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diff --git a/44022-8.txt b/44022-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4a9364d..0000000 --- a/44022-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2575 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of On the Development and Distribution of -Primitive Locks and Keys, by Augustus Pitt-Rivers - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: On the Development and Distribution of Primitive Locks and Keys - -Author: Augustus Pitt-Rivers - -Release Date: October 25, 2013 [EBook #44022] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRIMITIVE LOCKS AND KEYS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been corrected -without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have -been retained as printed. Words printed in italics are noted with -underscores: _italics_. - - -ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION - -OF PRIMITIVE LOCKS AND KEYS. - - - -BY - -LIEUT.-GENERAL PITT-RIVERS, F.R.S. - -_ILLUSTRATED BY SPECIMENS IN THE PITT-RIVERS COLLECTION._ - -[_The materials for this paper, together with the rest of the Museum, -have been in course of Collection since the year 1851, and some of the -specimens illustrated have been exhibited to the public at Bethnal -Green and South Kensington for some years._] - -LONDON: -CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY. - -1883. - -LONDON: -HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, -ST. MARTIN'S LANE. - - - - -ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMITIVE LOCKS AND KEYS. - - -Etymology of words for Locks and Keys:--"Klu," the Greco-Italian base, -to lock (FICK), from the Sanskrit "Klu," to move (BENFEY and MONIER -WILLIAMS); "Klavi," key (FICK); "[Greek: kleis]," Greek, a key; -"[Greek: kleistron]," Greek, a bolt or bar; "Claustrum," Latin, a -lock, bar, or bolt; "Claudo," Latin, to close or shut; "Clausum," -Latin, an enclosed space; "Clausura," Latin, a castle; "Clavis," -Latin, a key; "Clavus," Latin, a nail; "Clef," French, a key; "Clou," -French, a nail; "Clo," Gaelic, a nail, pin, or peg; "Clo," Irish, a -nail or pin; "Glas," Irish, a lock; "Clo," Welsh, a lock; "Clar," -Bourguignon, a key; "Clau," French provincial, a key; "Clav," old -Spanish, a key; "Chiave," Italian, a key; "Chave," Portuguese, a key; -"Close," English, to shut. From the same root, "Klu," to move, comes -also "Sklu" (SKEAT), from which is derived the Teutonic "Slut," to -shut, and from thence the Dutch "Slot," a lock, and also a castle, -from "Sluiten," to shut; old Friesic "Slot," from "Sluta," to shut; -Low German "Slot." Thus also the English provincial word "Slot," a -bolt; "Schloss," German, a lock, and also a castle; "Schlüssel," -German, a key. From the Latin "Sero," to put, comes "Sera," Latin, a -movable bar or bolt; "Serrure," French, a lock; "Serratura," Italian, -a lock. The French word "Verrou," a bolt; Wallon "Verou" or "Ferou;" -Bourguignon "Varullo;" Provincial "Verroth," "Berroth," and "Ferroth;" -Portuguese "Ferrolho." The forms in "f" appear to indicate a -derivation from the Latin "ferrum," iron. The English word "Lock" is -derived from the Teutonic base, "Luck," to lock (FICK); "Loc," -Anglo-Saxon, a lock; "Lock," Friesic, a lock; "Lukke," Danish, a lock; -"Loca," Icelandic, a lock or latch, or the lid of a chest; "Lock," -Swedish, a lid; "Loke," Wallon; "Luycke," Flemish; "Loquet," French, a -catch. In Early English it was pronounced "loke" (SKEAT). The English -word "Latch" is probably the same as the Danish "Laas," a lock; "Las," -Swedish, a lock; "Luchetto," Italian, a latch. SKEAT derives it from -the Anglo-Saxon word "loeccan," to seize; in Early English it was -pronounced "Lacche," and he suggests the probability of its being -derived from the Latin word "Laqueus," a snare, but this is doubtful. -"Hasp," English, is derived from the Teutonic base, "Hapsa;" "Hæpsa," -Anglo-Saxon; "Hespa," Icelandic; "Haspe," Danish; "Haspe," Swedish; -"Haspe," German. "Moraillon," the French word for "hasp," is of -uncertain origin, but LITTRÉ supposes it to be derived from the -provincial "Mor," a muzzle, probably the French word "Mors," a bit; -"Morsum," Latin, a bit or a little piece; "Morsus," Latin, a bite, as -well as the English "Muzzle" and "Nozzle," are all derived from the -same root. "Clef bénarde," a key that is not piped (forée) (HAMILTON -and LEGROS) or furnished with grooves, and which can be opened from -both sides, is from "Bernard," which in old French signifies a fool, -hence a "clef bernarde" or "bénarde" is an inferior kind of key -(LITTRÉ). The English word "Key" was derived from the Anglo-Saxon -"Cæg" by the change of "g" into "y;" old Friesic "Kai" and "Kei." The -English word "Bolt," which is now applied to the most primitive form -of the mechanism, and probably the one from which the others took -their origin, appears to have been obtained from the Anglo-Saxon word -"Bolt," a catapult. Thus we have the Danish "Bolt," an iron pin; -"Bout," Dutch, a bolt or pin; "Bolz," German, and it appears to have -been adopted from its resemblance to the bolt or arrow used with the -catapult. CRABB ('Technical Dictionary of Arts and Sciences') thinks -it comes from the Latin "Pello," to drive, and the Greek "Ballo," to -cast, and that it has thus been applied to anything shooting, as a -bolt of a door, or a bird bolt, whilst SKEAT supposes it to have been -named like "bolster" from its roundness. - -The word "Padlock" is important in relation to our subject. This kind -of lock is especially suitable as a fastening for baskets and saddle -bags; being a hanging lock, less liable to injury from knocks than a -fixed lock, it is used in preference to this day for travelling -purposes. The word "Pad" is a provincial Norfolk word used for -"Pannier" (HALLIWELL and SKEAT). It hangs about all words relating to -early modes of travelling, thus we have, "Pad," a stuffed saddle for -carrying a pannier on horseback; "Pad-nag," a road horse; "Pad," a -thief on the high road; "Pad," Dutch, a path, "Pæth," Anglo-Saxon, a -path; "Pfad," German, a path, which latter English word is also itself -cognate with pad; "Pod," a bag carried on horseback; "Pedlar," a -travelling hawker. The word "Padlock" therefore means "Road lock," and -it is significant in relation to the way in which padlocks of like -form may have become distributed over wide areas in early times. The -French word "Cadenas," a padlock, comes from the Latin "Catena," a -chain, and the connection is obvious; "Catenaccio," Italian; "Candado" -and "Cadena," Spanish; "Cadenat," French provincial; Berry "Chadaine," -a cord; Picard "Cagne" and "Caine;" hence also the French word -"Chaîne," and the English "Chain." - - -We see from this, that, as is usual in like cases, the words have -followed lines of their own, and afford but little evidence of the -forms of the objects to which they have been applied, excepting in so -far that the common word "Klu" or "Clo" for lock and pin, and its -connection with the base "Klu," to move, implies that the earliest -form consisted of a movable bolt. But, in any case, whether we take -the Latin word "Sero", to put, or the Sanskrit "Klu," to move, as -independent origins of words for locks, we are carried back to a time -when it consisted of a simple bar or bolt put up or slipped through -staples to close a door. The passage in the 'Odyssey,' so often quoted -in relation to the construction of Greek door locks, does not in -reality throw much light upon the subject so long as it is unassisted -by archæological discoveries. It has been variously translated,[1] and -we are left very much to conjecture for the forms of the most -primitive kinds of locks which preceded those of which the relics are -to be found in our collections of antiquities. It is noteworthy, -however, that the earliest vestiges of apparatus connected with door -fastenings in metal, that are discovered, consist of keys, which leads -to the inference that the locks themselves may have been made of wood, -and have therefore perished. But we have survivals of primitive wooden -locks in use at the present time in different countries, which show -us, with great probability, the uses to which the keys were put, and -it is to these that we must turn in any attempt to trace back the -history of the mechanism from the commencement. The process is one, -the merits and demerits of which have been too often discussed to need -comment here. In the absence of direct archæological evidence we have -no alternative but to avail ourselves of survivals as far as possible. -The materials, however, in the case of locks are so abundant that it -will not be necessary to tax our imagination unduly in order to fill -in the links that are found wanting. - - [1] 'Odyssey,' xxi., 46-50. See translations by POPE, and by - BUTCHER and LANG. I put aside all mention of knots and - strings which as Mr. SYER CUMING has observed ('Journal of - the British Archæological Association,' vol. xii., p. 117) - must have formed the fastenings employed by dwellers in - tents, and of which the Gordian knot was a complicated - example. In early times seals must often have served as - substitutes for locks, as we know was frequently the case in - ancient Egypt and Assyria. The wooden door must have given - rise to a totally different contrivance. It is possible, - however, that something analogous to the Japanese book - fastening, represented in fig. 1, Plate I., may have been - employed under both systems. - -Of the bar, whether of wood or iron, used for fastening up the door on -the inside, little need be said, nor are we at a loss for a -commencement in the common door bolt. Figs. 2 and 3, Plate I., -represent the inside view and section of a wooden bolt now in use on -barns and outhouses at Gastein, in Austria, and like many of the -ordinary appliances which in most countries are now made of metal, it -is there constructed entirely of wood, and is such a bolt as might -have been used in the most primitive state of society. It is intended -to open from the outside, where the handle, consisting of a flat -oblong piece of wood (fig. 3, _a_, Plate I.), communicates, by means -of a neck of wood, with the bolt _b_ on the inside, and when shoved -home to fasten the door, the neck moves along a slit in the door shown -by the dotted line, fig. 2, _c c_, Plate I. Such a bolt can of course -be opened by any one whether from within or without, and it has the -further insecurity of being liable to be forced open accidentally by -anything that might catch the handle, there being no fastening within -to keep it securely in its place when shut. The simplest contrivance -for remedying this latter defect would be to insert a peg or pin into -the bolt, which might be left hanging by a string fastened to a staple -when the door is open, and when bolted, inserted vertically into a -hole in the top of the bolt in front of the upright guide or staple -through which the bolt slides, as represented in figs. 4 and 5, Plate -I., and it could be got at from without through a hole in the door. By -this means the bolt would be kept securely in its place when shut, but -it would require two motions both in opening and shutting the door. - -Anything calculated to save time in a process of such ordinary -occurrence as the opening and shutting of a door would be speedily -adopted, and it would soon be found that by fixing the pin vertically -in a slide, so as to fall freely, and making the lower end smooth, so -as to slide along the upper surface of the bolt as the latter was -drawn back, it might easily be so contrived that when shut it should -fall by its own weight into the hole in the bolt, as represented in -figs. 6, 7, 8, Plate I.; in the former of which it is shown open, and -in fig. 7, shut, with the pin down in the hole, so as to secure it -from being drawn back until the pin is raised, which might be done -from the outside by means of a hole in the door, through which the -string might be made to pass, as shown in the section, fig. 8. By this -contrivance the bolt would only require one motion to shut it -securely, and it might also be placed in the inside; but to open it -again two motions would be necessary as before. - -Still, however, the fastening would be accessible to everyone, and in -a condition of society in which property must always have been -insecure, it would become a great desideratum to construct a bolt -which could be drawn back only by the use of a key, which the owner -might carry about with him, and thereby secure his goods and chattels -whilst he himself was absent in the fields, or in the hunting grounds. -So necessary a requirement of every day life must have forced itself -upon the notice of the greater part of mankind, and it is not -surprising, therefore, to find that this stage of the development of -the lock forms the point of trifurcation of three separate branches of -improvement. Two of these are of the nature of tumbler locks, and -consist of apparatus for raising the pin or pins by which the bolt is -secured when they fall into the holes provided for them on the upper -surface of it. It was for this reason that they were termed -_tumblers_, because they tumble into the holes when the lock is -closed. The third branch led off in another direction. - -In order that the mind may not wander from the lines of continuity -whilst I treat each of these three branches separately, I shall class -them as A, B, and C in the diagrams, at the same time allowing the -numbers of the figures to run on continuously from this point of -departure. By this means I shall be best able to show the -ramifications into which this mechanism, like all similar contrivances -to which these papers relate, separate as they increase in complexity. - -The common door bolt (figs. 2 and 3, Plate I.) having continued to be -available as an inside fastening, in addition to more complex -contrivances for securing doors, has continued to be universally -employed up to the present time, and may be compared in nature to -those fossil species, which, having never become unsuited to their -environment, have survived throughout successive geological periods, -whilst the forms represented in figs. 4 to 8, Plate I., being -makeshifts, have disappeared as soon as they were superseded, and thus -they constitute the "missing links" of our developmental series. - -The two great desiderata in the stage of the lock that we are now -considering were security and rapidity, both of which must have forced -themselves on the notice of the primeval householder each time he -crossed the threshold of his door. I shall begin with branch A in -which security only appears to have been aimed at, and then proceed to -those in which security and rapidity were combined. The first idea -which suggested itself was to put a bolt in a box, so that no one -could get at it to lift the tumbler without a key especially adapted -to enter the box and raise it, but as long as only one tumbler was -used it must have been very easy to pick such a lock by raising the -tumbler with any sharp-pointed instrument that might be introduced -into the hole. By using two tumblers, it would be impossible to raise -them both at once, except by a key constructed with projections or -teeth to fit into notches or holes in the tumblers, which teeth must -necessarily be at the same distance apart as the notches, and as the -tumblers were hidden in the box, no one unacquainted with the -contrivance could make a key to fit the lock, which by this means -afforded to some extent the security that was requisite. - -Scandinavia appears to have been the headquarters of this class of -locks, or at any rate the part of the world in which they have chiefly -survived at the present time; one of the simplest of which is -represented in figs. 9A, 10A, and 11A, Plate I., from the Faroe -Islands. _e_ is the wooden block into which is cut a horizontal groove -for the bolt _a_, and two vertical grooves in which the pins or -tumblers, _d d_, play, and when the bolt is shut to, they fall of -their own accord into the holes _f f_. The key, _c_, is passed -horizontally into another groove cut for it in the block, above and -parallel to the one for the bolt. Two notches are cut in the tumblers -to enable the key to pass, and when pressed in horizontally as far as -it will go, the teeth of the key, _b b_, coincide exactly with the -notches in the tumblers, so that when the key is afterwards raised -vertically, it raises the tumblers, by means of the notches, out of -the holes, _f f_, on the upper surface of the bolt, and the bolt can -then be drawn out by the hand. It will be seen that this lock requires -as many motions as the bolt (figs. 6, 7, and 8, Plate I.). It requires -only one motion to shut it, when the two tumblers fall into the holes -and keep it fast, but to open it, it is necessary to use both hands, -one to raise the key and the other to draw out the bolt. It may -therefore be termed for distinction a hand-drawn lock. No time is -saved by this process, but the lock, for such we must now begin to -call it rather than bolt, is rendered more secure. Different kinds of -these locks, but all on the same principle, are in use in out of the -way parts of Scotland. Figs. 12A to 17A, Plate I., similar to the last -but having a slight difference in the shape of the notches, is a -Scotch wooden lock in the Patent Museum at South Kensington, a -facsimile of which is in my collection. Figs. 18A to 22A, Plate II., -is another, also in the Patent Museum, in which three tumblers instead -of two are raised by the same key, as shown in the sections, figs. 21A -and 22A, Plate II. Mr. ROMILLY ALLEN, who has written a paper on -Scotch tumbler locks in the 2nd volume, New Series, of the -'Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,' figures -several others of the same class. One from North Ronaldsay has four -tumblers in line; another from the Faroe Islands has three tumblers in -line; another from Snizort, in Skye, has six tumblers working -independently of each other but raised with the same key, and consists -simply of two ordinary locks put face to face with the bolt between -them; another from Harris is still more complicated in its -construction, and is formed by five tumblers in line with two holes -running through the whole of them, and the key has two limbs, one for -each line of holes. - -It is unnecessary for my present purpose to describe all these locks -in detail. Though varying in character they are all constructed on one -principle. As with the more complicated contrivances in metal, -hereafter noticed, variety is an element of security, the greater the -variety, the greater the difficulty of making a key which will fit -them all; and this is another point in which the processes of the arts -resemble the processes of nature, variety adapts the mechanism to a -wider sphere of utility, and by encouraging change, promotes -improvement. In the one, as in the other, variation is a necessary -element of progress. - -I see no reason to suppose that this class of locks was confined to -Scotland or to Scandinavia. They may probably have existed in other -parts of Europe, where, being made entirely of wood, they have long -since decayed, and their representations may have survived only on the -outskirts of civilisation. The law of geographical distribution is -inexorable--nothing can make the North of Scotland or of Norway or the -West of Ireland centres of the arts, and it is to such places we must -look for the survival of primitive contrivances. A precisely similar -key to those here described, but of iron, was found with Roman remains -near Gloucester, and is figured in LYSONS'S 'Magna Britannia,' vol. -ii., Plate 11, showing that a wooden lock of this kind must have been -in use in England at that time. Figs. 23A to 25A, Plate II., is a -similar lock used in Norway, and copied by me from a specimen in the -Hazilius Museum at Stockholm.[2] Figs. 26 to 28A, Plate II., is -another in the Museum at Kew Gardens, copied by permission of Sir -JOSEPH HOOKER; it was made by the negroes in Jamaica. Figs. 29A to -31A, Plate II., is a similar one from British Guiana, in the CHRISTY -Collection. One is tempted by the presence of these locks in the West -Indies to suppose that they may have been carried by the negroes from -their African homes, and the resemblance commonly attributed to them -to the Egyptian wooden lock, constructed on nearly the same principle, -might lead to the inference that they may have passed in that way to -the West Indies; but it will be seen hereafter that they differ in -detail from the Egyptian pin-locks. They are of the Scotch or -Scandinavian type, and in all probability were imported into the New -World by Scotchmen rather than negroes. - - [2] Mr. JOHN CHUBB in a paper read before the Institution of - Civil Engineers, April 9, 1850, quotes a work by L. MOLINUS, - "De Clavibus veterum," the date of which is, however, not - mentioned, in which that author states that the use of keys - was in his time still unknown in many parts of Sweden. - -It is now necessary to return to figs. 6 and 7, Plate I., which -represent the bolt with the single pin or tumbler, in order to trace -the origin and development of Class B. Whilst in Scandinavia and the -north of Europe, the key was applied to the upper part of the -tumblers, above the bolt, as shown in the preceding examples of the -hand-drawn lock; in Egypt, Asia, and probably in parts of Europe also, -another system combining rapidity with security was introduced. A key -with a single tooth was inserted beneath the bolt, and by raising the -tooth vertically and applying it to the lower end of the tumbler, the -latter was pressed out of the hole and raised clear of the bolt, and -the tooth occupying its place in the hole, the key itself was made to -hook back the bolt, so that the whole operation was performed with one -hand holding the key. Fig. 9B, Plate II., represents this kind of -lock, which may be termed a key-drawn, as distinct from a hand-drawn -lock. As with the tumbler locks of the north of Europe so with the -southern variety, security was obtained by multiplying the number of -tumblers and varying their position. Figs. 10 to 12B, Plate II., are -drawings of a wooden pin-lock and key obtained by myself in Egypt, -which is of the kind habitually in use there at the present time. It -has two tumblers in line. In fig. 10B the lock is represented with the -key, A, in it and the tumblers raised, preparatory to drawing the bolt -B. Fig. 11B is the key, and in fig. 12B the lock is shown shut, with -the tumblers down and the key lowered preparatory to withdrawing it -from the lock. Mr. ROMILLY ALLEN, in the paper already referred to, -gives an illustration of one precisely similar which he obtained in -Persia. Figs. 13B and 14B, Plate III., shows an exactly similar lock -in the India Museum, obtained by Sir DOUGLAS FORSYTH at Yarkand, a -facsimile of which is in my collection. This kind of lock is also used -in Turkey; their identity throughout the region here spoken of is such -as to leave no doubt of their having been copied from one another, and -indicates the area of their distribution, about which something will -be said further on. - -It appears doubtful whether or not this pin-lock was known to the -ancient Egyptians. RHIND[3] states that he discovered one on a door in -the interior of an ancient Egyptian tomb, but its date, from the -description given in the text, appears doubtful. The tomb had -certainly been opened in Roman times, if not later. DENON also says -that he saw one sculptured in the Temple of Carnac, but he took no -drawing of it, and the evidence of the existence of this kind of lock -in ancient Egyptian times certainly requires confirmation.[4] Sir -GARDNER WILKINSON is of opinion that the earliest example of a key -with pins such as might be used with the pin-lock, is of the Roman -period, in the reign of TRAJAN, A.D. 90, and the earliest known -mention of any key at all is in the third chapter of Judges, viz., -1336 B.C.[5] If the pin-lock was in use in ancient Egypt it was -certainly exceptional, as all the sculptures represent the doors as -being fastened by simple bolts. - - [3] 'Thebes, its Tombs and their Tenants,' by A. H. RHIND, - F.S.A., London, 1862, p. 94. - - [4] Mr. BONOMI states that he found a similar lock in one of - the Palaces at Khorsabad. The word used for lock in the - Scriptures, 'Muftah,' he says is the same in use in the East - at the present time. ('Nineveh and its Palaces,' by JOSEPH - BONOMI, F.R.S.L.) - - [5] WILKINSON'S 'Manners and Customs of the Ancient - Egyptians,' vol. i., p. 355. The date of this passage in - Judges is open to question. INMAN ('Ancient Faiths,' vol. - ii., p. 193) puts the earliest introduction of locks amongst - the Jews at about 300 B.C. - -Whether the modern Egyptian lock is a survival of an ancient Egyptian -form, or whether it is of Roman origin, it is certain, from the relics -of Roman bronze and iron keys and bolts found in various parts of -Europe, that the Roman lock was constructed on the same principle. -Figs. 15B to 20B, Plate III., may be taken as illustrations of the -Roman lock when put together. It is a reproduction from original -fragments preserved in the Museum at Mainz. Fig. 20B is the bronze -key; it has four teeth which, besides being at variable distances -apart, are also of different forms, some being triangular and others -square. Fig. 19B is the bronze bolt, made with apertures to fit the -key, and also to admit of similarly formed tumblers, shown in fig. -18B. The way in which these are put together is represented in the -section of the lock, figs. 16B and 17B. The key _a_ is put into the -keyhole _d_, fig. 15B, with the bar of the key containing the teeth in -a vertical position, as represented by the dotted line _a_, fig. 16B. -It is then turned round, and the teeth brought up beneath the bolt -_b_. When pressed up vertically, the tumblers are driven up out of the -bolt, and replaced by the teeth of the key, which hold the bolt so -that it can be forced back by moving the key to the right. When the -bolt is withdrawn, it releases the hasp _e_, fig. 15B. Of such hasps, -fig. 21B is a drawing of an original in my collection, found at -Hetternheim. By reference to fig. 16B, it will be seen that the -tumblers, _f f_, are vertical, and would therefore fall into their -places in the bolt, like those of the Egyptian and Scandinavian -specimens; but being so small, and being probably made of wood, their -weight would be insufficient to secure certainty of action, if -dependent on weight alone; they are therefore pressed down by a flat -plate _h_, figs. 16B and 17B, acting under the influence of a spring -_g_, figs. 16B and 17B. This is an important addition, for it is -evident that as soon as the spring comes into use, the tumblers can -easily be made to press into the bolt horizontally, by means of a -spring at the side, thereby enabling the lock to be used in any -position in which it may be required; and there seems to be little -doubt that some of the bolts and tumblers were so constructed in Roman -locks. The existence of a spring in Roman locks is determined by the -discovery of one with the spring in it, which is figured in M. LIGER'S -work 'La Ferronnerie.'[6] - - [6] 'La Ferronnerie, Ancienne et Moderne,' par F. LIGER, - Paris, 1875, tome i., p. 266, fig. 213. - -The teeth of the key of the Roman lock described above, it will be -seen, are made to fit exactly the holes in the bolt; and this may -perhaps have served to give the first idea of the ward system, which -was so greatly depended upon for security in later times; but the same -fallacy attaches to the use of these fitting teeth which attached to -the ward system generally, for it is evident that any form of tooth -small enough to go into the holes, and of the proper length, would -have sufficed to lift the tumblers and draw the bolt; and accordingly -we find that, in the Roman key usually discovered, the teeth are -merely round pins, and have no particular form given to them for -fitting purposes. - -The distribution of this class of lock may be determined by the -localities in which the keys and bolts have been found. Fig. 22B, -Plate III., is a bronze bolt of this description in my collection, -from Oppenheim, and obtained by me at Mayence. Fig. 23B, Plate III., -is another of bronze, also in my collection, from Heddernheim. Similar -ones have been found repeatedly in France, Italy, Germany, -Switzerland, and England. The keys with teeth are even more widely -distributed, and have been found in all those countries which have -been occupied by the Romans. Fig. 24B, Plate III., is a large iron key -of this description in my collection, found in the Rhine, at Mayence. -The earliest known example of a key with teeth, according to M. LIGER, -is one represented on a coin of the PAPIA family, dating about the end -of the 2nd century B.C.[7] - - [7] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome i., p. 261, fig. 208. - -But the ward system appears to have developed itself still further in -connection with these locks and before the revolving key was -introduced. Fig. 25B, Plate III., is a specimen of a class of keys -frequently discovered with Roman remains, in which a plate is attached -at right angles to the pins. This plate is pierced with slits of -various forms, apparently intended to admit of the passage of wards -placed vertically beneath the bolt to prevent any but the proper key -from rising to lift the tumblers. The direction in which these keys -were raised is shown by the flat part of the handle of the key being -always at right angles to the pins and in the same plane as the ward -plate. - -Besides the bolts with several tumbler holes in them, others adapted -for single tumblers have been discovered. Of these fig. 26B, Plate -III., drawn from M. LIGER'S work, and found in the forest of -Compiègne, is an example, and fig. 27B, Plate III., from the same -work, and found at Nonfous, in Switzerland (Bonstetten) is a key -adapted to fit such a bolt. - -Other iron keys are found in England and France, the application of -which is more doubtful. They are found chiefly in connection with -Celtic remains, and by some have been supposed to be keys for opening -doors fastened with a simple latch on the inside.[8] Such latches were -certainly employed amongst the earliest systems of door-fastenings, -and the keys in question might have served the purpose of opening -them, but they might also have been used to open locks with a single -wooden tumbler; the simpler kinds resemble somewhat our modern -pick-locks, of which fig. 28B, Plate III., is a specimen. Fig. 29B, -Plate III., in my collection is from a Germano-Roman tomb near -Niderolm, and was obtained at Mayence; its possible use, in the manner -represented in fig. 9B, Plate II., is obvious. Figs. 30B and 31B, -Plate III., are two Anglo-Saxon keys found at Sarr, in Kent.[9] Figs. -32B, 33B, Plate III., are two keys of the Iron Age from Bornholm, in -the Baltic,[10] attributed by M. VIDEL to the 3rd or 4th century of -our era. Fig. 34B, Plate IV., is a somewhat similar one from Caerwent, -in Wales.[11] It has a flat handle and appears to be adapted to be -pressed downwards as if for opening a latch. Figs. 35B, 36B, Plate -IV., are nearly similar ones, and were discovered in the Roman Villa -at Hartlip, in Kent.[12] - - [8] Ibid., p. 320. - - [9] Paper by JOHN BRENT, Esq., in the fifth volume of - 'Archæologia Cantiana,' p. 312. - - [10] 'Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaries du - Nord,' 1872-77, Plate VIII., figs. 1 and 2. - - [11] 'Isca Silurum,' by JOHN E. LEE, F.S.A., Plate XXXVI., - fig. 1. - - [12] C. ROACH SMITH'S 'Collectanea Antiqua,' vol. ii., Plate - VI., figs. 2 and 3, p. 20. - -Figs. 37B and 38B, Plate IV., are from drawings taken by me in the -Musée de Saint Germain, and were found at St. Pierre-en-Chastre, Oise; -others are figured in M. LIGER'S 'La Ferronnerie.'[13] Fig. 39B, Plate -IV., is in the British Museum, and was found within the entrenchments -at Spettisbury, near Blandford; it was presented to the Museum by Mr. -J. Y. AKERMAN. Figs. 40B and 41B, Plate IV., are two found by me in -pits in the interior of Mount Caburn Camp, near Lewes.[14] Fig. 41B is -of large size, 8 inches in length, and sickle-shaped. All the objects -discovered in this camp proved it to be of the late Celtic period; the -tin coins found associated with these remains, the bone combs, -pottery, and other objects belong to an age anterior to the Roman -conquest. Fig. 42B, Plate IV., is a similar one found by Mr. PARK -HARRISON in similar pits in the neighbouring camp of Cissbury,[15] in -Sussex, which has been shown to have been occupied by people of the -same age as Mount Caburn, viz.: the late Celtic period. It will be -seen that some of these keys, all of which are of iron, have a small -return or pin at the end, which is adapted to fit into a hole, and in -the Cissbury specimen this end is flattened, as if to enable it to fit -an aperture of special dimensions. - - [13] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome i., p. 320. - - [14] 'Archæologia,' vol. xlvi., Plate XXIV., "Excavations in - Mount Caburn, conducted by General PITT-RIVERS, F.R.S., in - September and October, 1877, and July, 1878." - - [15] 'Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. vii., - p. 425, Plate XI., fig. 12. - -But for whatever purpose these crooked keys were used, whether as -latch-keys, as keys for single-tumbler pins, or as hooks to pull back -a plain iron or wooden bolt, the large size of some of them, -especially that from Caburn, fig. 41B, and sickle shape, corresponds -with remarkable accuracy to the description of a Greek key given by -EUSTATHIUS, and quoted in PARKHURST'S 'Hebrew Lexicon.' He says that -they were "in the shape of a sickle, and that not being easily carried -in the hand on account of their inconvenient form they were carried on -the shoulder, as we see our reapers carry on their shoulders at this -day their sickles, joined and tied together." CALLIMACHUS, in his hymn -to CERES, says that the goddess, having assumed the form of NICIPPE, -her priests carried a key, [Greek: katômadios], that is, fit to be -borne on the shoulder.[16] This also explains, I presume, the passage -in Isaiah, "and the key of the House of DAVID _will I lay upon his -shoulder_; so he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, -and none shall open."[17] It will be seen that the specimen found by -me in Mount Caburn corresponds exactly with the description given in -the above quotations, the curved portion of the key being 7-1/4 inches -in diameter, a bundle of them tied together would exactly fit the -shoulder, as represented in fig. 43B, Plate IV. As we know from the -researches of Mr. EVANS and others that imitations of the coins of -Greece spread throughout Gaul and Britain, some of which, of very -debased form and cast in tin, were found in the camp at Caburn in -association with the sickle-shaped keys, and others have been found in -connection with relics of the same period elsewhere, there is no -inherent improbability in the supposition that the keys may have -followed a like route.[18] Should further discoveries tend to confirm -this connection, it would be a remarkable testimony to the value of -archæological investigation if the well-known passage in the 'Odyssey' -about the key of PENELOPE were to find its definite interpretation on -the shores of Sussex.[19] - - [16] This passage is quoted from a paper "On the - Construction of Locks and Keys," read before the Institution - of Civil Engineers by Mr. JOHN CHUBB, April 9, 1850, and is - extracted from PARKHURST'S 'Hebrew Lexicon,' 5th edit., p. - 600. London, 1807. - - [17] Isaiah xxii, 22. It has been suggested that this - passage in Isaiah was introduced subsequently to the rest of - the book, and dates from a period when keys came into - general use amongst the Jews. - - [18] Since the discovery that these objects were keys, I - have reason to think that other things found in the same - place and represented in the same plate, as for instance - figs. 9 and 14, may have been door fastenings. - 'Archæologia,' vol. xlvi., Plate XXIV. - - [19] Mr. BONOMI gives an illustration of the way in which - the modern Egyptian keys are carried by merchants at Cairo - on the shoulder at the present time; these keys however are - straight, and are hung to a stick over the shoulder, and are - not sickle-shaped as described by EUSTATHIUS. - - -We must now return to fig. 2, Plate I., in order to trace the third -class, C, of locks and padlocks fastening with a spring catch. It -seems probable that fixed locks may have preceded hanging ones, -although, on the other hand, the want of some contrivance for securing -property must have been felt in connection with saddle-bags, panniers, -and other appliances of nomadic life, and in a condition of society -which preceded the use of fixed abodes. Be this as it may, it seems -possible to trace the employment of spring locks by means of survivals -from the common door-bolt. - -The origin of the spring padlock, in the present state of my knowledge -on the subject, is doubtful. The sequence which I here assume is only -tentative, and it is probable that connecting links with more -primitive contrivances may be supplied hereafter. The defect of the -common bolt, as I have already shown, was its insecurity as an outside -fastening; in fact it afforded no security at all, and to remedy this -defect and make it inaccessible, except by means of a key, several -different contrivances appear from the first to have suggested -themselves; amongst others, one of the simplest was adopted in -connection with the Scandinavian bolt, a specimen of which, probably a -modern survival of an ancient form, was exhibited in the Scandinavian -Section of the Exhibition of 1867, and is figured in M. LIGER'S -work.[20] We must suppose the handle in fig. 2, Plate I., and its neck -connecting it with the bolt, to be removed, leaving only the slit in -the door along which the neck of the handle slid, and that a similar -slit was made in the bolt also. The key, which was of iron, was -T-shaped; it was inserted from the outside through the slit in the -door, and in the bolt, with the arms of the T in a horizontal plane; -it then received a quarter turn so that the arms of the T were brought -into a vertical plane, and it was then pulled back, when the returns -of the T were made to fit into two holes provided for them on either -side of the slit in the bolt, on the inside, figs. 1C and 2C, Plate -IV. By this means the key obtained a grip of the bolt, and it was only -necessary to press it to one side in order to shoot it. This bolt, -which is taken from M. LIGER'S work, so closely resembles the next one -to be described, that if he had been a less careful writer one might -suppose that it was the same lock, and that he had omitted to -represent the spring which alone constitutes the improvement shown in -figs. 3C, 4C, and 5C, Plate IV., which was presented to me by Dr. -ENGELHARDT, at Copenhagen. It is still in use on barn and outhouse -doors in Norway, and was first brought to notice by Professor O. RYGH, -of Christiania. The key, which is of the same form as the last, enters -the slit in the same manner, and after receiving the quarter turn is -pressed home into the holes on the inside surface of the bolt like the -last. In so doing, when firmly pulled back, it presses down a straight -flat steel spring, the fixed end of which is attached to the door -between it and the bolt, and the free end of which, when released, -catches in a notch in the bolt so as to keep it securely in its place -when shut. When the free end of this spring is pressed down by the -returns of the key, it clears the edges of the notch, and the bolt can -then be drawn back by pressing the key sideways. Both these specimens -are therefore key-drawn as in Class B. Assuming this modern Norwegian -lock to be a survival of an ancient form, one might naturally expect -that the wooden portions of the ancient locks would have perished. The -springs, which are the only metallic portions of this lock, would -certainly become detached from the wood; their uses, when discovered -separately, would not be recognised, and nothing to identify the -mechanism with a door fastening would remain but the iron keys. - - [20] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome ii., p. 229. - -We must therefore judge of the distribution of this class of lock by -the localities in which keys of this form are found. They are of two -kinds, one T-shaped as in the preceding examples, and the other, -serving the same purpose, but having the two teeth on one side of the -shank; both are found together mainly in northern countries, which -have been subject to Scandinavian influence. Notwithstanding which, -however, the evidence is insufficient to establish the fact of their -being of Scandinavian origin. They appear certainly to have been used -in Roman times in England and elsewhere, and the influence of southern -civilization upon the Scandinavian arts of the iron age is well -established. It is always necessary to be on one's guard against -inferring that forms originated of necessity in the regions in which -they are most widely distributed, for, as we have seen, and have -reason to believe, the wooden Scotch lock was carried to the West -Indies and used by negroes on account of the facility with which it -was constructed and the materials of which it was composed, so in all -ages the more simple forms of contrivances must have found acceptance -and survived longer on the outskirts of civilization than in those -countries in which they were quickly superseded by new improvements. - -Figs. 6C, and 7C, Plate IV., are iron keys of these two kinds obtained -by me at Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne, France. Figs. 8C, and 9C, -Plate IV., are two similar specimens from Colchester, which are -figured in WRIGHT'S 'Uriconium,' where he supposes them to be latch -keys, and he says that two similar ones were found at Wroxeter.[21] -Fig. 10C, Plate IV., another in my collection from Jordan Hill, near -Weymouth. Fig. 11C, Plate IV., was discovered in a Roman building at -Caudebec-les-Elbeuf, by the Abbé COCHET, in 1864,[22] together with an -iron lock plate, fig. 12C, Plate IV., showing the slit through which -the key entered, and which is similar to the modern Scandinavian -specimen above described. Figs. 13C, and 14C, Plate IV., are two -similar specimens discovered in a Roman villa at Hartlip, in Kent, and -are taken from ROACH SMITH'S 'Collectanea.'[23] Figs. 15C, 16C, and -17C, Plate IV., are similar keys found in Anglo-Saxon graves at Sarr, -in Kent, where the presence of these keys on the left side of the -skeleton usually denoted a female grave.[24] A similar occurrence of -keys in the graves of females has been noticed in the Island of -Björkö. According to an old Scandinavian custom they were the badges -of the lady of the house, who was said to be married to lock and keys, -and from certain law texts of the Middle Ages, it appears that two of -them were suspended from the girdle.[25] Keys of this shape of both -bronze and iron were found at Sarr, corroded together. It is worthy of -remark that in these Saxon graves some fragments of Roman pottery were -found, pointing to the influence of the earlier Roman period. Fig. -18C, Plate IV., is a bronze key from Gotland, and is taken from Mr. -MONTELIUS'S 'Antiquités Suédoises,'[26] where it is described as being -of the late iron age, perhaps as late as the 10th century. Figs. 19C, -and 20C, Plate IV., are from Björkö, in the Gulf of Bothnia, found in -association with relics of the 8th century of our era. - - [21] 'Uriconium,' by T. WRIGHT, p. 270; see also - 'Archæologia Cambrensis,' vol. vi., 1860, p. 312. - - [22] 'La Seine Inférieure,' by M. L'Abbé COCHET, p. 223. - - [23] 'Collectanea Antiqua,' vol. ii., Plate VII., figs. 2 - and 4. - - [24] Paper by J. BRENT, 'Archæologia Cantiana,' vol. vi., p. - 175, vol. vii., Plate XIII. - - [25] 'Scandinavian Arts,' by HANS HILDEBRAND, p. 129. - Amongst the Romans also keys were regarded as the symbol of - the wife's authority in her husband's household. - - [26] 'Antiquités Suédoises,' p. 145. - -Whether or not the lock which has been described in the preceding -paragraph was the origin of the spring padlock, constructed entirely -of metal, may perhaps be doubtful; but it is evident that the -principle of its construction was the same. In both systems the bolt -was secured by the end of a spring catch. It is only necessary to -transfer the fixed end of the spring from the door to the bolt, and -the notch from the bolt to the door, to make it resemble the spring -catch of the Roman padlock about to be described. - -The Roman iron padlock and key represented in figs. 21C to 22C, Plate -V., which is put together from specimens in my collection obtained -partly from Jordan Hill, near Weymouth, and other sources, consisted -of a square box, having a bar, _d_, on the top, and parallel to it, -which was attached to one end of the box by means of a curved portion. -The bolt _a_ was provided with two perpendicular bars, _b b_, at the -end of which were rings, _c c_, which slipped on to the parallel bar -_d_. At the end of the bolt were two or more catch springs, _e_, put -on like the barbs of an arrow. These, being placed into the hole of -the tube _f_, at the same time that the rings were slipped along the -bar, collapsed and sprung open again, after having passed the opening, -thereby fixing the bolt in the tube. To open the lock, a pin or key, -_g_, having a return at the end, in which was a slit made to fit the -springs, was pressed in at the opposite end, so as to close up the -springs, after which the bolt could be drawn out of the box. This -action is better shown in the succeeding examples of modern spring -locks of the same kind. The case of a similar padlock to the above was -found with Roman remains at Irchester, near Wellingborough, -Northampton, by the Rev. R. BAKER, in 1878, and is figured in the -Associated Architectural Society's Reports, vol. xv., plate iv., 1879. - -This padlock was therefore a hand-drawn, and not a key-drawn, lock. -Its origin is at present uncertain, but it is here no doubt -represented in its more complete and developed state, after having -already undergone prior modifications. The absence of simpler -contrivances of the same kind suggests the inference that its -forerunners may have been made of perishable materials. Be that as it -may, its progress onward from this point of perfection can be traced -with some degree of certainty. Already in Roman times it had undergone -changes. Amongst the Roman antiquities discovered in 1854 by the -Honourable RICHARD NEVILLE (since Lord BRAYBROOKE), at Great -Chesterford, in Essex,[27] were two kinds of this padlock: one, -represented in fig. 23C, Plate V., is of the form already described; -the other (figs. 24C and 25C, Plate V.) was constructed on what, -judging by those which succeeded it, must probably have been regarded -as an improved form, or it may have been merely adapted to a different -purpose. The bolt _a_, instead of having perpendicular bars and rings -to slip over the parallel bar, was simply a plain straight bolt with -the catch springs attached to it. The horizontal parallel bar of the -lock, after passing along the top of the box or tube, was curved down -over the mouth of the lock, at a short distance from it, and -terminated in a ring, leaving a space between it and the mouth of the -tube to admit of the passage of the chain or staple, or whatever was -intended to be secured by means of the padlock, as shown in fig. 25C, -Plate V. The bolt was slipped through this ring, and on into the tube, -the barbed springs flying out and catching after they entered the box, -so as to fill up this space and secure the bolt, which was opened and -withdrawn in the same manner as before, as shown in fig. 24C, Plate V. - - [27] 'Archæological Journal,' vol. xiii., p. 7, Plate II., - figs. 24 to 27. - -A further modification of this takes place in the Swedish padlock, -figs. 26C and 27C, Plate V., in which the parallel bar _d_, instead of -being a fixture, is made to turn upon a hinge at _h_. When shut, the -other end of the bar, instead of coming down over the mouth of the -tube, and at a distance from it, as in the preceding example of a -Roman padlock, is made to enter the side of the tube at _j_, and the -bolt passes through the ring of the bar, after entering the mouth of -the lock and inside, instead of outside of it. By this means we arrive -at the ordinary hinge of the padlock which with further modification -of form and mechanism is in use on carpet bags in this country at the -present day. This Swedish spring padlock was in use in Scandinavia -until towards the end of last century. There is one in the Museum at -Kiel, which was found with iron spear-heads of the 11th century; -others are attributed to the 15th century in that country. Figs. 31C -and 32C, Plate V., is a specimen of an English fetterlock of the same -construction as the Swedish one, obtained at Epping, near London, and -we have evidence that a lock constructed on this principle continued -in use throughout the Middle Ages. In 1829 a fragment of an iron -padlock, consisting of the tube or box with its parallel bar attached -to it, was found in association with some extended skeletons at -Lagore, near Dunshaughlin, in the county of Meath, in Ireland. It is -figured in the sixth volume of the 'Archæological Journal,' where it -is described as an iron pipe, its use being apparently unknown to the -writer. It was found in connection with iron leaf-shaped spear heads, -broad double-edged swords, bronze pins, and enamelled ornaments, and -the post-Roman period of the find is attested by the presence of the -fallow deer amongst the associated animal remains. Figs. 28C, 29C, -30C, Plate V., is a Russian bronze padlock, believed to date between -the 1st and 4th centuries, greatly resembling the Oriental ones to be -hereafter described. It is in the Museum of St. Petersburg, and is -copied from M. LIGER'S work. Fig. 33C, Plate V., is a fragment of one -containing the springs and curved bar, found by me in excavations made -in the Norman Camp at Folkestone. It was discovered in the body of the -rampart, and in a position to prove that it was of the age of the -construction of the camp, or of the period of its early -occupation.[28] Fig. 34C, Plate V., is a later example very much -resembling the Russian padlock, fig. 29C, Plate V., and of the same -kind as the last. The curved bar of the bolt fits into a socket in the -parallel bar, in which respect it resembles some of the Indian ones to -be hereafter described. It was found at Swanscombe, in Kent, and is -probably of the 15th century. It is extracted from the 'Archæological -Journal.'[29] Part of a padlock similar to this was lately found by -Mr. JAMES WILSON in the ditch of Bedford Castle, and was exhibited at -the Society of Antiquaries. Another similar one was found near -Devizes, and is figured in Dean MEREWETHER'S 'Diary of a Dean,' fig. -18. Both of these last, like the Russian bronze one, represented in -fig. 29C, are ornamented on the outside of the case with lines of -zigzags, resembling Norman tracery; and coupled with the precise -resemblance in the construction of the locks, this ornamentation -appears to prove an eastern connection during the first four centuries -of our era. The fetterlock figures as the badge of the family of the -LONGS of Wraxall, dating from the 15th century, and it is at the -present time the badge of the 14th Company of the Grenadier Guards, an -illustration of which is given in the accompanying woodcut. It was one -of the badges assumed by EDWARD IV., and an account of it is given in -Sir F. HAMILTON'S history of that Regiment.[30] - - [28] 'Archæologia,' vol. xlvii. - - [29] 'Archæological Journal,' vol. xxxi., 1874, p. 78. - - [30] 'History of the Grenadier Guards,' by Lieut.-General - Sir F. HAMILTON, K.C.B., vol. i., p. 61. - -[Illustration: Badge of the 14th Company Grenadier Guards.] - -All the spring padlocks hitherto described have the defect of being in -two parts; the bolt, being entirely detached from the tube when open, -was liable to be lost, and to remedy this defect, modifications were -introduced by which the bolt became a fixture in the tube and was -opened by means of a key. - -Fig. 35C, Plate V., is a lock which I found attached to one of my -gates at Rushmore, in South Wilts. Externally, it exactly resembles -the spring fetterlock, but within, the bolt which fixes the -semicircular bar in its position when locked, is retained there by a -spiral spring. To unlock it, a key with a female screw is put in at -the end in the same position as the key of the Roman lock, and after -seizing the male screw within, the bolt is screwed back against the -spring, thereby releasing the semicircular bar or staple, which is -then turned upon its hinge and drawn out of the opening on the side of -the tube. - -Fig. 36C, Plate V., is a precisely similar lock from Paris. Fig. 37C, -Plate V., is another from Germany. Our modern handcuffs retain the -form of the fetterlock, having the tubular case for the lock, which -otherwise is not precisely the form most suitable to fit the human -wrist. Fig. 38C, Plate V., is a section of an old handcuff obtained in -Wiltshire, the bolt of which is forced out of the eye, not by means of -a screw, but by a key of the ordinary form of a door key, inserted in -the side of the tube, which when turned forces the bolt back against -the spiral spring and releases the semicircular bar. - -Whilst in some of the more modern contrivances the external form of -the Roman spring padlock was retained, the interior mechanism having -undergone changes, in others the interior mechanism is retained, the -external form having adapted itself to the more modern uses. Figs. -39C, 40C, and 41C, Plate VI., is an old padlock which I obtained in -Paris, the date of which I have been unable to determine, but a -precisely similar one is attached to the iron chest of the Royal -Society, which was presented to the Society in the year 1665, and for -the knowledge of which I am indebted to Dr. JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., the -Treasurer of the Society. Externally it resembles the modern padlock, -but both ends of the semicircular staple are provided with springs on -the principle of the Roman padlock. It is opened by means of a -revolving key of modern form, which is inserted into the side of the -padlock, and which, when given a quarter turn presses back the three -springs upon the bolts, and the staple is then withdrawn bodily from -the body of the lock. In this case, the staple, being quite separate -from the lock, would be liable to be lost, as with the spring of the -Roman padlock; so to remedy this defect we see in figs. 42C and 43C, -Plate VI., obtained at Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne, an improvement -in which one of the arms of the staple passes down through the padlock -and out at the bottom of it, where it terminates in a button, intended -to prevent its being drawn entirely out and separated from the lock. -The other arm is furnished with a spring as in the last example and, -like it, is opened by a revolving key. When the spring is pressed back -it is drawn out and merely turned upon its longer arm as a pivot. - -Up to this point I have endeavoured to trace the gradual development -of the European padlock from the earliest contrivance of Roman times -up to the present time. In order to show its distribution and the -varieties it has undergone in other parts of the world we must now -return to the spring padlock in its earliest form. Figs. 44C, 45C, and -46C, Plate VI., represents an iron padlock from the Gate of Moultan, -in India, now in the India Museum. It is in all respects similar to -the Roman lock shown in figs. 21C to 23C, Plate V., and needs no -further description. Figs. 47C and 48C, Plate VI., is a padlock -obtained by me of a vendor of old iron in the streets of Cairo in -1881. It is constructed on precisely the same principle as the last, -and is opened by a key thrust in longitudinally at the end of the -tube, like the Roman key, but the opposite end of the bolt instead of -being guided by a ring slipping along the parallel bar of the lock is -curved round and inserted into a tube or socket in the parallel bar, -like the Russian specimen and that from Swanscombe, in Kent. Figs. 49C -and 50C, Plate VI., is another specimen obtained by me at Cairo; it -also resembles the Roman lock in its construction, except that the key -instead of being thrust in at the end of the tube is put in underneath -at right angles to the tube, and having enclosed the springs by means -of an opening cut in the side of the key, in order to compress them, -it is thrust sideways along the tube, the neck being guided by a slit -along the bottom of the tube. Figs. 51C and 52C, Plate VI., shows -another specimen in my possession from India, which so precisely -resembles the last that one is tempted to suppose they must both have -been made in the same place, were it not for certain peculiarities -which identify it as Indian. The key in closing on the springs is -guided by two slits along the bottom of the tube instead of one, and -beneath the tube is a projecting piece in the form of a Greek cross -which fits into corresponding slits in the key so that none but the -proper key can pass by it to compress the springs. This contrivance is -therefore of the nature of a ward. Figs. 53C, 54C, and 55C, Plate VI., -is another from India, now in the India Museum, the locality of which, -viz., Myhere, is attached to it. Figs. 56C and 57C, Plate VI., is an -Egyptian manacle in my collection fastened in the same manner. Figs. -58C, 59C, and 60C, Plate VII., is a similar lock from Abyssinia, now -in the British Museum, affording additional evidence that the key, -with the lateral movement inserted at right angles to the lock, is -African as well as Indian. Two padlocks precisely similar to this are -in my collection from Mogadore, on the West Coast of Africa, having on -them the peculiar Moorish ornamentation in brass which is -characteristic of that country. - -We have now to go to China for evidence of the continued distribution -eastwards of this particular kind of spring padlock with the lateral -key. Figs. 61C, 62C, and 63C, Plate VII., is a brass Chinese padlock -and key in my collection. To the north of India we have figs. 64C, -65C, 66C, 67C, Plate VII., representing a padlock from Yarkand -obtained by Sir DOUGLAS FORSYTH, and now in the India Museum. It has -also the key with the lateral action. Mr. THOMAS WRIGHT says that he -possesses a similar padlock, given him by the British Vice-Consul at -Jacmel, and obtained from Hayti, which he says was probably a century -old, and either made in one of the Spanish colonies or imported from -Spain.[31] Sir GARDNER WILKINSON also mentions one from Meroe Island, -in Egypt,[32] and Mr. H. SYER CUMING speaks of one as having been -obtained in Western Africa, but the locality is not stated.[33] - - [31] 'Excavations at Wroxeter and Uriconium,' by T. WRIGHT, - F.S.A., p. 273. - - [32] 'Caillaud, Voyage à Meroe,' Plate LXVI., Sir G. - WILKINSON, vol. i., p. 355. - - [33] "History of Keys," by H. SYER CUMING, Esq., 'Journ. - British Archæological Association,' vol. xii., p. 117. The - keys of this description mentioned in the paper as having - been found at Thebes are in all probability modern, judging - by their entire resemblance to modern forms. - -In order to show the modifications that this lock has undergone during -its eastern migrations, I have represented (figs. 68C, 69C, and 70C, -Plate VII.) a steel lock from Indore, India. It is furnished with a -staple with two arms like the European specimen, fig. 39C, Plate VI., -one of which only has springs attached to it; it is now in the India -Museum. Figs. 71C, 72C, 73C, 74C, Plate VII.--also in the India -Museum: the bolt with its springs is attached to plates forming an -outside casing to one side of the lock, by which means the opening is -concealed, and the opening for the key is also concealed in a casing -for the other side, and opens also with a catch spring released by the -pressure of a straight pin or wire introduced through a hole beneath -the lock. Figs. 75C, 76C, and 77C, Plate VIII., is another variety, -from Burmah; the key is introduced at the end of the tube by means of -a male screw, formed somewhat like the propeller of a screw steamship. -This screw is merely for the purpose of introducing the key into the -tube by a half-twist; once in, it is pressed straight forward, and -compresses the springs in the usual manner. Fig. 78C, Plate VIII., is -the opening and key of a similar lock obtained by me in Nuremberg. It -is constructed precisely on the same principle as the last, and with a -similar object; it has all the appearance of being European, but I -have no certain evidence that it may not have been imported from -India. In figs. 79C, 80C, and 81C, Plate VIII., from Indore, India, we -see the screw principle developed. Whether this originated in a lock -of the last-mentioned form--and the screw, from having at first been -used as a ward, was ultimately employed to release the bolt by a screw -motion--I know not; but it exactly resembles in its construction the -lock shown in fig. 35C, Plate V., from the gate at Rushmore, Wilts, -and those of like form from France and Germany already figured and -described. The bolt is retained in its place when locked by a spiral -spring, and withdrawn by a screw key inserted at the end. Whether this -is an independent growth in the two hemispheres, or copied the one -from the other, I have no present means of determining. Unfortunately, -when the objects in the India Museum at South Kensington were -transferred from the old India Museum their history was lost; but I -have figured none except those which have the localities attached to -them. Figs. 82C, 83C, and 84C, Plate VIII., is a steel lock from India -of similar external form to fig. 71C, Plate VII.; but the screw -principle appears here to have entirely superseded the spring, which -is altogether wanting, and it is dependent for its action entirely on -a screw key inserted at the end, and by means of which the bolt (which -itself formed the staple) is screwed up or screwed back again as -required. As a parallel to this, the specimen in my collection -represented in figs. 85C, 86C, 87C, 88C, and 89C, Plate VIII., may be -given. It was obtained by me in Brussels, and resembles the tubular -lock only in external form. The staple is secured to the tube at each -end by eyes let into the side of the tube, through which a pin is -passed, and screwed up or unscrewed by a key put in at the end of the -tube. When unscrewed the pin is withdrawn and the staple taken out -bodily. In this, as in the Indian specimen last described, the -original spring mechanism has entirely disappeared; but, although -resembling each other in this respect, there is nothing analogous in -the two systems, which, from differences in the details of their -construction, appear to be quite independent contrivances. Figs. 90C, -91C, and 92C, Plate VIII., represent a padlock and key from Toomkoor, -Mysore, India. It is a barbed spring padlock of the ordinary kind, but -the springs are closed preparatory to being withdrawn by means of a -common revolving key inserted in the side and having a broad slit in -the middle of the revolving plate. By giving the key a quarter-turn -the slit in the key-plate compresses the springs, and they are then -withdrawn from the lock. The action of the key in this specimen -resembles exactly that of the padlock from Paris (fig. 39C, Plate VI.) -and that of the Royal Society chest, except that in the Paris and -Royal Society specimens two springs are compressed by means of a solid -plate, whilst in the Toomkoor example a single-barbed spring is -compressed by the action of a slit in the key. Barbed tubular spring -locks of precisely the same form as the Chinese ones are also used in -Japan, of which figs. 93C, 94C, 95C, and 96C, Plate IX., represent a -specimen in my collection. Of these, some of the keys entered at the -end of the tube; others are put in at the side, as shown in fig. 97C, -Plate IX. The key, which, like the lock, is of brass, is placed in a -handle, which shuts up like the handle of a knife (as shown in fig. -96C, Plate IX.) for convenience of transport. Another specimen from -Japan (represented in figs. 98C and 99C, Plate IX.) resembles exactly -the Toomkoor specimen from India, the springs being compressed by -means of a revolving key. This must certainly be regarded as the first -stage of improvement upon the original Roman lock, and its employment -in Europe, India, and Japan is noteworthy. - -Amongst the specimens of these tubular spring locks, which appear to -show evidence of connection over wide areas, are those which are -constructed in the forms of animals. Figs. 100C and 101C, Plate IX., -is a representation of a bronze padlock in the form of a fish, now in -the Louvre, at Paris, figured by M. LIGER. It is there described, -though not without hesitation, as an Egyptian lock; if so, it is -probably of the Romano-Egyptian period: the springs enter at the mouth -of the fish, and are released by a key put in at the tail. Figs. 102C, -103C, 104C, Plate IX., represents a precisely similar fish-shaped -padlock of iron from India, and now in the India Museum. Figs. 105C -and 106C, Plate IX., is a Roman bronze lock in the form of a lion or -horse, in the possession of Dr. JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., and here copied by -his permission; a similar one is in the British Museum. Figs. 107C, -108C, and 109C, Plate IX., is another, also in the form of a lion, and -about the same size, from China, in the collection of Mr. CHUBB, the -well-known locksmith. In all these the springs enter at the stern of -the animal, and the other end of the bolt turns up and back in the -form of a tail, and enters the neck of the animal behind the head. The -key in the Chinese specimen has a peculiar secret contrivance to -prevent its being inserted in the hole for it by anyone not acquainted -with its construction. The head of the key will not enter the keyhole -unless the handle end is put in first and slipped along the shank of -the key, as represented in the drawing, fig. 109C, Plate IX. Mr. -ROMILLY ALLEN, whose work on Scotch wooden tumbler locks I have -already quoted, refers incidentally in his paper to spring locks, and -says that he has himself seen them used in Persia in the forms of -animals. We are thus led to infer that the practice of making them in -these forms may have existed, or may still exist, continuously -throughout the region referred to, and that, like the mechanism -itself, and like many other articles of commerce, they may have passed -by traffic from place to place, and been copied and adopted in the -localities in which they are found. Fig. 110C, Plate IX., is a padlock -obtained by me at Cairo; similar ones are in common use on out-houses -at Naples, the long bar at the top denoting its descent from the Roman -padlock, although the construction of the lock is different. - -We now come to the principle of the revolving key in common use at the -present time. It has been already shown that in using the Roman lock -(figs. 15B to 20B, Plate III.) the part of the key containing the pins -had to be put in vertically, and then turned a quarter circle, so as -to bring the teeth horizontally beneath the tumblers previously to -lifting them. It is possible that this may have suggested the first -idea of employing the twist thus given to the key to the shooting of -the bolt. Fig. III, Plate IX., taken from M. LIGER'S work,[34] -represents a Roman key found in London; it has a plate furnished with -teeth, evidently intended to raise tumblers, and the stem of the key -is piped for the purpose of fitting into a broach or pin, so that the -plate with the teeth, when the key is turned round on its pivot, may -fit into its proper place beneath the bolt and raise up the tumblers. -Fig. 112, Plate IX., is a drawing of another key similarly formed, -having two teeth and a piped stem; it was found in Lothbury, in -London, 16 feet beneath the surface, and is figured in Mr. SYER -CUMING'S paper on keys in the 'Journal of the Archæological -Association.'[35] These keys appear hardly to admit of any doubt as to -their mode of use, and may therefore be regarded as the earliest -specimen of revolving keys, although applied to a different purpose -from the revolving key of our own time. The most primitive kind of -lock with a revolving key that I have met with is one represented in -figs. 113, 114, 115, 116, Plate X. It is from India, and is in the -India Museum. The key is applied to a square vertical tumbler of the -Scandinavian type with two arms to fit into two notches in the bolt; -the lower end of the tumbler terminates behind the bolt, in a -semicircular form; the key, when turned upon its broach or pin, as the -case may be, impinges upon the sides of the semicircular portion and -raises the tumbler out of the notches on the top of the bolt, and -afterwards the end of the key-plate passes into one of a series of -notches on the under side of the bolt and moves it, whilst the tumbler -is, at the same time, raised clear of the bolt. The key being turned -several times continues the movement, pushing the key forward notch -after notch, until the tumbler again falls into other holes provided -for it, and keeps the bolt secure. All here is of wood, except the -key, which is of metal, and it is provided with slits to pass the -wards, adjusted to them in the revolution of the key-plate upon its -pivot. It might be supposed from this that it was a modern adaptation -to an ancient system of vertical tumblers, had not a very similar, but -simpler, lock existed in China. The drawing (figs. 117, 118, 119, 120, -121, Plate X.) of a Chinese lock was kindly sent me by Mr. ROMILLY -ALLEN. In this specimen the bolt is shot in nearly the same manner as -the last specimen, but the tumblers are raised independently by means -of a T-shaped key (fig. 121, Plate X.), similar to that used with the -Scandinavian lock (fig. 3C, Plate IV.). The key from the outside is -put into the vertical slit between the tumblers, when it is turned a -quarter circle so as to bring the arms of the T in a horizontal plane. -It is then pressed back, when the returns of the T enter notches -provided for them in the tumblers. The tumblers are then raised, and -the key or handle, _a_, turned. From the inside the tumblers are -raised with the two fingers before shooting the bolt. - - [34] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome ii., p. 236, fig. 492. - - [35] 'Journal of the Archæological Association,' vol. xii., - p. 121, Plate XIV., fig. 1. - -M. LIGER supposes that the lifting key of the Roman lock was of -Asiatic origin, and that the revolving key came into use amongst the -Romans about the commencement[36] of our era, and many of the keys -from Pompeii are constructed on this principle having slits for the -passage of wards. Fig. 122, Plate X., is a Roman key of this kind in -my collection. The ward system came into general use afterwards and -was much relied upon to the exclusion of others in the Middle Ages. -The ward system may be defined as a system of lock in which -obstructions are placed to prevent any but the proper key from -entering to turn the bolt; as such it is distinct from the tumbler -system, in which security depends on obstruction introduced to prevent -the bolt from being drawn by the key. The tumbler is, in fact, a bolt -of a bolt. Reference to fig. 10B, Plate II., representing the Egyptian -lock, will show that besides the two pins with which the key is -provided for lifting the tumblers, there is a pin attached to the -under side of the lock opening, which enters a hole in the key. This -is of the nature of a ward, since none but a key with a hole in the -proper place could be raised up high enough to lift the tumblers clear -of the holes in the bolt. Mr. ROMILLY ALLEN also mentions that in one -of the Scotch locks from Snizort, a notch is placed in the key and a -corresponding pin in the lock, to prevent the lock from being picked, -and that the key-hole is divided by a thin iron plate which is the -only thing approaching a ward that appears in any of the wooden locks -of Scotland. The peculiar shape of the tumblers and tumbler-holes in -the bolts of the Roman lock, already described, with teeth made -especially to fit them, must be regarded as a kind of ward, although -applied to tumblers, since their object is to prevent any but the -proper form of key from entering. - - [36] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome i., p. 264. - -The further development of the ward-system in the Roman tumbler-locks, -though it certainly existed, is involved in uncertainty, since none of -the wards appear to have been preserved, but the fact of some kind of -ward having been used is evident from the slits in the keys -represented in fig. 122, Plate X., which are of common occurrence. The -cross-shaped wards beneath the Indian spring padlock already described -in connection with figs. 53C, 54C, and 55C, Plate VI., must certainly -be considered to be wards, although open to view, and not concealed -beneath the lock-plate. There are also found in association with Roman -remains, keys of which fig. 123, Plate X., from Chalons, fig. 124, -Plate X., from the Museum at Saumur, and fig. 125, Plate X., from the -Museum at Saint Germain, are examples.[37] These keys so greatly -resemble the Asiatic keys used with the spring padlock, that it is -difficult to believe they were not employed in the same way, but as -they also resemble the Roman perforated plates of the tumbler-lock -keys that are provided with teeth, it is probable they may have been -intended for raising tumblers in some way not yet explained. No -tubular spring lock adapted to be opened with a key inserted -underneath, and opened with a lateral movement like the Indian and -Egyptian ones, has to my knowledge been found amongst Roman remains. -Fig. 126, Plate X., is a modern English latch-key of similar form, -furnished with a ward-plate and used for raising a common latch: they -are now generally disused, from being unsafe. With the revolving keys -resembling the modern form, found at Pompeii and elsewhere, slits for -fixed wards are common, and show that the Roman keys of the -commencement of the present era resembled our own. During the Middle -Ages reliance was placed almost entirely on the ward system, and many -complicated contrivances were introduced, of which fig. 127, Plate X., -is a specimen, until the close of the last century, when their -insecurity led to the re-introduction of tumbler-locks. - - [37] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome ii., Plate LV., E, G, K, p. 238. - -It is not known exactly when this took place, but probably at some -time during the 18th century, and possibly earlier. This time, the -tumblers instead of being vertical (as was the case during what may be -called the early tumbler period) were horizontal, resting on a pivot -above the bolt and kept down by a spring. Figs. 128, 129, and 130, -Plate X., is a tumbler lock in the possession of Mr. CHUBB, found -whilst repairing an old house at Funtley, Hants, said to be 200 years -old. If so it must be regarded as the earliest specimen of the second -tumbler period. The tumbler moves on a pivot, and is kept down by a -spring, the revolving key raises the tumbler by pressing up the curved -bar attached to it, which raises the stud of the tumbler out of the -notch provided for it on the upper side of the bolt, thereby freeing -the bolt, so that by further turning the key it is enabled to shoot -the bolt. The tumbler, it will be seen, cannot be raised too high. If -the plate of the key is long enough to raise the stud of the tumbler -out of the notch, a key with a longer plate will answer the same -purpose. To remedy this defect and necessitate the employment of a key -of exactly the proper size, Mr. BARRON, about the year 1778, -introduced an improvement known by his name, represented in fig. 131, -Plate X., in which the bolt is provided with a slit along the middle -just wide enough to allow the stud to pass; the slit has notches both -above and below, so that if the stud is raised too high by a key with -too long a plate it is forced into the upper notch and the bolt -continues immovable. He also introduced two tumblers requiring to be -raised to different heights in order to coincide with the slit in the -bolt by means of different projections on the edge of the key plate, -so that the bolt could only be shot by means of a key with a plate -expressly constructed to fit the lock, and having two projections of -the requisite length. This principle of employing two or more tumblers -is the one on which nearly all subsequent improvements have been -effected. Those who desire to prosecute the subject further will find -a variety of modern tumbler locks in my collection introduced during -the latter half of the last and commencement of the present century. -They are all, in the main, varieties of one principle, terminating in -the CHUBB and HOBBS locks of the present time. As this paper relates -only to primitive locks I do propose to describe them here. The -continuity which pervades all the ramifications of the modern lock is -not less complete than in the earlier forms, and would well bear -treating in the same manner as those which I have described. The -Bramah lock, though in external appearance differing from the others, -is no less based upon the earlier forms, and may be described as a -union between the _ward_ and the _tumbler_ systems. It is a ward -system, because the obstructions introduced into the mechanism are -intended to prevent the turning of the key to shoot the bolt by any -but a key of the proper construction. It is a tumbler system because -the impediments so placed upon the turning of the key are in fact -tumblers packed round the cylinder of the key (retained by springs), -and allowing the passage of the key-plate only when pressed down to -the various depths to which each separate tumbler is adapted in order -to provide an open passage for the key-plate all round. This union of -ideas developed separately in different branches of the same trade, -device or industry, corresponds to the crossing of individuals and -breeds in nature, which is so necessary to reproduction. The analogy, -as I have already intimated elsewhere, might be carried even further -and closer if space permitted. It is a necessary condition of the -absence of creative power in nature, and applies equally to all the -processes of evolution whether of species or of ideas, but the subject -requires broader treatment than can be given to it here. My object in -writing this paper being to trace the development of particular forms -rather than to generalise, I must leave the philosophy of the subject -for separate treatment. - -From the foregoing description of the various kinds of primitive locks -in use in different countries it will, I think, have been made evident -that some of them most certainly have been derived from a common -centre. The wooden key-drawn pin-locks have spread over the region -extending from Egypt to Yarkand. The Scandinavian wooden locks of the -same kind, though differing in the details of their construction, we -have seen are common to Norway and Scotland, and by some means have -been carried to the West Indies and British Guiana, whilst the tubular -spring padlock of the Roman age in Europe is the same that is found -throughout the whole region extending from Italy to China and Japan on -the east, northward into England and Scandinavia, southward into -Abyssinia, and westward into West Africa and Algeria, Spain, and on as -far as the West Indies. - -It is sometimes thought when simple contrivances such as weapons of -stone and bronze, some of the simpler kinds of ornaments, and of tools -obviously adapted to primeval life are found to extend over wide -areas, and in places very remote from one another, that the few ideas -necessary for the construction and use of them might easily have -suggested themselves independently in different places. To the student -of primitive culture who has become impressed with the persistency of -art forms, this independent origin of such things does not appear so -certain even in the case of the most simple contrivances. But when we -come to a complex piece of mechanism, such as a spring padlock having -several parts--the spring, the case, the parallel bar, and the key, in -all of which the resemblance is maintained in distant countries, and -which, with slight modification and continuously progressive -improvements, are put together in the same manner in all parts of the -world--such a supposition cannot be admitted, the necessity for a -common origin is apparent, and the study of the periods and the -circumstances connected with the distribution of it cannot be set -aside as superfluous. - -Assuming that the tumbler pin-lock and the spring padlock cannot be -traced back earlier in Europe than the commencement of our era, it is -by no means certain that they may not have existed earlier elsewhere. -The commerce carried on with the East in early times was of a nature -to render it very probable that any contrivance for securing goods -should have spread from place to place with the merchandise exported -and imported between China, India, and Europe. A brief survey of the -trade relations between different countries will be sufficient to show -this. - -The expedition of ALEXANDER gave rise to intercourse which was kept up -by the Greek kingdom of Bactria, and recent Indian discoveries both of -coins and sculptures prove more and more the great influence which -Greek art exercised in India up to the commencement of our era. STRABO -says that, about B.C. 22, NICOLAUS DAMASCENUS fell in with three -Indian ambassadors at Antioch Epidaphne on their way to the Court of -AUGUSTUS, and that their credentials were in the Greek language. -DIODORUS quoting IAMBULUS speaks of King PALIBOTHRA in the early part -of the 1st century as a lover of the Greeks. DIO CHRYSOSTOM mentions -that the poems of HOMER were sung by the Indians, and ÆLIAN says that -not only the Indians but the kings of Persia translated and sang them. -If the travels of APOLLONIUS and DAMIS are to be credited, the Greek -language was spoken in the Punjaub in the first half-century of our -era, and frequent intercourse appears to have taken place between that -country and Egypt.[38] PLINY in the 1st century A.D. says, on the -authority of VARRO, that under the direction of POMPEY it was -ascertained that it took seven days to go from India to the River -Icarus, believed to be the modern Roscha, in the country of the -Bactri, which discharges itself into the Oxus, and that the -merchandise of India being conveyed from it through the Caspian Sea -into the Cyrus, might be brought by land to Phasis in Pontus in five -days at most.[39] The best steel used in Rome was imported from -China.[40] ARRIAN, in the 2nd century A.D., speaks of a frequented -way, [Greek: leôphoros odos], extending in the direction of India -through Bactria; after which four embassies from the East are noticed -by ancient writers, one to TRAJAN, A.D. 107; another to ANTONINUS -PIUS, A.D. 138-161; a third to JULIAN, A.D. 361; and the fourth to -JUSTINIAN, A.D. 530. These are but scant memorials of an intercourse -which must have been frequent between India and Rome, and which -reached its highest development during the reigns of SEVERUS and -CARACALLA, in the commencement of the 3rd century A.D. - - [38] 'The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana,' by OSMOND - DE BEAUVOIR PRIAULX. - - [39] PLINY, Book vi., chap. 19. - - [40] 'Ancient Bronze Implements,' by JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., - &c., p. 19; PLINY'S 'Nat. History,' Book xxxiv., chap. 41. - -Turning now to the southern route of communication with India, PLINY -describes Taprobane (Ceylon), and mentions an embassy sent from thence -to the Emperor CLAUDIUS. The discovery of the monsoons during the 1st -century was the means of creating a great trade between India and -Alexandria. STRABO says that in the time of the PTOLEMIES some 20 -ships only ventured upon the Indian seas, but that this traffic had so -greatly increased that he himself saw at Myos Hormos, on the Arabian -Gulf, 120 ships destined for India. PLINY gives in detail the route -from Alexandria to India in his time, and says that it was well worthy -of notice because in each year India drained the empire of at least -550 sestertii, estimated at £1,400,000 of English money, giving back -in exchange her own wares, which were sold at fully one hundred times -their original cost, and he says that the voyage was made every year -by the following route:--Two miles distant from Alexandria was the -town of Juliopolis, supposed to be Nicopolis. The distance from thence -to Coptos up the Nile was 308 miles, and the voyage was performed with -a favourable wind in 12 days. From Coptos the journey was made on -camels to Berenice, a seaport on the southern frontier of Egypt, 257 -miles, in another 12 days. Here the passengers generally set sail at -midsummer, and in about 30 days arrived at Ocelis, in Arabia, now -called Gehla, or at Cane, supposed to be Cava Canim Bay. From hence, -if the wind called hippaulus happened to be blowing, it was possible -to arrive at Muzitis, the modern Mangalore, which was the nearest -point in India, in 40 days. This, however, was not a convenient port -for disembarking, and Barace was therefore preferred. To this place -pepper was carried down in dug-out canoes made out of a single trunk -from Cottonara, supposed to be Cochin or Travancore. The return voyage -was usually made in January, taking advantage of the south-east -monsoon, by which means they were able to go and return the same year. -But when PLINY wrote, the trade with India was only in its infancy, -afterwards Greek factories were probably established at the Indian -seaboards, which accounts for the Greek names for some of the towns on -that coast. - -But the people of Alexandria having become insolent in their -prosperity, HADRIAN was led to encourage the route through Palmyra, -which was the most direct road to India. Even in the 2nd century A.D. -the trade between Rome and India through Palmyra must have been -considerable, for it drew the attention of the Chinese. Their annals -speak of it as carried on principally by sea; they mention Roman -merchants in relations of commerce with and visiting Burmah, Tonquin, -and Cochin China, and they have preserved the memory of an embassy -from the Roman emperor, which in the year A.D. 166 was received by the -Chinese sovereign. Arab or native vessels appear to have brought the -produce of India up the Persian Gulf to the mouth of the Euphrates. At -Teredon they discharged their cargoes, and the merchandise was then -carried to Vologesia by camels; at this place the merchants of Palmyra -took it up and it was here exchanged for the produce of Europe. Even -as late as the 5th century, ships from India and China are mentioned -lying at Hira on the Euphrates, a little to the south of Babylon. -Through the influence of this trade Palmyra grew rapidly into wealth -and power until the widow of GALBERIUS threw off her allegiance to -Rome. This led to the destruction of the city by AURELIAN, A.D. 275, -which put an end to the Roman trade with India through the Persian -Gulf. The Alexandrian trade with India fell off about the same time, -and the barbarians occupied Coptos, the port of embarkation for India, -about A.D. 279. - -After the fall of Palmyra the Indian trade was transferred to Batne, -near the Euphrates, but it lasted only a short time, and in the 4th -and 5th centuries may be regarded as having become extinct in so far -as Roman merchants were concerned. The trade, however, was still kept -up by the Arabs. EPIPHANIUS, about A.D. 375, gives an account of trade -carried on through Berenice, by which the merchants of India imported -their goods into the Roman territory, and there is also Chinese -authority for believing that a great trade between Rome and India -existed in the 6th century. MA-TOUAN-LIN, A.D. 1317, in his researches -into antiquity, affirms that in A.D. 500-516 India carried on a -considerable commerce by sea with Ta-Tsin, the Roman Empire, and with -the Ansi the Syrians,[41] but Arab and not Roman vessels were -employed. MASOUDI says that in the early part of the 7th century the -Indian and Chinese trade with Babylon was principally in the hands of -the Indians and Chinese. The usual passage after rounding the Point de -Galle was to creep up the Madras coast during the S.W. monsoon and -take a point of departure from Masulapatam towards the leading opening -of the Ganges.[42] Meanwhile the overland trade between Europe and -India in the 3rd and 4th centuries was carried on by the Sassanidæ, -who in the 4th century entered into commercial relations with China, -to which country they sent frequent embassies in the 6th century, and -through this route silk was imported into Europe. In A.D. 712 Sind was -conquered by the Arabs, and in addition to the kingdom of Mansurah and -Multan, other independent Muslim governments were established at Bania -and Kasdar.[43] There is also the evidence of the merchant SULAMIN and -the researches of Mr. EDWARD THOMAS into the coins of the Balhara to -prove the continuance of Arab intercourse with India during the 9th -century. - - [41] PRIAULX, p. 244. - - [42] "The Indian Balhara and Arabian intercourse with India - in the Ninth and Following Centuries," by E. THOMAS, F.R.S., - 'Numismata Orientalia,' vol. iii., 1882. - - [43] "Coins of the Arabs in Sind," by E. THOMAS, F.R.S., in - the 'Indian Antiquary.' - -During all this time the relations between Scandinavia and Rome appear -to have been scarcely less extensive. Although the Romans never -succeeded in penetrating Scandinavia, the discovery of coins, vases in -bronze and glass, and other objects of art, is sufficient to prove -that Scandinavian art was greatly influenced by intercourse with Rome -during the first part of the 2nd century of our era. In the early -stages of society, communication by sea offered greater facilities for -traffic than land journeys, and for this reason the Island of Gotland, -now so isolated and rarely visited except by antiquaries, appears to -have served as a portal for the entry of Roman and Oriental goods and -civilization into Scandinavia.[44] After the fall of the Roman empire, -Scandinavia was left to its own resources, aided by occasional -intercourse with Byzantium, until in the later iron age, extending -from the 8th century to the middle of the 11th century, another line -of communication was established with the East, still entering -Scandinavia mainly through the Island of Gotland. Mr. HILDEBRAND -records the discovery of 20,000 Arab coins in Sweden and Gotland, and -traces the channel of their transmission by Russian finds from the -states near the Caspian, through Russia to the shores of the Baltic, -and thence, thanks to the commerce established by the inhabitants of -Gotland, over to that island. From Gotland, and probably also by -direct intercourse with Russia, the Mahomedan coins were spread over -Scandinavia, being more common in the eastern provinces of Sweden than -in the west or in Norway. The greater part of these coins appear to -have come into Sweden between the years 880 and 955, but the latest -belongs to the year 1010. On the line of communication here indicated, -iron keys of the kind adapted both to the tumbler lock and the spring -padlock have been discovered in the governments of Vladimir and -Jaroslav, in the graves of the Neriens,[45] dating about the 8th -century A.D., showing that in all probability it was by this line that -the use of these locks were imported into Sweden. The key of the -padlock found here was of the form of the Roman key, (fig. 21C, Plate -V.), the Indian one (fig. 46C, Plate VI.), and the modern one from -Cairo (fig. 47C, Plate VI.). It also resembles that of the Swedish -lock (fig. 26C, Plate V.), and belongs to the most primitive form of -the mechanism. - - [44] 'La Suède Prehistorique,' by O. MONTELIUS. - - [45] "Antiquités du Nord Finno-Ougrien," par J. R. - ASPELIN, 'Age du Fer,' iii., figs. 977, 980, 981. - -Whilst this traffic was being carried on between Scandinavia and the -East, the intercourse of the Vikings was kept up with Britain, -Ireland, and the coasts of the English Channel, commencing in 787 and -continuing to the 11th century. These Western relations, like those -with the East, appear to have taken place chiefly through Gotland; and -the number of Anglo-Saxon coins found in that Island and the East of -Sweden greatly exceed those discovered in Norway and the West. - -The foregoing summary of the evidence of commercial relations between -Southern Europe and the East and North during the early part of the -Christian Era is sufficient to show that ample facilities existed for -the spread of early forms of locks and keys. The padlock, more -especially--which, as I have said when referring to the etymology of -the word "pad," was the class of lock associated with portable -merchandise--must have been carried into all those parts of the world -between which commercial relations had been established. - -At what time and through what particular channels the various kinds of -locks were distributed can only be determined after more extended -inquiry into the archæology of padlocks. Some points may, however, I -think be considered to be more or less established by the evidence I -have adduced. The particular form of padlock represented in fig. 44C, -Plate VI., from India, and fig. 21C, Plate V., from the Roman period -of Europe, must in all probability have been communicated in Roman -times, as I am not aware that this precise form of padlock was in use -in Europe later than the Roman age, having been superseded by the more -modern improvements which have been described in this paper. The use -of padlocks in the forms of animals in Egypt, Persia, and China, must -also very probably belong to the same period. The Chinese and Japanese -padlocks appear to belong to a more advanced stage of the development -of the mechanism, and correspond to the form used in Europe in the -Middle Ages; whilst the use of the revolving key in Europe, India, and -Japan, to compress the springs, as shown in figs. 39C, Plate VI., 90C, -Plate VIII., and 98C, Plate XI., must date from a still later phase in -the art; and unless they are to be regarded as improvements introduced -independently in those countries, the idea must have spread by means -of Arab traders, if not still more recently. In like manner, the -adoption of the screw principle with these locks must either have been -conveyed by traders, or applied independently in different countries -to the form of padlock already in use. The hinge of the staple, as -seen in figs. 26C and 31C, Plate V., though derived from the earlier -form of the parallel bar, which has a wide distribution, has not been -universally adopted, but is used chiefly in Sweden and Europe, and is -an improvement introduced, no doubt, in modern times. Further -information is needed to enable us to trace the distribution of all -these different varieties more continuously, before any satisfactory -judgment can be formed as to the date of connection. In Scandinavia we -find the padlock in use in Gotland, in Björkö, and in Sweden; and HANS -HILDEBRAND, in his work on 'The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia,'[46] -published by the South Kensington Museum, says that they were already -known in that region in Pagan times. It is to be hoped that this -announcement may be only a prelude to some more detailed publication -of his researches into a subject to which the present paper can only -be regarded as a first introduction--not previously attempted, that I -am aware of, in its ethnological and commercial bearings. Local -archæologists must work out the rest. Enough has, I trust, been said -to show that a large field lies open to the student of the archæology -of locks and keys, and that whenever the history of this mechanism is -traced in Scandinavia, Persia, India, and China, in the same way that -I have endeavoured to trace it in Europe, much light will thereby be -thrown on the ramifications of trade and the commercial relations of -distant countries in non-historic times. - - [46] 'The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia,' by HANS - HILDEBRAND, 1883. - - [Illustration: PLATE I. - - Fig. 1. Japanese book fastening derived from the common pin. - - Figs. 2 and 3. Common wooden bolt used at Gastein, in Austria, at - the present time. - - Fig. 2. Front view. - - Fig. 3. Transverse section on A B. - - _a._ Handle. _b._ Bolt. _c c._ Slit for handle, _a._ - - Figs. 4 and 5. Wooden bolt with pin fastening (supposed form). - - Fig. 4. Front view. - - Fig. 5. Transverse section on A B. - - Figs. 6 to 8. Wooden single tumbler bolt (supposed form). - - Fig. 6. Front view (open). - - Fig. 7. Front view (closed). - - Fig. 8. Transverse section on A B. - - Figs. 9A to 11A. Wooden double tumbler lock from the Faroe Islands. - - Fig. 9A. Front view. - - Fig. 10A. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 11A. Transverse section. - - _a._ Bolt. _b b._ Teeth of key, _c._ _d d._ Tumblers. - _e e e._ Block. _f f._ Holes in bolt. - - Figs. 12A to 17A. Old Scottish wooden tumbler lock (Patent Museum). - - Fig. 12A. Front view. - - Fig. 13A. Side view. - - Fig. 14A. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 15A. Transverse section. - - Fig. 16A. Section through A B. - - Fig. 17A. Section through C D.] - - [Illustration: PLATE I. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE II. - - Figs. 18A to 22A. Old Scottish treble wooden tumbler lock (Patent - Museum). - - Fig. 18A. Front view. - - Fig. 19A. Side view. - - Fig. 20A. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 21A. Transverse section. - - Fig.22 A. Section through A B (fig. 21A). - - Figs. 23A to 25A. Wooden tumbler lock from Norway (Hazilius Museum, - Stockholm). - - Fig. 23A. Front view. - - Fig. 24A. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 25A. Transverse section on A B. - - Figs. 26A to 28A. Wooden tumbler lock made by negroes of Jamaica - (Museum, Kew Gardens). - - Fig. 26A. Front view. - - Fig. 27A. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 28A. Transverse section on A B. - - Figs. 29A to 31A. Wooden tumbler lock from British Guiana (CHRISTY - Collection). - - Fig. 29A. Front view. - - Fig. 30A. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 31A. Transverse section. - - Fig. 9B. Probable use of fig. 29B, Plate III., as a key for a single - tumbler lock. - - Figs. 10B to 12B. Modern Egyptian wooden tumbler or pin-lock in use - at the present time. - - Fig. 10B. Longitudinal section showing pegs raised by key A - preparatory to withdrawing the bolt B. - - Fig. 11B. Key A. - - Fig. 12B. Longitudinal section showing pegs down and bolt - locked.] - - [Illustration: PLATE II. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE III. - - Figs. 13B and 14B. Modern wooden tumbler or pin-lock from Yarkand - (India Museum). - - Fig. 13B. Longitudinal section showing pegs raised by key A - preparatory to withdrawing the bolt B. - - Fig. 14B. Longitudinal section showing pegs down and bolt - locked. - - Figs. 15B to 20B. Reproduction of Roman tumbler lock (Mainz Museum) - (Lindenschmit). - - Fig. 15B. Front view. - - Fig. 16B. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 17B. Transverse section on C D. - - Fig. 18B. Section through A B. - - Fig. 19B. Bolt (top view). - - Fig. 20B. Key. - - _a._ Key. _b._ Bolt. _c._ Block, _e._ Hasp. _f f._ Tumblers. - _g._ Spring. _h._ Plate of spring. - - Fig. 21B. Ancient hasp from Hetternheim, Roman. - - Fig. 22B. Bronze bolt from Oppenheim, Roman. - - Fig. 23B. Bronze bolt from Heddernheim, Roman. - - Fig. 24B. Iron key found in the River Rhine at Mayence, - Roman. - - Fig. 25B. Key for tumbler lock with ward plate, Roman ('La - Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 26B. Bolt for single tumbler found in the Forest of - Compiègne, Roman ('La Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 27B. Key to raise single tumbler lock found at Nonfous, - Switzerland, Roman ('La Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 28B. Modern pick-lock. - - Fig. 29B. Key found in Germano-Roman tomb at Niderolm (probable use - shown in fig. 9B, Plate II.). - - Fig. 30B. } Anglo-Saxon keys found at Sarr, in Kent ('Archæologia - Fig. 31B. } Cantiana'). - - Fig. 32B. } Two keys from Bornholm, in the Baltic ('Mémoires - Fig. 33B. } de la Société Royale es Antiquaries du Nord').] - - [Illustration: PLATE III. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE IV. - - Fig. 34B. Key found at Caerwent, in Wales ("Isca Silurum"). - - Fig. 35B. } Two keys found in Roman villa at Hartlip, Kent - Fig. 36B. } ('Collectanea Antiqua'). - - Fig. 37B. } Two keys found at St. Pierre-en-Chastre, Oise. - Gaulish. From drawings taken by Gen. PITT-RIVERS, - Fig. 38B. } in the Musée de Saint Germain. - - Fig. 39B. Key found at Spettisbury, near Blandford. British. - (British Museum.) - - Fig. 40B. } Two keys found in Mount Caburn Camp, near Lewes, - Fig. 41B. } by the Author. British. ('Archæologia.') - - Fig. 42B. Key found in Cissbury Camp, Sussex. British. ('Journal - Anthropological Institute.') - - Fig. 43B. Represents the ancient mode of carrying keys on shoulder, - adapted to the British key found in Caburn. (Fig. 41B.) - - Figs. 1C and 2C. Modern Scandinavian bolt and key ('La - Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 1C. Front view. - - Fig. 2C. Transverse section on A B. - - Figs. 3C to 5C. Modern Scandinavian bolt and key, with spring A. - From a model presented by Dr. ENGELHARDT, and used in Norway. - - Fig. 3C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 4C. Transverse section. - - Fig. 5C. View showing keyhole. - - Fig. 6C. } Two iron keys from Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, - Fig. 7C. } France. - - Fig. 8C. } Two iron keys from Colchester, Essex, ("Uriconium"). - Fig. 9C. } - - Fig. 10C. Iron key from Jordan Hill, near Weymouth. - - Fig. 11C. Iron key from Caudebec-les Elbeuf ('La Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 12C. Iron lock-plate found with above (fig. 11C). - - Fig. 13C. } Two iron keys from Roman villa, at Hartlip, Kent - Fig. 14C. } ('Collectanea Antiqua'). - - Fig. 15C. } Three keys from Anglo-Saxon graves at Sarr, Kent - Fig. 16C. } ('Archæologia Cantiana'). - Fig. 17C. } - - Fig. 18C. Bronze key from Gotland, Iron Age ('Antiquités - Suédoises'). - - Fig. 19C. } Two keys from Björkö, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 8th - Fig. 20C. } or 9th Century A.D.] - - [Illustration: PLATE IV. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE V. - - Figs. 21C and 22C. Portions of Roman padlock found at Jordan Hill, - Weymouth. - - Fig. 21C. Side view of lock-case and parallel bar. - - Fig. 22C. Side view of bolt with spring catch. _a._ Bolt. _b b._ - Perpendicular bars of bolt _c c._ Rings to slip over parallel - bar _d._ _e._ Catch springs. _f._ Hole in tube through which - bolt is passed. _g._ Key. - - Figs. 23C to 25C. Roman padlocks found at Great Chesterford, Essex - ('Archæological Journal'). - - Fig. 23C. Side view of supposed original form. - - Fig. 24C. Improved form showing bolt, _a_. - - Fig. 25C. Improved form without bolt. - - Figs. 26C and 27C. Old Swedish padlock. - - Fig. 26C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 27C. Side view of bolt and springs. _d._ Parallel bar - turning on hinge at _h_, and entering tube case at _j_. - - Figs. 28C to 30C. Old Russian bronze padlock, St. Petersburg ('La - Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 28C. Side view of bolt and springs. - - Fig. 29C. Side view of tube case. - - Fig. 30C. End of case showing aperture for springs. - - Figs. 31C and 32C. Old English fetterlock, from Epping, near London. - - Fig. 31C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 32C. Side view of bolt and springs A. Side and end views of - key shown above. - - Fig. 33C. Fragment of bolt with springs, found in rampart in - excavations at the Norman Camp, Folkestone ('Archæologia'). - - Fig. 34C. Iron padlock found at Swanscombe, Kent, 15th Century - ('Archæological Journal'). - - Fig. 35C. Longitudinal section (with key) of modern padlock, from - Rushmore, Wiltshire, spiral spring action. - - Fig. 36C. Side view of modern padlock, from Paris, spiral spring - action. - - Fig. 37C. Side view of modern padlock, from Germany, with spiral - spring action. - - Fig. 38C. Longitudinal section of modern handcuff, from Wiltshire, - with spiral spring action, unlocked by a revolving key.] - - [Illustration: PLATE V. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE VI. - - Figs. 39C to 41C. Padlock, from Paris, probably 17th Century, spring - lock, unlocked by a revolving key. - - Fig. 39C. Front view. - - Fig. 40C. Transverse section. - - Fig. 41C. Longitudinal section. - - Figs. 42C and 43C. Old iron padlock, from Clermont-Ferrand, France. - - Fig. 42C. Front view. - - Fig. 43C. Side view. - - Figs. 44C to 46C. Iron padlock, from the Gate of Moultan, India, of - similar construction to the Roman padlock (India Museum). - - Fig. 44C. Side view. - - Fig. 45C. Side view of springs. - - Fig. 46C. Side view of key. - - Figs. 47C and 48C. Modern iron padlock, from Cairo; the bolt - entering a socket in the parallel bar. - - Fig. 47C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 48C. End and side views of key. - - Figs. 49C and 50C. Modern padlock from Cairo; key with lateral - action. - - Fig. 49C. Side view. - - Fig. 50C. End view. - - Figs. 51C and 52C. Modern padlock from India; key with lateral - action and ward; the bolt entering a socket in the parallel bar. - - Fig. 51C. Side view. - - Fig. 52C. End view. - - Figs. 53C to 55C. Modern padlock, from Myhere, India (India Museum). - - Fig. 53C. Side view. - - Fig. 54C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 55C. Transverse section. - - Figs. 56C and 57C. Old Egyptian manacle. - - Fig. 56C. Side view. - - Fig. 57C. Longitudinal section.] - - [Illustration: PLATE VI. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE VII. - - Figs. 58C to 60C. Modern padlock, from Abyssinia (British Museum), - the bolt entering a socket in the parallel bar. - - Fig. 58C. Side view. - - Fig. 59C. Side view of bolt and springs. - - Fig. 60C. Front view of key. - - Figs. 61C to 63C. Modern brass Chinese padlock. - - Fig. 61C. Side view. - - Fig. 62C. Side view of bolts and springs. - - Fig. 63C. Transverse section. - - Figs. 64C to 67C. Modern brass padlock, from Yarkand (India Museum). - - Fig. 64C. Side view. - - Fig. 65C. Side view of bolts and springs. - - Fig. 66C. Transverse section. - - Fig. 67C. Longitudinal section (looking down). - - Figs. 68C to 70C. Modern steel lock, from Indore, India (India - Museum). - - Fig. 68C. Side view. - - Fig. 69C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 70C. End view (showing keyhole). - - Figs. 71C to 74C. Modern steel lock, from India (India Museum). - - Fig. 71C. Side view. - - Fig. 72C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 73C. End view. - - Fig. 74C. End and side view of key.] - - [Illustration: PLATE VII. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE VIII. - - Figs. 75C to 77C. Modern padlock from Burmah, with screw ward (India - Museum). - - Fig. 75C. Side view. - - Fig. 76C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 77C. End view (showing keyhole). - - Fig. 78C. Portion of modern padlock from Nuremberg, with screw ward. - End view, showing keyhole, with side and end views of key to same. - - Figs. 79C to 81C. Modern steel lock from Indore, India, with spiral - spring action (India Museum). - - Fig. 79C. Side view. - - Fig. 80C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 81C. End view. - - Figs. 82C to 84C. Modern steel lock from India, with screw action - (India Museum). - - Fig. 82C. Side view. - - Fig. 83C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 84C. End view. - - Figs. 85C to 89C. Modern iron lock from Brussels, with screw action. - - Fig. 85C. Side view. - - Fig. 86C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 87C. Side view of staple. - - Fig. 88C. End view of staple. - - Fig. 89C. Side view of key. - - Figs. 90C to 92C. Modern padlock from Toomkoor, Mysore, India, with - spring action compressed by a revolving key (India Museum). - - Fig. 90C. Side view. - - Fig. 91C. Longitudinal section (looking down). - - Fig. 92C. Side view of key.] - - [Illustration: PLATE VIII. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE IX. - - Figs. 93C to 97C. Modern Japanese brass padlocks. - - Fig. 93C. Side view. - - Fig. 94C. Side view of bolt and springs. - - Fig. 95C. End view (showing keyhole). - - Fig. 96C. Side and end view of key. - - Fig. 97C. Side view (showing keyhole). - - Figs. 98C and 99C. Modern Japanese brass padlock, the springs - compressed by a revolving key. - - Fig. 98C. Side view (showing keyhole). - - Fig. 99C. End view, with side view of key. - - Figs. 100C and 101C. Ancient bronze fish-shaped padlock ('La - Ferronnerie'), believed to be from Egypt, in the Louvre, at Paris. - - Fig. 100C. Side view. - - Fig. 101C. Longitudinal section. - - Figs. 102C to 104C. Modern steel fish-shaped padlock, from India - (India Museum). - - Fig. 102C. Side view. - - Fig. 103C. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 104C. End view of key. - - Figs. 105 and 106. Ancient Roman bronze lock, in the form of a - horse, belonging to Dr. JOHN EVANS, F.R.S. - - Fig. 105C. Side view. - - Fig. 106C. End, showing apertures for springs. - - Figs. 107C to 109C. Modern brass Chinese padlock in the form of a - lion, the springs entering behind, belonging to Mr. CHUBB. - - Fig. 107C. Side view. - - Fig. 108C. Side view of bolt and springs. - - Fig. 109C. Front view, showing method of inserting the key. - - Fig. 110C. Front view of iron padlock from Cairo, also in common - use in Naples at the present time. - - Fig. 111. Revolving key for raising tumblers, found in London ('La - Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 112. Revolving key for raising two tumblers, found in Lothbury, - London ('Archæological Journal').] - - [Illustration: PLATE IX. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - [Illustration: PLATE X. - - Figs. 113 to 116. Modern wooden tumbler lock, adapted to a revolving - key, from India (India Museum). - - Fig. 113. Front view. A, bolt. - - Fig. 114. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 115. Transverse section. - - Fig. 116. Key. - - Figs. 117 to 121. Modern wooden Chinese tumbler lock, the tumblers - raised by a T-shaped key; the bolt shot with a revolving key, or - handle, _a_. - - Fig. 117. Front view. - - Fig. 118. Transverse section, A B. - - Fig. 119. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 120. Top view of bolt. - - Fig. 121. Top view of key. - - Fig. 122. Roman iron key, found in London. - - Fig. 123. Key from Chalons ('La Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 124. Key from Museum at Saumur ('La Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 125. Key from Museum at Saint Germain ('La Ferronnerie'). - - Fig. 126. Modern English latchkey. - - Fig. 127. Lock with complex wards, used in the Middle Ages. - - Figs. 128 to 130. Modern tumbler lock found at Funtley, Hants, - belonging to Mr. CHUBB. - - Fig. 128. Longitudinal section. - - Fig. 129. End view and section. - - Fig. 130. Top view of bolt. - - Fig. 131. BARRON'S tumbler lock (TOMLINSON 'On Locks and Keys').] - - [Illustration: PLATE X. - _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On the Development and Distribution of -Primitive Locks and Keys, by Augustus Pitt-Rivers - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRIMITIVE LOCKS AND KEYS *** - -***** This file should be named 44022-8.txt or 44022-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/0/2/44022/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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