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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44014 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file
+      which includes the more than 400 original illustrations.
+      See 44014-h.htm or 44014-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44014/44014-h/44014-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44014/44014-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See
+      http://archive.org/details/antiqueworksofar00pittuoft
+
+
+
+
+
+ANTIQUE WORKS OF ART FROM BENIN,
+
+Collected by
+
+LIEUTENANT-GENERAL PITT RIVERS,
+D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A.
+
+Inspector of Ancient Monuments in Great Britain, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Printed Privately.
+1900.
+
+London:
+Harrison and Sons, Printers in Ordinary to her Majesty,
+St. Martin's Lane, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+WORKS OF ART FROM BENIN,
+
+WEST AFRICA.
+
+OBTAINED BY THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION IN 1897, AND NOW IN GENERAL PITT
+RIVERS'S MUSEUM AT FARNHAM, DORSET.
+
+
+Benin is situated on the Guinea Coast, near the mouth of the Niger, in
+latitude 6·12 north, and longitude 5 to 6 east.
+
+It was discovered by the Portuguese at the end of the fourteenth or
+commencement of the fifteenth centuries. The Portuguese were followed
+by the Dutch and Swedes, and in 1553 the first English expedition
+arrived on the coast, and established a trade with the king, who
+received them willingly.
+
+Benin at that time appears by a Dutch narrative to have been quite
+a large city, surrounded by a high wall, and having a broad street
+through the centre. The people were comparatively civilized. The king
+possessed a number of horses which have long since disappeared and
+become unknown. Faulkner, in 1825, saw three solitary horses belonging
+to the king, which he says no one was bold enough to ride.
+
+In 1702 a Dutchman, named Nyendaeel, describes the city, and speaks
+of the human sacrifices there. He says that the people were great
+makers of ornamental brass work in his day, which they seem to have
+learnt from the Portuguese. It was visited by Sir Richard Burton,
+who went there to try to put a stop to human sacrifices, at the time
+he was consul at Fernando Po. In 1892 it was visited by Captain H.
+L. Galloway, who speaks of the city as possessing only the ruins of
+its former greatness; the abolition of the slave trade had put a
+stop to the prosperity of the place, and the king had prohibited any
+intercourse with Europeans. The town had been reduced to a collection
+of huts, and its trade had dwindled down to almost nil. The houses have
+a sort of impluvium in the centre of the rooms, which has led some to
+suppose that their style of architecture may have been derived from the
+Roman colonies of North Africa.
+
+In 1896 an expedition, consisting of some 250 men, with presents and
+merchandise, left the British settlements on the coast, and endeavoured
+to advance towards Benin city. The expedition was conducted with
+courage and perseverance, but with the utmost rashness. Almost
+unarmed, neglecting all ordinary precautions, contrary to the advice of
+the neighbouring chiefs, and with the express prohibition of the King
+of Benin to advance, they marched straight into an ambuscade which had
+been prepared for them in the forest on each side of the road, and as
+their revolvers were locked up in their boxes at the time, they were
+massacred to a man with the exception of two, Captain Boisragon and
+Mr. Locke, who, after suffering the utmost hardships, escaped to the
+British settlements on the coast to tell the tale.
+
+Within five weeks after the occurrence, a punitive expedition entered
+Benin, on 18th January, 1897, and took the town. The king fled, but
+was afterwards brought back and made to humiliate himself before his
+conquerers, and his territory annexed to the British crown.
+
+The city was found in a terrible state of bloodshed and disorder,
+saturated with the blood of human sacrifices offered up to their Juju,
+or religious rites and customs, for which the place had long been
+recognised as the "city of blood."
+
+What may be hereafter the advantages to trade resulting from this
+expedition it is difficult to say, but the point of chief interest in
+connection with the subject of this paper was the discovery, mostly in
+the king's compound and the Juju houses, of numerous works of art in
+brass, bronze, and ivory, which, as before stated, were mentioned by
+the Dutchman, Van Nyendaeel, as having been constructed by the people
+of Benin in 1700.
+
+These antiquities were brought away by the members of the punitive
+expedition and sold in London and elsewhere. Little or no account of
+them could be given by the natives, and as the expedition was as usual
+unaccompanied by any scientific explorer charged with the duty of
+making inquiries upon matters of historic and antiquarian interest,
+no reliable information about them could be obtained. They were found
+buried and covered with blood, some of them having been used amongst
+the apparatus of their Juju sacrifices.
+
+A good collection of these antiquities, through the agency of Mr.
+Charles Read, F.S.A., has found its way into the British Museum; others
+no doubt have fallen into the hands of persons whose chief interest in
+them has been as relics of a sensational and bloody episode, but their
+real value consists in their representing a phase of art--and rather
+an advanced stage--of which there is no actual record, although no
+doubt we cannot be far wrong in attributing it to European influence,
+probably that of the Portuguese some time in the sixteenth century.
+
+  A. P. R.
+
+  RUSHMORE, SALISBURY,
+  _April, 1900_.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I.
+
+
+Fig. 1.--Bronze plaque, representing two warriors with broad
+leaf-shaped swords in their right hands. Coral or agate head-dress.
+Coral chokers, badge of rank. Leopards' teeth necklace. Coral scarf
+across shoulder. Leopards' heads hanging on left sides. Skirts each
+ornamented with a human head. Armlets, anklets, etc. Ground ornamented
+with the usual foil ornament incised.
+
+Fig. 2.--Bronze plaque, representing two figures holding plaques or
+books in front. Coral chokers, badge of rank. Reticulated head-dresses
+of coral or agate, similar to that represented in Plate XXI, Fig. 121.
+Barbed objects of unknown use behind left shoulders, ornamented with
+straight line diaper pattern. Ground ornamented with foil ornaments
+incised. Guilloche on sides of plaque.
+
+Fig. 3.--Bronze plaque, representing three warriors, two with feathers
+in head-dress and trefoil leaves at top; one with pot helmet, button
+on top. The latter has a coral choker, badge of rank, and all have
+leopards' teeth necklaces. The central figure has a cylindrical case on
+shoulder. Two have hands on their sword-hilts. All three have leopards'
+heads on breast, and quadrangular bells hanging from neck. Leopards'
+skins and other objects hang on left sides. Ground ornamented with foil
+ornaments incised.
+
+Fig. 4.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with spear in right hand,
+shield on left shoulder. Head-dress of coral or agate, similar to that
+represented in Plate XXI, Fig. 121. Quadrangular bell hanging from
+neck. Chain-like anklets. Coral choker, badge of rank, and leopards'
+teeth necklace. A nude attendant on right upholds a large broad
+leaf-shaped sword, with a ring attached to pommel. Another holds two
+sistri or bells fastened together by a chain. Small figure on left
+is blowing an elephant's tusk trumpet. Figures above in profile are
+holding up tablets or books. The dress of one of them is fastened with
+tags or loops of unusual form. These figures have Roman noses, and are
+evidently not negro. Ground ornamented with the usual foil ornament
+incised.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II.
+
+
+Figs. 5 and 6.--Bronze plaque, representing a warrior in centre,
+turned to his left. He has a beard and a necklace of leopards' teeth,
+but no coral choker. He has a high helmet, somewhat in the form of a
+grenadier cap. Quadrangular bell on neck. Dagger in sheath on right
+side, and various appurtenances hanging from his dress. He holds a
+narrow leaf-shaped sword in his right hand over an enemy who has
+fallen, and who has already a leaf-shaped sword thrust through his
+body. The victim has a sword-sheath on left side, with broad end,
+and a peculiar head-dress. His horse is represented below with an
+attendant holding it by a chain and carrying barbed darts in his left
+hand. On the right of the conqueror is a small figure blowing a tusk
+trumpet, and on his right a larger figure carrying a shield in his left
+hand and a cluster of weapons. He has a high helmet, ornamented with
+representations of cowrie shells of nearly the same form as that of the
+central figure. Above are two figures, one blowing what appears to be a
+musical instrument and the other carrying a barbed pointed implement,
+and armed with a sword in sheath similar to that of the fallen warrior.
+The plaque appears to represent a victory of some kind, and all the
+conquerors have the same high helmet. The ground is ornamented with the
+usual foil ornament incised.
+
+Figs. 7 and 8.--Bronze plaque, representing a king or noble on
+horseback sitting sideways, his hands upheld by attendants, one of
+whom has a long thin sword in his hand in sheath. Two attendants, with
+helmets or hair represented by ribs, are holding up shields to shelter
+the king from the sun. The king or noble has a coral choker, badge of
+rank, with a coral necklace hanging on breast. Horse's head-collar hung
+with crotals. A small attendant carries a "manilla" in his hand. The
+two figures above are armed with bows and arrows. Ground ornamented
+with foil ornaments incised.
+
+ De Bry, "India Orientalis," says that in the sixteenth century both
+ the king and chiefs were wont to ride side-saddle upon led horses.
+ They were supported by retainers, who held over their heads either
+ shields or umbrellas, and accompanied by a band of musicians playing
+ on ivory horns, gong-gongs, drums, harps, and a kind of rattle.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III.
+
+
+Fig. 9.--Bronze plaque, naked figure of boy; hair in conventional
+bands; three tribal marks over each eye and band on forehead. Coral
+choker, badge of rank. Armlets and anklets. Four rosettes on ground
+and usual foil ornaments. De Bry says that all young people went naked
+until marriage.
+
+Fig. 10.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with helmet or hair
+represented by ribs. Leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand. A bundle
+of objects on head upheld by left hand. Object resembling a despatch
+case on left side, fastened by a belt over right shoulder. Human mask
+on left side. Four fishes on ground, and the usual foil ornaments
+incised.
+
+Figs. 11 and 12.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure holding a ball,
+perhaps a cannon ball, in front. Coral choker, badge of rank. Three
+tribal marks over each eye. Crest on head-dress, feather in cap. Skirt
+wound up behind left shoulder. Skirt ornamented with a head and hands.
+Four rosettes on ground, and usual foil ornaments incised. Guilloche on
+sides of plaque.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV.
+
+
+Fig. 13.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior, feather in cap; broad
+leaf-shaped sword in right hand. Coral choker, badge of rank. Leopards'
+teeth necklace. Coral sash; ground ornamented with leaf-shaped foil,
+ornaments incised.
+
+Figs. 14 and 15.--Bronze ægis or plaque, with representations of two
+figures with staves in their right hands. Coral chokers, badge of rank.
+On the breasts are two Maltese crosses hanging from the necks, which
+appear to be European Orders. The objects held in left hands have been
+broken off. The hats are similar to that on the head of the figure,
+Fig. 91, Plate XV. Ground ornamented with the usual foil ornaments
+incised.
+
+Fig. 16.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with pot helmet, button on
+top. Coral choker, badge of rank, on neck. Leopards' teeth necklace.
+Quadrangular bell on breast. Armlets, anklets, &c. Four rosettes on
+ground, and the usual foil ornaments incised.
+
+Fig. 17.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior with spear in right hand,
+shield in left hand; pot helmet, button on top. Quadrangular bell
+hanging from neck. Coral choker, badge of rank. Leopards' teeth
+necklace. Leopard's skin dress with head to front. On the ground are
+two horses' heads below and two rosettes above. Ground ornamented with
+the usual foil ornaments incised.
+
+Fig. 18.--Bronze plaque, figure of warrior. Peculiarly ornamented
+head-dress. Coral choker, badge of rank. Leopards' teeth necklace.
+Broad leaf-shaped sword in right hand. Coral sash on breast. Leopard's
+mask hanging on left side. Armlets, anklets, &c. Small figure of boy,
+naked, to right, holding a metal dish with lid in form of an ox's head.
+A similar object may be seen amongst the Benin objects in the British
+Museum.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V.
+
+
+Figs. 19, 20 and 21.--Stained ivory carving of figure on horse. Coral
+choker; spear in right hand, the shaft broken. Tribal marks on forehead
+incised. Chain-bridle or head-collar. Degenerate guilloche pattern on
+base. Straight line diaper pattern represented in various parts. The
+stand formed as a socket for a pole.
+
+Figs. 22, 23 and 24.--Ivory carving of figure on horse, with spear in
+right hand and bell on neck, and long hair. The bridle formed as a
+head-collar. Degenerate guilloche pattern on base. The stand formed as
+a socket for a pole ornamented with bands of interlaced pattern and the
+head of an animal.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI.
+
+
+Figs. 25 and 26.--Ivory carving of a human face. Eyes and bands on
+forehead inlaid. Straight line diaper pattern on head-dress, above
+which are conventionalised mud-fish. Four bands of coral across
+forehead. Ears long and narrow. Found hidden in an oaken chest inside
+the sleeping apartment of King Duboar.
+
+Fig. 27.--Carved wooden panel, consisting of a chief in the centre;
+broad leaf-shaped sword, with ring attached to pommel, upheld in right
+hand, studded with copper nails, and ornamented with representations
+of itself. In left hand a fan-shaped figure terminating in two hands.
+Coral choker, badge of rank. Bell on neck and cross-belts. Skirt
+ornamented with three heads and a guilloche pattern of three bands
+with pellets. Anklets. Attendant on left holding umbrella over chief's
+head. Serpent with human arm and hand in its mouth, head upwards;
+eyes of inlaid glass; body studded with copper nails. Leopard, drawn
+head upwards. On right, figure with jug in left hand and cup in right
+hand, standing in a trough or open vessel. Small attendant with paddle
+in right hand. At top a bottle bound with grass, and figure of some
+object, perhaps a stone celt bound with grass. Brass and iron screws
+are used for ornamentation in this carving. Guilloche pattern of two
+bands without pellets around the edge of the panel.
+
+Figs. 28, 29 and 30.--Ivory carved tusk, 4 feet 1 inch long from
+bottom to point; traversed by five bands of interlaced strap-work. The
+other ornamentation consists of:--Human figures with hands crossed on
+breast; bird standing on pedestal; human figures with hands holding
+sashes; trees growing downwards; a rosette; mudfish; crocodiles with
+heads upwards; a serpent with sinuous body, head downwards; two
+cups; a serpent, head upwards; detached human heads. Some of the
+representations are so rude that it requires experience to understand
+their meaning. On this tusk the interlaced pattern is the prevailing
+ornament, and it passes into the guilloche pattern. This tusk is more
+tastefully decorated than the other tusk, Figs. 167 and 168, Plate
+XXVI, but with less variety in the carving. These carved tusks are said
+to represent gods in the Ju-ju houses.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VII.
+
+
+Figs. 31 and 32.--Ivory carving of female. The design as rude as found
+in any part of Africa. Necklet and armlets the same as on the bronze
+figures.
+
+Fig. 33.--Ivory cup, stained brown.
+
+Fig. 34.--Bronze drinking cup, the same as represented in wood-carving,
+Fig. 27, Plate VI.
+
+Figs. 35 and 36.--Lion in bronze. The back is cut in a curved line, as
+if adapting it as a foot to some object.
+
+Fig. 37.--Bracelet of brass, somewhat twisted.
+
+Fig. 38.--Bracelet of brass, with five projections set with agate.
+
+Figs. 39 and 40.--Brass bracelet, with negro heads of copper inlaid.
+Mud-fish springing from nose on each side and turned up. Coral chokers,
+badges of rank. The ring is decorated with incised floral ornaments.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII.
+
+
+Figs. 41 and 42.--Figure of a warrior in bronze, with leopard's skin
+dress; javelins in one hand and shield in the other. Head-dress of
+peculiar form, with feathers. Leopards' teeth necklace. Quadrangular
+bell on breast.
+
+Figs. 43 and 44.--Female figure in bronze, holding up a tablet in right
+hand. Head-dress, necklace, &c., of coral or agate. Three tribal marks
+over each eye.
+
+Figs. 45 and 46.--Bronze vessel, somewhat in the form of a coffee-pot.
+Handle at back, consisting of a snake with a sinuous body, head
+downwards, holding a full-length human figure in its mouth. The spout
+consists of a human figure, seated, with two tails; and the spout
+springs out of the mouth between the teeth of the figure. Round the
+swell of the vessel are four figures resembling frogs, the bodies
+ornamented as human heads; nearly similar ornaments are seen on Mexican
+stone carvings in this collection. The four feet resemble human feet
+with anklets, all pointing to the front. The lid is ornamented with a
+human figure seated and four masks, and is fastened to the pot by a
+hinge.
+
+Figs. 47 and 48.--Bracelet of bronze, ornamented with two rudely formed
+human heads; some of the yellow earth of the mould appears to be
+adhering to the interstices.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX.
+
+
+Figs. 49 and 50.--Narrow armlet of brass, with a succession of animals
+(? Lizards) in relief on the edge.
+
+Figs. 51 and 52.--Bronze pointed dish on stand, with ribbed cover,
+rabbetted. Use unknown; perhaps an European ecclesiastical utensil.
+
+Figs. 53 to 55.--Head of a mace, ornamented with leopard and keepers
+and heads in bas-relief; decorated with interlaced strap-work, with
+brass inlaid in copper. The human heads are partly negro, whilst others
+from their straight hair appear to be white men, perhaps Arabs or
+cross-breds. The mud-fish is represented one on each side. Described by
+Mr. H. Ling Roth in "The Reliquary," Vol. IV, 1898, p. 162.
+
+Figs. 56 and 57.--Bronze bottle or power flask, representing a female
+with barbed arrow-points extending from both sides of the mouth;
+perhaps symbolical; and holding a four-pronged instrument in the right
+hand. Three tribal marks over each eye; coral necklace.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X.
+
+
+Figs. 58 and 59.--Leopard's mask head of brass, the pupils of the eyes
+represented by a copper band. A band of copper inlaid along the nose
+and forehead. A barbed figure on each cheek.
+
+Figs. 60 and 61.--Leopard's mask head of brass, the pupils of the eyes
+represented by bands. A barbed figure on each cheek. Eyelets along the
+edges, perhaps to receive crotals as in Figs. 58 and 59.
+
+Figs. 62 and 63.--Leopard's head in brass, the spots and pupils of eyes
+in copper. This appears to have been attached with a leather thong to
+the dress.
+
+Figs. 64 and 65.--Bronze vase. The design appears to be purely native.
+It is ornamented with four human masks, two of which are ribbed. There
+are two elephants' heads with tusks, but no trunks over each ribbed
+head. Four bands of plain guilloche pattern arranged vertically between
+the heads. Concentric circles. Thickness of metal on unornamented
+parts, 2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI.
+
+
+Figs. 66 to 72.--The historic mace of office of Duboar, late King of
+Benin; 5 feet 4 inches long, and made of brass. This was found by
+an officer of the expedition in the state apartment of the palaver
+house, and was evidently left behind by the king's people on account
+of its heavy weight, in their hurried exodus from Benin city; the
+king is said to have since recognized this staff, and stated that it
+had been handed down for many hundreds of years from king to king.
+It has the representation of "Overami," or reigning monarch, on the
+summit, dressed in the usual manner of Benin warriors. He is standing
+on an elephant which has a proboscis terminating in a human hand. This
+peculiarity is represented very often in the bronze antiquities of the
+Benin country, and especially on the carved tusk, Figs. 167 and 168,
+Plate XXVI, and must probably represent some great fetish; the present
+race, on enquiries being made, could not elucidate this matter, so its
+history must date back many ages. This elephant is in turn supported
+by the usual two royal leopards. The monarch holds in his right hand
+his chief ju-ju, which never leaves him night or day; in his left
+hand he holds a neolithic or stone axe head, edge upwards, which are
+looked up to by the natives even now with great awe and superstition.
+The interior of the upper part of the mace is hollow, having a piece
+of metal inside, formed like a long crotal, and was used as a bell
+to keep order. The broad leaf-shaped swords and the execution swords
+are depicted in several places over the mace. It is ornamented with
+guilloche pattern of two and three bands with intervening pellets.
+Part of the mace is ornamented in imitation of twine binding. Near the
+foot of the staff is the figure of another elephant with proboscis
+terminating in a human hand, holding a plant like a prickly-pear.
+Beneath the elephant are two human figures, with Maltese crosses on
+breasts, axes in left hands, and sticks in right. Below this are two
+axes hafted in serpents' heads, which have human hands in their mouths
+and sinuous bodies. Crocodile, head downwards, and two interlaced
+mud-fish.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII.
+
+
+Figs. 73 to 75.--Three triangular brass bells. Fig. 73 has a negro head
+in relief on the front and fish-scale pattern.
+
+Fig. 74 has the eyes, nose and mouth of a human face only.
+
+Fig. 75 has a spiral in place of a face.
+
+Figs. 76 to 78.--Sistrum in brass, representing two cups, the lower
+one ornamented with a figure holding a ball. The upper figures on each
+side represent a king with the arms upheld by attendants on both sides;
+on one side the attendants are kneeling. A hand holding a plaque or
+book is represented on each side. Crotals are attached to the sistrum
+on both sides. A stand in form of a socket to fit a pole and a band
+ornamented with interlaced strap-work. This object appears certainly to
+be a sistrum, as human figures are shown in some of the plaques holding
+them in their hands and striking them with a rod to produce a sound.
+A similar instrument in iron, modern, is figured by Mr. Ling Roth, in
+"The Reliquary," Vol. IV, 1898, p. 165, from the Yoruba country.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIII.
+
+
+Figs. 79 to 81.--Figure of a warrior on horseback. Spear in right
+hand, the blade having an ogee corrugated section, similar to those
+used in all parts of Africa where metal blades are used. The edges of
+the blade are bent over by rough usage, which makes it look like a
+spoon. The duct for the metal runs from the head of the horse. Darts
+in left hand. The ends of the spear and darts are bent inwards, as if
+by rough usage. The chain halter is similar to those seen on other
+horses and is used as a bridle, held by the little finger of the left
+hand. A circular shield, similar to the one in this collection (Plate
+XVIII, Fig. 102), though differently decorated, is slung on the left
+side over the thigh. The spurs attached to the legs have four points
+arranged horizontally. The figure has a leopard's skin on front and
+back, ornamented with representations of cowrie shells. The coat and
+collar bordered with interlaced strap-work. Dagger on right side.
+Crown, apparently of feathers, on head. Base ornamented with interlaced
+strap-work or guilloche pattern. The horse is fairly well formed.
+The hair conventionalized in straight lines. The face is that of a
+negro.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIV.
+
+
+Figs. 82 and 83.--Well-formed bronze head of a negress. Reticulated
+head-dress of agate or coral. Coral necklace. Pendant of agate on
+centre of forehead. The pupils of the eyes inlaid apparently with iron.
+The upper lip has been inlaid probably with brass. Eleven bands of
+coral or agate hang from the head-dress on each side. Well-formed ears.
+This and Figs. 88 and 89, Plate XV, and Figs. 98 and 99, Plate XVII,
+are the best formed heads in the collection.
+
+Figs. 84 and 85.--Bronze figure firing a gun, probably representing an
+European, with beard, presenting a flint-lock gun. The barrel of the
+gun is broken off at the left hand. European morion of the sixteenth
+century on head, ornamented with interlaced strap-work. Sword or
+cutlass with European guard and a flint-lock pistol slung on left
+side. On the right side, a dagger. Armour ornamented with strap-work
+or interlaced work. On the pedestal are represented two flint-lock
+pistols, a cross-bow, a three-pronged spear, two figures holding guns
+and interlaced strap-work.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XV.
+
+
+Figs. 86 and 87.--Brass head inlaid with a copper band along the nose.
+The pupils of the eyes inlaid with iron. Reticulated head-dress of
+coral or agate. Three tribal marks over each eye. Conventionalized
+mud-fish in a frill around neck.
+
+Figs. 88 and 89.--Well-formed head in bronze, the forehead decorated
+with two inlaid bands and four raised tribal marks over each eye. The
+pupils of the eyes inlaid apparently with iron. Coral necklace. The
+hair in conventional bands of ridges; the ears unusually well formed.
+
+Figs. 90 and 91.--Human figure standing in bronze. Negro features.
+Three tribal marks over each eye. Curved lines of circles and
+hatchings above and below the eyes. Three radiating lines branching
+from the corners of the mouth. Pot helmet, with brim and reticulated
+ornamentation. The ears are very rudely formed. An object somewhat
+resembling a key or axe in the left hand. There appears to have been
+a staff or pole in the right hand. A cross with equal arms hangs on
+the breast by a chain, apparently resembling a religious order. The
+skirt only slightly tucked up on left side, ornamented with a guilloche
+pattern of two bands. A rough cast. This figure is very similar to
+Figs. 293 and 294, Plate XXXVIII.
+
+Figs. 92 and 93.--Female, in bronze, with staff in left hand. Skirt
+ornamented with three bands of guilloche pattern. Head-dress of coral
+or agate. Coral choker, and tribal marks.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI.
+
+
+Figs. 94 and 95.--Bronze cast of human head. Negro features. Three
+tribal marks over each eye. Pupils of eyes inlaid with iron.
+Reticulated head-dress and rosettes of coral or agate, similar to that
+represented in Plate XXI, Fig. 121. Coral choker, badge of rank. Twelve
+bands of coral and a band apparently of plaited hair hanging from
+head-dress on each side.
+
+Figs. 96 and 97.--Human head in brass. Marked negro features, tattoed
+with dots and hatchings above and below the eyes. Branch-like figures,
+perhaps coral, growing out of the eyes. Three tribal marks over each
+eye. Pupils of eyes inlaid with iron. Reticulated head-dress and
+rosettes, of coral or agate, similar to those represented in Plate XXI,
+Fig. 121. Peculiar figures on each side of the head-dress, perhaps
+representing feathers. Coral choker, badge of rank. Bands of coral or
+agate hang down from the head-dress at the sides and back of the head.
+On the projecting base are represented two leopards, an ox's head, and
+other animals, four arms and hands, and a neolithic celt in front.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII.
+
+
+Figs. 98 and 99.--Well-formed head in bronze, the forehead decorated
+with two inlaid bands and four raised cicatrices (tribal marks) over
+each eye. The pupils of the eyes inlaid apparently with iron, coral
+necklace, a badge of rank. The metal is very thin, being only 1 mm. in
+thickness. The hair in conventional bands of ridges; the ears unusually
+well formed.
+
+Figs. 100 and 101.--Bronze cast of human head. Marked negro features,
+rudely formed. Three tribal marks over each eye. Peculiar pointed
+reticulated head-dress of coral or agate. Curious lines of incised
+circles above and below the eyes. Coral choker, badge of rank. Bands of
+coral or agate hanging down on both sides and at the back. Ears badly
+formed. The projecting base ornamented with a guilloche pattern of two
+bands with pellets.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVIII.
+
+
+Fig. 102.--Brass shield, 2 feet in diameter and ·08 inch in thickness,
+ornamented with three concentric rings. The outer one represents a row
+of leopards, with human heads and head-dresses alternating. A broad
+leaf-shaped sword, similar to Fig. 106, and two execution swords,
+similar to Fig. 110, are also represented on this ring. The middle
+ring is ornamented with a serpent with sinuous body, having its tail
+in its mouth. The inner ring is filled with foil ornaments, and small
+circles cover both this and the outer ring. There is a square hole in
+the centre for the attachment of the handle. The shield resembles that
+slung on the left hip of the mounted warrior, Figs. 79 to 81, Plate
+XIII, but with different ornamentation.
+
+Fig. 103.--Iron dart, or spear, 5 feet 1 inch long, with wooden shaft.
+The blade is leaf-shaped with socket, and is rudely forged.
+
+Fig. 104.--Iron dart, 3 feet 7-1/4 inches long, with barbed head and
+iron shaft.
+
+Fig. 105.--Iron dagger, or short sword, length 16-1/4 inches; the
+incised ornamentation is on alternate sides, like those of the Gaboon
+and other parts of Africa. There are also sinuous lines engraved on
+alternate sides. It is rudely forged, and the handle is very small and
+bound with strips of copper.
+
+Fig. 106.--Iron leaf-shaped sword, length 19-1/4 inches, similar in
+form to those frequently represented in the hands of warriors on the
+plaques. It is rudely forged. The wooden handle is inlaid with copper.
+
+Fig. 107.--Iron leaf-shaped sword, length 19-1/2 inches, with
+alternating ornamentation on the opposite sides of the blade, similar
+to that prevailing in the Gaboon and other parts of Africa. The handle
+is very small, and is bound with strips of iron.
+
+Figs. 108 and 109.--Brass implement, resembling a bill-hook. The edge
+is on the convex side and the concave side is blunt. It is pierced with
+five holes and engraved with hatchings in Benin style, in which are
+included two stars, a cross, and three crocodiles.
+
+Fig. 110.--Iron execution sword, 3 feet 1 inch long, hilt and pommel
+of brass, with copper inlaid ornamentation. The grip bound with brass
+wire. It is single-edged, the edge being on the convex side. It
+resembles the swords engraved on the circular shield, Fig. 102, one
+on each side of the broad leaf-shaped sword. This kind of sword is
+held in the hands of warriors on two plaques in this collection, Fig.
+254, Plate XXXIII, and Fig. 291, Plate XXXVIII. It is also seen on the
+carved cocoa-nut, Fig. 220, Plate XXX, and elsewhere. It is rudely
+forged.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIX.
+
+
+Fig. 111.--Bronze ægis, representing a chief standing with attendants
+holding up his hands in a manner similar to Figs. 76-78, Plate XII, and
+Figs. 167 and 168, Plate XXVIII. Frogs between the feet. Cylindrical
+spikes on head-dresses.
+
+Fig. 112.--Bronze ægis, representing man on horseback to left,
+wearing single-edged sword with guard. A ranseur of the sixteenth or
+seventeenth century in right hand, point down. The hair is straight and
+combed out, and may probably represent a white man. The chain bridle is
+held up in left hand. Small crotals with chains hang from the eyelets
+on the edge of the ægis. Pattern of fish-scales on ground similar to
+that on the brass bell, Fig. 73, Plate XII, and elsewhere.
+
+Figs. 113 and 114.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure standing;
+long spear, multibarbed, with ogee-sectioned blade in right hand,
+pointing downwards, knob at butt end. There are twelve ducts running
+from the ground of the plaque to the shaft of the spear. In left hand
+a broad leaf-shaped sword, with a ring attached to pommel, like Figs.
+4, 13, 114, 131, 254, 255, &c. Dress like a nightshirt, and composed
+apparently of strings of coral, with bare arms. Dagger or short sword
+on left side. Quadrangular bell on neck; teeth necklace; coral choker,
+badge of rank. Head-dress of metal, in form somewhat resembling
+a grenadier cap. Six rosettes on ground, and quatrefoil leaves
+incised.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX.
+
+
+Fig. 115.--Brass key, a good deal filed and tooled all over. Handle
+ornamented with twisted rope pattern. The form of this key cannot be
+identified as Roman, and is probably European.
+
+Fig. 116.--Bronze stand for the game of mancala, with ten holes and
+two irregular-shaped cavities in the centre. It is the same game as
+Figs. 184 and 185, Plate XXVIII, but with fewer holes. The sides are
+ornamented with interlaced strap-work, and the stem and the edge of
+the base with varieties of guilloche pattern. This game is distributed
+nearly all over Africa, and is said to be found wherever Arab influence
+is seen. It is also found in Palestine, Syria, Arabia, Maldive Islands,
+India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Java, and the Philippine Islands.
+
+Fig. 117.--Brass bell, with reticulated pierced work. Negro head on
+front. This bell is interesting as being a survival of the bells so
+often seen hanging from the necks of the figures on the plaques. It is
+evident that it never could have emitted any sound.
+
+Fig. 118.--Entire tortoise shell, upper and under sides, in brass;
+ornamented on the upper side with geometrical pattern; each figure
+inlaid with a copper bolt or stud in the centre.
+
+Figs. 119 and 120.--Bronze human head for holding carved elephants'
+tusks. The head-dress, pointed and reticulated, representing coral
+or agate. Four tribal marks over each eye. Six vertical bands of
+inlaid iron-work over the nose. The pupils of the eyes are of iron.
+The head-dress resembles Figs. 100 and 101, Plate XVII. Coral choker.
+Guilloche pattern on projecting base.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI.
+
+
+Fig. 121.--Head-dress composed entirely of agate. It serves to explain
+the construction of the head-dresses on the bronze plaques and figures,
+showing how the reticulated effect on the plaques is formed by beads
+of agate strung together in a kind of network. The rosettes of agate,
+and the tags and pendants are also explained by this figure. See Figs.
+2, 4, 43, 44, 82, 83, 86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 119, 120, 124,
+125, 126, 127, 232-234, 277, 278, &c.
+
+Figs. 122 and 123.--Circular brass box, ornamented on the top with a
+central figure in repoussé work, holding two crocodiles upright in each
+hand. The legs terminate in a band turned up on each side as shown
+in other designs in Benin art. There are also circular heads having
+tribal marks over the eyes. Rosettes, guilloche and fish-scale patterns
+are also represented in repoussé. The pieces of the box are rivetted
+together with bands of copper. This appears to be the kind of box
+represented in the hands of one of the smaller figures in the plaque,
+Fig. 179, Plate XXVII. The latter, however, is taller. These objects
+have been described by Mr. C. Read as drums in his paper in the "Journ.
+Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. XXVII, Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. Viewed as a drum, the
+projecting flanges at top and bottom are not explained.
+
+Figs. 124 and 125.--Human mask of brass; the pupils of the eyes inlaid
+with iron. Reticulated head-dress, with rosettes probably of agate.
+Three tribal marks over each eye. Rows of semi-circles filled with
+semi-circles round neck. The features are rounded, and, although a good
+deal tooled, are less flattened by filing than some of these masks.
+This is a good specimen of Benin art.
+
+Figs. 126 and 127.--Human mask of brass; the pupils of the eyes inlaid
+with iron. Reticulated head-dress, with rosettes probably of agate.
+Coral band above the forehead. Three tribal marks over each eye. Ears
+badly formed. Coral choker, badge of rank. Guilloche pattern, with
+pellets round neck. The face is very much tooled and filed, and the
+lips and nose flattened by filing. Crotals have probably been suspended
+from the eyelets below, as indicated by the eight links of chains left
+remaining (see Plate XIX, Fig. 112).
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXII.
+
+
+Fig. 128.--Armlet entirely of brass, without other metal. Ornamented
+with four upright figures and four horizontal heads. The upright
+figures have their forearms elevated. The legs are very attenuated
+and the skirt of the dress very pronounced. Eyebrows extremely
+prominent, and the head-dress of peculiar form and conical. The armlet
+is surmounted by raised bands, which pass over the figures, and are
+separated by pierced work. Broad rims are shown at top and bottom, and
+are edged with herring-bone pattern.
+
+Fig. 129.--Bronze plaque, representing human figure with beard, riding
+to right; a ranseur of the sixteenth or seventeenth century in right
+hand, point downwards. Hair combed out straight. No tribal marks.
+Bodice fastened with buttons. Pleated kilt like Figs. 235 and 236,
+Plate XXXI, and Fig. 247, Plate XXXII. Twisted or plaited bridle of
+some limp substance in left hand. Bell and crotals on horse's neck.
+Leopards in relief behind figure of horse. Ground ornamented with
+trefoil leaves and punch-marks. This figure does not appear to be
+negro. The horse appears to be galloping, which is not the usual Benin
+method of locomotion.
+
+Fig. 130.--Bronze plaque, representing two warriors with long, narrow,
+leaf-shaped swords upheld in right hands. Peculiar head-dress, a broad
+band on the frontal. Hair parted in the middle and hanging down behind.
+One figure has a beard. Both have objects resembling bows slung upon
+left arm. Leopards' teeth necklaces and quadrangular bells hanging from
+necks. Ground ornamented with leaf-shaped foil ornaments incised.
+
+Fig. 131.--Bronze plaque, representing five figures; central figure
+holding a staff of unusual form in right hand; coral choker; oval
+head-dress; small bells attached to straps hanging down from girdle;
+anklets and armlets, the former adorned with crotals; left hand on
+handle of sword in scabbard on left side. Small figures on each side
+with javelins, the points in a sheath. The larger attendants on each
+side holding shields over the central figure, as described by De Bry
+in the seventeenth century. All the attendants have a bag on right
+side, strapped over shoulder. One of the smaller attendants has a broad
+leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand, holding it by the ring attached
+to the pommel.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII.
+
+
+Figs. 132 and 133.--Small head of boy, in bronze, with three raised
+tribal marks over each eye, and two vertical marks on forehead.
+Head-dress with crest.
+
+Fig. 134.--Figures in bronze, representing two rude human figures, male
+and female, attending an animal, probably a bear. A plate, or board, of
+three rows of circles with ten circles in each row, is laid out before
+the figures, and is perhaps a game of mancala, of which examples are
+seen in Plate XX, Fig. 116, and Plate XXVIII, Figs. 184 and 185. The
+female figure has very large anklets, and her hands are spread upon
+her stomach. The hair is plaited and ornamented with knobs, resembling
+a Mexican pottery figure in this collection. The hair of the male
+figure is plaited and turned over on the left side, and he is sitting
+cross-legged. His left arm and hand are spread upon the bear, and he
+has a rod in the right hand. A burnt core of sand is seen under the
+thin metal pedestal.
+
+Fig. 135.--Brass bottle, hung by chain, and ornamented with
+representation of twisted twine, and a guilloche pattern without
+pellets round the swell. The rings for hanging it are similar to those
+on the powder flask, Figs. 56 and 57, Plate IX. A similar brass bottle,
+but smaller, is represented in Plate XXXV, Fig. 267.
+
+Figs. 137 and 138.--A very rude head of bronze; probably used as the
+stand for a carved tusk. Four tribal marks over each eye; the eyes
+projecting like those of Figs. 265-6, Plate 35. This is the rudest head
+in the collection.
+
+Fig. 139.--A cylindrical stand of bronze, for carved tusks,
+representing on the outside four female figures standing, with bands
+of upright interlaced strap-work between. All the figures are holding
+objects in their hands. One holds a bird, another a sistrum, which is
+being beaten with a stick; the rest are broken. Two of the bands of
+interlaced strap-work are of thin repoussé work, and nailed on with
+bronze nails. The base and top are ornamented with looped straps,
+similar to No. 140. All the figures have three incised tribal marks
+over the eyes, and crested head-gear. A vertical hole for the carved
+tusk runs down the centre, like those in all the human heads.
+
+Fig. 140.--Armlet of brass, pierced work, ornamented with bands of
+looped straps, similar to Fig. 139, and two bands of concentric
+semicircles alternating with Maltese crosses. Around the centre is a
+band of broken guilloche pattern, forming a transitional link between
+the guilloche, and a peculiar floral ornament common to Benin art. The
+representation of European screw-heads forms part of the ornamentation,
+and raised eyelets alternate with the screw-head ornaments.
+
+Fig. 141.--Armlet of copper, ornamented with horizontal human heads of
+brass. The head-dresses are ornamented with fish-scale pattern, and the
+hair is combed out straight. The heads alternate with double-coiled
+mud-fish, resembling Fig. 276, Plate XXXVI. It is not quite easy to
+understand how this work was done. Both the copper and the brass appear
+to have been formed by casting.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV.
+
+
+Fig. 142.--Bronze open-mouthed vessel, with six projecting eyelets
+round the neck, and a handle.
+
+Figs. 143 and 144.--Bronze or brass figure of cock, 22 inches high,
+including pedestal. The feathers are represented in straight and
+curved lines of hatchings. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid copper,
+of lozenge-shaped form. The tarsus is unnaturally broad. On the top of
+the pedestal in front is a Maltese cross, with a band of interlaced
+strap-work. The sides of the base are ornamented with interlaced
+strap-work, and representations of three ox's heads are on the front. A
+fine specimen of barbaric art.
+
+Figs. 145 and 146.--Human naked figure of bronze. A large thick plaster
+covers the whole of the back, and is fastened on with cords round the
+arms and legs. Mr. H. Ling Roth believes this to represent a cure for
+cretinism, and says that two larger figures like it have been seen in
+Benin city. ("Reliquary," Vol. IV, 1898, p. 173.)
+
+Figs. 147 and 148.--Two bronze female figures back to back, with one
+hat, being the handle of one of the swords or wands (see Figs. 202 to
+211, Plate XXIX), used by virgins in their dances. There is a large
+iron pin right through the casting.
+
+Figs. 149 and 150.--Bronze head of girl. Three tribal marks incised
+over each eye; pupils of eyes of iron, inlaid; necklace of agate or
+coral.
+
+Figs. 151 and 152.--Brass vessel, resembling a coffee pot. A human
+figure sitting in front, out of the mouth of which the spout emerges.
+The handle at back represents a sinuous snake with the head downwards,
+like that of Fig. 46, Plate VIII. Bands of fish-scale pattern surround
+the vessel.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXV.
+
+
+Figs. 153 and 154.--Carved ivory head of leopard, the spots of lead,
+inlaid. This resembles in form the bronze ones, Figs. 58-63, Plate X.
+It is apparently very old.
+
+Figs. 155 to 157.--Ivory carved sistrum, with a large and a small bell,
+similar to the brass one, Figs. 76-78, Plate XII. On the side of the
+large bell is a chief standing with his hands upheld by attendants in
+the usual manner; a snake-headed sash hangs from waist. On the top two
+carved figures, one of which has been broken off. At the back of the
+small bell is a band of straight line diaper pattern, and on the top
+a crocodile's head holding a closed human hand. It is much broken.
+This object is of interest as showing it to be a survival derived from
+a metal sistrum. Mr. H. Ling Roth has described this object at some
+length in "The Studio," December, 1898.
+
+Fig. 158.--Necklace of bronze, ornamented with human heads in
+relief, and birds with long beaks, perhaps meant for vultures, but
+too long-necked for that bird, picking at the figures of extended
+skeletons. In the intervals between the other figures are oval holes
+with raised edges, probably a degenerate representation of the coiled
+mud-fish so frequently shown in other Benin antiquities. The fastening
+end of the necklace is broken, disclosing the fact that the core of the
+object is of some lighter material encased in copper or bronze. It has
+a hinge on one side, probably to facilitate the opening of it.
+
+Figs. 159 and 160.--Brass handle of iron sword, with fragment of the
+iron sword in it. It has two human faces back to back, covered by
+one hat, as in Figs. 147 and 148, Plate XXIV, and representations of
+European screw-heads used as ornaments, as in Fig. 140, Plate XXIII.
+
+Figs. 161 to 163.--Bronze staff of office, 4 feet 11 inches in length,
+weighing 14 lbs.; it has two elongated crotals in the upper end, with
+long slits for the emission of the sound, enclosing loose rods of iron.
+Between the slits are vertical bands of guilloche pattern with raised
+edges, similar to those represented on the stem and top of the mancala
+board, Fig. 116, Plate XX, and a horizontal band of guilloche pattern
+with pellets in relief. On the top is an upright human hand, holding
+a curled mud-fish. The middle of the staff is ornamented by curious
+nondescript figures alternating with balls, and the lower end has an
+oblong butt ornamented on the four sides with guilloche pattern, like
+that of the crotals on the upper end. The staff has been broken in the
+middle and mended by recasting in a clumsy way, the metal of the part
+introduced being thicker than the staff itself.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVI.
+
+
+Figs. 164 and 165.--Carved ivory figure of a woman (?) standing, the
+arms deficient; They were fitted into square sockets on each side, and
+were fastened by large bronze nails, one of which remains. A row of
+five leopards' heads hanging from the waist-belt, edged with rows of
+pellets, or perhaps eyelets, but much defaced. The lips are very thick
+and the nose broad. The pupils of the eyes are represented by deep
+circular cavities. No tribal marks apparent, the breasts are not large,
+but pendant. The whole of the ivory is very much weathered and pitted,
+especially the legs and base. The figure was accompanied by another of
+the same size exactly like it and without arms, which was not purchased.
+
+Fig. 166.--Coral whip or whisk, probably a badge of office. Four tags,
+two of which are ornamented with crocodiles embroidered with metal.
+
+Figs. 167 and 168.--Ivory carved tusk, 3 feet 6 inches long from bottom
+to point. Band at bottom with reticulated or square-shaped ornament,
+probably derived from interlacing bands. Commencing from the bottom,
+the ornamentation consists of:--A coiled serpent, tail in mouth.
+Leopard's head and human head. Human figures standing, one having a
+cross on breast, and a key or axe-shaped object in left hand similar
+to the bronze figure, Figs. 90 and 91, Plate XV; staff in right hand.
+Figure holding sash round waist. Elephant's head with tusks, proboscis
+terminating in a human hand. Human figure with spear in left hand,
+shield in right hand. Bird standing on pedestal. Human figure upholding
+broad leaf-shaped sword in right hand; bell on neck; pedestal on top of
+head; feather in cap. Human figure.
+
+Fig. 169.--Ivory ring, carved, with 3 birds.
+
+Fig. 170.--Ivory bracelet, rudely carved, with representations of
+leopards' and elephants' heads and perhaps the vestiges of the mud-fish.
+
+Fig. 171.--Carved ivory bracelet, representing a snake, the eyes inlaid.
+
+Figs. 172 and 173.--Ivory bell, or rattle. With clapper of ivory,
+consisting of an elephant's tusk point, with human head carved; tribal
+marks over eyes.
+
+Figs. 174 and 175.--Dagger, the handle ornamented with lines of dots
+and circles. The blade has an ogee section, similar to that which
+prevails in the Gaboon and nearly all parts of Africa.
+
+Figs. 176 and 177.--Wooden head-dress. The horizontal bar appears
+to represent a shark with mouth and tail, ornamented with carved
+representations of animals and masks. Said to be from Benin, West
+Africa. The masks are quite characteristic of Benin art. The eyes of
+the large mask are formed of the metal bases of cartridges, which
+proves it to be quite modern. It is similar in character to Fig. 183,
+Plate XXVII. It is perhaps Jekri, see a paper by Messrs. Granville and
+Ling Roth in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. I, New Series, Plate
+VIII, Fig. 3.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVII.
+
+
+Fig. 178.--Ivory trumpet, made of the point of an elephant's tusk.
+Mouth-hole on the convex side. The butt end is ornamented with two
+snakes in two bands, tails in mouths.
+
+Fig. 179.--Bronze plaque, with five figures; the central figure with
+coral choker, badge of rank, coral or agate head-dress with feather,
+and sash. Broad leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand; spear, point
+down, in left. Two boys, one with ivory trumpet, the other holding a
+brass box nearly similar to Figs. 122 and 123, Plate XXI. These objects
+have been described by Messrs. Read and Dalton as drums in their paper
+in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. XXVII, Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. Viewed
+as a drum, the projecting flanges at top and bottom are not explained.
+Leopard's head on girdle. Attendants carrying shields; quadrangular
+bells on necks. The left attendant is holding the same spear as the
+central figure, point down, as in Fig. 17, Plate IV. Head-dresses of
+attendants with ornaments of cowrie shells. Ground ornamented with
+leaf-shaped foil ornaments incised.
+
+Fig. 180.--Bronze plaque, representing the figure of a warrior, with
+unusually formed helmet, apparently of metal. Quadrangular bell on neck
+and teeth necklace. Shield on right arm, and spear with square cap at
+butt end, point downwards, in left hand. The ground is ornamented with
+two half-moons and the usual leaf-shaped foil ornaments incised.
+
+Fig. 181.--Bronze plaque, representing three figures, the central one
+beating a drum with his fingers, and no drum-sticks. The drum has pegs
+with knobs to fasten down the skin, like Fig. 248, Plate XXXII, and
+similar to the Jekri drum figured in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol.
+I, New Series, Plate VIII, Fig. 5. Quadrangular bell on chest. Both the
+side figures hold sistri with two bells, like Figs. 76 to 78, Plate
+XII, upheld in their left hands, which they are beating with sticks in
+their right hands. This plaque gives a fair idea of the kind of music
+used in Benin.
+
+Fig. 182.--Brass oblong box, lid deficient. Lock of European form and
+ornamentation. Faces and sides of box ornamented with raised rosettes
+and incised floral designs resembling that on Figs. 76 to 78, Plate
+XII, Fig. 225, Plate XXX, Fig. 282, Plate XXXVII, and Fig. 306, Plate
+XL. It has four legs, and is European in appearance.
+
+Fig. 183.--Wooden head-dress, with carved representations of animals
+on top. Said to be from Benin, West Africa. It was brought over from
+West Africa with things from Benin. It is similar in character to Figs.
+176 and 177, Plate XXVI. It is perhaps Jekri, see a paper by Messrs.
+Granville and Ling Roth in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst." Vol. I, New
+Series, Plate VIII, Fig. 3.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVIII.
+
+
+Figs. 184 and 185.--Large mancala board of bronze. It has 352
+holes; another in this collection, Fig. 116, Plate XX, has only ten
+circular holes. The sides are ornamented with rectangular forms
+linked together. This game is distributed all over Africa, especially
+where Arab influence is seen. It is also found in Palestine, Syria,
+Arabia, Maldive Islands, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Java and the
+Philippine Islands.
+
+Figs. 186 and 187.--Curved iron knife, with handle carved as a human
+figure. The edge is on the convex side.
+
+Figs. 188 and 189.--Dagger in leather sheath. Blade with a
+quadrilateral section. Brass handle with forked pommel.
+
+Figs. 190 and 191.--A dagger or prod of ivory. Negro head on the upper
+part, below which is a human female figure reversed and crouched; the
+hands holding the breasts; the legs crouched up. Stained yellow; blunt
+pointed.
+
+Figs. 192 and 193.--Point of elephant's tusk, carved with a
+representation of a human figure kneeling. At point, a skeleton of a
+crocodile, and a human head at base, the mouth of which is peculiar. It
+appears to be a whistle or musical instrument.
+
+Figs. 194 and 195.--Knife with ivory handle. The brass sheath
+ornamented with human figures, a floral ornament, and a man on a horse.
+
+Figs. 196 and 197.--Pointed rod of bronze, ornamented with two heads.
+Head-dress of upper head ornamented with bands of straight line diaper
+pattern. Crocodile head holding lower part of the rod in mouth.
+
+Figs. 198 and 199.--Broad knife-shaped sword of iron; the wooden handle
+bound with brass and iron bands alternating. On one side the blade is
+engraved with a human figure and an execution sword traced in lines
+of dots and incised lines, as is frequently the case in Australian
+representations of figures on wood. The other side of the blade has
+an ornamentation in leaves on a sinuous stem, and a square pattern of
+interlaced bands.
+
+Fig. 200.--Brass bracelet, having amongst other ornaments a band of
+straight line diaper pattern.
+
+Fig. 201.--Bronze link or buckle, or portion of one, with incised
+floral guilloche ornament, similar to that on the brass wand, Fig. 211,
+Plate XXIX, and the armlets, Fig. 140, Plate XXIII, and Fig. 238, Plate
+XXXII.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIX.
+
+
+Figs. 202 and 203.--Brass dancing sword or wand, said to be used by
+virgins in their dances. The handle is ornamented with two figures,
+which appear to be holding some objects. The blade is engraved with
+guilloche pattern on both sides.
+
+Figs. 204 to 209.--Three brass dancing swords or wands, said to be used
+by virgins in their dances. Each handle is ornamented by four rudely
+cast figures back to back, carrying objects in their hands, two of
+which can be identified as birds, and two or three have leaf-shaped
+swords with ring on pommel. One has bands of straight line diaper
+pattern. The blades are ornamented with guilloche patterns and floral
+ornaments incised.
+
+Figs. 210 and 211.--Brass dancing sword or wand, said to be used by
+virgins in their dances. The handle is ornamented with four figures,
+which are in pairs back to back. They appear to be holding swords
+and other objects. The blade is ornamented on one side with bands
+of strap-work, and on the other with a sinuous line of branching
+leaves (floral guilloche). Straight line diaper pattern and lines of
+half-circles are on the square stem of the handle.
+
+Figs. 212 and 213.--Iron wedge-shaped sword, single-edged, enlarging
+to a broad end. Ivory handle; the grip carved in pointed leaves and
+studded with lead; pommel in form of a leopard's head; the eyes inlaid
+with lead; a band carved as two scaly snakes at bottom. The scabbard
+worked in green plush and red cloth, with human figures and tortoises
+alternating. This is probably the kind of work represented in metal
+on some of the dresses on the plaques. The sword belts terminate in
+tassels of worsted or some other limp material.
+
+Fig. 214.--Iron spear-head, modern, with ogee section, similar to those
+of Benin. Iron and brass bound shaft.
+
+Figs. 215 and 216.--Iron spear, length 4 feet 11 inches, the head
+having an ogee section, similar to those used at the present time on
+the Gaboon and elsewhere in West Africa. Below the spear-head the shaft
+is ornamented with bronze figures of leopards in two places and two
+degenerate elephants' heads and eyes, the proboscis terminating in a
+human hand holding a leaf, as so frequently shown elsewhere. The butt
+end is cased and bound with brass. The shaft is of iron, with a brass
+band on the upper parts.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXX.
+
+
+Figs. 217 and 218.--Carved cocoa-nut, with carving representing a
+European in boat with spear in right hand and apparently a paddle in
+the left hand. Figure armed with hoe, and another cutting a palm-tree,
+with a kind of chisel in the right hand and a bill-hook in the left.
+One of the figures has distinct buttons on the coat.
+
+Figs. 219 to 221.--Carved cocoa-nut, representing a native on a horse
+to left, holding up chain-bridle in left hand; spear in right hand,
+point down. Horse very ill-formed and indistinct. Another carving
+represents a figure, apparently in boat, holding spears point down.
+One of the figures is beating a pressure drum, which Mr. Ling Roth
+describes as being similar to those of the modern Yorubas. The
+drum-sticks used by two of the figures have curved heads and flat ends.
+A band of chevrons within chevrons are on the trousers of two figures.
+The marks on the faces consist of three lines radiating from the
+corners of the mouth, as in Figs. 90 and 91, Plate XV, and crosses on
+the cheeks. Tribal marks on faces. A native execution sword, similar to
+Fig. 110, Plate XVIII, and a flint-lock gun are represented separately
+between the other figures. The cocoa-nut is hung by a chain of European
+manufacture. The stopper represents a human face on two supports. Mr.
+H. Ling Roth, in whose possession this object formerly was, gives a
+more detailed account of it in "The Studio," December, 1898.
+
+Fig. 222.--Small brass crotals with semicircular ornaments.
+
+Figs. 223 and 224.--Brass bracelet, ornamented with brass
+representations of rows of cowrie shells, in groups of nine.
+
+Figs. 225 and 226.--Brass object of unknown use, ornamented on the
+outside with three half-moons and a floral pattern in incised lines,
+similar to that on the brass sistrum, Figs. 76 to 78, Plate XII; the
+brass box, Fig. 182, Plate XXVII, and the large quadrangular bell,
+Figs. 281 and 282, Plate XXXVII. The half-moons are inlaid or plated in
+copper on the brass. The edges of the object are ornamented with a band
+of plain guilloche pattern incised. It is possible that this might be
+a degenerate representation of a double-coiled mud-fish, as shown on
+the bronze ægis, Fig. 276, Plate XXXVI, and on the bronze necklet, Fig.
+158, Plate XXV.
+
+Fig. 227.--Necklet of agate and coral beads. Said to have belonged to
+the King of Benin.
+
+Fig. 228.--Armlet of coral beads.
+
+Fig. 229.--Necklace of agate cylindrical beads.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXI.
+
+
+Fig. 230.--Eight shells of bronze gilt, forming part of a necklace.
+
+Fig. 231.--Ten gold shells, which formed part of the King of Benin's
+necklace. The shells appear to be "cerithidæ." They are cast hollow.
+The weight of the ten is 8-3/4 ounces.
+
+Figs. 232 to 234.--Bronze statuette, representing a figure standing;
+with broad leaf-shaped sword, similar to Figs. 326, 327, 328 and 329,
+having a twisted ring pommel in right hand, and a sistrum in left hand.
+Coral choker, badge of rank. Three tribal marks over each eye. Agate
+head-dress, similar to Fig. 121, Plate XXI, and curved agate pendants
+on each side. A large twisted ring rises out of the head-dress, which
+looks as if intended to enclose some thick band of cloth or other
+substance to suspend it. The crown of the head-dress terminates in a
+thick cylindrical spike with a flat top, like Fig. 111, Plate XIX,
+Fig. 155, Plate XXV, and Figs. 167 and 168, Plate XXVI. The sistrum is
+ornamented with a full-length human figure, holding a staff in right
+hand and the so-called key or axe in left hand. Beneath the bowl of
+the sistrum are three projecting cruciform bars, and the upper edge
+of the bowl is ornamented on each side with two heads very rudely
+cast. Dr. Felix Roth, in the "Halifax Naturalist," June, 1898, p. 33,
+speaks of these projecting prongs as being used for killing victims
+for sacrificial purposes, but the fact of their being sistri is shown
+in connection with Fig. 181, Plate XXVII. Sinuous serpents cover the
+shaft and bowl of the sistrum. The leaf-shaped sword is ornamented,
+front and back, with small imitations of itself. The figure has bands,
+probably of coral, crossing on the breast. The skirt is ornamented
+with conventionalized human heads with long hair and rows of guilloche
+pattern. Ankles have coral anklets. The skirt is bound up in the usual
+manner in a band behind the left shoulder. There is a band of small
+bells round the hips, and a human head and a bunch of bells on the left
+side. This figure was obtained from the Liverpool Museum, in the report
+of which it is elaborately described and figured with three others like
+it. "Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums," Vol. I, No. 2, p. 59. There is
+a figure like this in the British Museum. It is of considerable weight,
+being cast solid.
+
+Figs. 235 and 236.--Bronze figure of a native, holding what appears
+to be a flint-lock gun, but the hammer of the lock is broken off.
+The stock is ornamented with a debased human head. The figure has a
+leopard's skin on front and back, tail and hind legs of which are
+shown behind; the tail terminates in a square bell. Sword in sheath on
+right side and a dagger under the arm on left side, with small bags on
+both sides. There is a row of eighteen cartridges in the waist-belt
+in front. The cartridges appear to be stuck upright into sockets in
+the belt. A curved horn powder-flask is on the belt on the left side.
+Pleated kilt below waist-belt. On the ground, touching the feet, is
+a decapitated head and nine large pellets, perhaps cannon balls. The
+pedestal ornamented with interlaced strap-work, alternating with oval
+figures, in character resembling the ornament on the stock of the gun.
+It stands on a framework of curved bars, now broken. The breeches are
+ornamented with vertical rows of circles. Although this figure holds a
+flint-lock gun, it is undoubtedly a native, as three tribal marks are
+shown above each eye. The face is also prognathic. The head-dress seems
+to be of a woven material.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXII.
+
+
+Figs. 237 and 238.--Armlet of ivory, ornamented with representations
+of human heads, birds and animals, carved on the surface, and also of
+degenerate elephants' heads, the proboscis, in each case, terminating
+in a human hand holding a palm branch; horses' heads; tortoises;
+leopards, &c.; all of the most conventionalized forms. Bands of crotals
+are carved at each end of the armlet. The armlet consists of two halves
+connected by a thin brass plate and copper rivets on one side and on
+the other by copper fastenings. The plate is ornamented by a floral
+guilloche pattern, similar to that on the central band of Fig. 140, on
+the wands, Figs. 209 and 211, and elsewhere. This pattern is figured
+by Messrs. Read and Dalton in the "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. XXVII,
+Plate XXII. The carved figures represented on this ivory armlet are of
+much greater rudeness than those on the bronze objects generally. Much
+weathered and probably very old.
+
+Fig. 239.--Quadrangular brass bell, with a degenerate face on one side;
+the eyes of the face are converted into loops.
+
+Fig. 240.--Quadrangular brass bell. The loops on one side are evidently
+derived from the degenerate face on Fig. 239.
+
+Fig. 241.--Brass bracelet, consisting of human heads linked together.
+One of the heads has projections ornamented with concentric circles.
+
+Fig. 242.--Necklet of cylindrical coral beads, four of which are
+ornamented with straight line diaper pattern. One of the beads is
+ornamented with a guilloche pattern, with pellets inlaid with lead.
+
+Fig. 243.--Brass bracelet, of peculiar form, ornamented with small
+circular punch-marks.
+
+Fig. 244.--Brass bracelet, with clusters of rows of circular knobs or
+shells.
+
+Fig. 245.--Brass bracelet, with six quadrangular knobs having red agate
+inlaid; similar to Fig. 38, Plate VII.
+
+Fig. 246.--Ægis of bronze, representing a horse's head; edged with
+eyelets probably for suspending crotals, similar to Fig. 112, Plate
+XIX, and Figs. 126 and 127, Plate XXI. Engraved on one side of the back
+is a broad leaf-shaped sword with ring pommel, similar to that on the
+Ægis, Fig. 276, Plate XXXVI. These engravings are peculiar, and seem to
+denote a badge or mark, perhaps of ownership of some kind.
+
+[Illustration: BACK VIEW.]
+
+Fig. 247.--Bronze plaque, representing figure standing; weapon or
+implement resembling a ranseur of the sixteenth or seventeenth century
+in right hand, point upwards. Hair combed straight out. Pot helmet.
+Bodice fastened with three buttons and tags, perhaps armour. Left hand
+on left side. Band with clasp round waist. Pleated kilt like Fig. 129,
+Plate XXII; Figs. 235 and 236, Plate XXXI; Figs. 324 and 325, Plate
+XLII, and Figs. 360 and 361, Plate XLVI. This figure has very thick
+lips, but might not be negro. Ground ornamented with leaves in twos and
+threes, incised, and dotted punch-marks. The figure somewhat resembles
+in character the mounted figure, Fig. 129, Plate XXII.
+
+Fig. 248.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure playing a drum with
+sticks; quadrangular bell on neck, ornamented with a sinuous snake,
+head downwards. Head-dress with two feathers. Hair combed straight and
+coiled in plaits. A peculiar kind of straight line diaper pattern on
+drum. This drum has pegs with nobs to fasten down the skin, similar to
+that represented on the plaque, Fig. 181, Plate XXVII, and to the Jekri
+drum figured in "Journ. Anthrop. Inst.," Vol. I, New Series, Plate
+VIII, Fig. 5. Ground ornamented with incised leaf-shaped foil ornaments
+and punch-marks.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIII.
+
+
+Figs. 249 and 250.--Large bronze cover, use unknown; the ribs
+ornamented in the usual incised style of Benin work.
+
+Figs. 251 and 252.--Top of a bronze mace, with slits resembling a
+crotal and a figure with an object, probably a neolithic celt, in the
+right hand. The figure appears to be bent forward.
+
+Fig. 253.--Bronze round bell, similar to those attached to the dresses
+on the plaques, Fig. 254, Plate XXXIII, and Fig. 264, Plate XXXIV.
+
+Fig. 254.--Bronze plaque, representing a warrior, execution sword
+upheld in right hand; broad leaf-shaped sword in left, with a twisted
+ring or pommel. Quadrangular bell on neck, ornamented with a sinuous
+snake. Round bell on side; peculiar head-dress; armlets; object like a
+book under left arm; teeth necklace.
+
+Fig. 255.--Bronze plaque, representing two figures, the right one
+having a broad leaf-shaped sword upheld in right hand, with a large
+ring extending from pommel; teeth necklace, but no coral choker; no
+bell on neck; cylindro-oval head-dress with feather on left side. Both
+figures hold the same spear, point downwards. Left figure with shield
+on left arm, quadrangular bell, and leopard's skin dress. Head-dress of
+the same form as the other, ornamented with cowrie shells. Skirts of
+both figures ornamented with human heads.
+
+Fig. 256.--Carved wooden Jekri paddle, neighbourhood of Benin. Modern.
+Chain link shaft. Face on handle end. Pierced work blade.
+
+Fig. 257.--Carved wooden Jekri paddle, neighbourhood of Benin. Modern.
+Chain link shaft. Full length human figure on handle end. Pierced work
+blade, with human figures, crocodiles, etc.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIV.
+
+
+Figs. 258 to 260.--Round execution block, with marks on the top for
+the thumbs and forehead of the victim; elaborately ornamented all
+over. On the projection on which the forehead is intended to rest is a
+double row of cowrie shells, bound round. A band of guilloche pattern,
+incised, runs round the circle, and the projections for the thumbs of
+the victim are ornamented with herring-bone pattern. On the sides of
+the block are three human figures in relief holding hands; shields,
+a leaf-shaped sword, and a trident points down. The shields are
+ornamented with straight line diaper pattern, and a band of the same
+runs round the top of the edge of the block. Two human arms and hands
+are on the side, and two boxes or stools are between the human figures.
+The bottom of the sides is ornamented with a band of guilloche pattern
+in relief. The figures are clothed with jackets and skirts. The whole
+is much worn, as if by constant use.
+
+Fig. 261.--Ivory horn, mouth-piece on convex side. Ornamented with
+bands of broken guilloche pattern.
+
+Figs. 262 and 263.--Bronze plaque. A figure holding a so-called key in
+right hand. Coral choker, badge of rank. Head-dress, probably of agate
+or coral. No cross on dress.
+
+Fig. 264.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure standing holding in
+both hands a leaf-shaped sword of the kind shown in No. 130. The sword
+is narrower, and the swell of the blade nearer the point than in the
+majority of specimens. A round bell is attached to the left side. The
+hair appears to be dishevelled and partly plaited. Three tribal marks
+over eyes.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXV.
+
+
+Figs. 265 and 266.--Bronze grotesque mask, intended probably as a stand
+for the carved ivory tusks in the Ju-Ju houses. The eyeballs project
+like those of the head, No. 137. Three tribal marks over each eye, and
+four over the nose. The forehead is very projecting; the nose aquiline
+and very broad. Tags, apparently of coral, are on the sides. The ears
+are very large.
+
+Fig. 267.--Brass bottle and chain, rudely cast.
+
+Figs. 268 to 270.--Long oval wooden bowl carved out of the solid. On
+one side (Fig. 269) is a row of five human figures in relief; the
+central figure has his hands upheld by attendants, who hold in their
+other hands shields having barbed javelins, points upward behind them.
+The shields are ornamented with straight line diaper pattern. Another
+figure holds an object under the arm, perhaps a drum or a food vessel.
+At both ends there is a representation of a degenerate elephant's
+head, the proboscis terminating in a human hand holding a branch,
+similar to Figs. 72, 167, and 316. At one end is a rude representation
+of a degenerate mud-fish. The other side of the bowl (Fig. 268) is
+ornamented with a broad guilloche pattern and a square interlaced
+figure. The interior of the bowl is very rudely chiselled out, showing
+marks of the tool all over. The carving is very rough and much in the
+style of the execution block, Figs. 259 and 260, Plate XXXIV.
+
+Fig. 271.--Small bronze bird, with something in the mouth; very
+rude.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVI.
+
+
+Figs. 272 to 274.--Wooden comb, the handle carved as links of a chain,
+with a figure at top.
+
+Fig. 275.--Small iron knife or bill-hook; the edge on the convex side;
+with brass handle terminating in a pommel representing a human hand.
+
+Fig. 276.--Bronze ægis. Two interlaced mud-fish. This perhaps shows the
+origin of the oval hole sometimes found on some of the objects, see
+Fig. 141, Plate XXIII, and Fig. 158, Plate XXV. This ægis has a broad
+leaf-shaped sword incised on the back of it, as shown in the annexed
+woodcut. These engravings are peculiar, and seem to denote a badge
+or mark, perhaps of ownership of some kind. The ægis is edged with
+eyelets, probably for suspending crotals, similar to Fig. 112, Plate
+XIX, and Figs. 126 and 127, Plate XXI.
+
+[Illustration: BACK VIEW.]
+
+Figs. 277 and 278.--Head carved in hard wood. The coral choker, the
+band round the head-dress, the feather on left side and the base are
+entirely covered with thin brass or bronze. Apparently intended to
+represent a cast metal head. Whether this is the case, or whether it is
+earlier than the introduction of metal casting, it is difficult to say.
+The face only and the top of the head-dress are left uncovered with
+metal. The top of the head-dress represents a reticulated head-dress
+of agate, like No. 121. The pupils of the eyes and the three tribal
+marks over each eye are of darker wood let in. There is a bronze band
+of metal along the forehead and nose. A ring of bronze-headed nails
+surrounds each eye. There is a broad hanging band on each side of the
+face, covered with thin metal and surmounted by a conical ornament.
+The metal is fastened on to the wood with oblong rivets. The face is
+extremely rudely carved. Round the base is a band of peculiar ornament
+in repoussé work, which is either intended for a floral ornament or
+a broken guilloche pattern, like that on the blades of the wands and
+elsewhere. There is a vertical hole through the back of the head, which
+is not large enough to contain a tusk.
+
+Figs. 279 and 280.--Bronze rod, pointed below; perhaps the head of a
+staff intended to fit on to a wooden stem. Ornamented with a human
+figure sitting at top, with a human-headed staff in right hand, and a
+neolithic celt, edge up, in left hand. Coral choker and head-dress with
+serpents hanging head downwards, and a band of straight line diaper
+pattern. Three tribal marks over each eye. Band of guilloche pattern on
+skirt-rings for pendants (? crotals). Below, in a separate division,
+is a nude human figure kneeling and holding something in front in both
+hands. At sides sinuous serpents with the heads down, and crocodiles or
+lizards. Below again a sinuous serpent, head upwards. The whole very
+rudely cast.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVII.
+
+
+Figs. 281 and 282.--Bronze square bell, the ornamentation tastefully
+designed, with a human head, crocodiles, and floral ornaments. The
+clapper is in the form of a sinuous snake, head downwards.
+
+Fig. 283.--Ivory armlet, very rudely carved in human figures,
+crocodiles, serpents, &c.
+
+Figs. 284 and 285.--Brass or bronze sword, the pommel in the form of a
+twisted ring, as so frequently shown on the plaques, see Figs. 4, 113,
+179, 255, etc. The blade is of unusual form, very broad, and rounded at
+the end.
+
+Figs. 286 to 288.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure standing and
+holding in his left hand a staff with an eagle on the top. A staff with
+a bird on the top is represented in one of the figures of No. 139.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVIII.
+
+
+Fig. 289.--Bronze plaque, representing a human head with straight
+combed hair. Aquiline nose, moustache and beard; not of negro type. The
+ground ornamented with the usual leaf ornament.
+
+Fig. 290.--Bronze plaque, with pendant fruit ribbed. Raised rosettes
+and the usual leaf ornament on field incised.
+
+Fig. 291.--Bronze or brass plaque. Figure, full length; an unknown
+implement upheld in right hand, and an execution sword held
+horizontally in left hand. Three tribal marks over each eye. The dress
+ornamented with human heads, half-moons, and floral ornaments incised.
+Ground ornamented with the usual leaf-shaped ornament.
+
+Fig. 292.--Bronze ægis. A female with pointed head-dress, and coral
+choker, badge of rank; striking a sistrum with a rod. It is repaired
+with lead.
+
+Figs. 293 and 294.--Bronze statuette, representing a negro figure
+holding a so-called key in the left hand. The figure has three tribal
+marks over each eye, and three radiating lines branching from the
+corners of the mouth. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid with iron. A
+cross on the breast hanging from the neck by a cord. No coral choker,
+but a necklace perhaps of coral or agate. A pot hat with a narrow
+straight brim. This figure exactly resembles No. 90. The ears are very
+rudely formed. No hair is shown. The face is very prognathous and the
+nose broad and flat, not aquiline. The skirt is only slightly hooked
+up.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIX.
+
+
+Fig. 295.--Bronze plaque, head of horse, very much elongated. For the
+elongation of a horse's head, see the figure of horse and rider in
+Figs. 299 and 300.
+
+Figs. 296 and 297.--Bronze plaque, representing a cow's head, of
+natural form and proportions, with a rope bound round the horns.
+
+Fig. 298.--Bronze plaque. A sinuous serpent, head downwards. Ground
+ornamented with the usual foil ornament incised.
+
+Figs. 299 and 300.--Bronze man on horseback, holding a shield, with
+barbed javelins, points downwards, on right arm. A band of crotals hung
+over right shoulder. Sword on right side with European scabbard. The
+dress is peculiar and formed with lappets on front and back. The horse
+and rider are very attenuated and rudely executed. The horse tucked up
+like a greyhound, with head very long, like Fig. 295. Band with crotals
+round the horse's neck. Large flaws in the casting of both horse and
+rider.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XL.
+
+
+Fig. 301.--Bronze cock, the feathers represented by herring-bone
+pattern.
+
+Figs. 302 and 303.--Elephant's tusk formed as a trumpet. The mouthpiece
+on the convex side; with rattle. The loose pieces of the rattle carved
+out of the solid, through the oblong apertures. Ornamented with
+three bands of guilloche pattern; straight line diaper pattern, and
+degenerate mud-fish interlaced, in two places.
+
+Figs. 304 and 305.--Portion of an iron staff, ornamented with bands of
+bronze, on which are figured human faces, leopards' heads and bands of
+looped strands, similar to those on Figs. 139 and 140, Plate XXIII.
+
+Fig. 306.--Thin brass head ornament for horse, and a broad band to
+go along the top of the head and mane. The figure on the lower part
+represents a crocodile, head downwards, ornamented with rows of copper
+rivets. The band for the head is ornamented with a floral ornament
+(floral guilloche) consisting of a sinuous stem with a leaf branching
+out of each curve, similar to that shown on Figs. 209, 238 and 278.
+The whole of the ornamentation is in repoussé work, and is probably
+intended to be attached to leather.
+
+Figs. 307 and 308.--Lower portion of an iron staff, surrounded by bands
+of brass, ornamented with leopards' heads, frogs, looped strands and
+guilloche pattern.
+
+Fig. 309.--Square brass lamp, with four receptacles for wicks, one at
+each corner. Ornamented with dots of repoussé work, and suspended by an
+iron chain with long links and a hook.
+
+Figs. 310 to 313.--Bronze lamp, apparently with gold in its
+composition. The basin patched and riveted with copper. The bands for
+suspension ornamented with straight line diaper pattern (Fig. 312) and
+broken guilloche pattern (Fig. 313), united at top in a human figure
+(Fig. 311), having the private parts strongly pronounced. There are
+only one or two objects in this collection in which this peculiarity
+occurs, which is so prevalent in the art of most savages.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLI.
+
+
+Figs. 314 to 316.--Wooden stool, the top slightly basin-shaped; the
+stem carved to represent two interlaced serpents, but the interlacing
+is not continuous, being broken by a square hole pierced through the
+centre of the shaft. The heads of the serpents are conventional and
+they bend towards the top and bottom on alternate sides. The tails of
+the serpents terminate in the mouths of two frogs carved on the base
+and underside of the top of the seat. A human figure is in the mouth
+of the serpent resting on the base, holding a bill-hook in his left
+hand, similar to Figs. 108 and 109, Plate XVIII. On the underside of
+the seat, the serpent holds a leopard in its mouth; leopard holding
+a palm branch in its mouth. The other figures carved on the base and
+underside of the top are two degenerate mud-fish and two degenerate
+elephants' heads, the proboscis terminating in a human hand, like Figs.
+72 and 167. The seat is ornamented with an interlaced guilloche pattern
+surrounding the top edge of the seat.
+
+Fig. 317.--Wooden plaque, ornamented in the centre by a coil of
+interlaced strap-work, bounded by two lines of zigzag pattern. On one
+side a broad leaf-shaped sword with a ring pommel, similar to Figs. 326
+and 327, Plate XLII, and Figs. 328 and 329, Plate XLIII. The handle is
+ornamented with a straight line diaper pattern. On the other side is
+represented an execution sword, similar to Fig. 110, Plate XVIII.
+
+Figs. 318 and 319.--Wooden seat, of oblong form, supported by four
+legs, with cross-braces. All the ornamental portions are plated with
+thin brass, beaten on and riveted. The top of the seat is ornamented in
+the centre and ends by bands of single and double guilloche pattern,
+and in the centre of the squares by a square pattern of interlaced
+strands riveted on, similar to that represented on the blade of the
+sword, Fig. 199, Plate XXVIII. The legs and sides of the seat are
+ornamented by wheel-shaped forms, in eight places, and half-moons,
+similar to those on the ground-work of the plaque, Fig. 180, Plate
+XXVII. The stool in various parts is ornamented by brass-headed nails,
+which might perhaps be European.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLII.
+
+
+Figs. 320 and 321.--Wooden bird resembling a turkey. The inlaying of
+the eyes has disappeared; the feathers are conventionally represented
+by carved squares and lines of herring-bone pattern. On the top is a
+rudely-cut vertical projection 5 inches high and 2-1/2 inches broad,
+the meaning of which is unknown; and from it hangs on each side of
+the bird, a broad band 3-1/2 inches broad, carved with four rows of
+herring-bone pattern, the meaning of which is also unknown. The front
+of the base is ornamented with a guilloche pattern of four strands.
+
+Fig. 322.--Circular brass fan, thickness of metal, .02 inch; ornamented
+with bands of guilloche pattern, herring-bone, and straight line diaper
+patterns. The handle is riveted to the fan.
+
+Fig. 323.--Fan of hide. The sewing of leather resembles that of the
+brass fan, Fig. 322, Plate XLII.
+
+Figs. 324 and 325.--Bronze group of three human figures, the front
+figure kneeling, the hands in an attitude of prayer. The upper part
+naked, the lower part covered by a pleated kilt or skirt, similar to
+Figs. 129, 235, 236, and 247. The corners of the eyes ornamented with
+a raised barbed figure. A belt of two ropes round the waist with two
+loops behind, in one of which hang two links of a chain. This figure
+is attended behind by two short figures standing and armed with swords
+in sheaths. Coral necklaces and anklets. Three tribal marks incised
+over each eye. On the ground are three decapitated human heads, face
+upwards, and a dog. The base is ornamented with coiled figures.
+
+Figs. 326 and 327.--Broad leaf-shaped iron sword, similar to Figs. 328
+and 329, Plate XLIII. The handle enclosed in a large ring of metal,
+7 inches in diameter. The blade, which is .08 inch in thickness, is
+perforated by a pattern of holes.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIII.
+
+
+Figs. 328 and 329.--Broad leaf-shaped iron sword, similar to Figs. 326
+and 327, Plate XLII. The handle enclosed in a large ring of metal, 8
+inches by 5-1/2 inches interior measurement, twisted in two places.
+It has probably had a grip of wood, which has disappeared. The blade,
+which is only ·06 inch in thickness, is ornamented with a pattern of
+perforated holes. The use of this instrument is unknown; it may have
+been an execution sword, but, if so, the ring-guard appears superfluous.
+
+Fig. 330.--Iron staff, similar to the bronze one, Figs. 354 and
+355, Plate XLV. In the cluster at the top is the figure of a bird
+surmounting an animal, probably a chameleon, similar to the one
+half-way down the stem, and surrounded by a cluster of various
+implements and weapons, points upwards, amongst which may be
+distinguished a fork with diamond-shaped heads, a curved bill-hook, a
+chisel, a spud and a reaping-hook. Below this are two clusters each of
+six hanging bells; two sinuous snakes, heads upwards, are crawling up
+the stem.
+
+Figs. 331 and 332.--Carved wooden board, 10-1/2 feet in length and 1
+foot 11 inches broad; from a house in Benin city. It is ornamented
+with five panels in relief. Each panel has a circle with radiating
+lines, bounded by lines of guilloche pattern. The several panels are
+separated by broad bands of interlaced strap-work, deeply carved. The
+interlaced strap-work varies in design, some being simply plaited,
+and in others it is further complicated with twists and returns. Some
+have two interlaced bands, others four. The carving is irregular and
+traced by the eye without measure or T-square. Long sinuous snakes with
+heads are represented in the smaller lines dividing the panels and give
+the effect of a meander. The whole of the carving has originally been
+covered with thin plates of brass or bronze beaten on, traces of which
+are seen here and there fastened on with oblong rivets of metal.
+
+Figs. 333 to 335.--Round execution block and stand of wood, elaborately
+carved with figures of men and animals. On the top is a pointed spike
+of wood, 5 inches in height, on which the head of the victim appears
+to have rested, and below this on the surface at the top of the block
+are two receptacles for the thumbs of the victim, in the form of
+coiled mud-fish. The ornamentation on the top consists of squares and
+triangles filled with parallel straight lines alternating in direction,
+and edged with a circle of broken guilloche pattern. On the sides are
+three human figures, two of which are holding hands upwards, weapons
+and shields, and one a curved sword of European form, point downwards.
+Between these figures are two boxes or stools; there are also two human
+hands and other objects on the other side. The bottom of the block is
+surrounded by a broad guilloche pattern of four or five strands. The
+stand on which the block stands is of semicircular form. The top is
+ornamented with two animals, resembling crocodiles, conforming to the
+outline of the curve, and other animals and objects. On the front of
+this stand is a row of objects, consisting, in the centre, of a human
+figure holding something on the abdomen, human hands, animals' heads,
+and other objects. A very similar execution block, but without stand,
+is shown in Figs. 258 to 260, Plate XXXIV. The barbarous carving and
+ornamentation of such gruesome objects is quite characteristic of Benin
+art.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIV.
+
+
+Fig. 336.--Wooden casket in the form of an ox's head, coated with thin
+brass riveted on. From the forehead two human hands rise up holding the
+horns. Along the forehead and along the sides are three lines of single
+guilloche pattern in repoussé work. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid
+with a dark substance. It appears to be a box or casket of some kind.
+A similar box is shown in the hands of the small figure in plaque No.
+18, Plate IV. A precisely similar object from Benin is figured by Mr.
+Ling Roth in "The Studio," December, 1898, Fig. 18; and there is also
+another similar in the British Museum, figured in "Antiquities from
+Benin in the British Museum," Plate XI, Fig. 9.
+
+Fig. 337.--Half of a bronze circlet or necklet, similar to Fig. 158,
+Plate XXV; ornamented with two human forms with attenuated bodies
+and conventional heads, consisting of circles with five circular
+punch-marks to represent the features, and two other similar heads
+without bodies. The arms of these two figures are bound together at
+the wrists. At the feet of these two extended figures are two human
+heads of negro type, very well executed, and a leopard's head. It is
+ornamented in other places by a broad leaf-shaped sword and spirals.
+This remarkable work of savage art is shown in greater detail in the
+annexed woodcut.
+
+Fig. 338.--Bronze sword, perhaps an execution sword, but rather too
+small for that purpose; with wooden grip and pommel. The blade is
+ornamented on both sides with incised semicircles and curved lines. The
+cutting edge is on the convex side.
+
+Fig. 339.--Bronze sword, perhaps an execution sword, but rather too
+small for that purpose; ornamented with incised semicircles, like
+Fig. 338, and chevrons filled with parallel incised lines. The grip
+ornamented with parallel incised bands in imitation of binding. The
+blade is also ornamented with peculiar incised scrolls and circular
+punch-marks, and diamond forms.
+
+Fig. 340.--Bronze pin, ornamented with four conventionalized birds.
+Inlaid in various places with red agate, and ornamented with circular
+punch-marks.
+
+Fig. 341.--Bronze bell or sistrum, with small bell attached; both
+ornamented with an incised lozenge-shaped pattern. A similar double
+bell, from Yoruba, is figured by Mr. Ling Roth in "The Reliquary,"
+1898, p. 165.
+
+Fig. 342.--Bronze figure of boy, with the palms of the hands erect and
+open, as if denying having stolen anything. Serpent, head downwards, on
+forehead. Three incised tribal marks over each eye. Coral necklace.
+
+Figs. 343 and 344.--Human mask, of bronze. The pupils of the eyes
+inlaid with iron.
+
+Fig. 345.--Bronze leopard, tail deficient; total height, 15-1/4 inches.
+One of the hind legs broken off and repaired by natives with a piece of
+ivory. The leopard is covered with incised spots and small punch-marks
+all over. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid with iron.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLV.
+
+
+Fig. 346.--Quadrangular bronze bell, ornamented with mud-fish and a
+human head in relief. It is reticulated on all sides and could have
+emitted no sound.
+
+Fig. 347.--Quadrangular bronze bell, ornamented on one side by a
+degenerate human face in relief. The ornamentation tastefully designed.
+
+Fig. 348.--Bronze cock, somewhat similar to Fig. 301, Plate XL.
+
+Fig. 349.--Brass armlet, made from one piece of thin metal, joined by
+copper rivets. Ornamented by three naked human figures in relief, and
+bands of interlaced rings.
+
+Figs. 350 and 351.--Bronze trumpet, slightly curved, the mouth-hole on
+the convex side, similar in form to the ivory trumpets, Figs. 178, 192
+and 193. Projecting blades, like celts, on the large end, as in the
+sistrum in Figs. 232 to 234, Plate XXXI. A somewhat similar instrument
+is figured by Mr. Ling Roth in the "Halifax Naturalist," June, 1898,
+p. 32. Above these blades is a human head in relief, surmounted by a
+circular ring held in the mouth of a crocodile, head downwards. Other
+parts are ornamented by sinuous snakes in relief. It appears to have
+been used both as trumpet and axe.
+
+Figs. 352 and 353.--Bronze staff, probably intended to be held in the
+middle. Ornamented at both ends with human figures back to back. The
+stem ornamented with loops as in Figs. 208 and 209, Plate XXIX.
+
+Figs. 354 and 355.--Bronze staff, 4 feet 10-1/2 inches in length;
+ornamented at top with the figure of a bird with a small ball in
+its mouth, and apparently surmounting a leopard. Around it are ten
+leaf-shaped flanges ornamented with sinuous serpents, holding birds and
+crocodiles in their mouths. Below this is a human figure standing with
+very large hands, apparently clasped, and thumbs projecting upwards,
+out of all proportion to the size of the body; on the shoulders of this
+figure are two sinuous snakes. Below this are figures representing a
+monkey and a bull. The central figure is nude and kneeling with a
+cock in its hands, resting on a cluster of hanging bells. The lower
+part, which is broken and detached from the upper part, represents a
+human figure; in his left hand a large neolithic celt, and in his right
+hand a human-headed staff, similar in design to Figs. 279 and 280,
+Plate XXXVI. Below and in front of this figure are smaller figures,
+representing a human figure with a neolithic celt in the right hand
+and a spotted leopard, with tail curled over head, on the left. Rising
+from the head of the larger figure is an antelope, with two snakes
+springing out of its mouth, surrounded by representations of various
+weapons, points upwards. The whole appears to be constructed of bronze,
+surrounding an iron stem.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVI.
+
+
+Figs. 356 and 357.--Bronze staff, surmounted by a vulture holding
+something in its beak, as in Figs. 286 to 288, Plate XXXVII; Fig. 271,
+Plate XXXV, and Figs. 354 and 355, Plate XLV. In Fig. 139, Plate XXIII,
+and in "Antiquities from Benin in the British Museum," Plate XXIX, Fig.
+3, figures are shown holding these staves and striking them with rods.
+
+Figs. 358 and 359.--Bronze seated figure, apparently of an European.
+The dress has large buttons on one side. The hat, with brim, is
+ornamented with chevrons filled with parallel straight lines; the
+moustache very long; the nose aquiline and very large; the shoulders
+guarded by "wings." Left hand and forearm broken.
+
+Fig. 360.--Bronze or brass plaque, representing a figure standing to
+front, holding a piece of ring-money (Manilla) in right hand, similar
+to Plate XXI, Fig. 6, "Antiquities from Benin in the British Museum,"
+where their use and form are discussed (p. 27). The dress has a single
+row of buttons, somewhat similar to Fig. 247, Plate XXXII, where
+however the coat is fastened with tags; the left hand is similarly
+spread upon the chest. The face is prognathous, but with hooked nose.
+The hat appears to be an European chimney-pot hat. Other cases of a
+pleated kilt occur in Figs. 129, 235, 236, 247, 324, 325, and 361.
+
+Fig. 361.--Bronze plaque, representing a figure, seated, holding
+apparently a hand-cannon in both hands, the butt of which is curved
+down. The dress has buttons on one side, as in the previous figure, and
+is surmounted by a vandyke ornamented collar of European type. Belt
+and pleated kilt. Face, apparently European, aquiline nose. European
+helmet. European sword with guard on right side.
+
+Fig. 362.--Iron axe, in carved wooden handle and shaft; with six wooden
+human faces, the pupils of the eyes inlaid with lead.
+
+Figs. 363 and 364.--Iron hammer.
+
+Figs. 365 and 366.--Small human head in earthenware, being the only one
+of that material in this collection. The pupils of the eyes are inlaid
+with iron; two iron bands on the forehead, of which the traces have
+nearly disappeared. Hole in top of head like those of bronze. Coral
+choker. The features are well formed.
+
+Figs. 367 and 368.--Antelope's head, in bronze, with horns and ears.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVII.
+
+
+Figs. 369 to 371.--Bronze plaque, representing a sacrificial scene; it
+contains eight human figures, and a bullock just in the act of being
+slaughtered. All the figures except one have native features, dress,
+etc., and wear the insignia of executioners. The remaining figure is
+evidently intended to represent a European.
+
+Figs. 372 and 373.--A carved ivory box in the form of a mud or cat
+fish. The eyes are inlaid with lead.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVIII.
+
+
+Figs. 374 and 375.--Bronze statuette of a musician in the act of
+playing a wind instrument. He wears a pot hat, a collar, and loose
+necklet hanging down over the chest, also armlets and wristlets. He
+wears a decorated loin cloth, with a border representing a row of
+feathers, and in the centre of the garment is a conventional leopard's
+face. Height of statuette is 24-1/2 inches.
+
+Figs. 376 and 377.--Modern Benin sword; the blade is iron and decorated
+with incised birds and a nondescript animal. There are seven brass
+rivets hammered into the blade. The handle is covered with leather.
+Length of blade, 17-3/4 inches.
+
+Figs. 378 and 379.--Is a copper weapon which has had a wooden shaft.
+This weapon is of too soft a metal to be of much use.
+
+Figs. 380 and 381.--An iron weapon of an old make. The blade is
+decorated with an incised figure of a snake. Length of blade, 21-1/8
+inches.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIX.
+
+
+Figs. 382 and 383.--Cubical metal lamp, with handle, chain and hook
+for suspension. The hook is ornamented at its lower half with raised
+transverse incised lines and lozenge-shaped incisions. It is attached
+to a chain of three links, the upper and lower ones being oval; the
+middle one is 8-shaped. The other end of the chain is attached to a
+loop which projects from the head of a nude human figure (length of
+figure is 2-1/2 inches), the feet of which are fixed by a loop of
+copper wire to the handle of the bar; the handle has a zigzag guilloche
+pattern on the upper side. There is a human face in relief on the sides
+of the body of the lamp, with fish-scale pattern on the groundwork. The
+borders of the lamp are raised rope pattern, and have a double loop
+knot at each corner. The lamp has four legs, and from the centre of the
+bottom is a small round piece projecting, and not so long as the legs.
+It is capped with a circular bottom, which is decorated with incised
+concentric circles. Height from top of hook when suspended is 26 inches.
+
+Fig. 384.--Metal armlet, ornamented with five rows of inlaid copper
+conventionalized cat-fishes and human faces; the latter have long hair,
+long whiskers, and long noses. Height, 5-7/8 inches.
+
+Fig. 385.--Metal box, cylindrical in form, ornamented with three
+longitudinal rows of ox skulls in relief, and incised human faces.
+Height, 7 inches.
+
+Fig. 386.--Wooden comb, with carved design.
+
+Fig. 387.--Cast metal bowl. The small opening at the top is situated
+in the centre of an incised rosette; this, together with four similar
+but smaller rosettes, are coated with a copper wash. On the base is a
+rosette within a circle.
+
+Fig. 388.--Cast metal bowl. Distributed over the body of the bowl are
+eleven finely executed Maltese crosses.
+
+Fig. 389.--Quadrangular bronze bell, ornamented on three sides with
+open reticulated work, framed in by a border of the guilloche pattern.
+A conventional face, with long hair and beard, is on one of the
+reticulated sides. Near the base of the ornamented side is a small
+roughly circular hole. Height, 6 inches.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF PLATE L.
+
+
+Figs. 390 and 391.--Large metal bell. On one side is a human face in
+relief, with snakes issuing from the nostrils. Each of the two snakes
+grasps a mud or cat fish in its jaws. The ears project from the sides
+of the head-dress, and the neck has a frill consisting of a double
+row of perforated circles. The handle has an incised herring-bone
+ornamentation. Projecting from the sides of the bell are eight knobs.
+The base and crown of the bell have a border of strap-work pattern.
+Height of bell, 10 inches.
+
+Figs. 392 and 393.--Carved wooden head, which may have been a mask.
+Represents the head of a negro; it is hollow, and may have been
+intended for a mask, as there are open slits underneath each eye. The
+hair is represented by incised reticulated lines. The three black lines
+over the eyes represent cicatrices. The lower part of the face is
+rounded, and the chin not marked. Height, 13 inches.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+
+There is no figure 136 in the printed book, and the "annexed woodcut"
+referred to in the description of fig. 337 was not included. The
+figures in "Figs. 265,6, Plate 35" on p. 46 were hand-written.
+
+
+The following apparent errors have been corrected:
+
+p. 56 "Figs 192 and 193." changed to "Figs 192 and 193."
+
+p. 65 "Fig. 181 Plate XXVII" changed to "Fig. 181, Plate XXVII"
+
+p. 65 "Vol I" changed to "Vol. I"
+
+p. 70 "elephants's" changed to "elephant's"
+
+p. 74 "Fig. 282." changed to "Figs. 281 and 282."
+
+p. 94 "Figs 372 and 373" changed to "Figs. 372 and 373"
+
+p. 98 "Fig 385." changed to "Fig. 385."
+
+
+The following possible errors have not been changed:
+
+p. iv conquerers
+
+p. 32 tattoed
+
+p. 42 rivetted
+
+
+The following are used inconsistently in the text:
+
+a European and an European
+
+cat fish and cat-fish
+
+ground-work and groundwork
+
+Juju and Ju-ju
+
+mouthpiece and mouth-piece
+
+mudfish and mud-fish
+
+semicircles and semi-circles
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44014 ***