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diff --git a/44014-8.txt b/44014-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 58d604e..0000000 --- a/44014-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2546 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Antique Works of Art from Benin, by Augustus -Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Antique Works of Art from Benin - Collected by Lieutenant-General Pitt Rivers - - -Author: Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers - - - -Release Date: October 22, 2013 [eBook #44014] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTIQUE WORKS OF ART FROM BENIN*** - - -E-text prepared by Henry Flower and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries (http://archive.org/details/toronto) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file - which includes the more than 400 original illustrations. - See 44014-h.htm or 44014-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44014/44014-h/44014-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44014/44014-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See - http://archive.org/details/antiqueworksofar00pittuoft - - - - - -ANTIQUE WORKS OF ART FROM BENIN, - -Collected by - -LIEUTENANT-GENERAL PITT RIVERS, -D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A. - -Inspector of Ancient Monuments in Great Britain, &c. - - - - - - - -Printed Privately. -1900. - -London: -Harrison and Sons, Printers in Ordinary to her Majesty, -St. Martin's Lane, W.C. - - - - -WORKS OF ART FROM BENIN, - -WEST AFRICA. - -OBTAINED BY THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION IN 1897, AND NOW IN GENERAL PITT -RIVERS'S MUSEUM AT FARNHAM, DORSET. - - -Benin is situated on the Guinea Coast, near the mouth of the Niger, in -latitude 6·12 north, and longitude 5 to 6 east. - -It was discovered by the Portuguese at the end of the fourteenth or -commencement of the fifteenth centuries. The Portuguese were followed -by the Dutch and Swedes, and in 1553 the first English expedition -arrived on the coast, and established a trade with the king, who -received them willingly. - -Benin at that time appears by a Dutch narrative to have been quite -a large city, surrounded by a high wall, and having a broad street -through the centre. The people were comparatively civilized. The king -possessed a number of horses which have long since disappeared and -become unknown. Faulkner, in 1825, saw three solitary horses belonging -to the king, which he says no one was bold enough to ride. - -In 1702 a Dutchman, named Nyendaeel, describes the city, and speaks -of the human sacrifices there. He says that the people were great -makers of ornamental brass work in his day, which they seem to have -learnt from the Portuguese. It was visited by Sir Richard Burton, -who went there to try to put a stop to human sacrifices, at the time -he was consul at Fernando Po. In 1892 it was visited by Captain H. -L. Galloway, who speaks of the city as possessing only the ruins of -its former greatness; the abolition of the slave trade had put a -stop to the prosperity of the place, and the king had prohibited any -intercourse with Europeans. The town had been reduced to a collection -of huts, and its trade had dwindled down to almost nil. The houses have -a sort of impluvium in the centre of the rooms, which has led some to -suppose that their style of architecture may have been derived from the -Roman colonies of North Africa. - -In 1896 an expedition, consisting of some 250 men, with presents and -merchandise, left the British settlements on the coast, and endeavoured -to advance towards Benin city. The expedition was conducted with -courage and perseverance, but with the utmost rashness. Almost -unarmed, neglecting all ordinary precautions, contrary to the advice of -the neighbouring chiefs, and with the express prohibition of the King -of Benin to advance, they marched straight into an ambuscade which had -been prepared for them in the forest on each side of the road, and as -their revolvers were locked up in their boxes at the time, they were -massacred to a man with the exception of two, Captain Boisragon and -Mr. Locke, who, after suffering the utmost hardships, escaped to the -British settlements on the coast to tell the tale. - -Within five weeks after the occurrence, a punitive expedition entered -Benin, on 18th January, 1897, and took the town. The king fled, but -was afterwards brought back and made to humiliate himself before his -conquerers, and his territory annexed to the British crown. - -The city was found in a terrible state of bloodshed and disorder, -saturated with the blood of human sacrifices offered up to their Juju, -or religious rites and customs, for which the place had long been -recognised as the "city of blood." - -What may be hereafter the advantages to trade resulting from this -expedition it is difficult to say, but the point of chief interest in -connection with the subject of this paper was the discovery, mostly in -the king's compound and the Juju houses, of numerous works of art in -brass, bronze, and ivory, which, as before stated, were mentioned by -the Dutchman, Van Nyendaeel, as having been constructed by the people -of Benin in 1700. - -These antiquities were brought away by the members of the punitive -expedition and sold in London and elsewhere. Little or no account of -them could be given by the natives, and as the expedition was as usual -unaccompanied by any scientific explorer charged with the duty of -making inquiries upon matters of historic and antiquarian interest, -no reliable information about them could be obtained. They were found -buried and covered with blood, some of them having been used amongst -the apparatus of their Juju sacrifices. - -A good collection of these antiquities, through the agency of Mr. -Charles Read, F.S.A., has found its way into the British Museum; others -no doubt have fallen into the hands of persons whose chief interest in -them has been as relics of a sensational and bloody episode, but their -real value consists in their representing a phase of art--and rather -an advanced stage--of which there is no actual record, although no -doubt we cannot be far wrong in attributing it to European influence, -probably that of the Portuguese some time in the sixteenth century. - - A. P. R. - - RUSHMORE, SALISBURY, - _April, 1900_. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I. - - -Fig. 1.--Bronze plaque, representing two warriors with broad -leaf-shaped swords in their right hands. Coral or agate head-dress. -Coral chokers, badge of rank. Leopards' teeth necklace. Coral scarf -across shoulder. Leopards' heads hanging on left sides. Skirts each -ornamented with a human head. Armlets, anklets, etc. Ground ornamented -with the usual foil ornament incised. - -Fig. 2.--Bronze plaque, representing two figures holding plaques or -books in front. Coral chokers, badge of rank. Reticulated head-dresses -of coral or agate, similar to that represented in Plate XXI, Fig. 121. -Barbed objects of unknown use behind left shoulders, ornamented with -straight line diaper pattern. Ground ornamented with foil ornaments -incised. Guilloche on sides of plaque. - -Fig. 3.--Bronze plaque, representing three warriors, two with feathers -in head-dress and trefoil leaves at top; one with pot helmet, button -on top. The latter has a coral choker, badge of rank, and all have -leopards' teeth necklaces. The central figure has a cylindrical case on -shoulder. Two have hands on their sword-hilts. All three have leopards' -heads on breast, and quadrangular bells hanging from neck. Leopards' -skins and other objects hang on left sides. Ground ornamented with foil -ornaments incised. - -Fig. 4.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with spear in right hand, -shield on left shoulder. Head-dress of coral or agate, similar to that -represented in Plate XXI, Fig. 121. Quadrangular bell hanging from -neck. Chain-like anklets. Coral choker, badge of rank, and leopards' -teeth necklace. A nude attendant on right upholds a large broad -leaf-shaped sword, with a ring attached to pommel. Another holds two -sistri or bells fastened together by a chain. Small figure on left -is blowing an elephant's tusk trumpet. Figures above in profile are -holding up tablets or books. The dress of one of them is fastened with -tags or loops of unusual form. These figures have Roman noses, and are -evidently not negro. Ground ornamented with the usual foil ornament -incised. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II. - - -Figs. 5 and 6.--Bronze plaque, representing a warrior in centre, -turned to his left. He has a beard and a necklace of leopards' teeth, -but no coral choker. He has a high helmet, somewhat in the form of a -grenadier cap. Quadrangular bell on neck. Dagger in sheath on right -side, and various appurtenances hanging from his dress. He holds a -narrow leaf-shaped sword in his right hand over an enemy who has -fallen, and who has already a leaf-shaped sword thrust through his -body. The victim has a sword-sheath on left side, with broad end, -and a peculiar head-dress. His horse is represented below with an -attendant holding it by a chain and carrying barbed darts in his left -hand. On the right of the conqueror is a small figure blowing a tusk -trumpet, and on his right a larger figure carrying a shield in his left -hand and a cluster of weapons. He has a high helmet, ornamented with -representations of cowrie shells of nearly the same form as that of the -central figure. Above are two figures, one blowing what appears to be a -musical instrument and the other carrying a barbed pointed implement, -and armed with a sword in sheath similar to that of the fallen warrior. -The plaque appears to represent a victory of some kind, and all the -conquerors have the same high helmet. The ground is ornamented with the -usual foil ornament incised. - -Figs. 7 and 8.--Bronze plaque, representing a king or noble on -horseback sitting sideways, his hands upheld by attendants, one of -whom has a long thin sword in his hand in sheath. Two attendants, with -helmets or hair represented by ribs, are holding up shields to shelter -the king from the sun. The king or noble has a coral choker, badge of -rank, with a coral necklace hanging on breast. Horse's head-collar hung -with crotals. A small attendant carries a "manilla" in his hand. The -two figures above are armed with bows and arrows. Ground ornamented -with foil ornaments incised. - - De Bry, "India Orientalis," says that in the sixteenth century both - the king and chiefs were wont to ride side-saddle upon led horses. - They were supported by retainers, who held over their heads either - shields or umbrellas, and accompanied by a band of musicians playing - on ivory horns, gong-gongs, drums, harps, and a kind of rattle. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III. - - -Fig. 9.--Bronze plaque, naked figure of boy; hair in conventional -bands; three tribal marks over each eye and band on forehead. Coral -choker, badge of rank. Armlets and anklets. Four rosettes on ground -and usual foil ornaments. De Bry says that all young people went naked -until marriage. - -Fig. 10.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with helmet or hair -represented by ribs. Leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand. A bundle -of objects on head upheld by left hand. Object resembling a despatch -case on left side, fastened by a belt over right shoulder. Human mask -on left side. Four fishes on ground, and the usual foil ornaments -incised. - -Figs. 11 and 12.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure holding a ball, -perhaps a cannon ball, in front. Coral choker, badge of rank. Three -tribal marks over each eye. Crest on head-dress, feather in cap. Skirt -wound up behind left shoulder. Skirt ornamented with a head and hands. -Four rosettes on ground, and usual foil ornaments incised. Guilloche on -sides of plaque. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV. - - -Fig. 13.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior, feather in cap; broad -leaf-shaped sword in right hand. Coral choker, badge of rank. Leopards' -teeth necklace. Coral sash; ground ornamented with leaf-shaped foil, -ornaments incised. - -Figs. 14 and 15.--Bronze ægis or plaque, with representations of two -figures with staves in their right hands. Coral chokers, badge of rank. -On the breasts are two Maltese crosses hanging from the necks, which -appear to be European Orders. The objects held in left hands have been -broken off. The hats are similar to that on the head of the figure, -Fig. 91, Plate XV. Ground ornamented with the usual foil ornaments -incised. - -Fig. 16.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with pot helmet, button on -top. Coral choker, badge of rank, on neck. Leopards' teeth necklace. -Quadrangular bell on breast. Armlets, anklets, &c. Four rosettes on -ground, and the usual foil ornaments incised. - -Fig. 17.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with spear in right hand, -shield in left hand; pot helmet, button on top. Quadrangular bell -hanging from neck. Coral choker, badge of rank. Leopards' teeth -necklace. Leopard's skin dress with head to front. On the ground are -two horses' heads below and two rosettes above. Ground ornamented with -the usual foil ornaments incised. - -Fig. 18.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior. Peculiarly ornamented -head-dress. Coral choker, badge of rank. Leopards' teeth necklace. -Broad leaf-shaped sword in right hand. Coral sash on breast. Leopard's -mask hanging on left side. Armlets, anklets, &c. Small figure of boy, -naked, to right, holding a metal dish with lid in form of an ox's head. -A similar object may be seen amongst the Benin objects in the British -Museum. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V. - - -Figs. 19, 20 and 21.--Stained ivory carving of figure on horse. Coral -choker; spear in right hand, the shaft broken. Tribal marks on forehead -incised. Chain-bridle or head-collar. Degenerate guilloche pattern on -base. Straight line diaper pattern represented in various parts. The -stand formed as a socket for a pole. - -Figs. 22, 23 and 24.--Ivory carving of figure on horse, with spear in -right hand and bell on neck, and long hair. The bridle formed as a -head-collar. Degenerate guilloche pattern on base. The stand formed as -a socket for a pole ornamented with bands of interlaced pattern and the -head of an animal. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI. - - -Figs. 25 and 26.--Ivory carving of a human face. Eyes and bands on -forehead inlaid. Straight line diaper pattern on head-dress, above -which are conventionalised mud-fish. Four bands of coral across -forehead. Ears long and narrow. Found hidden in an oaken chest inside -the sleeping apartment of King Duboar. - -Fig. 27.--Carved wooden panel, consisting of a chief in the centre; -broad leaf-shaped sword, with ring attached to pommel, upheld in right -hand, studded with copper nails, and ornamented with representations -of itself. In left hand a fan-shaped figure terminating in two hands. -Coral choker, badge of rank. Bell on neck and cross-belts. Skirt -ornamented with three heads and a guilloche pattern of three bands -with pellets. Anklets. Attendant on left holding umbrella over chief's -head. Serpent with human arm and hand in its mouth, head upwards; -eyes of inlaid glass; body studded with copper nails. Leopard, drawn -head upwards. On right, figure with jug in left hand and cup in right -hand, standing in a trough or open vessel. Small attendant with paddle -in right hand. At top a bottle bound with grass, and figure of some -object, perhaps a stone celt bound with grass. Brass and iron screws -are used for ornamentation in this carving. Guilloche pattern of two -bands without pellets around the edge of the panel. - -Figs. 28, 29 and 30.--Ivory carved tusk, 4 feet 1 inch long from -bottom to point; traversed by five bands of interlaced strap-work. The -other ornamentation consists of:--Human figures with hands crossed on -breast; bird standing on pedestal; human figures with hands holding -sashes; trees growing downwards; a rosette; mudfish; crocodiles with -heads upwards; a serpent with sinuous body, head downwards; two -cups; a serpent, head upwards; detached human heads. Some of the -representations are so rude that it requires experience to understand -their meaning. On this tusk the interlaced pattern is the prevailing -ornament, and it passes into the guilloche pattern. This tusk is more -tastefully decorated than the other tusk, Figs. 167 and 168, Plate -XXVI, but with less variety in the carving. These carved tusks are said -to represent gods in the Ju-ju houses. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VII. - - -Figs. 31 and 32.--Ivory carving of female. The design as rude as found -in any part of Africa. Necklet and armlets the same as on the bronze -figures. - -Fig. 33.--Ivory cup, stained brown. - -Fig. 34.--Bronze drinking cup, the same as represented in wood-carving, -Fig. 27, Plate VI. - -Figs. 35 and 36.--Lion in bronze. The back is cut in a curved line, as -if adapting it as a foot to some object. - -Fig. 37.--Bracelet of brass, somewhat twisted. - -Fig. 38.--Bracelet of brass, with five projections set with agate. - -Figs. 39 and 40.--Brass bracelet, with negro heads of copper inlaid. -Mud-fish springing from nose on each side and turned up. Coral chokers, -badges of rank. The ring is decorated with incised floral ornaments. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII. - - -Figs. 41 and 42.--Figure of a warrior in bronze, with leopard's skin -dress; javelins in one hand and shield in the other. Head-dress of -peculiar form, with feathers. Leopards' teeth necklace. Quadrangular -bell on breast. - -Figs. 43 and 44.--Female figure in bronze, holding up a tablet in right -hand. Head-dress, necklace, &c., of coral or agate. Three tribal marks -over each eye. - -Figs. 45 and 46.--Bronze vessel, somewhat in the form of a coffee-pot. -Handle at back, consisting of a snake with a sinuous body, head -downwards, holding a full-length human figure in its mouth. The spout -consists of a human figure, seated, with two tails; and the spout -springs out of the mouth between the teeth of the figure. Round the -swell of the vessel are four figures resembling frogs, the bodies -ornamented as human heads; nearly similar ornaments are seen on Mexican -stone carvings in this collection. The four feet resemble human feet -with anklets, all pointing to the front. The lid is ornamented with a -human figure seated and four masks, and is fastened to the pot by a -hinge. - -Figs. 47 and 48.--Bracelet of bronze, ornamented with two rudely formed -human heads; some of the yellow earth of the mould appears to be -adhering to the interstices. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX. - - -Figs. 49 and 50.--Narrow armlet of brass, with a succession of animals -(? Lizards) in relief on the edge. - -Figs. 51 and 52.--Bronze pointed dish on stand, with ribbed cover, -rabbetted. Use unknown; perhaps an European ecclesiastical utensil. - -Figs. 53 to 55.--Head of a mace, ornamented with leopard and keepers -and heads in bas-relief; decorated with interlaced strap-work, with -brass inlaid in copper. The human heads are partly negro, whilst others -from their straight hair appear to be white men, perhaps Arabs or -cross-breds. The mud-fish is represented one on each side. Described by -Mr. H. Ling Roth in "The Reliquary," Vol. IV, 1898, p. 162. - -Figs. 56 and 57.--Bronze bottle or power flask, representing a female -with barbed arrow-points extending from both sides of the mouth; -perhaps symbolical; and holding a four-pronged instrument in the right -hand. Three tribal marks over each eye; coral necklace. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X. - - -Figs. 58 and 59.--Leopard's mask head of brass, the pupils of the eyes -represented by a copper band. A band of copper inlaid along the nose -and forehead. A barbed figure on each cheek. - -Figs. 60 and 61.--Leopard's mask head of brass, the pupils of the eyes -represented by bands. A barbed figure on each cheek. Eyelets along the -edges, perhaps to receive crotals as in Figs. 58 and 59. - -Figs. 62 and 63.--Leopard's head in brass, the spots and pupils of eyes -in copper. This appears to have been attached with a leather thong to -the dress. - -Figs. 64 and 65.--Bronze vase. The design appears to be purely native. -It is ornamented with four human masks, two of which are ribbed. There -are two elephants' heads with tusks, but no trunks over each ribbed -head. Four bands of plain guilloche pattern arranged vertically between -the heads. Concentric circles. Thickness of metal on unornamented -parts, 2 mm. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI. - - -Figs. 66 to 72.--The historic mace of office of Duboar, late King of -Benin; 5 feet 4 inches long, and made of brass. This was found by -an officer of the expedition in the state apartment of the palaver -house, and was evidently left behind by the king's people on account -of its heavy weight, in their hurried exodus from Benin city; the -king is said to have since recognized this staff, and stated that it -had been handed down for many hundreds of years from king to king. -It has the representation of "Overami," or reigning monarch, on the -summit, dressed in the usual manner of Benin warriors. He is standing -on an elephant which has a proboscis terminating in a human hand. This -peculiarity is represented very often in the bronze antiquities of the -Benin country, and especially on the carved tusk, Figs. 167 and 168, -Plate XXVI, and must probably represent some great fetish; the present -race, on enquiries being made, could not elucidate this matter, so its -history must date back many ages. This elephant is in turn supported -by the usual two royal leopards. The monarch holds in his right hand -his chief ju-ju, which never leaves him night or day; in his left -hand he holds a neolithic or stone axe head, edge upwards, which are -looked up to by the natives even now with great awe and superstition. -The interior of the upper part of the mace is hollow, having a piece -of metal inside, formed like a long crotal, and was used as a bell -to keep order. The broad leaf-shaped swords and the execution swords -are depicted in several places over the mace. It is ornamented with -guilloche pattern of two and three bands with intervening pellets. -Part of the mace is ornamented in imitation of twine binding. Near the -foot of the staff is the figure of another elephant with proboscis -terminating in a human hand, holding a plant like a prickly-pear. -Beneath the elephant are two human figures, with Maltese crosses on -breasts, axes in left hands, and sticks in right. Below this are two -axes hafted in serpents' heads, which have human hands in their mouths -and sinuous bodies. Crocodile, head downwards, and two interlaced -mud-fish. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII. - - -Figs. 73 to 75.--Three triangular brass bells. Fig. 73 has a negro head -in relief on the front and fish-scale pattern. - -Fig. 74 has the eyes, nose and mouth of a human face only. - -Fig. 75 has a spiral in place of a face. - -Figs. 76 to 78.--Sistrum in brass, representing two cups, the lower -one ornamented with a figure holding a ball. The upper figures on each -side represent a king with the arms upheld by attendants on both sides; -on one side the attendants are kneeling. A hand holding a plaque or -book is represented on each side. Crotals are attached to the sistrum -on both sides. A stand in form of a socket to fit a pole and a band -ornamented with interlaced strap-work. This object appears certainly to -be a sistrum, as human figures are shown in some of the plaques holding -them in their hands and striking them with a rod to produce a sound. -A similar instrument in iron, modern, is figured by Mr. Ling Roth, in -"The Reliquary," Vol. IV, 1898, p. 165, from the Yoruba country. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIII. - - -Figs. 79 to 81.--Figure of a warrior on horseback. Spear in right -hand, the blade having an ogee corrugated section, similar to those -used in all parts of Africa where metal blades are used. The edges of -the blade are bent over by rough usage, which makes it look like a -spoon. The duct for the metal runs from the head of the horse. Darts -in left hand. The ends of the spear and darts are bent inwards, as if -by rough usage. The chain halter is similar to those seen on other -horses and is used as a bridle, held by the little finger of the left -hand. A circular shield, similar to the one in this collection (Plate -XVIII, Fig. 102), though differently decorated, is slung on the left -side over the thigh. The spurs attached to the legs have four points -arranged horizontally. The figure has a leopard's skin on front and -back, ornamented with representations of cowrie shells. The coat and -collar bordered with interlaced strap-work. Dagger on right side. -Crown, apparently of feathers, on head. Base ornamented with interlaced -strap-work or guilloche pattern. The horse is fairly well formed. -The hair conventionalized in straight lines. The face is that of a -negro. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIV. - - -Figs. 82 and 83.--Well-formed bronze head of a negress. Reticulated -head-dress of agate or coral. Coral necklace. Pendant of agate on -centre of forehead. The pupils of the eyes inlaid apparently with iron. -The upper lip has been inlaid probably with brass. Eleven bands of -coral or agate hang from the head-dress on each side. Well-formed ears. -This and Figs. 88 and 89, Plate XV, and Figs. 98 and 99, Plate XVII, -are the best formed heads in the collection. - -Figs. 84 and 85.--Bronze figure firing a gun, probably representing an -European, with beard, presenting a flint-lock gun. The barrel of the -gun is broken off at the left hand. European morion of the sixteenth -century on head, ornamented with interlaced strap-work. Sword or -cutlass with European guard and a flint-lock pistol slung on left -side. On the right side, a dagger. Armour ornamented with strap-work -or interlaced work. On the pedestal are represented two flint-lock -pistols, a cross-bow, a three-pronged spear, two figures holding guns -and interlaced strap-work. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XV. - - -Figs. 86 and 87.--Brass head inlaid with a copper band along the nose. -The pupils of the eyes inlaid with iron. Reticulated head-dress of -coral or agate. Three tribal marks over each eye. Conventionalized -mud-fish in a frill around neck. - -Figs. 88 and 89.--Well-formed head in bronze, the forehead decorated -with two inlaid bands and four raised tribal marks over each eye. The -pupils of the eyes inlaid apparently with iron. Coral necklace. The -hair in conventional bands of ridges; the ears unusually well formed. - -Figs. 90 and 91.--Human figure standing in bronze. Negro features. -Three tribal marks over each eye. Curved lines of circles and -hatchings above and below the eyes. Three radiating lines branching -from the corners of the mouth. Pot helmet, with brim and reticulated -ornamentation. The ears are very rudely formed. An object somewhat -resembling a key or axe in the left hand. There appears to have been -a staff or pole in the right hand. A cross with equal arms hangs on -the breast by a chain, apparently resembling a religious order. The -skirt only slightly tucked up on left side, ornamented with a guilloche -pattern of two bands. A rough cast. This figure is very similar to -Figs. 293 and 294, Plate XXXVIII. - -Figs. 92 and 93.--Female, in bronze, with staff in left hand. Skirt -ornamented with three bands of guilloche pattern. Head-dress of coral -or agate. Coral choker, and tribal marks. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI. - - -Figs. 94 and 95.--Bronze cast of human head. Negro features. Three -tribal marks over each eye. Pupils of eyes inlaid with iron. -Reticulated head-dress and rosettes of coral or agate, similar to that -represented in Plate XXI, Fig. 121. Coral choker, badge of rank. Twelve -bands of coral and a band apparently of plaited hair hanging from -head-dress on each side. - -Figs. 96 and 97.--Human head in brass. Marked negro features, tattoed -with dots and hatchings above and below the eyes. Branch-like figures, -perhaps coral, growing out of the eyes. Three tribal marks over each -eye. Pupils of eyes inlaid with iron. Reticulated head-dress and -rosettes, of coral or agate, similar to those represented in Plate XXI, -Fig. 121. Peculiar figures on each side of the head-dress, perhaps -representing feathers. Coral choker, badge of rank. Bands of coral or -agate hang down from the head-dress at the sides and back of the head. -On the projecting base are represented two leopards, an ox's head, and -other animals, four arms and hands, and a neolithic celt in front. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII. - - -Figs. 98 and 99.--Well-formed head in bronze, the forehead decorated -with two inlaid bands and four raised cicatrices (tribal marks) over -each eye. The pupils of the eyes inlaid apparently with iron, coral -necklace, a badge of rank. The metal is very thin, being only 1 mm. in -thickness. The hair in conventional bands of ridges; the ears unusually -well formed. - -Figs. 100 and 101.--Bronze cast of human head. Marked negro features, -rudely formed. Three tribal marks over each eye. Peculiar pointed -reticulated head-dress of coral or agate. Curious lines of incised -circles above and below the eyes. Coral choker, badge of rank. Bands of -coral or agate hanging down on both sides and at the back. Ears badly -formed. The projecting base ornamented with a guilloche pattern of two -bands with pellets. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVIII. - - -Fig. 102.--Brass shield, 2 feet in diameter and ·08 inch in thickness, -ornamented with three concentric rings. The outer one represents a row -of leopards, with human heads and head-dresses alternating. A broad -leaf-shaped sword, similar to Fig. 106, and two execution swords, -similar to Fig. 110, are also represented on this ring. The middle -ring is ornamented with a serpent with sinuous body, having its tail -in its mouth. The inner ring is filled with foil ornaments, and small -circles cover both this and the outer ring. There is a square hole in -the centre for the attachment of the handle. The shield resembles that -slung on the left hip of the mounted warrior, Figs. 79 to 81, Plate -XIII, but with different ornamentation. - -Fig. 103.--Iron dart, or spear, 5 feet 1 inch long, with wooden shaft. -The blade is leaf-shaped with socket, and is rudely forged. - -Fig. 104.--Iron dart, 3 feet 7-1/4 inches long, with barbed head and -iron shaft. - -Fig. 105.--Iron dagger, or short sword, length 16-1/4 inches; the -incised ornamentation is on alternate sides, like those of the Gaboon -and other parts of Africa. There are also sinuous lines engraved on -alternate sides. It is rudely forged, and the handle is very small and -bound with strips of copper. - -Fig. 106.--Iron leaf-shaped sword, length 19-1/4 inches, similar in -form to those frequently represented in the hands of warriors on the -plaques. It is rudely forged. The wooden handle is inlaid with copper. - -Fig. 107.--Iron leaf-shaped sword, length 19-1/2 inches, with -alternating ornamentation on the opposite sides of the blade, similar -to that prevailing in the Gaboon and other parts of Africa. The handle -is very small, and is bound with strips of iron. - -Figs. 108 and 109.--Brass implement, resembling a bill-hook. The edge -is on the convex side and the concave side is blunt. It is pierced with -five holes and engraved with hatchings in Benin style, in which are -included two stars, a cross, and three crocodiles. - -Fig. 110.--Iron execution sword, 3 feet 1 inch long, hilt and pommel -of brass, with copper inlaid ornamentation. The grip bound with brass -wire. It is single-edged, the edge being on the convex side. It -resembles the swords engraved on the circular shield, Fig. 102, one -on each side of the broad leaf-shaped sword. This kind of sword is -held in the hands of warriors on two plaques in this collection, Fig. -254, Plate XXXIII, and Fig. 291, Plate XXXVIII. It is also seen on the -carved cocoa-nut, Fig. 220, Plate XXX, and elsewhere. It is rudely -forged. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIX. - - -Fig. 111.--Bronze ægis, representing a chief standing with attendants -holding up his hands in a manner similar to Figs. 76-78, Plate XII, and -Figs. 167 and 168, Plate XXVIII. Frogs between the feet. Cylindrical -spikes on head-dresses. - -Fig. 112.--Bronze ægis, representing man on horseback to left, -wearing single-edged sword with guard. A ranseur of the sixteenth or -seventeenth century in right hand, point down. The hair is straight and -combed out, and may probably represent a white man. The chain bridle is -held up in left hand. Small crotals with chains hang from the eyelets -on the edge of the ægis. Pattern of fish-scales on ground similar to -that on the brass bell, Fig. 73, Plate XII, and elsewhere. - -Figs. 113 and 114.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure standing; -long spear, multibarbed, with ogee-sectioned blade in right hand, -pointing downwards, knob at butt end. There are twelve ducts running -from the ground of the plaque to the shaft of the spear. In left hand -a broad leaf-shaped sword, with a ring attached to pommel, like Figs. -4, 13, 114, 131, 254, 255, &c. Dress like a nightshirt, and composed -apparently of strings of coral, with bare arms. Dagger or short sword -on left side. Quadrangular bell on neck; teeth necklace; coral choker, -badge of rank. Head-dress of metal, in form somewhat resembling -a grenadier cap. Six rosettes on ground, and quatrefoil leaves -incised. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX. - - -Fig. 115.--Brass key, a good deal filed and tooled all over. Handle -ornamented with twisted rope pattern. The form of this key cannot be -identified as Roman, and is probably European. - -Fig. 116.--Bronze stand for the game of mancala, with ten holes and -two irregular-shaped cavities in the centre. It is the same game as -Figs. 184 and 185, Plate XXVIII, but with fewer holes. The sides are -ornamented with interlaced strap-work, and the stem and the edge of -the base with varieties of guilloche pattern. This game is distributed -nearly all over Africa, and is said to be found wherever Arab influence -is seen. It is also found in Palestine, Syria, Arabia, Maldive Islands, -India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Java, and the Philippine Islands. - -Fig. 117.--Brass bell, with reticulated pierced work. Negro head on -front. This bell is interesting as being a survival of the bells so -often seen hanging from the necks of the figures on the plaques. It is -evident that it never could have emitted any sound. - -Fig. 118.--Entire tortoise shell, upper and under sides, in brass; -ornamented on the upper side with geometrical pattern; each figure -inlaid with a copper bolt or stud in the centre. - -Figs. 119 and 120.--Bronze human head for holding carved elephants' -tusks. The head-dress, pointed and reticulated, representing coral -or agate. Four tribal marks over each eye. Six vertical bands of -inlaid iron-work over the nose. The pupils of the eyes are of iron. -The head-dress resembles Figs. 100 and 101, Plate XVII. Coral choker. -Guilloche pattern on projecting base. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI. - - -Fig. 121.--Head-dress composed entirely of agate. It serves to explain -the construction of the head-dresses on the bronze plaques and figures, -showing how the reticulated effect on the plaques is formed by beads -of agate strung together in a kind of network. The rosettes of agate, -and the tags and pendants are also explained by this figure. See Figs. -2, 4, 43, 44, 82, 83, 86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 119, 120, 124, -125, 126, 127, 232-234, 277, 278, &c. - -Figs. 122 and 123.--Circular brass box, ornamented on the top with a -central figure in repoussé work, holding two crocodiles upright in each -hand. The legs terminate in a band turned up on each side as shown -in other designs in Benin art. There are also circular heads having -tribal marks over the eyes. Rosettes, guilloche and fish-scale patterns -are also represented in repoussé. The pieces of the box are rivetted -together with bands of copper. This appears to be the kind of box -represented in the hands of one of the smaller figures in the plaque, -Fig. 179, Plate XXVII. The latter, however, is taller. These objects -have been described by Mr. C. Read as drums in his paper in the "Journ. -Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. XXVII, Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. Viewed as a drum, the -projecting flanges at top and bottom are not explained. - -Figs. 124 and 125.--Human mask of brass; the pupils of the eyes inlaid -with iron. Reticulated head-dress, with rosettes probably of agate. -Three tribal marks over each eye. Rows of semi-circles filled with -semi-circles round neck. The features are rounded, and, although a good -deal tooled, are less flattened by filing than some of these masks. -This is a good specimen of Benin art. - -Figs. 126 and 127.--Human mask of brass; the pupils of the eyes inlaid -with iron. Reticulated head-dress, with rosettes probably of agate. -Coral band above the forehead. Three tribal marks over each eye. Ears -badly formed. Coral choker, badge of rank. Guilloche pattern, with -pellets round neck. The face is very much tooled and filed, and the -lips and nose flattened by filing. Crotals have probably been suspended -from the eyelets below, as indicated by the eight links of chains left -remaining (see Plate XIX, Fig. 112). - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXII. - - -Fig. 128.--Armlet entirely of brass, without other metal. Ornamented -with four upright figures and four horizontal heads. The upright -figures have their forearms elevated. The legs are very attenuated -and the skirt of the dress very pronounced. Eyebrows extremely -prominent, and the head-dress of peculiar form and conical. The armlet -is surmounted by raised bands, which pass over the figures, and are -separated by pierced work. Broad rims are shown at top and bottom, and -are edged with herring-bone pattern. - -Fig. 129.--Bronze plaque, representing human figure with beard, riding -to right; a ranseur of the sixteenth or seventeenth century in right -hand, point downwards. Hair combed out straight. No tribal marks. -Bodice fastened with buttons. Pleated kilt like Figs. 235 and 236, -Plate XXXI, and Fig. 247, Plate XXXII. Twisted or plaited bridle of -some limp substance in left hand. Bell and crotals on horse's neck. -Leopards in relief behind figure of horse. Ground ornamented with -trefoil leaves and punch-marks. This figure does not appear to be -negro. The horse appears to be galloping, which is not the usual Benin -method of locomotion. - -Fig. 130.--Bronze plaque, representing two warriors with long, narrow, -leaf-shaped swords upheld in right hands. Peculiar head-dress, a broad -band on the frontal. Hair parted in the middle and hanging down behind. -One figure has a beard. Both have objects resembling bows slung upon -left arm. Leopards' teeth necklaces and quadrangular bells hanging from -necks. Ground ornamented with leaf-shaped foil ornaments incised. - -Fig. 131.--Bronze plaque, representing five figures; central figure -holding a staff of unusual form in right hand; coral choker; oval -head-dress; small bells attached to straps hanging down from girdle; -anklets and armlets, the former adorned with crotals; left hand on -handle of sword in scabbard on left side. Small figures on each side -with javelins, the points in a sheath. The larger attendants on each -side holding shields over the central figure, as described by De Bry -in the seventeenth century. All the attendants have a bag on right -side, strapped over shoulder. One of the smaller attendants has a broad -leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand, holding it by the ring attached -to the pommel. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII. - - -Figs. 132 and 133.--Small head of boy, in bronze, with three raised -tribal marks over each eye, and two vertical marks on forehead. -Head-dress with crest. - -Fig. 134.--Figures in bronze, representing two rude human figures, male -and female, attending an animal, probably a bear. A plate, or board, of -three rows of circles with ten circles in each row, is laid out before -the figures, and is perhaps a game of mancala, of which examples are -seen in Plate XX, Fig. 116, and Plate XXVIII, Figs. 184 and 185. The -female figure has very large anklets, and her hands are spread upon -her stomach. The hair is plaited and ornamented with knobs, resembling -a Mexican pottery figure in this collection. The hair of the male -figure is plaited and turned over on the left side, and he is sitting -cross-legged. His left arm and hand are spread upon the bear, and he -has a rod in the right hand. A burnt core of sand is seen under the -thin metal pedestal. - -Fig. 135.--Brass bottle, hung by chain, and ornamented with -representation of twisted twine, and a guilloche pattern without -pellets round the swell. The rings for hanging it are similar to those -on the powder flask, Figs. 56 and 57, Plate IX. A similar brass bottle, -but smaller, is represented in Plate XXXV, Fig. 267. - -Figs. 137 and 138.--A very rude head of bronze; probably used as the -stand for a carved tusk. Four tribal marks over each eye; the eyes -projecting like those of Figs. 265-6, Plate 35. This is the rudest head -in the collection. - -Fig. 139.--A cylindrical stand of bronze, for carved tusks, -representing on the outside four female figures standing, with bands -of upright interlaced strap-work between. All the figures are holding -objects in their hands. One holds a bird, another a sistrum, which is -being beaten with a stick; the rest are broken. Two of the bands of -interlaced strap-work are of thin repoussé work, and nailed on with -bronze nails. The base and top are ornamented with looped straps, -similar to No. 140. All the figures have three incised tribal marks -over the eyes, and crested head-gear. A vertical hole for the carved -tusk runs down the centre, like those in all the human heads. - -Fig. 140.--Armlet of brass, pierced work, ornamented with bands of -looped straps, similar to Fig. 139, and two bands of concentric -semicircles alternating with Maltese crosses. Around the centre is a -band of broken guilloche pattern, forming a transitional link between -the guilloche, and a peculiar floral ornament common to Benin art. The -representation of European screw-heads forms part of the ornamentation, -and raised eyelets alternate with the screw-head ornaments. - -Fig. 141.--Armlet of copper, ornamented with horizontal human heads of -brass. The head-dresses are ornamented with fish-scale pattern, and the -hair is combed out straight. The heads alternate with double-coiled -mud-fish, resembling Fig. 276, Plate XXXVI. It is not quite easy to -understand how this work was done. Both the copper and the brass appear -to have been formed by casting. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV. - - -Fig. 142.--Bronze open-mouthed vessel, with six projecting eyelets -round the neck, and a handle. - -Figs. 143 and 144.--Bronze or brass figure of cock, 22 inches high, -including pedestal. The feathers are represented in straight and -curved lines of hatchings. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid copper, -of lozenge-shaped form. The tarsus is unnaturally broad. On the top of -the pedestal in front is a Maltese cross, with a band of interlaced -strap-work. The sides of the base are ornamented with interlaced -strap-work, and representations of three ox's heads are on the front. A -fine specimen of barbaric art. - -Figs. 145 and 146.--Human naked figure of bronze. A large thick plaster -covers the whole of the back, and is fastened on with cords round the -arms and legs. Mr. H. Ling Roth believes this to represent a cure for -cretinism, and says that two larger figures like it have been seen in -Benin city. ("Reliquary," Vol. IV, 1898, p. 173.) - -Figs. 147 and 148.--Two bronze female figures back to back, with one -hat, being the handle of one of the swords or wands (see Figs. 202 to -211, Plate XXIX), used by virgins in their dances. There is a large -iron pin right through the casting. - -Figs. 149 and 150.--Bronze head of girl. Three tribal marks incised -over each eye; pupils of eyes of iron, inlaid; necklace of agate or -coral. - -Figs. 151 and 152.--Brass vessel, resembling a coffee pot. A human -figure sitting in front, out of the mouth of which the spout emerges. -The handle at back represents a sinuous snake with the head downwards, -like that of Fig. 46, Plate VIII. Bands of fish-scale pattern surround -the vessel. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXV. - - -Figs. 153 and 154.--Carved ivory head of leopard, the spots of lead, -inlaid. This resembles in form the bronze ones, Figs. 58-63, Plate X. -It is apparently very old. - -Figs. 155 to 157.--Ivory carved sistrum, with a large and a small bell, -similar to the brass one, Figs. 76-78, Plate XII. On the side of the -large bell is a chief standing with his hands upheld by attendants in -the usual manner; a snake-headed sash hangs from waist. On the top two -carved figures, one of which has been broken off. At the back of the -small bell is a band of straight line diaper pattern, and on the top -a crocodile's head holding a closed human hand. It is much broken. -This object is of interest as showing it to be a survival derived from -a metal sistrum. Mr. H. Ling Roth has described this object at some -length in "The Studio," December, 1898. - -Fig. 158.--Necklace of bronze, ornamented with human heads in -relief, and birds with long beaks, perhaps meant for vultures, but -too long-necked for that bird, picking at the figures of extended -skeletons. In the intervals between the other figures are oval holes -with raised edges, probably a degenerate representation of the coiled -mud-fish so frequently shown in other Benin antiquities. The fastening -end of the necklace is broken, disclosing the fact that the core of the -object is of some lighter material encased in copper or bronze. It has -a hinge on one side, probably to facilitate the opening of it. - -Figs. 159 and 160.--Brass handle of iron sword, with fragment of the -iron sword in it. It has two human faces back to back, covered by -one hat, as in Figs. 147 and 148, Plate XXIV, and representations of -European screw-heads used as ornaments, as in Fig. 140, Plate XXIII. - -Figs. 161 to 163.--Bronze staff of office, 4 feet 11 inches in length, -weighing 14 lbs.; it has two elongated crotals in the upper end, with -long slits for the emission of the sound, enclosing loose rods of iron. -Between the slits are vertical bands of guilloche pattern with raised -edges, similar to those represented on the stem and top of the mancala -board, Fig. 116, Plate XX, and a horizontal band of guilloche pattern -with pellets in relief. On the top is an upright human hand, holding -a curled mud-fish. The middle of the staff is ornamented by curious -nondescript figures alternating with balls, and the lower end has an -oblong butt ornamented on the four sides with guilloche pattern, like -that of the crotals on the upper end. The staff has been broken in the -middle and mended by recasting in a clumsy way, the metal of the part -introduced being thicker than the staff itself. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVI. - - -Figs. 164 and 165.--Carved ivory figure of a woman (?) standing, the -arms deficient; They were fitted into square sockets on each side, and -were fastened by large bronze nails, one of which remains. A row of -five leopards' heads hanging from the waist-belt, edged with rows of -pellets, or perhaps eyelets, but much defaced. The lips are very thick -and the nose broad. The pupils of the eyes are represented by deep -circular cavities. No tribal marks apparent, the breasts are not large, -but pendant. The whole of the ivory is very much weathered and pitted, -especially the legs and base. The figure was accompanied by another of -the same size exactly like it and without arms, which was not purchased. - -Fig. 166.--Coral whip or whisk, probably a badge of office. Four tags, -two of which are ornamented with crocodiles embroidered with metal. - -Figs. 167 and 168.--Ivory carved tusk, 3 feet 6 inches long from bottom -to point. Band at bottom with reticulated or square-shaped ornament, -probably derived from interlacing bands. Commencing from the bottom, -the ornamentation consists of:--A coiled serpent, tail in mouth. -Leopard's head and human head. Human figures standing, one having a -cross on breast, and a key or axe-shaped object in left hand similar -to the bronze figure, Figs. 90 and 91, Plate XV; staff in right hand. -Figure holding sash round waist. Elephant's head with tusks, proboscis -terminating in a human hand. Human figure with spear in left hand, -shield in right hand. Bird standing on pedestal. Human figure upholding -broad leaf-shaped sword in right hand; bell on neck; pedestal on top of -head; feather in cap. Human figure. - -Fig. 169.--Ivory ring, carved, with 3 birds. - -Fig. 170.--Ivory bracelet, rudely carved, with representations of -leopards' and elephants' heads and perhaps the vestiges of the mud-fish. - -Fig. 171.--Carved ivory bracelet, representing a snake, the eyes inlaid. - -Figs. 172 and 173.--Ivory bell, or rattle. With clapper of ivory, -consisting of an elephant's tusk point, with human head carved; tribal -marks over eyes. - -Figs. 174 and 175.--Dagger, the handle ornamented with lines of dots -and circles. The blade has an ogee section, similar to that which -prevails in the Gaboon and nearly all parts of Africa. - -Figs. 176 and 177.--Wooden head-dress. The horizontal bar appears -to represent a shark with mouth and tail, ornamented with carved -representations of animals and masks. Said to be from Benin, West -Africa. The masks are quite characteristic of Benin art. The eyes of -the large mask are formed of the metal bases of cartridges, which -proves it to be quite modern. It is similar in character to Fig. 183, -Plate XXVII. It is perhaps Jekri, see a paper by Messrs. Granville and -Ling Roth in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. I, New Series, Plate -VIII, Fig. 3. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVII. - - -Fig. 178.--Ivory trumpet, made of the point of an elephant's tusk. -Mouth-hole on the convex side. The butt end is ornamented with two -snakes in two bands, tails in mouths. - -Fig. 179.--Bronze plaque, with five figures; the central figure with -coral choker, badge of rank, coral or agate head-dress with feather, -and sash. Broad leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand; spear, point -down, in left. Two boys, one with ivory trumpet, the other holding a -brass box nearly similar to Figs. 122 and 123, Plate XXI. These objects -have been described by Messrs. Read and Dalton as drums in their paper -in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. XXVII, Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. Viewed -as a drum, the projecting flanges at top and bottom are not explained. -Leopard's head on girdle. Attendants carrying shields; quadrangular -bells on necks. The left attendant is holding the same spear as the -central figure, point down, as in Fig. 17, Plate IV. Head-dresses of -attendants with ornaments of cowrie shells. Ground ornamented with -leaf-shaped foil ornaments incised. - -Fig. 180.--Bronze plaque, representing the figure of a warrior, with -unusually formed helmet, apparently of metal. Quadrangular bell on neck -and teeth necklace. Shield on right arm, and spear with square cap at -butt end, point downwards, in left hand. The ground is ornamented with -two half-moons and the usual leaf-shaped foil ornaments incised. - -Fig. 181.--Bronze plaque, representing three figures, the central one -beating a drum with his fingers, and no drum-sticks. The drum has pegs -with knobs to fasten down the skin, like Fig. 248, Plate XXXII, and -similar to the Jekri drum figured in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. -I, New Series, Plate VIII, Fig. 5. Quadrangular bell on chest. Both the -side figures hold sistri with two bells, like Figs. 76 to 78, Plate -XII, upheld in their left hands, which they are beating with sticks in -their right hands. This plaque gives a fair idea of the kind of music -used in Benin. - -Fig. 182.--Brass oblong box, lid deficient. Lock of European form and -ornamentation. Faces and sides of box ornamented with raised rosettes -and incised floral designs resembling that on Figs. 76 to 78, Plate -XII, Fig. 225, Plate XXX, Fig. 282, Plate XXXVII, and Fig. 306, Plate -XL. It has four legs, and is European in appearance. - -Fig. 183.--Wooden head-dress, with carved representations of animals -on top. Said to be from Benin, West Africa. It was brought over from -West Africa with things from Benin. It is similar in character to Figs. -176 and 177, Plate XXVI. It is perhaps Jekri, see a paper by Messrs. -Granville and Ling Roth in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst." Vol. I, New -Series, Plate VIII, Fig. 3. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVIII. - - -Figs. 184 and 185.--Large mancala board of bronze. It has 352 -holes; another in this collection, Fig. 116, Plate XX, has only ten -circular holes. The sides are ornamented with rectangular forms -linked together. This game is distributed all over Africa, especially -where Arab influence is seen. It is also found in Palestine, Syria, -Arabia, Maldive Islands, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Java and the -Philippine Islands. - -Figs. 186 and 187.--Curved iron knife, with handle carved as a human -figure. The edge is on the convex side. - -Figs. 188 and 189.--Dagger in leather sheath. Blade with a -quadrilateral section. Brass handle with forked pommel. - -Figs. 190 and 191.--A dagger or prod of ivory. Negro head on the upper -part, below which is a human female figure reversed and crouched; the -hands holding the breasts; the legs crouched up. Stained yellow; blunt -pointed. - -Figs. 192 and 193.--Point of elephant's tusk, carved with a -representation of a human figure kneeling. At point, a skeleton of a -crocodile, and a human head at base, the mouth of which is peculiar. It -appears to be a whistle or musical instrument. - -Figs. 194 and 195.--Knife with ivory handle. The brass sheath -ornamented with human figures, a floral ornament, and a man on a horse. - -Figs. 196 and 197.--Pointed rod of bronze, ornamented with two heads. -Head-dress of upper head ornamented with bands of straight line diaper -pattern. Crocodile head holding lower part of the rod in mouth. - -Figs. 198 and 199.--Broad knife-shaped sword of iron; the wooden handle -bound with brass and iron bands alternating. On one side the blade is -engraved with a human figure and an execution sword traced in lines -of dots and incised lines, as is frequently the case in Australian -representations of figures on wood. The other side of the blade has -an ornamentation in leaves on a sinuous stem, and a square pattern of -interlaced bands. - -Fig. 200.--Brass bracelet, having amongst other ornaments a band of -straight line diaper pattern. - -Fig. 201.--Bronze link or buckle, or portion of one, with incised -floral guilloche ornament, similar to that on the brass wand, Fig. 211, -Plate XXIX, and the armlets, Fig. 140, Plate XXIII, and Fig. 238, Plate -XXXII. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIX. - - -Figs. 202 and 203.--Brass dancing sword or wand, said to be used by -virgins in their dances. The handle is ornamented with two figures, -which appear to be holding some objects. The blade is engraved with -guilloche pattern on both sides. - -Figs. 204 to 209.--Three brass dancing swords or wands, said to be used -by virgins in their dances. Each handle is ornamented by four rudely -cast figures back to back, carrying objects in their hands, two of -which can be identified as birds, and two or three have leaf-shaped -swords with ring on pommel. One has bands of straight line diaper -pattern. The blades are ornamented with guilloche patterns and floral -ornaments incised. - -Figs. 210 and 211.--Brass dancing sword or wand, said to be used by -virgins in their dances. The handle is ornamented with four figures, -which are in pairs back to back. They appear to be holding swords -and other objects. The blade is ornamented on one side with bands -of strap-work, and on the other with a sinuous line of branching -leaves (floral guilloche). Straight line diaper pattern and lines of -half-circles are on the square stem of the handle. - -Figs. 212 and 213.--Iron wedge-shaped sword, single-edged, enlarging -to a broad end. Ivory handle; the grip carved in pointed leaves and -studded with lead; pommel in form of a leopard's head; the eyes inlaid -with lead; a band carved as two scaly snakes at bottom. The scabbard -worked in green plush and red cloth, with human figures and tortoises -alternating. This is probably the kind of work represented in metal -on some of the dresses on the plaques. The sword belts terminate in -tassels of worsted or some other limp material. - -Fig. 214.--Iron spear-head, modern, with ogee section, similar to those -of Benin. Iron and brass bound shaft. - -Figs. 215 and 216.--Iron spear, length 4 feet 11 inches, the head -having an ogee section, similar to those used at the present time on -the Gaboon and elsewhere in West Africa. Below the spear-head the shaft -is ornamented with bronze figures of leopards in two places and two -degenerate elephants' heads and eyes, the proboscis terminating in a -human hand holding a leaf, as so frequently shown elsewhere. The butt -end is cased and bound with brass. The shaft is of iron, with a brass -band on the upper parts. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXX. - - -Figs. 217 and 218.--Carved cocoa-nut, with carving representing a -European in boat with spear in right hand and apparently a paddle in -the left hand. Figure armed with hoe, and another cutting a palm-tree, -with a kind of chisel in the right hand and a bill-hook in the left. -One of the figures has distinct buttons on the coat. - -Figs. 219 to 221.--Carved cocoa-nut, representing a native on a horse -to left, holding up chain-bridle in left hand; spear in right hand, -point down. Horse very ill-formed and indistinct. Another carving -represents a figure, apparently in boat, holding spears point down. -One of the figures is beating a pressure drum, which Mr. Ling Roth -describes as being similar to those of the modern Yorubas. The -drum-sticks used by two of the figures have curved heads and flat ends. -A band of chevrons within chevrons are on the trousers of two figures. -The marks on the faces consist of three lines radiating from the -corners of the mouth, as in Figs. 90 and 91, Plate XV, and crosses on -the cheeks. Tribal marks on faces. A native execution sword, similar to -Fig. 110, Plate XVIII, and a flint-lock gun are represented separately -between the other figures. The cocoa-nut is hung by a chain of European -manufacture. The stopper represents a human face on two supports. Mr. -H. Ling Roth, in whose possession this object formerly was, gives a -more detailed account of it in "The Studio," December, 1898. - -Fig. 222.--Small brass crotals with semicircular ornaments. - -Figs. 223 and 224.--Brass bracelet, ornamented with brass -representations of rows of cowrie shells, in groups of nine. - -Figs. 225 and 226.--Brass object of unknown use, ornamented on the -outside with three half-moons and a floral pattern in incised lines, -similar to that on the brass sistrum, Figs. 76 to 78, Plate XII; the -brass box, Fig. 182, Plate XXVII, and the large quadrangular bell, -Figs. 281 and 282, Plate XXXVII. The half-moons are inlaid or plated in -copper on the brass. The edges of the object are ornamented with a band -of plain guilloche pattern incised. It is possible that this might be -a degenerate representation of a double-coiled mud-fish, as shown on -the bronze ægis, Fig. 276, Plate XXXVI, and on the bronze necklet, Fig. -158, Plate XXV. - -Fig. 227.--Necklet of agate and coral beads. Said to have belonged to -the King of Benin. - -Fig. 228.--Armlet of coral beads. - -Fig. 229.--Necklace of agate cylindrical beads. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXI. - - -Fig. 230.--Eight shells of bronze gilt, forming part of a necklace. - -Fig. 231.--Ten gold shells, which formed part of the King of Benin's -necklace. The shells appear to be "cerithidæ." They are cast hollow. -The weight of the ten is 8-3/4 ounces. - -Figs. 232 to 234.--Bronze statuette, representing a figure standing; -with broad leaf-shaped sword, similar to Figs. 326, 327, 328 and 329, -having a twisted ring pommel in right hand, and a sistrum in left hand. -Coral choker, badge of rank. Three tribal marks over each eye. Agate -head-dress, similar to Fig. 121, Plate XXI, and curved agate pendants -on each side. A large twisted ring rises out of the head-dress, which -looks as if intended to enclose some thick band of cloth or other -substance to suspend it. The crown of the head-dress terminates in a -thick cylindrical spike with a flat top, like Fig. 111, Plate XIX, -Fig. 155, Plate XXV, and Figs. 167 and 168, Plate XXVI. The sistrum is -ornamented with a full-length human figure, holding a staff in right -hand and the so-called key or axe in left hand. Beneath the bowl of -the sistrum are three projecting cruciform bars, and the upper edge -of the bowl is ornamented on each side with two heads very rudely -cast. Dr. Felix Roth, in the "Halifax Naturalist," June, 1898, p. 33, -speaks of these projecting prongs as being used for killing victims -for sacrificial purposes, but the fact of their being sistri is shown -in connection with Fig. 181, Plate XXVII. Sinuous serpents cover the -shaft and bowl of the sistrum. The leaf-shaped sword is ornamented, -front and back, with small imitations of itself. The figure has bands, -probably of coral, crossing on the breast. The skirt is ornamented -with conventionalized human heads with long hair and rows of guilloche -pattern. Ankles have coral anklets. The skirt is bound up in the usual -manner in a band behind the left shoulder. There is a band of small -bells round the hips, and a human head and a bunch of bells on the left -side. This figure was obtained from the Liverpool Museum, in the report -of which it is elaborately described and figured with three others like -it. "Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums," Vol. I, No. 2, p. 59. There is -a figure like this in the British Museum. It is of considerable weight, -being cast solid. - -Figs. 235 and 236.--Bronze figure of a native, holding what appears -to be a flint-lock gun, but the hammer of the lock is broken off. -The stock is ornamented with a debased human head. The figure has a -leopard's skin on front and back, tail and hind legs of which are -shown behind; the tail terminates in a square bell. Sword in sheath on -right side and a dagger under the arm on left side, with small bags on -both sides. There is a row of eighteen cartridges in the waist-belt -in front. The cartridges appear to be stuck upright into sockets in -the belt. A curved horn powder-flask is on the belt on the left side. -Pleated kilt below waist-belt. On the ground, touching the feet, is -a decapitated head and nine large pellets, perhaps cannon balls. The -pedestal ornamented with interlaced strap-work, alternating with oval -figures, in character resembling the ornament on the stock of the gun. -It stands on a framework of curved bars, now broken. The breeches are -ornamented with vertical rows of circles. Although this figure holds a -flint-lock gun, it is undoubtedly a native, as three tribal marks are -shown above each eye. The face is also prognathic. The head-dress seems -to be of a woven material. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXII. - - -Figs. 237 and 238.--Armlet of ivory, ornamented with representations -of human heads, birds and animals, carved on the surface, and also of -degenerate elephants' heads, the proboscis, in each case, terminating -in a human hand holding a palm branch; horses' heads; tortoises; -leopards, &c.; all of the most conventionalized forms. Bands of crotals -are carved at each end of the armlet. The armlet consists of two halves -connected by a thin brass plate and copper rivets on one side and on -the other by copper fastenings. The plate is ornamented by a floral -guilloche pattern, similar to that on the central band of Fig. 140, on -the wands, Figs. 209 and 211, and elsewhere. This pattern is figured -by Messrs. Read and Dalton in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. XXVII, -Plate XXII. The carved figures represented on this ivory armlet are of -much greater rudeness than those on the bronze objects generally. Much -weathered and probably very old. - -Fig. 239.--Quadrangular brass bell, with a degenerate face on one side; -the eyes of the face are converted into loops. - -Fig. 240.--Quadrangular brass bell. The loops on one side are evidently -derived from the degenerate face on Fig. 239. - -Fig. 241.--Brass bracelet, consisting of human heads linked together. -One of the heads has projections ornamented with concentric circles. - -Fig. 242.--Necklet of cylindrical coral beads, four of which are -ornamented with straight line diaper pattern. One of the beads is -ornamented with a guilloche pattern, with pellets inlaid with lead. - -Fig. 243.--Brass bracelet, of peculiar form, ornamented with small -circular punch-marks. - -Fig. 244.--Brass bracelet, with clusters of rows of circular knobs or -shells. - -Fig. 245.--Brass bracelet, with six quadrangular knobs having red agate -inlaid; similar to Fig. 38, Plate VII. - -Fig. 246.--Ægis of bronze, representing a horse's head; edged with -eyelets probably for suspending crotals, similar to Fig. 112, Plate -XIX, and Figs. 126 and 127, Plate XXI. Engraved on one side of the back -is a broad leaf-shaped sword with ring pommel, similar to that on the -Ægis, Fig. 276, Plate XXXVI. These engravings are peculiar, and seem to -denote a badge or mark, perhaps of ownership of some kind. - -[Illustration: BACK VIEW.] - -Fig. 247.--Bronze plaque, representing figure standing; weapon or -implement resembling a ranseur of the sixteenth or seventeenth century -in right hand, point upwards. Hair combed straight out. Pot helmet. -Bodice fastened with three buttons and tags, perhaps armour. Left hand -on left side. Band with clasp round waist. Pleated kilt like Fig. 129, -Plate XXII; Figs. 235 and 236, Plate XXXI; Figs. 324 and 325, Plate -XLII, and Figs. 360 and 361, Plate XLVI. This figure has very thick -lips, but might not be negro. Ground ornamented with leaves in twos and -threes, incised, and dotted punch-marks. The figure somewhat resembles -in character the mounted figure, Fig. 129, Plate XXII. - -Fig. 248.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure playing a drum with -sticks; quadrangular bell on neck, ornamented with a sinuous snake, -head downwards. Head-dress with two feathers. Hair combed straight and -coiled in plaits. A peculiar kind of straight line diaper pattern on -drum. This drum has pegs with nobs to fasten down the skin, similar to -that represented on the plaque, Fig. 181, Plate XXVII, and to the Jekri -drum figured in "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. I, New Series, Plate -VIII, Fig. 5. Ground ornamented with incised leaf-shaped foil ornaments -and punch-marks. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIII. - - -Figs. 249 and 250.--Large bronze cover, use unknown; the ribs -ornamented in the usual incised style of Benin work. - -Figs. 251 and 252.--Top of a bronze mace, with slits resembling a -crotal and a figure with an object, probably a neolithic celt, in the -right hand. The figure appears to be bent forward. - -Fig. 253.--Bronze round bell, similar to those attached to the dresses -on the plaques, Fig. 254, Plate XXXIII, and Fig. 264, Plate XXXIV. - -Fig. 254.--Bronze plaque, representing a warrior, execution sword -upheld in right hand; broad leaf-shaped sword in left, with a twisted -ring or pommel. Quadrangular bell on neck, ornamented with a sinuous -snake. Round bell on side; peculiar head-dress; armlets; object like a -book under left arm; teeth necklace. - -Fig. 255.--Bronze plaque, representing two figures, the right one -having a broad leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand, with a large -ring extending from pommel; teeth necklace, but no coral choker; no -bell on neck; cylindro-oval head-dress with feather on left side. Both -figures hold the same spear, point downwards. Left figure with shield -on left arm, quadrangular bell, and leopard's skin dress. Head-dress of -the same form as the other, ornamented with cowrie shells. Skirts of -both figures ornamented with human heads. - -Fig. 256.--Carved wooden Jekri paddle, neighbourhood of Benin. Modern. -Chain link shaft. Face on handle end. Pierced work blade. - -Fig. 257.--Carved wooden Jekri paddle, neighbourhood of Benin. Modern. -Chain link shaft. Full length human figure on handle end. Pierced work -blade, with human figures, crocodiles, etc. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIV. - - -Figs. 258 to 260.--Round execution block, with marks on the top for -the thumbs and forehead of the victim; elaborately ornamented all -over. On the projection on which the forehead is intended to rest is a -double row of cowrie shells, bound round. A band of guilloche pattern, -incised, runs round the circle, and the projections for the thumbs of -the victim are ornamented with herring-bone pattern. On the sides of -the block are three human figures in relief holding hands; shields, -a leaf-shaped sword, and a trident points down. The shields are -ornamented with straight line diaper pattern, and a band of the same -runs round the top of the edge of the block. Two human arms and hands -are on the side, and two boxes or stools are between the human figures. -The bottom of the sides is ornamented with a band of guilloche pattern -in relief. The figures are clothed with jackets and skirts. The whole -is much worn, as if by constant use. - -Fig. 261.--Ivory horn, mouth-piece on convex side. Ornamented with -bands of broken guilloche pattern. - -Figs. 262 and 263.--Bronze plaque. A figure holding a so-called key in -right hand. Coral choker, badge of rank. Head-dress, probably of agate -or coral. No cross on dress. - -Fig. 264.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure standing holding in -both hands a leaf-shaped sword of the kind shown in No. 130. The sword -is narrower, and the swell of the blade nearer the point than in the -majority of specimens. A round bell is attached to the left side. The -hair appears to be dishevelled and partly plaited. Three tribal marks -over eyes. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXV. - - -Figs. 265 and 266.--Bronze grotesque mask, intended probably as a stand -for the carved ivory tusks in the Ju-Ju houses. The eyeballs project -like those of the head, No. 137. Three tribal marks over each eye, and -four over the nose. The forehead is very projecting; the nose aquiline -and very broad. Tags, apparently of coral, are on the sides. The ears -are very large. - -Fig. 267.--Brass bottle and chain, rudely cast. - -Figs. 268 to 270.--Long oval wooden bowl carved out of the solid. On -one side (Fig. 269) is a row of five human figures in relief; the -central figure has his hands upheld by attendants, who hold in their -other hands shields having barbed javelins, points upward behind them. -The shields are ornamented with straight line diaper pattern. Another -figure holds an object under the arm, perhaps a drum or a food vessel. -At both ends there is a representation of a degenerate elephant's -head, the proboscis terminating in a human hand holding a branch, -similar to Figs. 72, 167, and 316. At one end is a rude representation -of a degenerate mud-fish. The other side of the bowl (Fig. 268) is -ornamented with a broad guilloche pattern and a square interlaced -figure. The interior of the bowl is very rudely chiselled out, showing -marks of the tool all over. The carving is very rough and much in the -style of the execution block, Figs. 259 and 260, Plate XXXIV. - -Fig. 271.--Small bronze bird, with something in the mouth; very -rude. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVI. - - -Figs. 272 to 274.--Wooden comb, the handle carved as links of a chain, -with a figure at top. - -Fig. 275.--Small iron knife or bill-hook; the edge on the convex side; -with brass handle terminating in a pommel representing a human hand. - -Fig. 276.--Bronze ægis. Two interlaced mud-fish. This perhaps shows the -origin of the oval hole sometimes found on some of the objects, see -Fig. 141, Plate XXIII, and Fig. 158, Plate XXV. This ægis has a broad -leaf-shaped sword incised on the back of it, as shown in the annexed -woodcut. These engravings are peculiar, and seem to denote a badge -or mark, perhaps of ownership of some kind. The ægis is edged with -eyelets, probably for suspending crotals, similar to Fig. 112, Plate -XIX, and Figs. 126 and 127, Plate XXI. - -[Illustration: BACK VIEW.] - -Figs. 277 and 278.--Head carved in hard wood. The coral choker, the -band round the head-dress, the feather on left side and the base are -entirely covered with thin brass or bronze. Apparently intended to -represent a cast metal head. Whether this is the case, or whether it is -earlier than the introduction of metal casting, it is difficult to say. -The face only and the top of the head-dress are left uncovered with -metal. The top of the head-dress represents a reticulated head-dress -of agate, like No. 121. The pupils of the eyes and the three tribal -marks over each eye are of darker wood let in. There is a bronze band -of metal along the forehead and nose. A ring of bronze-headed nails -surrounds each eye. There is a broad hanging band on each side of the -face, covered with thin metal and surmounted by a conical ornament. -The metal is fastened on to the wood with oblong rivets. The face is -extremely rudely carved. Round the base is a band of peculiar ornament -in repoussé work, which is either intended for a floral ornament or -a broken guilloche pattern, like that on the blades of the wands and -elsewhere. There is a vertical hole through the back of the head, which -is not large enough to contain a tusk. - -Figs. 279 and 280.--Bronze rod, pointed below; perhaps the head of a -staff intended to fit on to a wooden stem. Ornamented with a human -figure sitting at top, with a human-headed staff in right hand, and a -neolithic celt, edge up, in left hand. Coral choker and head-dress with -serpents hanging head downwards, and a band of straight line diaper -pattern. Three tribal marks over each eye. Band of guilloche pattern on -skirt-rings for pendants (? crotals). Below, in a separate division, -is a nude human figure kneeling and holding something in front in both -hands. At sides sinuous serpents with the heads down, and crocodiles or -lizards. Below again a sinuous serpent, head upwards. The whole very -rudely cast. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVII. - - -Figs. 281 and 282.--Bronze square bell, the ornamentation tastefully -designed, with a human head, crocodiles, and floral ornaments. The -clapper is in the form of a sinuous snake, head downwards. - -Fig. 283.--Ivory armlet, very rudely carved in human figures, -crocodiles, serpents, &c. - -Figs. 284 and 285.--Brass or bronze sword, the pommel in the form of a -twisted ring, as so frequently shown on the plaques, see Figs. 4, 113, -179, 255, etc. The blade is of unusual form, very broad, and rounded at -the end. - -Figs. 286 to 288.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure standing and -holding in his left hand a staff with an eagle on the top. A staff with -a bird on the top is represented in one of the figures of No. 139. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVIII. - - -Fig. 289.--Bronze plaque, representing a human head with straight -combed hair. Aquiline nose, moustache and beard; not of negro type. The -ground ornamented with the usual leaf ornament. - -Fig. 290.--Bronze plaque, with pendant fruit ribbed. Raised rosettes -and the usual leaf ornament on field incised. - -Fig. 291.--Bronze or brass plaque. Figure, full length; an unknown -implement upheld in right hand, and an execution sword held -horizontally in left hand. Three tribal marks over each eye. The dress -ornamented with human heads, half-moons, and floral ornaments incised. -Ground ornamented with the usual leaf-shaped ornament. - -Fig. 292.--Bronze ægis. A female with pointed head-dress, and coral -choker, badge of rank; striking a sistrum with a rod. It is repaired -with lead. - -Figs. 293 and 294.--Bronze statuette, representing a negro figure -holding a so-called key in the left hand. The figure has three tribal -marks over each eye, and three radiating lines branching from the -corners of the mouth. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid with iron. A -cross on the breast hanging from the neck by a cord. No coral choker, -but a necklace perhaps of coral or agate. A pot hat with a narrow -straight brim. This figure exactly resembles No. 90. The ears are very -rudely formed. No hair is shown. The face is very prognathous and the -nose broad and flat, not aquiline. The skirt is only slightly hooked -up. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIX. - - -Fig. 295.--Bronze plaque, head of horse, very much elongated. For the -elongation of a horse's head, see the figure of horse and rider in -Figs. 299 and 300. - -Figs. 296 and 297.--Bronze plaque, representing a cow's head, of -natural form and proportions, with a rope bound round the horns. - -Fig. 298.--Bronze plaque. A sinuous serpent, head downwards. Ground -ornamented with the usual foil ornament incised. - -Figs. 299 and 300.--Bronze man on horseback, holding a shield, with -barbed javelins, points downwards, on right arm. A band of crotals hung -over right shoulder. Sword on right side with European scabbard. The -dress is peculiar and formed with lappets on front and back. The horse -and rider are very attenuated and rudely executed. The horse tucked up -like a greyhound, with head very long, like Fig. 295. Band with crotals -round the horse's neck. Large flaws in the casting of both horse and -rider. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XL. - - -Fig. 301.--Bronze cock, the feathers represented by herring-bone -pattern. - -Figs. 302 and 303.--Elephant's tusk formed as a trumpet. The mouthpiece -on the convex side; with rattle. The loose pieces of the rattle carved -out of the solid, through the oblong apertures. Ornamented with -three bands of guilloche pattern; straight line diaper pattern, and -degenerate mud-fish interlaced, in two places. - -Figs. 304 and 305.--Portion of an iron staff, ornamented with bands of -bronze, on which are figured human faces, leopards' heads and bands of -looped strands, similar to those on Figs. 139 and 140, Plate XXIII. - -Fig. 306.--Thin brass head ornament for horse, and a broad band to -go along the top of the head and mane. The figure on the lower part -represents a crocodile, head downwards, ornamented with rows of copper -rivets. The band for the head is ornamented with a floral ornament -(floral guilloche) consisting of a sinuous stem with a leaf branching -out of each curve, similar to that shown on Figs. 209, 238 and 278. -The whole of the ornamentation is in repoussé work, and is probably -intended to be attached to leather. - -Figs. 307 and 308.--Lower portion of an iron staff, surrounded by bands -of brass, ornamented with leopards' heads, frogs, looped strands and -guilloche pattern. - -Fig. 309.--Square brass lamp, with four receptacles for wicks, one at -each corner. Ornamented with dots of repoussé work, and suspended by an -iron chain with long links and a hook. - -Figs. 310 to 313.--Bronze lamp, apparently with gold in its -composition. The basin patched and riveted with copper. The bands for -suspension ornamented with straight line diaper pattern (Fig. 312) and -broken guilloche pattern (Fig. 313), united at top in a human figure -(Fig. 311), having the private parts strongly pronounced. There are -only one or two objects in this collection in which this peculiarity -occurs, which is so prevalent in the art of most savages. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLI. - - -Figs. 314 to 316.--Wooden stool, the top slightly basin-shaped; the -stem carved to represent two interlaced serpents, but the interlacing -is not continuous, being broken by a square hole pierced through the -centre of the shaft. The heads of the serpents are conventional and -they bend towards the top and bottom on alternate sides. The tails of -the serpents terminate in the mouths of two frogs carved on the base -and underside of the top of the seat. A human figure is in the mouth -of the serpent resting on the base, holding a bill-hook in his left -hand, similar to Figs. 108 and 109, Plate XVIII. On the underside of -the seat, the serpent holds a leopard in its mouth; leopard holding -a palm branch in its mouth. The other figures carved on the base and -underside of the top are two degenerate mud-fish and two degenerate -elephants' heads, the proboscis terminating in a human hand, like Figs. -72 and 167. The seat is ornamented with an interlaced guilloche pattern -surrounding the top edge of the seat. - -Fig. 317.--Wooden plaque, ornamented in the centre by a coil of -interlaced strap-work, bounded by two lines of zigzag pattern. On one -side a broad leaf-shaped sword with a ring pommel, similar to Figs. 326 -and 327, Plate XLII, and Figs. 328 and 329, Plate XLIII. The handle is -ornamented with a straight line diaper pattern. On the other side is -represented an execution sword, similar to Fig. 110, Plate XVIII. - -Figs. 318 and 319.--Wooden seat, of oblong form, supported by four -legs, with cross-braces. All the ornamental portions are plated with -thin brass, beaten on and riveted. The top of the seat is ornamented in -the centre and ends by bands of single and double guilloche pattern, -and in the centre of the squares by a square pattern of interlaced -strands riveted on, similar to that represented on the blade of the -sword, Fig. 199, Plate XXVIII. The legs and sides of the seat are -ornamented by wheel-shaped forms, in eight places, and half-moons, -similar to those on the ground-work of the plaque, Fig. 180, Plate -XXVII. The stool in various parts is ornamented by brass-headed nails, -which might perhaps be European. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLII. - - -Figs. 320 and 321.--Wooden bird resembling a turkey. The inlaying of -the eyes has disappeared; the feathers are conventionally represented -by carved squares and lines of herring-bone pattern. On the top is a -rudely-cut vertical projection 5 inches high and 2-1/2 inches broad, -the meaning of which is unknown; and from it hangs on each side of -the bird, a broad band 3-1/2 inches broad, carved with four rows of -herring-bone pattern, the meaning of which is also unknown. The front -of the base is ornamented with a guilloche pattern of four strands. - -Fig. 322.--Circular brass fan, thickness of metal, .02 inch; ornamented -with bands of guilloche pattern, herring-bone, and straight line diaper -patterns. The handle is riveted to the fan. - -Fig. 323.--Fan of hide. The sewing of leather resembles that of the -brass fan, Fig. 322, Plate XLII. - -Figs. 324 and 325.--Bronze group of three human figures, the front -figure kneeling, the hands in an attitude of prayer. The upper part -naked, the lower part covered by a pleated kilt or skirt, similar to -Figs. 129, 235, 236, and 247. The corners of the eyes ornamented with -a raised barbed figure. A belt of two ropes round the waist with two -loops behind, in one of which hang two links of a chain. This figure -is attended behind by two short figures standing and armed with swords -in sheaths. Coral necklaces and anklets. Three tribal marks incised -over each eye. On the ground are three decapitated human heads, face -upwards, and a dog. The base is ornamented with coiled figures. - -Figs. 326 and 327.--Broad leaf-shaped iron sword, similar to Figs. 328 -and 329, Plate XLIII. The handle enclosed in a large ring of metal, -7 inches in diameter. The blade, which is .08 inch in thickness, is -perforated by a pattern of holes. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIII. - - -Figs. 328 and 329.--Broad leaf-shaped iron sword, similar to Figs. 326 -and 327, Plate XLII. The handle enclosed in a large ring of metal, 8 -inches by 5-1/2 inches interior measurement, twisted in two places. -It has probably had a grip of wood, which has disappeared. The blade, -which is only ·06 inch in thickness, is ornamented with a pattern of -perforated holes. The use of this instrument is unknown; it may have -been an execution sword, but, if so, the ring-guard appears superfluous. - -Fig. 330.--Iron staff, similar to the bronze one, Figs. 354 and -355, Plate XLV. In the cluster at the top is the figure of a bird -surmounting an animal, probably a chameleon, similar to the one -half-way down the stem, and surrounded by a cluster of various -implements and weapons, points upwards, amongst which may be -distinguished a fork with diamond-shaped heads, a curved bill-hook, a -chisel, a spud and a reaping-hook. Below this are two clusters each of -six hanging bells; two sinuous snakes, heads upwards, are crawling up -the stem. - -Figs. 331 and 332.--Carved wooden board, 10-1/2 feet in length and 1 -foot 11 inches broad; from a house in Benin city. It is ornamented -with five panels in relief. Each panel has a circle with radiating -lines, bounded by lines of guilloche pattern. The several panels are -separated by broad bands of interlaced strap-work, deeply carved. The -interlaced strap-work varies in design, some being simply plaited, -and in others it is further complicated with twists and returns. Some -have two interlaced bands, others four. The carving is irregular and -traced by the eye without measure or T-square. Long sinuous snakes with -heads are represented in the smaller lines dividing the panels and give -the effect of a meander. The whole of the carving has originally been -covered with thin plates of brass or bronze beaten on, traces of which -are seen here and there fastened on with oblong rivets of metal. - -Figs. 333 to 335.--Round execution block and stand of wood, elaborately -carved with figures of men and animals. On the top is a pointed spike -of wood, 5 inches in height, on which the head of the victim appears -to have rested, and below this on the surface at the top of the block -are two receptacles for the thumbs of the victim, in the form of -coiled mud-fish. The ornamentation on the top consists of squares and -triangles filled with parallel straight lines alternating in direction, -and edged with a circle of broken guilloche pattern. On the sides are -three human figures, two of which are holding hands upwards, weapons -and shields, and one a curved sword of European form, point downwards. -Between these figures are two boxes or stools; there are also two human -hands and other objects on the other side. The bottom of the block is -surrounded by a broad guilloche pattern of four or five strands. The -stand on which the block stands is of semicircular form. The top is -ornamented with two animals, resembling crocodiles, conforming to the -outline of the curve, and other animals and objects. On the front of -this stand is a row of objects, consisting, in the centre, of a human -figure holding something on the abdomen, human hands, animals' heads, -and other objects. A very similar execution block, but without stand, -is shown in Figs. 258 to 260, Plate XXXIV. The barbarous carving and -ornamentation of such gruesome objects is quite characteristic of Benin -art. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIV. - - -Fig. 336.--Wooden casket in the form of an ox's head, coated with thin -brass riveted on. From the forehead two human hands rise up holding the -horns. Along the forehead and along the sides are three lines of single -guilloche pattern in repoussé work. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid -with a dark substance. It appears to be a box or casket of some kind. -A similar box is shown in the hands of the small figure in plaque No. -18, Plate IV. A precisely similar object from Benin is figured by Mr. -Ling Roth in "The Studio," December, 1898, Fig. 18; and there is also -another similar in the British Museum, figured in "Antiquities from -Benin in the British Museum," Plate XI, Fig. 9. - -Fig. 337.--Half of a bronze circlet or necklet, similar to Fig. 158, -Plate XXV; ornamented with two human forms with attenuated bodies -and conventional heads, consisting of circles with five circular -punch-marks to represent the features, and two other similar heads -without bodies. The arms of these two figures are bound together at -the wrists. At the feet of these two extended figures are two human -heads of negro type, very well executed, and a leopard's head. It is -ornamented in other places by a broad leaf-shaped sword and spirals. -This remarkable work of savage art is shown in greater detail in the -annexed woodcut. - -Fig. 338.--Bronze sword, perhaps an execution sword, but rather too -small for that purpose; with wooden grip and pommel. The blade is -ornamented on both sides with incised semicircles and curved lines. The -cutting edge is on the convex side. - -Fig. 339.--Bronze sword, perhaps an execution sword, but rather too -small for that purpose; ornamented with incised semicircles, like -Fig. 338, and chevrons filled with parallel incised lines. The grip -ornamented with parallel incised bands in imitation of binding. The -blade is also ornamented with peculiar incised scrolls and circular -punch-marks, and diamond forms. - -Fig. 340.--Bronze pin, ornamented with four conventionalized birds. -Inlaid in various places with red agate, and ornamented with circular -punch-marks. - -Fig. 341.--Bronze bell or sistrum, with small bell attached; both -ornamented with an incised lozenge-shaped pattern. A similar double -bell, from Yoruba, is figured by Mr. Ling Roth in "The Reliquary," -1898, p. 165. - -Fig. 342.--Bronze figure of boy, with the palms of the hands erect and -open, as if denying having stolen anything. Serpent, head downwards, on -forehead. Three incised tribal marks over each eye. Coral necklace. - -Figs. 343 and 344.--Human mask, of bronze. The pupils of the eyes -inlaid with iron. - -Fig. 345.--Bronze leopard, tail deficient; total height, 15-1/4 inches. -One of the hind legs broken off and repaired by natives with a piece of -ivory. The leopard is covered with incised spots and small punch-marks -all over. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid with iron. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLV. - - -Fig. 346.--Quadrangular bronze bell, ornamented with mud-fish and a -human head in relief. It is reticulated on all sides and could have -emitted no sound. - -Fig. 347.--Quadrangular bronze bell, ornamented on one side by a -degenerate human face in relief. The ornamentation tastefully designed. - -Fig. 348.--Bronze cock, somewhat similar to Fig. 301, Plate XL. - -Fig. 349.--Brass armlet, made from one piece of thin metal, joined by -copper rivets. Ornamented by three naked human figures in relief, and -bands of interlaced rings. - -Figs. 350 and 351.--Bronze trumpet, slightly curved, the mouth-hole on -the convex side, similar in form to the ivory trumpets, Figs. 178, 192 -and 193. Projecting blades, like celts, on the large end, as in the -sistrum in Figs. 232 to 234, Plate XXXI. A somewhat similar instrument -is figured by Mr. Ling Roth in the "Halifax Naturalist," June, 1898, -p. 32. Above these blades is a human head in relief, surmounted by a -circular ring held in the mouth of a crocodile, head downwards. Other -parts are ornamented by sinuous snakes in relief. It appears to have -been used both as trumpet and axe. - -Figs. 352 and 353.--Bronze staff, probably intended to be held in the -middle. Ornamented at both ends with human figures back to back. The -stem ornamented with loops as in Figs. 208 and 209, Plate XXIX. - -Figs. 354 and 355.--Bronze staff, 4 feet 10-1/2 inches in length; -ornamented at top with the figure of a bird with a small ball in -its mouth, and apparently surmounting a leopard. Around it are ten -leaf-shaped flanges ornamented with sinuous serpents, holding birds and -crocodiles in their mouths. Below this is a human figure standing with -very large hands, apparently clasped, and thumbs projecting upwards, -out of all proportion to the size of the body; on the shoulders of this -figure are two sinuous snakes. Below this are figures representing a -monkey and a bull. The central figure is nude and kneeling with a -cock in its hands, resting on a cluster of hanging bells. The lower -part, which is broken and detached from the upper part, represents a -human figure; in his left hand a large neolithic celt, and in his right -hand a human-headed staff, similar in design to Figs. 279 and 280, -Plate XXXVI. Below and in front of this figure are smaller figures, -representing a human figure with a neolithic celt in the right hand -and a spotted leopard, with tail curled over head, on the left. Rising -from the head of the larger figure is an antelope, with two snakes -springing out of its mouth, surrounded by representations of various -weapons, points upwards. The whole appears to be constructed of bronze, -surrounding an iron stem. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVI. - - -Figs. 356 and 357.--Bronze staff, surmounted by a vulture holding -something in its beak, as in Figs. 286 to 288, Plate XXXVII; Fig. 271, -Plate XXXV, and Figs. 354 and 355, Plate XLV. In Fig. 139, Plate XXIII, -and in "Antiquities from Benin in the British Museum," Plate XXIX, Fig. -3, figures are shown holding these staves and striking them with rods. - -Figs. 358 and 359.--Bronze seated figure, apparently of an European. -The dress has large buttons on one side. The hat, with brim, is -ornamented with chevrons filled with parallel straight lines; the -moustache very long; the nose aquiline and very large; the shoulders -guarded by "wings." Left hand and forearm broken. - -Fig. 360.--Bronze or brass plaque, representing a figure standing to -front, holding a piece of ring-money (Manilla) in right hand, similar -to Plate XXI, Fig. 6, "Antiquities from Benin in the British Museum," -where their use and form are discussed (p. 27). The dress has a single -row of buttons, somewhat similar to Fig. 247, Plate XXXII, where -however the coat is fastened with tags; the left hand is similarly -spread upon the chest. The face is prognathous, but with hooked nose. -The hat appears to be an European chimney-pot hat. Other cases of a -pleated kilt occur in Figs. 129, 235, 236, 247, 324, 325, and 361. - -Fig. 361.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure, seated, holding -apparently a hand-cannon in both hands, the butt of which is curved -down. The dress has buttons on one side, as in the previous figure, and -is surmounted by a vandyke ornamented collar of European type. Belt -and pleated kilt. Face, apparently European, aquiline nose. European -helmet. European sword with guard on right side. - -Fig. 362.--Iron axe, in carved wooden handle and shaft; with six wooden -human faces, the pupils of the eyes inlaid with lead. - -Figs. 363 and 364.--Iron hammer. - -Figs. 365 and 366.--Small human head in earthenware, being the only one -of that material in this collection. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid -with iron; two iron bands on the forehead, of which the traces have -nearly disappeared. Hole in top of head like those of bronze. Coral -choker. The features are well formed. - -Figs. 367 and 368.--Antelope's head, in bronze, with horns and ears. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVII. - - -Figs. 369 to 371.--Bronze plaque, representing a sacrificial scene; it -contains eight human figures, and a bullock just in the act of being -slaughtered. All the figures except one have native features, dress, -etc., and wear the insignia of executioners. The remaining figure is -evidently intended to represent a European. - -Figs. 372 and 373.--A carved ivory box in the form of a mud or cat -fish. The eyes are inlaid with lead. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVIII. - - -Figs. 374 and 375.--Bronze statuette of a musician in the act of -playing a wind instrument. He wears a pot hat, a collar, and loose -necklet hanging down over the chest, also armlets and wristlets. He -wears a decorated loin cloth, with a border representing a row of -feathers, and in the centre of the garment is a conventional leopard's -face. Height of statuette is 24-1/2 inches. - -Figs. 376 and 377.--Modern Benin sword; the blade is iron and decorated -with incised birds and a nondescript animal. There are seven brass -rivets hammered into the blade. The handle is covered with leather. -Length of blade, 17-3/4 inches. - -Figs. 378 and 379.--Is a copper weapon which has had a wooden shaft. -This weapon is of too soft a metal to be of much use. - -Figs. 380 and 381.--An iron weapon of an old make. The blade is -decorated with an incised figure of a snake. Length of blade, 21-1/8 -inches. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIX. - - -Figs. 382 and 383.--Cubical metal lamp, with handle, chain and hook -for suspension. The hook is ornamented at its lower half with raised -transverse incised lines and lozenge-shaped incisions. It is attached -to a chain of three links, the upper and lower ones being oval; the -middle one is 8-shaped. The other end of the chain is attached to a -loop which projects from the head of a nude human figure (length of -figure is 2-1/2 inches), the feet of which are fixed by a loop of -copper wire to the handle of the bar; the handle has a zigzag guilloche -pattern on the upper side. There is a human face in relief on the sides -of the body of the lamp, with fish-scale pattern on the groundwork. The -borders of the lamp are raised rope pattern, and have a double loop -knot at each corner. The lamp has four legs, and from the centre of the -bottom is a small round piece projecting, and not so long as the legs. -It is capped with a circular bottom, which is decorated with incised -concentric circles. Height from top of hook when suspended is 26 inches. - -Fig. 384.--Metal armlet, ornamented with five rows of inlaid copper -conventionalized cat-fishes and human faces; the latter have long hair, -long whiskers, and long noses. Height, 5-7/8 inches. - -Fig. 385.--Metal box, cylindrical in form, ornamented with three -longitudinal rows of ox skulls in relief, and incised human faces. -Height, 7 inches. - -Fig. 386.--Wooden comb, with carved design. - -Fig. 387.--Cast metal bowl. The small opening at the top is situated -in the centre of an incised rosette; this, together with four similar -but smaller rosettes, are coated with a copper wash. On the base is a -rosette within a circle. - -Fig. 388.--Cast metal bowl. Distributed over the body of the bowl are -eleven finely executed Maltese crosses. - -Fig. 389.--Quadrangular bronze bell, ornamented on three sides with -open reticulated work, framed in by a border of the guilloche pattern. -A conventional face, with long hair and beard, is on one of the -reticulated sides. Near the base of the ornamented side is a small -roughly circular hole. Height, 6 inches. - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATE L. - - -Figs. 390 and 391.--Large metal bell. On one side is a human face in -relief, with snakes issuing from the nostrils. Each of the two snakes -grasps a mud or cat fish in its jaws. The ears project from the sides -of the head-dress, and the neck has a frill consisting of a double -row of perforated circles. The handle has an incised herring-bone -ornamentation. Projecting from the sides of the bell are eight knobs. -The base and crown of the bell have a border of strap-work pattern. -Height of bell, 10 inches. - -Figs. 392 and 393.--Carved wooden head, which may have been a mask. -Represents the head of a negro; it is hollow, and may have been -intended for a mask, as there are open slits underneath each eye. The -hair is represented by incised reticulated lines. The three black lines -over the eyes represent cicatrices. The lower part of the face is -rounded, and the chin not marked. Height, 13 inches. - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - - -There is no figure 136 in the printed book, and the "annexed woodcut" -referred to in the description of fig. 337 was not included. The -figures in "Figs. 265,6, Plate 35" on p. 46 were hand-written. - - -The following apparent errors have been corrected: - -p. 56 "Figs 192 and 193." changed to "Figs 192 and 193." - -p. 65 "Fig. 181 Plate XXVII" changed to "Fig. 181, Plate XXVII" - -p. 65 "Vol I" changed to "Vol. I" - -p. 70 "elephants's" changed to "elephant's" - -p. 74 "Fig. 282." changed to "Figs. 281 and 282." - -p. 94 "Figs 372 and 373" changed to "Figs. 372 and 373" - -p. 98 "Fig 385." changed to "Fig. 385." - - -The following possible errors have not been changed: - -p. iv conquerers - -p. 32 tattoed - -p. 42 rivetted - - -The following are used inconsistently in the text: - -a European and an European - -cat fish and cat-fish - -ground-work and groundwork - -Juju and Ju-ju - -mouthpiece and mouth-piece - -mudfish and mud-fish - -semicircles and semi-circles - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTIQUE WORKS OF ART FROM BENIN*** - - -******* This file should be named 44014-8.txt or 44014-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/4/0/1/44014 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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