in the substance of -the shell. A very ample account of the first specimen we ever met with, -will be found in Brand's Journal for April, 1824. It was discovered in the -Isle of France, by Mr. Warwick, where it appears to be very rare. Other -specimens have since been brought to this country. - -We were unwillingly drawn into a controversy respecting this shell some -years ago. Our sentiments, in every thing that regards the shell itself, -are unchanged. Not so with respect to the individual. The civilities and -attentions we have since received from Mr. Gray, leave us to regret, very -sincerely, that such a discussion should have ever taken place. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MITRA. Pl. 3. - -_1, adusta. 2, ambigua. 3, punctata._] - - -MITRA fulva. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate-acute, smooth, fulvous, unspotted, marked with transverse - sulcated striae, containing punctured dots: body whorl contracted; suture - crenated: base obtuse: outer lip thickly and strongly crenated; the - crenations, and the plaits on the pillar, white._ - ----- - -The different nomenclature of Lamark and Dillwyn, induced us to suspect -that our present species might still be retained under the name of -_adusta_; but as a greater degree of confusion may perhaps arise in so -doing, than that which we wished to avoid, we have now given it a distinct -name, and defined its true characters. It is sometimes partially dotted -with pure white. The _M. adusta_ of Lamark is, in short, the same as the -_ruffina_ of Linnaeus: or at least that species which Dr. Solander and Mr. -Dillwyn conceive to be such. Our shell is from the Isle of France, and is -not common: the crenated teeth on the lip are very strong; the base obtuse, -and effuse: the spire and aperture of equal length. - ----- - -MITRA ambigua. - - _Shell ovate-fuciform, rufous, with a white band near the suture, - transversely striated and punctured, suture and outer lip crenated, base - contracted; spire shorter than the aperture._ - -Less distinctly striated and punctured than the last; but differs -considerably in being almost a fuciform shell: the base of the aperture is -consequently contracted. We possess but one specimen, and know not its -locality. - ----- - -MITRA punctata. - - _Shell ovate, brown, striated and punctured: spire very small, somewhat - conic: outer lip crenated: pillar six-plaited._ - -A beautifully perfect shell of this new and very rare species, we procured -from our friend Mrs. Mawe; we have never seen another: the inside of the -lip is margined with deep brown. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: _Golden back'd Tanager, male._ - -T. Flava.] - - -AGLAIA flava. - -_Yellow Tanager._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Above glossy fulvous yellow; sides of the head, and middle of the - throat, breast, and body, deep black; wings and tail green._ - - Tanagra flava. _Lath. In. Orn. 1, 431._ - - Tanagra Braziliensis flava. _Briss. Orn. 3, 39, 22._ - - Le guira-perea. _Buff. Son. 12, p. 362._ - - Yellow Tanager. _Lath. Syn. 3, 244. Gen. Hist. 4, 22._ - - Tanagra chloroptera. _Vieil. Orn. 2._ - ----- - -The buff-coloured yellow which spreads over the upper plumage of this bird, -in some lights becomes much richer, and delicately gilded. The wings appear -to be sea-green, but this colour only margins the borders of the feathers, -the inner parts of which are blackish: the tail is coloured in the same -way, the feathers divaricating from the middle, which is slightly forked. -The black in front terminates at the vent; which, with the sides of the -body, are waxen yellow. - -In the Ornithology of M. Vieillot, we find no mention of this well known -bird by its long established name: but the _T. chloroptera_ of this writer, -described as a new species, is evidently no other than the _flava_ of -anterior authors. - -Our figure is of the natural size. The female is dark bluish green above, -and buff beneath, much paler on the throat and breast: the chin and sides -of the head blackish; and the crown buff-coloured yellow. - -We found this species not uncommon in several parts of Brazil, particularly -round Pernambucco; frequenting the gardens, and feeding on the -smaller-sized fruits. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PAPILIO _Niamus_] - - -PAPILIO Niamus. - ----- - -Order Lepidoptera. G. Papilio. (_Auct._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Wings pale, with longitudinal bands: posterior lengthened, caudated; the - tails long and acute. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings yellowish white with black bands; posterior wings acutely tailed, - with a black line and whitish lunule at the anal angle, and marked - beneath with a macular red band margined with black._ - - Pap. Niamus. _Alis flavo-albidis, fasciis nigris; posticis caudatis, - apice nigro lunulis albidis: his subtus striga maculari rubra._ Latrielle - et Godart. Ency. Meth. 9, p. 51. - ----- - -To describe in detail those colours and markings of an insect, which the -eye can embrace at a single glance on a well executed representation, is -surely unnecessary. We shall therefore merely observe that this species has -hitherto remained unfigured: that it is a native of Southern Brazil, and of -such rarity, that in two years, we never met with more than one specimen. - -In some observations upon what appear to us the leading groups of the -_Diurnal Lepidoptera_, published some time ago, we considered those groups -wherein the anterior feet are perfectly developed, and the chrysalis braced -by a transverse thread, as the most perfect and typical. Subsequent -observations confirm us in this general view; but it still remains to be -investigated, to which group the generic name of _Papilio_ should be -retained. The wide dispersion of that form represented in the two European -species _Podalirius_ and _Machaon_, and which form occurs in all the -temperate and tropical regions of the globe, leads us to suspect it as the -most typical group: to this, _Papilio Niamus_, from its very close affinity -to _Podalirius_, unquestionably belongs. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: RHETUS _Cramerii_] - - -RHETUS Cramerii. - ----- - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Larva_ and _Pupa_ unknown. - - _Wings_ triangular; the posterior lengthened and rather acutely tailed. - _Antennae_ with the club linear-fuciform. _Palpi_ cylindrical, elongate, - porrect, incurved, remote, naked; the second joint remarkably long. - _Anterior feet_ in the male short and very hairy; in the female longer, - naked, and furnished with minute claws. _Wings_, when at rest, - horizontal. - -_Types._--Pap. Rhetus. Periander.--(_Cramer._) - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings black, with two white subhyaline bands, both sides alike; - posterior wings elongated, vivid blue, acutely tailed, with a transverse - sub-lunular band at the anal angle._ - - Papilio Rhetus. _Cramer. pl. 63, f. c._ - ----- - -This is one of the rarest and most splendid lepidopterous insects of -Brazil. We were once fortunate in capturing six specimens, fluttering over -a shrub in the early morning sun, during our encampment in the Forest of -Urupee, in the Province of Bahia: but we never again met with this charming -creature. - -The perfect insect has been figured in the costly, but truly valuable, work -of Cramer; yet as neither the larva or pupa are known, we cannot determine -on its natural group. Its relations, as suggested by the perfect insect, -appear to be these. We consider the analogy between the groups respectively -containing _P. Podalirius_, and _Marius_ (Cr.), to be immediate and direct: -the form of the last type, and much of its general structure, is seen in -our insect; but the details will not admit of a further similitude. Among -the _Ericinae_ we again detect this form in _P. Corineus_ and _Dorylus_ -(Cr.), and continuing the comparison, we see the _antennae_, _palpi_, and -feet (in one sex) of _Rhetus_, accurately represented in those of _P. -imperialis_ (Cr.), among the _Thecladae_. We therefore suspect, that the -real affinities of our insect lie between the two last groups: It seems -moreover to have a strong analogy with _Leilus_. The upper figure is of the -male, the under of the female. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: ROSTELLARIA. P. 1 - -_R. curvirostris._] - - -ROSTELLARIA curvirostris. - -_Short-beaked Spindle._ - ----- - -Class Mollusca. Order Zoophaga.--(_Gasteropoda, Cuv. Pars._) - - Carnivorous Mollusca without jaws; the mouth formed into a retractile - trunk: conveying nutriment by suction. Respiration aquatic: the water - being conducted to the branchiae by a projecting siphon. - -Family,? Strombidae. (_Les Ailees. Lam._) - ----- - -SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. - - Div. 1. _Outer lip with a sinus; distinct from the basal canal._ - - STROMBUS. _L._ Outer lip dilated, entire, basal canal short. - - _Stromb. gigas, auris-Diana, tridentatus, urceus, &c._ - - PTEROCERAS. _Lam._ Outer lip digitated; canal lengthened, arcuated. - - Div. 2. _Sinus simple; formed by the prolongation of the canal._ - - APORRHAIS. _Dacosta._ Outer lip dilated and digitated. - - _Strombus pes-pelecani. Auct._ - - ROSTELLARIA. _Lam._ Outer lip dentated, but not dilated. Basal canal - long. - - HIPPOCHRENES. _Montf._ Outer lip generally dilated, and always entire. - Basal canal moderate or short. Spiral canal nearly equal to the spire. - - _Rost: macroptera, columbata, fissurella, Lam._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Basal canal short: spiral canal thickened, and perpendicularly ascending - on the spire._ - - Strombus fusus. _Linn. Gm. 3506. Lister, 854, 12. Seba, 3, 56, 1._ - - Rostellaria curvirostris. _Lam. Sys. 7, 1, 192. Ency. Meth. pl. 411, f. - 1._ - ----- - -This elegantly formed shell is a native of the Red and Indian Seas. It is -the most common of the few species retained in the genus _Rostellaria_; all -these are recent; while _Hippochrenes_ has occured only in a fossil state. - -The preceding table of affinities, connecting the leading forms among the -_Strombii_, will be adverted to hereafter. At present we shall offer a few -observations on the nature of that more comprehensive division of the class -_Mollusca_, to which this particular group appears to belong. - -The learned Author of the Horae Entomologicae, in that part of his valuable -essay relating to the _Molluscae_, considers our knowledge of these animals -too imperfect to enable him to state the nature of the typical groups: the -situations of which, in his diagram of the animal kingdom, are therefore -merely indicated by stars. M. Macleay further remarks, that the -_Gasteropoda_ of M. Cuvier, with certain restrictions, evidently form a -circular group. Yet, from the above omission, it appears he still -entertained some doubts on the propriety of this arrangement. Labouring -under similar disadvantages to those which impeded the researches of so -profound an observer, we feel some hesitation in expressing a different -sentiment on the subject, particularly in reference to his own disposition -of affinities. - -It is evident that these typical groups, whatever may be their nature, must -present some very strong points of analogy to those in the circle of -_Vertebrata_: and that such analogies should extend to the corresponding -groups of the _Annulosa_. This we should expect, not only as the necessary -result of a truly natural arrangement, but as a primary test, by which the -correctness of any series of affinities must be tried. Now admitting that -Quadrupeds and Birds shew the same typical perfection among the -_Vertebrata_, as the Mandibulate and Suctorial Insects unquestionably do in -the _Annulosa_, we have two beautiful analogies between these otherwise -dissimilar groups, taken from one of the most important functions of -nature. Quadrupeds and mandibulate insects are provided with jaws for -tearing and masticating their prey, while in birds and suctorial insects, -the mouth is lengthened into a proboscis, by which nourishment is imbibed -by suction. These analogies are equally conspicuous among the _Molluscae_. -The _Phytiphages_ of Lamarck (of which the garden snail is a good example), -are furnished with jaws and masticate their food: the _Zoophages_ of the -same accurate observer, have their mouth elongated into a retractile trunk -or proboscis, by which they pierce through other shells, and suck the -juices of the inhabitant. To insist on the importance of these -distinctions, employed as they have been to characterize primary divisions, -is surely unnecessary. That they will be subject to considerable -modification, in the subordinate groups, may naturally be expected: but we -refrain at present from offering an opinion on the nature of such groups, -dependant, as they must be, on greater anatomical knowledge than we yet -possess. Nevertheless, until more direct analogies are discovered, than -those here stated, we feel some confidence in employing them as _typical_ -distinctions of the two great divisions of _Gastropod Mollusca_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PSARIS _Jardinii_ - -_Jardine's Saris._] - - -PSARIS Jardinii. - -_Jardine's Saris._ - ----- - -Family Todidae.--_Nob_. Sub-family Psariana.--_Nob_. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ thick, strong, more or less depressed, culmen not elevated, both - mandibles notched, the upper convex: _nostrils_ round, nearly naked: - _rictus_ smooth; _mouth_ very wide. _Wings_ long, pointed, the second and - third quill longest. _Tail_ short, even. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Cinereous white; head, tail, and outer half of the wings, black: first - and fifth quill equal: spurious quill none; orbits plumed._ - -In Mus. Nost. - ----- - -In a small collection of birds, from the interior of the vast Empire of -Brazil, we met with this new and highly interesting species. Its -resemblance to the well known _Psaris Cayanus_ is so close, that even -Ornithologists would not at first suspect the difference; and this may -possibly account for its having been overlooked. The size and colour of the -two birds, in fact, are perfectly alike: but in this, the bill is much more -depressed; the orbits, instead of being naked, are covered with feathers: -and the spurious intermediate quill is entirely wanting. Our bird thus -presents not only the characters of a species, but a modification of form, -leading to the genus _Pachyrhynchus_ of Spix. - -Our friend Sir William Jardine, Bart., who has long felt, with us, a -peculiar interest in this group, will accept our dedication of this species -to him, as a proof of the estimation in which we hold his studies. - -The publication of _Psaris Cuvierii_ in the early series of our work, was -the first addition made to this group after its publication in the _Regne -Animal_. The generic name of _Psaris_ soon after became familiar to British -Ornithologists, by being universally adopted. Recently, however, the Editor -of the Zoological Journal has expressed his opinion that this name, on the -score of priority, should give place to another. The question would be of -little moment did it merely concern this group; but involving, as it does, -the entire nomenclature of two systems, it becomes a matter of some -importance to ascertain their respective claims. The period of typographic -publication, as connected with the only process by which knowledge can be -universally communicated, is the only criterion, in our opinion, by which -such claims should be decided. Dates, if _truly affixed_, speak for -themselves. But to attain this advantage, no surreptitious or disreputable -practices can be allowed. A plausible claim may indeed be made by any -author, who hastily puts together an essay or pamphlet, for the sole -purpose of anticipating the patient labours of another: but such artifices, -when discovered, are sure to be discountenanced by honourable minds. To -illustrate our meaning better, we will state a case. - -Let us suppose, then, a learned Naturalist, in charge of a public museum, -is engaged in a general classification of the animal kingdom: that to the -type of each group, as progressively defined, he affixes a label, with the -proposed name, and returns it again to the public rooms. Let us further -suppose that an Ornithologist, wishing to make a new system, but without -any materials for so doing, goes to this museum, selects, as they are -successively named, these identical types for his examination, well knowing -by whom, and for what purpose they are so named. He then goes home, and -publishes, with all expedition, an ill-digested pamphlet, _wherein every -group appears under a name, totally different from that by which he became -acquainted with it_. - -It is not for us to make the application. But that such practices have been -resorted to, is well known among the highest scientific authorities in -Paris. It is not so much in justice to a distinguished individual, as our -respect for the broad principles of truth and honour, that we have said -thus much. These are grave charges, but they are not lightly brought -forward. Resting, as they do, on testimony the most unquestionable, we -should deem it almost insulting to our countrymen could we suppose they -will henceforward, by adopting these names, countenance a claim built on -such a fraudulent basis. - -Our views of the natural situation of this group, must be reserved for the -next number. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PETROICA _multicolor_. - -_Scarlet breasted Robin_] - - -PETROICA multicolor. - -_Scarlet-breasted Robin._ - ----- - -Family Sylviadae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ slender, the sides compressed, the tip gradually bent, and beset - with bristles at the base. _Wings_ long; the first quill spurious; the - second intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh. _Tarsi_ - elevated, the inner toe manifestly shorter than the external toe. _Tail_ - broad, even. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Head, throat, and upper plumage black; front snowy; wings with one - longitudinal and two oblique white bands; breast and part of the body - scarlet; belly dull white._ - - Red-breasted Warbler. _Lewin. Birds of New Moll. pl. 17._ - - Muscicapa multicolor. _Gen. Horsf. & Vig. Linn. Tr. v. 16, p. 243._ - - Red-bellied Flycatcher. _Lath. Gen. Hist. 6, p. 209, pl. 100?_ - -Mus. Nost. &c. - ----- - -The analagous resemblances between the species and groups of one region, -and those by which they are represented in another, are among the most -curious and remarkable facts in Natural History: whether we look to them as -proofs of a Divine plan, vast in its extent, and wonderful in its details, -or as exemplifying that system of symbolical relationship by which every -part of the animated world is mutually connected. Both appear intended for -one great purpose, the partial initiation of man into earthly mysteries, -that he may have greater faith in those which regard his eternal welfare. - -The Robin, spread over the whole of Europe, is represented in temperate -America by the Blue Bird of Wilson (_Sialia Wilsonii_, Sw.). Neither of -these are found in New Holland, but the bird before us may be considered -their representative. Lewin, who wrote upon the spot, observes that -although in some respects solitary, it frequents the abodes of man _in -winter_, like the Robin; which it further resembles in its note. Our -European bird is intimately connected with the Stonechats -(_Saxicolae_).--The remark of another eye witness, proves the Australian -species to have the same relation. Mr. Caley mentions that he saw "this -bird in November" (_our European summer_), "when far distant in the -mountains, in the roughest part of the country I had then or since -visited." _Linn. Tr. 15. p. 245_. Mr. Caley, moreover, as if perfectly -aware of its natural affinities, names it the Australian Redstart. So -closely, in short, does this bird resemble our European Stonechat, that but -for the recent acquisition of more typical species, we should have had -doubts whether to characterize it as a distinct type. - -Linnaean writers, as might be supposed, have always regarded this as a -Flycatcher, but as Mess. Horsfield and Vigors have recently dwelt, at some -length, on the propriety of such an arrangement, it may be as well to state -the leading differences between the two families. In _Muscicapa -atricapilla_, (with which these gentlemen have compared our bird,) the bill -(fig. 1, 2), like that of every genuine Flycatcher, is depressed from the -base to the tip, while that of _Petroica_ (fig. 5, 6), of the Stonechat -(fig. 3, 4), and of all _Saxicolae_, although depressed at the base, is -invariably _compressed_ on the sides. By these characters the former -preserve their affinity to the Todies, and the latter to the Thrushes. In -the garnature of the rictus there is also an essential difference. The -bristles of the _Muscicapae_ (f. 1, 2), are always rigid and directed -forwards: while those of the _Saxicolae_, although sometimes remarkably -long, are generally weak, and diverge in different directions. Thus much -may be stated on the chief peculiarities of the groups in question: they -may for the present be termed analogies, but there are considerations which -induce us to suspect they are more intimately connected by affinity than is -generally supposed. To facilitate comparison, our figure is of the natural -size, and particular care has been taken in the correct delineation of all -the proportions and details. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PLOCEUS _Textor_ - -_Rufous necked Weaver_] - - -PLOCEUS textor. - -_Rufous-necked Weaver._ - ----- - -Family Fringillidae? - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ lengthened-conic, slightly curved, entire, the base advancing high - on the forehead, and dividing the frontal feathers, the culmen curved, - the commissure sinuated. _Nostrils_ oval, naked: without a membrane. - _Wings_ moderate, rounded, the first quill spurious, the five next nearly - of equal length. _Feet_ short, strong, the middle toe longer than the - tarsus, the hind toe nearly equal with the tarsus. _Tail_ very short, - rounded. - -DIVISIONS OR SUB-GENERA. - - MALIMBUS. _Vieil._ Bill more straight, slender, and lengthened. - - PLOCEUS. _Cuv._ As above. - - EUPLECTES. _Nob._ Bill of Ploceus. Toes and claws very slender. The - greater quills scarcely longer than the lesser; spurious quill very - minute. _Type_, Loxia Orix. L. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Orange yellow, varied above with black: head, chin, and front of the - throat black: nape with a chestnut band._ - - Oriolus textor. _Auct._ - - Ploceus textor. _Cuvier. Reg. Anim._ - - Le cap-more. _Buff. Son. 19, p. 165. Pl. Enl. 375_ (_very bad_). - ----- - -The Weaving Birds, confined to the hotter regions of the old world, are -chiefly found in Africa, where they represent the Hangnests (_Icterinae_) -of America: an analogy long since remarked by Buffon. Both these tribes -astonish us by the consummate skill with which they fabricate their nests: -but the intelligence displayed by the African Weavers is still more -wonderful. The curious reader will see a most interesting account of these -birds in Paterson's African Travels, or in Wood's Zoography. - -Of the present species, although very common in Senegal, nothing appears -known beyond the simple fact of its weaving, in confinement, between the -wires of its cage. Its total length is about six inches, the minor -proportions may be correctly ascertained by the scale on the plate. - -If the genus _Ploceus_ of Baron Cuvier be restricted to the old world, it -becomes one of the most natural groups in Ornithology. Yet, like all others -of an extensive nature, it exhibits several modifications of structure, -which the present state of science renders it necessary to define. Whether -such definitions are to be termed generic, subgeneric, or sectional, must, -in the first instance, depend on mere opinion. It is enough if these lesser -groups are defined. To ascertain their relative value is the next step: -this is the second, and by far the most difficult process, in the study of -real affinities; for not only that particular group which claims our -attention, but every other related to it in a higher division, must be -patiently analyzed. Hence it frequently results that groups assume a very -different _apparent_ station to what they did in the first instance. Are we -therefore to refrain from characterizing or naming them, because their -relative value cannot, in the first instance, be ascertained? We think not. -That _genera_ have been unnecessarily multiplied, no one can doubt, who has -looked beyond such circumscribed limits. And if forms of transision, -(generally comprising one or two species alone,) are to be so ranked, we -must immediately treble or quadruple the present number of ornithological -genera. The truth is, that many groups, which in our first process of -combination, we are obliged to distinguish, or perhaps name, will, in the -second, be united to others. So that it appears highly probable that the -number of genera, in ornithology, ultimately retained, will be fewer -perhaps than at present. We are, in short, but in the infancy of this -knowledge, and our genera, for the most part, must be looked upon as -temporary landmarks, to denote the ground gone over, and to be fixed or -removed as our views become more extended, by a wider analysis of qualities -and relations. - -Total length 6-1/2 inches, bill 7/10, wings 3-6/10, tarsi 9/10, middle claw -1, tail 2-1/2, beyond the wings 1-1/4. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: AMPULLARIA Pl. II - -_1. Subcarinata 2. Nilotica_] - - -AMPULLARIA subcarinata. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell reverse, thickish; whorls depressed near the suture, and marked by - a parallel line; spire short, obtuse; umbilicus large, open, slightly - carinated, and marked with an internal groove._ - - Ampullaria subcarinata. _Sow. Genera of Shells, f. 4._ - ----- - -The politeness of Mr. G. Sowerby has given us the opportunity of examining -this rare and little known species, first described and accurately figured -by himself. It was discovered, we believe, by Mr. Cranch, the ill-fated -naturalist who accompanied the unfortunate expedition to the Congo, in that -river. No specimens, we are informed, have subsequently reached this -country. The surface is rough, occasioned by irregular corrugated wrinkles: -the epidermis olive. - ----- - -AMPULLARIA Nilotica. - - _Shell reverse, thin, smooth, whitish, with an Olive epidermis finely - striated longitudinally; lower half of the basal whorl much contracted: - spire prominent, obtuse; operculum horny; umbilicus large, open, the - margin obtusely carinated._ - ----- - -The shell from which our figure was taken we received from Mr. G. Sowerby, -under the name of _Nilotica_, some years ago. Whether it is the same, or -specifically distinct from Lamarck's _Guinaica_, we have no means of -judging, otherwise than from the figures he cites of Chemnitz. If these are -accurate, there are many points of difference; but no doubt the Editor of -the _Bulletin des Sciences_, will have great pleasure in setting us right -upon this subject. - -On attentively comparing the descriptions, given by Lamarck, of eleven -species of _Ampullaria_, with those we have characterized in different -works, we can only discover two instances wherein the same species have -been mentioned by both parties, under different names. Our _A. conica_, is -probably Lamarck's _virens_, and belongs to the genus _Pachystoma_, Guild. -The other instance is curious; in the Appendix to the Bligh Collection, we -described a remarkable variety of _A. fasciata_, under the sub-specific -name of _Canaliculata_. In the following month appeared the second part of -Lamarck's _Systeme_, wherein this variety appeared as a _species_, under -the very same name. It would almost appear as if the two accounts had been -written at the same moment. We have since had good reason to be confirmed -in our suspicion as to this shell being a mere variety of _fasciata_, from -a fine series of specimens sent us from Demerara. We take this opportunity, -however, of expressing a belief that our _A. leucostoma_, is the young -shell of _rugosa_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: STOMBUS. Pl. 1. - -_S. Peruvianus_] - - -STROMBUS Peruvianus. - ----- - -Order Zoophaga. Family? Strombidae. -Genus Strombus.--_Lam. Sys. 7. 199._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ponderous, nodulous, spire very small, depressed; outer lip above - produced and attenuated, margin reflected; aperture striated._ - - Strombus Peruvianus. _Sw. in Phil. Mag. 62, p. 377._ - ----- - -We first recorded this singular-shaped Strombus from a specimen sent from -the Coasts of Peru. Others, from the opposite side of the American Isthmus, -collected near Panama, have more recently come into the possession of our -friend, the Rev. J. Bulwer, F.L.S. Its general form is not unlike _S. -gallus_, but the spire is unusually depressed, and the aperture deeply -striated: the upper surface is marked by parallel grooves, and one of the -nodules is particularly large. - -In our last number we defined what appear to be the leading forms among the -_Strombii_, from such characters as are exhibited by their shells. This -mode of classification, we admit, is always attended with hazard; and -should not be ventured upon without due precaution. To attempt a _natural_ -arrangement of the higher groups, on such considerations alone, would be -manifestly absurd. On the other hand, we think both principles may be -carried too far: and that a system founded exclusively upon the animal -would, in our present state of knowledge, be little less artificial than -another taken merely from the shell. We see, on every side, throughout -Nature, the most beautiful and perfect adaptation of structure to use. The -typical _Mollusca_, whether among the _Acephala_ or _Gasteropoda_, appear -to be testaceous; and to exhibit a corresponding perfection in the -structure of their coverings: one form passes into another by as gradual -modifications of the shell, as could possibly be looked for in the nature -of the animal. We have attempted to exemplify this among the _Unionidae_ -and the _Olivae_. We shall now examine the _Strombii_ with reference to the -same object. - -"_Les Ailees_," observes Lamarck, "_constituent une famille tres-naturelle, -qui avoisine celle des Canaliferes par ses rapports, mais qui en est -eminemment distincte_." This able classifier (whose perception of -affinities is truly admirable), then proceeds to divide these shells into -three groups, founded upon such excellent distinctions, that we need not -here dilate on their importance. Two of these genera are characterized by a -deep and well defined sinus or notch, towards the base of the outer lip; -quite distinct from the basal canal, and intended either for the passage of -the animal's proboscis, or its respiratory siphon. In _Strombus_ the outer -lip is dilated, but entire; in _Pteroceras_, it is equally enlarged, but -divided into long processes. Such are the typical distinctions, and their -immediate union appears effected by the _Strombus laciniatus_ of Chemnitz. -The third genus of Lamarck's is _Rostellaria_, in which he places all those -species wherein the sinus above mentioned is united to the basal canal. Now -if the _Strombus pespelecani_ of authors had this canal more closed, and -the sinus distinct, it would be a _Pteroceras_. Da Costa long ago placed -this shell as the type of a genus, and the observations of Mr. Dillwyn, in -his short but highly valuable paper on fossil shells (Phil. Trans. for -1823, p. 1, p. 393), have shewed the importance which we should attach to -its structure: it is, in fact, a _Pteroceras_, but with the above mentioned -sinus removed to the base of the digitated lip, and confounded, as it were, -with the basal canal. Excepting to a _Pteroceras_, it cannot be compared -with any known shell, unless it be to the _Strombus fissus_ of Linn. The -hiatus between them certainly appears great, yet the affinity is not -interrupted by any thing known: this latter shell resembles the true -_Rostellariae_, but with the digitated processes of _Pteroceras_ reduced to -teeth; which teeth, in _R. curvirostris_, become confined to the basal part -of the unexpanded lip. We are here met by certain fossil shells, preserving -the form of _Rostellaria_, but with the outer lip entire, and sometimes -considerably expanded: in these the spiral canal sometimes extends to the -summit of the shell: finally the distinct sinus again appears in such -species as _S. cancellatus_, _canalus_, &c., all which have been classed by -conchologists with _Strombus_. This series is sufficient to shew the -_tendency_ of a circular disposition of relations, but very many of the -intermediate forms are wanting, nor is it at all clear in what way the -immediate passage is effected between _Hippochrenes_ and the genuine -_Strombii_. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: OLIVA. Pl. 1. - -_1. volutella 2. striata_] - - -OLIVA volutella. - ----- - -Class Mollusca. Order Zoophaga. _Lam._ - -Genus Oliva. _Lam. Sys. 7, p. 416._ - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell ovate-conic, mitriform; chestnut, the body whorl bluish; spire - lengthened, acute; pillar with 6-7, slender, regular plaits._ - - Oliva volutella. _O. testa ovato-conica, subcaerulea, ad spiram basimque - luteo fuscata; spira valde producta, acuta._ Lam. Sys. 7, 1, p. 432. - ----- - -We are indebted to the Rev. Mr. Bulwar for our specimens of this elegant -and highly interesting species, received by him from the American Isthmus. -It varies much in the intensity of its colour, as may be seen from the -above description, given by Lamarck, of examples procured by Baron Humbolt -on the shores of Mexico. - -There are reasons for believing the genus _Voluta_, as defined by Lamarck, -to be typical of a natural group, comprising the genera _Mitra_, _Oliva_, -_Ancillaria_ and _Marginella_. The obvious affinity between _Voluta_ and -_Mitra_ need not be dwelt upon. The connexion of _Mitra_ with _Oliva_, we -noticed in describing _Mitra olivaeformis_, at pl. 48 of our first series. -This affinity appears further strengthened by a shell in the late -Tankerville Collection, especially recorded by Mr. G. Sowerby, as -"remarkable for its resemblance to an Olive." We regret not having seen -this shell, but such an authority is fully sufficient. The group of Mitres, -by which this transision appears effected, is that mentioned under the head -of _M. bicolor_ (Mitra, Pl. 1.) of this series. This little group has three -relations: one to the smooth Mitres (as _M. pertusa_), another to -_Conohelix_, and a third to the _Olives_: the species are all remarkable -for the polished smoothness of their surface, for the total absence of the -inner lip, and for the lower plaits of the pillar extending much beyond the -aperture: these plaits, moreover, are generally five or six, and all very -slender. The conchologist will perceive that nearly the only character -wanting, to render this description applicable to an Olive, is the -channelled groove round the suture. This character is added to the shell -before us, which thus presents the first type of form in the present genus. -Proceeding to the more perfect Olives, we observe the spire becoming -gradually shorter; the vitrious deposition on the inner lip increased in -thickness; the upper plaits on the pillar numerous, and those at the base -thicker and more external (_M. fulmineus_, Lam. _elegans_, En. Meth. 362, -3.), the ventricose shape of some (_O. undata_, _inflata_, Lam.), the spire -often concealed by a vitrious covering, and even the colours of others (_M. -tessellata_, _guttata_) remind us of the typical Volutes. It is very -remarkable, that in most of the cylindrical Olives, the apex is more or -less, papillary: the last complete terminal volution of the spire being -thick, inflated, and distorted: (see particularly _O. reticularis_, En. -Meth. 36, f. 1; _fusiformis_, Ib. 367, 1; _guttata_, Ib. 368, f. 2.) Others -are seen of a more slender form, as _O. subulata_, L. _acuminata_, E. M. -368, 3, where the pillar is similarly plaited. But in several small species -allied to _O. conoidalis_, another modification of form has evidently -commenced: the spire is regularly acute; the upper plaits disappear; and -those which remain, are only at the thickened base of the pillar: the -aperture, no longer narrow, becomes wide at the base, where the pillar -takes an oblique direction inward: we are thus led to the form of _O. -hiatula_, E. M. pl. 368, f. 5, where the characters of _Ancillaria_ become -apparent in the effuseness of the mouth, the double belt at the base, and -the imperfect groove on the outer side of the pillar. Whether we look to -this shell, or to the descriptions given by Lamarck of the fossil species -_plicaria_, _canalifera_, and _laumontiana_, or finally, to the _Ancillaria -glandiformis_, Sow. no doubt can remain of the genus _Oliva_ being here -blended with the _Ancillariae_. There is, however, another form among the -_Olivae_, which deserves mention, as it cannot well be associated with -either of the preceding: this we have described below. Another genus that -may be thought connected with _Oliva_, is _Terebellum_: a group very ably -illustrated by Mr. G. Sowerby, in his "Genera of Shells." To that work we -must refer the reader for those reasons which shew its more immediate -relation to _Ovula_. It is, in short, one of those forms too hazardous to -class without a complete knowledge of the animal. - ----- - -OLIVA striata. - - _Shell small, cylindrical, sub-effuse, distinctly marked by regular - longitudinal striae; upper part of the body whorl with one, lower part - with four, belts; spire short, channelled, sub-papillary, naked; base of - the pillar striated and externally detached by a groove._ - - Ancillaria canalifera?? _Lam. Syst. 7, 415_. - ----- - -We do not find this fossil clearly described. Our specimens appear to be -from the London clay. Its form seems analogous to _Conohelix_ among the -Mitres. The line adjoining the figures denotes the natural length of the -shells. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PSARIS _cristatus_. - -_Crested or white backed Saris._] - - -PSARIS cristatus. - -_Crested, or White-backed Saris._ - ----- - -Family Todidae.--_Nobis._ - - _Bill_ lengthened, depressed, boat-shaped. _Tarsi_ moderate, weak, the - three anterior toes more or less united. _Wings_ and _tail_ short. - -Sub-family Psariana.--_Nobis._ - - _Head_ very large, depressed. _Mouth_ very wide. _Bill_ thick, depressed, - convex above. _Feet_ weak, tarsi rather short, toes united at their base, - the outer manifestly longer than the inner; claws broad, compressed; - anterior scales transverse; lateral scales small, numerous. The male - generally with a spurious quill between the first and second. - -GENERA. - - PSARIS. _Cuv._ Rictus smooth, wings lengthened, the first quill much - longer than the fourth, tail short, even. - -Type, _Psaris Cayanus_.--Cuv. - - PACHYRHYNCHUS. _Spix._ Rictus bearded, bill shorter, wings more rounded, - tail lengthened, graduated. - -Type, _Psaris niger_.--Nob. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Blackish brown, beneath pale fulvous, base of the wings with a concealed - snowy spot, spurious quill broad, crown black, slightly crested._ - - Psaris cristatus. _Sw. in Zool. Journ. 2, p. 354._ - -Mus. Paris. Nost. - ----- - -Of this very rare species we know but of two specimens, both of which -appear to have come from the mining provinces of Brazil. The economy of -these interesting birds has not yet been detected, even by naturalists who -have lived in their native regions. The indefatigable Azara professes his -ignorance on this point, but states some valuable information on a species -(nearly allied to the _Cayenne Saris_) named by him _Le Distingue a tete -Noir_, which, in Paraguay, is a bird of passage: its flight is elevated, -rapid, and prolonged. "_Ils ne sont ni farouches, ni remuans, et ils se -tiennent long temps a la meme place. Ils ne sortent point des grands bois, -et ils se perchent toujours au plus haut des arbres les plus eleves, ou ils -ne cherchent pas a se cacher._" Azara Voy. 3, p. 407. - -The size and strength of the bill induced us, some years ago, to adopt the -popular classification of this genus with the family of Shrikes; but a more -particular analysis of that and the neighbouring families, lead us to -suspect that its natural situation is far different: our reasons for this -belief will be stated at large in another work. For the present it may be -remarked, that the smoothness of the rictus, as indicating a frugivorous -habit, forbids us to place it with the Flycatchers; while the feet, -perfectly different from those of the true Shrikes (_Laniana_, Sw.), can -only be compared with those of the _Piauhau_ (Buff.). The affinity which -this group bears to _Gubernetes_, is merely superficial: but its analogies -to _Ceblepyris_, among the _Laniadae_, and to _Pachycephala_, among the -_Ampelidae_, are probably direct. - -The merit of having first directed the attention of Ornithologists to the -singular spurious quill, which generally distinguishes the males of this -group, we transfer from ourselves to Azara. His invaluable work we did not -then possess, and knew not that the circumstance had already been mentioned -by him. - -We are only acquainted with the genus _Pachyrhynchus_ of Spix, by seeing -this name affixed to our _Psaris Cuvierii_ in the Paris Museum. The -distinction is judicious; particularly as the two groups point to different -relations. Of _Psaris_, as now restricted, we know of six species, and of -_Pachyrhynchus_, ten. - -Our present bird is osculent between these forms: we place it with _Psaris_ -on account of its wings and tail; but it accords with _Pachyrynchus_ in the -rictus being slightly bristled. The spurious quill is half the length of -the first, which latter is as long as the fourth. The tail is in a slight -degree rounded. It is, perhaps, needless to remark, that all these birds -are confined to Equinoctial America. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: CHAETURA _macroptera_ - -_Longwinged Swift_] - - -CHAETURA macroptera. - -_Long-winged Swift._ - ----- - -Family Hirundinidae. - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - _Bill_ entire, the sides much compressed, the culmen arched. The lower - mandible recurved at the tip. _Wings_ very long. _Tail_ scansorial, the - extremity of the shafts naked, and acute. _Tarsi_ naked, the three - anterior toes and claws nearly equal; hind toe not versatile. _Nob._ - -Type. _Chaetura pelasgia._ Stevens. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Brown: wings and tail glossed with greenish blue; back grey-white: chin - and under tail covers snowy; tail even._ - - Ob. Tail 3-1/2 in. longer than the wings, the two first quills longest - and equal. - ----- - -For an inspection of this new and imposing species, we have to thank Mr. -Ward, an Animal preserver of considerable talent. We do not find it -mentioned in any Ornithological work we possess, and our library is not -small: but with so many publications continually issuing from the -continental press, we shall feel no surprise at discovering it has already -been published. - -This and the _Hirundo albicollis_, (first named by M. Vieillot) are two of -the largest species yet discovered, of a very singular group of Swifts; -wherein the tail feathers are spined, and even more rigid than those of the -Woodpeckers: by this structure the birds can remain for a considerable time -in the most perpendicular situations. The expanded tail thus acts as a -powerful support, which is further increased by the size and strength of -the claws, much larger than those of ordinary Swallows. There are several -species, most of which are natives of America. - -The direct analogy which this group bears to the typical scansorial Birds, -joined to the general superiority of flight which the Swift possesses over -the Swallow, leads us to suspect this may prove to be the typical group of -the _Fissirostres_; an order in which Nature, in her wish to develope the -greatest powers of flight, appears to neglect all those laws which she -afterwards so rigidly adheres to: We intend in another work, to enter on -this interesting subject more fully. - -Our figure is in strict conformity with the scale on the plate, which is -that of an inch. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: PETROICA _bicolor_. - -_Black & white Robin._] - - -PETROICA bicolor. - -_Black and White Robin._ - ----- - -Family Sylviadae. Sub-family Saxicolinae. -(_See Northern Zoology, Vol. 2._) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. See No. 8, pl. 36. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Black and white. Head, throat, back, and tips of the tail glossy raven - black: breast, scapular covers, stripe on the wings, and plumage beneath, - white: tail slightly forked._ - ----- - -In giving publicity to this new and interesting bird, we feel particular -pleasure in expressing our thanks to Allen Cunningham, Esq., His Majesty's -Botanist, in New South Wales, by whom it was there discovered. Although -devoted to a science already so much benefited by his researches, this -enthusiastic Traveller found some leasure for Ornithology, and has lately -favoured us with a large collection of skins, prepared during one of his -inland journeys; with a request that they may be made public: among other -highly curious forms, the present bird is conspicuous. It was found in the -open forest country, North of Liverpool Plains. - -When once we are so fortunate as to discover the natural station of any -being, we may be convinced that every circumstance regarding its structure, -habits, or even colour, are employed by Nature to typify its relations to -other beings; and that until most of these can be explained, there is good -reason to suspect the accuracy of our views on its true affinities. -Possessing all the essential characteristics of _Petroica_, our bird -exhibits in the bill, feet, and tail, an immediate affinity to _Sialia -arctica_: while it is clothed in the pure white, and glossy black plumage, -which nature afterwards employs to designate the typical group of -GRYLLIVORA, (North. Zool.) at the opposite point of the circle of -_Saxicolinae_. This remarkable analogy is extended to the bill, the point -of which is longer and more incurved, than in any of the immediate -affinities of our bird: its close relation to the old world _Saxicolae_, is -too obvious to need explanation. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MARGINELLA Pl. 1 - -_1. oblonga. 2. guttata._] - - -MARGINELLA oblonga. - ----- - -Family Volutidae. Genus Marginella. Lam. Sys. 7. p. 354. - -SUB-GENUS VOLUTELLA. _Nob._ - - Shell oval-ventricose: Spire concealed: outer lip generally smooth; base - of the pillar with four to five oblique plaits: aperture smooth within. - -Type, _Marginella bullata_. Lam. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Shell oblong, rather gibbous round the middle, fawn coloured, with two - obsolete bands: spire concealed: outer lip and summit marked by orange - spots: pillar 4 plaited._ - ----- - -A species not hitherto described; its shape is unusually oblong, and the -spire is quite concealed: We are unacquainted with its locality. The -perpendicular line expresses the natural size. - -In _Voluta_ and _Mitra_, the two typical groups of this family, the -variations of form are so striking, and the species so numerous, that we -readily assent to the plan, proposed by others, of further dividing them -into genera: but in the aberrant group, containing _Oliva_, _Ancillaria_, -and _Marginella_, the forms are less diversified, and the species fewer; -the minor divisions may therefore, for the present, be termed sub-genera. -The approximation of _Marginella_ to _Voluta_ has frequently been stated. -In M. _bullata_ we have a miniature melon Volute, while M. _faba_ is a no -less obvious representation of V. _magnifica_. Hence these forms appear -typical. Yet M. _persicula_ and _lineata_ cannot well be placed with -either, as their characters seem to indicate a direct analogy to -_Conohelix_ among the Mitres. As to _Volvaria_, we concur with other -writers, in thinking that the French Conchologists have erroniously blended -that genus with _Marginella_. - ----- - -MARGINELLA guttata. - - _Oval, spire concealed, covered with transverse oval spots margined with - white, somewhat ocellate, and disposed longitudinally; pillar 4 plaited._ - ----- - -We could give no correct idea of this very pretty shell, without enlarging -the figures; the natural size is indicated by the horizontal line. Our -specimen is the only one we have yet seen, nor do we know its habitat. - -* * * * * * - - - -[Illustration: MARIUS _Cinna_] - - -MARIUS Cinna. - ----- - -Family Nymphalidae. (Stirps. 3? Horsf.) - -GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Larva and pupa _unknown_. - - Perfect insect. _Wings_ Papilioniform, caudal appendages long, acute. - _Palpi_ porrect, approximating, and meeting at their tips so as to form - an acute cone: the whole covered with compact scales. Anterior feet - small, slender, imperfect, the tarsal joints? concealed by long hairs: - club of the antennae terminal, sub-fuciform and cylindric. Body short, - thick, robust. - -Type, _Papilio Marius_. Auct. - ----- - -SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - - _Wings above brown, with two unequal white bands; beneath white, with - narrow fulvous bands; basal angle of the posterior wings with an orange - spot, ocellated with black._ - - Papilio Cinna. _Cramer Vol. I. pl. 100. f. 8._ - ----- - -Cramer describes this elegant Butterfly as a native of Surinam, and our own -specimens were received from the same country. All the species of this -group that have yet fallen under our inspection, are natives of South -America. Their flight is high, powerful and rapid: the predominating colour -on the upper surface of their wings is brown, and on the under white. - -It is the misfortune of not understanding the typical structure, and the -principles which regulate its variation, in higher groups, that in defining -the characters of a lesser, we can form no just idea of its relative value: -whether, in short, we should consider it a genus or a sub genus, or whether -it is typical, aberrant, or osculent. This, however, is but a temporary -evil; and will only continue until an insight is gained into higher -combinations, by first placing together kindred species under one common -name. If this be done heedfully, such a group _must_ be natural, whatever -opinions may be entertained in the _first_ instance, as to its proper -denomination. - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL INDEX -_OF THE PLATES TO_ -VOL. 1. -IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. - ----- - - _N.B. The number here affixed to the Plates, for convenience of - reference, had better be marked in pencil upon the Plates themselves._ - - No. 1. - Psittaculus vernalis, 1 - Polyborus Braziliensis, 2 - Setophaga picta, 3 - Ancillaria (Pl. 1.) rubiginosa, 4 - Mitra (Pl. 1.) melaniana, 5 - ---- tessellata - - No. 2. - Parra Africana, 6 - Cuculus nigricans, 7 - Lorius Isidorii, 8 - Ampullaria Pl. 1. - ---- carinata, 9 - Unio (Pl. 1.) truncatus, 10 - - No. 3. - Thriothorus mexicanus, 11 - Lorius garrulus, 12 - Coccyzus Levaillantii, 13 - Marmarostoma (Pl. 1.) - ---- undulata, 14 - Voluta (Pl. 1) - ---- bullata, 15 - - No. 4. - Paleornis Pondicerianus, 16 - Hirundo fasciata, 17 - Anodon (Pl. 1.) - ---- areolatus, 18 - Mitra (Pl. 2.) bicolor, 19 - ---- carinata - ---- strigata - Tellina (Pl. 1.), 20 - ---- latirostra - - No. 5. - Nanodes venustus, 21 - Icterus Cayanensis, 22 - Drymophyla longipes, 23 - Lingula anatina, 24 - ---- hians, 25 - - No. 6. - Platycercus scapularis, 26 - Drymophila fasciata, 27 - Aglaia gyrola, 28 - Melania (Pl. 1.) amarula, 29 - ---- setosa - Mitra (Pl. 3.) fulva, 30 - ---- ambigua - ---- punctata - - No. 7. - Aglaia flava, 31 - Papilio Niamus, 32 - Rhetus Cramerii, 33 - Rostellaria (Pl. 1.) curvirostris, 34 - Psaris Jardinii, 35 - - No. 8. - Petroica multicolor, 36 - Ploceus textor, 37 - Ampullaria (Pl. 2.) Nilotica, 38 - ---- subcarinata - Strombus (Pl. 1.) Peruvianus, 39 - Oliva (Pl. 1.) volutella, 40 - ---- striata - - No. 9. - Psaris cristatus, 41 - Chaetura macroptera, 42 - Petroica bicolor, 43 - Marginella (Pl. 1.) oblonga, 44 - ---- guttata - Marius Cinna, 45 - -* * * * * * - - - -GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX -OF -LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES, &c., -TO -VOL. 1. - ----- - - Aglaia, Generic Character, 27 - ---- flava, 31 - ---- gyrola, 28 - Alasmodon, Generic Character, 10 - Ampullaria carinata, 9 - ---- canaliculata, 38 - ---- nilotica, 38 - ---- subcarinata, 38 - ---- virens, 38 - Ancillaria rubiginosa, 4 - _Ant-thrush, long legged_, 24 - ---- _White shouldered_, 26 - Anodon, Generic Character, 10 - ---- areolatus, 17 - _Apple Snail, carinated_, 9 - _Caraca Eagle_, 1 - Chaetura, Characters of, 42 - ---- macroptera, 42 - Coccyzus Vaillantii, 13 - Cuculus nigricans, 7 - _Cuckow, African black_, 7 - _Cuckow, black and white_, 13 - Drymophila fasciata, 27 - ---- longipes, 23 - _Eagle, Brazilian crested_, 1 - Euplectes, characters of, 37 - _Flycatcher, painted_, 3 - _Hangnest, Cayenne_, 22 - Hirundo fasciata, 17 - Hyria, Generic Character, 10 - Icterina, characters of, 22 - Icterus, Generic Character, 22 - Icterus, Cayanensis, 22 - Iridina, Gen. Characte, 10 - _Jacama, African_, 6 - ---- _Habits of the_, 6 - Lingula anatina, 24 - ---- hians, 25 - Lorius garrulus, 12 - Lorius Isidorii, 8 - _Lory, Blue necked_, 8 - _Lory, Ceram_, 12 - Malimbus, characters of, 37 - Marmarostoma, Gen. Character, 14 - ---- undulata, 14 - Marginella oblonga, 44 - ---- guttata, 44 - Marius, characters of, 45 - ---- cinna, 45 - Melania amarula, 29 - ---- setosa, 29 - Mitra ambiguua, 30 - ---- bicolor, 19 - ---- carinata, 19 - ---- fulva, 30 - ---- melaniana, 15 - ---- punctata, 30 - ---- strigata, 19 - ---- tessellata, 5 - _Mussel-horse, areolated_, 18 - Myotherinae, characters of, 23 - Nanodes, characters of, 21 - ---- venustus, 21 - Oliva, affinities of, 40 - ---- volutella, 40 - ---- striata, 40 - Pachyrhynchus, Gen. Ch., 41 - Pachystoma, Gen. Character, 9 - Paleornis Pondicerianus, 16 - Papilio Niamus, 32 - Parra africana, 6 - _Parrakeet, blue-fronted_, 21 - ---- _mustachoe_, 16 - ---- _Tabuan, or King_, 28 - ---- _vernal_, 2 - Petroica, Generic Character, 36 - ---- bicolor, 43 - ---- multicolor, 36 - _Phytophagous Molluscae_, 30 - Platycercus scapularis, 26 - Ploceus, Generic Character, 37 - ---- the sub-genera, 37 - Ploceus textor, 37 - Polyborus Braziliensis, 1 - Psariana, characters of, 41 - Psaris cristatus, 41 - ---- Jardinii, 35 - Psittacidae, Divisions of, 28 - Psittaculus vernalis, 2 - Rhetus Cramerii, 33 - _Robin, black and white_, 43 - ---- _scarlet breasted_, 36 - Rostellaria curvirostris, 34 - _Saris, crested_, 41 - ---- _Jardines_, 35 - Saxicolinae, Bill of, 36 - Setophaga picta, 3 - Strombus Peruvianus, 39 - Strombii, Genera of, 35 - _Snail, Waved, Pearl_, 14 - _Swallow, white-banded_, 17 - _Swift, long-winged_, 42 - _Tanager, red-headed_, 27 - ---- _yellow_, 31 - _Tellen, wide-beaked_, 20 - Tellina latirostra, 20 - Thriothorus mexicanus, 11 - Voluta bullata, 15 - Volutella, sub-genus of, 44 - Volute, Bulla-shaped, 15 - Unionidae, Family of, 10 - Unio, Generic Character, 10 - ---- truncatus, 10 - _Weaver, rufous necked_, 37 - Wren, mexican, 11 - Zoophagous Molluscae, 35 - -* * * * * * - - - -Notes. - -[1] Zool. Journal, Vol. 4. p. 405. - -[2] Ill. of Brit. Ent. 1. p. 70. - - * * * * * - - - -Corrections made to printed text - -Preface: 'separate' (with critical judgment) corrected from 'seperate' - -Preface: (Speculation and) 'Hypothesis' corrected from 'Hypothosis' - -Plate 2, main title: 'POLYBORUS Braziliensis' corrected from '... -Brazilienses' - -Plate 9: 'Animaux' (sans Vetebres) corrected from 'Animanx' - -Plate 16: 'Geoffroy St. Hilaire' corrected from '... Hiliare' - -Plate 22: 'The true O. cayanensis' corrected from '...caynensis' - -Plate 30: Heading (MITRA) 'ambigua' corrected from 'ambigna' - -Plate 32: under Generic Character, 'caudated' corrected from 'candated' - -Plate 36: 'Stonechat' (fig. 3, 4) corrected from 'Sonechat' - -Plate 38: 'accurately' (figured by himself) corrected from 'acurately' - -Plate 39: 'respiratory' (siphon) corrected from 'respitory' - -Both indexes, Plate 30: (Mitra) 'ambigua' corrected from 'ambiguua' - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, or Original -Figures and Descriptions. 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