diff options
Diffstat (limited to '44022-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 44022-0.txt | 2185 |
1 files changed, 2185 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/44022-0.txt b/44022-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..087cf35 --- /dev/null +++ b/44022-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2185 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44022 *** + +Transcriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been corrected +without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have +been retained as printed. Words printed in italics are noted with +underscores: _italics_. + + +ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION + +OF PRIMITIVE LOCKS AND KEYS. + + + +BY + +LIEUT.-GENERAL PITT-RIVERS, F.R.S. + +_ILLUSTRATED BY SPECIMENS IN THE PITT-RIVERS COLLECTION._ + +[_The materials for this paper, together with the rest of the Museum, +have been in course of Collection since the year 1851, and some of the +specimens illustrated have been exhibited to the public at Bethnal +Green and South Kensington for some years._] + +LONDON: +CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY. + +1883. + +LONDON: +HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, +ST. MARTIN'S LANE. + + + + +ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMITIVE LOCKS AND KEYS. + + +Etymology of words for Locks and Keys:--"Klu," the Greco-Italian base, +to lock (FICK), from the Sanskrit "Klu," to move (BENFEY and MONIER +WILLIAMS); "Klavi," key (FICK); "[Greek: kleis]," Greek, a key; +"[Greek: kleistron]," Greek, a bolt or bar; "Claustrum," Latin, a +lock, bar, or bolt; "Claudo," Latin, to close or shut; "Clausum," +Latin, an enclosed space; "Clausura," Latin, a castle; "Clavis," +Latin, a key; "Clavus," Latin, a nail; "Clef," French, a key; "Clou," +French, a nail; "Clo," Gaelic, a nail, pin, or peg; "Clo," Irish, a +nail or pin; "Glas," Irish, a lock; "Clo," Welsh, a lock; "Clar," +Bourguignon, a key; "Clau," French provincial, a key; "Clav," old +Spanish, a key; "Chiave," Italian, a key; "Chave," Portuguese, a key; +"Close," English, to shut. From the same root, "Klu," to move, comes +also "Sklu" (SKEAT), from which is derived the Teutonic "Slut," to +shut, and from thence the Dutch "Slot," a lock, and also a castle, +from "Sluiten," to shut; old Friesic "Slot," from "Sluta," to shut; +Low German "Slot." Thus also the English provincial word "Slot," a +bolt; "Schloss," German, a lock, and also a castle; "Schlüssel," +German, a key. From the Latin "Sero," to put, comes "Sera," Latin, a +movable bar or bolt; "Serrure," French, a lock; "Serratura," Italian, +a lock. The French word "Verrou," a bolt; Wallon "Verou" or "Ferou;" +Bourguignon "Varullo;" Provincial "Verroth," "Berroth," and "Ferroth;" +Portuguese "Ferrolho." The forms in "f" appear to indicate a +derivation from the Latin "ferrum," iron. The English word "Lock" is +derived from the Teutonic base, "Luck," to lock (FICK); "Loc," +Anglo-Saxon, a lock; "Lock," Friesic, a lock; "Lukke," Danish, a lock; +"Loca," Icelandic, a lock or latch, or the lid of a chest; "Lock," +Swedish, a lid; "Loke," Wallon; "Luycke," Flemish; "Loquet," French, a +catch. In Early English it was pronounced "loke" (SKEAT). The English +word "Latch" is probably the same as the Danish "Laas," a lock; "Las," +Swedish, a lock; "Luchetto," Italian, a latch. SKEAT derives it from +the Anglo-Saxon word "loeccan," to seize; in Early English it was +pronounced "Lacche," and he suggests the probability of its being +derived from the Latin word "Laqueus," a snare, but this is doubtful. +"Hasp," English, is derived from the Teutonic base, "Hapsa;" "Hæpsa," +Anglo-Saxon; "Hespa," Icelandic; "Haspe," Danish; "Haspe," Swedish; +"Haspe," German. "Moraillon," the French word for "hasp," is of +uncertain origin, but LITTRÉ supposes it to be derived from the +provincial "Mor," a muzzle, probably the French word "Mors," a bit; +"Morsum," Latin, a bit or a little piece; "Morsus," Latin, a bite, as +well as the English "Muzzle" and "Nozzle," are all derived from the +same root. "Clef bénarde," a key that is not piped (forée) (HAMILTON +and LEGROS) or furnished with grooves, and which can be opened from +both sides, is from "Bernard," which in old French signifies a fool, +hence a "clef bernarde" or "bénarde" is an inferior kind of key +(LITTRÉ). The English word "Key" was derived from the Anglo-Saxon +"Cæg" by the change of "g" into "y;" old Friesic "Kai" and "Kei." The +English word "Bolt," which is now applied to the most primitive form +of the mechanism, and probably the one from which the others took +their origin, appears to have been obtained from the Anglo-Saxon word +"Bolt," a catapult. Thus we have the Danish "Bolt," an iron pin; +"Bout," Dutch, a bolt or pin; "Bolz," German, and it appears to have +been adopted from its resemblance to the bolt or arrow used with the +catapult. CRABB ('Technical Dictionary of Arts and Sciences') thinks +it comes from the Latin "Pello," to drive, and the Greek "Ballo," to +cast, and that it has thus been applied to anything shooting, as a +bolt of a door, or a bird bolt, whilst SKEAT supposes it to have been +named like "bolster" from its roundness. + +The word "Padlock" is important in relation to our subject. This kind +of lock is especially suitable as a fastening for baskets and saddle +bags; being a hanging lock, less liable to injury from knocks than a +fixed lock, it is used in preference to this day for travelling +purposes. The word "Pad" is a provincial Norfolk word used for +"Pannier" (HALLIWELL and SKEAT). It hangs about all words relating to +early modes of travelling, thus we have, "Pad," a stuffed saddle for +carrying a pannier on horseback; "Pad-nag," a road horse; "Pad," a +thief on the high road; "Pad," Dutch, a path, "Pæth," Anglo-Saxon, a +path; "Pfad," German, a path, which latter English word is also itself +cognate with pad; "Pod," a bag carried on horseback; "Pedlar," a +travelling hawker. The word "Padlock" therefore means "Road lock," and +it is significant in relation to the way in which padlocks of like +form may have become distributed over wide areas in early times. The +French word "Cadenas," a padlock, comes from the Latin "Catena," a +chain, and the connection is obvious; "Catenaccio," Italian; "Candado" +and "Cadena," Spanish; "Cadenat," French provincial; Berry "Chadaine," +a cord; Picard "Cagne" and "Caine;" hence also the French word +"Chaîne," and the English "Chain." + + +We see from this, that, as is usual in like cases, the words have +followed lines of their own, and afford but little evidence of the +forms of the objects to which they have been applied, excepting in so +far that the common word "Klu" or "Clo" for lock and pin, and its +connection with the base "Klu," to move, implies that the earliest +form consisted of a movable bolt. But, in any case, whether we take +the Latin word "Sero", to put, or the Sanskrit "Klu," to move, as +independent origins of words for locks, we are carried back to a time +when it consisted of a simple bar or bolt put up or slipped through +staples to close a door. The passage in the 'Odyssey,' so often quoted +in relation to the construction of Greek door locks, does not in +reality throw much light upon the subject so long as it is unassisted +by archæological discoveries. It has been variously translated,[1] and +we are left very much to conjecture for the forms of the most +primitive kinds of locks which preceded those of which the relics are +to be found in our collections of antiquities. It is noteworthy, +however, that the earliest vestiges of apparatus connected with door +fastenings in metal, that are discovered, consist of keys, which leads +to the inference that the locks themselves may have been made of wood, +and have therefore perished. But we have survivals of primitive wooden +locks in use at the present time in different countries, which show +us, with great probability, the uses to which the keys were put, and +it is to these that we must turn in any attempt to trace back the +history of the mechanism from the commencement. The process is one, +the merits and demerits of which have been too often discussed to need +comment here. In the absence of direct archæological evidence we have +no alternative but to avail ourselves of survivals as far as possible. +The materials, however, in the case of locks are so abundant that it +will not be necessary to tax our imagination unduly in order to fill +in the links that are found wanting. + + [1] 'Odyssey,' xxi., 46-50. See translations by POPE, and by + BUTCHER and LANG. I put aside all mention of knots and + strings which as Mr. SYER CUMING has observed ('Journal of + the British Archæological Association,' vol. xii., p. 117) + must have formed the fastenings employed by dwellers in + tents, and of which the Gordian knot was a complicated + example. In early times seals must often have served as + substitutes for locks, as we know was frequently the case in + ancient Egypt and Assyria. The wooden door must have given + rise to a totally different contrivance. It is possible, + however, that something analogous to the Japanese book + fastening, represented in fig. 1, Plate I., may have been + employed under both systems. + +Of the bar, whether of wood or iron, used for fastening up the door on +the inside, little need be said, nor are we at a loss for a +commencement in the common door bolt. Figs. 2 and 3, Plate I., +represent the inside view and section of a wooden bolt now in use on +barns and outhouses at Gastein, in Austria, and like many of the +ordinary appliances which in most countries are now made of metal, it +is there constructed entirely of wood, and is such a bolt as might +have been used in the most primitive state of society. It is intended +to open from the outside, where the handle, consisting of a flat +oblong piece of wood (fig. 3, _a_, Plate I.), communicates, by means +of a neck of wood, with the bolt _b_ on the inside, and when shoved +home to fasten the door, the neck moves along a slit in the door shown +by the dotted line, fig. 2, _c c_, Plate I. Such a bolt can of course +be opened by any one whether from within or without, and it has the +further insecurity of being liable to be forced open accidentally by +anything that might catch the handle, there being no fastening within +to keep it securely in its place when shut. The simplest contrivance +for remedying this latter defect would be to insert a peg or pin into +the bolt, which might be left hanging by a string fastened to a staple +when the door is open, and when bolted, inserted vertically into a +hole in the top of the bolt in front of the upright guide or staple +through which the bolt slides, as represented in figs. 4 and 5, Plate +I., and it could be got at from without through a hole in the door. By +this means the bolt would be kept securely in its place when shut, but +it would require two motions both in opening and shutting the door. + +Anything calculated to save time in a process of such ordinary +occurrence as the opening and shutting of a door would be speedily +adopted, and it would soon be found that by fixing the pin vertically +in a slide, so as to fall freely, and making the lower end smooth, so +as to slide along the upper surface of the bolt as the latter was +drawn back, it might easily be so contrived that when shut it should +fall by its own weight into the hole in the bolt, as represented in +figs. 6, 7, 8, Plate I.; in the former of which it is shown open, and +in fig. 7, shut, with the pin down in the hole, so as to secure it +from being drawn back until the pin is raised, which might be done +from the outside by means of a hole in the door, through which the +string might be made to pass, as shown in the section, fig. 8. By this +contrivance the bolt would only require one motion to shut it +securely, and it might also be placed in the inside; but to open it +again two motions would be necessary as before. + +Still, however, the fastening would be accessible to everyone, and in +a condition of society in which property must always have been +insecure, it would become a great desideratum to construct a bolt +which could be drawn back only by the use of a key, which the owner +might carry about with him, and thereby secure his goods and chattels +whilst he himself was absent in the fields, or in the hunting grounds. +So necessary a requirement of every day life must have forced itself +upon the notice of the greater part of mankind, and it is not +surprising, therefore, to find that this stage of the development of +the lock forms the point of trifurcation of three separate branches of +improvement. Two of these are of the nature of tumbler locks, and +consist of apparatus for raising the pin or pins by which the bolt is +secured when they fall into the holes provided for them on the upper +surface of it. It was for this reason that they were termed +_tumblers_, because they tumble into the holes when the lock is +closed. The third branch led off in another direction. + +In order that the mind may not wander from the lines of continuity +whilst I treat each of these three branches separately, I shall class +them as A, B, and C in the diagrams, at the same time allowing the +numbers of the figures to run on continuously from this point of +departure. By this means I shall be best able to show the +ramifications into which this mechanism, like all similar contrivances +to which these papers relate, separate as they increase in complexity. + +The common door bolt (figs. 2 and 3, Plate I.) having continued to be +available as an inside fastening, in addition to more complex +contrivances for securing doors, has continued to be universally +employed up to the present time, and may be compared in nature to +those fossil species, which, having never become unsuited to their +environment, have survived throughout successive geological periods, +whilst the forms represented in figs. 4 to 8, Plate I., being +makeshifts, have disappeared as soon as they were superseded, and thus +they constitute the "missing links" of our developmental series. + +The two great desiderata in the stage of the lock that we are now +considering were security and rapidity, both of which must have forced +themselves on the notice of the primeval householder each time he +crossed the threshold of his door. I shall begin with branch A in +which security only appears to have been aimed at, and then proceed to +those in which security and rapidity were combined. The first idea +which suggested itself was to put a bolt in a box, so that no one +could get at it to lift the tumbler without a key especially adapted +to enter the box and raise it, but as long as only one tumbler was +used it must have been very easy to pick such a lock by raising the +tumbler with any sharp-pointed instrument that might be introduced +into the hole. By using two tumblers, it would be impossible to raise +them both at once, except by a key constructed with projections or +teeth to fit into notches or holes in the tumblers, which teeth must +necessarily be at the same distance apart as the notches, and as the +tumblers were hidden in the box, no one unacquainted with the +contrivance could make a key to fit the lock, which by this means +afforded to some extent the security that was requisite. + +Scandinavia appears to have been the headquarters of this class of +locks, or at any rate the part of the world in which they have chiefly +survived at the present time; one of the simplest of which is +represented in figs. 9A, 10A, and 11A, Plate I., from the Faroe +Islands. _e_ is the wooden block into which is cut a horizontal groove +for the bolt _a_, and two vertical grooves in which the pins or +tumblers, _d d_, play, and when the bolt is shut to, they fall of +their own accord into the holes _f f_. The key, _c_, is passed +horizontally into another groove cut for it in the block, above and +parallel to the one for the bolt. Two notches are cut in the tumblers +to enable the key to pass, and when pressed in horizontally as far as +it will go, the teeth of the key, _b b_, coincide exactly with the +notches in the tumblers, so that when the key is afterwards raised +vertically, it raises the tumblers, by means of the notches, out of +the holes, _f f_, on the upper surface of the bolt, and the bolt can +then be drawn out by the hand. It will be seen that this lock requires +as many motions as the bolt (figs. 6, 7, and 8, Plate I.). It requires +only one motion to shut it, when the two tumblers fall into the holes +and keep it fast, but to open it, it is necessary to use both hands, +one to raise the key and the other to draw out the bolt. It may +therefore be termed for distinction a hand-drawn lock. No time is +saved by this process, but the lock, for such we must now begin to +call it rather than bolt, is rendered more secure. Different kinds of +these locks, but all on the same principle, are in use in out of the +way parts of Scotland. Figs. 12A to 17A, Plate I., similar to the last +but having a slight difference in the shape of the notches, is a +Scotch wooden lock in the Patent Museum at South Kensington, a +facsimile of which is in my collection. Figs. 18A to 22A, Plate II., +is another, also in the Patent Museum, in which three tumblers instead +of two are raised by the same key, as shown in the sections, figs. 21A +and 22A, Plate II. Mr. ROMILLY ALLEN, who has written a paper on +Scotch tumbler locks in the 2nd volume, New Series, of the +'Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,' figures +several others of the same class. One from North Ronaldsay has four +tumblers in line; another from the Faroe Islands has three tumblers in +line; another from Snizort, in Skye, has six tumblers working +independently of each other but raised with the same key, and consists +simply of two ordinary locks put face to face with the bolt between +them; another from Harris is still more complicated in its +construction, and is formed by five tumblers in line with two holes +running through the whole of them, and the key has two limbs, one for +each line of holes. + +It is unnecessary for my present purpose to describe all these locks +in detail. Though varying in character they are all constructed on one +principle. As with the more complicated contrivances in metal, +hereafter noticed, variety is an element of security, the greater the +variety, the greater the difficulty of making a key which will fit +them all; and this is another point in which the processes of the arts +resemble the processes of nature, variety adapts the mechanism to a +wider sphere of utility, and by encouraging change, promotes +improvement. In the one, as in the other, variation is a necessary +element of progress. + +I see no reason to suppose that this class of locks was confined to +Scotland or to Scandinavia. They may probably have existed in other +parts of Europe, where, being made entirely of wood, they have long +since decayed, and their representations may have survived only on the +outskirts of civilisation. The law of geographical distribution is +inexorable--nothing can make the North of Scotland or of Norway or the +West of Ireland centres of the arts, and it is to such places we must +look for the survival of primitive contrivances. A precisely similar +key to those here described, but of iron, was found with Roman remains +near Gloucester, and is figured in LYSONS'S 'Magna Britannia,' vol. +ii., Plate 11, showing that a wooden lock of this kind must have been +in use in England at that time. Figs. 23A to 25A, Plate II., is a +similar lock used in Norway, and copied by me from a specimen in the +Hazilius Museum at Stockholm.[2] Figs. 26 to 28A, Plate II., is +another in the Museum at Kew Gardens, copied by permission of Sir +JOSEPH HOOKER; it was made by the negroes in Jamaica. Figs. 29A to +31A, Plate II., is a similar one from British Guiana, in the CHRISTY +Collection. One is tempted by the presence of these locks in the West +Indies to suppose that they may have been carried by the negroes from +their African homes, and the resemblance commonly attributed to them +to the Egyptian wooden lock, constructed on nearly the same principle, +might lead to the inference that they may have passed in that way to +the West Indies; but it will be seen hereafter that they differ in +detail from the Egyptian pin-locks. They are of the Scotch or +Scandinavian type, and in all probability were imported into the New +World by Scotchmen rather than negroes. + + [2] Mr. JOHN CHUBB in a paper read before the Institution of + Civil Engineers, April 9, 1850, quotes a work by L. MOLINUS, + "De Clavibus veterum," the date of which is, however, not + mentioned, in which that author states that the use of keys + was in his time still unknown in many parts of Sweden. + +It is now necessary to return to figs. 6 and 7, Plate I., which +represent the bolt with the single pin or tumbler, in order to trace +the origin and development of Class B. Whilst in Scandinavia and the +north of Europe, the key was applied to the upper part of the +tumblers, above the bolt, as shown in the preceding examples of the +hand-drawn lock; in Egypt, Asia, and probably in parts of Europe also, +another system combining rapidity with security was introduced. A key +with a single tooth was inserted beneath the bolt, and by raising the +tooth vertically and applying it to the lower end of the tumbler, the +latter was pressed out of the hole and raised clear of the bolt, and +the tooth occupying its place in the hole, the key itself was made to +hook back the bolt, so that the whole operation was performed with one +hand holding the key. Fig. 9B, Plate II., represents this kind of +lock, which may be termed a key-drawn, as distinct from a hand-drawn +lock. As with the tumbler locks of the north of Europe so with the +southern variety, security was obtained by multiplying the number of +tumblers and varying their position. Figs. 10 to 12B, Plate II., are +drawings of a wooden pin-lock and key obtained by myself in Egypt, +which is of the kind habitually in use there at the present time. It +has two tumblers in line. In fig. 10B the lock is represented with the +key, A, in it and the tumblers raised, preparatory to drawing the bolt +B. Fig. 11B is the key, and in fig. 12B the lock is shown shut, with +the tumblers down and the key lowered preparatory to withdrawing it +from the lock. Mr. ROMILLY ALLEN, in the paper already referred to, +gives an illustration of one precisely similar which he obtained in +Persia. Figs. 13B and 14B, Plate III., shows an exactly similar lock +in the India Museum, obtained by Sir DOUGLAS FORSYTH at Yarkand, a +facsimile of which is in my collection. This kind of lock is also used +in Turkey; their identity throughout the region here spoken of is such +as to leave no doubt of their having been copied from one another, and +indicates the area of their distribution, about which something will +be said further on. + +It appears doubtful whether or not this pin-lock was known to the +ancient Egyptians. RHIND[3] states that he discovered one on a door in +the interior of an ancient Egyptian tomb, but its date, from the +description given in the text, appears doubtful. The tomb had +certainly been opened in Roman times, if not later. DENON also says +that he saw one sculptured in the Temple of Carnac, but he took no +drawing of it, and the evidence of the existence of this kind of lock +in ancient Egyptian times certainly requires confirmation.[4] Sir +GARDNER WILKINSON is of opinion that the earliest example of a key +with pins such as might be used with the pin-lock, is of the Roman +period, in the reign of TRAJAN, A.D. 90, and the earliest known +mention of any key at all is in the third chapter of Judges, viz., +1336 B.C.[5] If the pin-lock was in use in ancient Egypt it was +certainly exceptional, as all the sculptures represent the doors as +being fastened by simple bolts. + + [3] 'Thebes, its Tombs and their Tenants,' by A. H. RHIND, + F.S.A., London, 1862, p. 94. + + [4] Mr. BONOMI states that he found a similar lock in one of + the Palaces at Khorsabad. The word used for lock in the + Scriptures, 'Muftah,' he says is the same in use in the East + at the present time. ('Nineveh and its Palaces,' by JOSEPH + BONOMI, F.R.S.L.) + + [5] WILKINSON'S 'Manners and Customs of the Ancient + Egyptians,' vol. i., p. 355. The date of this passage in + Judges is open to question. INMAN ('Ancient Faiths,' vol. + ii., p. 193) puts the earliest introduction of locks amongst + the Jews at about 300 B.C. + +Whether the modern Egyptian lock is a survival of an ancient Egyptian +form, or whether it is of Roman origin, it is certain, from the relics +of Roman bronze and iron keys and bolts found in various parts of +Europe, that the Roman lock was constructed on the same principle. +Figs. 15B to 20B, Plate III., may be taken as illustrations of the +Roman lock when put together. It is a reproduction from original +fragments preserved in the Museum at Mainz. Fig. 20B is the bronze +key; it has four teeth which, besides being at variable distances +apart, are also of different forms, some being triangular and others +square. Fig. 19B is the bronze bolt, made with apertures to fit the +key, and also to admit of similarly formed tumblers, shown in fig. +18B. The way in which these are put together is represented in the +section of the lock, figs. 16B and 17B. The key _a_ is put into the +keyhole _d_, fig. 15B, with the bar of the key containing the teeth in +a vertical position, as represented by the dotted line _a_, fig. 16B. +It is then turned round, and the teeth brought up beneath the bolt +_b_. When pressed up vertically, the tumblers are driven up out of the +bolt, and replaced by the teeth of the key, which hold the bolt so +that it can be forced back by moving the key to the right. When the +bolt is withdrawn, it releases the hasp _e_, fig. 15B. Of such hasps, +fig. 21B is a drawing of an original in my collection, found at +Hetternheim. By reference to fig. 16B, it will be seen that the +tumblers, _f f_, are vertical, and would therefore fall into their +places in the bolt, like those of the Egyptian and Scandinavian +specimens; but being so small, and being probably made of wood, their +weight would be insufficient to secure certainty of action, if +dependent on weight alone; they are therefore pressed down by a flat +plate _h_, figs. 16B and 17B, acting under the influence of a spring +_g_, figs. 16B and 17B. This is an important addition, for it is +evident that as soon as the spring comes into use, the tumblers can +easily be made to press into the bolt horizontally, by means of a +spring at the side, thereby enabling the lock to be used in any +position in which it may be required; and there seems to be little +doubt that some of the bolts and tumblers were so constructed in Roman +locks. The existence of a spring in Roman locks is determined by the +discovery of one with the spring in it, which is figured in M. LIGER'S +work 'La Ferronnerie.'[6] + + [6] 'La Ferronnerie, Ancienne et Moderne,' par F. LIGER, + Paris, 1875, tome i., p. 266, fig. 213. + +The teeth of the key of the Roman lock described above, it will be +seen, are made to fit exactly the holes in the bolt; and this may +perhaps have served to give the first idea of the ward system, which +was so greatly depended upon for security in later times; but the same +fallacy attaches to the use of these fitting teeth which attached to +the ward system generally, for it is evident that any form of tooth +small enough to go into the holes, and of the proper length, would +have sufficed to lift the tumblers and draw the bolt; and accordingly +we find that, in the Roman key usually discovered, the teeth are +merely round pins, and have no particular form given to them for +fitting purposes. + +The distribution of this class of lock may be determined by the +localities in which the keys and bolts have been found. Fig. 22B, +Plate III., is a bronze bolt of this description in my collection, +from Oppenheim, and obtained by me at Mayence. Fig. 23B, Plate III., +is another of bronze, also in my collection, from Heddernheim. Similar +ones have been found repeatedly in France, Italy, Germany, +Switzerland, and England. The keys with teeth are even more widely +distributed, and have been found in all those countries which have +been occupied by the Romans. Fig. 24B, Plate III., is a large iron key +of this description in my collection, found in the Rhine, at Mayence. +The earliest known example of a key with teeth, according to M. LIGER, +is one represented on a coin of the PAPIA family, dating about the end +of the 2nd century B.C.[7] + + [7] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome i., p. 261, fig. 208. + +But the ward system appears to have developed itself still further in +connection with these locks and before the revolving key was +introduced. Fig. 25B, Plate III., is a specimen of a class of keys +frequently discovered with Roman remains, in which a plate is attached +at right angles to the pins. This plate is pierced with slits of +various forms, apparently intended to admit of the passage of wards +placed vertically beneath the bolt to prevent any but the proper key +from rising to lift the tumblers. The direction in which these keys +were raised is shown by the flat part of the handle of the key being +always at right angles to the pins and in the same plane as the ward +plate. + +Besides the bolts with several tumbler holes in them, others adapted +for single tumblers have been discovered. Of these fig. 26B, Plate +III., drawn from M. LIGER'S work, and found in the forest of +Compiègne, is an example, and fig. 27B, Plate III., from the same +work, and found at Nonfous, in Switzerland (Bonstetten) is a key +adapted to fit such a bolt. + +Other iron keys are found in England and France, the application of +which is more doubtful. They are found chiefly in connection with +Celtic remains, and by some have been supposed to be keys for opening +doors fastened with a simple latch on the inside.[8] Such latches were +certainly employed amongst the earliest systems of door-fastenings, +and the keys in question might have served the purpose of opening +them, but they might also have been used to open locks with a single +wooden tumbler; the simpler kinds resemble somewhat our modern +pick-locks, of which fig. 28B, Plate III., is a specimen. Fig. 29B, +Plate III., in my collection is from a Germano-Roman tomb near +Niderolm, and was obtained at Mayence; its possible use, in the manner +represented in fig. 9B, Plate II., is obvious. Figs. 30B and 31B, +Plate III., are two Anglo-Saxon keys found at Sarr, in Kent.[9] Figs. +32B, 33B, Plate III., are two keys of the Iron Age from Bornholm, in +the Baltic,[10] attributed by M. VIDEL to the 3rd or 4th century of +our era. Fig. 34B, Plate IV., is a somewhat similar one from Caerwent, +in Wales.[11] It has a flat handle and appears to be adapted to be +pressed downwards as if for opening a latch. Figs. 35B, 36B, Plate +IV., are nearly similar ones, and were discovered in the Roman Villa +at Hartlip, in Kent.[12] + + [8] Ibid., p. 320. + + [9] Paper by JOHN BRENT, Esq., in the fifth volume of + 'Archæologia Cantiana,' p. 312. + + [10] 'Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaries du + Nord,' 1872-77, Plate VIII., figs. 1 and 2. + + [11] 'Isca Silurum,' by JOHN E. LEE, F.S.A., Plate XXXVI., + fig. 1. + + [12] C. ROACH SMITH'S 'Collectanea Antiqua,' vol. ii., Plate + VI., figs. 2 and 3, p. 20. + +Figs. 37B and 38B, Plate IV., are from drawings taken by me in the +Musée de Saint Germain, and were found at St. Pierre-en-Chastre, Oise; +others are figured in M. LIGER'S 'La Ferronnerie.'[13] Fig. 39B, Plate +IV., is in the British Museum, and was found within the entrenchments +at Spettisbury, near Blandford; it was presented to the Museum by Mr. +J. Y. AKERMAN. Figs. 40B and 41B, Plate IV., are two found by me in +pits in the interior of Mount Caburn Camp, near Lewes.[14] Fig. 41B is +of large size, 8 inches in length, and sickle-shaped. All the objects +discovered in this camp proved it to be of the late Celtic period; the +tin coins found associated with these remains, the bone combs, +pottery, and other objects belong to an age anterior to the Roman +conquest. Fig. 42B, Plate IV., is a similar one found by Mr. PARK +HARRISON in similar pits in the neighbouring camp of Cissbury,[15] in +Sussex, which has been shown to have been occupied by people of the +same age as Mount Caburn, viz.: the late Celtic period. It will be +seen that some of these keys, all of which are of iron, have a small +return or pin at the end, which is adapted to fit into a hole, and in +the Cissbury specimen this end is flattened, as if to enable it to fit +an aperture of special dimensions. + + [13] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome i., p. 320. + + [14] 'Archæologia,' vol. xlvi., Plate XXIV., "Excavations in + Mount Caburn, conducted by General PITT-RIVERS, F.R.S., in + September and October, 1877, and July, 1878." + + [15] 'Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. vii., + p. 425, Plate XI., fig. 12. + +But for whatever purpose these crooked keys were used, whether as +latch-keys, as keys for single-tumbler pins, or as hooks to pull back +a plain iron or wooden bolt, the large size of some of them, +especially that from Caburn, fig. 41B, and sickle shape, corresponds +with remarkable accuracy to the description of a Greek key given by +EUSTATHIUS, and quoted in PARKHURST'S 'Hebrew Lexicon.' He says that +they were "in the shape of a sickle, and that not being easily carried +in the hand on account of their inconvenient form they were carried on +the shoulder, as we see our reapers carry on their shoulders at this +day their sickles, joined and tied together." CALLIMACHUS, in his hymn +to CERES, says that the goddess, having assumed the form of NICIPPE, +her priests carried a key, [Greek: katômadios], that is, fit to be +borne on the shoulder.[16] This also explains, I presume, the passage +in Isaiah, "and the key of the House of DAVID _will I lay upon his +shoulder_; so he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, +and none shall open."[17] It will be seen that the specimen found by +me in Mount Caburn corresponds exactly with the description given in +the above quotations, the curved portion of the key being 7-1/4 inches +in diameter, a bundle of them tied together would exactly fit the +shoulder, as represented in fig. 43B, Plate IV. As we know from the +researches of Mr. EVANS and others that imitations of the coins of +Greece spread throughout Gaul and Britain, some of which, of very +debased form and cast in tin, were found in the camp at Caburn in +association with the sickle-shaped keys, and others have been found in +connection with relics of the same period elsewhere, there is no +inherent improbability in the supposition that the keys may have +followed a like route.[18] Should further discoveries tend to confirm +this connection, it would be a remarkable testimony to the value of +archæological investigation if the well-known passage in the 'Odyssey' +about the key of PENELOPE were to find its definite interpretation on +the shores of Sussex.[19] + + [16] This passage is quoted from a paper "On the + Construction of Locks and Keys," read before the Institution + of Civil Engineers by Mr. JOHN CHUBB, April 9, 1850, and is + extracted from PARKHURST'S 'Hebrew Lexicon,' 5th edit., p. + 600. London, 1807. + + [17] Isaiah xxii, 22. It has been suggested that this + passage in Isaiah was introduced subsequently to the rest of + the book, and dates from a period when keys came into + general use amongst the Jews. + + [18] Since the discovery that these objects were keys, I + have reason to think that other things found in the same + place and represented in the same plate, as for instance + figs. 9 and 14, may have been door fastenings. + 'Archæologia,' vol. xlvi., Plate XXIV. + + [19] Mr. BONOMI gives an illustration of the way in which + the modern Egyptian keys are carried by merchants at Cairo + on the shoulder at the present time; these keys however are + straight, and are hung to a stick over the shoulder, and are + not sickle-shaped as described by EUSTATHIUS. + + +We must now return to fig. 2, Plate I., in order to trace the third +class, C, of locks and padlocks fastening with a spring catch. It +seems probable that fixed locks may have preceded hanging ones, +although, on the other hand, the want of some contrivance for securing +property must have been felt in connection with saddle-bags, panniers, +and other appliances of nomadic life, and in a condition of society +which preceded the use of fixed abodes. Be this as it may, it seems +possible to trace the employment of spring locks by means of survivals +from the common door-bolt. + +The origin of the spring padlock, in the present state of my knowledge +on the subject, is doubtful. The sequence which I here assume is only +tentative, and it is probable that connecting links with more +primitive contrivances may be supplied hereafter. The defect of the +common bolt, as I have already shown, was its insecurity as an outside +fastening; in fact it afforded no security at all, and to remedy this +defect and make it inaccessible, except by means of a key, several +different contrivances appear from the first to have suggested +themselves; amongst others, one of the simplest was adopted in +connection with the Scandinavian bolt, a specimen of which, probably a +modern survival of an ancient form, was exhibited in the Scandinavian +Section of the Exhibition of 1867, and is figured in M. LIGER'S +work.[20] We must suppose the handle in fig. 2, Plate I., and its neck +connecting it with the bolt, to be removed, leaving only the slit in +the door along which the neck of the handle slid, and that a similar +slit was made in the bolt also. The key, which was of iron, was +T-shaped; it was inserted from the outside through the slit in the +door, and in the bolt, with the arms of the T in a horizontal plane; +it then received a quarter turn so that the arms of the T were brought +into a vertical plane, and it was then pulled back, when the returns +of the T were made to fit into two holes provided for them on either +side of the slit in the bolt, on the inside, figs. 1C and 2C, Plate +IV. By this means the key obtained a grip of the bolt, and it was only +necessary to press it to one side in order to shoot it. This bolt, +which is taken from M. LIGER'S work, so closely resembles the next one +to be described, that if he had been a less careful writer one might +suppose that it was the same lock, and that he had omitted to +represent the spring which alone constitutes the improvement shown in +figs. 3C, 4C, and 5C, Plate IV., which was presented to me by Dr. +ENGELHARDT, at Copenhagen. It is still in use on barn and outhouse +doors in Norway, and was first brought to notice by Professor O. RYGH, +of Christiania. The key, which is of the same form as the last, enters +the slit in the same manner, and after receiving the quarter turn is +pressed home into the holes on the inside surface of the bolt like the +last. In so doing, when firmly pulled back, it presses down a straight +flat steel spring, the fixed end of which is attached to the door +between it and the bolt, and the free end of which, when released, +catches in a notch in the bolt so as to keep it securely in its place +when shut. When the free end of this spring is pressed down by the +returns of the key, it clears the edges of the notch, and the bolt can +then be drawn back by pressing the key sideways. Both these specimens +are therefore key-drawn as in Class B. Assuming this modern Norwegian +lock to be a survival of an ancient form, one might naturally expect +that the wooden portions of the ancient locks would have perished. The +springs, which are the only metallic portions of this lock, would +certainly become detached from the wood; their uses, when discovered +separately, would not be recognised, and nothing to identify the +mechanism with a door fastening would remain but the iron keys. + + [20] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome ii., p. 229. + +We must therefore judge of the distribution of this class of lock by +the localities in which keys of this form are found. They are of two +kinds, one T-shaped as in the preceding examples, and the other, +serving the same purpose, but having the two teeth on one side of the +shank; both are found together mainly in northern countries, which +have been subject to Scandinavian influence. Notwithstanding which, +however, the evidence is insufficient to establish the fact of their +being of Scandinavian origin. They appear certainly to have been used +in Roman times in England and elsewhere, and the influence of southern +civilization upon the Scandinavian arts of the iron age is well +established. It is always necessary to be on one's guard against +inferring that forms originated of necessity in the regions in which +they are most widely distributed, for, as we have seen, and have +reason to believe, the wooden Scotch lock was carried to the West +Indies and used by negroes on account of the facility with which it +was constructed and the materials of which it was composed, so in all +ages the more simple forms of contrivances must have found acceptance +and survived longer on the outskirts of civilization than in those +countries in which they were quickly superseded by new improvements. + +Figs. 6C, and 7C, Plate IV., are iron keys of these two kinds obtained +by me at Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne, France. Figs. 8C, and 9C, +Plate IV., are two similar specimens from Colchester, which are +figured in WRIGHT'S 'Uriconium,' where he supposes them to be latch +keys, and he says that two similar ones were found at Wroxeter.[21] +Fig. 10C, Plate IV., another in my collection from Jordan Hill, near +Weymouth. Fig. 11C, Plate IV., was discovered in a Roman building at +Caudebec-les-Elbeuf, by the Abbé COCHET, in 1864,[22] together with an +iron lock plate, fig. 12C, Plate IV., showing the slit through which +the key entered, and which is similar to the modern Scandinavian +specimen above described. Figs. 13C, and 14C, Plate IV., are two +similar specimens discovered in a Roman villa at Hartlip, in Kent, and +are taken from ROACH SMITH'S 'Collectanea.'[23] Figs. 15C, 16C, and +17C, Plate IV., are similar keys found in Anglo-Saxon graves at Sarr, +in Kent, where the presence of these keys on the left side of the +skeleton usually denoted a female grave.[24] A similar occurrence of +keys in the graves of females has been noticed in the Island of +Björkö. According to an old Scandinavian custom they were the badges +of the lady of the house, who was said to be married to lock and keys, +and from certain law texts of the Middle Ages, it appears that two of +them were suspended from the girdle.[25] Keys of this shape of both +bronze and iron were found at Sarr, corroded together. It is worthy of +remark that in these Saxon graves some fragments of Roman pottery were +found, pointing to the influence of the earlier Roman period. Fig. +18C, Plate IV., is a bronze key from Gotland, and is taken from Mr. +MONTELIUS'S 'Antiquités Suédoises,'[26] where it is described as being +of the late iron age, perhaps as late as the 10th century. Figs. 19C, +and 20C, Plate IV., are from Björkö, in the Gulf of Bothnia, found in +association with relics of the 8th century of our era. + + [21] 'Uriconium,' by T. WRIGHT, p. 270; see also + 'Archæologia Cambrensis,' vol. vi., 1860, p. 312. + + [22] 'La Seine Inférieure,' by M. L'Abbé COCHET, p. 223. + + [23] 'Collectanea Antiqua,' vol. ii., Plate VII., figs. 2 + and 4. + + [24] Paper by J. BRENT, 'Archæologia Cantiana,' vol. vi., p. + 175, vol. vii., Plate XIII. + + [25] 'Scandinavian Arts,' by HANS HILDEBRAND, p. 129. + Amongst the Romans also keys were regarded as the symbol of + the wife's authority in her husband's household. + + [26] 'Antiquités Suédoises,' p. 145. + +Whether or not the lock which has been described in the preceding +paragraph was the origin of the spring padlock, constructed entirely +of metal, may perhaps be doubtful; but it is evident that the +principle of its construction was the same. In both systems the bolt +was secured by the end of a spring catch. It is only necessary to +transfer the fixed end of the spring from the door to the bolt, and +the notch from the bolt to the door, to make it resemble the spring +catch of the Roman padlock about to be described. + +The Roman iron padlock and key represented in figs. 21C to 22C, Plate +V., which is put together from specimens in my collection obtained +partly from Jordan Hill, near Weymouth, and other sources, consisted +of a square box, having a bar, _d_, on the top, and parallel to it, +which was attached to one end of the box by means of a curved portion. +The bolt _a_ was provided with two perpendicular bars, _b b_, at the +end of which were rings, _c c_, which slipped on to the parallel bar +_d_. At the end of the bolt were two or more catch springs, _e_, put +on like the barbs of an arrow. These, being placed into the hole of +the tube _f_, at the same time that the rings were slipped along the +bar, collapsed and sprung open again, after having passed the opening, +thereby fixing the bolt in the tube. To open the lock, a pin or key, +_g_, having a return at the end, in which was a slit made to fit the +springs, was pressed in at the opposite end, so as to close up the +springs, after which the bolt could be drawn out of the box. This +action is better shown in the succeeding examples of modern spring +locks of the same kind. The case of a similar padlock to the above was +found with Roman remains at Irchester, near Wellingborough, +Northampton, by the Rev. R. BAKER, in 1878, and is figured in the +Associated Architectural Society's Reports, vol. xv., plate iv., 1879. + +This padlock was therefore a hand-drawn, and not a key-drawn, lock. +Its origin is at present uncertain, but it is here no doubt +represented in its more complete and developed state, after having +already undergone prior modifications. The absence of simpler +contrivances of the same kind suggests the inference that its +forerunners may have been made of perishable materials. Be that as it +may, its progress onward from this point of perfection can be traced +with some degree of certainty. Already in Roman times it had undergone +changes. Amongst the Roman antiquities discovered in 1854 by the +Honourable RICHARD NEVILLE (since Lord BRAYBROOKE), at Great +Chesterford, in Essex,[27] were two kinds of this padlock: one, +represented in fig. 23C, Plate V., is of the form already described; +the other (figs. 24C and 25C, Plate V.) was constructed on what, +judging by those which succeeded it, must probably have been regarded +as an improved form, or it may have been merely adapted to a different +purpose. The bolt _a_, instead of having perpendicular bars and rings +to slip over the parallel bar, was simply a plain straight bolt with +the catch springs attached to it. The horizontal parallel bar of the +lock, after passing along the top of the box or tube, was curved down +over the mouth of the lock, at a short distance from it, and +terminated in a ring, leaving a space between it and the mouth of the +tube to admit of the passage of the chain or staple, or whatever was +intended to be secured by means of the padlock, as shown in fig. 25C, +Plate V. The bolt was slipped through this ring, and on into the tube, +the barbed springs flying out and catching after they entered the box, +so as to fill up this space and secure the bolt, which was opened and +withdrawn in the same manner as before, as shown in fig. 24C, Plate V. + + [27] 'Archæological Journal,' vol. xiii., p. 7, Plate II., + figs. 24 to 27. + +A further modification of this takes place in the Swedish padlock, +figs. 26C and 27C, Plate V., in which the parallel bar _d_, instead of +being a fixture, is made to turn upon a hinge at _h_. When shut, the +other end of the bar, instead of coming down over the mouth of the +tube, and at a distance from it, as in the preceding example of a +Roman padlock, is made to enter the side of the tube at _j_, and the +bolt passes through the ring of the bar, after entering the mouth of +the lock and inside, instead of outside of it. By this means we arrive +at the ordinary hinge of the padlock which with further modification +of form and mechanism is in use on carpet bags in this country at the +present day. This Swedish spring padlock was in use in Scandinavia +until towards the end of last century. There is one in the Museum at +Kiel, which was found with iron spear-heads of the 11th century; +others are attributed to the 15th century in that country. Figs. 31C +and 32C, Plate V., is a specimen of an English fetterlock of the same +construction as the Swedish one, obtained at Epping, near London, and +we have evidence that a lock constructed on this principle continued +in use throughout the Middle Ages. In 1829 a fragment of an iron +padlock, consisting of the tube or box with its parallel bar attached +to it, was found in association with some extended skeletons at +Lagore, near Dunshaughlin, in the county of Meath, in Ireland. It is +figured in the sixth volume of the 'Archæological Journal,' where it +is described as an iron pipe, its use being apparently unknown to the +writer. It was found in connection with iron leaf-shaped spear heads, +broad double-edged swords, bronze pins, and enamelled ornaments, and +the post-Roman period of the find is attested by the presence of the +fallow deer amongst the associated animal remains. Figs. 28C, 29C, +30C, Plate V., is a Russian bronze padlock, believed to date between +the 1st and 4th centuries, greatly resembling the Oriental ones to be +hereafter described. It is in the Museum of St. Petersburg, and is +copied from M. LIGER'S work. Fig. 33C, Plate V., is a fragment of one +containing the springs and curved bar, found by me in excavations made +in the Norman Camp at Folkestone. It was discovered in the body of the +rampart, and in a position to prove that it was of the age of the +construction of the camp, or of the period of its early +occupation.[28] Fig. 34C, Plate V., is a later example very much +resembling the Russian padlock, fig. 29C, Plate V., and of the same +kind as the last. The curved bar of the bolt fits into a socket in the +parallel bar, in which respect it resembles some of the Indian ones to +be hereafter described. It was found at Swanscombe, in Kent, and is +probably of the 15th century. It is extracted from the 'Archæological +Journal.'[29] Part of a padlock similar to this was lately found by +Mr. JAMES WILSON in the ditch of Bedford Castle, and was exhibited at +the Society of Antiquaries. Another similar one was found near +Devizes, and is figured in Dean MEREWETHER'S 'Diary of a Dean,' fig. +18. Both of these last, like the Russian bronze one, represented in +fig. 29C, are ornamented on the outside of the case with lines of +zigzags, resembling Norman tracery; and coupled with the precise +resemblance in the construction of the locks, this ornamentation +appears to prove an eastern connection during the first four centuries +of our era. The fetterlock figures as the badge of the family of the +LONGS of Wraxall, dating from the 15th century, and it is at the +present time the badge of the 14th Company of the Grenadier Guards, an +illustration of which is given in the accompanying woodcut. It was one +of the badges assumed by EDWARD IV., and an account of it is given in +Sir F. HAMILTON'S history of that Regiment.[30] + + [28] 'Archæologia,' vol. xlvii. + + [29] 'Archæological Journal,' vol. xxxi., 1874, p. 78. + + [30] 'History of the Grenadier Guards,' by Lieut.-General + Sir F. HAMILTON, K.C.B., vol. i., p. 61. + +[Illustration: Badge of the 14th Company Grenadier Guards.] + +All the spring padlocks hitherto described have the defect of being in +two parts; the bolt, being entirely detached from the tube when open, +was liable to be lost, and to remedy this defect, modifications were +introduced by which the bolt became a fixture in the tube and was +opened by means of a key. + +Fig. 35C, Plate V., is a lock which I found attached to one of my +gates at Rushmore, in South Wilts. Externally, it exactly resembles +the spring fetterlock, but within, the bolt which fixes the +semicircular bar in its position when locked, is retained there by a +spiral spring. To unlock it, a key with a female screw is put in at +the end in the same position as the key of the Roman lock, and after +seizing the male screw within, the bolt is screwed back against the +spring, thereby releasing the semicircular bar or staple, which is +then turned upon its hinge and drawn out of the opening on the side of +the tube. + +Fig. 36C, Plate V., is a precisely similar lock from Paris. Fig. 37C, +Plate V., is another from Germany. Our modern handcuffs retain the +form of the fetterlock, having the tubular case for the lock, which +otherwise is not precisely the form most suitable to fit the human +wrist. Fig. 38C, Plate V., is a section of an old handcuff obtained in +Wiltshire, the bolt of which is forced out of the eye, not by means of +a screw, but by a key of the ordinary form of a door key, inserted in +the side of the tube, which when turned forces the bolt back against +the spiral spring and releases the semicircular bar. + +Whilst in some of the more modern contrivances the external form of +the Roman spring padlock was retained, the interior mechanism having +undergone changes, in others the interior mechanism is retained, the +external form having adapted itself to the more modern uses. Figs. +39C, 40C, and 41C, Plate VI., is an old padlock which I obtained in +Paris, the date of which I have been unable to determine, but a +precisely similar one is attached to the iron chest of the Royal +Society, which was presented to the Society in the year 1665, and for +the knowledge of which I am indebted to Dr. JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., the +Treasurer of the Society. Externally it resembles the modern padlock, +but both ends of the semicircular staple are provided with springs on +the principle of the Roman padlock. It is opened by means of a +revolving key of modern form, which is inserted into the side of the +padlock, and which, when given a quarter turn presses back the three +springs upon the bolts, and the staple is then withdrawn bodily from +the body of the lock. In this case, the staple, being quite separate +from the lock, would be liable to be lost, as with the spring of the +Roman padlock; so to remedy this defect we see in figs. 42C and 43C, +Plate VI., obtained at Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne, an improvement +in which one of the arms of the staple passes down through the padlock +and out at the bottom of it, where it terminates in a button, intended +to prevent its being drawn entirely out and separated from the lock. +The other arm is furnished with a spring as in the last example and, +like it, is opened by a revolving key. When the spring is pressed back +it is drawn out and merely turned upon its longer arm as a pivot. + +Up to this point I have endeavoured to trace the gradual development +of the European padlock from the earliest contrivance of Roman times +up to the present time. In order to show its distribution and the +varieties it has undergone in other parts of the world we must now +return to the spring padlock in its earliest form. Figs. 44C, 45C, and +46C, Plate VI., represents an iron padlock from the Gate of Moultan, +in India, now in the India Museum. It is in all respects similar to +the Roman lock shown in figs. 21C to 23C, Plate V., and needs no +further description. Figs. 47C and 48C, Plate VI., is a padlock +obtained by me of a vendor of old iron in the streets of Cairo in +1881. It is constructed on precisely the same principle as the last, +and is opened by a key thrust in longitudinally at the end of the +tube, like the Roman key, but the opposite end of the bolt instead of +being guided by a ring slipping along the parallel bar of the lock is +curved round and inserted into a tube or socket in the parallel bar, +like the Russian specimen and that from Swanscombe, in Kent. Figs. 49C +and 50C, Plate VI., is another specimen obtained by me at Cairo; it +also resembles the Roman lock in its construction, except that the key +instead of being thrust in at the end of the tube is put in underneath +at right angles to the tube, and having enclosed the springs by means +of an opening cut in the side of the key, in order to compress them, +it is thrust sideways along the tube, the neck being guided by a slit +along the bottom of the tube. Figs. 51C and 52C, Plate VI., shows +another specimen in my possession from India, which so precisely +resembles the last that one is tempted to suppose they must both have +been made in the same place, were it not for certain peculiarities +which identify it as Indian. The key in closing on the springs is +guided by two slits along the bottom of the tube instead of one, and +beneath the tube is a projecting piece in the form of a Greek cross +which fits into corresponding slits in the key so that none but the +proper key can pass by it to compress the springs. This contrivance is +therefore of the nature of a ward. Figs. 53C, 54C, and 55C, Plate VI., +is another from India, now in the India Museum, the locality of which, +viz., Myhere, is attached to it. Figs. 56C and 57C, Plate VI., is an +Egyptian manacle in my collection fastened in the same manner. Figs. +58C, 59C, and 60C, Plate VII., is a similar lock from Abyssinia, now +in the British Museum, affording additional evidence that the key, +with the lateral movement inserted at right angles to the lock, is +African as well as Indian. Two padlocks precisely similar to this are +in my collection from Mogadore, on the West Coast of Africa, having on +them the peculiar Moorish ornamentation in brass which is +characteristic of that country. + +We have now to go to China for evidence of the continued distribution +eastwards of this particular kind of spring padlock with the lateral +key. Figs. 61C, 62C, and 63C, Plate VII., is a brass Chinese padlock +and key in my collection. To the north of India we have figs. 64C, +65C, 66C, 67C, Plate VII., representing a padlock from Yarkand +obtained by Sir DOUGLAS FORSYTH, and now in the India Museum. It has +also the key with the lateral action. Mr. THOMAS WRIGHT says that he +possesses a similar padlock, given him by the British Vice-Consul at +Jacmel, and obtained from Hayti, which he says was probably a century +old, and either made in one of the Spanish colonies or imported from +Spain.[31] Sir GARDNER WILKINSON also mentions one from Meroe Island, +in Egypt,[32] and Mr. H. SYER CUMING speaks of one as having been +obtained in Western Africa, but the locality is not stated.[33] + + [31] 'Excavations at Wroxeter and Uriconium,' by T. WRIGHT, + F.S.A., p. 273. + + [32] 'Caillaud, Voyage à Meroe,' Plate LXVI., Sir G. + WILKINSON, vol. i., p. 355. + + [33] "History of Keys," by H. SYER CUMING, Esq., 'Journ. + British Archæological Association,' vol. xii., p. 117. The + keys of this description mentioned in the paper as having + been found at Thebes are in all probability modern, judging + by their entire resemblance to modern forms. + +In order to show the modifications that this lock has undergone during +its eastern migrations, I have represented (figs. 68C, 69C, and 70C, +Plate VII.) a steel lock from Indore, India. It is furnished with a +staple with two arms like the European specimen, fig. 39C, Plate VI., +one of which only has springs attached to it; it is now in the India +Museum. Figs. 71C, 72C, 73C, 74C, Plate VII.--also in the India +Museum: the bolt with its springs is attached to plates forming an +outside casing to one side of the lock, by which means the opening is +concealed, and the opening for the key is also concealed in a casing +for the other side, and opens also with a catch spring released by the +pressure of a straight pin or wire introduced through a hole beneath +the lock. Figs. 75C, 76C, and 77C, Plate VIII., is another variety, +from Burmah; the key is introduced at the end of the tube by means of +a male screw, formed somewhat like the propeller of a screw steamship. +This screw is merely for the purpose of introducing the key into the +tube by a half-twist; once in, it is pressed straight forward, and +compresses the springs in the usual manner. Fig. 78C, Plate VIII., is +the opening and key of a similar lock obtained by me in Nuremberg. It +is constructed precisely on the same principle as the last, and with a +similar object; it has all the appearance of being European, but I +have no certain evidence that it may not have been imported from +India. In figs. 79C, 80C, and 81C, Plate VIII., from Indore, India, we +see the screw principle developed. Whether this originated in a lock +of the last-mentioned form--and the screw, from having at first been +used as a ward, was ultimately employed to release the bolt by a screw +motion--I know not; but it exactly resembles in its construction the +lock shown in fig. 35C, Plate V., from the gate at Rushmore, Wilts, +and those of like form from France and Germany already figured and +described. The bolt is retained in its place when locked by a spiral +spring, and withdrawn by a screw key inserted at the end. Whether this +is an independent growth in the two hemispheres, or copied the one +from the other, I have no present means of determining. Unfortunately, +when the objects in the India Museum at South Kensington were +transferred from the old India Museum their history was lost; but I +have figured none except those which have the localities attached to +them. Figs. 82C, 83C, and 84C, Plate VIII., is a steel lock from India +of similar external form to fig. 71C, Plate VII.; but the screw +principle appears here to have entirely superseded the spring, which +is altogether wanting, and it is dependent for its action entirely on +a screw key inserted at the end, and by means of which the bolt (which +itself formed the staple) is screwed up or screwed back again as +required. As a parallel to this, the specimen in my collection +represented in figs. 85C, 86C, 87C, 88C, and 89C, Plate VIII., may be +given. It was obtained by me in Brussels, and resembles the tubular +lock only in external form. The staple is secured to the tube at each +end by eyes let into the side of the tube, through which a pin is +passed, and screwed up or unscrewed by a key put in at the end of the +tube. When unscrewed the pin is withdrawn and the staple taken out +bodily. In this, as in the Indian specimen last described, the +original spring mechanism has entirely disappeared; but, although +resembling each other in this respect, there is nothing analogous in +the two systems, which, from differences in the details of their +construction, appear to be quite independent contrivances. Figs. 90C, +91C, and 92C, Plate VIII., represent a padlock and key from Toomkoor, +Mysore, India. It is a barbed spring padlock of the ordinary kind, but +the springs are closed preparatory to being withdrawn by means of a +common revolving key inserted in the side and having a broad slit in +the middle of the revolving plate. By giving the key a quarter-turn +the slit in the key-plate compresses the springs, and they are then +withdrawn from the lock. The action of the key in this specimen +resembles exactly that of the padlock from Paris (fig. 39C, Plate VI.) +and that of the Royal Society chest, except that in the Paris and +Royal Society specimens two springs are compressed by means of a solid +plate, whilst in the Toomkoor example a single-barbed spring is +compressed by the action of a slit in the key. Barbed tubular spring +locks of precisely the same form as the Chinese ones are also used in +Japan, of which figs. 93C, 94C, 95C, and 96C, Plate IX., represent a +specimen in my collection. Of these, some of the keys entered at the +end of the tube; others are put in at the side, as shown in fig. 97C, +Plate IX. The key, which, like the lock, is of brass, is placed in a +handle, which shuts up like the handle of a knife (as shown in fig. +96C, Plate IX.) for convenience of transport. Another specimen from +Japan (represented in figs. 98C and 99C, Plate IX.) resembles exactly +the Toomkoor specimen from India, the springs being compressed by +means of a revolving key. This must certainly be regarded as the first +stage of improvement upon the original Roman lock, and its employment +in Europe, India, and Japan is noteworthy. + +Amongst the specimens of these tubular spring locks, which appear to +show evidence of connection over wide areas, are those which are +constructed in the forms of animals. Figs. 100C and 101C, Plate IX., +is a representation of a bronze padlock in the form of a fish, now in +the Louvre, at Paris, figured by M. LIGER. It is there described, +though not without hesitation, as an Egyptian lock; if so, it is +probably of the Romano-Egyptian period: the springs enter at the mouth +of the fish, and are released by a key put in at the tail. Figs. 102C, +103C, 104C, Plate IX., represents a precisely similar fish-shaped +padlock of iron from India, and now in the India Museum. Figs. 105C +and 106C, Plate IX., is a Roman bronze lock in the form of a lion or +horse, in the possession of Dr. JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., and here copied by +his permission; a similar one is in the British Museum. Figs. 107C, +108C, and 109C, Plate IX., is another, also in the form of a lion, and +about the same size, from China, in the collection of Mr. CHUBB, the +well-known locksmith. In all these the springs enter at the stern of +the animal, and the other end of the bolt turns up and back in the +form of a tail, and enters the neck of the animal behind the head. The +key in the Chinese specimen has a peculiar secret contrivance to +prevent its being inserted in the hole for it by anyone not acquainted +with its construction. The head of the key will not enter the keyhole +unless the handle end is put in first and slipped along the shank of +the key, as represented in the drawing, fig. 109C, Plate IX. Mr. +ROMILLY ALLEN, whose work on Scotch wooden tumbler locks I have +already quoted, refers incidentally in his paper to spring locks, and +says that he has himself seen them used in Persia in the forms of +animals. We are thus led to infer that the practice of making them in +these forms may have existed, or may still exist, continuously +throughout the region referred to, and that, like the mechanism +itself, and like many other articles of commerce, they may have passed +by traffic from place to place, and been copied and adopted in the +localities in which they are found. Fig. 110C, Plate IX., is a padlock +obtained by me at Cairo; similar ones are in common use on out-houses +at Naples, the long bar at the top denoting its descent from the Roman +padlock, although the construction of the lock is different. + +We now come to the principle of the revolving key in common use at the +present time. It has been already shown that in using the Roman lock +(figs. 15B to 20B, Plate III.) the part of the key containing the pins +had to be put in vertically, and then turned a quarter circle, so as +to bring the teeth horizontally beneath the tumblers previously to +lifting them. It is possible that this may have suggested the first +idea of employing the twist thus given to the key to the shooting of +the bolt. Fig. III, Plate IX., taken from M. LIGER'S work,[34] +represents a Roman key found in London; it has a plate furnished with +teeth, evidently intended to raise tumblers, and the stem of the key +is piped for the purpose of fitting into a broach or pin, so that the +plate with the teeth, when the key is turned round on its pivot, may +fit into its proper place beneath the bolt and raise up the tumblers. +Fig. 112, Plate IX., is a drawing of another key similarly formed, +having two teeth and a piped stem; it was found in Lothbury, in +London, 16 feet beneath the surface, and is figured in Mr. SYER +CUMING'S paper on keys in the 'Journal of the Archæological +Association.'[35] These keys appear hardly to admit of any doubt as to +their mode of use, and may therefore be regarded as the earliest +specimen of revolving keys, although applied to a different purpose +from the revolving key of our own time. The most primitive kind of +lock with a revolving key that I have met with is one represented in +figs. 113, 114, 115, 116, Plate X. It is from India, and is in the +India Museum. The key is applied to a square vertical tumbler of the +Scandinavian type with two arms to fit into two notches in the bolt; +the lower end of the tumbler terminates behind the bolt, in a +semicircular form; the key, when turned upon its broach or pin, as the +case may be, impinges upon the sides of the semicircular portion and +raises the tumbler out of the notches on the top of the bolt, and +afterwards the end of the key-plate passes into one of a series of +notches on the under side of the bolt and moves it, whilst the tumbler +is, at the same time, raised clear of the bolt. The key being turned +several times continues the movement, pushing the key forward notch +after notch, until the tumbler again falls into other holes provided +for it, and keeps the bolt secure. All here is of wood, except the +key, which is of metal, and it is provided with slits to pass the +wards, adjusted to them in the revolution of the key-plate upon its +pivot. It might be supposed from this that it was a modern adaptation +to an ancient system of vertical tumblers, had not a very similar, but +simpler, lock existed in China. The drawing (figs. 117, 118, 119, 120, +121, Plate X.) of a Chinese lock was kindly sent me by Mr. ROMILLY +ALLEN. In this specimen the bolt is shot in nearly the same manner as +the last specimen, but the tumblers are raised independently by means +of a T-shaped key (fig. 121, Plate X.), similar to that used with the +Scandinavian lock (fig. 3C, Plate IV.). The key from the outside is +put into the vertical slit between the tumblers, when it is turned a +quarter circle so as to bring the arms of the T in a horizontal plane. +It is then pressed back, when the returns of the T enter notches +provided for them in the tumblers. The tumblers are then raised, and +the key or handle, _a_, turned. From the inside the tumblers are +raised with the two fingers before shooting the bolt. + + [34] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome ii., p. 236, fig. 492. + + [35] 'Journal of the Archæological Association,' vol. xii., + p. 121, Plate XIV., fig. 1. + +M. LIGER supposes that the lifting key of the Roman lock was of +Asiatic origin, and that the revolving key came into use amongst the +Romans about the commencement[36] of our era, and many of the keys +from Pompeii are constructed on this principle having slits for the +passage of wards. Fig. 122, Plate X., is a Roman key of this kind in +my collection. The ward system came into general use afterwards and +was much relied upon to the exclusion of others in the Middle Ages. +The ward system may be defined as a system of lock in which +obstructions are placed to prevent any but the proper key from +entering to turn the bolt; as such it is distinct from the tumbler +system, in which security depends on obstruction introduced to prevent +the bolt from being drawn by the key. The tumbler is, in fact, a bolt +of a bolt. Reference to fig. 10B, Plate II., representing the Egyptian +lock, will show that besides the two pins with which the key is +provided for lifting the tumblers, there is a pin attached to the +under side of the lock opening, which enters a hole in the key. This +is of the nature of a ward, since none but a key with a hole in the +proper place could be raised up high enough to lift the tumblers clear +of the holes in the bolt. Mr. ROMILLY ALLEN also mentions that in one +of the Scotch locks from Snizort, a notch is placed in the key and a +corresponding pin in the lock, to prevent the lock from being picked, +and that the key-hole is divided by a thin iron plate which is the +only thing approaching a ward that appears in any of the wooden locks +of Scotland. The peculiar shape of the tumblers and tumbler-holes in +the bolts of the Roman lock, already described, with teeth made +especially to fit them, must be regarded as a kind of ward, although +applied to tumblers, since their object is to prevent any but the +proper form of key from entering. + + [36] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome i., p. 264. + +The further development of the ward-system in the Roman tumbler-locks, +though it certainly existed, is involved in uncertainty, since none of +the wards appear to have been preserved, but the fact of some kind of +ward having been used is evident from the slits in the keys +represented in fig. 122, Plate X., which are of common occurrence. The +cross-shaped wards beneath the Indian spring padlock already described +in connection with figs. 53C, 54C, and 55C, Plate VI., must certainly +be considered to be wards, although open to view, and not concealed +beneath the lock-plate. There are also found in association with Roman +remains, keys of which fig. 123, Plate X., from Chalons, fig. 124, +Plate X., from the Museum at Saumur, and fig. 125, Plate X., from the +Museum at Saint Germain, are examples.[37] These keys so greatly +resemble the Asiatic keys used with the spring padlock, that it is +difficult to believe they were not employed in the same way, but as +they also resemble the Roman perforated plates of the tumbler-lock +keys that are provided with teeth, it is probable they may have been +intended for raising tumblers in some way not yet explained. No +tubular spring lock adapted to be opened with a key inserted +underneath, and opened with a lateral movement like the Indian and +Egyptian ones, has to my knowledge been found amongst Roman remains. +Fig. 126, Plate X., is a modern English latch-key of similar form, +furnished with a ward-plate and used for raising a common latch: they +are now generally disused, from being unsafe. With the revolving keys +resembling the modern form, found at Pompeii and elsewhere, slits for +fixed wards are common, and show that the Roman keys of the +commencement of the present era resembled our own. During the Middle +Ages reliance was placed almost entirely on the ward system, and many +complicated contrivances were introduced, of which fig. 127, Plate X., +is a specimen, until the close of the last century, when their +insecurity led to the re-introduction of tumbler-locks. + + [37] 'La Ferronnerie,' tome ii., Plate LV., E, G, K, p. 238. + +It is not known exactly when this took place, but probably at some +time during the 18th century, and possibly earlier. This time, the +tumblers instead of being vertical (as was the case during what may be +called the early tumbler period) were horizontal, resting on a pivot +above the bolt and kept down by a spring. Figs. 128, 129, and 130, +Plate X., is a tumbler lock in the possession of Mr. CHUBB, found +whilst repairing an old house at Funtley, Hants, said to be 200 years +old. If so it must be regarded as the earliest specimen of the second +tumbler period. The tumbler moves on a pivot, and is kept down by a +spring, the revolving key raises the tumbler by pressing up the curved +bar attached to it, which raises the stud of the tumbler out of the +notch provided for it on the upper side of the bolt, thereby freeing +the bolt, so that by further turning the key it is enabled to shoot +the bolt. The tumbler, it will be seen, cannot be raised too high. If +the plate of the key is long enough to raise the stud of the tumbler +out of the notch, a key with a longer plate will answer the same +purpose. To remedy this defect and necessitate the employment of a key +of exactly the proper size, Mr. BARRON, about the year 1778, +introduced an improvement known by his name, represented in fig. 131, +Plate X., in which the bolt is provided with a slit along the middle +just wide enough to allow the stud to pass; the slit has notches both +above and below, so that if the stud is raised too high by a key with +too long a plate it is forced into the upper notch and the bolt +continues immovable. He also introduced two tumblers requiring to be +raised to different heights in order to coincide with the slit in the +bolt by means of different projections on the edge of the key plate, +so that the bolt could only be shot by means of a key with a plate +expressly constructed to fit the lock, and having two projections of +the requisite length. This principle of employing two or more tumblers +is the one on which nearly all subsequent improvements have been +effected. Those who desire to prosecute the subject further will find +a variety of modern tumbler locks in my collection introduced during +the latter half of the last and commencement of the present century. +They are all, in the main, varieties of one principle, terminating in +the CHUBB and HOBBS locks of the present time. As this paper relates +only to primitive locks I do propose to describe them here. The +continuity which pervades all the ramifications of the modern lock is +not less complete than in the earlier forms, and would well bear +treating in the same manner as those which I have described. The +Bramah lock, though in external appearance differing from the others, +is no less based upon the earlier forms, and may be described as a +union between the _ward_ and the _tumbler_ systems. It is a ward +system, because the obstructions introduced into the mechanism are +intended to prevent the turning of the key to shoot the bolt by any +but a key of the proper construction. It is a tumbler system because +the impediments so placed upon the turning of the key are in fact +tumblers packed round the cylinder of the key (retained by springs), +and allowing the passage of the key-plate only when pressed down to +the various depths to which each separate tumbler is adapted in order +to provide an open passage for the key-plate all round. This union of +ideas developed separately in different branches of the same trade, +device or industry, corresponds to the crossing of individuals and +breeds in nature, which is so necessary to reproduction. The analogy, +as I have already intimated elsewhere, might be carried even further +and closer if space permitted. It is a necessary condition of the +absence of creative power in nature, and applies equally to all the +processes of evolution whether of species or of ideas, but the subject +requires broader treatment than can be given to it here. My object in +writing this paper being to trace the development of particular forms +rather than to generalise, I must leave the philosophy of the subject +for separate treatment. + +From the foregoing description of the various kinds of primitive locks +in use in different countries it will, I think, have been made evident +that some of them most certainly have been derived from a common +centre. The wooden key-drawn pin-locks have spread over the region +extending from Egypt to Yarkand. The Scandinavian wooden locks of the +same kind, though differing in the details of their construction, we +have seen are common to Norway and Scotland, and by some means have +been carried to the West Indies and British Guiana, whilst the tubular +spring padlock of the Roman age in Europe is the same that is found +throughout the whole region extending from Italy to China and Japan on +the east, northward into England and Scandinavia, southward into +Abyssinia, and westward into West Africa and Algeria, Spain, and on as +far as the West Indies. + +It is sometimes thought when simple contrivances such as weapons of +stone and bronze, some of the simpler kinds of ornaments, and of tools +obviously adapted to primeval life are found to extend over wide +areas, and in places very remote from one another, that the few ideas +necessary for the construction and use of them might easily have +suggested themselves independently in different places. To the student +of primitive culture who has become impressed with the persistency of +art forms, this independent origin of such things does not appear so +certain even in the case of the most simple contrivances. But when we +come to a complex piece of mechanism, such as a spring padlock having +several parts--the spring, the case, the parallel bar, and the key, in +all of which the resemblance is maintained in distant countries, and +which, with slight modification and continuously progressive +improvements, are put together in the same manner in all parts of the +world--such a supposition cannot be admitted, the necessity for a +common origin is apparent, and the study of the periods and the +circumstances connected with the distribution of it cannot be set +aside as superfluous. + +Assuming that the tumbler pin-lock and the spring padlock cannot be +traced back earlier in Europe than the commencement of our era, it is +by no means certain that they may not have existed earlier elsewhere. +The commerce carried on with the East in early times was of a nature +to render it very probable that any contrivance for securing goods +should have spread from place to place with the merchandise exported +and imported between China, India, and Europe. A brief survey of the +trade relations between different countries will be sufficient to show +this. + +The expedition of ALEXANDER gave rise to intercourse which was kept up +by the Greek kingdom of Bactria, and recent Indian discoveries both of +coins and sculptures prove more and more the great influence which +Greek art exercised in India up to the commencement of our era. STRABO +says that, about B.C. 22, NICOLAUS DAMASCENUS fell in with three +Indian ambassadors at Antioch Epidaphne on their way to the Court of +AUGUSTUS, and that their credentials were in the Greek language. +DIODORUS quoting IAMBULUS speaks of King PALIBOTHRA in the early part +of the 1st century as a lover of the Greeks. DIO CHRYSOSTOM mentions +that the poems of HOMER were sung by the Indians, and ÆLIAN says that +not only the Indians but the kings of Persia translated and sang them. +If the travels of APOLLONIUS and DAMIS are to be credited, the Greek +language was spoken in the Punjaub in the first half-century of our +era, and frequent intercourse appears to have taken place between that +country and Egypt.[38] PLINY in the 1st century A.D. says, on the +authority of VARRO, that under the direction of POMPEY it was +ascertained that it took seven days to go from India to the River +Icarus, believed to be the modern Roscha, in the country of the +Bactri, which discharges itself into the Oxus, and that the +merchandise of India being conveyed from it through the Caspian Sea +into the Cyrus, might be brought by land to Phasis in Pontus in five +days at most.[39] The best steel used in Rome was imported from +China.[40] ARRIAN, in the 2nd century A.D., speaks of a frequented +way, [Greek: leôphoros odos], extending in the direction of India +through Bactria; after which four embassies from the East are noticed +by ancient writers, one to TRAJAN, A.D. 107; another to ANTONINUS +PIUS, A.D. 138-161; a third to JULIAN, A.D. 361; and the fourth to +JUSTINIAN, A.D. 530. These are but scant memorials of an intercourse +which must have been frequent between India and Rome, and which +reached its highest development during the reigns of SEVERUS and +CARACALLA, in the commencement of the 3rd century A.D. + + [38] 'The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana,' by OSMOND + DE BEAUVOIR PRIAULX. + + [39] PLINY, Book vi., chap. 19. + + [40] 'Ancient Bronze Implements,' by JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., + &c., p. 19; PLINY'S 'Nat. History,' Book xxxiv., chap. 41. + +Turning now to the southern route of communication with India, PLINY +describes Taprobane (Ceylon), and mentions an embassy sent from thence +to the Emperor CLAUDIUS. The discovery of the monsoons during the 1st +century was the means of creating a great trade between India and +Alexandria. STRABO says that in the time of the PTOLEMIES some 20 +ships only ventured upon the Indian seas, but that this traffic had so +greatly increased that he himself saw at Myos Hormos, on the Arabian +Gulf, 120 ships destined for India. PLINY gives in detail the route +from Alexandria to India in his time, and says that it was well worthy +of notice because in each year India drained the empire of at least +550 sestertii, estimated at £1,400,000 of English money, giving back +in exchange her own wares, which were sold at fully one hundred times +their original cost, and he says that the voyage was made every year +by the following route:--Two miles distant from Alexandria was the +town of Juliopolis, supposed to be Nicopolis. The distance from thence +to Coptos up the Nile was 308 miles, and the voyage was performed with +a favourable wind in 12 days. From Coptos the journey was made on +camels to Berenice, a seaport on the southern frontier of Egypt, 257 +miles, in another 12 days. Here the passengers generally set sail at +midsummer, and in about 30 days arrived at Ocelis, in Arabia, now +called Gehla, or at Cane, supposed to be Cava Canim Bay. From hence, +if the wind called hippaulus happened to be blowing, it was possible +to arrive at Muzitis, the modern Mangalore, which was the nearest +point in India, in 40 days. This, however, was not a convenient port +for disembarking, and Barace was therefore preferred. To this place +pepper was carried down in dug-out canoes made out of a single trunk +from Cottonara, supposed to be Cochin or Travancore. The return voyage +was usually made in January, taking advantage of the south-east +monsoon, by which means they were able to go and return the same year. +But when PLINY wrote, the trade with India was only in its infancy, +afterwards Greek factories were probably established at the Indian +seaboards, which accounts for the Greek names for some of the towns on +that coast. + +But the people of Alexandria having become insolent in their +prosperity, HADRIAN was led to encourage the route through Palmyra, +which was the most direct road to India. Even in the 2nd century A.D. +the trade between Rome and India through Palmyra must have been +considerable, for it drew the attention of the Chinese. Their annals +speak of it as carried on principally by sea; they mention Roman +merchants in relations of commerce with and visiting Burmah, Tonquin, +and Cochin China, and they have preserved the memory of an embassy +from the Roman emperor, which in the year A.D. 166 was received by the +Chinese sovereign. Arab or native vessels appear to have brought the +produce of India up the Persian Gulf to the mouth of the Euphrates. At +Teredon they discharged their cargoes, and the merchandise was then +carried to Vologesia by camels; at this place the merchants of Palmyra +took it up and it was here exchanged for the produce of Europe. Even +as late as the 5th century, ships from India and China are mentioned +lying at Hira on the Euphrates, a little to the south of Babylon. +Through the influence of this trade Palmyra grew rapidly into wealth +and power until the widow of GALBERIUS threw off her allegiance to +Rome. This led to the destruction of the city by AURELIAN, A.D. 275, +which put an end to the Roman trade with India through the Persian +Gulf. The Alexandrian trade with India fell off about the same time, +and the barbarians occupied Coptos, the port of embarkation for India, +about A.D. 279. + +After the fall of Palmyra the Indian trade was transferred to Batne, +near the Euphrates, but it lasted only a short time, and in the 4th +and 5th centuries may be regarded as having become extinct in so far +as Roman merchants were concerned. The trade, however, was still kept +up by the Arabs. EPIPHANIUS, about A.D. 375, gives an account of trade +carried on through Berenice, by which the merchants of India imported +their goods into the Roman territory, and there is also Chinese +authority for believing that a great trade between Rome and India +existed in the 6th century. MA-TOUAN-LIN, A.D. 1317, in his researches +into antiquity, affirms that in A.D. 500-516 India carried on a +considerable commerce by sea with Ta-Tsin, the Roman Empire, and with +the Ansi the Syrians,[41] but Arab and not Roman vessels were +employed. MASOUDI says that in the early part of the 7th century the +Indian and Chinese trade with Babylon was principally in the hands of +the Indians and Chinese. The usual passage after rounding the Point de +Galle was to creep up the Madras coast during the S.W. monsoon and +take a point of departure from Masulapatam towards the leading opening +of the Ganges.[42] Meanwhile the overland trade between Europe and +India in the 3rd and 4th centuries was carried on by the Sassanidæ, +who in the 4th century entered into commercial relations with China, +to which country they sent frequent embassies in the 6th century, and +through this route silk was imported into Europe. In A.D. 712 Sind was +conquered by the Arabs, and in addition to the kingdom of Mansurah and +Multan, other independent Muslim governments were established at Bania +and Kasdar.[43] There is also the evidence of the merchant SULAMIN and +the researches of Mr. EDWARD THOMAS into the coins of the Balhara to +prove the continuance of Arab intercourse with India during the 9th +century. + + [41] PRIAULX, p. 244. + + [42] "The Indian Balhara and Arabian intercourse with India + in the Ninth and Following Centuries," by E. THOMAS, F.R.S., + 'Numismata Orientalia,' vol. iii., 1882. + + [43] "Coins of the Arabs in Sind," by E. THOMAS, F.R.S., in + the 'Indian Antiquary.' + +During all this time the relations between Scandinavia and Rome appear +to have been scarcely less extensive. Although the Romans never +succeeded in penetrating Scandinavia, the discovery of coins, vases in +bronze and glass, and other objects of art, is sufficient to prove +that Scandinavian art was greatly influenced by intercourse with Rome +during the first part of the 2nd century of our era. In the early +stages of society, communication by sea offered greater facilities for +traffic than land journeys, and for this reason the Island of Gotland, +now so isolated and rarely visited except by antiquaries, appears to +have served as a portal for the entry of Roman and Oriental goods and +civilization into Scandinavia.[44] After the fall of the Roman empire, +Scandinavia was left to its own resources, aided by occasional +intercourse with Byzantium, until in the later iron age, extending +from the 8th century to the middle of the 11th century, another line +of communication was established with the East, still entering +Scandinavia mainly through the Island of Gotland. Mr. HILDEBRAND +records the discovery of 20,000 Arab coins in Sweden and Gotland, and +traces the channel of their transmission by Russian finds from the +states near the Caspian, through Russia to the shores of the Baltic, +and thence, thanks to the commerce established by the inhabitants of +Gotland, over to that island. From Gotland, and probably also by +direct intercourse with Russia, the Mahomedan coins were spread over +Scandinavia, being more common in the eastern provinces of Sweden than +in the west or in Norway. The greater part of these coins appear to +have come into Sweden between the years 880 and 955, but the latest +belongs to the year 1010. On the line of communication here indicated, +iron keys of the kind adapted both to the tumbler lock and the spring +padlock have been discovered in the governments of Vladimir and +Jaroslav, in the graves of the Neriens,[45] dating about the 8th +century A.D., showing that in all probability it was by this line that +the use of these locks were imported into Sweden. The key of the +padlock found here was of the form of the Roman key, (fig. 21C, Plate +V.), the Indian one (fig. 46C, Plate VI.), and the modern one from +Cairo (fig. 47C, Plate VI.). It also resembles that of the Swedish +lock (fig. 26C, Plate V.), and belongs to the most primitive form of +the mechanism. + + [44] 'La Suède Prehistorique,' by O. MONTELIUS. + + [45] "Antiquités du Nord Finno-Ougrien," par J. R. + ASPELIN, 'Age du Fer,' iii., figs. 977, 980, 981. + +Whilst this traffic was being carried on between Scandinavia and the +East, the intercourse of the Vikings was kept up with Britain, +Ireland, and the coasts of the English Channel, commencing in 787 and +continuing to the 11th century. These Western relations, like those +with the East, appear to have taken place chiefly through Gotland; and +the number of Anglo-Saxon coins found in that Island and the East of +Sweden greatly exceed those discovered in Norway and the West. + +The foregoing summary of the evidence of commercial relations between +Southern Europe and the East and North during the early part of the +Christian Era is sufficient to show that ample facilities existed for +the spread of early forms of locks and keys. The padlock, more +especially--which, as I have said when referring to the etymology of +the word "pad," was the class of lock associated with portable +merchandise--must have been carried into all those parts of the world +between which commercial relations had been established. + +At what time and through what particular channels the various kinds of +locks were distributed can only be determined after more extended +inquiry into the archæology of padlocks. Some points may, however, I +think be considered to be more or less established by the evidence I +have adduced. The particular form of padlock represented in fig. 44C, +Plate VI., from India, and fig. 21C, Plate V., from the Roman period +of Europe, must in all probability have been communicated in Roman +times, as I am not aware that this precise form of padlock was in use +in Europe later than the Roman age, having been superseded by the more +modern improvements which have been described in this paper. The use +of padlocks in the forms of animals in Egypt, Persia, and China, must +also very probably belong to the same period. The Chinese and Japanese +padlocks appear to belong to a more advanced stage of the development +of the mechanism, and correspond to the form used in Europe in the +Middle Ages; whilst the use of the revolving key in Europe, India, and +Japan, to compress the springs, as shown in figs. 39C, Plate VI., 90C, +Plate VIII., and 98C, Plate XI., must date from a still later phase in +the art; and unless they are to be regarded as improvements introduced +independently in those countries, the idea must have spread by means +of Arab traders, if not still more recently. In like manner, the +adoption of the screw principle with these locks must either have been +conveyed by traders, or applied independently in different countries +to the form of padlock already in use. The hinge of the staple, as +seen in figs. 26C and 31C, Plate V., though derived from the earlier +form of the parallel bar, which has a wide distribution, has not been +universally adopted, but is used chiefly in Sweden and Europe, and is +an improvement introduced, no doubt, in modern times. Further +information is needed to enable us to trace the distribution of all +these different varieties more continuously, before any satisfactory +judgment can be formed as to the date of connection. In Scandinavia we +find the padlock in use in Gotland, in Björkö, and in Sweden; and HANS +HILDEBRAND, in his work on 'The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia,'[46] +published by the South Kensington Museum, says that they were already +known in that region in Pagan times. It is to be hoped that this +announcement may be only a prelude to some more detailed publication +of his researches into a subject to which the present paper can only +be regarded as a first introduction--not previously attempted, that I +am aware of, in its ethnological and commercial bearings. Local +archæologists must work out the rest. Enough has, I trust, been said +to show that a large field lies open to the student of the archæology +of locks and keys, and that whenever the history of this mechanism is +traced in Scandinavia, Persia, India, and China, in the same way that +I have endeavoured to trace it in Europe, much light will thereby be +thrown on the ramifications of trade and the commercial relations of +distant countries in non-historic times. + + [46] 'The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia,' by HANS + HILDEBRAND, 1883. + + [Illustration: PLATE I. + + Fig. 1. Japanese book fastening derived from the common pin. + + Figs. 2 and 3. Common wooden bolt used at Gastein, in Austria, at + the present time. + + Fig. 2. Front view. + + Fig. 3. Transverse section on A B. + + _a._ Handle. _b._ Bolt. _c c._ Slit for handle, _a._ + + Figs. 4 and 5. Wooden bolt with pin fastening (supposed form). + + Fig. 4. Front view. + + Fig. 5. Transverse section on A B. + + Figs. 6 to 8. Wooden single tumbler bolt (supposed form). + + Fig. 6. Front view (open). + + Fig. 7. Front view (closed). + + Fig. 8. Transverse section on A B. + + Figs. 9A to 11A. Wooden double tumbler lock from the Faroe Islands. + + Fig. 9A. Front view. + + Fig. 10A. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 11A. Transverse section. + + _a._ Bolt. _b b._ Teeth of key, _c._ _d d._ Tumblers. + _e e e._ Block. _f f._ Holes in bolt. + + Figs. 12A to 17A. Old Scottish wooden tumbler lock (Patent Museum). + + Fig. 12A. Front view. + + Fig. 13A. Side view. + + Fig. 14A. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 15A. Transverse section. + + Fig. 16A. Section through A B. + + Fig. 17A. Section through C D.] + + [Illustration: PLATE I. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE II. + + Figs. 18A to 22A. Old Scottish treble wooden tumbler lock (Patent + Museum). + + Fig. 18A. Front view. + + Fig. 19A. Side view. + + Fig. 20A. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 21A. Transverse section. + + Fig.22 A. Section through A B (fig. 21A). + + Figs. 23A to 25A. Wooden tumbler lock from Norway (Hazilius Museum, + Stockholm). + + Fig. 23A. Front view. + + Fig. 24A. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 25A. Transverse section on A B. + + Figs. 26A to 28A. Wooden tumbler lock made by negroes of Jamaica + (Museum, Kew Gardens). + + Fig. 26A. Front view. + + Fig. 27A. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 28A. Transverse section on A B. + + Figs. 29A to 31A. Wooden tumbler lock from British Guiana (CHRISTY + Collection). + + Fig. 29A. Front view. + + Fig. 30A. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 31A. Transverse section. + + Fig. 9B. Probable use of fig. 29B, Plate III., as a key for a single + tumbler lock. + + Figs. 10B to 12B. Modern Egyptian wooden tumbler or pin-lock in use + at the present time. + + Fig. 10B. Longitudinal section showing pegs raised by key A + preparatory to withdrawing the bolt B. + + Fig. 11B. Key A. + + Fig. 12B. Longitudinal section showing pegs down and bolt + locked.] + + [Illustration: PLATE II. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE III. + + Figs. 13B and 14B. Modern wooden tumbler or pin-lock from Yarkand + (India Museum). + + Fig. 13B. Longitudinal section showing pegs raised by key A + preparatory to withdrawing the bolt B. + + Fig. 14B. Longitudinal section showing pegs down and bolt + locked. + + Figs. 15B to 20B. Reproduction of Roman tumbler lock (Mainz Museum) + (Lindenschmit). + + Fig. 15B. Front view. + + Fig. 16B. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 17B. Transverse section on C D. + + Fig. 18B. Section through A B. + + Fig. 19B. Bolt (top view). + + Fig. 20B. Key. + + _a._ Key. _b._ Bolt. _c._ Block, _e._ Hasp. _f f._ Tumblers. + _g._ Spring. _h._ Plate of spring. + + Fig. 21B. Ancient hasp from Hetternheim, Roman. + + Fig. 22B. Bronze bolt from Oppenheim, Roman. + + Fig. 23B. Bronze bolt from Heddernheim, Roman. + + Fig. 24B. Iron key found in the River Rhine at Mayence, + Roman. + + Fig. 25B. Key for tumbler lock with ward plate, Roman ('La + Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 26B. Bolt for single tumbler found in the Forest of + Compiègne, Roman ('La Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 27B. Key to raise single tumbler lock found at Nonfous, + Switzerland, Roman ('La Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 28B. Modern pick-lock. + + Fig. 29B. Key found in Germano-Roman tomb at Niderolm (probable use + shown in fig. 9B, Plate II.). + + Fig. 30B. } Anglo-Saxon keys found at Sarr, in Kent ('Archæologia + Fig. 31B. } Cantiana'). + + Fig. 32B. } Two keys from Bornholm, in the Baltic ('Mémoires + Fig. 33B. } de la Société Royale es Antiquaries du Nord').] + + [Illustration: PLATE III. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE IV. + + Fig. 34B. Key found at Caerwent, in Wales ("Isca Silurum"). + + Fig. 35B. } Two keys found in Roman villa at Hartlip, Kent + Fig. 36B. } ('Collectanea Antiqua'). + + Fig. 37B. } Two keys found at St. Pierre-en-Chastre, Oise. + Gaulish. From drawings taken by Gen. PITT-RIVERS, + Fig. 38B. } in the Musée de Saint Germain. + + Fig. 39B. Key found at Spettisbury, near Blandford. British. + (British Museum.) + + Fig. 40B. } Two keys found in Mount Caburn Camp, near Lewes, + Fig. 41B. } by the Author. British. ('Archæologia.') + + Fig. 42B. Key found in Cissbury Camp, Sussex. British. ('Journal + Anthropological Institute.') + + Fig. 43B. Represents the ancient mode of carrying keys on shoulder, + adapted to the British key found in Caburn. (Fig. 41B.) + + Figs. 1C and 2C. Modern Scandinavian bolt and key ('La + Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 1C. Front view. + + Fig. 2C. Transverse section on A B. + + Figs. 3C to 5C. Modern Scandinavian bolt and key, with spring A. + From a model presented by Dr. ENGELHARDT, and used in Norway. + + Fig. 3C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 4C. Transverse section. + + Fig. 5C. View showing keyhole. + + Fig. 6C. } Two iron keys from Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, + Fig. 7C. } France. + + Fig. 8C. } Two iron keys from Colchester, Essex, ("Uriconium"). + Fig. 9C. } + + Fig. 10C. Iron key from Jordan Hill, near Weymouth. + + Fig. 11C. Iron key from Caudebec-les Elbeuf ('La Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 12C. Iron lock-plate found with above (fig. 11C). + + Fig. 13C. } Two iron keys from Roman villa, at Hartlip, Kent + Fig. 14C. } ('Collectanea Antiqua'). + + Fig. 15C. } Three keys from Anglo-Saxon graves at Sarr, Kent + Fig. 16C. } ('Archæologia Cantiana'). + Fig. 17C. } + + Fig. 18C. Bronze key from Gotland, Iron Age ('Antiquités + Suédoises'). + + Fig. 19C. } Two keys from Björkö, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 8th + Fig. 20C. } or 9th Century A.D.] + + [Illustration: PLATE IV. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE V. + + Figs. 21C and 22C. Portions of Roman padlock found at Jordan Hill, + Weymouth. + + Fig. 21C. Side view of lock-case and parallel bar. + + Fig. 22C. Side view of bolt with spring catch. _a._ Bolt. _b b._ + Perpendicular bars of bolt _c c._ Rings to slip over parallel + bar _d._ _e._ Catch springs. _f._ Hole in tube through which + bolt is passed. _g._ Key. + + Figs. 23C to 25C. Roman padlocks found at Great Chesterford, Essex + ('Archæological Journal'). + + Fig. 23C. Side view of supposed original form. + + Fig. 24C. Improved form showing bolt, _a_. + + Fig. 25C. Improved form without bolt. + + Figs. 26C and 27C. Old Swedish padlock. + + Fig. 26C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 27C. Side view of bolt and springs. _d._ Parallel bar + turning on hinge at _h_, and entering tube case at _j_. + + Figs. 28C to 30C. Old Russian bronze padlock, St. Petersburg ('La + Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 28C. Side view of bolt and springs. + + Fig. 29C. Side view of tube case. + + Fig. 30C. End of case showing aperture for springs. + + Figs. 31C and 32C. Old English fetterlock, from Epping, near London. + + Fig. 31C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 32C. Side view of bolt and springs A. Side and end views of + key shown above. + + Fig. 33C. Fragment of bolt with springs, found in rampart in + excavations at the Norman Camp, Folkestone ('Archæologia'). + + Fig. 34C. Iron padlock found at Swanscombe, Kent, 15th Century + ('Archæological Journal'). + + Fig. 35C. Longitudinal section (with key) of modern padlock, from + Rushmore, Wiltshire, spiral spring action. + + Fig. 36C. Side view of modern padlock, from Paris, spiral spring + action. + + Fig. 37C. Side view of modern padlock, from Germany, with spiral + spring action. + + Fig. 38C. Longitudinal section of modern handcuff, from Wiltshire, + with spiral spring action, unlocked by a revolving key.] + + [Illustration: PLATE V. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE VI. + + Figs. 39C to 41C. Padlock, from Paris, probably 17th Century, spring + lock, unlocked by a revolving key. + + Fig. 39C. Front view. + + Fig. 40C. Transverse section. + + Fig. 41C. Longitudinal section. + + Figs. 42C and 43C. Old iron padlock, from Clermont-Ferrand, France. + + Fig. 42C. Front view. + + Fig. 43C. Side view. + + Figs. 44C to 46C. Iron padlock, from the Gate of Moultan, India, of + similar construction to the Roman padlock (India Museum). + + Fig. 44C. Side view. + + Fig. 45C. Side view of springs. + + Fig. 46C. Side view of key. + + Figs. 47C and 48C. Modern iron padlock, from Cairo; the bolt + entering a socket in the parallel bar. + + Fig. 47C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 48C. End and side views of key. + + Figs. 49C and 50C. Modern padlock from Cairo; key with lateral + action. + + Fig. 49C. Side view. + + Fig. 50C. End view. + + Figs. 51C and 52C. Modern padlock from India; key with lateral + action and ward; the bolt entering a socket in the parallel bar. + + Fig. 51C. Side view. + + Fig. 52C. End view. + + Figs. 53C to 55C. Modern padlock, from Myhere, India (India Museum). + + Fig. 53C. Side view. + + Fig. 54C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 55C. Transverse section. + + Figs. 56C and 57C. Old Egyptian manacle. + + Fig. 56C. Side view. + + Fig. 57C. Longitudinal section.] + + [Illustration: PLATE VI. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE VII. + + Figs. 58C to 60C. Modern padlock, from Abyssinia (British Museum), + the bolt entering a socket in the parallel bar. + + Fig. 58C. Side view. + + Fig. 59C. Side view of bolt and springs. + + Fig. 60C. Front view of key. + + Figs. 61C to 63C. Modern brass Chinese padlock. + + Fig. 61C. Side view. + + Fig. 62C. Side view of bolts and springs. + + Fig. 63C. Transverse section. + + Figs. 64C to 67C. Modern brass padlock, from Yarkand (India Museum). + + Fig. 64C. Side view. + + Fig. 65C. Side view of bolts and springs. + + Fig. 66C. Transverse section. + + Fig. 67C. Longitudinal section (looking down). + + Figs. 68C to 70C. Modern steel lock, from Indore, India (India + Museum). + + Fig. 68C. Side view. + + Fig. 69C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 70C. End view (showing keyhole). + + Figs. 71C to 74C. Modern steel lock, from India (India Museum). + + Fig. 71C. Side view. + + Fig. 72C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 73C. End view. + + Fig. 74C. End and side view of key.] + + [Illustration: PLATE VII. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE VIII. + + Figs. 75C to 77C. Modern padlock from Burmah, with screw ward (India + Museum). + + Fig. 75C. Side view. + + Fig. 76C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 77C. End view (showing keyhole). + + Fig. 78C. Portion of modern padlock from Nuremberg, with screw ward. + End view, showing keyhole, with side and end views of key to same. + + Figs. 79C to 81C. Modern steel lock from Indore, India, with spiral + spring action (India Museum). + + Fig. 79C. Side view. + + Fig. 80C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 81C. End view. + + Figs. 82C to 84C. Modern steel lock from India, with screw action + (India Museum). + + Fig. 82C. Side view. + + Fig. 83C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 84C. End view. + + Figs. 85C to 89C. Modern iron lock from Brussels, with screw action. + + Fig. 85C. Side view. + + Fig. 86C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 87C. Side view of staple. + + Fig. 88C. End view of staple. + + Fig. 89C. Side view of key. + + Figs. 90C to 92C. Modern padlock from Toomkoor, Mysore, India, with + spring action compressed by a revolving key (India Museum). + + Fig. 90C. Side view. + + Fig. 91C. Longitudinal section (looking down). + + Fig. 92C. Side view of key.] + + [Illustration: PLATE VIII. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE IX. + + Figs. 93C to 97C. Modern Japanese brass padlocks. + + Fig. 93C. Side view. + + Fig. 94C. Side view of bolt and springs. + + Fig. 95C. End view (showing keyhole). + + Fig. 96C. Side and end view of key. + + Fig. 97C. Side view (showing keyhole). + + Figs. 98C and 99C. Modern Japanese brass padlock, the springs + compressed by a revolving key. + + Fig. 98C. Side view (showing keyhole). + + Fig. 99C. End view, with side view of key. + + Figs. 100C and 101C. Ancient bronze fish-shaped padlock ('La + Ferronnerie'), believed to be from Egypt, in the Louvre, at Paris. + + Fig. 100C. Side view. + + Fig. 101C. Longitudinal section. + + Figs. 102C to 104C. Modern steel fish-shaped padlock, from India + (India Museum). + + Fig. 102C. Side view. + + Fig. 103C. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 104C. End view of key. + + Figs. 105 and 106. Ancient Roman bronze lock, in the form of a + horse, belonging to Dr. JOHN EVANS, F.R.S. + + Fig. 105C. Side view. + + Fig. 106C. End, showing apertures for springs. + + Figs. 107C to 109C. Modern brass Chinese padlock in the form of a + lion, the springs entering behind, belonging to Mr. CHUBB. + + Fig. 107C. Side view. + + Fig. 108C. Side view of bolt and springs. + + Fig. 109C. Front view, showing method of inserting the key. + + Fig. 110C. Front view of iron padlock from Cairo, also in common + use in Naples at the present time. + + Fig. 111. Revolving key for raising tumblers, found in London ('La + Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 112. Revolving key for raising two tumblers, found in Lothbury, + London ('Archæological Journal').] + + [Illustration: PLATE IX. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + [Illustration: PLATE X. + + Figs. 113 to 116. Modern wooden tumbler lock, adapted to a revolving + key, from India (India Museum). + + Fig. 113. Front view. A, bolt. + + Fig. 114. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 115. Transverse section. + + Fig. 116. Key. + + Figs. 117 to 121. Modern wooden Chinese tumbler lock, the tumblers + raised by a T-shaped key; the bolt shot with a revolving key, or + handle, _a_. + + Fig. 117. Front view. + + Fig. 118. Transverse section, A B. + + Fig. 119. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 120. Top view of bolt. + + Fig. 121. Top view of key. + + Fig. 122. Roman iron key, found in London. + + Fig. 123. Key from Chalons ('La Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 124. Key from Museum at Saumur ('La Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 125. Key from Museum at Saint Germain ('La Ferronnerie'). + + Fig. 126. Modern English latchkey. + + Fig. 127. Lock with complex wards, used in the Middle Ages. + + Figs. 128 to 130. Modern tumbler lock found at Funtley, Hants, + belonging to Mr. CHUBB. + + Fig. 128. Longitudinal section. + + Fig. 129. End view and section. + + Fig. 130. Top view of bolt. + + Fig. 131. BARRON'S tumbler lock (TOMLINSON 'On Locks and Keys').] + + [Illustration: PLATE X. + _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On the Development and Distribution of +Primitive Locks and Keys, by Augustus Pitt-Rivers + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44022 *** |