diff options
Diffstat (limited to '43992.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 43992.txt | 12130 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 12130 deletions
diff --git a/43992.txt b/43992.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0dde9b7..0000000 --- a/43992.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12130 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 2 (of -2), by Henry O. Forbes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 2 (of 2) - -Author: Henry O. Forbes - -Release Date: October 23, 2013 [EBook #43992] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HAND-BOOK TO THE PRIMATES *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Rod Crawford, Keith Edkins and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). A carat character -is used to denote superscription: a single character following the carat is -superscripted (example: A^4). The degree sign is rendered ^o. [)e] -indicates "e breve" (short e), and so forth. - -On pp. 237-257 the extinct genera and species referred to as being in -"black type" are marked by a + sign. - -Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been -incorporated to facilitate the use of the Alphabetical Index. - -Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work. -Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43991 - - - * * * * * - - - - -PLATE XXVI. - -[Illustration: ST. JOHN'S MACAQUE] - - -_LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY._ - -EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., &c. - -A HAND-BOOK -TO THE -PRIMATES. - -BY -HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., ETC., -DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS TO THE CORPORATION OF LIVERPOOL, -_Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago," -etc., etc., etc._ - -_VOL. II._ - -LONDON: -EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED, -12, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET. -1897. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The prefatory remarks in the preceding volume explain the purport of the -"Hand-book" of the Primates, which has been undertaken by Dr. Forbes. I -hope that the portion of the work devoted to the geographical distribution -of these animals will be found to be of some interest; but, as explained by -the author, the meagreness of the material in Museums renders the -definition of the exact habitats of Monkeys extremely difficult. - -R. BOWDLER SHARPE. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -I have little to add to the remarks given in the first volume of this -"Hand-book." I may refer, however, to the interest which attaches to the -study of the extinct forms of life, in relation to those which exist at the -present day. Although I have endeavoured, to the best of my ability, to -present to the student as complete a review of the species of Monkeys known -to us at the present time, I am well aware that there is an enormous amount -of work to be done before our knowledge of the Primates can be said to be -complete. There is a natural repugnance to collecting specimens of Monkeys -on the part of sportsmen. To shoot one feels like killing a sort of -relation, and even our best collectors, who thoroughly understood the -necessity of obtaining specimens in the interests of science, speak with a -feeling of pain of the human-like distress which a wounded Monkey exhibits; -and it is, therefore, difficult to induce travellers to shoot animals which -offer so much of a "counterfeit presentment" to human beings. - -The loose way in which the older naturalists expressed themselves in regard -to geographical distribution, has also rendered a correct appreciation of -the ranges of some of the Primates exceedingly difficult. Thus "Brazil" -may mean any portion of the South American continent from the Argentine -Republic to the Amazons, and "Mexique" has done duty in many Museums for -any locality between Mexico and Panama. Much, therefore, remains to be done -to define the exact areas which the different species of Primates inhabit. - -HENRY O. FORBES. - - - - -SYSTEMATIC INDEX. - - - PAGE - ORDER PRIMATES (_continued_), 1 - - SUB ORDER II.--ANTHROPOIDEA (_continued_), 1 - - FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDAE (_continued_), 1 - - SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINAE (_continued_), 1 - - IV. MACACUS, Lacep., 1, 213 - 1. inuus (L.), 4, 213 - 2. arctoides, Is. Geoffr., 8 - 3. rufescens, Anders., 11 - 4. maurus, F. Cuv., 11 - 5. fuscatus, Blyth, 13 - 6. leoninus, Blyth, 14 - 7. nemestrinus (L.), 16 - 8. silenus (L.), 18 - 9. assamensis, McClell., 20 - 10. rhesus (Audeb.), 22 - 11. lasiotis, Gray, 25 - 12. tcheliensis, Milne-Edw., 26 - 13. sancti-johannis (Swinh.), 28 - 14. cyclops, Swinh., 28 - 15. cynomologus (L.), 31 - 16. pileatus (Shaw), 33 - 17. sinicus (L.), 35 - - V. CERCOCEBUS, Geoffr., 36 - 1. fuliginosus, Geoffr., 37 - 2. collaris, Gray, 38 - 3. aethiops (L.), 39 - 4. albigena, Gray, 40 - 5. aterrimus, Oudem., 40 - 6. galeritus, Peters, 41 - - VI. CERCOPITHECUS, Erxl. 41 - - Group I.--Cercopitheci rhinosticti 44 - 1. petaurista (Schreb.) 44 - 2. signatus, Jentink 45 - 3. erythrogaster, Gray 46 - 4. buettikoferi, Jentink 47 - 5. martini, Waterh. 47 - 6. ludio, Gray 48 - 7. melanogenys, Gray 49 - 8. stampflii, Jentink 50 - 9. schmidti, Matschie 50 - 10. nictitans (L.) 51 - 11. erythrotis, Waterh. 52 - 12. cephus (L.) 53 - - Group II.--Cercopitheci chloronoti 54 - 13. cynosurus (Scop.) 55 - 14. sabaeus (L.) 56 - 15. werneri, Geoffr. 58 - 16. callitrichus, Is. Geoffr. 58 - 17. pygerythrus, F. Cuv. 60 - 18. tantalus, Ogilby 62 - - Group III.--Cercopitheci erythronoti 63 - 19. patas (Schreb.) 63 - 20. pyrrhonotus, H. and E. 64 - 21. rufo-viridis, Geoffr. 65 - - Group IV.--Cercopitheci melanochiri 66 - 22. mona (Schreb.) 66 - 23. albigularis (Sykes) 67 - 24. boutourlinii, Gigl. 69 - 25. campbelli, Waterh. 70 - 26. samango, Sundev. 71 - 27. labiatus, Geoffr. 72 - 28. opisthostictus, Scl. 72 - 29. stairsi, Scl. 73 - 30. moloneyi, Scl. 74 - 31. neglectus, Schl. 75 - 32. leucampyx (Fischer) 75 - - Group V.--Cercopitheci auriculati 76 - 33. grayi, Fraser 77 - 34. pogonias, Bennett 78 - 35. nigripes, Du Chaillu 78 - 36. wolfi, Meyer 79 - - Group VI.--Cercopitheci barbati 79 - 37. diana (L.) 79 - 38. palatinus, Wagn. 81 - 39. brazzae, Milne-Edw. 81 - - Group VII.--Cercopitheci trituberculati 82 - 40. talapoin, Erxl. 82 - - SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINAE 83 - - I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214 - 1. verus, Van Bened. 87 - 2. rufomitratus, Peters 88 - 3. kirki, Gray 89 - 4. ferrugineus (Shaw) 91 - 5. satanas, Waterh. 93 - 6. ursinus, Ogilby 93 - 7. vellerosus (Is. Geoffr.) 94 - 8. angolensis, Scl. 96 - 9. guereza, Ruepp. 97 - 10. caudatus, Thomas 98 - - II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 214 - 1. barbii (Blyth) 102 - 2. pileatus, Blyth 103 - 3. entellus (Dufr.) 104 - 4. schistaceus, Hodgs. 107 - 5. priamus (Blyth) 108 - 6. hypoleucus, Blyth 110 - 7. johni (Fischer) 111 - 8. cephalopterus (Zimm.) 112 - 9. sabanus, Thomas 116 - 10. hosii, Thomas 117 - 11. thomasi, Collett 119 - 12. everetti, Thomas 120 - 13. cruciger, Thomas 121 - 14. ursinus (Blyth) 122 - 15. obscurus, Reid 123 - 16. holotephreus, Anders. 124 - 17. germaini, Milne-Edw. 124 - 18. maurus (Schreb.) 125 - 19. femoralis, Horsf. 126 - 20. rubicundus, S. Muell. 128 - 21. natunae, Thomas and Hartert 129 - 22. phayrii (Blyth) 131 - 23. rutledgii, Anderson 133 - 24. frontatus, S. Muell. 133 - 25. nemaeus (L.) 134 - 26. nigripes, Milne-Edw. 135 - 27. melanolophus (Raffl.) 136 - 28. mitratus (Esch.) 137 - 29. roxellanae, Milne-Edw. 139 - - III. NASALIS, Geoffr. 140 - 1. larvatus (Wurmb.) 140 - - FAMILY SIMIIDAE 143 - - I. HYLOBATES Illig. 148, 216 - 1. agilis, F. Cuv. 151 - 2. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154 - [alpha]. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154 - [beta]. concolor, Schl. 155 - 3. leucogenys, Ogilby 158 - 4. lar (L.) 159 - 5. hoolock, Haslan. 161 - 6. hainanus, Thomas 164 - 7. syndactylus (Desm.) 166 - - II. SIMIA, L. 170, 217 - 1. satyrus, L. 170, 217 - - III. GORILLA, Is. Geoffr. 180 - 1. gorilla (Wyman) 180 - - IV. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 187, 217 - 1. troglodytes (L.) 194 - 2. calvus (Du Chaillu) 199 - - FAMILY HOMINIDAE 203, 218 - - I. HOMO, L. 203 - 1. sapiens, L. 203 - [alpha]. Ethiopian Race 207 - [beta]. Mongolian Race 207 - [gamma]. Caucasian Race 208 - - EXTINCT ANTHROPOIDEA 209 - - FAMILY HAPALIDAE 210 - - I. HAPALE, Illig. 210 - 1. grandis, Lund 210 - - FAMILY CEBIDAE 210 - - SUB-FAMILY NYCTIPITHECINAE: - - I. PROTOPITHECUS, Lund 210 - 1. brasiliensis, Lund 210 - - II. CALLITHRIX, Geoffr. 210 - 1. chlorocnomys, Lund 210 - 2. primaeva, Lund 210 - - SUB-FAMILY MYCETINAE: - - III. ALOUATTA, Lacep. 210 - 1. ursina (Humb.) 210 - - SUB-FAMILY CEBINAE: - - IV. CEBUS, Erxl. 210 - 1. macrognathus, Lund 210 - 2. fatuellus (L.) 210 - 3. cirrifer, Geoff. 210 - - V. HOMUNCULUS, Amegh. 211 - 1. patagonicus, Amegh. 211 - - VI. ANTHROPOPS, Amegh. 211 - 1. perfectus, Amegh. 211 - - FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDAE. - - SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINAE: - - I. PAPIO, Erxl. 212 - 1. sub-himalayamus (Meyer) 212 - 2. falconeri (Lydekker) 212 - 3. atlanticus, Thomas 212 - - II. OREOPITHECUS, Gerv. 212 - 1. bambolii, Gerv. 212 - - III. MACACUS, Lacep. 1, 213 - 1. sivalensis, Lydekker 213 - 2. priscus 213 - 3. inuus, Gervais 4, 213 - 4. florentinus, Cocchi 213 - 5. suevicus, Heding. 213 - 6. trarensis, Pomel 213 - - IV. DOLICHOPITHECUS, Deperet 214 - 1. ruscinensis, Deperet 214 - - V. MESOPITHECUS, Wagn. 214 - 1. pentelici, Wagn. 214 - - SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINAE: - - I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214 - 1. grandaevus, Fraas. 214 - - II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 215 - 1. monspessulanus, Gerv. 215 - 2. palaeindicus, Lydekker 215 - - FAMILY SIMIIDAE 215 - - I. PLIOPITHECUS, Gerv. 215 - 1. antiquus, Gerv. 215 - 2. chantrei, Gerv. 216 - - II. HYLOBATES, Illig. 148, 216 - 1. leuciscus (Schieb.) 216 - - III. DRYOPITHECUS, Lartet. 216 - 1. fontani, Lartet. 217 - - IV. SIMIA, L. 170, 217 - 1. satyrus, L. 170, 217 - - V. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 188, 217 - 1. sivalensis (Lydekker) 217 - - FAMILY HOMINIDAE 218 - - I. HOMO, L. 218 - - - - -LIST OF PLATES. - - - XXVI.--St. John's Macaque _Macacus sancti-johannis._ - XXVII.--White-crowned Mangabey _Cercocebus aethiops._ - XXVIII.--Green Guenon _Cercopithecus callitrichus._ - XXIX.--Boutourlini's Guenon _Cercopithecus boutourlinii._ - XXX.--Erxleben's Guenon _Cercopithecus grayi._ - XXXI.--De Brazza's Guenon _Cercopithecus brazzae._ - XXXII.--Talapoin _Cercopithecus talapoin._ - XXXIII.--Bay Guereza _Colobus ferrugineus._ - XXXIV.--White-tailed Guereza _Colobus caudatus._ - XXXV.--Hose's Langur _Semnopithecus hosii._ - XXXVI.--Everett's Langur _Semnopithecus everetti._ - XXXVII.--Proboscis Monkey _Nasalis larvatus._ - XXXVIII.--Siamang Gibbon _Hylobates syndactylus._ - XXXIX.--Orang-utan _Simia satyrus._ - XL.--Gorilla _Gorilla gorilla._ - XLI.--Bald Chimpanzee _Anthropopithecus calvus._ - XLII.--MAP I. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil - _Lemuroidea_. - XLIII.--MAP II. Showing the distribution of the Family _Tarsiidae_, and - of the Sub-family _Galaginae_ of the _Lemuridae_. - XLIV.--MAP III. Showing the distribution of the Family _Chiromyidae_, - and of the Sub-families _Lemurinae_ and _Indrisinae_, and of - the Sub-family _Lorisinae_ of the _Lemuridae_. - XLV.--MAP IV. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil - _Anthropoidea_. - XLVI.--MAP V. Showing the distribution of the Families _Hapalidae_ and - _Cebidae_. - XLVII.--MAP VI. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Papio_, - _Theropithecus_, _Cynopithecus_, _Cercocebus_, - _Cercopithecus_, and _Macasus_. - XLVIII.--MAP VII. Showing the distribution of the Genera - _Semnopithecus_, _Nasalis_, and _Colobus_. - XLIX.--MAP VIII. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Hylobates_, - _Simia_, _Gorilla_, and _Anthropopithecus_. - - - - -{1}ORDER PRIMATES. - -THE BABOONS, MANGABEYS, AND MACAQUES - -(_Continued_). - - -THE MACAQUES. GENUS MACACUS. - - _Macacus_, Lacep., Mem. de l'Inst., iii., p. 450 (1801). - -This genus embraces a large number of species which are characterised by -having a thick-set body and short stout limbs, with the thumb set backward. -The muzzle is considerably produced and rounded, but the nose does not -extend as far out as the plane of the upper lip; the nostrils open in -advance of its termination, and are directed obliquely outwards and -downwards; their cheek-pouches are large, and their lips thick and -protrusile; their eyes are approximated, and look out from below thick and -prominent superciliary ridges; their ears are naked and applied flatly to -the sides of the head and their hind upper angle is pointed; their -callosities, which extend with age, are often surrounded by a portion of -the buttocks, which is always nude. The tail is long, short, tufted, or -reduced to a mere tubercle, and it may be quite invisible externally. Some -have the hair of the head long, and radiating in all directions; others -have the face encircled by a kind of mane. In some northern forms, the -whole body is covered with a woolly fur, as a protection against cold. - -{2}In the skull the facial region predominates over the cranial, and the -lower margin of the frontal bones are exserted to form a thick prominent -ridge over the orbits and nose; the mastoid process on each side of the -skull, behind the ear, is very prominent for the attachment of a muscle -which assists in opening the mouth and in swallowing their food. Strong -muscles also stretch from the back of the head to the spine for the support -of the head. The canine teeth are long, and press against the anterior -pre-molars of the lower jaw, the position of which is modified or distorted -by the pressure, thus enabling these animals to crush and open hard-shelled -fruits. Their anterior and median lower molars are four-cusped, while the -posterior is markedly larger, and has five cusps and a posterior talon. The -carpus, or wrist, possesses the central (_os centrale_) bone, and the -fingers have their metacarpal bones elongated. The caudal vertebrae in the -species of this genus are usually numerous; even in the short-tailed -species they vary from fifteen to seventeen in number, the reduction in the -length of the tail being the result of a great diminution in the size, not -in the number, of the vertebrae. In the tail of one species (_M. inuus_), -however, they are reduced in number to two or three; in the same species -the tail lacks the chevron (or V-shaped) bones on its under side, as well -as the processes to which the muscles for its movement are attached. Most -of the Macaques have a throat-sac, which communicates with the larynx under -the thyroid cartilage, and which fills with air, acting as a resonator to -their voice. - -The Macaques are among the commonest Monkeys of India and the East Indian -islands. They occur also in Northern Africa (Morocco), and in Gibraltar, -across the Straits. Eastwards they extend into Thibet and Northern China. -They are {3}also found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and in Timor, -this being the most eastern habitat of any of the _Anthropoidea_ except -that of _Cynopithecus niger_. Dr. Blanford, in his "Mammals of British -India," says that the species of the present genus resemble each other in -their habits; they are found in flocks, often of considerable size, and -generally composed of both sexes and of all ages. They are active animals, -though less agile in their movements, whether on trees or on the ground, -than the Langurs (_vide infra_). Their food is varied, most of the species, -if not all, eating insects as well as seeds, fruits, &c., and one kind -feeding entirely on Crustacea. They have occasionally been known to devour -Lizards, and, it is said, Frogs also. All have the habit of cramming food -into their cheek-pouches for mastication at leisure.... The voice and -gestures of all the species (_M. silenus_ perhaps excepted) are similar, -and differ from those of both the Gibbons and Langurs. Tickell notices this -in his MS. Notes, and gives the following details, which are worthy of -quotation: "Anger is generally silent, or, at most, expressed by a low -hoarse monotone, 'Heu,' not so gular or guttural as a growl; ennui and a -desire for company by a whining 'Hom,' invitation, deprecation, entreaty, -by a smacking of the lips and a display of the incisors into a regular -broad grin, accompanied with a subdued grunting chuckle, highly expressive, -but not to be rendered on paper; fear and alarm by a loud harsh shriek, -'Kra,' or 'Kraouh,' which serves also as a warning to the others who may be -heedless of danger. Unlike the Langurs and Gibbons, they have no voice, if -calling to one another." - -The majority of the species are very docile when young. They thrive well, -and several of them have bred in confinement. The period of gestation is -about seven months, only a {4}single young one, as a rule, being produced -at a birth. They become adult at the age of four or five years, but breed -earlier. - -In regard to the expression of emotion among these Monkeys, Mr. Darwin has -recorded of different species that when pleased they draw back the corners -of the mouth in a species of smile, become red in the face when angry, and -pale when afraid. - -The term Macaque was given to these monkeys by Buffon, who took it, -however, from what is supposed to have been the native name of an _African_ -species of Monkey, and misapplied it to this Indian group. _Macacus_ is -therefore the Latinised form of that word, which has now been applied too -long to be changed. - - -I. THE BARBARY MACAQUE. MACACUS INUUS. - - _Simia inuus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766). - - _Simia sylvanus_, Linn., t.c. p. 35. - - _Inuus ecaudatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 100 (1812); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870). - - _Le magot_, F. Cuvier et Geoffr., Mamm., livr. ii. (1819); F. Cuv., - Mammif., p. 114, pl. 41. - - _Macacus inuus_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 67 (1820). - - _Inuus pithecus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth., Primates, p. 31 (1851). - - _Macacus sylvanus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 115 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Body short and thick-set, and about as big as a -moderately-sized Dog. Head oblong, long, rounded, and wrinkled; face and -chin naked; eyes approximated, set deep below the superciliary ridges; brow -small; neck short. Ears pointed at their hind upper angle, and their -margins haired; nose not prominent; nostrils two slit-like orifices -converging at right angles to the partition; lips slender, extensile; upper -{5}lip broad; callosities less extensive than in the Baboons; tail -invisible externally; toes longer than the fingers, and both much haired. -Hair on the crown short and reflexed; hairs on the cheeks forming a -whisker, directed backward; hair of the fore-arms directed towards the -elbow. - -Crown, and sides of head, cheeks, neck, shoulders, upper back, and front of -fore-limbs golden-yellow, mixed with a few black hairs, the individual -hairs being dark grey at the base, ringed for the rest of their length with -yellow and grey; the rest of the upper part of the body greyish-yellow or -yellowish-brown; under side of lower jaw, lower side of body, and inner -face of limbs greyish-yellow, or yellowish-white; a dark spot of black -hairs tipped with yellow at the inner angle of each eye, and stretching -down on the cheeks; naked parts of face, ears, and callosities pale -flesh-colour, as also is the thinly-haired skin of the inner sides of the -limbs; tail represented by a small tubercle of naked skin. Length of the -body, 2-1/2 feet. - -FEMALE.--Exactly resembles the male in coloration, but is slightly smaller -in size, and more amiable in disposition; the canines scarcely larger than -the incisors. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species, named by the French "Magot," inhabits Morocco, -and Algeria in Northern Africa. It is found also on the Rock of Gibraltar, -and some distance inland in Spain; but whether it has been transported from -Africa, or has lived there since its ancestors were left isolated when the -Straits of Gibraltar subsided and separated Europe from Africa, is a -question impossible to decide now. It is certain that the Moors bring now, -and probably for ages have been in the habit of bringing, captive specimens -of this Monkey, to trade away on the European side; it is, therefore, -{6}not impossible that the "Apes of the Rock" may have thus been -introduced. This is the only African (or European) species of the genus. - -HABITS.--This Monkey has been known to science for many centuries. It is -now certain, as M. Frederick Cuvier remarks in his "History of Mammals," -thanks to the researches of M. de Blainville upon the Monkey dissected by -Galen, that the _Pithecus_ of Aristotle was our Magot, as we know of no -other species of Macaque without a tail. The Barbary Macaques, when on the -ground, invariably walk on their four legs, but in an uneasy and clumsy -manner compared with their motions when climbing; they are far more at home -in trees or rocks, where they climb with amazing rapidity. They live -chiefly on fruits and leaves, feeding themselves with their hands, and -smelling everything they are uncertain about, before putting it into the -mouth. They also eat grass very readily. They are found in large crowds in -the forests of Barbary, which reach to the sea, and are very destructive to -the cultivated fields of the Moors, on which they make constant raids, and -during which, like the Baboons, they post sentinels to give warning of -danger to their foraging friends. This Monkey sleeps on its side or in a -sitting posture with its head dropped between its knees. - -On the European side of the Mediterranean, these Apes were at one time very -abundant on the Rock of Gibraltar, but as they robbed the gardens of the -garrison they were killed by every means for several years, till they were -eventually reduced to three. Orders were, however, issued by the -authorities for their preservation, and a few additional pairs were -imported from Africa. They now frequent the inaccessible ledges of the -Rock, especially on its Mediterranean face, on which they climb about with -marvellous rapidity. - -{7}In reply to inquiries about the present condition of the Barbary Apes -(_Macacus inuus_) on the Rock, Dr. Sclater records in 1893 that General Sir -Lothian Bell, the Governor of Gibraltar, had informed him "that they were -now distinctly increasing in numbers. He had himself counted as many as -thirty in one group, and, according to some reports, there were altogether -as many as double that number on the Rock. In fact they were so numerous, -and their depredations had become so serious that a short time ago an -agitation had been got up for their reduction in numbers, and it would -perhaps be necessary to thin them a little, but their extermination was -quite out of the question, and would not be thought of." - -These animals are remarkably affectionate parents, the mother constantly -tending her single young one, while the males may often be seen carrying -about some of the babies of the troop. When young the "Rock Ape" is playful -and gentle; but, when old, becomes ill-natured and vicious. - -When angry their jaws are moved up and down with great rapidity, while they -give utterance to loud and harsh cries. The males fight with their strong -canine teeth and their long and strong, though flat, nails, with which they -are capable of inflicting deep wounds on each other. When in a good temper -their voice is generally soft; but Mr. Darwin observed in the Zoological -Gardens that a specimen there, when pleased, made a shrill note, and -likewise drew back the corners of its mouth, apparently through the -contraction of the same muscles as with human beings. The skin of the lower -eyelids also became much wrinkled. "At the same time it rapidly moved its -lower jaw or lips in a spasmodic manner, the teeth being exposed; but the -noise produced was hardly more distinct than that which we call silent -laughter. Two of the keepers affirmed that this {8}slight sound was the -animal's laughter, and when I expressed some doubt on this head (being at -the time quite inexperienced) they made it attack, or rather threaten, a -hated _Entellus_ Monkey, living in the same compartment. Instantly the -whole expression of the face of the _Inuus_ changed; the mouth was opened -much more widely, the canine teeth were more fully exposed, and a hoarse -barking noise was uttered." - - -II. THE BROWN MACAQUE. MACACUS ARCTOIDES. - - _Macacus speciosus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlvi. (Feb., 1825) (founded on - a drawing). - - _Macacus arctoides_, Is. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool., 1833, p. cli., pl. ii.; - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 203; Anderson, Zool. Yun-nan, p. 45, pls. i. - and ii. (1878) with full synonymy; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. - 17 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, viii., p. 116 (1876). - - _Papio melanotus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 31. - - _Macacus melanotus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870). - - _Macacus thibetanus_, Alph., Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870). - - _Macacus brunneus_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 628, 1872, p. 203, pl. - xii. (Jun.), 1874, p. 652. - -CHARACTERS.--Body short and stout; head large; muzzle short and truncated; -chin bulging; chin and throat almost nude; eyes large; ears large and -rounded, with a pointed projection behind; limbs short, stout and strong; -hands and fingers short, the terminal phalanges nude; tail almost -rudimentary; callosities and surrounding region of buttocks naked. - -Fur long and woolly (especially in those living at high {9}altitudes), -longer on the head, back and limbs, shortest over the sacrum; hair on the -head parted outwards from the centre; fingers slightly haired; tail thinly -haired, or nude in old animals. In individuals living in the inclement -regions of Eastern Thibet, the tail is thickly haired. - -General colour dark brown or blackish; cheeks, underside of body, inner -sides of arms and legs paler, washed with yellowish, the hairs being very -closely ringed (in some more distinctly than in others), for their outer -two-thirds, with alternating annulations of golden-yellow and brown, their -terminal points dark brown. Face, ears, sub-caudal callosities, bright -reddish flesh-colour, deeper round the eyes. Length of the body, 15-24 -inches; tail 1-1/2-2 inches. - -In the young the fur is lighter. When first born it is of purely uniform -brown, the annulations appearing and increasing in number with advancing -age. - -In a young Bornean specimen the sides, abdomen, and legs are light chestnut -colour; the tips of many of the hairs golden, which with age changes more -and more into blackish-brown. The tail is 3-1/2 inches long, and extremely -slender for the last two-thirds of its length--a part easily lost in -captivity. - -Tongue with numerous papillated glandular crypts for lubrication of the -cheek-pouches. Throat-pouch situated in an excavated hollow in the hyoid -bone, the pouch being continuous with the convergence of the vocal chords. - -Skull with strong inwardly projecting supra-orbital processes; external -opening for the nostrils triangular. The anterior upper incisors appear -first, followed by the anterior pre-molar, the median molar, the median -pre-molar, and then the canines; anterior molar four-cusped; anterior lower -molar five-cusped. Caudal vertebrae eleven in number. - -{10}DISTRIBUTION.--Moupin in N.W. China, living on the snow-clad mountains; -Upper Burmah (Bahmo); Siam; the Cachar and Kachin hill-region on the -western frontier of the Province of Yun-nan, China; North-west Borneo, on -the mainland opposite Labuan. This species has been recorded, but -erroneously, from Madras, whither specimens are imported from Burmah, or -from the Malayan Islands. - -Dr. John Anderson, the distinguished naturalist of the Yun-nan Expedition, -gives the following interesting remarks in reference to the distribution of -this species: "_M. arctoides_ would seem to have a considerable range of -distribution, in which, however, it conforms to that which is distinctive -of a large series of the Mammalian forms which occur in the same region. It -has been obtained in Cachar, and I have learned of its existence in Upper -Assam, and have procured it alive in the Kachin Hills on the frontier of -Yun-nan, beyond which it spreads to the south-east of Cochin-China. It -seems essentially to be a hill or mountain form--occurring only in the -mountainous regions of Cachar, being absent in the valley of the Irawady, -but stretching round it into Yun-nan from Upper Assam, being doubtless -distributed over the mountainous region that intervenes between the Irawady -and Cochin-China." - -HABITS.--Of this Macaque little is known in a wild state. It is, however, -very docile and gentle in captivity. In life the tail is rarely carried -erect, and is as a rule applied over the anus; its latter fourth being -doubled on itself to the left, and serving to fill up the interspace -between the divergent portion of the callosities, so that the animal sits -on this portion of its tail, which contains only a few rudiments of -vertebrae at its {11}base, and the upper surface of which is rough and -somewhat callous.... Here we have a monkey which sits on its tail, and -although it may be that it does not invariably do so, I am prepared to -state, after careful observation, that it does so very frequently; and -there is the more importance to be attached to this observation, because -this habit appears to be a peculiarity of the species. (_Anderson._) - - -III. RUFOUS STUMP-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS RUFESCENS. - - _Macacus rufescens_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 204 (Juv.); id., Zool. - Exped. Yun-nan, p. 79 (1878); Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxiv.; - 1873, p. 194. - - _Macacus arctoides_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 116 (1876; part). - -CHARACTERS.--Very nearly related to _M. arctoides_, of which it is perhaps -only a southern race. Face red, more brilliant round the orbits; nose and -lips brownish; tail stumpy, thinly haired. Fur rather brilliant brick-red, -especially on the cheeks, flanks, and outside of the limbs. This animal is -known, however, only from young specimens. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Malay Peninsula. - - -IV. THE MOOR MACAQUE. MACACUS MAURUS. - - _Macacus maurus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlv. (Avril, 1823); Anderson, - Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 80 (1878, pt.; with full synonymy); Schl., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 117 (1876). - - _Cynocephalus niger_ (?), Quoy et Gaim., Voy. de l'Astrol., Zool, i., p. - 67 (1830). - - _Macacus arctoides_, Is. Geoffr., Zool. Belang. Voy., p. 61 (1834); id., - Arch. Mus., ii., p. 573. - - {12}_Macacus ocreatus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 56; Sclater, in Wolf, - Zool. Sketches, ii., pl. i. (1865); id., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420, pl. - lxxxii.; Anderson, t.c., p. 81 (pt). - - _Macacus fusco-ater_, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i., p. 58 (1844). - - _Macacus inornatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 202, pl. xix.; id., Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Face narrow and elongated, nude, except for a few short hairs -on the upper lip; nose flat; ears rather long, rounded, thinly haired; hair -on one side of the head forming a somewhat large whisker; groin, region -external to the callosities, and down the thighs thinly haired; tail very -short, nude, curved upwards; frontal band, face, and ears black; -callosities and the surrounding parts thinly-haired; region of the buttocks -flesh-coloured; hairs on the upper lip black; whisker-tufts black, with -greyish tips; rest of the head and body sooty-black; lower side of neck, -rump, under surface of body, inside of limbs, fore-arms, legs, and back of -thighs grey; tail, black. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 1 inch. - -YOUNG.--Greyish-black. - -In the skull the outer surface of the outer margin of the orbits is -flattened; the nasal bones are short and expanded. - -This species is distinguished from _M. arctoides_ and _M. fuscatus_, by the -colour of the face being black, instead of bright red. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species, whose true home was for a long time unknown, -but was assumed to be Borneo, has been certainly ascertained to be confined -to the Southern Peninsula of Celebes, and to the neighbouring island of -Bouton. Dr. Anderson speaks of a Monkey from the Aru Islands, far to the -east of Celebes, "if not identical with _M. maurus_, {13}at least so -closely allied to it that I hesitate to separate it." The specimens both -from Borneo and from Aru, if truly brought from these islands, must have -been carried there in the stream of commerce from Celebes to the eastward -in the first instance. - - -V. THE JAPANESE MACAQUE. MACACUS FUSCATUS. - - _Macacus speciosus_, F. Cuv., Mammif., pl. 46 (1825); Murie, P. Z. S., - 1872, p. 780; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 418, pl. xlvii.; Schl., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 114 (1876.) - - _Inuus speciosus_ (nec. F. Cuv.), Temm., Faun. Jap. Zool. Mamm., p. 9, - pl. i., figs. 1 to 8; pl. ii., figs. 1 to 6 (1847); Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870). - - _Macacus fuscatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., extra no., p. 6 (1875); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 332; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 78 - (1878; with full synonymy). - -CHARACTERS.--Face nude, prolonged forwards; muzzle prominent; superciliary -ridges overhanging the eyes; eyebrows meeting in the mid-line; a bar over -the eyes across the forehead bald, except for a few very short hairs; fur -in general, long, soft, silky, and thick; short hairs forming a sort of -whisker on the cheeks, continuous with the hair on the head and the -moderately long beard; abdomen, chest, and inner surface of limbs thinly -haired; ears large and, except on the margins, covered with long silky -hairs; tail short, equally clad with long hairs, and with a terminal tuft, -varying from 2-3 inches in length. Length of body, 24 inches. Face in life -intensely red, with a purplish hue; nose and lower lip washed with brown; -callosities and naked parts of the scrotal region purplish-red; sparse -hairs of the face dark brown; general colour of fur dark brown, or -yellowish-brown, or olive, darkest along {14}the middle of the back, the -hairs being ringed with yellow and brown, or black and brown; sides of -head, breast, under surface of body, under sides of limbs, and under side -of tail greyish; beard yellowish-brown. - -The hair is not annulated in the young animal. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Japan. Common on the hills at Kioto, according to Mr. Gower, -who was H.B.M. Consul at Hiogo in 1875. Dr. J. Rein records that it is -found all over the island of Nippon up to 41^o N. latitude, and has -consequently a further northern habitat than any other existing Monkey. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of the Japanese Macaque; but they -are in all probability similar to those of its Indian relatives. - - -VI. THE LEONINE MACAQUE. MACACUS LEONINUS. - - _Macacus leoninus_, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. A. S. Beng., p. 7 (1863); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 663, pl. xxxv. (male and female); Anderson, - Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 52 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. - Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 18, fig. 6 (1891). - - _Macacus andamanensis_, Bartlett, _Land and Water_, viii., p. 57 (1869); - P. Z. S., 1869, p. 467. - - _Inuus leoninus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., p. 2 (1875). - -CHARACTERS.--A thick-set, short-limbed, somewhat Dog-like animal; head, -broad, flat above; the muzzle short; tail short, turned over the back, -about one-third the length of the body. - -Upper surface of head with short fur radiating from the vertex, "surrounded -in front and on both sides by a horse-shoe-shaped crest, the supra-orbital -portion of which consists of very stiff hairs." (_Blanford._) Face thinly -covered with fine hairs; {15}along the sides of the face a backwardly -directed whisker meeting below the chin. Fur on the back of the neck, -shoulders, and upper part of the fore-limb, long, shorter behind the -shoulders and shortest on the rump; buttocks sparsely haired; tail somewhat -tufted; belly and upper and inner parts of the limbs thinly haired. Length, -23 inches; tail (without the tuft), 8 inches. - -MALE.--Face brownish flesh-colour on the muzzle and between the eyes, -bluish-white round the latter; frontal bar white; a narrow line from the -outer corner of the eye backwards, red; a horse-shoe-shaped crest, mid-line -of back, lower back, sacral region, and upper surface of tail, black, the -hairs being grey at base, and dark brown, or black, along their outer -portion; ears flesh-coloured, and the hair on and round them white; region -above the eyes and round the face, chin, and throat, yellowish-brown--the -hairs being ringed, above their grey bases, with dark brown and orange, and -tipped with black; on the shoulders, back of the neck and upper part of the -arms orange olive--the hairs having the orange rings more predominant than -the brown; rest of the fore limb yellowish-olive; thighs dusky-grey, washed -with black; buttocks grey; lower parts of body, inner sides of limbs, and -under side of tail, light greyish-brown; caudal tuft often bright rufous. -Excepting on the head, loins, tail, and buttocks, all the hairs are -annulated, above their grey bases, with orange and brown, and dark-tipped. -Hands and feet dusky flesh-colour. - -FEMALE.--Smaller than the males, but the black of the head and back absent, -and the hairs of the under-parts not annulated; shoulders brighter than the -rest of the body, which is yellowish-olive, and greyish-olive on the -outside of the limbs. - -{16}MALE.--Skull smaller, shorter, and more globular than that of _M. -nemestrinus_, which is its nearest ally; muzzle less projecting; little or -no depression of the nose between the eyes; supra-orbital ridges prominent; -orbits large, approximated; skull of the female feebler in all respects. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Southern portion of Arracan, and the valley of the Irawady -in Upper Burmah. The Andaman Islands, whence Mr. Bartlett described a -specimen as a new species, was an erroneous habitat, as the specimen had -been introduced there from Burmah. - -HABITS.--Very little is known of this rare species in its native state. In -captivity the females and the males, when young, become very tame, and are -capable of being taught various performances. A female which lived in the -Zoological Society's Gardens in 1869 was educated by the blue-jackets of -one of Her Majesty's ships, who had obtained her at the Andaman Islands, -and kept her on board for three or four years before she was sent to the -Gardens. "Jenny" exhibited an extraordinary degree of cleverness, as Mr. -Bartlett, the Superintendent, has narrated in _Land and Water_. She could -drink out of a bottle and smoke a pipe. She walked upright on her hind legs -with remarkable facility, and with much less effort than even the -performing Monkeys of the London streets. When in an erect attitude she -would carry things. - - -VII. THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS NEMESTRINUS. - - _Simia nemestrina_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766). - - _Le Maimon_, Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sect. i., pl. i. - (1797). - - _Inuus nemestrinus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 101 (1812). - - {17}_Macacus nemestrinus_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm, livr. xlii. - (1820); livr. xliv. (1822); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); - Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 110 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 77 (1878; with full synonymy). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Of large size, even approaching that of "a good sized -Mastiff." (_Anderson._) Body short, and broad-chested; head flattened; -muzzle long and Baboon-like; supra-orbital ridges large; limbs long and -powerful; tail slender, about one-third the length of the body, pointed, -and carried erect; face, ears, and callosities nude; sometimes a short -membrane uniting the first phalanges of the fore and middle fingers and the -second and third toes. - -Fur short, longer over the shoulders; that on the top of the head radiating -from a centre, short, erect and abundant; hair below and on the tail less -abundant, that on the belly very sparse. - -In the skull the protruding facial region is much larger proportionately -than the cranial region; the orbits large, and nearly circular. - -Face dark flesh-colour; ears and callosities the same; general colour of -fur olive, the hairs being at the base grey, ringed higher up with -alternate black and yellow bars, the predominance of the one bar over the -other producing a brighter olive, even a yellow, or a deep brown colour; -top of the head deep brown or brownish-black, extending along the middle of -the back, broadening on the rump and basal part of the tail. Sides of the -face blackish-grey; under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs -greyish white; arms and legs lighter than the back; outer surface of the -thighs olive-grey; hands and feet olive-brown. - -{18}Length of body, 18-1/2 inches; of tail, 8 inches. - -FEMALES.--Similar to the males; the young of both sexes more brightly -coloured than the adults. Gestation in the Pig-tailed Macaque lasts, -according to Dr. Blanford, seven months and twenty days. A singular variety -of a female from the Baram river, in Sarawak, Borneo, is of a dark fulvous -above, darker in the mesial line, much paler on the lower surface, and -growing nearly white on the middle of the chest. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Tenasserim, and chiefly in the southern parts of that -province; Southern Burmah, the Malay peninsula, Bangka, Sumatra, Java, and -Borneo. - -HABITS.--The Pig-tailed Macaque inhabits the thick jungles in the lower -country, living in considerable companies, and feeding on fruits, seeds, -and insects. "When young, these Monkeys are easily tamed," as Mr. Charles -Hose records, "and in some places they are used to climb the cocoa-nut -trees to throw down the nuts, the Monkeys having been taught to throw down -only the ripe ones." This observation as to its collecting cocoa-nuts was -also made many years ago by Sir Stamford Raffles in Sumatra. When old, the -males are very savage, and will attack a Dog when provoked. - - -VIII. THE LION-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS SILENUS. - - _Simia silenus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766); Schreber, - Saeugeth., i., p. 87, pl. xi. (1775). - - _Cercopithecus veter_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 24 (1777). - - _Simia ferox_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 30, pl. xvi. (1800). - - _Papio silenus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 102 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. - Zool., p. 18 (1820). - - {19}_Macacus silenus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 63 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 93 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., - Mamm., p. 16, fig. 5; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 109 (1876). - - _Silenus veter_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Head round; muzzle wide; hair on top of the head very short; -face surrounded by long hairs, concealing the ears, and meeting under the -chin; ears naked; face, hands, feet, and callosities naked; tail slender, -one-half to three-quarters the length of the body and tufted with hair. -Length, 24 inches; tail, 10 inches. - -Skull rounded; muzzle wide in front, contracted at the base, concave -beneath the orbits; orbital ridges large, and the frontal bone widely -depressed behind them; pre-molars and molars small. The structure of this -animal is essentially that of the ordinary Macaques, although it differs -from them so much in external physiognomy. (_Anderson_). - -Body, limbs, and tail deep black; a ruff of long hairs round the head, -darkish grey; chest greyish or white; tail tipped with greyish or white; -face, hands, and feet black; callosities flesh-coloured. - -DISTRIBUTION.--"The Lion-tailed Macaque inhabits the Western Ghats from -below Goa to Cape Comorin, but there is no authentic record of its -existence in a wild state in Ceylon." (_Anderson._) It lives at a -considerable altitude above the sea. - -HABITS.--This species, according to Jerdon (to whom, as Dr. Blanford -observes, we are indebted for the only authentic account of this animal in -a wild state), inhabits the most dense and unfrequented forests of the -hills near the Malabar coast, in herds of from twelve to twenty or more. It -is shy and wary. {20}In captivity it is sulky and savage, and not easily -taught. The call of the male is said to resemble the voice of a Man. - - -IX. HIMALAYAN MACAQUE. MACACUS ASSAMENSIS. - - _Macacus assamensis_, McClell.; Horsfield, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 148; Blyth, - J. A. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 746 (1844); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yun-nan, p. - 64 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 15 - (1888). - - _Macacus pelops_, Hodgs., J. A. S., Beng., ix., p. 1213 (1840); Gray, - Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870). - - _Macacus problematicus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. - - _Macacus rheso-similis_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxv. (Juv.) - - _Macacus erythraeus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas., vii, p. 112 1876; (part). - -CHARACTERS.--Larger and more strongly-built than _M. rhesus_. Fur -moderately long, wavy, woolly (in some specimens), and without rings; the -hair of the crown radiating from the centre of the forehead outwards and -backwards; the hair round the face and on the chin rather long; that on and -between the shoulders, and on the sides of the chest, longer than on the -hind part of the body; hairs on the lower part of the flanks rather long; -tail about, or less than, half the length of the body, not tufted, but -longer, smaller, and much less densely furred than in _M. rhesus_; -callosities surrounded by fur; ears tufted, and haired inside; beard well -developed; face and ears dusky. Length, 26-3/4 inches; tail, 9-1/4 inches. - -The fur above differs from that of _M. rhesus_, in the anterior half being -uniform dark brown, wanting the ashy-grey tint; and the hinder portion -brown, without the rufous seen in {21}_M. rhesus_; the outside of the -fore-limbs, the back of the neck, and region between the shoulders, brown, -washed with yellowish or golden; upper surface of head pale -yellowish-brown; flanks, front of fore-limbs, outer aspect of thighs, back -of feet and tail, darker; under surface of body and inside of limbs -yellowish-grey or greyish-yellow; behind the angle of the mouth, below and -behind the ears, and on the chin, the hairs are yellowish-grey, tipped with -black; face and callosities, pale flesh-coloured. - -The skull and skeleton agree closely with those of _M. rhesus_, but are -somewhat larger. Canine teeth long, and deeply grooved in front. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This Macaque inhabits the Himalayan ranges as far west as -Masuri, or perhaps further, from near the base of the hills to a -considerable elevation (_Blanford_); it extends eastwards from the Nepal -Region of the Himalaya through Assam and the north-eastern portion of -Bengal into the upper or hilly portion of the valley of the Irawady. -(_Anderson._) This species is said to have its home generally between 3,000 -and 6,000 feet above the sea. Dr. Anderson obtained on the Irawady, 25 -miles below Bhamo, a female out of a large colony "living below the huge -Deva-faced limestone cliff, at the foot of which lies the small pagoda of -Sessoungan. The crews of passing boats and pious visitors generally throw -rice and fruits to these Monkeys as a work of merit." - -HABITS.--This species probably represents a Himalo-Burman race or -sub-species of _M. rhesus_. Its habits are much the same as those of that -species, but it is said to have a slightly different voice and to be more -sluggish, according to Blanford. - - -{22}X. THE BENGAL MACAQUE. MACACUS RHESUS. - - _Simia rhesus_, var. Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sec. i., p. 5, - pl. i. (1797). - - _Simia erythraea_, Schreber, Saeugeth, Suppl., pl. 8, fig. c. - - _Macacus erythraeus_, Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xxxviii. (young; Oct., - 1819); pls. xxxix. (1821) and xl. (1825; male); Gerv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., - p. 91 (figs. [male] and [female]; heads; 1834); Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, - p. 226; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). - - _Macacus rhesus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 66, pl. vii., fig. 2 (1820); Anders., - Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 55, pl. iii. (with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. - Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 13. - -CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and with powerful limbs; face long and narrow, -the muzzle somewhat projecting; a few short and coarse hairs on the lips, -chin, and cheeks; eyes rather oval; ears somewhat large and sparsely -haired. Fur moderately long and straight; hair of head coarse, not -radiating, beginning on the orbital ridge, covering the forehead, and -directed backwards; fingers haired to the end of the first digits; nails -rather claw-like; toes haired; callosities surrounded by a semi-nude part -of the buttocks; tail tapering, nearly one-half the length of the body. -Length of males, 22 inches, with a tail of 10 inches; females, 16-18 -inches, with a tail of 7-8 inches, the hair projecting 1-1/2 inch beyond -the vertebrae. - -Face flesh-coloured, and sprinkled with short, silky, buff-coloured hair; -general colour of the fur on the anterior and upper surface of the body and -arms, greyish-brown, the hairs ashy at base, ringed with yellowish or light -brown, and tipped with darker brown, or even black, giving a rich rufous, -speckled appearance; hinder quarters and outer aspect of the thighs -{23}rufous-yellow, the hairs terminating in this colour; lower parts pale -yellowish-white, or pale rufous yellow; base of the tail -yellowish-chestnut, the rest browner; callosities flesh-colour; eyes -yellowish-brown. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Bengal Monkey is distributed abundantly throughout -Northern India as far south as the Godaveri river on the one side, and -Bombay on the other, and was long considered to be a characteristic species -of Bengal and Upper India. It occurs, however, as Dr. Anderson records, in -the valleys of the mountain systems to the north and east of Akyab, and may -be traced across the range of mountains that defines Arracan from Burmah, -and also as far east as the left bank of the Irawady below Mandalay. It has -been obtained in Assam, and by Dr. Anderson in Yun-nan during the -expedition to that country. It is said to ascend to 10,000 feet in Kashmir. -Mr. Swinhoe obtained this Monkey also in Hainan, and in the Province of -Kiung Chow, in China. - -HABITS.--The Bengal Macaque, or Bandar, as it is named by the Hindoos, -lives in troops of considerable size in jungle or low forest, and very -often in rocky places, feeding on insects, fruits, and leaves. It is very -frequently seen on the ground searching for food, according to Dr. -Blanford, and near cultivation, especially around tanks or amongst trees on -the banks of streams. It swims well and takes readily to water. It is a -very quarrelsome species, perpetually screaming and fighting. If not really -sacred to the Hindoos, it is at least rarely molested by them. Dr. Bowdler -Sharpe informs the present writer that he observed a flock of these -Macaques on the road to Simla, when nearing the latter place. They were -running along the road, and as the "tonga" approached, they scrambled up -the rocks, and jabbered vociferously, especially {24}the females, who were -carrying their young. On Jacko there was, in 1885, a large troop of these -animals, and they did considerable damage in the kitchen gardens of the -mountain residences, so that the gardeners had to keep a sharp look-out, -and fire at them occasionally. When he was staying at Mr. Hume's beautiful -place at Simla in 1885, it was often necessary to drive off the Monkeys, -and as one or two had been wounded by the head-gardener, the fakir who -lived at the top of Jacko was much offended. This man had tamed the Monkeys -to such an extent that, when he called them, the trees instantly began to -move in all directions with the approach of numbers of these animals -hastening to him for the peas which he had in readiness for them. They -clustered round him, and though they would not allow strangers to stroke -them, they came within arm's length and picked up their food. One -patriarch, who remained for some time after the tribe had disappeared into -the trees, was called the "Subadar," and wore quite a venerable appearance. -Mr. R. Swinhoe has, in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society of -London," given the following curious Chinese observations, extracted from -the "Chinese Gazetteer," in reference to this species, which is often -called the Hainan Rock-Monkey: "How (or Monkey). The She-Show ('Notes on -Animals') states that the Monkey has no stomach, but digests its food by -jumping about. According to ancient authors, Kiung Chow abounds in Monkeys, -and its people make a trade by selling young ones." - -"About the jungles of Nychow (S. Hainan) these Monkeys," says Mr. Swinhoe, -"were very common. On our landing, abreast of the ship we saw a large party -of them on the beach, but they at once retired into a grove above -high-water mark. We watched them running along the boughs of the trees and -{25}jumping from branch to branch. The discharge of a fowling-piece soon -made them scurry away into the thicket, but every now and again their heads -would appear from the higher bushes, watching the movements of the enemy. -At last, when they observed that our presence implied actual danger to -themselves, they climbed the hills and posted themselves about conspicuous -rocks, where they chattered and grunted out of danger. Their cries are very -like those of _Macacus cyclopis_ of Formosa." - -The young clings to its mother's stomach for about a fortnight after birth, -and is nursed with the greatest care by her; after that time it is able to -move about by itself, and it thenceforward rapidly acquires the full use of -its powers. - -Mr. Darwin records that the face of the _M. rhesus_, when much enraged, -grows red. When watching this species in the Zoological Gardens, he says: -"Another Monkey attacked a Rhesus, and I saw its face redden as plainly as -that of a Man in a violent passion. In the course of a few minutes, after -the battle, the face of this Monkey recovered its natural tint. At the same -time that the face reddened, the naked posterior part of the body, which is -always red, seemed to grow still redder, but I cannot positively assert -that this was the case." - - -XI. THE HAIRY-EARED MACAQUE. MACACUS LASIOTIS. - - _Macacus lasiotis_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 61, pl. vi.; id., Cat. - Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83 - (1878; with synonymy). - - _Macacus rhesus_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. - - _Macacus erythraeus_ (nec Cuv.), Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 - (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to _Macacus rhesus_, from which it differs -in its larger size, more hairy ears, and more richly {26}coloured fur, the -hairs having the yellow rings rich orange or brick-red, especially on the -hind quarters. - -Fur long, fine, and silky, longest on the shoulders, neck, and upper -surface of feet; hair on the top of the head not radiated; ears hairy; -callosities surrounded by hair; a naked red spot at the outer angle of the -eyes; tail about one-fourth of the body in length. - -MALE.--Dark rich olive-yellow; face pale flesh-colour; sides of the face, -neck, and front part of the body olive-grey; hinder parts of the body -brick-red; the slaty colour of the fore-limbs, and of the anterior aspect -of the legs becoming black on the hands and feet; ears flesh-colour; -callosities crimson; throat, chest, and inside of the fore-limbs greyish, -washed with rufous above the wrists; belly and inside of the hind limbs -greyish, washed with orange-red. - -FEMALE.--Fawn-colour, washed with red, especially on the lower back. Face -brighter coloured than in the male. Tail one-fourth the length of the body. - -Skull more massive, shorter, and markedly broader and with a more vertical -muzzle than _M. rhesus_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Province of Szechuen, W. China: Dupleix Mountains, 13,000 -feet. (_Bonvalot._) - -HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of this Chinese representative of -the Bengal Macaque. In the winter it is said to have a splendid coat of -rich brown hair, very long and thick. It is very fierce and powerful. - - -XII. THE TCHELI MACAQUE. MACACUS TCHELIENSIS. - - _Macacus tcheliensis_, Milne Edwards, Rech. Mamm., p. 227, pls. xxxii. - and xxxiii. (1868-1874); A. David, Journ. North China Branch As. Soc., - 1873, p. 230. - - _Macacus rhesus_ (nec Audeb.), Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. - - {27}_Macacus erythraeus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). - - _Macacus lasiotis_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83 (1878 pt.). - -CHARACTERS.--The _Macacus tcheliensis_ is another species with a very close -affinity to _M. rhesus_, and to _M. lasiotis_. Dr. Anderson, indeed, has -united the Tcheli and the Hairy-eared Macaques under one species; while Dr. -Sclater is not prepared to consider either of them, or _M. cyclopis_ in -addition, to be distinct from _M. rhesus_. - -_M. tcheliensis_ has the tail as long only as the hind foot, and densely -clothed with long hair. Fur rather long, soft, and silky, and thicker than -in the normal _M. rhesus_. General colour brilliant reddish-fawn, -especially on the hinder part of the back and on the tail; sides of the -cheeks and shoulders greyish, the yellow rings of the hair being absent; -under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs grey; hands and feet -greyish-fawn. - -The skulls of _M. lasiotis_ and _M. tcheliensis_ are scarcely -distinguishable from each other. - -DISTRIBUTION.--North China. Dr. Bushell, of H.M. Legation in Pekin, who was -the first to send this rare Monkey to Europe, writes, in a letter dated -17th January, 1880: "It was obtained by me from the mountains near -Yung-ling or Eastern Mausoleum, of the reigning Manchu dynasty, situated -about 70 li from Pekin, in latitude 40^o N. It is covered with a thick fur -fitted to endure the bitterly cold winter of this part of North China, -where the thermometer frequently goes down to 10^o below zero." - -HABITS.--Nothing has yet been recorded of the habits of this Macaque in a -state of nature. - - -{28}XIII. ST. JOHN'S MACAQUE. MACACUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS. - - (_Plate XXVI._) - - _Inuus sancti-johannis_, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 556. - - _Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. 129 - (1870; in part); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222; Anderson, Zool. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 86 (1878). - - _Macacus rhesus_, pt. Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. - - _Macacus erythraeus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Male unknown. - -YOUNG FEMALE.--Appears to be allied most nearly to _M. lasiotis_. Face -narrow and somewhat projecting; eyes bright hazel; face and ears -flesh-coloured; a black whisker-like tuft on either cheek; skin of the -upper parts tinted with blue, and sparsely covered with hairs of a light -grey; hairs of the belly buff; fur of the upper parts greyish-brown, washed -with buff, which is lighter on the head, and brick-dust-red round about the -rump. Tail, 4-1/2 inches long, blackish; callosities flesh-coloured. -(_Swinhoe._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--China; North Lena Island, and most of the small islands near -Hong Kong. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of St. John's Macaque. "Dried -bodies of this animal," writes Mr. Swinhoe its describer, "split in two are -often exhibited hanging from the ceiling in druggists' shops, in Canton and -Hong Kong; and its bones are used for medicinal purposes." - - -XIV. THE FORMOSAN ROCK-MACAQUE. MACACUS CYCLOPIS. - - _Macacus cyclopis_, Swinh., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 353, pl. xiii., 1864, p. - 380; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 711 (woodcut); Anderson, Zool. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 87 (1878; with synonymy). - - {29}_Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. - 129 (1870; in part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. - - _Macacus rhesus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. - - _Macacus erythraeus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Allied to _M. rhesus_, but the head round; the face flat, and -round; supra-orbital region bare, as in other species; cheeks -dark-whiskered; ears small and haired; a strong ruff-like beard; tail -stout, thickly haired and tufted, 12 inches long. Fur thick and woolly; -hair behind the mouth, and below and behind the ears ringed; hair not -longer on the shoulders than on the rest of the body. - -General colour olive-grey, or slaty; the hairs finely freckled with yellow; -no rufous on the lower back and hind quarters; legs dark, and a distinct -black line along the top of the tail. - -The characters of the head, face, whiskers, beard, and the thick tail, and -the absence of the rufous colour distinguish it from _M. rhesus_. _M. -assamensis_ is redder than _M. rhesus_ or _M. cyclopis_, and has a long -head, projecting face, and a short tail. - -FEMALE.--Smaller and rather lighter coloured than the male. At the -love-period the naked posterior parts with the thighs and tail become -excessively swollen, and florid. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Formosa, where it is the only known species of -Monkey. - -HABITS.--The late Consul Swinhoe was the discoverer of this interesting -animal. He has given an account of its habits in the "Proceedings of the -Zoological Society," from which we quote the following: "The Formosan -Rock-Macaque affects rocks and declivities that overhang the sea, and in -the solitary {30}caverns makes its abode. On the treeless mountain in the -south-west, called Apes' Hill, it was at one time especially abundant, but -has since almost entirely disappeared. About the mountains of the north and -east it is still numerous, being frequently seen playing and chattering -among the steep rocks, miles from any tree or wood. It seems to be quite a -rock-loving animal, seeking the shelter of caves during the greater part of -the day, and assembling in parties in the twilight, and feeding on berries, -the tender shoots of plants, Grasshoppers, Crustacea, and Mollusca. In the -summer it comes in numbers during the night, and commits depredations among -the fields of sugar-cane, as well as among fruit-trees, showing a -partiality for the small, round, clustering berries of the Longan -(_Nephelium longanum_). In the caverns among these hills they herd; and in -June the females may frequently be seen in retired parts of the hills with -their solitary young one at their breasts. These animals betray much -uneasiness at human approach, disappearing in no time, and skulking in -their holes till the intruder has passed. They seem, too, to possess -abundance of self-complaisance and resource; for I have frequently seen a -Monkey seated on a rock by himself, chattering and crying merely for his -own amusement and gratification. Whatever Mr. Waterton may say of the -tree-loving propensity of Monkeys in general, it is very certain that this -species shows a marked preference for bare rocks, covered only with grass -and bush; for if he preferred the forest he might very easily satisfy his -desire by retiring a few miles further inland, where he could find it in -abundance. But, on the contrary, in the forest he is only an occasional -intruder, resorting thither when food fails him on the grassy hills by the -sea, where he loves to make his home. The Chinese have a fanciful idea that -the tail of the {31}Monkey is a caricature of the Tartar pendant into which -they twist their long black hair, and they invariably chop it off any -Monkey that comes into their possession. Hence the difficulty of procuring -Monkeys in China with perfect tails." - - -XV. THE CRAB-EATING MACAQUE. MACACUS CYNOMOLOGUS. - - _Simia cynomologus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766); Schreber, - Saeugeth, i., p. 91, pl. xiii. (1775). - - _Le Macaque_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. xxx., xxxi. (1819). - - _Macacus carbonarius_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm. livr. xxxii. (Oct., - 1825). - - _Macacus aureus_, Geoffr. in Belang. Voyage, Zool., p. 58 (1834). - - _Macacus philippensis_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth Primates, p. 29 (1851). - - _Inuus (Macacus) palpebrosus_, Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth, Suppl., v., p. - 54 (1855). - - _Macacus fur_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad., 1867, p. 36, plate. - - _Macacus cristatus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870). - - _Macacus assamensis_, Gray, _t. c._, p. 31. - - _Cercocebus cynomologus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 101 (1876). - - _Macacus cynomologus_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 73 (1878; with - synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India Mamm., p. 21 (1891). - -CHARACTERS.--Body large and massive; head large and broad; legs short and -stout; loins slender; hinder quarters heavy; tail thick at the root, nearly -equalling the body in length; muzzle long; nose not prominent above the -face; eyes large; ears erect, pointed, nearly hairless; frontal ridges not -much overhanging the eyes. - -Face pale brown, or livid with a bluish-white patch internal {32}to the -eyes, the eyelids bluish-white; ears, hands, and feet black; callosities -bright or dusky flesh-colour; fur straight; hair of the crown not -elongated, directed backwards, sometimes radiated or slightly crested; -general colour of the upper surface dusky or greyish-brown, varying to -reddish- or golden-brown; under surface of the body and inside of the limbs -brownish-grey to white, the hairs being dark at their roots, and higher up -ringed with yellow and brown or black; scrotum brown, blotched with livid -blue. Length, 22 inches; tail, 19 inches. The females are smaller. - -Of this species there are several varieties or races, one in which the -prominent colour is golden-rufous (_M. aureus_, Geoffr.); another (_M. -carbonarius_, F. Cuv.) in which blackish-brown is the prevailing tint of -the face, naked hands, feet, and callosities; a third race has a light -yellow fur (_M. cristatus_, Gray); still another (_M. philippensis_), from -the Philippine Islands, is nearly white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species is one of the most widely distributed of all -the Macaques. The more typical specimens are found in Burmah and Arakan. In -Siam a pale variety with less orange in the annulations of its hairs -occurs. In the Nicobar Islands (perhaps introduced as Dr. Blanford -suggests), in the Malay Peninsula, and in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombock, and -Timor, the darker (or _M. carbonarius_) variety seems to predominate. From -Borneo--where it ascends to 5,000 feet above the sea--comes the crested, -and perhaps also the golden-rufous coloured race (the true home of the -latter being still unknown). In the Philippine Archipelago--in Mindanao, -Basilan, Luzon, Negros, Samar, and others of the islets--the very light -yellow coloured race is met with. - -{33}HABITS.--The Crab-eating Macaque is gregarious, going about in troops -of fifteen to twenty, of both sexes and all ages. They frequent the forests -near the river mouths, and coastal mangrove swamps, where they may be -constantly seen wading about in the mud, picking up Shrimps and Crabs, -which are their favourite food. Tickell says that they swim and dive well. -The females are easily trained, and also the young males; but these, when -old, are apt to become ill-natured and uncertain in disposition. The -mothers are good and tender to their young one, which clings closely with -hands and feet for the first few weeks to the hair of the chest or arm-pits -and abdomen. - -Mr. Everett met with this species in the islands of Sirhassen and Bunguran -in the Natuna group, where he says they were abundant. He adds: "They come -down in large parties to the sea-shore, sitting in groups on the larger -boulders, or playing and hunting for prey along the sands, when the tide is -out. In mature animals, the face, hands, and feet are dark brown; the lower -eyelids a paler brown; the upper eyelids and upper halves of the orbits -whitish. In a very young male the bare skin of the face was livid brown, -rather paler on the eyelids, and the hands and feet were dark brown" -(_Oldfield Thomas and Hartert_, Nov. Zool., i., p. 654, 1894). - - -XVI. THE TOQUE MACAQUE. MACACUS PILEATUS. - - _Simia pileata_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 53 (1800). - - _Cercocebus sinicus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812). - - _Macacus sinicus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 64 (1820); Kelaart, Fauna Zeyl., p. 8 - (1852). - - {34}_Macacus pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. - 24 (1891). - - _Cercocebus pileatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 98 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _M. sinicus_; muzzle narrow and protruding; -hair in general long, wavy, rough; on the head elongated, radiating from -the centre of the top of the head, extending down on to the forehead, and -occasionally rising into an erect tuft; tail equal in length to the body; -forehead thinly haired and wrinkled. Length, 13 inches; tail, 14-3/4, in -some reaching 21 inches; tail, 18 inches. - -In coloration the Toque closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque, but the -upper-parts are more rufous, the hairs of the present species (though -ringed as in _M. sinicus_) being above the grey roots rufous-brown, or -golden with a shade of chestnut at the tips. It is easily distinguished, -however, by the face being livid flesh-coloured, with scattered black -hairs, and the margin of the upper lip black; a space about the ears -whitish; hands, feet, and ears blackish; the under surface of the body and -the inner aspect of the limbs whitish; upper surface of the tail brown, its -apex light brown or grey; callosities livid flesh-colour. - -FEMALE.--Limbs redder than in the male; inner side of the arms, and patches -on the chest and belly indigo blue. - -YOUNG.--Hair of the crown not so much flattened down or so radiating as in -the adult; the face more old-fashioned and exquisitely comical; the tail -nearly naked; and the cheeks, palms, soles, and callosities pale pinkish. -(_Templeton._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Toque Macaque holds in Ceylon the place occupied by the -Bonnet Macaque in Southern India. - -{35}HABITS.--_Macacus pileatus_ closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque in -size, habits, and form. It is known to the Singhalese by the name of -Rilawa. "The little graceful grimacing _Rilawa_," as Sir J. Emerson Tennent -writes, "is the universal pet and favourite of both natives and Europeans. -The Tamil conjurers teach it to dance, and in their wanderings carry it -from village to village, clad in a grotesque dress, to exhibit its lively -performances. It does not object to smoke tobacco." Knox, in his -interesting account of the island, gives an accurate description of the -Rilawas, with "no beards, white faces, and long hair on the top of their -heads, which parteth and hangeth down like a man's, and which do a deal of -mischief to the corn, and are so impudent that they will come into their -gardens and eat such fruit as grows there." - - -XVII. THE BONNET MACAQUE. MACACUS SINICUS. - - _Simia sinica_, Linn., Mantissa, Plant., p. 521 (1771). - - _Cercocebus radiatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812). - - _Le Toque male_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., livr. xviii. (Juin, 1820). - - _Macacus sinicus_, Blyth, J. A. S., Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847); Gray, - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 28 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. - 91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 23 - (1891). - - _Cercocebus sinicus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 99 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Face nude; forehead thinly haired and wrinkled; cheeks hollow; -muzzle narrow and protuberant; ears naked and rather prominent; tail nearly -as long as the body. - -Hair in general moderately long, straight and smooth, that on the crown -elongated and radiating in all directions from the vertex, but not covering -the forehead, on which the short and {36}sparse hairs are parted down the -middle. Length, 27 inches; tail, 24 inches, but often proportionately -longer. - -General colour of the back and the upper side of the tail brownish-olive; -outside of the limbs greyish--the hairs grey at the roots, ringed higher up -with dull yellow and black bars; under surface of the body and inside of -the limbs, and under side of the tail whitish; face, ears, callosities, and -other nude parts livid flesh-colour. - -Skull long, lower than that of _M. rhesus_; orbits with the transverse -diameter greater than the vertical. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Inhabiting all Southern India, being conterminous with the -_M. rhesus_ on the east and west coast, the latter species coming as far -south as, and the Bonnet Macaque going no further north than, the Godaveri -river on the one side and Bombay on the other. (See page 23.) - -HABITS.--The Bonnet Macaque agrees in habits with those of the species -already described. It lives in troops in the forests and jungles everywhere -throughout its range. It is much kept in captivity, owing to its docility -and its wonderful powers of mimicry. - - -THE MANGABEYS. GENUS CERCOCEBUS. - - _Cercocebus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812). - -This genus has been established to receive a small, and but little known, -group of Monkeys, which is confined to West Africa. They are nearly related -to the Macaques on the one side, and even more closely to the genus -_Cercopithecus_, next to be described, on the other side. They all have an -oval head, and in form are more slender than the Macaques; they have also -the muzzle less prolonged, the supra-orbital ridges less developed, the -ischial callosities larger, and the limbs proportionately {37}longer. They -agree with the Macaques, and differ from the _Cercopitheci_, or Guenons, in -having a fifth hinder cusp to the posterior lower molar tooth in each jaw; -and differ from both in the hairs of the body rarely being ringed with -different coloured bars, as is the case with the species of both the genera -just mentioned. The nose is situated behind the end of the muzzle. Their -most obvious external character, however, and one from which they derive -their common name of "White-eyelid" Monkeys, is their pure white upper -eyelids, the white streak being more distinct on the inner half of the -eyelid than on the outer. These Monkeys want the laryngeal air-sacs seen in -the Macaques; but they have large cheek-pouches and a simple stomach, as in -the latter. Their tail is always long, quite equalling the length of the -body. The hands have a web between each of the fingers, that between the -thumb and index finger being very short; in their feet, the great-toe, -which is widespread, has a short web uniting it with its neighbour; the -second and third toes are united nearly throughout their whole length, the -fourth is webbed and united to the third and fifth as far as their -mid-joints. - -The Mangabeys are confined to West Africa. Like their relatives, the -Macaques and the Guenons, they are arboreal, living in troops in the forest -country, and feeding chiefly on fruits. - - -I. THE SOOTY MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS FULIGINOSUS. - - _Cercocebus fuliginosus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812); Gray, - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95 - (1876). - - _Le mangabey_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. vi. (May, 1819). - - {38}_Simia fuliginosa_, F. Cuv., Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821). - - _Cercopithecus fuliginosus_, Martin, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 117. - -CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed -backward; no beard; eyebrows prominent. Face, ears, and hands nude; tail -long and carried over the back; whiskers small, directed backward, below -and behind the ears. Face of a livid brownish colour; ears, hands, and feet -darker; fur on the upper parts of the body and the outside of the limbs -sooty-black; chin, throat, breast, cheek-whiskers to below the ears, the -under side of the body, and inside of the limbs, ashy-grey; the whiskers -sometimes of the same colour as the back; tail darker grey. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. - -HABITS.--Writing of this species, Frederic Cuvier observes that it is of a -happy disposition, gentle and companionable, but rather petulant. -Ceaselessly active, it indulges in the most grotesque antics and attitudes, -so that it has been believed [of course erroneously] that they possess more -joints in their bodies than other species. The males especially have the -constant habit of making a grimace which exhibits their long canine teeth. -The females are still more gentle, and fond of being caressed. - -Mr. Buettikofer found this species to be rather rare in Liberia. It was -occasionally seen on low trees, but chiefly on the ground, where it -searches for fallen fruits. - - -II. THE WHITE-COLLARED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS COLLARIS. - - _Mangabey a collier blanc_, Buffon, Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 256, pl. 33; F. - Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821) - - _Cercocebus aethiops_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812), (nec - _Simia aethiops_, Linn.). - - -PLATE XXVII. - -[Illustration: WHITE CROWNED MANGABEY.] - - {39} _Cercopithecus aethiops_, Kuhl. Beitr. Zool., p. 97 (1820, nec _S. - aethiops_, Linn.). - - _Cercopithecus aethiopicus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821). - - _Cercocebus collaris_, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7 (1843); id., - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 96 - (1876.) - -CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed -backward; whiskers small, directed backward; no beard. Face, ears, hands, -and callosities nude; tail long, carried over the back. - -Face, ears, and hands black; the top of the head rich reddish-brown; whole -of upper side of the body, hinder part of the shoulders, back, external -surface of both pairs of limbs, feet, and tail, greyish slate-colour; -throat, breast, whole under side of the body and inside of the limbs white, -as are the nape of the neck, sides of the face, the fore part of the -shoulder, and the front aspect of the arms, as far as the top of the -fore-arm; in many species a somewhat broad wash of slate-grey crosses the -side of the face from the cheeks to below the ear. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Coast of Africa. - - -III. THE WHITE-CROWNED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS AETHIOPS. - - (_Plate XXVII._) - - _Simia aethiops_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766). - - _Cercocebus aethiops_, Geoffr. Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 25 (1851); Gray, - List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); - Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95 (1876). - - _Cercopithecus lunulatus_, Temm., Esquiss. Guin., p. 37 (1853). - -CHARACTERS.--This species is very similar to _C. collaris_, but differs in -being slightly darker above, and in having a spot on {40}the back of the -head, as well as a narrow streak down the back greyish-white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. - - -IV. THE GREY-CHEEKED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ALBIGENA. - - _Presbytis albigena_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 77, pl. xvi; Murie, P. Z. - S., 1865, p. 740. - - _Cercocebus albigena_, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1857, p. 241; Schl., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 97 (1876). - - _Cercocebus_ (_Semnocebus_) _albigena_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. - 27 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Face nude, except for a few short hairs on the cheeks and -lips; a tuft of long stiff hairs projecting over each eye; hair of the body -elongated on the fore-quarter and arm; on the crown and nape the hair long -and directed backwards, forming a crest; hands and feet short, tail long, -thumb small, and great-toe large and broad; face black. - -General colour of the body black; cheeks, throat, a spot behind the ear, -sides of the neck, shoulder, and front of the chest greyish; hairs on the -face and over the eyes black; tail black; callosities black. - -A younger specimen, which died in 1865 in the Zoological Gardens in London, -had the throat, sides of the neck and front of the chest, dirty-brown; -hairs of the cheeks of the same colour, and some of them also black. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. - - -V. THE BLACK MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ATERRIMUS. - - _Cercopithecus aterrimus_, Oudem. Zool. Gart., xxxi., p. 267 (1890). - - _Cercocebus aterrimus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256 (note). - -{41}CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. albigena_, but distinguished by its -generally deep black colour, except on the shoulders and nape, which are -blackish-brown or brownish-grey--the hair here being no longer than on the -rest of the body; hairs on the cheeks, fine, velvety, and whitish; whiskers -thick, greyish-brown; beard very sparse, whitish. - -DISTRIBUTION.--South-west Africa: Stanley Falls on the Congo. - -HABITS.--Unknown. - - -VI. THE CRESTED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS. - - _Cercocebus galeritus_, Peters, M. B. Ak. Berl., 1879, p. 830, pls. i.B - and iii. (Crania). - -CHARACTERS.--A flat crest of blackish-brown hair radiating from the top of -the head all round and over the forehead; the entire upper surface covered -with long loose fur, the hairs grey at their base, and higher up ringed -with greyish-green and blackish-brown; the fore-arms, hands, feet, and the -basal three-fourths of the tail blackish-brown; the sides of the head and -the whole under surface yellowish; the inside of the limbs yellowish-grey; -the hair of the terminal part of the tail lighter than the rest, and ringed -with yellow; face, bluish-black. - -DISTRIBUTION.--E. Africa; Mitola, at the mouth of the Osi and Tana rivers. - -HABITS.--This species was found living in the woods on the coast in small -troops of from five to six in number. - - -THE GUENONS. GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. - - _Cercopithecus_, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 22 (1777). - -The genus _Cercopithecus_ includes a larger number of species than any -other of the _Anthropoidea_. Its members are {42}characterised by their -rather round head, slender but muscular bodies, narrow loins, and long hind -limbs. Their tail is long, though shorter than in the genera next to be -described, viz., the Langurs and the Guerezas. Their face is short, the -muzzle less elongated, the cheek-pouches larger than in the Macaques. The -nose is not prominent, and the nostrils are approximated, while whiskers -are generally developed, as well as a longer or shorter beard. Their -callosities are less extensive than in the Macaques. They have elongated -hands with fingers united by a web at their bases; their thumbs, though -distinct, being less developed in comparison than their great-toes. The fur -is thick and soft, and in most of the species is ringed with differently -and often brilliantly coloured bars. - -The _Cercopitheci_ have the skull depressed, presenting no very distinct -brow, for its superciliary ridges are less prominent and angular, and their -outer margin less projecting in comparison with those of the skulls in the -genera already described. The orbits are considerably approximated. Their -molar teeth are strongly cusped, and the posterior lower molar has only -four cusps, and not five, as in the Macaques; but as in these animals, the -two front cusps are united together by a transverse ridge, and the two hind -ones are united together. - -The Guenons are entirely confined to the African continent, where they -range from the Gambia to the Congo, and from Abyssinia to the Zambesi; but -the different species are each confined to small restricted areas. Being -essentially arboreal, they live entirely in the forest regions, herding -together in large troops. They can move from tree to tree with great -rapidity, and can climb even on vertical surfaces with surprising -quickness. They are abrupt and energetic in their movements, restless, and -noisy, incessantly chattering and {43}making grimaces. The latter habit is -so characteristic of them that they have obtained from it the name of -_Guenon_, by which they are now so generally known, bestowed on them by the -French. Their food consists of leaves, birds' eggs, and honey, but -pre-eminently of fruits, while they are especially destructive to the ripe -grain-fields of the natives near the woods in which they live. They feed -voraciously, and carry off all that their cheek-pouches can hold, even -after they are satisfied, or if they are called off by the warning cry of -the sentinel, who is said to be always placed on guard on some point of -'vantage when the troop is busy with its depredations. The Guenons are not -only restless, but very inquisitive; they are, therefore, when young, very -easily tamed, and as a consequence they are frequently to be seen as -performers in circuses and exhibitions. When aged they are unreliable in -temper, and often very ill-dispositioned. They are said, also, to repel -with missiles any intruders into the region in which they are established -in any numbers. - -The known species--numbering about forty--have for the purposes of -description and easy subsequent discrimination, been arranged into groups -(based on a few of their more or less prominent characters) by different -zoologists. Of these M. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, of Paris, and -Professor Schlegel, of Leyden, may be specially mentioned; the arrangement -of the latter forming a very convenient key for the determination of the -species. Among the zoologists who have more recently revised this genus is -the well-known Secretary of the Zoological Society of London, Dr. P. L. -Sclater, who has to some extent followed and improved upon Professor -Schlegel's arrangement of the genus. In the present review, therefore, of -the numerous species of this genus, the six groups {44}suggested by Dr. -Sclater have been adopted. These are (I.) The Nose-spotted -Guenons--_Cercopitheci rhinosticti_; (II.) The Green Guenons--_C. -chloronoti_; (III.) The Rufous-backed Guenons--_C. erythronoti_; (IV.) The -Black-limbed Guenons--_C. melanochiri_; (V.) The Tufted-eared Guenons--_C. -auriculati_; (VI.) The Bearded Guenons--_C. barbati_; and lastly, The -Three-cusped Guenons--_C. trituberculati_. - - -GROUP I. CERCOPITHECI RHINOSTICTI. - -The members of this group have a distinct nose-spot of white, red, or blue. - - -I. THE LESSER WHITE-NOSED GUENON CERCOPITHECUS PETAURISTA. - - _Simia petaurista_, Schreb., Sauegeth., i., p. 103, pl. xix. B (1775). - - _Blanc-nez_, Buff., Hist. Nat., Suppl., vii., p. 67 (1789). - - _Cercopithecus petaurista_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 35 (1777); Martin, - Mammif. An., p. 539 (1841); Wagn. in Schreber's Saeugeth., Suppl., v., p. - 250 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 86 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244. - - _Ascagne_ (_Cercopithecus ascanius_), Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. - iv., Sect. ii., fig. xiii.; F. Cuvier, Nat. Hist., Mamm., i., livr. xiv. - (Fev., 1820). - -CHARACTERS.--Head round, the forehead rather elevated; nose broad; face and -nose covered with short hairs; whiskers short; chin bearded. Head, back, -upper side of tail, olive-green--the hairs grey at the base--ringed with -darker or lighter yellow and black; facial hairs black, slightly washed -with fulvous on the cheeks; skin below bluish-red or violet; lower part of -the nose and half of the upper lip white; whiskers and beard white; line -across the forehead above the eyes and the ears, and {45}encircling the -crown behind, black; a pencil of hair below the ears directed backward, -white; throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of -tail white; posterior aspect of fore-arms and legs grey, washed with olive; -naked parts of chin, ears, and hands purplish-black. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gold Coast and Sierra Leone. - -HABITS.--The Ascagne, as this animal is also named, is the most common of -the Guenons seen in menageries. It is gentle, graceful, and lively. They -are perpetually in motion, "gambolling with their companions, and pursuing -or being pursued by them, in the exuberance of playfulness. They are at the -same time docile and familiar, but dislike to be taken hold of, or -interfered with." (_Martin._) Allamand says that his specimen, which was in -general very gentle, became angry when interrupted while eating, or if it -was gibed at, but its irritation did not last long. - - -II. JENTINK'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SIGNATUS. - - _Cercopithecus signatus_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 55 - (1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257. - -CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. petaurista_. Sides of head grizzled--the -hairs ringed with white, yellowish, and black--and separated abruptly from -the reddish upper portion of the head by a black band from ear to ear over -the orbits, but not running round the vertex; ears somewhat larger than in -_C. petaurista_. - -Cranial portion of skull higher, and the facial portion more produced than -in _C. petaurista_; the jaws longer, and the orbits rounder and wider. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Supposed to be from West Africa, but its habitat is not -known with certainty. - - -{46}III. THE RED-BELLIED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER. - - _Cercopithecus erythrogaster_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 169, pl. xvi., - 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); Murie, P. Z. - S., 1866, p. 380; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 69 (1876); Sclater, P. - Z. S., 1893, p. 252, 1894, p. 1. - -CHARACTERS.--Fur blackish, speckled with yellow, especially on the head, -the hairs being black ringed with yellow; face black; nose-spot white; -moustache and frontal band from the temple to the ears black; on each cheek -a whitish-yellow spot; whiskers, beard, throat, and sides of neck -yellowish-white; chest and under surface of body rufous; inner side of the -front of the thighs, and under side of the tail greyish-white; outer aspect -of thighs and hind legs grey, speckled with black. Length of body, 13-1/2 -inches; of tail, 16 inches. - -In the young female the top of the head is yellowish, this colour extending -towards the nape. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. This species has been only once exhibited in -the Zoological Gardens of London, viz., in 1866, but recently, according to -Dr. Sclater, a specimen lived for a short time in the Zoological Gardens of -Rotterdam. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of the Red-bellied Guenon in a -state of nature; but Dr. Murie has written of the one that lived for two -months in the Zoological Gardens: "Its nature appeared mild and harmless, -by no means grave or sedate, indeed rather inclined to be lively and -playful, with but little disposition to be quarrelsome. The keeper noticed -that it appeared timid, and somewhat distrustful of its more romping -companions, but freely approached him, and when {47}taking food out of his -hand seemed pleased, and gently played with his fingers without attempting -to bite." - - -IV. BUETTIKOFER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BUETTIKOFERI. - - _Cercopithecus buettikoferi_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 56 - (1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244. - -CHARACTERS.--Buettikofer's Guenon agrees in all respects with _C. -petaurista_, but wants the black band from ear to ear round the vertex. Of -this band "there is no trace, in a series of eight specimens, containing -adults and young, males and females" (_Jentink_). Irides brown. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. - - -V. MARTIN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MARTINI. - - _Cercopithecus martini_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 58; 1841, p. 71; - Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 542 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. - 21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, pl. xiv.; 1893, p. 245. - - _Cercopithecus nictitans_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876). - -DESCRIPTION.--Allied to _C. petaurista_. Fur tolerably long and but loosely -applied to the body. Face naked; whiskers bushy; beard short; tail very -long; callosities small. Length of body (type specimen), 22 inches; tail, -26. Length of a female, 19 inches; tail, 24. General colour of head, back, -and upper side of the basal part of the tail olive-green, distinctly -annulated, the hairs being grey at their base, ringed above with several -bars of yellowish-green and black. Face blue; nose-spot, commencing in the -middle of the ridge, and extending over its sides and the upper and lower -lips, yellowish-white; a black line extending up the ridge of the nose from -the end of the white spot to the brow and encircling the eyes; {48}a black -bar crossing the forehead from ear to ear; whiskers green; beard white; -throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of -three-fourths of the tail, greyish-white; fore-arms black; legs black; the -arms and thighs of the same colour as the back; upper side of the tail -beyond the basal region, and its terminal portion, black; hands and feet -black. - -As Dr. Sclater has pointed out (_loc. cit._): "It is at once -distinguishable from _C. petaurista_ by the black fore-limbs and feet, by -the greenish colour on the tail above; the greenish cheeks, without any -white stripe beneath the ears, and the bluish skin of the face." - -DISTRIBUTION.--Martin's Guenon is generally brought to Europe from the -island of Fernando Po, where it is probably indigenous. It may also inhabit -the neighbouring coast of Western Africa. - - -VI. THE LUDIO GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LUDIO. - - _Cercopithecus ludio_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 8, pl. ix., fig. 1; id., - P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870), - Wagner, in Schreb., Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 51 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. - S., 1893, p. 245. - - _Cercopithecus ascanias_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 87 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Spot on lower half of nose large, oblong, higher than broad. -General colour of fur black or dark greenish-olive, minutely speckled with -greyish-yellow. Face and lips blackish-blue, the nose-spot white; ridge of -nose above the white spot, superciliary band, crown of head, shoulders and -fore-limbs, black; outer and inner aspects of hind-limbs and extremity of -tail black; chin, chest, inner side of the upper part of the arms, and -under side of body, whitish; {49}whiskers black; rump and under side of the -base of the tail rufous. - -Distinguished from _C. petaurista_ by its black limbs, reddish rump and -base of tail. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Cameroons and the Delta of the Niger. - - -VII. THE BLACK-CHEEKED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MELANOGENYS. - - _Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvi., p. 212 - (1845); id., P. Z. S., 1849, p. 7, pl. ix., fig. 2; id., P. Z. S., 1868, - p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1860, - p. 246; Monteiro, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 112; Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., - x., p. 11 (1888); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245. - - _Cercopithecus picturatus_, Santos, Journ. Sci. Lisb., xi., p. 98 (1886). - -CHARACTERS.--The white nose-spot cordate in shape; a band across the -forehead above the eyes passing backwards over the ears, and over the lower -cheeks, black; region between the eye and the ear whitish; back finely -grizzled with black and orange; centre of the back washed with deep rufous; -outside of the legs dark grey, becoming black on the hands and feet; tail -dark rufous. Length of body, 15-3/4 inches; tail, about 17 inches. - -The black lower cheeks, and the white region between the eye and the ear -distinguish _C. melanogenys_ from _C. nictitans_ and _C. stampflii_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola. "It is very abundant at Encoge, three -days' journey to the south of Bemba." (_Monteiro._) - - -{50}VIII. STAMPFLI'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS STAMPFLII. - - _Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 90 (1876, nec - Gray). - - _Cercopithecus stampflii_, Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 10 (1888); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257. - -CHARACTERS.--Nose-spot white, with its broader part lowest, and the point -upwards; crown of head, nape of neck, legs and hinder portion of tail -black; spot on lower lip black; chin, breast, anterior portion of belly, -and inside of fore-arms white; forehead, cheeks, back, sides of body, and -the basal portion of the tail, rufous-green, the hairs being ringed with -black and rufous-yellow. Length of body, 25-1/4 inches; tail, 38-1/2 -inches. - -Distinguished from _C. nictitans_ by its white under surface. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. Obtained in the Pessi country by -Messrs. Buettikofer and Stampfli. - - -IX. SCHMIDT'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SCHMIDTI. - - _Cercopithecus ascanias_ (?), Scl., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 502. - - _Cercopithecus schmidti_, Matschie, Zool. Anz., p. 161 (1892); Sclater, - P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245, pl. xvi. - -CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. melanogenys_, the white nose-spot -cordate. Face and superciliary region blue; nose above the white spot -black; a bar between the nose-spot, reaching to the whiskers, on each side, -black; upper and lower lips flesh-coloured; whiskers white, conspicuous, -and with a very narrow black streak on their lower edge; beard white; above -the superciliary region, and between the flesh-coloured ears, a black -frontal bar; top of head, back, outer aspect of arms, thighs, and of the -basal third of tail, olive-green and more {51}punctulated than in _C. -melanogenys_; throat, under side of body, and inner side of the upper part -of the limbs, white; fore-arms, hands, legs, and feet black; posterior -two-thirds of tail rufous. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species was obtained by the Rev. W. C. Willoughby, in -1883, at Uniamwezi, in Eastern Equatorial Africa, and was said to have been -brought thither from the Manyuema country, on the western shore of Lake -Tanganyika. His specimen lived in the Zoological Gardens in London for -nearly three years. It has also been obtained in Uganda, further to the -north. - - -X. THE HOCHEUR GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NICTITANS. - - _Simia nictitans_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 40 (1766). - - _Cercopithecus nictitans_, Erxl., Syst. Regne Anim., p. 35 (1777); - Martin, Mammif. An., p. 536 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's Saeugeth. - Suppl., v., p. 50 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876); Scl., - P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246. - - _Cercopithecus nictitans_ (Hocheur), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm. i., pl. - 17 (1825); Audebert, Hist. Nat. des Singes, Fam. iv., Sect. i., p. 9, pl. - 2. - -CHARACTERS.--Head round; forehead elevated; face depressed; nose broad, -short-haired. "Hair of the head very full; boldly over-reaching the eyes, -obscuring the ears, and adding to the breadth and elevation of the top of -the head." (_Martin._) Nose-spot narrow above, commencing between the eyes, -broad below; the lips and a broad ring round the eyes, nude, or very -short-haired, elsewhere haired; whiskers bushy; callosities covered with -hair; thumbs very short; muzzle shorter than is {52}usually the case in the -genus; no beard; tail long, thinly-haired, tapering. - -General colour all over, black, speckled with white or yellowish, the hairs -being grey at their roots, then black, tipped with white or -yellowish-white; face purplish-black; nose-spot pure white; no white on the -lips; ears black; no black stripes on the face, a character distinguishing -it from all the other spotted-nosed Monkeys; under surface of body and -basal part of tail blackish-grey, the inside of the limbs less distinctly -so. - -Some specimens are not so black, but are greyer, especially on the under -side, which may be washed with brown. - -The white colour of the nose not extending on to the upper lip -distinguishes this species from _C. petaurista_, independently of the -general colouring. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Although the "Hocheur" is not uncommon in -European menageries, it is still uncertain in exactly what part of that -extensive region it has its home. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this species, except what has -been observed from examples living in captivity. In durance the species is -mild and gentle in disposition, and very active, and has a way of -incessantly shaking its head, a habit from which it derives its French -appellation of "Hocheur." - - -XI. THE RED-EARED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROTIS. - - _Cercopithecus erythrotis_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 59; 1841, p. 71; - Martin, Mammif. An., p. 535 (1841); Fraser, Zool. Typ., pl. iv. (1848); - Wagn., in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., - 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 70 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, 1893, p. 246. - -{53}CHARACTERS.--General colour of back, sides, and outer aspect of the -hind-limbs, black, speckled with yellowish-grey, or with golden-yellow on -the hinder part of the back--the hairs being black, ringed with yellow or -gold respectively; face nearly nude, except for a few short hairs on the -upper part of the nose; region round the eyes, livid blue; nose red; chin -white; a black bar from the eye to the ear; below this a broad white -whisker-streak on the cheeks, beneath which again there arises from the -corner of the mouth and cheeks another black, yellow-ringed, tuft of hair; -ears rusty-red internally; external aspect of the fore-limbs blackish; -throat, under surface of the body, and inner side of the limbs -greyish-white; tail bright rufous, except for a dark line along its upper -surface; anal hairs bright red. Length of body, 17 inches; tail, 23 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This rare and very beautiful Monkey has its home in the -island of Fernando Po. - - -XII. THE MOUSTACHED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CEPHUS. - - _Simia cephus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766). - - _Cercopithecus cephus_ (Moustac), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. - xxvi. (1821); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 532 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's - Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. - 91 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246. - - _Le moustac_, Audebert, Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. iv., Sect, ii., p. 19, - fig. xii. - -CHARACTERS.--Face and nose naked; muzzle short; whiskers thick and bushy, -directed backward and downward. Face, except the lips, violet-blue; margin -of the upper lip black, this {54}colour extending as a bar back to the -whiskers; between this black margin and the nose is a white bar, extending -also across the cheek to the whiskers; under lip and chin, black; whiskers -between the eyes and ears golden-yellow, paler below the ears, and white on -the under jaw; ears black, with yellowish-white hairs. Head greenish, -darker on the back than on the front; the neck, back, shoulders, outer side -of arms, flanks, buttocks, and upper side of the base of the tail -greenish-brown--the hairs being grey at their roots and ringed above with -yellow and black, or brown, the predominance of the one or the other -producing the brown, or brighter or fainter green colour; on the outer side -of the thighs, the green hue is deeper. The rest of the outer aspect of the -limbs is grey washed with yellow; hands and feet dusky brown or dull black; -under side of the body and inside of the limbs dark grey, lighter on the -throat, breast, and fore part of the belly; under side of the base of the -tail dark grey; the remaining two-thirds rufous. Length of body, 19 inches; -of tail, 26 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Gaboon to the Congo. - -HABITS.--This species is not at all uncommon in menageries. Numerous -specimens have from time to time been exhibited in the Zoological Gardens -in London. Little is known, however, of the habits of the Moustached Monkey -in its native forests. In captivity it is intelligent, lively, and -good-tempered, but very shy. Its delicate constitution cannot resist the -rigours of our climate for any length of time. - - -II. CERCOPITHECI CHLORONOTI. - -In this section of the Guenons, the fur is more or less olive-green above; -the under side and whiskers white, and the arms and legs grey. - - -{55}XIII. THE MALBROUCK GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CYNOSURUS. - - _Simia cynosurus_, Scop. Delic. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., i., p. 44, pl. - xix. (1786). - - _Cercopithecus cynosurus_ (Malbrouck), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., - livr. ii. (Janvier, 1819); Desmarest, Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin, - Mammif. An., p. 515 (1841); Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 306 - (1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 38 (1855); Schleg. - Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 72 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 247. - - _Cercopithecus tephrops_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 109. - - _Chlorocebus cynosurus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Head broad, and rounded above; muzzle thick. Face naked, -flesh-coloured; nose and cheeks black-haired; ears nude, black; hands -short, thumbs rudimentary; hairs on the side of the head not forming -whiskers. Top of head and upper surface of body olive-green--the hairs -being grey at their roots and ringed with black and yellow; external -surface of the fore-arms and legs grizzled-grey, the hairs with black and -white rings; sides of the neck, under surface of the body, inside of the -limbs, and the under side of the tail white; an indistinct band across the -forehead over the eyes, white; tail dark grey above; callosities scarlet; -scrotal region in the male deep blue; hairs beneath the tail and round the -scrotal region rufous. Length of body about 18 inches; tail, 16 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Probably Senegambia, but the exact habitat -still unknown. - -HABITS.--Of the habits of the Malbrouck in its own home nothing has been -recorded; but Mr. Martin remarks that in captivity it combines in its -disposition a certain degree of {56}sluggishness with a savage and -vindictive temper. One of the specimens, he says, "in the menagerie of the -Zoological Society, an adult male, was gentle, familiar, and pleased to be -noticed or caressed; but, at the same time, it was neither lively nor -playful. The other was deceitful, and though apparently calm, very -suspicious; it was roused by the slightest provocation to anger, and would -turn upon its disturber with the utmost malevolence depicted in its -countenance, making every possible effort to assault him, exhibiting its -teeth and gazing fixedly in his face.... On the whole, indolence and -ferocity form the character of the adult, at least, in captivity." - - -XIV. THE GRIVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SABAEUS. - - _Simia sabaea_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766). - - _Cercopithecus griseus_ (Le Grivet), F. Cuvier, Mamm., i., livr. vii. - (Juin, 1819). - - _Cercopithecus griseo-viridis_, Desmarest, Mamm., p. 61 (1820); Martin, - Mammif. An., p. 518 (1841); Rueppell, Neue Wirbelth. Saeugeth., p. 8 - (1835); Blanford, Zool. Abyss. Exp., p. 224 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., - 1893, p. 248. - - _Cercopithecus sabaeus_, Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 22 (1851); - Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 74 (1876). - - _Chlorocebus engythithea_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Head more pyramidal than in _C. cynosurus_, and the muzzle -thinner; an angular patch of hair at the corner of each eye, pointing -backwards; whiskers forming long and thick ear-tufts, directed backwards -and partly concealing the ears; ears small; hands short and small. Face, -ears, and lips dark {57}violet; region round the eyes livid flesh-colour; -the superciliary band joining the whiskers white; top of the head, back as -far as the rump, shoulders and arms greyish olive-green--the hairs ringed -with greyish-black and pale yellow; whiskers, chin, breast, under surface -of body, fore part of shoulders, the inner side of the limbs, and the under -side of the tail, white; forearms, rump, and thighs grey, slightly washed -with olive; hands and feet entirely grey; upper side of the tail -greyish-black, the tip paler. Scrotal region coppery-green, covered with -orange hairs. - -Distinguished from the Malbrouck by the form of the head, the greyer shade -of the hair, and the colour of the scrotal region; and from _C. -callitrichus_, described below, by the more sombre colour of its hair, the -white superciliary band, and the long white whiskers. Length of body, about -19 inches; tail, 22 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: throughout Abyssinia, Sennaar, and -Kordofan, up to 4,000 feet. - -HABITS.--According to Dr. Blanford, this species is a true tree Monkey, and -is very rarely seen except in the forest. "On the highlands of Abyssinia," -he says, "I only once saw a flock--this was near Dildi, south of Lake -Ashangi. I met with larger flocks on the Anseba, where they inhabited the -high trees on the banks of the stream. The flocks seen were small, not -exceeding twenty to thirty individuals. I had but few opportunities of -observing their habits, but they appeared to differ but little from those -of _Macacus_ or _Inuus_, except that _Cercopithecus_ is a quieter animal -and less mischievous. In captivity they are well known as excessively -docile and good tempered, and fairly intelligent." - - -{58}XV. WERNER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WERNERI. - - _Cercopithecus werneri_, Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 874 (1850); id., Arch. - Mus., v., p. 539, pl. xxvii. (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl., - v., p. 42 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 258. - -CHARACTERS.--Nearly related to _C. sabaeus_, but all the parts are -olive-green where that species is greyish-green--the hairs being ringed -with reddish-fawn and black; the former taking the place of the green rings -in the hairs of the _C. sabaeus_, and the black ones being much broader; -the face black; the tail yellow at the tip as in _C. sabaeus_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The exact habitat of this species is unknown. - - -XVI. THE GREEN GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CALLITRICHUS. - - (_Plate XXVIII._) - - _Singe Verte_, Adanson, Voy. Seneg., p. 178 (1735). - - _Cercopithecus sabaea_ (nec Linn.), Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 33 - (1777). - - _Cercopithecus sabaeus_, Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth., v., p. 40 (1855); - Martin, Mammif. An., p. 519 (1841). - - _Le Callitriche_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. iv. (Mars, 1819). - - _Simia sabaea_, Audebert, Singes, Fam. iv., Sect., ii., p. 7, fig. iv. - (1797). - - _Cercopithecus callitrichus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 23 - (1851); Schleg, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 73 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., - 1866, p. 79; 1893, pp. 248, 616. - - _Chlorocebus sabaeus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). - - - -PLATE XXVIII. - -[Illustration: GREEN GUENON.] - -{59}CHARACTERS.--Muzzle rather long; ears large, naked, and somewhat -pointed behind; hairs on the side of the head long, thick, frill-like, and -directed backwards toward the ears; hands and feet long, but the feet -longer than the hands. Face, ears, palms, and soles, black; superciliary -band bright yellow or white; head, back, shoulders, arms, and upper part of -the forearms, the thighs, upper part of the legs, and upper side of the -tail rich yellowish-green,--the hairs being ringed with broader bars of -yellow, and narrower bars of black; external surface of the lower part of -the fore- and hind-limbs grey, the hairs being ringed with white, or very -pale yellow and black; cheeks, throat, under surface of the body, and inner -side of the limbs, white, washed with yellow on the cheeks, throat, and -along the mid-line of the belly. Tail tipped with a long tuft of bright -yellow; under side of the tail greyish-green; hairs beneath the tail and on -the scrotal region bright yellow; naked skin of the scrotal parts, green. -Length of body, 24 inches; of tail, 29 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Senegambia to the Niger. It is said to be -now abundant in a wild state in the island of St. Kitts, in the West -Indies, and Colonel Feilden identified it in Barbadoes. Into both of these -islands it has been introduced from Africa, in the same way as into St. -Jago, one of the Cape Verde Islands. - -HABITS.--The Green Monkeys frequent high trees in the great forests, living -in small troops or sitting alone. They move about very noiselessly, and -would seem to be devoid of voice, remaining silent even when attacked or -wounded; although they knit their brows, gnash their teeth, and evince -every sign of vexation and anger. This species is one of the commonest -Monkeys introduced into Europe, as it appears to be able to stand, better -than most of the other members of the genus, the northern climate. It has -even bred in the Zoological {60}Gardens in London. It is very active and -intelligent, and when young it is gentle and of a good disposition, but as -it grows older it becomes treacherous, malicious, and savage. - - -XVII. THE VERVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PYGERYTHRUS. - - _Cercopithecus pygerythra_ (Le Vervet), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., - iii., livr. xxiv. (Janvier, 1821). - - _Cercopithecus pygerithraeus_, Desmarest, Mamm., Suppl., p. 534 (1820). - - _Cercopithecus pygerythrus_, Lesson, Spec. des Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrum., - p. 83 (1840); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305 (1849); id., Cat. - Meth. Primates, p. 21 (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Saeugeth., v., p. 39 - (1855); Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Saeugeth., p. 4; Martin, Mammif. An., p. - 521 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 76 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S., - 1885, p. 219; H. H. Johnston, Kilimanjaro Exped., p. 352 (1886); Scl., P. - Z. S., 1893, p. 249 (nec Martin, nec. Schl.). - - _Cercopithecus pusillus_, Delalande in Desmoul, Dict. Class., vii., p. - 568. - - _Cercopithecus lalandii_, Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305 - (1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Saeugeth., v., p. 39 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. - S., 1893, pp. 248 and 615. - - _Cercopithecus rufo-viridis_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); - Scl., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420. - - _Chlorocebus pygerythrus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus, p. 25 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to the Grivet (_C. sabaeus_), to the -Malbrouck (_C. cynosurus_), and to the last species, the Green Guenon. -Distinguished from the Grivet by the chin, the hands and the feet, beyond -the ankle, and the wrist being very black, instead of grey; and the tip of -the tail (or its {61}entire length) black, instead of being grey or yellow, -as in the Malbrouck. It differs from both the Malbrouck and Grivet in -having, according to Martin, long coarse fur, greyer in tint above, with a -slighter wash of olive (= _C. lalandii_ of Geoffroy); or in being more -reddish-yellow or yellowish-green above (the true _C. pygerythrus_); also -by having conspicuous superciliary bristles. The less thick and heavy -muzzle and the green scrotal region distinguish it from the Malbrouck; the -rust-red coloured hair on the space below the root of the tail -distinguishes it from the Grivet. Length of body, 22 inches; tail, 27 -inches. - -The female is slightly smaller than the male. - -DISTRIBUTION.--South Africa: Cape Colony. "The Vervet is common in the -forests along the Great Fish river, and other streams between Algoa Bay and -Cape Town. Its range extends also along the Natal coast, throughout the -Amakozi country, and Caffreland generally." (_Martin._) Zambesia. On -Kilimanjaro. Mr. H. H. Johnston observed it to be common, at 5,000 feet, in -the cultivated gardens round the village of Moshi, and in the forests lower -down, at Taveita. - -HABITS.--Their food consists of fruits, and particularly of the gum which -exudes from various species of Acacia. In confinement, when irritated, they -utter, it is said, a barking noise, display their teeth, and gaze with -hatred in their eyes. They are very treacherous, ferocious, and daring, and -their cage requires to be approached with much precaution. Mr. Johnston, -when living on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, found them to be exceedingly -familiar and mischievous, and given to stealing fruits, &c. They are -entirely without the fear of Man. - -This Monkey is very commonly to be seen alive in European {62}menageries, -where it appears to stand the northern climate fairly well. At a meeting of -the Zoological Society in November, 1893, Dr. Sclater remarked that -_Cercopithecus callitrichus_ (= _C. pygerythrus_) had recently bred in the -Gardens. Concerning the latter birth a curious fact had been observed and -reported by the keepers--that the young Monkey, which lived about two -months, had been in the habit of sucking both of the mother's teats at -once. - - -XVIII. THE TANTALUS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS TANTALUS. - - _Cercopithecus tantalus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1841, p. 33; Sclater, P. Z. - S., 1893, p. 258; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 73 (1876). - - _Cercocebus tantalus_, var. f., Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 - (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Head rounder and face shorter than in _C. callitrichus_. Face -covered with very short hairs; nose prominent, and narrow between the eyes, -flatter and broader towards the tip. Head, back, and sides, a mixture of -yellowish-brown and green, of the same shade as prevails in the upper parts -of _C. callitrichus_ and _C. pygerythrus_; outer surface of the limbs -clearer ashy-grey; whiskers, throat, breast, under side of the body, and -inner side of the limbs, yellowish-white; tail brown at the root, pale grey -at the tip; back of hands and feet light grey; face livid flesh-colour -round the eyes, the short hairs on the nose and cheeks black; lips light -brown; eyebrows black, surmounted by a broad white band across the -forehead; scrotal region covered with yellowish hairs. (_Ogilby._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--Africa, but the exact habitat is unknown. - -HABITS.--Unknown. - - -{63}III. CERCOPITHECI ERYTHRONOTI. - -The next three species constitute the red-furred group of Geoffroy and -Sclater, being bright rufous above, and white beneath. - - -XIX. THE PATAS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PATAS. - - _Simia patas_, Schreber, Saeugeth., i., p. 98, pl. xvi. (1775). - - _Cercopithecus patas_, Erxleb. Syst. Regne An., p. 34 (1777); Schleg., - Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 84 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 249. - - _Simia rubra_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1788); Fischer, Synops. Mamm., - p. 24 (1829). - - _Cercopithecus ruber_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 96 (1812); id., Dict. - d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Desmar. Mamm., p. 59 (1820); Martin, - Mammif. An., p. 509 (1841, pt.); Wagner, in Schreber, Saeugeth. Suppl., - v., p. 42 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1874, p. 664. - - _Le Patas et Le Patas a bandeau noir_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Mamm. i., livr. - xv. (Avril, 1820). - - _Chlorocebus ruber_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Head broad and flattened; nose depressed; muzzle short; fur -long and silky on the back of the head, elsewhere short. Orbits narrow; -cheeks and muzzle naked; whiskers thick and bushy, encroaching far on the -cheeks, and extending back below the ears; chin with a few hairs, but no -beard. Head, back, sides, and hinder aspect of the arms and fore-arms, and -of the thighs and legs, and of the upper and lower sides of the base, and -the upper side of the rest of the tail, foxy red; shoulders, chest, front -and rest of the fore-limbs, entire under side of the body, and of the -terminal portion {64}of the tail, and inner side of the limbs, with the -entire hands and feet, grey or greyish-white,--the hairs being ringed with -black and white. The nude parts of the face and of the ears, hands, and -feet, violet flesh-colour; a distinct superciliary arch black; a white bar -from the eye to behind the ear; a black line from the superciliary stripe, -extending down the nose-ridge and expanding on the tip; on the upper lip, a -short moustache of black hairs; whiskers greyish-white, washed with yellow. -This species varies considerably in size and in coloration. - -In young animals the grey is often washed with rufous. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Senegal. - -HABITS.--The Patas in its native forest lives in large troops, which unite -together, as De la Brue has recorded, against a common enemy. He relates -that as he passed along a river in his boat, the Patas came down to the -tips of the branches out of curiosity, but after watching the party for a -time they threw dry branches and other handy objects at them, till some of -their number were at last shot. This so infuriated the survivors, that they -redoubled their attack with stones and other missiles, giving utterance -meanwhile to the most frightful cries. Mr. Martin, from whom we have -condensed De la Brue's account, says that this species is lively in -captivity, but very spiteful and capricious, its temper becoming worse with -age. - - -XX. THE NISNAS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PYRRHONOTUS. - - _Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus_, Hempr. et Ehrenb., Symb. Phys., pl. x. - (1838); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Wagner, in - Schreber's Saeugeth., v., p. 42 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 623; - 1893, p. 250; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 84 (1876). - - {65}_Cercopithecus ruber_, Ruepp., Neue Wirb. Saeugeth., p. 8 (1835); - Martin, Mammif. An., p. 509 (1841) (in part). - - _Le Nisnas_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., i., pl. 27 (1830). - - _Chlorocebus ruber_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Of the same size as _C. patas_, and very similar to it. Fur -above, and on the lower part of the limbs rufous, and on the lower part of -the back, and under side of the tail, much darker rufous than elsewhere; -nose white, not black as in the preceding species; shoulders and external -aspect of arms rufous like the rest of the body, and not grey as in _C. -patas_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: Kordofan and Darfur, to a height of 3,000 -feet above the sea. A specimen living in the Zoological Gardens in 1882 was -stated to have come from Somali-land. - -Allied to the Patas and the Nisnas is Peters' Guenon (_Cercopithecus -ochraceus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Saeugeth., p. 2, pl. 1a), from Querimba, -Mozambique, which has the upper side yellowish, and is probably but a -variety of _C. pyrrhonotus_. - - -XXI. THE REDDISH-GREEN GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS RUFO-VIRIDIS. - - _Cercopithecus rufo-viridis_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id. - Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 78 - (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 258. - - _Chlorocebus rufo-viridis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). - - _? Cercopithecus flavidus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb., p. 3, pl. i.b. - -CHARACTERS.--Face black; a large frontal band white; head above -olive-green; back green washed with rufous, gradually becoming bright -rufous, slightly speckled with black on the sides {66}of the body between -the fore- and hind-limbs; shoulders and thighs grey, washed with green; the -rest of the external aspect of the limbs grey; under side of body and inner -side of limbs white; hands speckled black; the feet greyish; tail, dark -grey above, pale grey below. - -DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. The form described by Peters as _C. -flavidus_ comes from Mozambique. - - -IV. CERCOPITHECI MELANOCHIRI. - -The species which we now proceed to describe belong to Prof. Schlegel's -Section v., and Dr. Sclater's _Cercopitheci melanochiri_, of which the -members have the arms and legs either black or dark grey, and have a black -band from the outer corner of the eyes to the ears. - - -XXII. THE MONA GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MONA. - - _Simia mona_, Schreber, Saeugeth., i., p. 97, pl. xv. (1775). - - _Cercopithecus mona_, Erxleb. Syst. Regne An., p. 32 (1777); Geoffr., - Dict. Hist. Nat., p. 304 (1849); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 527 (1841); - Wagner, in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 80 (1876); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 250. - - _La mone_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., i., livr. ix. (Aout, 1819). - -CHARACTERS.--Top of the head brilliant golden-green, the hairs being black -at the roots, yellow further up and tipped with black; back, sides of body, -shoulders, and haunches chestnut-brown, speckled with black,--the hairs -being grey at the base, ringed alternately with red, or brown and black; -frontal band pale greenish; rump, with the exception of a distinctive -elliptical white bar on each side, at the base of the tail, black; the -hands and feet, and external aspect of the legs, {67}thighs, and fore-arms, -black; the under side of the body and inner side of the limbs pure white, -separated by an abrupt line from the colours of the outer surfaces; the -transverse black band above the eyebrows extending from the outer corner of -the eyes to the ears; nude parts of face, ears, and hands livid -flesh-colour; the whiskers bushy, covering much of the cheeks, descending -on the sides and lower part of the neck, pale yellow, speckled with black -marks. - -The white bars on each side of the tail, on the rump, and the white frontal -band distinguish this species from all others. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Cameroons. - - -XXIII. SYKES' GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ALBIGULARIS. - - _Semnopithecus albogularis_, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 106. - - _Cercopithecus albigularis_, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 18; Owen, P. Z. - S., 1832, p. 18 (anatomy); Martin, Mamm. An., p. 512 (1841); Frazer, - Zool. Typ., pl. ii. (1848); Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 45 - (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 79 (1876); True. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv., p. 448 - (1893); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 251; Matschie, S.B., Nat. Fr. Berl., - 1893, p. 215; Thomas, P. Z. S., 1894, p. 137. - - _Cercopithecus erythrarchus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Saeugeth., p. 1, pl. - i.; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 77 (1876); Kirk, P. Z. S., 1864, p. - 649; Reuvens, Zool. Gart., xxx., p. 207 (1889); Oudem, _op. cit._, xxxi., - p. 267 (1890); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 249 (female). - - _? Cercopithecus monoides_, Geoffr., Arch. du Mus., ii., p. 558, pl. 31 - (1841); id., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. - 303 (1849); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256. - -{68}CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Head rounded, short; ears small, rounded, and -nearly concealed in the long fur of the head; eyes deep-set; superciliary -hairs long; whiskers thick and bushy; no beard; facial angle large; -cheek-pouches small but distinct, not observable even when filled, being -concealed by the bushy whiskers; thumbs short; great-toes long; very small -callosities; tail half as long as the body. Larynx with the usual two wide -lateral sacs and a middle pouch extending forward about three inches under -the skin of the neck, communicating with the larynx by a large opening. - -Entire upper surface black, mixed with yellow,--the hairs being black, -ringed with brownish-yellow bars. Face, cheeks, and lips black; shoulders, -fore-limbs and hind-limbs (washed with yellowish), black, from the absence -of the yellow bars, which predominate on the back and sides; under side of -the body black, speckled with white; chin and throat white; no white thigh -patches; tail, black. - -FEMALE.--Differs from the male in being smaller, and in having the rump, -the upper and lower sides of the base of the tail, the region round the -anus, and the posterior aspect of the upper part of the thighs and arms -strongly tinged with reddish-brown. The lower side of the body and inner -sides of the limbs whitish--the hairs towards their extremities being -ringed with black and greyish-yellow. It has been described as -_Cercopithecus erythrarchus_ of Peters and other writers. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gold Coast (_Pel_); also said to have been -obtained on the Congo. East Africa: Mozambique; believed to abound about -Cape Corrientes (_Peters_). Quilimane and the Lower Zambesi are further -given as habitats both by Dr. Peters and Sir J. Kirk. Mr. H. H. Johnston, -H.M. Commissioner in Nyasa Land, has sent it from the Milanji Plateau, -where it ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. This species was at -one time supposed, but quite erroneously, to come from Madagascar. - - -PLATE XXIX. - -[Illustration: BOUTOURLINI'S GUENON.] - - -{69}HABITS.--This Monkey is very frequently brought alive to Europe, and -almost all that we know of its habits has been obtained from observing it -in captivity. Colonel Sykes, who first brought this species to England and -described it, says that "its manners in captivity are grave and sedate. Its -disposition is gentle, but not affectionate; and though free from that -capricious petulance and mischievous irascibility characteristic of so many -of the African species, still it quickly resents irritating treatment, and -evinces its resentment by very smart blows with its anterior hands. It -never bit any person on board ship, but so seriously lacerated three -Monkeys, its fellow passengers, that two of them died from the wounds. It -readily ate meat, and would choose to pick a bone even when plentifully -supplied with vegetables and dried fruits." Another individual, seen by Mr. -Ogilby, exhibited the same antipathy to other Monkeys. - - -XXIV. BOUTOURLINI'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BOUTOURLINII. - - (_Plate XXIX._) - - _Cercopithecus boutourlinii_, Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); - Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, pp. 256, 441. - - _Cercopithecus albigularis_, Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), vi., p. 8 - (1888). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Body-hairs long and rough; upper surface black, with -pale fulvous annellations, except on a line between the shoulders, which is -nearly black; ears nearly nude, with an inner hairy pencil; nose, upper -lip, chin, and throat, pure white; rest of the under surface and of the -limbs and tail black, {70}except the base of the tail, which has ringed -hairs like the back all round. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 24 -inches. (_Sclater._) - -FEMALE.--Nearly similar, but smaller, and having the hairs less ringed on -the back and the head. (_Sclater._) - -Distinguished from _C. albigularis_ by its white nose and upper lips, black -under surface, and blacker limbs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: Kaffa, a province to the south of Shoa; -and Gimma, a province in Central Abyssinia, to the south of Gojan. - - -XXV. CAMPBELL'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CAMPBELLI. - - _Cercopithecus campbelli_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 61; Fraser, Zool. - Typ., pl. iii. (1848); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 544 (1841); Wagner in - Schreber Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. - 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, - vii., p. 82 (1876); Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 9 (1888); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 251. - - _Cercopithecus burnetti_, Gray, Ann. N. H., x., p. 256 (1842). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur long, longer on the hinder part of the back than on the -front, separated along the back--the hairs black with broad yellow rings. -Face bluish-black; lips flesh-coloured; band across the forehead white, -washed with rufous--the hairs tipped with black; head as far as the nape of -the neck, yellowish-brown; the fore part of the back brownish-black, the -lower part of the back, the outer side of the hind-legs, the fore-legs, and -basal third of the tail olive-black, washed with yellow; the long hair on -the cheeks and side of the neck, which partly conceals the ears, -greyish-white, ringed towards the tips with black and {71}yellow; the inner -side of the ears furnished with long yellow-flecked grey hairs; the chest, -throat, under side of the body, inner side of limbs and fore part of the -thighs white; posterior two-thirds of the tail yellowish-grey, the hairs -ringed with black and faded yellow, those of the under side with brown and -grey; tip of the tail with a small black tuft. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast. - -HABITS.--This is the commonest Monkey, both in the interior and on the -coast of this region of Africa. It frequents the moderate-sized trees of -the forest in troops of fifty or more in number; and it occasionally even -takes to the water of its own accord. - - -XXVI. THE SAMANGO GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SAMANGO. - - _Cercopithecus samango_, Sundev. Oefvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Foerh. Stockh., - i., p. 160 (1844); Wagner in Schreber Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 44 (1855); - Peters, Reis. Mossamb., Saeugeth., p. 4; Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; - id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., - p. 79 (1876; in part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 251. - -CHARACTERS.--Distinguished by the dirty white tint along the basal half of -the tail, except along the median line of the upper side, which is black; -end of the tail black. Back entirely blackish-olive--the hairs being -yellowish-olive, ringed with black; inner side of the limbs, and entire -under surface from the arms to the chin, dirty white; outer surface of the -arms black, of the legs grey; the feet black; ears covered with whitish -hairs. - -DISTRIBUTION,--South and East Africa: Natal and Mozambique; extending to -Angola in the west. - - -{72}XXVII. THE WHITE-LIPPED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LABIATUS. - - _Cercopithecus labiatus_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id., Dict. - d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 302 (1849); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256. - - _Cercopithecus samango_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 79 (1876; in - part). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur thick; a bunch of long hairs directed backwards on the -cheeks; inner aspect of the ears covered with reddish-grey hairs; upper -side of the body dark grey, speckled with pale olive-yellow; top of the -head black, speckled with yellowish-green; forehead and jaws -greenish-yellow, speckled with black; a black spot on the face above the -commissure of the lips; rest of the lips and region of the mouth white; -outer side of the fore-limbs, hands, and feet black; outer side of the -hind-limbs greyish-brown; under side of the body faded white; inner side of -the limbs ashy-grey; round the anus and the greater part of the under side -of the tail, pale yellowish-brown; upper side of the tail, for same -distance, reddish-black; remainder black. - -DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. - - -XXVIII. THE RUMP-SPOTTED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS OPISTHOSTICTUS. - - _Cercopithecus opisthostictus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 725. - -CHARACTERS.--Back black, speckled with pale grey; head darker; back of the -neck, shoulders, external aspect of the hands and feet, and the tail -(except at its base), black; a small spot on the lower back on each side of -the tail rufous; under side blackish. Length of body, 24 inches; of tail, -25 inches. (_Sclater._) - -{73}DISTRIBUTION.--British Central Africa: near Lake Mweru. - -HABITS.--Unknown. The skin of this Monkey is used by the natives to form -dresses, and from specimens of these, collected by Mr. A. Sharpe, H.B.M. -Vice-Consul in Southern Nyasa Land, during his journey from the north end -of Lake Nyasa to Lake Mweru and the Luapula, this species has been -described by Dr. P. L. Sclater. - - -XXIX. STAIRS' GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS STAIRSI. - - _Cercopithecus stairsi_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 580, pl. xl.; 1893, - pp. 252, 443, and 612. - -CHARACTERS.--ADULT MALE.--Face black, except a ring round the eyes, which -is flesh-coloured; ridge of the nose and a band above the eyes from ear to -ear black, surmounted by another band of long erect yellowish-white hairs; -ears naked; whiskers bushy, greyish-white, washed with greenish-yellow; on -each side of the forehead a bright chestnut band is carried over the head -behind the ears; back of the head, nape, and anterior part of the back -grey, variegated by black lines and washed with yellowish; back of the -shoulders dark grey; back, especially the lower part, yellowish-grey, with -a rufous patch on the rump above the tail; external surface of the arms -blackish-grey; hands black; outside of the legs grey; feet not so black as -the hands; anal region, and about three inches of the base of the tail -rufous-yellow; scrotum dark indigo blue; throat, under surface of body, and -inner side of limbs milky white; the whole of the hair of the upper parts -minutely grizzled. Length of body, 18 inches; tail injured. (_Sclater._) - -YOUNG FEMALE.--Differs from the male in being lighter in colour; back below -the nape, sides, thighs, legs, and upper {74}surface of the basal third of -the tail ochre yellow, washed with rufous; shoulders and fore-limbs grey; -hands and feet black, under side of the body and inner side of the limbs -and the throat (where the hairs are long) milky white; terminal two-thirds -of the tail blackish-grey, darker at the tip. - -The chestnut auricular spots in both sexes of this species distinguish it -from all others. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Zambesi Delta. The typical specimen (which is the female -above described) was given, as Dr. Sclater tells us in his original account -of this beautiful species, by Mr. Hillier, at Chindi, to Dr. Moloney (of -Lieut. Stairs' Expedition). The latter brought it home alive, and presented -it in 1892 to the Zoological Society's Gardens, where it lived till the -beginning of 1893. The type specimen is now in the British Museum. A second -specimen, the adult male (described above) was presented to the Society in -June, 1893, by Mr. F. Hintz, whose brother had brought it from Mozambique, -and had had it in captivity for eight years. - -HABITS.--Unknown. - - -XXX. MOLONEY'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MOLONEYI. - - _Cercopithecus moloneyi_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 252, pl. xvii. - -CHARACTERS.--Related to _C. samango_, but larger; hairs long above, -olivaceous, speckled with black; head darker; a broad band covering the -middle and lower back, and the base of the upper side of the tail -rufous--the hairs ringed with black; arms, externally from the shoulders -down to the hands, and internally on the lower part of the fore-arm, black; -outer aspect of the thighs and legs blackish-grey, washed posteriorly with -yellowish; tail, except at the very tip, deep black; the face, lips, -{75}and ears naked, and black; a fulvous band across the forehead above the -eyes; sides of the head fulvous, speckled with black; throat, creamy -yellow; under side of body pale fulvous, the hairs ringed with black; the -inside of the arms, thighs, and upper part of the legs greyish fulvous; -feet black. Length of body, 28 inches; of tail, 26 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--British Central Africa. Procured from the natives of -N-Konde, and brought from Karonga, at the north end of Lake Nyasa, by Dr. -Moloney. - -HABITS.--Unknown. - - -XXXI. SCHLEGEL'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NEGLECTUS. - - _Cercopithecus leucocampyx_ (nec Fischer), Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., - p. 22 (1870). - - _Cercopithecus neglectus_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 70 (1876); - Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 253. - -CHARACTERS.--General colour greyish-brown, finely grizzled; under side of -body black; crown, outside of limbs and base of tail black; anterior aspect -of thighs and a band across the haunches white. - -Distinguished from the true _C. leucampyx_ by the colour of the front of -the thighs, and by its banded haunch. - -_Distribution._--The White Nile, where it was obtained by Consul Petherick. - - -XXXII. THE DIADEM GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LEUCAMPYX. - - _Simia leucampyx_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 20 (1829). - - {76}_Le Diane femelle_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., livr. xlii. (June, - 1824). - - _Cercopithecus diadematus_, Geoffr. in Belang., Voy. Zool. p. 51 (1834). - - _Cercopithecus leucampyx_, Martin, Mamm. An., p. 529 (1841); Geoffr., - Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., - p. 83 (1876); Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); Sclater, P. Z. S., - 1893, p. 253 ([female]). - - _Cercopithecus pluto_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1848, p. 56, pl. iii.; 1868, p. - 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870); Wagner in Schreb. - Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 48 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 670, - 1871, p. 36, 1892, p. 97. - -CHARACTERS.--Face, nose, and lips black; whiskers rounded and bushy; no -beard; fur long and harsh; form robust and powerful; whiskers grizzled, the -hairs ringed with black and white; across the forehead, over the eyes, a -broad white bar (or diadem); the back beyond the shoulders, the sides and -haunches, and the posterior aspect of the thighs, grizzly-grey, the hairs -ringed with numerous greenish-white and black bars; tail grey at its base, -rest black; a few yellowish hairs on the callosities, but all the rest of -the body deep black. Length of body, 23 inches; of tail, 21. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola, and the Congo, to Nyasa Land. - -HABITS.--Unknown. - - -V. CERCOPITHECI AURICULATI. - -The following three species form the fifth group of the Guenons, -distinguished by their yellowish or rufous ear-tufts, and the three black -lines over the forehead. - - -PLATE XXX. - -[Illustration: ERXLEBEN'S GUENON.] - - - -{77}XXXIII. ERXLEBEN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS GRAYI. - - _Cercopithecus grayi_, Fraser, Cat. Knowsl. Coll., p. 8 (1850); Gray, P. - Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870); Sclater, - P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256. - - _Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, Dahlb. et Puch., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, - p. 96; 1857, p. 196; Dahlb., Zool. Stud., p. 109, pl. 5 (1856); Gray, P. - Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870; in part); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 36; 1893, p. 254; 1894, p. 484. - - _Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (part). - - (_Plate XXX._) - -CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, flesh-coloured; whiskers commencing under -the eyes, bushy, yellow; the ears with a rufous or yellow tuft internally; -head yellow, but interrupted by three broad black streaks, extending from -above each eye and from the nose to the back of the head; back, anterior -aspect of the thighs, and the sides yellowish rufous, darker towards the -lower back--the hairs ringed with black and yellow, upper surface and -entire terminal third of the tail black. Under surface of the body, inner -side of the limbs, anterior aspect of the thighs and legs, and the under -side of the basal two-thirds of the tail, yellow or rufous yellow; region -of the anus white; external aspect of the fore-limbs black; the hands and -feet black. - -A female specimen of this species which lived for some years in the -menagerie of Lord Derby at Knowsley, and died in 1836, is now in the Derby -Museum, Liverpool. It is the type of _C. grayi_, with which _C. erxlebeni_ -is identical. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: River Congo. - - -{78}XXXIV. THE BEARDED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS POGONIAS. - - _Cercopithecus pogonias_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 67; Wagner in - Schreber Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 43 (1855); Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 74 - (1840); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 543 (1841); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; - id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. - 254; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Similar to _C. grayi_, but differs in the yellow forehead -being interrupted in the middle by only a few black hairs, and not by a -streak; the whiskers paler; the back part of the head, the fore part of the -back, and the sides grizzled, the hairs being black, ringed with white; -while down the middle of the back to the base of the tail runs a broad -black stripe. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Fernando Po. - - -XXXV. THE BLACK-FOOTED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NIGRIPES. - - _Cercopithecus nigripes_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc., vii., p. 360 - (1860); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254. - - _Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, var. _nigripes_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 23 (1870). - - _Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 182 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. pogonias_, but differs in being darker, -and in having the dorsal stripe wider and more diffused lower down. It is -probably only a variety of the preceding. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Gaboon, where it was discovered by Du Chaillu. - - -{79}XXXVI. WOLF'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WOLFI. - - _Cercopithecus wolfi_, Meyer, Notes, Leyden Mus., xiii., p. 63 (1891); - id., P. Z. S., 1894, p. 83, pl. vii.; Sclater, P. Z. S, 1893, p. 258. - -CHARACTERS.--Face, except the lips, which are flesh-colour, and the -temples, greyish-black; a yellowish-white bar across the forehead from ear -to ear; whiskers greyish-yellow; ear-tufts reddish-brown; upper surface -dark slate-grey; sides blue-grey, the hairs barred with several pale rings, -and tipped with black; dorsal stripe, narrowing towards the tail, -olive-yellowish, brighter on the crown, and brownish-yellow towards the -tail; basal half of the tail above, ashy-grey, below white; an -orange-yellow patch on the sides; chin, sides of neck, under surface of -body and inner side of limbs white; belly washed slightly with orange; -shoulders and outer aspect of the fore-limb, black--the hairs ringed with -grey; on the hinder edge of the fore-arms an ochre-coloured stripe; outer -side of thighs and legs bright red-brown, becoming orange on their anterior -and posterior internal margin. Length of body, 18-1/4 inches; of tail, 24 -inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: the exact locality is unknown. - - -VI. CERCOPITHECI BARBATI. - -The members of this group are distinguished by possessing a beard and a -frontal crest. - - -XXXVII. THE DIANA GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS DIANA. - - _Simia diana_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766). - - {80}_Cercopithecus diana_, Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 30 (1777); - Desmar., Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 523 (1841); - Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Wagner in Schreb. - Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 48 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 - (1870; pt.); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.); Jentink, - Notes, Leyd. Mus., x., p. 12; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254. - - _Cercopithecus diana_, var. _ignita_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. - 22 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Face black. Sides of face with long bushy whiskers, -terminating on the chin in a pointed white beard a few inches long; across -the forehead run two arched lines of erect hairs, the lower black, the -upper white; top of the head, back of the neck, shoulders, the sides, -middle of belly, ashy-grey--the hairs being white and black ringed, and -white-tipped; outside of limbs darker, the hands black; tail grey, the tip -black; neck, chest, and anterior part of the arms white; from the middle of -the back a deep chestnut spot extends, and widens to the root of the tail; -from the base of the tail, the outer aspect of the thighs, white; posterior -part of under side of body and inner side of thighs, orange-yellow, or -orange red, or bright red bay (_C. ignita_ of Gray). Length of body, 18 -inches; of tail, 24 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Liberia to the Congo. - -HABITS.--This beautiful and graceful Monkey is not uncommon in captivity, -and nearly all we know of its habits has been obtained from such specimens. -"Like the rest of its tribe," writes Mr. Martin, "it is gentle, lively, -active, and familiar while young, but as age advances it becomes reserved -and treacherous.... Its frontal crest of white hairs, and its white peaked -beard 'of formal cut,' give a singular aspect to its physiognomy. This -latter ornament it has been observed, so Mr. Ogilby states, to be -solicitous in keeping neat and clean; when about to drink it takes the -beard in its hand with amazing gravity, and holds it back in order to -prevent it from dipping into the fluid." - - -PLATE XXXI. - -[Illustration: DE BRAZZA'S GUENON.] - - - -{81}XXXVIII. THE PALATINE GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PALATINUS. - - _Le Roloway_ ou _la Palatine_, Buff., Hist. Nat. Suppl., xv., p. 77 - (1789). - - _Cercopithecus roloway_, Erxleb., Syst. Regn. An., p. 42 (1777); Geoffr., - Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Fisch., Synop. Mamm., p. 20 - (1829). - - _Cercopithecus palatinus_, Wagner, in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 - (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257. - - _Cercopithecus diana_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870; pt.); - Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.). - -CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. diana_, but differs in having the back -very dark brown, nearly black, instead of chestnut; the head, flanks, -thighs, limbs dark grey; where the belly in _C. diana_ is black, in _C. -palatinus_ it is white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Gold Coast. - - -XXXIX. DE BRAZZA'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BRAZZAE. - - (_Plate XXXI._) - - _Cercopithecus brazzae_, Milne-Edwards, Rev. Sc. (3), xii., p. 15 (1886); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893 pp. 255, 443, pl. xxxiii. - -CHARACTERS.--Top of head, back, sides of face, outside of thighs, and root -of tail pale fulvous, densely ringed with black; a frontal band, of dense -erect hairs, chestnut, {82}white-tipped, bordered behind by a broad black -band from ear to ear; ears nearly naked; upper part of nose and a narrow -line above the eyes, in front of the chestnut band, black; lower nose and -upper lip white; a longish white beard on the chin and throat; belly dark -fulvous, the hairs densely ringed with black; hands and feet black; inner -side of thighs, arms, and a streak along the posterior aspect of the -thighs, white; tail, except at its base, black. Length, 21 inches; tail, 22 -inches. (_Sclater._) Nearly related to _C. neglectus_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Upper Congo. - - -VII. CERCOPITHECI TRITUBERCULATI. - -This section of the Family contains but one species, distinguished by the -posterior lower molars having only three, instead of four, tubercles to -their crowns. On this account it has been considered by some systematists -to be the type of a distinct genus, _Miopithecus_. - - -XL. THE TALAPOIN. CERCOPITHECUS TALAPOIN. - - (_Plate XXXII._) - - _Talapoin_, Buff., Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 287, pl. xl. (1766). - - _Cercopithecus talapoin_, Erxleb., Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 36, no. 15 - (1777), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 93 (1812); Desm., Mamm., p. 56; - Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 534 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 71 - (1876). - - _Simia talapoin_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 101 (1788); Schreber, - Saeugeth., i., p. 101, no. 18, pl. 17; Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 21 - (1829). - - _Cercopithecus pileatus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 57 (1820; nec Shaw). - - _Miopithecus talapoin_, Geoffr., Dict. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 308 (1849); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870). - - -PLATE XXXII. - -[Illustration: THE TALAPOIN.] - - - {83}_Miopithecus capillatus_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 720 (1842.) - - _Simia melarhinus_, Schinz, Synop. Mamm., i., p. 47 (1844). - -CHARACTERS.--Small in size; head globular; muzzle very short; eyes large; -ears very expanded; nose but slightly protruding, with oblong nostrils -opening laterally, the septum thick; hands short, fingers united by a web. - -Skull large; superciliary ridges and orbits also large; posterior molar in -both jaws small; those in the lower jaw only three-cusped (two cusps in -front, one behind); anterior and median lower molars four-cusped. - -Naked skin round the eyes orange; upper lip yellow; whiskers directed -downward, bright straw-yellow; upper eyelids white; nose black; ears naked, -black; frontal hairs erect, forming a distinct curved crest. Fur speckled -olive-green--the hairs grey at the roots, olive-green in the middle and -black-tipped; fur darker on the body, paler and more washed with yellow on -the outer side of the body and upper side of the hands and feet. Under -surface of the body and the inside of the limbs white; tail ashy-grey. -Length of body, 13-1/2 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gaboon. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this rare species, which is the -smallest of the Guenons. - - -THE GUEREZAS AND LANGURS.--SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINAE. - -The members of this Sub-family are characterised, externally, by having -elongated slender bodies, with their hind pair of limbs longer than their -front pair, and a very long tail. {84}Internally their digestive organs -differ from those of the _Cercopithecinae_, the stomach being three times -as large as that organ in any Guenon of the same size. Instead of being a -simple rounded sac, it is elongate and composed of several pouches. These -compartments are quite different, however, from those seen in a Ruminant's -stomach, such as that of the Ox. In the latter, each of the various -divisions is differently constructed, and its mucous membrane is peculiarly -modified; in the Guenon it is divided into two portions, the left of which -forms a very considerable cavity, while the right is long and narrow. Two -great, strong, muscular bands run along its entire length, one along the -greater, the other along the lesser, curvature, like the muscles of the -great intestine, forming a series of large cells. (_Otto._) In addition to -this, the whole organ is twisted upon itself, so that the entrance and exit -regions come to be close together. Its mucous membrane is throughout of the -same character and form. The caecum has no _appendix vermiformis_, or -worm-shaped tube, which is the representative (as in Man) of the elongate -caecum found among the Lemuroids, as among most of the Mammals. The muzzle -in this Sub-family is very short, and the nose is generally, but slightly, -prominent. There are ischial callosities, but no cheek-pouches among the -Langurs, though small ones have been described in certain of the Guerezas -(_Colobus_). When laryngeal sacs are present they are formed of a single -sac with a median aperture into the windpipe, in the space below its -superior opening; it may have large prolongations down the front of the -neck, as far indeed as the arm-pits. - -The frontal region of the skull is rounded, and the facial angle is -comparatively large. The ascending portion of the hinder part of each half -of the lower jaw is high, and its {85}hindmost molar on each side has five -cusps to its crown. Their breast-bone is very narrow. The vertebrae forming -the tail are much elongated. All have the central (_os centrale_) bone in -the _carpus_ (or wrist). - -The posterior lobes of the cerebrum project beyond the cerebellum and -conceal it; they are very short among the Langurs. The principal grooves -and foldings seen in the human brain are represented, and there is a -perfectly distinct _hippocampus minor_--an eminence in the cavity of the -posterior lobe, which was for a long time supposed to be a character -peculiar to the human brain, and the presence or absence of which was once -a celebrated cause of difference between certain distinguished anatomists. - -The food of the _Semnopithecinae_--of which they consume a large bulk at a -time--consists chiefly of leaves and young shoots of trees. For this -purpose their sacculated stomach forms a necessary receptacle and store for -their food during their hasty collection of it. - -The Sub-family practically consists of but two genera--_Colobus_ and -_Semnopithecus_. One species, forming a third genus (_Nasalis_), is closely -related to the latter. The _Colobi_ are confined to Africa, and the -_Semnopitheci_--of which there are a large number of species--inhabit the -mainland of India, the Malayan Peninsula, and the neighbouring Archipelago -as far east only as _Wallace's line_, which runs between the islands of -Bali and Lombock, and northwards to the east of Borneo. - - -THE GUEREZAS. GENUS COLOBUS. - - _Colobus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 69 (1811). - -The Guerezas are a group of Monkeys entirely confined to the African -continent. The character which especially {86}distinguishes them from the -Langurs, which (with the exception of the monotypic Nosed Monkeys of -Borneo) form the remaining members of the Sub-family, is the condition of -their thumbs. In these animals the thumb is practically absent, being -either quite invisible externally, or presenting merely a tubercle, which -may or may not have a nail upon it. The hands are long and straight, and -the nails of the fingers are compressed and pointed. In these animals the -body is slender, though somewhat more robust than in _Semnopithecus_. The -face is naked or covered only with a sparse and soft down, the nostrils -being separated by a wide division. From this feature these Monkeys have -been described by some naturalists as Platyrrhine or Megarrhine. The ears -are rounded above, with the posterior upper angle pointed or square, and -generally naked, but they are sometimes haired or tufted inside. All the -Guerezas have a specially elongated tail, which is often tufted at the end. -Their fur is long and slightly harsher than that of the Langurs, but it is -not ringed with differently coloured bands. Their callosities are large and -naked. - -The skulls in _Colobus_ and _Semnopithecus_ are very similar in shape; but -those of the former are often longer, larger, and have a greater cranial -capacity than those of the _Semnopitheci_. The muzzle is short, and the -hind molar of the lower jaw has five tubercles. The thumbs, even when -apparently absent, are represented under the skin by a single bone, the -ungual phalanx, which articulates directly with the metacarpal bone. The -Guerezas differ from the Guenons in having very small cheek-pouches and no -laryngeal sacs. Their stomach is transversely sacculated like the upper -part of the great intestine in the human body. - -The Guerezas, which represent the Langurs in Asia, inhabit {87}Tropical -Africa, ranging from Abyssinia and Zanzibar in the east, to Senegambia, -Angola, and perhaps the island of Fernando Po on the west--between about -15^o N. lat. on the eastern and 12^o on the western side, to 10^o S. lat. -They live in small troops in the forest, both on the plains and on the -mountains, their food consisting of fruits, but principally of leaves, -which they eat in large quantities, as the peculiar and capacious form of -their storehouse-like stomach, in lieu of cheek-pouches, would indicate. - -Of their habits in their native state very little indeed is known, for they -prefer to keep to the great trees of the forests far from human habitation; -while, owing to their very delicate constitution enabling them to resist -for a very short period the rigours of a climate cooler than their own, -scarcely anything has been learnt of them in captivity. The beautiful skins -of many of the species form a considerable article of commerce in Europe -and America to adorn the costumes of the most refined and cultivated -ladies, who vie for their possession with the semi-nude and barbarous -warriors of Equatorial Africa, by whom they are also used as ornaments for -their persons and for decorations for their weapons. - - -I. VAN BENEDEN'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS VERUS. - - _Colobus verus_, Van Bened., Bull. Acad. Sc., Brux., v., p. 344, pl. 13 - (1838); Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 70 (1840); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 503 - (1841); Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 17, no. 4 (1851); Wagner, in - Schreber, Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 37 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. - 182; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 28 (1876). - - _Semnopithecus_ (_Colobus_) _olivaceus_, Wagner, in Schreber's Saeugeth. - Suppl., i., p. 309 (1840). - - {88}_Colobus cristatus_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xvii., p. 77 - (1866); id., P. Z. S., 1886, p. 182, pl. xv.; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 19, et Suppl., p. 128 (1870). - - _Procolobus verus_, Rochebr., Faun. Seneg., Mamm. Suppl., p. 97, pl. 1 - (1887). - -CHARACTERS.--Body stout; limbs robust; head oval, the muzzle slightly -prominent; face and ears naked, brownish-black; thumb entirely absent; -callosities large. Hair on the top of the head, forming a median crest, -reddish-olive; whiskers, directed backward, pale yellow; over the eyes a -frontal bar of the same colour, coalescing with the whiskers opposite the -eyes; upper part of body to base of tail and down to the knees, covered -with short dark olive-brown hair, finely ringed with black, and washed with -rufous on the back of the neck and on the outside of the thighs; the tail -long and thin, olive-brown or brownish-grey; shoulders, flanks, and outer -surface of the limbs, pale greyish-green; upper sides of the hands and feet -reddish-brown; throat, chest (the hair of which is elongated), under -surface of the body and inner side of the limbs, ashy-grey. Length of -body, 21 inches; of tail, 24-1/4. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Forests of Fanti and Ashanti. - - -II. THE RED-CRESTED GUEREZA. COLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS. - - _Colobus rufomitratus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1879, p. 829, pl. iA. - and ii. - - _Tropicolobus rufomitratus_, Rochebr., Faun. Seneg., Mamm., Suppl., p. - 102 (1887). - -CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and covered with short hair; face {89}and ears -naked and brownish-black, the long superciliary hairs and the transverse -crest, from ear to ear, black; front and back of the head to the nape of -the neck brownish-red; cheeks and chin dark grey; back, from the nape of -the neck, flanks, outer and hinder surfaces of the limbs, and the feet, -dark brownish-olive; front of the shoulder, of the arm and part of the -fore-arm, and the front of the thighs, pale reddish-yellow; breast, under -side of the body and inner side of the limbs, of the same colour, but -paler; tail coloured like the back, the tip tufted, brownish-black. Length -of body, 26-3/4 inches; tail, 27-3/4. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This very rare species lives in East Africa. Forests at -Muniuni, near Mombasa. - - -III. KIRK'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS KIRKI. - - _Colobus kirkii_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 180, pl. xv.; id., Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 127 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 25 - (1876); Kirk, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (5), xiii., p. 307 (1884). - - _Guereza kirkii_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 14 (1879). - - _Piliocolobus kirki_, Rochebr., Faun. Seneg., Mamm. Suppl., p. 112, pl. - vi. (1887). - -CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, bluish-black; tip of the nose -greyish-white; head, with long divergent hairs, forming a kind of cap, bent -backwards over the forehead; crown of head, back, and tail, reddish-brown, -paler towards the extremity; the nape, shoulders, arms, outer and anterior -aspects of the fore-arms, the centre of the outer aspect of the thighs and -legs, and the hands and feet, black; forehead, cheeks, chest, front aspect -of the shoulders, the whole of the under side of the body, {90}and the -inner side of the limbs, white; anterior aspect of the lower part of the -arm, the hind-margin of the fore-arms, and the anterior and posterior -aspects of the thighs and legs, greyish-white. (_Gray._) Length of body, -25-1/2 inches; of tail, 31 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Island of Zanzibar. This Monkey was first sent to Europe by -Sir John Kirk in 1868. Its discoverer, writing in 1884, says that even in -1868 the Monkey was rare, but was still to be found in many of the wooded -districts of that island. He writes: "I am not aware that it has been found -in Pemba Island or on the mainland; and now I discover that, if not -extinct, it has become so rare as not to be procurable, even when I sent -the hunters over the island. I have a report that it exists still in one -spot, which they could not reach. I believe that two specimens were sent to -Germany some time ago; but it looks as if the animal will be lost to -science. This is due to the destruction of forest and jungle over the -island." - -"_Colobus kirkii_," writes Mr. H. H. Johnston, in 1886, "had disappeared -from nearly every part of the island of Zanzibar, but a rumour prevailed -that it still lingered on a clump of forest as yet unvisited by hunters. -Thither Sir John sent his _chasseurs_ to report on the Monkey's existence. -After a week's absence they returned, triumph illumining their swarthy -lineaments. 'Well, did you find them?' asked the British Consul General. -'Yes,' replied the men with glee, 'and we killed them every one!' wherewith -twelve Monkey-corpses were flung upon the floor, and _Colobus kirki_ joined -the Dodo, the Auk, the Rhytina and the Moa, in the limbo of species -extinguished by the act of man." - - -PLATE XXXIII. - -[Illustration: BAY GUEREZA.] - - - -{91}IV. THE BAY GUEREZA. COLOBUS FERRUGINEUS. - - (_Plate XXXIII._) - - _Simia ferruginea_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 59 (1800); Desm., Mamm., p. - 53 (1820); Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 13 (1829). - - _Colobus ferrugineus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 69 (1811); - Gervais, H. N. Mamm., i., p. 66 (1854); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; - Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 27 (1876); Rochebr., Faun. Seneg., Mamm., - p. 25 (1883-5); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 590, pl. xlviii. - - _Colobus ferruginosus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 92 (1812); Martin, - Mammif. Anim., p. 498 (1841). - - _Colobus temminckii_, Kuhl, Beitr., Zool., p. 7 (1820); Desm., Mamm., p. - 53 (1820); Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 99; Martin, _op. cit._, p. 499 - (1841). - - _Colobus pennantii_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 57; Martin, op. cit., p. - 501; Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 209 (1849); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. - 181, var. 2. - - _Colobus ferruginea_, Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 68 (1840); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870). - - _Colobus fuliginosus_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 97 (1839); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Prim., p. 17 (1851); Temm., Esquiss. Zool., p. 24 - (1853); Dahlb., Consp. Mamm. p. 95 (1857). - - _Colobus rufo-fuliginosus_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 270 (1839). - - _Colobus rufo-niger_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 273 (1839); Martin, - _op. cit._, p. 500 (1841); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181, var. 1. - - _Piliocolobus ferrugineus_, Rochebr., Faun. Seneg., Mamm. Suppl., p. 105, - pl. iii. (1887). - - {92}_Piliocolobus bouvieri_, Rochebr., _tom. cit._, p. 108, pl. iv. - - _Piliocolobus tholloni_, Rochebr., _tom. cit._, p. 110, pl. v. - -CHARACTERS.--Body robust, covered with rather long hairs; face naked, -blackish-blue, except the tip of the nose, corners of the mouth and edge of -lower lips, which are flesh-colour; ears naked, blackish-blue; nose short -and somewhat prominent; frontal hairs erect, directed forward, black; top -and back of the head as far as the nape, black; back, sides, outer aspect -of the thighs, base and upper surface of the tail, bluish or olive-black, -with whitish hairs mingled on the shoulders and thighs; sides of the face -from the middle of the cheek backwards to a point behind (enclosing the -ears), neck, chin, and throat, the under surface of body, as well as the -whole of the limbs (except the outer aspect of the thighs), and the under -surface of the tail, rich rufous; tips of the fingers and toes black. -Length of body, 29 inches; of tail, 31 inches. The hairs are all uniformly -coloured. The thumb is often fairly well developed, and may have a nail. - -This species is extremely variable in the coloration of its fur; the back -in some varieties is rufous, the cheeks and throat may be sandy-yellow or -white, and the under side whitish or white, and the outside of the -fore-limbs may be black, or agreeing in colour with the outside of the -thighs. The well-developed _foetus_ shows no signs of the varied coloration -of later life, but is quite white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Not uncommon along the whole West Coast. - -HABITS.--Like many of the other species of the genus, this species keeps to -the tops of the highest trees of the forest. Its food consists of fruits -and leaves. - - -{93}V. THE BLACK GUEREZA. COLOBUS SATANAS. - - _Colobus satanas_, Waterhouse, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 58; Martin, Mammif. - Anim., p. 497 (1841); Gervais, H. N. Mamm., p. 65 (1854); Sclater, P. Z. - S., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Naturg. Affen, p. 88 (1862); Is. Geoffr., - Dict. H. N., iv., p. 208 (1849); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1870); Schleg, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 27 - (1876); Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin (1892), p. 226. - - _Semnopithecus anthracinus_, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1857, - p. 10. - - _Guereza satanas_, Truess. Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879). - - _Stachycolobus satanas_, Rochebr. Faun. Seneg. Suppl. Mamm., p. 114, pl. - vii. (1887). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur very long, coarse; face naked, black; ears rounded, black; -superciliary and frontal hairs very long; hairs of the cheeks long, very -coarse, and directed backwards; fur entirely and uniformly black on the -body and tail; hairs on tail short; tip not tufted. Length of body, 40 -inches; of tail, 59-1/2 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Forests of Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Gaboon, -and the Congo. This is one of the commonest species in West Africa. - - -VI. THE URSINE GUEREZA. COLOBUS URSINUS. - - _? Full-bottom Monkey_, Pennant, Quad., i., p. 197, pl. 24 (1781). - - _? Colobus polycomus_, Illig., Prodr., p. 69 (1811). - - {94}_Colobus ursinus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 98; Less. Spec. Mamm., - p. 70 (1840); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 495 (1841); Fraser, Zool. Typ., - pl. i. (1849); Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 208 (1849); Sclater, P. - Z. S., 1860, p. 245; Reichenb. Naturg. Affen, p. 86 (1862); Schl., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 24 (1876). - - _Colobus personatus_, Temm., Mus. Lugd., _fide_ Reichenb. _t.c._, p. 88 - (1862). - - _Colobus polycomus_, var., Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870); - Rochebr., Faun. Seneg., Suppl. Mamm., p. 117, pl. viii. (1887), Matschie - S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 227. - - _Guereza ursinus_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879). - -CHARACTERS.--Body large; fur long and glossy; face and ears naked and -black; fur on neck, shoulders, and along the back forming a mantle; fur -over the whole of the body and limbs deep black; front and back of head, -auricular region, sides of the neck and throat, greyish-white, mingled with -greyish-black; the tail long, short-haired, white at the extremity. - -YOUNG.--White, with a few scattered black hairs; tail well tufted. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Sierra Leone. - -N. B.--Sinoe is the most easterly region whence skins come to the coast. - -HABITS.--This species is often found alone, not in large troops. It is more -rare in collections than _C. ferrugineus_. - - -VII. THE WHITE-THIGHED GUEREZA. COLOBUS VELLEROSUS. - - _Semnopithecus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr. in Belang. Voy. Mamm., p. 37 - (1830). - - {95}_Semnopithecus bicolor_, Wesmael, Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux., ii., p. 236 - (1835). - - _Colobus leucomeros_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 69; Martin, Mammif. - Anim., p. 497 (1841). - - _Colobus ursinus_, Temm., Esquiss. Zool. Guin., p. 21 (1853). - - _Colobus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 116 (1849); id., - Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 17 (1851); Gervais, H. N. Mamm., i., p. 65 - (1854); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Naturg. Affen, p. 87 - (1862); Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 226. - - _Colobus bicolor_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 18 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 26 (1876); - Rochebr., Faun. Seneg., Mamm., p. 24 (1885). - - _Guereza vellerosus_, Truess. Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879). - - _Pterycolobus vellerosus_, Rochebr., _op. cit._, Suppl. Mamm., p. 125, - pl. x. (1887). - -CHARACTERS.--Hair on the back, flanks, and loins, very long and silky; the -fur everywhere deep black, excepting a frontal band, which coalesces with -the long hair of the auricular region and sides of the neck, which are -white, as well as the chin, the throat, a spot on each side of the -buttocks, the external and posterior aspects of the thighs, and the -short-haired tail, which is tufted at the tip; the thumbs very short, but -distinct, and having a flat nail. Length of body, 28-1/2 inches; of tail, -31 inches. - -The young are similar in coloration to the adults, but the hair is not -elongated. - -{96}DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from the Gold Coast to Senegambia, where it -is not uncommon. - - -VIII. THE ANGOLAN GUEREZA. COLOBUS ANGOLENSIS. - - _Colobus angolensis_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 245; Reichenb., Naturg. - Affen, p. 88 (1862); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 24 (1876); Rochebr., - Faun. Seneg., Suppl. Mamm., p. 119; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb., 1889, p. 10; - Matschie, S.B. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 226. - - _Colobus palliatus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1868, p. 637; id., op. - cit., 1879, p. 830, pl. iv.A.; Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) iii., p. 171 - (1869); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 68; Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. - Berlin, 1892, p. 227. - - _Guereza angolensis_ et _G. palliatus_, Trouess. Consp. Mamm., pp. 10 and - 20 (1879). - -CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, black; hair radiating round the face, -long, and directed backward, especially on the temples and sides of the -face, and on the shoulders, where it forms a lengthy mantle; hairs on the -top of the head shorter than on the back. General colour deep glossy black, -except the frontal band over the eyes, the temporal hairs, whiskers and -mantle, which are white. Tail long and black, except for the terminal -third, which is white, and has a thick tufted tip; a white spot on the -perinaeum. Length of body, 23-1/2 inches; of tail, 34 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--East Africa: the valley of the Pangani. Said to extend to -Angola on the south-west coast. - - -{97}IX. RUPPELL'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS GUEREZA. - - _Colobus guereza_, Ruepp, Neue Wirbelth. Sauegeth., p. 1, pl. 1 (1835); - Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 68 (1840); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 494 (1841); - Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 117 (1849); id., Cat. Meth. Primates, - p. 17 (1851); Temm., Esquiss. Zool. Guin., p. 23 (1853); Dahlb., Zool. - Stud., i., p. 95 (1857); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 246; Gray, P. Z. S., - 1868, p. 182; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 25 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S., - 1885, p. 219; Matschie, S. B. Gesell. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 225, et - seqq. - - _Guereza rueppelli_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 19 (1870); - Rochebr., Faun. Senegamb., i., Mamm., p. 25 (1885); id., t.c., suppl., p. - 129, pl. xi. (1887). - - _Guereza guereza_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879.) - - _Guereza occidentalis_, Rochebr., _op. cit._, Suppl., p. 140, pl. xiii. - (1887). - -CHARACTERS.--Face thinly covered with greyish-white hairs; nose and upper -lip black; ears, naked, black; a bar across the forehead, expanding on the -sides of the head, throat, sides of the neck, and chin, white; from the -shoulders a mantle of long white silky hairs extending down each side and -meeting on the lower back, so as to hang down over the sides of the body, -the hips, and thighs; the outside of the latter greyish-white; the hinder -third of the tail tufted and white, each hair ringed with numerous fine -bands of brown; the whole of the rest of the body deep shining black. -Length of the body, 28 inches; of the tail, 28-1/2. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This remarkably beautiful Monkey inhabits North-Eastern -Africa, where it is not uncommon in the {98}provinces of Godjan and the -kingdom of Shoa. Dr. Blanford, however, did not hear of it during his -journey with the British army to Magdala. It is found also in the -neighbourhood of Mount Kilimanjaro, and was shot in the forested plains -near the coast by Mr. H. H. Johnston. The form of this species which has -been described under the name of _C. occidentalis_ is more or less confined -to the south of Lulongo, in the Upper Congo, between 6^o N. latitude and -12^o East longitude. - -HABITS.--The "Guereza," as the natives of Abyssinia name this species, -lives in small troops in the very highest trees of the forest, in the -neighbourhood of streams. It is very active and lively, and quite harmless -in disposition. The food of this _Colobus_ consists of wild fruits, -insects, and such like, which it searches for throughout the day only, -retiring during the night. "The _Colobus_ Monkey," observes Mr. H. H. -Johnston, "is almost the only one that quite avoids the neighbourhood of -Man; the other genera frequent the vicinity of native plantations, and -doubtless profit by the abundance of cultivated food." The skin of this -Monkey is in great request among the Masai warriors both for dresses, -capes, and caps, the long white mantle of the creature forming a most -ornamental costume; and also to cover their shields with. - - -X. THE WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA. COLOBUS CAUDATUS. - - _Colobus guereza caudatus_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 219, pl. xii.; - Johnston, Kilimanj. Exped., pp. 174, 388, 389, fig. 72; Matschie, S. B. - Gesell. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 225. - - _Guereza caudatus_, Rochebr., Faun. Seneg. Suppl., Mamm., p. 136, pl. - xii. - - (_Plate XXXIV._) - - -PLATE XXXIV. - -[Illustration: THE WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA.] - - -{99}CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. guereza_, but "characterised by having -the white brush of the tail very much larger and finer than is the case in -the true Abyssinian _C. guereza_. In the latter animal the proximal 12-16 -inches of the tail is short-haired and quite black, only the terminal 8-12 -inches being white and tufted, so that the white mantle hangs down from the -body and hides only about one-third of the black part of the tail." -(_Oldfield Thomas._) In _Colobus caudatus_, Mr. Thomas adds, only some -three or four inches of the base of the tail are black, and the remainder -(with the hairs about 20 or 21 inches) is developed into a magnificent -white brush, of which individual hairs are from seven to nine inches in -length. The hairs of the white body-mantle--washed like the tail with -yellowish cream-colour--entirely cover the black at the base of the tail, -the white of the latter and of the mantle being quite continuous. - -DISTRIBUTION.--East Africa; very common all round the base of Mount -Kilimanjaro, as Mr. Johnston--who discovered the species--reports. On Mount -Kenia Dr. Gregory, of the British Museum, during his adventurous and -remarkable journey, met with it at a great altitude. It has also been found -at Kisongo, south-east of Lake Victoria and in Uniamuezi, where Sir Richard -Burton obtained it. - -HABITS.--The habits of the White-tailed Guereza are very similar to those -of the foregoing; but it would appear to be much more of a mountain-loving -animal than the latter. A creature so strikingly--even -glaringly--ornamented might be supposed to be a very conspicuous object -among its native forests. Dr. Gregory, however, has informed the present -writer that, notwithstanding its distinctive coloration when examined in -{100}the hand, he found it very difficult to detect it in its home amid the -forest-trees at high altitudes, where all the branches are clothed with -long grey-beard lichens, with which its fur very closely harmonizes. Mr. H. -H. Johnston, in describing Mandara's soldiers, says: "On their heads were -crescents made of ostrich feathers, or caps of the _Colobus_ Monkey-skin. -This last-mentioned animal also supplied them with mantles of long black -and white fur, and contributed the heavily-plumed tails which these Caga -soldiers fixed on to that portion of their body where tails should rightly -appear, if man had not dispensed with such appendages." - -"The 'Polume,' as Dr. Livingstone calls this species, is in Uniamuezi known -as the 'Mbega,' and is admired on account of its polished black skin and -snowy-white mane. It is a cleanly animal, ever occupied in polishing its -beautiful garb, which, according to the Arabs, it tears to pieces when -wounded, lest the hunter should profit by it. The 'Mbega' lives in trees, -seldom descending to the ground, and feeds upon fruits and young leaves." -(_Burton._) - - -THE LANGURS. GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS. - - _Semnopithecus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif. (1821). - - _Presbytis_, Eschsch. Kotzeb. Entdeck. Reis., iii., p. 196 (1821). - -The members of this genus have thin and elongated bodies, long limbs, and a -very long and slender tail. The head is rounded, and shorter than in the -Guenons; the muzzle short, depressed, and but little prominent. The thumb, -although shorter than that digit among the Guenons and Macaques, is present -in all the species, and forms a good prehensile finger with a flat nail. -The hands and feet are long and narrow, and {101}the finger-nails convex; -the great-toe is thick and well-developed. The callosities are small as -compared with the Guenons; the fur is abundant, and generally long, soft, -and often glossy; and over the eyes they have usually a ridge of stiff -hairs projecting in front. The members of this genus, as already observed, -have no cheek-pouches; they have, however, a large laryngeal sac formed and -situated as described above (p. 84). - -The skull is round; the eye-sockets large, with a very prominent -superciliary ridge projecting over them; the space between the eyes is -broad, and the lower jaw is deep. The upper molars are four-cusped, and the -posterior lower molar five-cusped. - -The Langurs are, when young, good tempered and easily tamed; but when old -they become sulky and ill-natured. They live chiefly in forest regions, in -troops of considerable size. "This genus is spread over almost the whole of -the Oriental region wherever the forests are extensive. They extend along -the Himalayas to beyond Simla, where a species has been observed at an -altitude of 11,000 feet, playing among fir-trees laden with snow-wreaths. -On the west side of India they are not found to the north of the 14th -parallel of latitude. On the east they extend into Arakan, and to Borneo -and Java, but not apparently into Cambodia. Along the eastern extension of -the Himalayas they again occur in Eastern Thibet, a remarkable species (_S. -roxellana_) having been discovered at Moupin (about lat. 32^o N.), in the -highest forests, where the winters are severe and where the vegetation is -wholly that of the Palaearctic region." (_Wallace._) - -The total number of Monkeys inhabiting the islands of the Eastern -Archipelago is, according to the most recent census, as follows: In -Sumatra, 12; Banka, 4; Borneo, 14; Java, 5; Celebes, 2; Natuna, Bali, -Lombock, Flores, Sumbawa, and Timor, 1 each; the Philippine and Sulu -Archipelagos, 1 each. - - -{102}I. BARBE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS BARBII. - - _Presbytis barbei_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 734 (1847); id., Cat. - Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 14 (1863); id., Mamm. Burma, p. 11 (1875). - - _Semnopithecus barbei_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 12 - (1878); id., Cat. Mus. Calc., p. 48; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., - p. 39 (1891). - -CHARACTERS.--Nearly related to _S. obscurus_. Hair on the side of the head, -and in front of the ears, long, projecting outwards; that on the top of the -head long and directed backwards; beard short; face almost nude, -bluish-black; lips thinly furnished with short yellowish hairs. General -colour of the body everywhere black, except on the shoulders, the -fore-limbs to the wrist, the joint of the legs, the back and sides of the -head, and tail, which are washed with pale grey. Length of body, 19-1/2 -inches; of tail, 29 inches. The adult female is similar in coloration to -the male. In the skull the orbits are rounded, and the inter-orbital region -elongated. Dr. Anderson observes: "The differences which exist in certain -dimensions between the skulls of well-authenticated examples of the two -sexes are far greater than are generally found in the same sexes of -different species." - -DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Tippera hills; Assam; and Mount Mooleyit, in -Tenasserim. Dr. Anderson observed it in the Valley of the Tapeng, in the -centre of the Kachin hills in Upper Burma, and in the defile of the -Irawaddy. - -HABITS.--This species inhabits the thick forest, and is found in troops of -from thirty to fifty individuals, distributed, according to Dr. Anderson, -over three or four high forest-trees overhanging the mountain streams. It -is generally tame and fearless. - - -{103}II. THE BONNETED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PILEATUS. - - _Semnopithecus pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii., p. 174 (1843); - xiii., p. 467 (1844); Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 30, pl. - xxvi., fig. 3 (1855); Hutton, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 946; Schl., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 57 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 13 - (1878); id., Cat. Mus. Calc., p. 40; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., - p. 37, fig. 9 (1891). - - _Presbytis pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 735 (1847); id., - Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863); id., Mamm. Burma, p. 11 (1875). - - _Semnopithecus potenziani_, Bp., C. R., xliii., p. 412 (1856). - - _Presbytis chrysogaster_, Licht.; Peters, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429; Blyth, - Mamm. Burma, p. 10 (1875). - - _Semnopithecus chrysogaster_, Licht.; Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1879, p. - 830, pl. iv.b; id., P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., - Mamm., p. 38 (1891). - -CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. entellus_. Face flattened and black; -muzzle long and broad; head without a crest; some long superciliary hairs -projecting in front, black; whiskers long, running down to the chin, and -projecting outwards and backwards, partly concealing the ears, and of a -reddish-yellow colour; beard short, also reddish-yellow; hair on the top of -the head longer than on the back of the head and temples, black or dark -ashy-grey, washed, especially on the front of the head, with rufous; neck, -back, upper part of arm, lower portion of the fore-arm, outside of the -thighs, and tail (except the tufted tip, which is black), ashy-grey--all -these parts being slightly washed with rufous; hands and feet, black; -remainder of the limbs rufous; throat, chest, and fore part of the under -surface, rich {104}orange-yellow, paler on the hind part of the belly and -on the inner side of the limbs. Length of body, 18 inches; of tail, 28-1/2 -inches, and with the tuft, 31 inches. Cranium globular; supra-orbital -ridges not prominent. - -The young have the fur soft, silky, and rather long, and are much paler -than the adults, and of a soft delicate grey, yellowish-white taking the -place of the rufous colour of the adults. (_Anderson._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Assam, Arracan, Upper Burma, and Tenasserim. Dr. -Anderson observed a troop of this species at Tsingu Myo on the left bank of -the Irawaddy, at the lower end of the first defile. - -HABITS.--This species lives in small troops in the forest. When young it is -of a mild disposition; but, when fully adult, the males are ill-natured and -fierce. - - -III. THE HANUMAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS. - - _L'entelle_, Audeb., Singes, Fam. V., sect. ii., fig. 2 (1797). - - _Simia entellus_, Dufresne, Bull. Soc. Philom., i., p. 49 (1797). - - _Cercopithecus entellus_, Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., xxxvi., p. 283 (1809). - - _Semnopithecus entellus_, Desm., Dict. Class. H. Nat., vii., p. 568 - (1825); Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 199; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii. - (1843), p. 169; xiii. (1844), p. 470; Hutton, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 944; - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, - vii., p. 60 (1876); Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan p. 15 (1878; with - full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 27 (1891). - - _Semnopithecus anchises_, Elliot; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii. (1844), p. - 470; xvi. (1847), p. 733. - - {105}_Presbytis entellus_, Gray, Hand-List Brit. Mus., p. 4 (1843; in - part); Blyth., _op. cit._, xvi., pp. 732, 1271, pl. liv., fig. 1 1847; - id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 11 (1863); Jerdon, Mamm. Ind., p. 4 - (1867). - - _Semnopithecus albogularis_, Muell. u. Schl., Verh. Nat. Gesch., 1839-44, - p. 58 (_fide Anderson_). - -CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. schistaceus_. Crestless; hair on top of -head radiating in all directions; ears large, whiskers short, not -concealing the ears; prominent supra-orbital projecting hairs, black; face, -ears, hands, and feet black. Head, body, limbs, and tail--which is a fourth -longer than the body--pale yellowish-brown, darker on the shoulders and the -outside of the limbs; under surface paler. - -FEMALE.--Smaller than the male. - -DISTRIBUTION.--According to Dr. Anderson, this species ranges from the -Deccan northwards to the south bank of the Ganges; its distribution to the -north-west, west, and south being uncertain. - -HABITS.--"Few, if any, wild animals," observes Dr. Blanford, "afford better -opportunities for observation than the Hanuman Monkey of Northern and -Central India. Generally protected and looked upon as sacred by many of the -Hindu inhabitants, it has no fear of Man, and may be found in groves near -villages, or even on the village trees, as often as in the depths of the -forest. In many parts of India it is a common occurrence to see these -Monkeys on the roofs of houses. They frequently pilfer food from the -grain-dealers' shops, whilst the damage they inflict on gardens and fields, -renders them a great nuisance to the natives. They feed on fruit and grain, -but especially on {106}leaves and young shoots. They live in the high trees -of the forest and near to water, or in rocky hills, in moderately-sized -troops composed of males, females, young, and infants clasping their -mothers. An old male is occasionally found solitary. Two communities often -enter into deadly combat for possession of some fruit grove, an interesting -account of one of which is given by Mr. J. Hughes in the 'Proceedings of -the Asiatic Society of Bengal' for 1884." They are at all times very -active. "Their voice," continues Dr. Blanford, whose account we have -condensed, "is loud and is often heard, especially in the morning and -evening. The two commonest sounds emitted by them are a loud, joyous, -rather musical call, a kind of whoop generally uttered when they are -bounding from tree to tree, and a harsh guttural note, denoting alarm or -danger. The latter is the cry familiar to the tiger hunter, among whose -best friends is the Hanuman. Safely ensconced on a lofty tree, or jumping -from one tree to another as the tiger moves, the Monkey by gesture and cry -points out the position of its deadly enemy in the bushes or grass beneath, -and swears at him heartily." - -The Hanuman is of very tender constitution, and cannot bear up against -great changes of climate and temperature and necessarily of elevation; it -is, therefore, entirely restricted to the warm lowland regions. There is, -according to Captain T. Hutton, no true migration of this species from the -upper to the lower districts of Bengal, as has been stated. "I am -inclined," writes this observer, "to restrict its range, somewhat loosely -perhaps, to between 10^o and 25^o N. lat. and 75^o to 88^o E. long., -forming with the line drawn across the country from Allahabad to Boondee, a -triangular range entirely south of the rivers Jumna and Ganges." - - -{107}IV. THE HIMALAYAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS SCHISTACEUS. - - _Semnopithecus entellus_ (nec Dufr.), Hodgs., P. Z. S., 1834, p. 95; - Ogilby, Madr. Journ., xii., p. 144 (1840). - - _Semnopithecus schistaceus_, Hodgs., J. A. S. Beng., ix., p. 1212 (1840); - Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 6 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, - p. 16 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India, Mamm., p. - 30 (1891). - - _Semnopithecus nepalensis_, Hodg., J. A. S. Beng., ix., 1840, p. 1212. - - _Presbytis entellus_ (nec Dufr.), Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Mamm. Nepal, p. 1 - (1846); id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., pp. 14 and 15 (1870). - - _Presbytis schistaceus_, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 11 (1863); - Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 6 (1867); Blanford, J. A. S. Beng., xli., 1872, - p. 32. - -CHARACTERS.--Fur long; hair radiating on the crown; hair of cheeks long, -hiding the small ears; tail slightly tufted; top and sides of head pale -yellow, or whitish; face and ears, palms and soles black; back, sides, -outside of limbs, tail, hands, and feet, dark slaty, or greyish-brown, -sometimes washed with purple. - -Aged specimens are grey or white on the head; young ones often have the -feet darker than the adult. - -Facial portion of the skull longer and the superciliary ridges less -projected forward than in _S. entellus_. The nasal bones project beyond a -line from the supra-orbital ridge to the front border of the -pre-maxillaries; in _S. entellus_ they do not project beyond it. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan from {108}5,000 to -12,000 feet above the sea, this species taking the place in those high -altitudes of the lowland _S. entellus_. - -HABITS.--Similar to those of the Hanuman. According to Dr. Blanford, Capt. -Hutton has observed it near Simla, at 11,000 feet, sporting amongst the -fir-trees that were loaded with snow-wreaths at the time. "But," writes Dr. -Anderson, "there is no evidence that any species of Monkey in the Himalaya -is naturally resident at those heights at which snow annually lies, as was -supposed by Hodgson, and it is the rarity of their occurrence at these high -elevations, and during winter, that has directed so much attention to their -hibernal wanderings. In the summer, they are much more widely distributed -than in the winter, when, as a rule, they are driven to lower heights and -into the warmer valleys." - - -V. THE MADRAS LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PRIAMUS. - - _Semnopithecus priam_, Elliot, MSS.; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii, p. 470 - (1844). - - _Semnopithecus pallipes_, Blyth, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1844, p. 312. - - _Presbytis priamus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., pp. 732, 1271, pl. liv. - (1847); xx., p. 313 (1851); id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863); - Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeylan., p. 3 (1852); Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 7 - (1867). - - _Semnopithecus albipes_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 14 (1851); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 18 (1878). - - _Semnopithecus priamus_, Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 31 (1891); - Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 19 (1878; with full synonymy). - - {109}_Presbytis thersites_, Tennent, Ceylon, p. 132, plate, fig. 1 - (1860). - -CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. entellus_. Hair on head indistinctly -radiated; back of head crested longitudinally; supra-orbital hairs very -long and projecting forward; ears large, not hidden by the whiskers. Fur -long; face and ears black; back, sides, outer aspect of fore-limbs, upper -part of the thigh, and the tail, ashy-grey, or earthy-brown, sometimes -slightly washed with purple; sides of the head, nape, lower half of the -thighs, hands, and feet, yellowish, as also the under surface of the body -and inside of the limbs. Length of body, 21 inches; tail, 28 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Coromandel coast of India, ascending to 6,000 feet; -Ceylon, from the north as far as the Kandyan hills in the south. - -HABITS.--The same as those of _S. entellus_ and _S. schistaceus_. - -This species inhabits the northern and eastern provinces of Ceylon, and the -wooded hills which occur in these portions of the island. In appearance it -differs both in size and in colour from the common Wanderoo, being larger -and more inclined to grey; and in habits it is much more reserved. At -Jaffna, and in other parts of the island, where the population is -comparatively numerous, these Monkeys become so familiarised with the -presence of Man as to exhibit the utmost daring and indifference. A flock -of them will take possession of a Palmyra palm; and so effectually can they -crouch and conceal themselves among the leaves that, on the slightest -alarm, the whole party becomes invisible in an instant. The presence of a -Dog, however, excites such an irrepressible curiosity that, in order to -watch his movements, they never fail to betray themselves. {110}They may be -frequently seen congregated on the roof of a native hut. - -The Singhalese have the impression that the remains of a Monkey are never -to be found in the forest; a belief which they have embodied in the proverb -that "he who has seen a white Crow, the nest of a paddi bird, a straight -coco-nut tree, or a dead Monkey, is certain to live for ever." This piece -of folk-lore has evidently reached Ceylon from India, where it is believed -that persons dwelling on the spot where a Hanuman Monkey, _Semnopithecus -entellus_, has been killed, will die, and that even its bones are unlucky, -and that no house erected where they are hid underground can prosper; and -Buchanan observes that "it is perhaps owing to this fear of ill-luck that -no native will acknowledge his having seen a dead Hanuman." - - -VI. THE MALABAR LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS HYPOLEUCUS. - - _Semnopithecus hypoleucos_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., x., p. 839 (1841); - xiii., p. 470 (1844); Anderson, Res. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 20 (1878; - with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India, Mamm., p. 33 (1891). - - _Semnopithecus johnii_, var., Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 489 (1841); Gray, - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870). - - _Semnopithecus dussumieri_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 719 (1842); id., - Descr. An. Nouv. Fam. des Singes, p. 54, pl. xxx.; id., Cat. Meth. - Primates, p. 13 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 62 (1876). - - _Presbytis hypoleucos_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi. (1847), p. 733. - - _Presbytis johnii_ (nec Fischer), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xxviii., p. 283 - (1859); id., Cat. Mam. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863); Jerd., Mamm. India, - p. 7 (1867). - -{111}CHARACTERS.--Similar to _S. entellus_. No crest; hair radiating on -crown; back, sides, posterior aspect of thighs and tail dusky brown, darker -on the middle of the back; fore-arm, front of thighs, and lower portion of -legs, black; head dirty yellow; under surface yellowish-white; face, hands, -and feet, black. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 32 inches. - -YOUNG.--Sooty-brown. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The forests and woods near cultivation along the Malabar -coast of India, below 1,500 feet. - -HABITS.--Same as those of the Hanuman. It is, however, rather more shy. - - -VII. THE NILGIRI LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS JOHNI. - - _Simia johnii_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., i., p. 25 (1829). - - _Semnopithecus cucullatus_, Is. Geoffr. in Belang. Voy. Zool., pp. 38, - 72, pl. i. (1834); Wagner in Schreber Saeugeth. Suppl., i., p. 98 (1846); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870). - - _Semnopithecus johnii_, Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc., p. 5 (1838); - Anderson, Res. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 21 (1878; with synonymy); - Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 33 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, - vii., p. 50 (1876). - - _Semnopithecus jubatus_, Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl., i., p. 305 - (1840); Horsf., Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Co. Mus., p. 14 (1851). - - _Semnopithecus cephalopterus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii., p. 469 - (1844; in part). - - _Presbytis johnii_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., pp. 734, 1272 (1847). - - _Presbytis cucullatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xxviii., p. 283 (1859); - id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 14 (1863). - - _Presbytis jubatus_, Jerd., Mamm. India, p. 7 (1867). - -{112}CHARACTERS.--Hair long and glossy, entirely black or brownish-black; -hairs of crown and sides of head very long, not radiating, yellowish-brown; -lower back and root of tail grey. Length of body, 26 inches; of tail, 30 -inches; a very large individual measured, body, 29 inches; tail, 37. -(_Hornaday._) - -Nearly allied to the next species (_S. cephalopterus_) of Ceylon, and _S. -obscurus_, which inhabits the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal. - -FEMALE.--With a yellowish-white patch inside each thigh. (_Davison._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--In the thick, sharply circumscribed woods of the Nilgiri -hills, south to Cape Comorin, above 2,500 feet. - -HABITS.--This species lives in small troops of ten to twelve individuals, -and is remarkable for the extraordinary leaps it can make. "It is shy and -wary, the result," as Dr. Blanford states, "of human persecution. It is -very noisy, having a loud guttural alarm cry, used also to express anger, -and a long loud call." Jerdon relates "that when the sholas of the Nilgiri -range were beaten for game, these Monkeys made their way rapidly, and with -loud cries, to the lowest portion, and thence to a neighbouring wood at a -lower level. In consequence of the beauty of their skins, and the -circumstance that certain castes eat their flesh, these Monkeys are more -frequently shot than most of the Indian species: hence their shyness." - - -VIII. THE PURPLE-FACED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS CEPHALOPTERUS. - - _Cercopithecus vetulus_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., Mamm., p. 25 (1777; in - part). - - {113}_Cercopithecus senex_, Erxl., _t.c._, p. 24 (1777); Zimm., Geogr. - Gesch., ii., p. 183 (1780); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 35 - (1891). - - _Cercopithecus kephalopterus_, Zimm., _op. et t.c._, p. 185 (1780); - Bodd., Elench. An., p. 58 (1785); Fischer, Syst. Mamm., p. 17 (1829). - - _Simia veter_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 36 (1800). - - _Cercopithecus leucoprymnus_, Otto, N. Acta. Acad. Caes. Leop., xii., p. - 505, pl. xlvi. _bis_ (1825). - - _Semnopithecus fulvo-griseus_, Desmoul., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., vii., - p. 570 (1825); Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 719 (1842). - - _Semnopithecus leucoprymnus_, Desmaret, Dict. Sci. Nat., xlviii., p. 439 - (1827); Wagner, in Schreber, Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 25 (1825); Gray, - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870). - - _Macacus silenus_, var. _alba_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 28. - - _Semnopithecus nestor_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 67; Waterh., P. Z. - S., 1844, p. 1. - - _Presbytes cephalopterus_, Gray, Hand-List Mamm., p. 4 (1843); Blyth, J. - A. S. Beng., xvi., pp. 734, 1271 (1847); Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., - p. 1 (1852); Tennent, Ceylon, p. 5, plate, fig. 3 (1861); Blyth, Cat. - Mamm. Mus. As. Soc. Beng., p. 13 (1862). - - _? Presbytis thersites_, Elliot MSS.; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. - 1271, pl. liv., fig. 3 (1847); Blanford, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 626 (1891). - - _Presbytis albinus_, Kelaart, Faun. Zeylan., p. 7. (1852). - - _Semnopithecus cephalopterus_, Martin, Mammif. An., p. 482 (1841); - Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 51 (1876); Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 22 (1878; full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., - p. 34 (1891). - - {114}_Semnopithecus kelaartii_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 52 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Hair of crown not radiating; top of head and nape dusky-brown; -back and limbs darker smoky-brown; lower back, base of tail, and upper -posterior surface of thighs varying from ashy-grey to greyish-white, -washed, in immature specimens, with brown; hands and feet black; -supra-orbital hairs black, projecting outwards, extending nearly to the -ears; the long and conspicuous whiskers white, concealing the base of the -ears, and forming a sort of ruff, encircling the face; chin and throat -white. Face purplish-black. Tail beyond the base dark grey, tufted at the -tip and whitish. Under surface dusky-grey; inner sides of the thighs -anterior to the callosities pale yellow or white. Length of body, 21 -inches; tail, 31 inches. - -YOUNG.--Generally similar to the parents. A young female from Ceylon -examined by Dr. Anderson was uniform pale-yellowish, the top of the head -slightly washed with brownish, and the shoulder and mid-back washed with -dusky. - -A white variety (_S. senex_) sometimes occurs. "There can be no doubt," -says Dr. Anderson, "that _S. cephalopterus_, _S. ursinus_, and _S. johni_ -are extremely closely allied to each other"; and indeed it is doubtful -whether they are not local races of the same species. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Ceylon. - -HABITS.--Sir E. Tennent, in his "Natural History of Ceylon," has given the -following account of this species:-- - -"Although common in the southern and western provinces, this Monkey is -never found at a higher elevation than 1,300 feet. It is an active and -intelligent creature, little larger than the common Bonneted Macaque, and -far from being so {115}mischievous as others of the Monkeys in the island. -In captivity it is remarkable for the gravity of its demeanour, and for an -air of melancholy in its expression and movements which are completely in -character with its snowy beard and venerable aspect. In disposition it is -gentle and confiding, sensible in the highest degree of kindness, and eager -for endearing attention, uttering a low, plaintive cry when its sympathies -are excited. It is particularly cleanly in its habits when domesticated, -and spends much of its time in trimming its fur, and carefully divesting -its hair of particles of dust. - -"Those which I kept at my house near Colombo were chiefly fed upon -plantains and bananas, but for nothing did they evince a greater partiality -than the rose-coloured flowers of the red Hibiscus (_H. rosa-sinensis_). -These they devoured with unequivocal gusto; they likewise relished the -leaves of many other trees, and even the bark of a few of the more -succulent ones. - -"A White Monkey, taken between Ambepusse and Kornegalle, where they are -said to be numerous, was brought to me to Colombo. Except in colour, it had -all the characteristics of _Presbytes cephalopterus_. So striking was its -whiteness that it might have been conjectured to be an albino, but for the -circumstance that its eyes and face were black. I have heard that White -Monkeys have been seen near the Ridi-galle Wihara in the Seven Korales, and -also at Tangalle; but I never saw another specimen. The natives say they -are not uncommon, and Knox states that they are 'milk-white both in body -and face: but of this sort there is not such plenty.' The Rev. R. Spence -Hardy mentions, in his learned work on 'Eastern Monachism,' that on the -occasion of his visit to the great temple of Dambool, he encountered a -troop of White Monkeys {116}on the rock in which it is situated--which -were, doubtless, a variety of the Wanderoo. Pliny was aware of the fact -that White Monkeys are occasionally found in India. - -"When observed in their native wilds, a party of twenty or thirty of these -creatures is generally busily engaged in the search for berries and buds. -They are seldom to be seen on the ground, except when they may have -descended to recover seeds or fruit which have fallen at the foot of their -favourite trees. When disturbed, their leaps are prodigious; but, generally -speaking, their progress is made, not so much by _leaping_, as by swinging -from branch to branch, using their powerful arms alternately; and when -baffled by distance, flinging themselves obliquely so as to catch the lower -boughs of an opposite tree, the momentum acquired by their descent being -sufficient to cause a rebound of the branch, that carries them up again, -till they can grasp a higher and more distant one, and thus continue their -headlong flight. In these perilous achievements, wonder is excited, less by -the surpassing agility of these little creatures, frequently encumbered as -they are by their young, which cling to them in their career, than by the -quickness of their eye, and the unerring accuracy with which they seem -almost to calculate the angle at which a descent will enable them to cover -a given distance, and the recoil to attain a higher altitude." - - -IX. PAITAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS SABANUS. - - _Semnopithecus sabanus_, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xii., p. - 230, pl. vii. (head), (1893). - - - -PLATE XXXV. - -[Illustration: HOSE'S LANGUR.] - -{117}CHARACTERS.--Allied to _S. hosii_, _S. everetti_, and _S. thomasi_. -Body, tail, and limbs grey; forehead with a high vertical median crest, -commencing on the brow, black, with some white hairs; superciliary bristles -long, black, projected forward over the eyes; hairs of the forehead on each -side of the crest, flat against the head, white over the whole crown (with -a few black hairs), but darker tipped on the back of the head; sides of the -face from the orbits to the ears quite black; occipital hairs directed -backward, not forward as in _S. thomasi_. Chin, sides of neck, throat, and -chest greyish, not white as in the allied species. Under side of the body -and inner side of the upper arms, and the legs to the ankles white, -becoming greyer distally; hands and feet shining black; fore-arms to the -wrists, and legs to the ankles, grizzled grey, as also the tail, above and -below. Skin of face probably flesh-coloured between and across the orbits -and round the cheeks, elsewhere black. Length of body, 23-1/2 inches; tail, -30 inches. - -Cranium broader and rounder than in the allied species; the ascending -process of the maxillary bones articulating with the frontals, shutting out -the former bones from the side of the nasals. In the allied species the -skin of the face is nearly, or quite, black all over, and the chin, sides -of the neck, the throat, and the chest are pure white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Paitan, N. Borneo. Discovered by the veteran Bornean -traveller Alfred Everett. - - -X. HOSE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS HOSII. - - (_Plate XXXV._) - - _Semnopithecus hosii_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1889, p. 159, pl. xvi.; Hose, - Mamm. Borneo, p. 10 (1893). - -CHARACTERS.--Crown with a longitudinal central crest, the hairs sloping -evenly backward, with no reversed tuft of hair on the back of the head; -general colour of back, shoulders, outer sides of limbs, and tail (though -darker above than below) {118}hoary grey, the hairs being commingled black -and white; crest, centre of crown, and nape deep glossy black; all the rest -of the head, forehead, temples, sides of crown and neck, cheeks, lips, -septum of nose, tufted chin, front of neck, chest, under side of body and -the inside of the limbs as far as the middle of the fore-arm and lower leg -pure white; hands and feet deep black; face black. - -Nasal bones long and thin, the profile quite straight and continuous with -the line of the forehead. Length of body, 20-1/2 inches; of tail, 26-1/4 -inches. (_Thomas._) - -This handsome species differs from all known _Semnopitheci_ in the marked -contrast in colour presented by its black crest and white forehead and -cheeks. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Niah, in the Baram district; Mount Dulit, Mount Batu Song: -all in Sarawak, Borneo. - -HABITS.--"The type of this Monkey--the Bangat of the Kayans--was shot," -writes Mr. Charles Hose (after whom the species is named), "at a place -called Niah, in the Baram district. I have procured several specimens in -different parts of the country, but although it is often seen in the low -country, I think we must consider it to be a mountain species, which leaves -the mountains at certain times in search of fruit. It ascends Mount Dulit -to the height of 4,000 feet, but is more common at 2,000 feet. It frequents -the salt-springs, which are common in the interior, churning up the mud, -and it is at these salt-springs that the Punans procure numbers of -specimens with the blow-pipe and poisoned arrows. From this Monkey the -Bezoar stones are obtained, being found either in the gall bladder or the -intestines. The noise that the animal makes is loud and distinct--_Gagah, -gagah_. The young {119}resemble the colour of the adult, and are -exceedingly pretty little things, but they do not live long in confinement, -and would never bear a voyage to England, as they suffer severely from -sea-sickness." - - -XI. THOMAS'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS THOMASI. - - _Semnopithecus thomasi_, Collett, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 613, pl. xlii. - -DESCRIPTION.--A central occipital crest sloping at first backwards, -reversed on the back of the head, black on the crown; with a lower -indistinct crest on each side of the white forehead. General colour above -dark grey--each hair being partly black and partly white; underneath, -white; a black stripe from the upper jaw to the ear, and a black central -stripe on the forehead; hands and feet black. (_Collett._) - -Very old males are darker in colour, with the upper part of the head -brownish-black, the front whitish. Old females are smaller; the young are -silky and nearly white all over. - -Closely related and very similar to _S. hosii_, but the cheeks do not form -a connected white area with the white forehead, the space being broken by a -black band from the edge of the mouth to the ear (in the young male and in -the female). In the old male the upper parts of the cheeks are quite black. -Length of body, 24-1/2 inches; tail, about 32 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The present species was discovered in the Langkat district -in the North-east of Sumatra, by Mr. Iversen, a Norwegian traveller in that -island, and is named after Mr. Oldfield Thomas, the well-known Mammalogist -of the British Museum. - -HABITS.--These Monkeys live in small companies composed of both sexes, in -the highest trees in dry spots of the forest, never descending of their own -accord to the ground, nor {120}visiting the rice-fields, as their food -appears to consist exclusively of fruits. They may be met with, according -to Mr. Iversen, the discoverer of this species, at all seasons of the year -in the same parts of the forest. They hardly ever visit the more open -places, but keep to the highest tree-tops, and make most astonishing leaps -from one branch to another. Those observed were very shy, and, on being -perceived, would seek to hide in the leafy tops of the trees, even leaving -their young exposed on the lower branches. The mother carries her young one -under her belly. The species was often observed in company with the Siamang -(_Hylobates syndactylus_), but not with other Monkeys. - - -XII. EVERETT'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS EVERETTI. - - _Semnopithecus everetti_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 582, pl. xli.; Hose, - Mamm. Born., p. 15 (1893). - - (_Plate XXXVI._) - -CHARACTERS.--Very closely allied and very similar to _S. hosii_ in size and -coloration, but the white is everywhere replaced by dull cream-colour, -giving a yellowish wash to the mixed grey of the back and tail; shoulders -and middle of back darker; under surface of body and light parts of head -cream-colour, instead of white; whole of the forehead and top of the head -black, the lower limit of the black passing across the middle of the ear; -entire back of neck black; spot in the centre of the forehead above where -the eyebrows meet, yellowish-white. The colour of the face, cheeks, and -sides of the neck, in contrast to the dark crown, distinguish this species -from _S. chrysomelas_. Length of body, 21-3/4 inches; of tail, 25-3/4 -inches. (_Thomas._) - -"Since Mr. Thomas described this Monkey," writes Mr. C. Hose in his -"Mammals of Borneo," "I have obtained several other specimens, ... and the -marking is quite constant." - - -PLATE XXXVI. - -[Illustration: EVERETT'S LANGUR.] - - -{121}DISTRIBUTION.--Borneo: Mount Kina Balu. Mount Dulit and Mount Batu -Song in Sarawak, ranging from 3,000 to 3,500 feet above the sea. - -HABITS.--This species is a purely mountain form, and does not descend to -the plains. - - -XIII. THE CROSS-BEARING LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS CRUCIGER. - - _Semnopithecus cruciger_, Thomas, Ann. N. H. (6), x., p. 475 (1892); id., - P. Z. S., 1893, p. 3; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, P. 15 (1893). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur long and soft on the head and shoulders; hairs of the -crown standing upright everywhere, but somewhat longer in the median line; -crown chestnut; sides of the body from the axillae, the haunches, and the -outer aspect of the legs to the ankles, brilliant red, paler on the lower -legs; shoulders and outer side of the fore-limb, the hands, nape, and -median dorsal line, deep glossy black, sometimes broken with red and black -hairs; eyebrows black; short facial hairs, whiskers, hair of the ears, the -sides of the neck, chin, and the whole of the under side of the body, and -lines down the inner sides of the limbs, glossy white, washed with yellow; -tail at the base above, black, and duller at the tip. - -The young are marked like the adults. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Borneo; Bakam, in the Baram district of Sarawak, where it -was discovered by Mr. Charles Hose. He has since obtained it on the Batang -Lupar river, in Western Sarawak. - - -{122}XIV. THE URSINE LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS URSINUS. - - _Presbytis ursinus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xx., pp. 155, 182 (1851); - id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 13 (1863); Kelaart, Prod. Faun. - Zeylan., p. 2 (1852). - - _Semnopithecus ursinus_, Anderson, Rep. Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 24 - (1878); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 36 (1891). - -CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to _S. cephalopterus_, but larger; hair on -the sides very long. Hair more rufous on the top of the head; the back of -the head greyish; the lower back and thighs wanting the grey colour; -whiskers, beard, throat, and chest, whitish; beneath, of the same colour as -the back. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Ceylon, where it is confined to the mountains. - -HABITS.--For an account of the habits of this species, we have again -recourse to the pages of that delightful historian, Sir E. Tennent:-- - -"The low-country Wanderoo," he records, "is replaced in the hills by the -larger species, _P. ursinus_, which inhabits the mountain zone. The -natives, who designate the latter the 'Maha,' or Great Wanderoo, to -distinguish it from the 'Kaloo,' or black one, with which they are -familiar, describe it as much wilder and more powerful than its congener of -the lowland forests. It is rarely seen by Europeans, this portion of the -country having, till very recently, been but partially opened; and even now -it is difficult to observe its habits, as it seldom approaches the few -roads which wind through these deep solitudes. At early morning, ere the -day begins to dawn, its loud and peculiar howl, which consists of a quick -repetition of the sounds '_How, how!_' may be frequently heard in the -{123}mountain jungles, and forms one of the characteristic noises of these -lofty situations. It was first captured by Dr. Kelaart in the woods near -Nuera-ellia, and from its peculiar appearance it has been named _P. -ursinus_ by Mr. Blyth." - - -XV. THE DUSKY LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS OBSCURUS. - - _Semnopithecus obscurus_, Reid, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 14; Martin, Mammif. - An., p. 486 (1841); Murie, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 742; Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 49 (1876); - Anders., Zool. Res. Yun-nan Exped., p. 25 (1878; with full synonymy); - Thomas, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 66; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 41 - (1891). - - _Semnopithecus leucomystax_, Muell. and Schl., Verhandl., p. 59 - (1839-44). - - _Semnopithecus albocinereus_, Less., Sp. Mammif., p. 65 (1840). - - _Presbytis obscura_, Gray, Hand. List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 3 (1843); - Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii., p. 467 (1844). - - _Semnopithecus halonifer_, Cantor, Proc. Linn. Soc., 1845, p. 235. - -CHARACTERS.--Hair on crown not radiating; longer at the back, forming a -tuft of yellowish-white. Body blackish-brown, darker on the forehead, sides -of face, sides of body and limbs; hands and feet black; nape of neck, and -along the middle of back, brownish; tail brownish, not tufted; under -surface and inside of limbs not so dark as the back or sides; face black, -but the mouth and eyelids whitish; length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 32 -inches. - -FEMALE.--Slightly browner than the male. - -YOUNG.--Bright golden-red, but very soon changing to the colour of the -adult. - -{124}Mr. Thomas mentions (P. Z. S., 1886, p. 66) a very remarkably coloured -individual, differing from all others in having its crest, nape, arms, -legs, and tail, yellow, contrasting markedly with the dark hues of the -face, body, and feet. It is, however, approached by a specimen in the -British Museum from Malacca, collected by Dr. Cantor, which has the crest -yellow, and the limbs and tail lighter than usual. Its auditory bullae, -however, are larger and more projecting, and its teeth smaller than is -usually the case with _S. obscurus_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Siam; the Malayan Peninsula; Tenasserim, Mt. Mooleyit, at -5,000 feet. - - -XVI. ANDERSON'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS HOLOTEPHREUS. - - _Semnopithecus holotephreus_, Ander., Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 27 - (1878). - -CHARACTERS.--"Uniform dark slaty-grey passing into black on the fore-arm -and hands, and also on the feet. Under surface and inner side of the -fore-limbs and thighs, pale yellowish-grey. Head slightly crested over the -vertex, but with only a feeble tendency to lateral compression. -Supra-orbital hairs moderately long and black. Whiskers rather long, -directed backwards and outwards, hiding the ears in front. Face -bluish-black; area round the eyes and lips white. Length of body, 21-1/2 -inches; tail, 24-1/2 inches." (_Anderson._) - -DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. - - -XVII. GERMAIN'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS GERMAINI. - - _Semnopithecus germaini_, Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom., Seance, 12, - Feb., 1876; Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 27 (1878); Schl., - Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 34 (1876). - -{125}CHARACTERS.--Body blackish, washed with pale silvery-grey; hands and -feet black. Supra-orbital hairs, projecting outwards and backwards, black; -whiskers, long and grey; hairs of flanks, long and grey; tail, grey; under -surface, grey. - -YOUNG.--"Bright orange-yellow; top of head, fore-arm, and feet, blackish." -(_Anderson._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--Cochin-China, where it was discovered by M. Germain. - - -XVIII. THE NEGRO LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS MAURUS. - - _Simia maura_, Schreber, Saeugeth., i., p. 107, pl. xxii. B. (1775); - Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 47 (1800). - - _Cercopithecus maurus_, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 41 (1777). - - _Simia cristatus_, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 245 (1822). - - _Semnopithecus maurus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xii. (1822); - Wagner, in Schreber, Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 23 (1855); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 54 - (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 27 (1878; with full - synonymy). - - _Semnopithecus pyrrhus_, Horsfield, Zool. Res. Java, plate (1821); Schl., - Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 50 (1876). - - _Semnopithecus pruinosus_, Desmar., Mammolog., 1820, Suppl., p. 333; - Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 58 (1876); Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus., xi., - p. 215, pl. ix. (1887); id., _op. cit._, xiii., p. 207 (1891). - - _Simia ceylonicus_, Desmoul., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., vii., p. 572 - (1825). - - {126}_Semnopithecus cristatus_, Muell., Tijds. V. Nat. Gesch., ii., p. - 316 (1835); Muell. et Schl., Verhandl., pp. 61, 77, pl. 12, fig. 1 - (young; 1839-44); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); Anderson, - Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 29 (1878); Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 15 - (1893). - -CHARACTERS.--Hair radiating from a centre, or divergent all round the face, -which is reddish-black; long and bushy whiskers on the sides of the face -and passing behind the ears. Hair generally long. General colour all over, -deep black, the hairs tipped with silver-grey in aged individuals; spot at -the under side of the base of the tail white. Length of body, 17-1/2 -inches; of tail, 23-1/2 inches. - -YOUNG.--Uniform reddish-brown, changing soon to the colour of the adult; -the rufous vanishing from the whiskers last of all. The colour of the young -is said especially to be the case in females only, and to persist through -life; but, as Dr. Anderson remarks, it is not a common variety, and such -coloured adults are highly prized in Java. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Malay Peninsula. Sumatra; Padang, Bencoolen, the Lampongs. -Java. Billiton. Borneo; on the Baram river, and also on Mt. Dulit. - -HABITS.--These Monkeys ascend the mountains in Borneo to about 2,000 feet; -they are also fairly common in the low country, and are called by the Dyaks -"Bigok," and by the Kayans "Chikok," from the noise they make. (_C. Hose._) - - -XIX. THE BANDED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS FEMORALIS. - - _Simia maura_, Raffles (nec. Schreb.), Tr. Linn Soc., xiii., p. 247 - (1822). - - {127}_Semnopithecus femoralis_, Horsf. App. Life Raffl., p. 643 (1830); - Martin, Mammif. An., p. 480 (1841; in part); Horsf., Cat. Mamm. E. I. Co. - Mus., p. 10 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 45 (1876); Anderson, - Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 30 (1878; with full synonymy); Thomas, P. - Z. S., 1886, p. 66; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 42 (1891); - Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 13 (1893). - - _Semnopithecus chrysomelas_, Muell. Tijds., Nat. Ges., v., p. 138, plate - (1838); Wagner, in Schreb., Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 22 (1855; in part). - - _Semnopithecus sumatranus_, Muell. und Schl. Verh., pp. 6, 73, pl. 10 - bis, fig. 1 (1839-44). - - _Simia femoralis_, Cantor, J. A. S. Beng., xv., p. 175. - -CHARACTERS.--Head with a rather short vertical crest directed backward, and -the hair in front directed forward over the eyes. The dominant colour is -brownish-black, replaced by white on the hinder part of the belly and tail, -which is slightly tufted at the tip, and more or less on the inner side of -both limbs, and on the centre of the chest. Face, ears, palms, and the -sides of the feet, black. - -YOUNG.--Similar to the adults, but the throat, chest, abdomen, -yellowish-white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The islands of Sumatra and Borneo. - -HABITS.--This is a low-country Monkey, according to that excellent observer -Mr. C. Hose, and is seldom to be found on the mountains, and then only up -to about 1,000 feet. It is fond of living near the seashore, and is -generally found, in numbers of from ten to thirty, sitting on the branches -of tall trees in open spaces. Its Dyak name is "Bigit," and its Kayan name -"Pant." - -{128}Very nearly related to this species, if indeed it be really distinct, -is the GOLDEN LANGUR, or Lootoong of the Malays, S. AURATUS, Geoffr. (Ann. -Mus., xix., p. 93, 1812), which is synonymous with the _S. chrysomelas_ of -Wagner, for the two agree in every respect except that the latter is -lighter coloured, and has black hairs intermixed among the yellowish hairs -on its head, tail, and limbs. - -Professor Schlegel has (Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 47) separated a specimen -from Singapore, and closely related to _S. femoralis_, as a distinct -species, under the name of S. NEGLECTUS. It is easily distinguished, as he -points out, by the general hue of its fur being black turning insensibly -into greyish-brown, speckled here and there with white; in the middle line -of the chest, on the lower belly, and on the inner side of the fore-arm, -and thighs alone, is there any white; this and the uniformly dark tail -distinguish _S. neglectus_ from _S. femoralis_ and _S. chrysomelas_. - - -XX. THE MAROON LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS RUBICUNDUS. - - _Semnopithecus rubicundus_, Mueller, Tijdschr., Nat. Gesch., v., p. 137, - _cum_ tab. (1838); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 473 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 33 - (1878; with synonymy); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 36 (1876); Hose, - Mamm. Borneo, p. 9 (1893). - -CHARACTERS.--Differs from _S. rubicundus_ in its rich deep maroon-red -colour, the radiating hair on the forehead, and its compressed, semi-erect, -crest. As Dr. Anderson points out, it is the only species with radiating -hair on the forehead. - -HABITS.--Mr. Hose observes: "This handsome red Monkey is called by the -Dyaks of Sarawak, 'Jellu merah,' and by the {129}Kayans 'Kaladi,' and is -common everywhere. It is usually seen in large numbers, and some thirty or -forty often pass one in the jungle, darting from branch to branch and -making a tremendous noise. They will sometimes, when barked at by a dog, -attack it and inflict a very bad bite. They ascend the mountains to the -height of 3,000 feet; but at that height the colour of their hair becomes -of a much deeper red. They are very destructive in the fruit gardens." - - -XXI. THE NATUNA LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS NATUNAE. - - _Semnopithecus natunae_, Oldfield Thomas and Hartert, Nov. Zool. i., p. - 652 (1894). - -CHARACTERS.--ADULT MALE.--Size, proportions, and coloration showing a -general resemblance to the _S. femoralis_ group, the prevailing colours -being black and white. While, however, the forehead, the fore-arms and -hands, lower legs and feet, and tail (both above and below) are all deep -glossy black, the back itself, with the occiput, nape, and shoulders, is -brown. Thighs along a narrow strip on their outer aspect, ashy grey, -darkening distally into the black of the lower legs, but their posterior -aspect, continuous with their inner sides, is perfectly white, giving a -very peculiar and characteristic appearance to the animal, and one which is -quite unlike any species known to us, with the one exception that _M. -siamensis_ has whitish patches in somewhat the same position. Whole of -under surface, with the sides of the neck, the hairs on the inside of the -ears, and lines down the inner sides of the arms and legs, pure creamy -white. Face thinly haired throughout, the hairs black, except those on the -nose, where there is a whitish patch. Forehead with the hairs radiating -outwards and backwards {130}from a single central point about half or -three-quarters of an inch behind the eyebrows; posteriorly these hairs are -much lengthened, as are those on the occiput, the latter being directed -forwards and upwards in such a way that the black hairs of the forehead and -the brown ones of the occiput meet to form a high crest on the crown. -(_Oldfield Thomas_ and _Hartert_, _l.c._). - -YOUNG.--Messrs. Oldfield Thomas and Hartert describe a new-born specimen as -follows: "Middle line of dorsal surface from crown to anus, and whole of -tail, deep black, the breadth of the black on the back being about an inch -and a half; the outer sides of the shoulders greyish, and also the backs of -the hands and feet commencing to become black. The whole of the rest of the -animal, including the forehead, arms, and legs, wholly pure white." - -"Although among the many closely allied species of _Semnopithecus_ it is -difficult to be at all sure of their mutual affinities, it would seem that -_S. natunae_ is most nearly related to _S. femoralis_, Horsf., and _S. -siamensis_, M. and S. Both of these have a similar arrangement of the hairs -on the crown and nape; and, on the other hand, the former possesses the -wholly black hands, feet, and tail of _S. natunae_, and to a certain extent -the browner tint of the back, while, on the other, _S. siamensis_ has its -whitish under side and light thigh-patch, although united with a widely -different coloration." - -HABITS.--Mr. Everett gives the following note: "Native name 'K[)e]kah,' -which is onomatopoeic. These animals were common about the base of Mount -Ranai, going in troops, and they commit great depredations on the native -gardens. The irides are light cinnamon-brown; face livid black, the eyelids -and muzzle, {131}white; feet and hands very dark brown; the ears blackish -externally, the outer edge and interior dull white, marbled to some extent -with livid blackish spots. In an immature individual, barely half-grown, -the white of the eyelids, nose, and chin was tinged with dull pink; and at -the exterior angle of each orbit was a bare spot of bluish-white, showing -very distinctly, owing to its different tinge of colour, the skin of the -face otherwise being livid black. With maturity these naked white spots at -the angle of the orbits disappear. I kept this animal alive, intending to -bring it home, but it succumbed to the severity of our return passage. It -fed on the leaves of sweet potatoes and tapioca, and, although it had been -recently captured, in a few days it was very gentle and timid. The -breeding-season with these Monkeys is either very prolonged, or is not -defined at all, for I obtained them in October, when the rains were -beginning, in all stages, from a foetus three inches long, to half-grown -specimens." - - -XXII. PHAYRE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PHAYRII. - - _Semnopithecus obscurus_ (nec Reid), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii., p. 466 - (1844). - - _Presbytis phayrei_, Blyth, _op. cit._, xvi., p. 733, pl. xxxvii., fig. 3 - (1847); Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl. v., p. 28 (1855); Tickell, J. - A. S. Beng., xxviii., p. 428 (1859). - - _Semnopithecus argentatus_, Blyth in Horsf. Cat. Mamm. E. I. Co. Mus., p. - 7 (1851). - - _Presbytis cristatus_, Raffl. apud Blyth, Mamm. Burma, p. 9 (nec - Raffles). - - _Semnopithecus rubicundus_, var. _C._, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. - 17 (1870). - - {132}_Semnopithecus phayrei_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 34 - (1878); id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Beng., p. 49; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, - vii., p. 33 (1876); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 39 (1891). - -CHARACTERS.--Top of the head with a peaked longitudinal crest; hair of -crown not radiating, but elongated and directed backward; whiskers long and -outwardly directed, partly covering the ears; back, sides, fore-arm, hands -and fore part of the feet blackish-brown, the middle of the back washed -with yellowish; the chin, chest, and under surface of the body pale yellow; -inside of the fore-arm and thighs brown; face livid, but the eyelids, lips, -and a ring round the eyes, white, flushed with flesh-colour; length of -body, 18-1/2 inches; tail, 21-1/2 inches. - -Supra-orbital ridges of the skull not prominent, the occipital region -vertical; facial region sloping downward. - -The Babu Ram Bramha Lanyal, writing in July, 1893, from the Zoological -Gardens, Calcutta, to Dr. Sclater, says: "I am not aware whether closely -allied species of _Semnopitheci_ have ever inter-bred anywhere. They are -rather exclusive in their ideas in respect to matrimonial relationship. -Anyhow, such an event has just happened in this Garden. The Phayre's -Langur, or as it is often called, Phayre's Leaf Monkey (_Semnopithecus -phayrii_, Blyth) has given birth to a young one--a lovely little babe, of a -delicate light orange colour. As there has been no other male in the same -cage except the _S. cristatus_, there is no doubt of the young one being a -hybrid between these two species. These Monkeys have been living together -since 1880, and although they agreed very well, they were never observed to -be over friendly. Even now the male does not appear to take any interest in -the offspring." - -DISTRIBUTION.--Confined, as far as is known, to Aracan. - - -{133}XXIII. RUTLEDGE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS RUTLEDGII. - - _S. rutledgii_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 38 (1878). - -CHARACTERS.--Head with a very well-defined erect median compressed crest; -frontal hairs not projecting over the face. General colour black, the hairs -tipped with lustrous grey on the head, crest, trunk, and limbs. Hands and -feet black. Under surface paler and the hairs more tipped with grey; tail -black above, yellow below, tipped with grey; whiskers long, backwardly and -upwardly divided, and broadly tipped with yellowish-grey; beard greyish; -face bluish-black. Length, 17 inches; tail, 24-1/2 inches. (_Anderson._) - -DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. - - -XXIV. THE WHITE-FRONTED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS FRONTATUS. - - _Semnopithecus frontatus_, Muell., Tijds., Nat. Ges., v., p. 136, pls. i. - and ii. (1838); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 475 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 16 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 34 (1876); - Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 39 (1878; with full synonymy); - Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 12 (1893). - -CHARACTERS.--General colour dark yellowish-brown, with a wash of red on the -flanks in some specimens; the tail tufted. This species is at once -recognised by the bald triangular wrinkled area between the eyebrows, of a -milky-white colour, the rest of the face being deep black, except the -flesh-coloured lips. It is also remarkable for the erect median crest -over-arching the forehead; and by the long dependent black hairs on the -cheeks from near the nose, increasing in length on {134}the hindmost part -of the cheek, and reaching nearly to the shoulder. - -The skull has a highly arched, narrow and retreating forehead; the facial -portion is short. - -DISTRIBUTION.--South-east Borneo, where it is very rare. - - -XXV. THE DOUC LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS NEMAEUS. - - _Simia nemaeus_, Linn., Mantiss. Plant., p. 521 (1771); Schreber, - Saeugeth., i., p. 110, pl. xxiv. (1775). - - _Cercopithecus nemaeus_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 42 (1777); Kuhl, - Beitr. Zool., p. 8 (1820). - - _Pygathrix nemaeus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 90 (1812). - - _Lasiopyga nemaeus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 54 (1820); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 13 (1870). - - _Semnopithecus nemaeus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. 14 (May, 1825); - Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 459 (1841); Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl. - v., p. 35 (1855); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 64; Anderson, Zool. Res. - Exped. Yun-nan, p. 40 (1878; with full synonymy). - - _Presbytis nemaeus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., p. 11 (1875). - -CHARACTERS.--Head without a crest. The naked face, the callosities, and the -naked portions of the hands and feet yellow; head brown, with a narrow band -of chestnut passing under the ears backwards, and a second but broader one, -margined with black, across the chest, from shoulder to shoulder; whiskers -long and directed backwards, pale grey--the hairs ringed with black and -white; upper surface of the body and sides grey; base of the neck, chest, -and shoulders as well as the upper part of the fore- and hind-limbs, with -the hand and feet, black; the forehead paler; the fore-arm to the middle -{135}of the hands, the rump, posterior region of the loins, and the tail -pure white; the lower portion of the hind-limbs to the middle of the feet -reddish-brown. Tail shorter than the body. Length of body, 25 inches; of -tail, 20-1/2 inches. - -In the skull the forehead is low, the intra-orbital region broad and the -facial portion broad at the base. (_Anderson._) The thumb is well -developed. The foetus is remarkable for its motley coloration, and shows -also the white rump-spot. - -FEMALE.--Like the male. The young differ but little from the parents. Aged -individuals retain the coloration of their maturity. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Cochin-China; Hainan. (_Meyer._) - -HABITS.--The Douc goes about in large troops. - - -XXVI. THE BLACK-FOOTED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS NIGRIPES. - - _Semnopithecus nigripes_, A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi., p. 7 - (1871); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 32 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. - Exped. Yun-nan, p. 4 (1878). - -CHARACTERS.--Similar to _S. nemaeus_, but differing in having the posterior -limbs black, and the fore-arms grizzled, instead of white. The whiskers are -short and black, the body more slender, longer, and entirely white. The -hind-limbs are also more elongated. Both sexes are alike; and the young -differ little from the adults. - -The brain-case is depressed, the face short, and the inter-orbital swelling -peculiar to so many of the crested _Semnopitheci_, is wanting. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Saigon in Cochin-China, and the forests bordering the Mekong -river towards its mouth. - - -{136}XXVII. THE BLACK-CRESTED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS MELANOLOPHUS. - - _Simia melalophus_, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 244 (1821). - - _Semnopithecus melalophus_ (Le Cimepaye), F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., - livr. xxx. (July, 1821); Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc., xxii., p. 245 (1822); - Desmar., Dict. Sc. Nat., xlviii., p. 38 (1827); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. - 470 (1841); Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 16 (1851); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 16 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 43 - (1876; in part); Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 34 (with full - synonymy; 1878). - - _Semnopithecus flavimanus_, Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 109, pl. xl. (1830); - Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 16 (1851). - - _Semnopithecus sumatranus_, var. _auratus_ (nec Geoffr.), Mueller and - Schl. Verhandl., pl. x. _bis_, fig. 2 (1839-44). - - _Presbytes melanophus_, Gray, Hand. List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 2 (1843). - - _Presbytes flavimana_, Gray, _t.c._, p. 2 (1843). - - _Semnopithecus nobilis_, Gervais, Hist. Nat., Mammif., p. 63 (1854); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1870). - - _Semnopithecus ferrugineus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 42 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Head crested; the crest dark-brown, tipped with dusky; -forehead pale yellow; a line from the outer corner of the eye to the ear, -dark brown; back, sides, and shoulders reddish, washed with pale brown; the -rest of the fore-limbs, the whole of the hind-limbs, and the tail, -orange-red. Length of body, 18 inches; of tail, 32 inches. - -The golden variety (_S. auritus_) from Sumatra, is generally yellowish-red -throughout. - -{137}The skulls present a good deal of variation in the form of the -internal orbital angles of the frontal, and in the occipital, bones. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Sumatra: Padang, Indrapoera, Bencoolen, Palembang, and the -Lampongs. - -HABITS.--The "Simpai," as the Malays call this Langur, is very abundant in -Sumatra, where the present writer has obtained it both in the north of the -Palembang Presidency and in the south of the Lampongs. It is undoubtedly in -part to this species that Dr. Wallace refers in his "Malay Archipelago," -when, at Lobo Raman, he says that they frequented the trees overhanging the -guard-house in which he was staying. "Two species of _Semnopithecus_ were -most plentiful--Monkeys of a slender form and long tails. Not being much -shot at, they are rather bold, and remain quite unconcerned when natives -alone are present, but when I came out to look at them, they would stare -for a minute or two and then make off. They take tremendous leaps from the -branches of one tree to those of another a little lower, and it is very -amusing when one strong leader takes a bold jump, to see the others -following with more or less trepidation; and it often happens that one or -two of the last seem quite unable to make up their minds to leap till the -rest disappear, when, as if in desperation at being left alone, they throw -themselves frantically into the air, and often go crashing through the -slender branches and fall to the ground." - - -XXVIII. THE MITRED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS MITRATUS. - - _Presbytis mitrata_, Escholtz, in Kotzeb. Reis., p. 196, _cum tab._ - (1821). - - {138}_Semnopithecus comatus_, Desmar., Mamm. Suppl., p. 533 (1822); - Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 468 (1841); Wagner in Schreber Saeugeth. Suppl. - v., p. 24 (1855). - - _Semnopithecus fulvo-griseus_, Desmoul., Dict. Hist. Nat., vii., p. 570 - (1825). - - _Semnopithecus fascicularis_, Owen, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 75. - - _Semnopithecus mitratus_, Schl., Essai Phys. Serp., p. 237 (1837); - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 16 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 16 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 37 (1876); Anders., - Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 36, (1878; with full synonymy). - - _Semnopithecus siamensis_, Muell. u. Schl., Verh., p. 60 (1841); Anders., - _t.c._, p. 37 (with synonymy). - - _Semnopithecus albo-cinereus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii., p. 175 - (1843); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 38 (1876). - - _Presbytes argentatus_, Blyth; Horsf. Cat. Mamm. E. I. Co. Mus., p. 7 - (1851). - - _Semnopithecus nigrimanus_ et _S. cinereus_, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, pp. - 625, 626. - - _Presbytes cristatus_ (nec Raffles) et _P. melanolophus_, Blyth, Mamm. - Burma, p. 9 (1875). - -CHARACTERS.--Head with a compressed blackish crest; hairs radiating from -the forehead over the eyes; crown above grey, mingled with black, becoming -black on the front of the crest and nape of the neck; flanks, under surface -of the body and tail, as well as the inner side of the limbs, dirty white; -hands and feet whitish, mixed with black or reddish hairs; upper surface of -the tail dark grey, the tip paler and tufted; ears and face deep black; -legs flesh-coloured; chin and throat white. Length of body, 20-1/2 inches; -of tail, 28-1/2 inches. - -The hind-most lower molar has generally only four tubercles. - -{139}The variety of this species inhabiting Siam has a fleshy-white area -round the eyes and mouth. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Siam; the Malay Peninsula; and Sumatra. - - -XXIX. THE MOUPIN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS ROXELLANAE. - - _Semnopithecus roxellanae_, A. Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870); - Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 65 (1876). - - _Rhinopithecus roxellanae_, id., Rech., Mammif., p. 233, pls. xxxvi., - xxxvii. (1868-1874); Blyth, Mamm. Burm., p. 11 (1875). - - _Semnopithecus_ (_Nasalis_) _roxellanae_, Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 43 (1878). - -CHARACTERS.--Face naked, nose depressed in the middle, the tip elevated and -terminating in a singular leaf-like point; sides of the face and brows -clothed with a thick ruff, which extends in a line across the face towards -the nose; face green; the frontal region, sides of the face, auricular -region, sides of the neck and shoulder, chin, chest, inner side of the -fore-limbs, and upper aspect of the feet, yellow; top of head greyish-black -washed with rufous; from the nape (with the outer aspect of the fore-limb) -to the lower back silvery-grey, darker towards the neck, brightening -towards the tail and front of the thighs, where it is washed with bright -yellowish-grey; callosities and outer aspect of the thighs, bright yellow; -under surface of the body grey washed with yellow; tail grey at the base, -tufted at the tip and yellow; thumb very short. Length of body, 26 inches; -of tail, 21 inches. - -FEMALE.--Similar to the male, but duller. - -YOUNG.--Also paler, with more yellowish-grey round the ears, but the top of -the head not black. (_Anderson._) - -{140}DISTRIBUTION.--The present species inhabits the forests of the high -mountains which clothe the western region of the Principality of Moupin, in -North-western China, to Kokonoor and Kansu Kinsu. - -HABITS.--This very remarkable animal, whose discovery we owe to the -researches of that renowned traveller, the Abbe David, lives in large -troops on the highest trees of the forest, in regions where the snow lies -throughout the greater part of the year. It feeds on fruits, leaves, and -the young shoots of the forest-trees, and of the wild bamboo. It has been -placed by some systematists in a separate genus, _Rhinopithecus_, along -with _Nasalis larvatus_, from Borneo, on account of the extraordinary form -of its nose and of the length of the arm being greater than the fore-arm; -but in its structural characters it is very closely related to -_Semnopithecus_. - - -THE NOSED MONKEYS. GENUS NASALIS. - - _Nasalis_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 90 (1812). - -This genus contains only one species, - - -THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY. NASALIS LARVATUS. - - (_Plate XXXVII._) - - _Cercopithecus larvatus_, Wurmb., Verhand. Bat. Genootsch., iii., p. 145 - (1781); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 12 (1820). - - _Simia nasica_, F. Cuv., Dict. Sc. Nat., xx., p. 32 (1821). - - _Nasalis larvatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 90 (1812); Lesson, Spec. - des Mamm., p. 66 (1840); Jacq. et Puch., Voy. au Pole Sud, Zool. iii., p. - 17, pls. 2, 2A, 2B (1853); Lenz, Zool. Gart., xxxii., p. 216; Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 13 (1870); Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 8 (1893). - - -PLATE XXXVII. - -[Illustration: THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY.] - - {141} _Cercopithecus nasicus_, Desmar. et Virey, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. - Nat., xv., p. 574 (1817); Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl. i., p. 102, - pl. x.B (1840). - - _Semnopithecus nasicus_, Desmoul., Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat., vii., p. - 570 (1825); Schinz, Syn. Mamm., i., p. 43 (1844); Wagner in Schreb. - Saeugeth. Suppl. v., p. 35 (1855). - - _Nasalis recurvus_, Vigors et Horsf., Zool. Journ., iv., p. 109 (1828-9; - head of young figured); Martin, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 71. - - _Semnopithecus larvatus_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 16 (1829); Martin, - Mammif. An., p. 453, figs. 279, 280-2 (1841). - - _Rhynchopithecus larvatus_, Dahlb., Stud. Zool., p. 93, pl. iv. (1856). - - _Semnopithecus_ (_Nasalis_) _larvatus_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. - Yun-nan, p. 42 (1878; with full synonymy). - -CHARACTERS.--Face cinnamon-brown; ears blackish, as also the palms and -soles; upper surface of the head, neck, back and sides yellowish-brown, -conspicuously marked with reddish-brown and white; rump, tail and limbs -yellowish-grey; tails of old specimens quite white; sides of face yellow, -and a stripe of the same colour on the shoulders. Under surface -yellowish-white. - -Hair on the head, which is parted down the centre, on the sides of the -face, neck and shoulders, long; the chin full-bearded and the tail tufted; -ears small; the nose the most conspicuous feature of the face, produced -into a proboscis capable of dilatation, with large nostrils opening -downwards, separated from each other by a septum of thin cartilage -extending to the extremity. In old males the point of the nose reaches -quite below the lowest part of the chin; it is pear-shaped, and furrowed -down the middle, giving it the {142}appearance of being double tipped; it -is widest in the middle of the free portion. The proboscis is fully -developed only at an advanced age in both sexes, being much shorter in the -young, and turned upwards. Vigors and Horsfield described their _N. -recurvus_ from a specimen which appeared to them to be perfectly adult. The -forehead is low; the eyes are wide apart, and the neck is short and much -dilated from the presence of a very large laryngeal sac. Length of the -body, 29-1/2 inches; of the tail, 26 inches. - -FEMALE.--Similar to the male, but it is smaller, and wants the greyish rump -markings; while the proboscis is somewhat less developed. - -YOUNG.--Have the face blackish and the cheeks wrinkled; the back of the -head, down to the shoulders and upper part of the fore-limb is dark -reddish-brown. "Through a series of changes during which the red-brown of -the upper parts first increases in strength, and the grey-brown of the hips -and upper side of the tail change to yellowish-white, the adult pelage is -reached." (_Anderson._) - -This extraordinary animal presents all the structural characters of the -genus _Semnopithecus_; but the lower border of the nasal bones, forming the -entrance to the nasal chamber, extends considerably below the lower border -of the eye-sockets. The facial portion of the skull does not much exceed -the brain-case. - -The Proboscis Monkey has the sacculated stomach already described in the -Langurs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Proboscis Monkey is confined to the island of Borneo. -Mr. Hornaday found it along the west bank of the Sarawak river, both near -the sea and two miles below the {143}town. It occurs also in some abundance -on the Batang Lupar river. Mr. Hose says that it is chiefly found near the -mouths of the rivers in Southern Sarawak. - -HABITS.--The Proboscis Monkey, variously called Blanda (or White Man) and -"Rasong" by the natives, is an arboreal creature living in small troops. -"As usual," writes Mr. Hornaday, "they were over water, and, being swift -climbers and quite shy, were hard to kill. I saw altogether, during my -ramblings in the forests of Borneo, perhaps a hundred and fifty Proboscis -Monkeys, and, without a single exception, all were over water, either -river, lake, or submerged forest. As long as they are in sight they are -very conspicuous objects, choosing the most commanding positions in open -tree-tops. Once I saw thirteen in one tree, sitting lazily on the branches, -as is their habit, sunning themselves and enjoying the scenery. It was the -finest sight I ever saw in which Monkeys played a part. The cry of the -'Blanda,' is peculiar and unmistakable. Written phonetically it would be -'Honk,' and occasionally 'Kec-honk,' long drawn and deeply resonant, quite -like the tone of a bass viol.... The Proboscis Monkey is a large animal of -striking appearance both in form and colour. Taken altogether, _Nasalis -larvatus_ is, to the hunter-naturalist, a very striking object of pursuit, -and were he not partially eclipsed by the Orang he would be the most famous -Quadrumane in the East Indies." - - -THE MAN-LIKE APES. FAMILY SIMIIDAE. - -In this family are included the Gibbons, the Orangs, the Gorillas, and the -Chimpanzees, the most highly organised and the nearest to Man in structure -of all the _Anthropoidea_. To {144}these groups the term "Ape," has been by -many writers chiefly restricted, the remaining families of the Old World, -and all of the Western Hemisphere, being designated "Monkeys" as a -convenient method of nomenclature. The outward resemblance of the -_Simiidae_ to Man has made the various members of the family objects of the -greatest interest, not alone to the naturalist, but to every intelligent -person; and has naturally suggested a constant inter-comparison between the -characters of both. - -They are all essentially arboreal climbing animals, yet when they come to -the ground they progress in a semi-erect position of their own accord. -Their front-limbs are always so much longer than their hind-limbs, that -when walking on a level surface their fingers reach the ground, without -stooping lower than their semi-erect attitude. Their front-limbs vary in -length in the different genera; so does the thumb; but their great-toe is -always smaller in proportion to the foot than it is in Man, and, unlike -his, is opposable to the other toes. As they belong to the Catarrhine -group, their nose has a narrow partition between the nostrils, which are -directed downwards. In all, an external tail, cheek-pouches, and (except -among the Gibbons) ischial callosities are wanting. All are covered with -hair, some more thickly than others, but no Ape has on its head the long -abundant locks which Man possesses. - -The form of the skull varies very greatly in the _Simiidae_. It is, -however, always longer than broad. In its frontal region it is never so -rounded and elevated as in Man. The roof of the eye-sockets projects into -the fore part of the brain-cavity, and considerably reduces its capacity. -The pre-maxillary bones (carrying the incisor teeth) are relatively more -distinct and much larger than in Man, "the sutures {145}separating them -from the maxillary bones remaining visible after the adult dentition has -been obtained." (_Mivart._)[1] The _Simiidae_ have a bony meatus or canal -to the ear. The back part of the head, which among the Guenons is flat, is -convex among the _Simiidae_. The palate is long and narrow, and the margins -of the jaws nearly parallel. The lower jaw is always in one piece, the two -halves being firmly ossified in the middle. The dental formula of the -Man-like Apes is I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 (_i.e._, 32 teeth in all); their -inner upper incisors are larger, and the lower are smaller than the outer -pair; the canines are large, and between them and the neighbouring incisor -above there is a vacuity (or diastema), and, below, between them and the -nearest pre-molar. The upper pre-molars have three roots, and the lower, -two; the upper molars have four tubercles, their crowns being relatively -wide; the lower molars have five tubercles, but the posterior has no hind -talon. - -The opening for the passage of the spinal cord is situated towards the -posterior portion of the base of the cranium, and is thus further from the -centre than in Man. - -Except among the Gibbons, the vertebral column shows in the sacral region -indications of that curve--or concavity in the back between the two -convexities of the neck and loins--which is one of the distinctive -characters of the human skeleton. The processes for the interlocking of the -vertebrae, which are large in the lower Anthropoids, are much reduced in -the Man-like Apes, and become inconspicuous in Man. - -The breast-bone is flat, and resembles that of Man, and, in all, except the -Orang, is composed of two bones. The {146}arm-bone is often shorter than -the fore-arm. The _radius_ and _ulna_ can be completely rotated. The -articulating surface of the _trapezium_, the wrist-bone (_carpus_), to -which the thumb is attached, has a rounded face like that of the -_ento-cuneiform_ bone in the ankle (_tarsus_), a form which, as already -pointed out (Vol. I., p. 11), was in the Lemuroids correlated with an -opposable great-toe, so here it is correlated with a true opposable thumb. -In the Monkeys and Lemuroids this bone is not generally rounded, and they -have not the thumb opposable in the strict sense that it is among the -higher Apes. - -The thigh-bone (_femur_) is shorter than the arm-bone (_humerus_); and the -foot is very long; yet the absolute length of the _tarsus_ is never so -great as in Man; it is the rest of the foot which is so much longer -relatively in Apes. The _ento-cuneiform_, or articulating bone of the ankle -for the great-toe, has a sub-cylindrical surface, which gives a great range -of motion to that digit, towards and from the plane of the foot. - -The brain of the Apes closely resembles in general form and structure that -of Man; but the cerebral hemispheres differ in being much elongated and -depressed, and the cranial capacity of the skull, which is never less than -55 cubic inches in any normal human subject, is in the Chimpanzee 27-1/2 -cubic inches; in the Gorilla 35 inches; in the Orang 26 inches; and in the -Gibbons very much less. The cerebrum has its surface richly convoluted; and -its posterior lobes always entirely over-arching the cerebellum, except in -the Siamang (_Hylobates syndactylus_). - -"As to the convolutions, the brains of the Apes exhibit every stage of -progress, from the almost smooth brain of the Marmoset, to the Orang and -the Chimpanzee, which fall but little below Man. And it is most remarkable -that as soon as {147}all the principal sulci [or grooves] appear, the -pattern according to which they are arranged is identical with that of the -corresponding sulci of Man. The surface of the brain of a Monkey exhibits a -sort of skeleton map of Man's, and in the Man-like Apes the details become -more and more filled in, until it is only in minor characters, such as the -greater excavation of the anterior lobes, the constant presence of fissures -usually absent in Man, and the different disposition and proportions of -some convolutions, that the Chimpanzee's or the Orang's brain can be -structurally distinguished from Man's.... And the difference between the -brains of the Chimpanzee and of Man is almost insignificant when compared -with that between the Chimpanzee's brain and that of a Lemur." (_Huxley._) - -The Anthropoid Apes have no cheek-pouches. The larynx has large dilatations -of the shallow depressions--called ventricles--of the mucous membrane on -each side of its inner surface--which may extend down as far as the -arm-pits, and be connected with powerful voice possessed in most of the -species. The stomach is simple, like that of Man, and not sacculated, as in -the last family (the _Cercopithecidae_). - -The uterus and other structures connected with the reproductive system -resemble those in the human subject. The length of gestation varies -probably in the different genera, and is unknown in many of the species. -The period for which the young are suckled by the mother lasts about six -months. "The proportions of the limbs to one another and to the body do not -sensibly change after birth; but the body, limbs, and jaws enlarge to a -much greater extent than the brain-case." (_Huxley._) Observations are -still required, in regard to most of the species, as to the age at which -they arrive at maturity, and are able to reproduce. - -{148}The _Simiidae_--the most intelligent of the animal kingdom--are all -diurnal animals, and essentially arboreal. Many of the members of the -family have, when walking, a tendency to tread on the outer edge of the -foot, turning, therefore, the toe inward on account of the free motion -which is possible between the various bones of its ankle, whereas, in the -human foot, these bones are more solidly bound together. When climbing, the -power of turning in the sole is, as is evident, of the greatest advantage -to the Ape. Their food is chiefly vegetable; a few species exhibit slight -carnivorous tendencies. - -"Of the various genera of the _Simiidae_, the Gibbons are most remote from -Man. The Orangs come nearest in the number of the ribs, the form of the -cerebral hemispheres, and certain other characters of the brain and skull; -but they differ from him much more widely in other characters, especially -in the limbs, than the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee do. Of the Chimpanzees -the Gorilla is more Man-like in the proportions of the leg to the body, and -of the foot to the hand; and likewise in the size of the heel, the -curvature of the spine, and the absolute capacity of the cranium. The true -Chimpanzees approach Man most closely in the skull, dentition, and -proportionate length of the arms." (_Huxley._) - -The _Simiidae_ are confined to the Ethiopian and Indian Regions. The -Gorillas and Chimpanzees live exclusively in the Tropical Regions of -Western and Central Africa; the Gibbons range into all the four provinces -of the Indian Region; while the Orangs are confined to two islands of the -Indo-Malayan Sub-region. - - -THE GIBBONS. GENUS HYLOBATES. - - _Hylobates_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 67 (1811). - -The group of Tree-walkers, as the term _Hylobates_ signifies, {149}embraces -the smallest-sized, the slenderest-bodied, the longest-limbed, and the most -perfectly arboreal of all the Man-like Apes. All are covered with thick -woolly hair, which, on the arms and fore-arms, converges (except in _H. -agilis_) towards the elbow. - -Their head is small and round, and the face compressed. Except the Orangs, -the Gibbons have the longest arms of all the Apes, so long that when they -stand erect the points of their fingers can touch the ground. Compared with -the spinal column, their arms are as 19 to 11, while the legs are one-third -longer than it. The fore-arm is much longer than the arm itself; the hand -is longer than the foot, and the thumb is very long in proportion to the -hand. The knee is free from the side of the body, and the great-toe is well -developed and nearly one-half the length of the foot. The nails of both the -thumb and the great-toe are flat. Callosities, which are wanting in all the -other genera, are present in _Hylobates_, but are very small. - -In the skull the occiput is convex; the orbits are very large and deep, and -the supra-orbital ridges prominent. The canine teeth are much larger than -the others, and equally large in both sexes. They are generally the last of -the permanent teeth to come in, but in the Gibbons they generally precede, -or are developed along with, the last molar. - -The vertebral column is nearly straight, presenting but little of the -spinal curvature seen in Man; it has also in the dorso-lumbar region one -vertebra more than in the human skeleton. The articulating head of the -arm-bone (_humerus_) loses the direction it had among the Monkeys, and -looks upward and forward as in Man. The wrist (_carpus_) has nine bones, as -in the lower _Anthropoidea_. The skeleton of the hand is more {150}than -half the length of the spine, and the foot is slightly under half its -length. The Gibbons have two pairs of ribs more than Man. The ends of the -ischial bones are much everted to support the callosities. - -With regard to the brain, this genus is remarkable for the great reduction -of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. - -The tongue is very similar to that in Man, but it is furnished with a -sub-lingual process like that already described among some of the -Lemuroids. The Gibbons (except the Siamang) have no laryngeal sacs. The -stomach closely resembles the human organ. - -The Gibbons are very delicate, and rarely live long in confinement, even in -their own country. They are in general highly intelligent, very gentle, and -become most affectionate and engaging animals if kindly treated. They are, -however, occasionally irascible and ill-tempered, especially when adult. - -Their feats of climbing and leaping are almost proverbial. It would be -impossible to excel them as acrobats. When walking on the ground they -assume the erect posture, putting the soles of their feet to the ground, -separating the thumb and the great-toe widely from the neighbouring digits. - -"They walk erect, with a waddling or unsteady gait, but at a quick pace; -the equilibrium of the body requiring to be kept up, either by touching the -ground with the knuckles, first on one side then on the other, or by -uplifting the arm so as to poise it. As with the Chimpanzee, the whole of -the narrow, long sole of the foot is placed upon the ground at once and -raised at once, without any elasticity of step." (_Martin._) - -Their voice is very powerful and can be heard at a great distance, -especially when they are howling in chorus. The {151}Wau-Wau and the -Siamang, the one without, and the other with, a laryngeal sac, are equally -vigorous in this respect. - -The female produces but a single young one at a birth, of which she takes -the greatest care. She carries it about, clinging to the under side of her -body, for many months. It is said that she even takes it to the waterside -from time to time, and with much solicitude, and in spite of its cries and -resistance, washes its face. - -The Gibbons frequent the great upland forests; but the Siamang (_H. -syndactylus_) may be met with at quite low levels and close to the coast. -Their food consists of fruit, leaves, and insects, eggs of birds, and -apparently birds and lizards, and especially spiders. They drink either by -putting the mouth down to the water, or by dipping in their hands and thus -carrying it to their mouths. - -The Gibbons are confined to two Sub regions of the Indian Region. With the -exception of the Siamang, all the so-called species of _Hylobates_ are so -closely allied to each other, and differ by characters of such slight -importance, that they seem to be hardly worthy of specific distinction. -(_Thomas._) - - -I. THE AGILE GIBBON. HYLOBATES AGILIS. - - _Pithecus lar_ (nec L.), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 88 (1812). - - _Hylobates agilis_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. des Mammif., Sept. 1821, pls. v., - vi.; Mueller, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch., ii., p. 326 (1835); Martin, Mammif. - Anim., p. 416 (1841); Fry, P. Z. S., 1846, p. 11; Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 12 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 17 (1876); - Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 9 (1878; with full synonymy). - - _Pithecus agilis_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 532 (1820). - - {152}_Simia lar_ (nec L.), Raffl., Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 242 (1822). - - _Hylobates lar_ (nec L.), F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pls. 7, 8 (1824); - Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., ex. no., p. 2 (1875). - - _Hylobates variegatus_, Temm., Monogr. Mamm., i., p. xiii. (1827); Wagner - in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl. v., p 16 (1855); H. O. Forbes, Nat. Wand. - East. Arch., p. 156 (1885). - - _Hylobates rafflesii_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 8 (1851); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 11 (1870). - - _Hylobates pileatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 136, pl. xxi.; id., Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 10 (1871); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. - 6 (1878). - -CHARACTERS.--Face black; colour entirely black, but becoming brown on the -back and sides, and with a white superciliary band, and sometimes ashy-grey -cheeks. - -This is the typical form of the species in Mid-Sumatra, where the present -writer had the opportunity of examining it alive. It was with difficulty -distinguished from _H. syndactylus_, except from its size and the presence -of the white superciliary band. - -Other specimens (but none of them met with to the south of the Moesi river -by the present writer) have been described, with the occiput, the back from -immediately behind the shoulders, the flanks, the hips, and the outer -surfaces of the fore- and hind-limbs, pale yellow. The shoulders, chest, -and belly, and the inside of the limbs and feet dark brown; eyebrows and -whiskers pale grey. (_Anderson._) - -The variety described as _H. pileatus_ is distinguished by a black cap-like -patch on the top of the head; the chest, throat, and belly black; the back -of the head, the upper surface of the body, the limbs and area round the -black cap grey. This variety may also be entirely white, except for the -coronal cap {153}and chest being black, and the back brown; or the -pervading colour may be brown, the sides of the face and the under surface -black, and the whiskers white. The index and middle fingers are -occasionally webbed together. - -All the hairs on the arm and fore-arm converge towards the wrist. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species is confined to Sumatra and to Siam. In the -former country it is known by the name of "Ongka" by the Malays, who, with -the keen powers of observation they possess in regard to all natural -objects, recognise two varieties, the white or yellow variety--"Ongka -putih," and the black one--"Ongka itam" (_H. rafflesi_). The capped variety -(_H. pileatus_) with its variously coloured forms inhabits Siam. - -HABITS.--The habits of the "Ongka" are very similar to those of the -Wau-wau, or the Siamang (_H. syndactylus_). The natives, however, aver that -it is much more silent, rarely howling as either of these other two species -do. They are also seen generally in quite small troops, and often in pairs -only. - -"It is almost impossible," writes Mr. Martin of a specimen that lived -formerly in the Zoological Gardens, "to convey in words an idea of the -quickness and graceful address of her movements: they may, indeed, be -termed aerial, as she seems merely to touch, in her progress, the branches -among which she exhibits her evolutions. In these feats her hands and arms -are the sole organs of locomotion; her body hanging as if suspended by a -rope, sustained by one hand (the right, for example), she launches herself -by an energetic movement to a distant branch, which she catches with the -left hand. But her hold is less than momentary; the impulse for the next -{154}launch is acquired; the branch then aimed at is attained by the right -hand again, and quitted instantaneously, and so on, in alternate -succession. In this manner spaces of twelve and eighteen feet are cleared -with the greatest ease, and uninterruptedly for hours together, without the -slightest appearance of fatigue being manifested; and it is evident that if -more space could be allowed, distances very greatly exceeding eighteen feet -would be as easily cleared.... Sometimes on seizing a branch in her -progress, she will throw herself, by one arm only, completely round it, -making a revolution with such rapidity as almost to deceive the eye, and -continue her progress with undiminished velocity. It is singular to observe -how suddenly this Gibbon can stop, when the impetus given by the rapidity -and distance of her swinging leaps would seem to require a gradual -abatement of her movements. In the very midst of her flight a branch is -seized, the body raised, and she is seen, as if by magic, quietly seated on -it, grasping it with her feet.... A live bird was let loose in her -apartment; she marked its flight, made a long swing to a distant branch, -caught the bird with one hand in her passage, and attained the branch with -her other hand; her aim, both at the bird and the branch, being as -successful as if one object only had engaged her attention. It may be -added, that she instantly bit off the head of the bird, picked its -feathers, and then threw it down, without attempting to eat it." - - -II. THE WAU-WAU GIBBON. HYLOBATES LEUCISCUS. - - -A. _Javan Race_ (_H. leuciscus_). - - _Simia leucisca_, Schreber, Saeugeth. i., pl. iii. b. (1775). - - _Pithecus leuciscus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 89 (1812). - - {155}_Hylobates leuciscus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 6 (1820); Desmar. - Mamm., p. 51 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 416 (1841); Is. Geoffr., - Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 7 (1851); Wagner, Schreb., Saeugeth. Suppl. v., - p. 16 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); H. O. Forbes, - Nat. Wand. East. Arch., p. 70 (1875); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 19 - (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 7 (1878; with full - synonymy). - - -B. _Bornean Race_ (_H. concolor_). - - _Simia concolor_, Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., v., p. 229 pl. ii. - (1827). - - _Hylobates harlani_, Less., Bull. des Sc. Nat., xiii., p. 111 (1827). - - _Hylobates concolor_, Schl., Essai Phys. Serp., p. 237 (1837); S. - Mueller, Verhand. Gesch., p. 48 (1841); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., x., p. 838 - (1841); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 417 (1841); Fry, P. Z. S., 1846, p. 15; - Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl. v., p. 17 (1855; in part); Schleg., - Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 20 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, - p. 11 (1878). - - _Hylobates muelleri_, Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 444 (1841); Is. Geoffr., - Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 7 (1851); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 21 - (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 8 (1878; with full - synonymy); Hose, Mammals of Borneo, p. 6 (1893). - - _Hylobates funereus_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 874 (Dec., 1850); - Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. Suppl. v., p. 18 (1855). - - _? Hylobates fuscus_, Winslow Lewis, Bost. Journ. N. Hist., i., pt. i., - p. 32, pls. i., ii. (1834). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur thick, long and woolly. General colour ashy-grey, paler on -the lower back and rump; hair round {156}the face grey; superciliary streak -white; top of the head black; fingers and toes black. - -This species has been found to possess occasionally a supernumerary finger -on each hand. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Indo-Malayan Sub-region. Java, Borneo, and the Sulu -Archipelago between Borneo and the Philippines. - -HABITS.--The Wau-Wau--the Malay name for this Gibbon--is one of the first -of the Quadrumana that makes its presence known to the traveller in Java, -when he reaches its upland forest regions. In the evening, just about -sundown, and more especially in the early morning commencing before sunrise -and finally ceasing when the sun is above the tops of the trees, he will be -surprised by a sudden outbreak of what appears to be now the loud plaintive -wailings of a crowd of women, now the united howling of a band of -castigated children. The present writer's first acquaintance with this -charming genus of Monkeys was made among the Kosala hills in Western Java, -and it will ever remain with him as one of many most pleasant recollections -of a long tropical sojourn. Their "woo-oo-ut--woo-ut--woo-oo-ut--wut-wut- -wut--w[)u]t-w[)u]t-w[)u]t," always more dolorous on a dull heavy morning -previous to rain, is just such a cry as one might expect from the sorrowful -countenance so characteristic of the species of _Hylobates_. The Wau-Wau -has a wonderfully human look in its eyes; and it was with great distress -that the writer witnessed the death of the only one he ever shot. Falling -on its back with a thud on the ground, it raised itself on its elbows, -passed its long taper fingers over the wound, gave a woeful look at them -and at his slayer, then fell back at full length--dead--"saperti orang" -(just like a man), as his Malay companion remarked. He kept in captivity -for a short time a specimen which was brought to him by a native, and it -{157}became one of the most gentle and engaging creatures possible; but -when the calling of its free mates reached its prison house, it used most -pathetically to place its ear close to the bars of its cage and listen with -such intense and eager wistfulness that it was impossible to retain it in -durance any longer. It was accordingly set free on the margin of its old -forest home. Strange to say, its former companions, perceiving perhaps the -odour of captivity about it, seemed to distrust its respectability, and -refused to allow it to mingle with them. Amid the free woods we may hope -that this taint was soon lost and that it recovered all its pristine -happiness. - -In general habits it in no way differs from the other species of -_Hylobates_ already described. - -In regard to the Bornean specimens of this species, Dr. Anderson makes the -following observations: "This species varies from grey to dark -yellowish-brown, but the grey tint in certain lights appears pure ashy, and -in others of a brownish tint. In some the chest and abdomen are frequently -yellow, and this seems to be the character of individuals met with on the -west coast of Borneo, while those inhabiting the meridional parts of the -island have the hands and fore part of the body of a black-brown or -reddish-brown. In both of these varieties there is a yellowish-white -superciliary streak. The last of them leads into the varieties of -_Hylobates_ from the neighbouring islands of Sulu, to the north-east of -Borneo, in which the upper parts of the body are either grey or brownish, -the lower part of the back and the loins being a little more clear than the -rest." The outer surface of the limbs, the back part of the head, the -supercilium, and the sides of the face are more or less pure ashy-grey. -"Specimens of this Gibbon obtained by me," writes Mr. Charles Hose, who is -well known for his Bornean researches, {158}"at Claudetown, and now in the -British Museum, show that the colouring in different parts of the body must -be considered of little importance, as I obtained eleven specimens, five of -which were in the same troop and the other six from the same locality, -varying in colour as much as it is possible for them to do; some had -yellowish backs and black chests, others black backs with yellowish chests, -and some were nearly black all over; whilst others were almost a complete -silver-grey. I, therefore, come to the conclusion that _H. muelleri_ and -_H. leuciscus_ cannot be separated. The peculiar bubbling noise they make -is similar. I think it very unlikely that two distinct species should be so -constantly found together as they are in Sarawak. - -"The natives call the silver-grey variety 'Emplian' or 'Wa-Wa,' and the -dark one, 'Emplian arang' (coal), because of its colour." - - -III. THE WHITE-CHEEKED GIBBON. HYLOBATES LEUCOGENYS. - - _Hylobates leucogenys_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 20; Blyth, J. A. S. - Beng., x., p. 838 (1841); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 445, _cum fig._ - (1841); Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 717 (1842); id., Arch. Mus., ii., p. - 535 (1843); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 11 (1870); Schl., Mus. - Pays-Bas, vii., p. 13 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 679, pl. lxx.; - Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 6 (1878; with synonymy). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur glossy, thick, and woolly; the hair of the upper and back -part of the head standing vertically erect; the face, chin, and ears black; -round the face from the level of the eyes and meeting below the chin runs a -white border, forming {159}whiskers and beard; elsewhere the colour is -entirely black. Length of the body, 26 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Siam. - -HABITS.--This rare species is very active and gentle in confinement. It -will hang suspended, as Martin observed in the first specimen brought to -Europe, from a branch for the whole day, except when asleep or reposing. - -The type specimen was described in 1840,--its skin being preserved in the -British Museum; but it was not till 1877--after a lapse of thirty-seven -years--that a second specimen was brought to this country. It was sent to -the Zoological Gardens by Mr. W. H. Newman, H.B.M. Consul at Bankok. - - -IV. THE WHITE-HANDED GIBBON. HYLOBATES LAR. - - _Homo lar_, Linn., Mantiss. Plant., App., p. 521 (1771). - - _Simia longimana_, Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth. i., p. 66, pl. iii., figs. - 1, 2 (1775); Erxl., Syst. Reg. An., p. 9 (1777). - - _Simia lar_, Bodd., Elench. An., p. 55 (1785); Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 12 - (1829; in part). - - _Pithecus lar_, Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., xxxvi., p. 276 (1809). - - _Pithecus varius_, Latr., _op. et loc. cit._ - - _Pithecus variegatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 88 (1812). - - _Hylobates lar_, Illig., Abhandl. Akad. Berl., p. 88 (1815); Martin, - Mammif. Anim., pp. 416, 433 (1841); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., x., p. 838 - (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 10 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., - 1870, p. 86, pl. v.; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 15 (1876); - Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 5 (1878; with full synonymy); - Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 7 (1891). - - {160}_Hylobates variegatus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 5 (1820; young); - Desmar., Mamm., p. 51 (1820); Is. Geoffr., Zool. Belang. Voy., p. 27 - (1834). - - _Simia albimana_, Vig. et Horsf., Zool. Journ., iv., p. 107 (1828). - - _Simia variegatus_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 11 (1829). - - _Hylobates albimanus_, Is. Geoffr., Zool. Belang. Voy., p. 29 (1834). - - _Hylobates entelloides_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 717 (1842). - - _Hylobates leuciscus_, Cantor, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvii., p. 338 (1846). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Everywhere deep black, except the face, which is -reddish-brown, with the thick hair round it light grey or white, and the -hands and feet, which are pale yellow or white; superciliary ridges, -whiskers and beard, white. The hair on the fore-arm is nearly erect, with -only a very slight forward inclination. The species is subject to great -variation, and may be of all shades, from deep black to entirely -whitish-yellow (_H. entelloides_). - -Head round; the eyes large; the cheeks flat and depressed; the nose -slightly projecting, its tip furrowed, and its nostrils small and -converging; the upper lip is divided in the centre by a vertical furrow. In -very young individuals the top of the ear is markedly pointed. - -Skull with the orbital ridges larger, the muzzle shorter, and the teeth -smaller than in _H. hoolock_; the second and third toes sometimes united by -a membrane. - -FEMALE.--Generally similar to the male, but more frequently entirely pale -yellow, with the hands and feet paler. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Aracan, Lower Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula. - -HABITS.--The White-handed Gibbon inhabits the upland {161}forests as high -as 3,500 feet above the sea; living in troops numbering from ten to -twenty-five. Its habits are very similar to those of other Gibbons, -although Tickell observed that they were less light and active than the -Hoolock, and had a different voice. It is said to drink, as the Siamang -does, by dipping its hands into the water, and not to put its mouth down to -it like the Hoolock. "So entirely does it depend on its hands for -locomotion amongst trees," remarks Dr. Blanford, "that it carries -everything in its feet. Tickell, from whom I take these details, says that -he has seen a party of _H. lar_ escape thus with their plunder from a Karen -garden in the forest." "The young are born in the early part of the cold -season," continues Dr. Blanford, "and each sticks to the body of its mother -for about seven months, after which it begins gradually to shift for -itself." - - -V. THE HOOLOCK. HYLOBATES HOOLOCK. - - _Simia lar_, Phil. Trans., lix., p. 607 (1769.) - - _Simia hoolock_, Harlan, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., iv. (n. s.), p. 52, pl. 2 - (1834.) - - _Hylobates coromandus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 689; Martin, Mammif. - Anim., p. 415 (1841); Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii. P. 535 (1843); Blyth, - J. As. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 464 (1844.) - - _Hylobates hoolock_, Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc., p. 3 (1838); - Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 416 (1841); Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii., p. - 535 (1843); id., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 9 (1851); Sclater, P. Z. S., - 1860, p. 86, pl. v.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 11 (1870); Schl., - Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 14 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, - p. 1 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 5 - (1891). - - {162}_Hylobates hulok_, Wagner, in Schreb., Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 20 - (1855.) - - _Hylobates niger_, Harlan; Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 21. - -CHARACTERS.--Black all over, except a frontal band, continuous or -interrupted, above the eyes. There is a good deal of variation in this -species, more in the female than in the male, the black being in many -individuals of a brownish tinge. - -YOUNG MALES.--Often of a brownish-black, like many of the females. - -FEMALE.--With the black generally of a brownish tinge, but often pale or -greyish-yellow; sometimes the upper parts are pale yellow and the under -parts and side of the head brown, and the area round the nude parts of the -face white. (_Anderson._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--Lower ranges of Bhutan--its furthest western -range--(_Pemberton_); hill ranges of Upper Assam (_Blyth_), Sylhet, -Chittagong, Aracan. - -HABITS.--"I first met with this species in Upper Burma," Dr. Anderson -relates, "in passing through the magnificent defile of the Irawaddy, below -Bhamo, where the river is enclosed by high hills, covered with dense -forest, for about fifteen miles of its course. It was early morning, and -the air was resonant with the loud cries of this Gibbon; large troops were -answering each other from the opposite banks, and the hills echoed and -re-echoed the sound. The Hoolock is also common on the Kakhyen hills, on -the eastern frontier of Yun-nan; and there, too, my attention was called to -them at daybreak, when they passed up from their sheltered sleeping-ground -in the deep and warm valleys to heights of about 4,000 feet. We, in the -middle distance, first caught a faint murmur of voices, but {163}every -minute it became more and more distinct, till at last the whole troop -rushed past in a storm of sound, vociferating _Whoko! whoko!_ and in a few -more minutes their cry was heard far up the mountain-side. Considering that -their progress is almost exclusively arboreal, the rapidity with which they -make their ascent is wonderful. - -"Associated with this arboreal habit of progression, we find that _H. -hoolock_ derives its nourishment from leaves, insects, eggs, and birds, the -essential features of sylvan life." It also eats the leaves of _Ficus -religiosa_, the aquatic Convolvulus (_Ipomoea reptans_), and the brilliant -red flowers of the _Canna indica_. It "has a marked partiality," continues -the same naturalist, "for Spiders and their webs, which become tangled in -its long slim fingers, and Orthopterous insects are regarded by it with -special favour, and over which it utters its peculiar cry of satisfaction. -Eggs also are to it a _bonne bouche_. It was first in the Calcutta gardens -that I become aware of the circumstance that small living birds were -devoured by it with a method and eagerness which has left no doubt in my -mind that this species, in its natural state, must be a scourge to the -feathery tribe." - -The Hoolock lives in large flocks as a rule, keeping chiefly to the hill -forests. Sometimes, however, an old male may be discovered living by -himself. - -They move chiefly by means of their long arms, by which they swing -themselves for prodigious distances from branch to branch, and from tree to -tree. They descend hill-sides at a surprising pace, their descent being -accomplished by grasping bamboos or branches that bend beneath their -weight, and allow them to drop until they can seize the ends of other -bamboos or branches lower on the slope and take another mighty {164}swing -downwards. They also ascend with great rapidity, swinging themselves from -tree to tree. (_Blanford._) - -When walking on the ground the Hoolock rests on its hind feet alone, with -the sole flat on the ground and the great-toe widely separated from the -other digits. "They walk erect," writes Dr. Borrough, "and when placed on -the floor, or in an open field, balance themselves very prettily by raising -their hands over their head and slightly bending the arm at the wrist and -elbows, and then run tolerably fast, rocking from side to side; and if -urged to greater speed they let fall their hands to the ground and assist -themselves forward, rather jumping than running, still keeping the body, -however, nearly erect." - - -VI. THE HAINAN GIBBON. HYLOBATES HAINANUS. - - _? Hylobates pileatus_, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 224 (nec Gray). - - _Hylobates hainanus_, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), ix., p. 145 - (1892). - -CHARACTERS.--Very closely related to _H. hoolock_, but differs by the -entire absence of the white superciliary streak, the animal being jet black -all over. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Hainan. - -HABITS.--This species has not been seen alive in its native haunts by any -European naturalist. Consul Swinhoe made many efforts to obtain a living -specimen in the island of Hainan, but was unsuccessful. "I never ceased," -he says, "to enquire after it. Every one knew that such an animal did -exist, and many had seen it; but they all spoke of the great difficulty of -keeping it alive. At Taipingsze (Central Hainan) the wonderful stories that -were told about it showed that the Yuen was not often seen there. The -magistrate of that district assured me, {165}with a serious face, that it -had the power of drawing into its body its long arm-bones, and that when it -drew in one arm, it pushed out the other to such an extraordinary length, -that he believed the two bones united in the body; and he said that the -bones of the arm were used for chop-sticks." Mr. Swinhoe, however, -published, in 1870, some curious extracts from the Chinese gazetteer of the -Kiung-shan district of Hainan, which with little doubt relate to this -interesting animal, of which skins have, since he wrote, been received at -the British Museum, while a young individual lived for some months in 1893 -in the Zoological Gardens of London, where it attracted much attention. The -gazetteer says as follows: "Yuen: male black, female white; like a Macaque -but larger, with the two fore-arms exceedingly long. Climbs to tree-tops -and runs among them backwards and forwards with great agility. If it falls -to the ground, it remains there like a log. Its delight is in scaling -trees, as it cannot walk on the ground. Those desiring to rear it in -confinement should keep it among trees; for the exhalations of the earth -affect it with diarrhoea, causing death; a sure remedy for this, however, -may be found in a draught made of the syrup of fried Foo-tsze (seeds of -_Abrus precatorius_, Linn.)." The gazetteer then continues: "Hainan has -also the Rock Yuen. It is small, about the bigness of one's fist. If -allowed to drink water, it grows in size. This is also called Black Yuen, -and is now likewise difficult to obtain." - -Those who had an opportunity of observing the specimen that lived in the -Zoological Gardens, will recall its extraordinary acrobatic feats, which -were performed with marvellous precision and certainty, either with one or -with both hands, and yet with the most careless air. It offered a striking -contrast to an Orang-utan, which occupied the adjoining cage. This more -{166}robust Ape exhibited in its arms equally perfect powers of climbing; -but it moved with the greatest circumspection, deliberation, and composure, -exhibiting none of the volatile activity so characteristic of the Gibbons; -but moving only one pair of its limbs at a time, and only when the other -pair had firm hold of some support. - - -VII. THE SIAMANG GIBBON. HYLOBATES SYNDACTYLUS. - - _Pithecus syndactylus_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 531 (1820). - - _Hylobates syndactylus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., pl. iv. (1821); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 9 (1851); Bennett, Wanderings in N. S. - Wales, ii., p. 151 (1834); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 420 (1841); Flower, - Nat. Hist. Rev., 1863, p. 279 (cum fig.); Giebel, Z. Ges. Nat., p. 186 - (1866); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 22 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. - Exped. Yun-nan, p. 10 (1878; with full synonymy). - - _Simia syndactylus_, Raffl., Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 241 (1822). - - _Siamanga syndactyla_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 9 (1870), id., - _op. cit._, p. 9 (1870); H. O. Forbes, Nat. Wand. East. Arch., p. 129 - (1885). - - (_Plate XXXVIII._) - -CHARACTERS.--This is the largest species of the genus, measuring more than -three feet; it is stouter than _H. hoolock_, and its hair is entirely -glossy black, having no white hairs anywhere; the face is black, as is also -the distensible skin of the large bare patch on the throat, which overlies -its great laryngeal pouch. The second and middle toes are united by a web -as far as the last joint. The hair on the arms and fore-arms converges -towards the elbow. - -The skulls in most of the species of this genus closely resemble each -other; that of the Siamang is distinguished by its larger size, and in -having the supra-orbital ridges more developed, while the occipital region -is more truncated, and there is at the symphysis of the lower jaw a true, -though slight, chin. - - -PLATE XXXVIII. - -[Illustration: THE SIAMANG GIBBON.] - - -{167}The frontal lobes of the brain are broad and much flattened, and not -full and rounded as in the Orang. The olfactory bulbs project forward, -slightly beyond the frontal lobes of the cerebrum; the occipital lobes are -much reduced, while the large cerebellum projects distinctly backwards from -below the cerebrum--characters in which this very highly organised member -of the genus shows a retrogressive development, thus differing from all the -other Man-like Apes, in all of which the cerebrum entirely covers both the -olfactory lobes in front, and the cerebellum behind. - -The large laryngeal sac, communicating by two openings with the larynx, and -formed by the extension of the thyro-hyoid membrane, distinguishes this -from all the other Gibbons. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Siamang is confined to the island of Sumatra. It has -been recorded from Malacca and Tenasserim; but some doubt exists as to the -accurate determination of the individuals referred to, no really authentic -specimen having yet been obtained out of Sumatra. - -HABITS.--The Siamang is gregarious, frequenting the great forest-trees from -200 to 300 feet above the sea up to 3,000 or 4,000 feet. - -I made the acquaintance of this species in Southern Sumatra, and during my -stay in that island had various opportunities of observing many of them in -their homes. It was not uncommon to come suddenly on a colony of them both -in the forest and among the tall isolated outliers, when they happened to -be covered with fruit. The satiated members of the company {168}might then -be often seen hanging by one arm from a bare branch, with perhaps eighty -unobstructed feet between them and the ground, making the woods resound -with their loud barking howls, uttered apparently for pure love of making a -noise. On one occasion a young one, found clinging to its mother, which had -been shot, was brought in alive. It had been only stunned by a pellet on -the head, and had no bones broken. In a very short time it became a most -delightful companion. The following observations in reference to it are -taken from the writer's Journal: "Its expression of countenance is most -intelligent and often very human; but in captivity it generally wears a sad -and dejected aspect, which quite disappears in its excited moods. With what -elegance and gentleness it takes with its delicate taper fingers whatever -is offered to it! Except for their hairiness, its hands, and, in its youth -at all events, its head, seem to me more human than those of any other -Ape's. It rarely, however, brings its thumb into opposition with the other -fingers, but usually clasps the whole hand, without that digit, on an -object. It will never put its lips to a vessel to drink, but invariably -lifts the water to its mouth, by dipping in its half-closed hand and then -awkwardly licking the drops from its knuckles. It generally sits with its -arms crossed over its chest, and its fingers overlaid behind its head. The -gentle and caressing way in which it clasps me round the neck with its long -arms, laying its head on my chest, and watching my face with its dark brown -eyes, uttering a satisfied crooning sound, is most engaging. Although it -often inflates its laryngeal sac, it rarely gives utterance to more than a -yawn-like noise or suppressed bark; but this dilatation has no reference -apparently to its good or bad temper, although, when very eager and -{169}impatient for anything, a low pumping bark is uttered. Every evening -it makes with me a tour round the village square, with one of its hands on -my arm. It is a very curious and ludicrous sight to see it in the erect -attitude on its somewhat bandy legs, hurrying along in the most frantic -haste, as if to keep its head from outrunning its feet, with its long free -arm see-sawing in a most odd way over its head to balance itself, and now -and again touching the ground with its finger-tips or its knuckles. That -they can leap the great distances from tree to tree ascribed to them is no -doubt an accurate observation; but they appear to be sometimes -terror-stricken and unable to perform these feats to save their lives. -During the felling of the forest near this village, a small colony of -Siamangs got isolated on a tree separated from the next clump by some -thirty feet or so. They scampered up and down in the crown of the tree -howling in the most abject terror at every stroke of the axe; yet they -would not venture to leap the intervening space, and even, when the tree -was falling, they did not attempt to save themselves by springing to the -ground, but perished in its downfall. - -"When teething my companion suffered severely--as the human infant so often -does--both locally and constitutionally, as indicated by boils and inflamed -finger-tips. On lancing and poulticing the latter, and extracting some of -its obstructing teeth, the poor creature seemed greatly relieved, and I was -delighted to watch it recover, without contracting for me any antipathy for -the pain I had inflicted on it, but rather the reverse." At a later date -the following extract occurs:-- - -"During my march to the coast my Siamang accompanied me, occupying, with -the most grave demeanour, a seat on one of the packages carried in the -rear, near to myself. Here it {170}sheltered its head, to the amusement of -all whom we met, under a Chinese umbrella, which I had bought for it to -protect it from the midday sun, and for which, after every halt, it held -out its hands in the most knowing way, screaming lustily if the porters -dared to move on before it had comfortably arranged itself. To my intense -regret, a misadventure put an end to a most charming existence, before I -could send it to London." - - -THE ORANG-UTANS. GENUS SIMIA. - - _Simia_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766); Erxl., Syst. Regne An., p. - 6 (1777; part). - - _Pithecus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812); Huxley, Anat. Verteb. - An., p. 403. - - _Pongo_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 89 (1812). - -This genus contains one species, well known as - - -THE ORANG-UTAN. SIMIA SATYRUS. - - _Simia satyrus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., - p. 4 (1820); Schreb., Saeugeth., i., p. 54, pls. 2, 2 B. (1775); Fischer, - Syn. Mamm., p. 9 (1829); Owen, Tr. Z. S., i., p. 344, pls. 49, 53-56 - (1835); Wallace, Malay Archip., i., p. 62 (1869); Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 8 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 9 (1876). - - _Simia agrias_, Schreb. Saeugeth, i., pl. 2, ii. B et ii. C (1775). - - _Pongo wurmbii_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 89 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. - Zool., p. 21 (1820). - - _Papio wurmbii_, Latr. Singes, i., p. 196. - - -PLATE XXXIX. - -[Illustration: THE ORANG-UTAN.] - - {171} _Pithecus satyrus_, Blumenb., Abbild., Naturh. Geg., fig. xii. - (1810); Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 88 (1812); Latr., in Buff. Hist. - Nat., xxxv., p. 166, pl. 3; xxxvi., p. 276; Cuv. et Geoffr., Hist. Nat., - Mamm., livr. xlii.; Desmar., Mamm., p. 50 (1820); Martin, Mammif. Anim., - p. 388 (1841); Owen, Tr. Z. S., iv., p. 82, pl. 29 (1862). - - _Simia wurmbii_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 21 (1820); Fischer, Syn. Mamm., - p. 32 (1829); Owen, Tr. Z. S., ii., p. 165, pls. 30-32 (1841); Brooke, P. - Z. S., 1841, p. 55 (Mias Pappan). - - _Pithecus wurmbii_, Owen, Tr. Z. S., iv., p. 95, pl. xxxiii. (1862). - - _Pongo abelii_, Clarke, Asiat. Res., xvi., 489 (1826); id., Edinb. Phil. - Journ., p. 375 (1827). - - _Simia abelii_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 10 (1829; Sumatra). - - _Simia morio_, Owen, P. Z. S., 1836, p. 92; id., Tr. Z. S., ii., p. 168, - pls. 33, 34 (1838); Brooke, P. Z. S., 1841, p. 55 (Mias Kassar); Wallace, - Malay Archip., i., p. 84 (1869); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 301; - Beddard, Tr. Z. S., xiii., p. 20 (1893; Sumatra and Borneo). - - _Pithecus morio_, Martin, Mammif. An., p. 395 (1841). - - _Simia gigantica_, Pearson, J. A. S. Beng., x. (2), p. 660 (1841). - - _Pithecus bicolor_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., Paris, ii., p. 526 (1841; - Sumatra). - - _Pithecus owenii_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xxii., p. 375 (1853). - - _Pithecus curtus_, Blyth, _op. cit._, xxiv., p. 525 (1855). - - (_Plate XXXIX._) - -CHARACTERS.--The Orangs are large and heavy in build, with the head set on -a very thick neck, the hair long and directed forward, and the abdomen -round and protuberant. The naked face is melancholy. On each side of the -face there is, in the {172}full grown male, but not in the female, a large, -soft, smooth tumour-like and flexible expansion, which gives a remarkable -breadth to the visage. The forehead is nude and purplish in colour; the -middle of the face across the nose is sooty-brown. The lips are broad, -extremely mobile, and of the colour of the skin--generally of a yellowish -brown; and, when eating and drinking, the animal thrusts them far out. The -lower jaw retreats at once from the lips, and there is therefore no chin, -as so recognised in Man. The ears are more like those of Man, small and -flat. The arms are very long, reaching to the ankles in the erect posture, -their span being twice the animal's height. The arm is equal in length to -the fore-arm; the hands are long and narrow. The fingers are united by a -web; the thumb short and often without its terminal joint. The back of the -hand is but slightly haired. The hair on the arm is directed downwards and -that on the fore-arm upwards, so as to meet at the elbow. The legs are very -short and bowed at the ankles; the long and narrow foot, which is -articulated obliquely to the leg, is longer than the hand and (except in -the Gorilla) is longer than in any other Ape. The great-toe is very short -and is often destitute of a nail. - -The cranium is very variable in form; the crown is high and pointed, the -forehead round and elevated, and the occipital region convex. No two -individuals are exactly alike. "The slope of the profile, the projection of -the muzzle, together with the size of the cranium, offer differences as -decided as those existing between the most strongly marked forms of the -Caucasian and African crania in the human species. The orbits vary in width -and height; the cranial ridge is either single or double, either much or -little developed, independent of age, being sometimes more strongly -developed in the less {173}aged animal." (_Wallace._) The supra-orbital -ridges are prominent, without being particularly so. The contour of the -head is more human in form, however, in youth than in age, when the -forehead is large and convex. The canine teeth are very large and tusk-like -in the male, but smaller in the female. The upper molars exhibit on their -crowns complex rugosities; they have four cusps and an oblique ridge, as in -Man, from the front inner, to the hind outer, cusp; the lower molars are -five-cusped. The permanent canine teeth sometimes appear before the last -permanent molar has come into place. - -The thigh-bone (_femur_) has no round ligament binding its articular head -into its socket in the pelvis, a disposition which, while it affords -greater flexibility and freedom to the hind-limbs in climbing, gives it -much less firmness in walking on the ground. The proportionate length of -the foot to its limb is greater in this genus than in any other of the -_Anthropoidea_. The ankle (_tarsus_) is very short, and the bones -(_phalanges_) of the toes form the longest part of the foot. The great-toe -is especially short and divergent, its terminal bone being often absent, -while the bones of the digits are long and curved. On account of the form -of certain bones of the tarsus and their inter-mobility the foot is set -obliquely to the leg through the action of one of its muscles (the -_tibialis anticus_), so that the sole is pulled to the inside when walking. -The outer edge of the foot, with the upper side of the fourth and fifth -toes, is therefore applied to the ground in the act of progression, while -the spread thumb supports most of the animal's weight. The wrist (_carpus_) -contains the complete number of nine bones, as it possesses the _os -centrale_ wanting in Man and the Chimpanzees. - -The breast-bone in the Orang is composed of ossifications {174}arranged in -pairs, instead of being formed of only two bones, as in the other members -of the family. - -Between the neck and the complex and solid sacral bone there are sixteen -vertebrae, and there are twelve pairs of ribs, as in Man. The vertebral -column presents slight but distinct indications of the curvature so -characteristic of Man, and is nearly as much concave forward in its -dorso-lumbar region as in a child. - -The Orang-utan has no uvula as in Man and in the Chimpanzees. It possesses -enormous air sacs--dilatations of the lateral cavities (ventricles) of the -larynx, found in Man--which extend over the throat, the top of the chest, -and as far as the arm-pits; these may even unite in the middle line. Its -great-toe and thumb lack the long flexor muscles which are present in Man -and in the Chimpanzees. - -"Of all Apes, the Orang has the brain which is most like that of Man; -indeed, it may be said to be like Man's in all respects, save that it is -much inferior in size and weight, and that the cerebrum is more -symmetrically convoluted and less complicated with secondary and tertiary -convolutions." (_Mivart._) The cerebral hemispheres are higher in -proportion to their length than in any other _Anthropomorpha_, but they are -elongated and depressed, as compared with Man. (_Huxley._) - -The colour of the hair of the Orang is a brick- or yellowish-red all over, -but in old males it is sometimes darker on the limbs. Its length (twelve to -sixteen inches) is greatest, and its character coarsest, on the arms, -thighs, and shoulders; the face, ears, and throat are bare, and the skin of -a reddish- or yellowish-brown colour; but there is a thin beard on the -chin. The back of the hand and fingers are also thickly haired; on {175}the -arms the hair grows towards the elbow, as on the fore-arm, both meeting in -a point at the elbow. - -Between childhood and middle age the skin varies in colour from dark -yellowish in the younger individuals to blackish-brown, or black, in the -adults (the latter colour largely predominating). Very often the face and -neck are almost or quite black, the palms light brown, and the breast and -abdomen mulatto-yellow. (_Hornaday._) - -In size also the Orang varies greatly; the males being larger than the -females. The largest male shot by Wallace measured 4 feet 2 inches. -Hornaday, however, shot several exceeding 4 feet 4 inches, his tallest -being 4 feet 6 inches, and one male was 3 feet 10-1/2 inches; while his -largest female measured 4 feet, and the smallest adult female 3 feet 6 -inches. The breadth across the face in males varies from 11-1/2 to 13-1/2 -inches, and in females 5-1/2 to 6 inches. The young at birth is large in -comparison with the size of the female. A male weighs often from 120 to 160 -lbs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Orang-utan is confined to the islands of Borneo and -Sumatra, in the East Indian Archipelago. In Sumatra it is far less common -than in Borneo, and is found on the lowlands of the eastern coast, in the -Palembang Residency, and the Djambi Sultanate. As far as I could ascertain, -the natives of the southern portion of Palembang and of the Lampongs were -quite ignorant of the animal, except as a name. In Borneo it inhabits the -low forest-covered swamplands between the coast and the interior mountains, -from the north of the island, round the west, southern, and eastern coasts, -as far as the Mahakkam river, if not round the entire coast, as is most -likely. In the dry season they retire into the {176}depths of the forest. -In the fruit season they come nearer to the coast, while at the height of -the rains they frequent the river banks. - -HABITS.--The Orang-utan, the "forest-living Man" of the Malays, and the -"Mias" of the Bornean natives, lives solitary in the leafy tops of the -trees in the forests, except at the pairing season. A female is generally -accompanied by one of her progeny, sometimes by two, the one always an -infant, and the other a more or less grown but immature individual of a -previous birth; for her young--of which she has only one at a birth--do not -shift for themselves before they are approaching two years of age. At what -age they attain maturity is unknown, but it is probably not before twelve -to fifteen years. The infant clings by its arms to its mother when she is -climbing, by grasping the hair of her arm-pits, while its legs embrace her -sides above the hip. As already observed, the Orangs have none of the -marvellous agility of the Gibbons. They are slow and deliberate in their -movements; "surprisingly awkward and uncouth," according to Sir James -Brooke; but their long and extremely powerful arms and hook-like fingers, -which close with an amazing rigidity of grip, and their mobile legs and -hand-like feet, enable them to lift and swing their bodies with great -precision from branch to branch and tree to tree. "I have frequently seen -them," says Hornaday, "swing along beneath the large limbs as a gymnast -swings along a tight rope, reaching six feet at a stretch. When passing -from one tree to another, the Orang reaches out and gathers in its grasp a -number of small branches that he feels sure will sustain his weight, and -then swings himself across." On the ground all this is very different. He -walks very badly and unsteadily; he uses his arms as crutches, leaning his -weight upon them with his fingers as already described, and {177}swings -himself forward on them. On the ground the Orang does not move, according -to Sir James Brooke, so fast as to preclude a man keeping up with him -easily through a clear forest. "The very long arms, which, when he runs, -are but little bent, raise the body of the Orang remarkably, so that he -assumes much the posture of a very old man bent down by age, and making his -way along by the help of a stick." (_Huxley._) The Orang, however, rarely -comes to the ground of his own accord. - -Mr. Martin gives the following account of a specimen which lived in the -Zoological Gardens in London many years ago:--"Its attitudes were as varied -as can be imagined, its actions slow and deliberate; excepting, indeed, on -one or two occasions when it wished to follow its keeper, who had opened -the door of its cage; even then it did not bound from branch to branch like -a Monkey, but stretching out its arms, and grasping the branches within its -reach, it swung itself onward, and so descended to the floor, along which -it hobbled awkwardly and unsteadily. One thing, as respects both the hands -and feet of this Orang, could not be overlooked; namely, that their mode of -application to the branches, during the arboreal evolutions of the animal, -was hook-like; and, from the power of the adductor muscles of the thumb, -and flexor muscles of the fingers, tenacious and enduring, rather than -tight and fixed. This observation is especially applicable to the feet; in -these the shortness of the thumb, though capable in itself of firm and -close application, renders it rather a fulcrum, against which the long -fingers oppose their stress, than, by folding upon them, an adjunct to them -in the act of prehension; and hence, though admirably fitted for the -movements of the animal among the trees of the forest, and the kind {178}of -hold necessary for freedom and security, the foot of the Orang is, perhaps, -less energetic in the grasp than that of the semi-arboreal Chimpanzee, in -which the hind-thumb is proportionately longer, and the foot broader, than -in the Orang." - -The Orang drinks by dipping its fingers into the water, as the Siamang -does, and sucking the water off its knuckles, or dropping it into its -protruded trough-like lower lip. - -"The rude _hut_ which they are stated to build in trees, would be more -properly called a seat or nest, for it has no roof or cover of any sort. -The facility with which they form this nest is curious, and I had an -opportunity of seeing a wounded female weave the branches together and seat -herself within a minute." (_Sir James Brooke._) "The Orang usually -selects," writes Mr. Hornaday, "a small tree, a sapling, in fact, and -builds his nest in its top, even though his weight causes it to sway -alarmingly. He always builds his nest low down, often within twenty-five -feet of the ground, and seldom higher than forty feet. Sometimes it is -fully four feet in diameter, but usually not more than three, and quite -flat at the top. The branches are merely piled crosswise. I have never been -able to ascertain to a certainty, but it is my opinion that an Orang, after -building a nest, sleeps in it several nights in succession, unless he is -called upon to leave its neighbourhood." In this nest he sleeps during the -night or lies spread out on his back during the day, with his hands and -feet grasping the nearest branches. The food of the Orang-Utan--whose -eating-time is during the middle of the day--consists of leaves and nuts, -especially of the durian, the rambutan, and the mangosteen. - -The Orang-Utan is of a very shy and uncertain disposition. If captured when -full-grown, it is wild and ferocious; when {179}young it is easily trained; -but never lives in captivity to attain maturity. When attacked and hard -driven by human enemies, and it gets to close quarters with them, it can be -a formidable and dangerous antagonist, and has been known to fatally injure -its assailants. It will rarely, unprovoked, attack a man. "In one case," as -Dr. A. R. Wallace has recorded, "a female Mias on a durian-tree kept up for -at least ten minutes a continuous shower of branches and of the heavy -spined fruits as large as 32-pounders, which most effectively kept us clear -of the tree she was on. She could be seen breaking them off and throwing -them down with every appearance of rage, uttering at intervals a loud, -pumping grunt, and evidently meaning mischief." They fight and defend -themselves with their hands, and appear to seize and bite each other's -fingers. Many of the specimens shot in the forest of Borneo have lost one -or more of their fingers or toes; and present scars on the face (especially -on the lips) and bodies from the teeth of their antagonists. - -"When wounded he betakes himself to the highest attainable point of the -tree, and emits a singular cry, consisting at first of high notes, which at -length deepen into a low roar, not unlike that of a panther. While giving -out the high notes, the Orang thrusts out his lips into a funnel shape; but -in uttering the low notes he holds his mouth wide open, and at the same -time the great throat bag, or laryngeal sac, becomes distended." -(_Huxley._) - -The name given by the Dyaks to the larger species is "Mias Pappan." There -is, however, a smaller variety, which they designate "Mias Kassu," of which -Dr. Wallace has given an excellent and detailed account. These Mias Kassu -have no tumour-like expansions on the sides of the head; the median crest -is {180}absent from the skull, for the muscular ridges remain some distance -apart; the teeth are very large, especially the canines and the middle -upper incisors. The females, which are smaller than the males, are also -without the cheek-swellings and the prominent crests of the male, and have -smaller canine teeth. This variety, named _Simia morio_ by Sir R. Owen, -bears a close similarity to that found in Sumatra. It has been considered a -distinct species both by Owen and Wallace, but the variation, as the latter -naturalist himself admits, is so very great in just those characters which -have been considered to separate "Mias Kassu" from "Mias Pappan," that it -is highly probable that both are of the same species, but of different -ages. Mr. Beddard found that an Ape exhibited in the Zoological Gardens as -an adult example of _S. morio_ was in reality immature. - - -THE GORILLAS. GENUS GORILLA. - - _Troglodytes_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812). - - _Gorilla_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxxiv., p. 84, note (1852). - -This genus, like the preceding, contains but a single species, - - -THE GORILLA. GORILLA GORILLA. - - _Troglodytes gorilla_, Wyman, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. (2), v., p. 419, - pls. 1-4 (1847); Winwood-Reade, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 171; Owen, Tr. Z. S., - ii., p. 381; v., pp. 1, 243, pls. i.-xiii., and xliii.-xlix; Scl., P. Z. - S., 1877, p. 303; Cunningham, Mem. Roy. Irish Ac., p. 1 (1886). - - _Gorilla gina_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., viii., pls. 2-4 (1852). - - _Troglodytes savagei_, Owen, P. Z. S., 1848, p. 29. - - _Gorilla savagei_, Is. Geoffr., Rev. et. Mag. de Zool., p. 104 (1853); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 7 (1870). - - _Pithecus gorilla_, Blainv., Osteogr., pls. 2, et 5 bis (errore _P. - gesilla_). - - -PLATE XL. - -[Illustration: THE GORILLA.] - - {181} _Satyrus adrotes_, Meyer, Arch. f. Naturg., p. 182 (1856). - - _Simia gorilla_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 8 (1876). - - _Gorilla mayema_, Alix et Bouv. C. R., lxxxv., p. 58 (1878). - - (_Plate XL._) - -CHARACTERS.--The face of this massive and most ponderous of all the Apes is -naked and black, very wide and elongated. The large head has a ridge of -hair along the central crest, and its lower jaw is very wide and far -extended backward. The nose is long and high, and broad and flat at its -extremity, and is also grooved longitudinally. The muzzle is broad, the -mouth wide; the upper lip short, and the lower mobile and protrudable. The -eyes are large; the ears naked and black, with the posterior upper angle -pointed, and the lower margin produced into a rudimentary pendulous lobule. - -The cranial region is comparatively small. The supra-orbital ridges, in -which the eye-brows are set, form, from their prominence, a marked feature -of the face. They overhang the eyes, causing them to appear very much sunk -in the skull. The neck is short, the chest and shoulders wide, thickly -haired and suggestive of great strength. - -The arms are much longer than the fore-arms, and the feet, which have no -in-step, exceed the hands in length, and are much broader than in other -genera of the _Simiidae_. The heel, which in the Orangs is small, is in the -Gorilla strongly developed, on which account it can easily stand erect. Its -opposable great-toe is large and flattened, and has a wide nail; while the -lower joints of the second, third, and fourth toes--which are also short -and thick--are united by a web. The arms, on which the hair converges on -both sides of the joint towards the elbow, are so long as to reach down to -the middle {182}of the leg when the Gorilla stands erect. The thumb is -short and thick, and is tipped with a broad nail. The hand is broad, -thickly haired on the back, and wrinkled from the wrist to the fingers. The -fur of the Gorilla consists of long, thick, straight, or stiffly curved -bristles, beneath which is a shorter curled woolly hair, or under-fur. - -The skull of the adult male has very protruding jaws, and enormous -supra-orbital ridges. The cheek-bones are broad; the temporal muscles meet -along the top of the cranium, and have enormous bony crests for their -attachment. The same is the case on the back of the head for the powerful -neck-muscles. The true form of the skull is obscured by these great ridges -and by the extent to which the face protrudes. The brain-case is better -shaped internally than appears externally. The orbits have the same form as -in Man. - -The canine teeth are enormously developed. The upper molars are -four-cusped, and have the oblique ridge, already often referred to, from -the front inner to the hind outer cusp, the posterior of the three being -much larger than the other two, a character distinguishing its jaw from -that of Man and the Chimpanzees. The anterior lower molars have five cusps, -three on the outer side and two on the inner, as in Man. - -The lower jaw has no true chin, and its symphysis is very long and quite -different from what is seen in the human symphysis. The opening for the -passage of the spinal cord is situated in the posterior third of the base -of the skull, and not, as in Man, nearly in the centre. - -The vertebrae of the neck, back, and loins number the same--seventeen--as -in Man; but there are thirteen parts of ribs instead of twelve. The -neck-vertebrae have long spines which contribute to the thickness of the -neck. The curvature, characteristic of {183}Man, in the lumbar region of -the vertebral column of the young Gorilla, is more developed than in the -Chimpanzee, and in both are earlier developed than in Man. (_Symington._) - -The wrist (_carpus_) contains but eight bones, as there is no central (_os -centrale_) bone, a character in which it agrees with Man and the -Chimpanzee, but differs from the Orang. - -The volume of the brain in the largest Gorilla rarely exceeds 34-1/2 cubic -inches, which is only half the capacity of the human skull. It may be -safely said that an average European child, of four years old, has a brain -twice as large as that of an adult Gorilla. The weight of a healthy human -brain never falls below 31 ounces; that of the largest Gorilla has probably -never reached 21. (_Huxley._) - -In the brain of the Gorilla the cerebellum can be seen between the deep -longitudinal fissure which separates the two halves of the cerebrum. It -agrees in this with the Orang and _Anthropopithecus calvus_--the latter -exhibiting even a greater divergence of the cerebral lobes. - -The young male Gorilla differs much from the adult; its central cranial -crest is less prominent than the occipital ridge for the neck muscles. - -The female is much smaller than the male, but the cheeks are relatively -broader; the cranial crests and ridges are less strongly marked, and the -canines shorter and less powerful. Her breasts are long and pointed, not -globular. - -The height of the adult male Gorilla is over six feet, but the female -rarely exceeds four feet six inches. - -The general colour of the Gorilla is black or blackish; the whole skin of -the face is glossy, set with a few hairs, and deep black; the crown -reddish-brown, sometimes of a dark brown, the hairs being dun-coloured at -the root, grey in the middle, {184}and dark brown at the tip; on the sides -of the face the hair is dark brown or black, grey at the root; on the neck -and shoulders the hair is grey at the root, and lighter towards the point. -The back, the region of the humerus, and the thighs are brownish, the hair -being pale grey at the root, blackish-brown further up, and dark grey at -the termination; the fore-arms, the hands, ankles, and feet, dark brown or -black; round the posterior is a circle of white hair in some, in others of -brownish-yellow. Old individuals become grey or grizzled. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Western Equatorial Africa, between the Cameroons and the -Congo. This region presents a variety of hill and dale; the uplands are -clothed with forest, and the dales are covered with grass and low bush, -with abundance of fruit-yielding trees. - -HABITS.--This extraordinary animal, round which have gathered so many -myths, derived mostly from the inexact and magnified tales of the natives, -still further exaggerated by careless or imaginative visitors to the West -Coast of Africa, was first brought to the knowledge of science by Dr. -Thomas Savage, an American Medical Missionary, in 1847. From that time -downwards numerous preserved specimens of the animal have been received in -excellent condition, so that its anatomy is very fully known. In 1860 the -first living individual reached Europe, and lived for some months in -Wombwell's Menagerie. Since that date both English and continental -menageries have had specimens in captivity. What we know of the habits of -the Gorilla is greatly based on observations made on these captive animals. -Abundant statements to the contrary notwithstanding, very few persons, -competent to give an intelligent account of their habits, have ever seen -the Gorilla alive in its native state. {185}Even now, for our best -accounts, we are indebted to Dr. Savage, who obtained most of his -information from the natives, whose language and character he understood so -thoroughly that he was able to extract from them, by carefully sifting -their statements, most accurate information free from exaggeration and -conjecture. - -The Gorillas live in small companies, or rather families, consisting of -their young of different ages, along with the father and mother. Like the -Orang, the Gorilla is said to build a sort of platform-nest or shelter to -pass the night in, of sticks or twigs laid crosswise on the branch of a -strong tree, and within about twenty feet from the ground. The male sits, -it is said, on guard below, the female and her family occupying the -platform above. "My informants," says Savage, "all agree in the assertion -that but one adult male is seen in a band." One gets the mastery by killing -or driving out the other males. - -Professor Hartmann writes: "The Gorillas roam [during the daytime only] -through the tracts of the forest, which surround their temporary -sleeping-places, in order to seek for food. In walking they place the back -of their closed fingers on the ground, or, more rarely, support themselves -on the flat palm, while the flat soles of their feet are also in contact -with the ground. Their gait is shuffling; the motion of the body, which is -never upright as in Man, but bent forward, is somewhat rolling, or from -side to side. The arms being longer than those of the Chimpanzee, it does -not stoop so much in walking; like that animal it makes progression by -thrusting its arms forward, resting its hands on the ground, and then -giving its body a half-jumping, half-swinging motion between them. In this -act, it is said not to flex the fingers to rest on its knuckles, like the -Chimpanzee, but to extend them, making a fulcrum {186}of the hand. When it -assumes the walking posture, to which it is said to be much inclined, it -balances its huge body by flexing its arms upward." - -The Gorilla has the power of moving the scalp freely forward and -backward--as Man in many instances has the power of doing--and, when -enraged, of corrugating his brows and erecting the hair over the central -bony crest "so as to present an indescribably ferocious aspect." He is -capable of emitting a "terrific yell that resounds far and wide through the -forest"; and when shot his cry is like that of a human being in sudden and -acute distress. The Gorilla is very ferocious and never runs away, as the -Chimpanzee does; he advances to attack his enemies, but according to some -observers, however, only when molested, rushing forward in a stooping -attitude, then rising to his feet to strike. He is also credited with -fighting with his teeth, as well as his hands, biting his antagonist, as -the Orangs and the Chimpanzees do. He exhibits great intelligence, though -less, perhaps, than the Chimpanzee. - -The females prove affectionate mothers, bravely protecting their young at -the cost of their own lives. "In a recent case," writes Dr. Savage, "the -mother, when discovered, remained upon the tree with her offspring, -watching intently the movements of the hunter. As he took aim, she motioned -with her hand, precisely in the manner of a human being, to have him desist -and go away. When the wound has not proved instantly fatal, they have been -known to stop the flow of blood by pressing with the hand upon the part, -and when this did not succeed to apply leaves and grass." - -The food of the Gorilla consists of all sorts of forest and cultivated -produce; but the top of the fruiting stem of the oil-palm (_Elais -guineensis_), the Papaia (_Carica_), and plantains {187}appear to be the -fruits he most appreciates. Its dexterity in captivity in eating from -utensils of civilised life is particularly remarkable, as Dr. Falkenstein -records of a Gorilla he had alive for a considerable period. "He took up -every cup or glass with instinctive care, clasped the vessel with both -hands, and set it down again so softly and carefully that I cannot remember -his breaking a single article.... He drank by suction, stooping over the -vessel without even putting his hands into it or upsetting it, and in the -case of smaller vessels he carried them to his mouth.... When he was -anxious to obtain anything, no child could have expressed its wishes in a -more urgent and caressing manner." When he was refused anything he had -recourse to cunning, and looked anxiously to see if he was watched, and it -was "impossible not to recognise a deliberate plan and careful -calculation." When he had done what he had been forbidden or prevented from -doing, "his whole behaviour made it clear that he was conscious of -transgressing." The Gorilla is said by Dr. Savage to be very filthy in its -habits, but Dr. Falkenstein's observations disagree with this statement. On -this point the latter says "his cleanliness was remarkable." - -The Gorilla generally adopts a squatting position, with its arms folded -across its breast. When asleep he lies stretched out at full length on his -back or side, with one arm under his head. - -The Gorilla is very delicate, and rarely lives long in captivity, even in -his own land. - - -THE CHIMPANZEES. GENUS ANTHROPOPITHECUS. - - _Anthropopithecus_, De Blainville, Lecons Orales (1839). - - _Troglodytes_ (nec V.), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812). - -{188}This genus contains those Apes which stand highest, next to Man, in -the animal kingdom. This proximity, however, refers only to his external -conformation and his anatomical structure. - -The Chimpanzees approach very closely to the Gorilla in structure. Indeed -the Gorilla was at first placed in the same genus as the Chimpanzee, which -was much earlier known to science than its larger cousin, although an -excellent description of the Gorilla, under the name of Pongo, was brought -to this country by Andrew Battell, an English prisoner of the Portuguese in -Angola, early in the seventeenth century, and published in "Purchas his -Pilgrimage," in 1613, a story which for the first time referred definitely -to the Chimpanzee. - -The body is heavily built, but shorter and less robust than that of the -Gorilla. The crown is depressed, and the supra-orbital ridges, from which -rise stiff strong eye-brows, are prominent, but not remarkably so. The -eye-lids are wrinkled, and their margins set with eye-lashes. The nose, of -which the ridge is shorter than in the Gorilla, is depressed in the middle, -flatter at the extremity, and, as in the last-named species, is furrowed -longitudinally, its nostrils looking more downward and forwards. The lips -are extremely mobile and protrusile, the upper one broad and the lower one -retreating from the mouth, and not forming a true human-like chin, though -it is more prominent than in the Orang. The cheeks are more wrinkled than -in that Ape. The ears are large and projecting from the side of the head, -and often carry a lobule. They are strangely like those of Man, and, as Mr. -Darwin has remarked, the Chimpanzee never moves or erects its ears, so that -they are equally rudimentary, as far as that function is concerned, as in -Man. The shoulders and chest are broad, and indicate great strength. Their -lower limbs are longer in proportion than in the Orang. {189}The foot, -which is anatomically in no respect a hand, is sometimes shorter than the -latter, the great-toe is thick, opposable, and thumb-like, the other four -toes are united together by a web, the heel is somewhat developed, and the -whole of the sole of the foot is applied to the ground when walking. The -arms, of which the humeral segment is about equal in length to the -fore-arm, are long, but reach only a little below the knee--their span -being about a half more than the height of the body. The hands, which are -wonderfully human in form, are broad, comparatively short, and less -hook-like than in the Orang. The hair on the arm and fore-arm converges -towards the elbow, as in the Gorilla and Orang. The thumb is short in -comparison with the same digit in Man, and, as in the human hand, the -middle finger is the longest; the outer four fingers being united by a web -reaching up to the first joint. The palm of the hand can be applied flat to -the ground; but though the Chimpanzees can stand or run erect on the flat -sole of the foot, they prefer to advance leaning forward, supporting -themselves on the knuckles of the hand. They have no callosities on the -ischiatic bones, on which they sit. - -The female Chimpanzees are slightly smaller than the males, but the -disparity between them is much less than between the two sexes of the -Gorilla. The nose and teeth are less prominent, and the belly is more -tun-shaped. The young males also exhibit fewer differences from the adult -than among the Gorillas, though differing in many points of their soft -anatomy and osteology. The nose lengthens, and its extremity widens, while -the face becomes more prognathous with increasing years. In the young the -frontal bone is low and flat. The skull in the Chimpanzee is elongated, and -small in proportion to the body; the forehead is smaller, the crown more -rounded than {190}in the Gorilla, and the back of the head convex.[2] The -central (sagittal) crest, so strongly developed in the Gorilla and the -Orang, is here wanting; the supra-orbital ridges which extend across the -face, and the occipital prominences for the back-muscles, though large, are -also less marked. The orbits have a circular rim, and are less prominent -than in the Gibbons. The nasal bones are but slightly arched, and the -openings for the nostrils round and small. The jaws, which are smaller, -proportionately to the cranium, in this genus, than in any other of the -_Simiidae_, protrude far forward, but the symphysis of the lower jaw is -smaller than in the Gorilla, and its two halves low and wide. The bones of -the skull are much hollowed out into cavities (sinuses) in the forehead, -nose, and jaws, all of which communicate with each other. The plane of the -_foramen magnum_ (for the passage of the spinal cord) is oblique to the -plane of the base of the skull. - -The volume of the cranium is from twenty-six to twenty-seven cubic inches, -or about one-half of the lowest capacity of a normal human cranium. A -styloid process is more or less distinctly visible in the Chimpanzees. - -The canine teeth are long and conical, but less than in the Gorilla; and -the diastema, or gap, between them and their neighbouring teeth is smaller -than in the other Apes. The molar teeth are four-cusped, and have the -oblique ridge already described extending from the front inner to the hind -outer cusp; and the middle lower molar has five cusps, both these dental -characters being similar to those in Man. The anterior lower pre-molar, -however, is pointed, and has a long sharp anterior edge, as in the -_Cercopithecidae_. - -{191}The vertebral column begins to show the S-shaped flexure, -characteristic of Man's back-bone; it presents also a human character in -the form of its second neck vertebrae, and there are thirteen pairs of -ribs, as in Man. The hindmost vertebrae "give the impression of a -rudimentary tail." (_Hartmann._) - -The humerus is nearly equal in length to the fore-arm; the wrist (_carpus_) -has only eight bones (the central bone being absent), agreeing, therefore, -with the number in Man. - -All the ridges and grooves seen in the human brain are present in that of -the Chimpanzee, but "they are simpler and more symmetrical, and larger in -proportion to the brain." (_Huxley._) The cerebellum, and the nerves also, -are larger in proportion to the cerebrum than in Man; and certain -structures (the _corpora trapezoidea_) which exist in the brains in the -lower Mammalia are absent. These prominences, which are situated in that -portion of the brain known as the _medulla oblongata_, at the summit of the -spinal cord, disappear, as we have seen, in all the genera of higher rank -than the _Cebidae_, one of the lowest families of the _Anthropoidea_. The -brain in its convolutions and in many other respects conforms to that of -the Orang. This is especially the case in _A. calvus_. - -The uvula, which is absent in the throat of the Orang, is pendulous in the -Chimpanzees, as in Man. Large air-sacs are also present, and the hyoid bone -is excavated posteriorly, suggesting the conformation of the same bone in -_Alouatta_ (the South American Howlers). The stomach is very similar to -that of Man, and so are the digestive and reproductive organs. The round -ligament, attaching the head of the thigh-bone into its pelvic socket, is -present, and restricts the flexibility of the hind-limb of the Chimpanzees, -compared with that of {192}the Orang. Its presence, however, while acting -somewhat less favourably in regard to the climbing capacities of these -animals, whose habits are less essentially arboreal than the Orangs', -beneficially assists them in walking, affording them a firmer support on -the ground. In the Chimpanzee there is always a semi-lunar fold (_plica -semilunaris_) in the inner corner of the eye, corresponding to the -nictitating membrane (or third eyelid) of birds. In some of the Lemuroids -it is well developed (_supra_, vol. i., p. 90), and is large in some races -of men. - -The Chimpanzee is confined to the West African Sub-region, as defined by -Dr. Bowdler Sharpe. It is known from Loango, along the banks of the Upper -Congo, and Mr. Monteiro (P. Z. S., 1871, p. 544) says it is quite unknown -to the south of the Congo; it also occurs throughout the country of the -Manyema, in Central Africa, where Livingstone describes it under the name -of Soko; and southward as far as 10^o south latitude, to Lake Moero. -Schweinfurth has recorded it from the Niam-niam country. - -The Chimpanzees inhabit forest regions, and feed on wild fruits in the -woods, and the products of cultivated gardens, not rejecting, when they can -capture it, animal food. They live in separate families, or in limited -communities of small families mixed together, but each male lives with his -own single female. They are more arboreal than the Gorilla, but much less -so than the Orangs. In many districts they seem to live on the ground. - -They emit loud cries, shrieks, and howls in the morning and evening, and -often during the night. "Since they are really accomplished in the art of -bringing forth these unpleasant sounds, which may be heard at a great -distance, and are reproduced by the echoes, it is impossible to estimate -the number {193}of those who take part in the dreary noise, but often we -seemed to hear more than a hundred." (_Pechuel-Loesche._) These Apes also -build resting-places, not far from the ground, like the Orangs, composed of -twigs and sticks on the branch of a tree or a crotch, in which the female -and her young take refuge for the night, the male placing himself on guard -beneath. - -They seldom make an unprovoked attack on the natives wandering in the -forest; on the contrary, they are peaceably disposed animals, glad to get -out of the way of danger or possible enemies. Yet, when pressed, they form -no mean antagonist. Biting is their principal mode of defence. - -"As seen here," says Savage, "they cannot be called gregarious, seldom more -than five or ten at most being found together. It has been said on good -authority, that they occasionally assemble in large numbers in gambols. My -informant asserts that he saw once not less than fifty so engaged, hooting, -screaming, and drumming with sticks upon old logs, which is done in the -latter case with equal facility by the four extremities.... When at rest, -the sitting posture is that generally assumed. They are sometimes seen -standing or walking, but when thus detected, they immediately take to all -fours, and flee from the presence of the observer. Such is their -organisation that they cannot stand erect, but lean forward. Hence they are -seen, when standing, with the hands clasped over the occiput, or the lumbar -region, which would seem necessary for balance or ease of posture." - -Most of the accounts of the habits we have of Chimpanzees, refer to those -of young individuals kept in captivity. There is still much to be -discovered as to the ways and modes of life of the adults of both the -Chimpanzee and the Gorilla. They are both very delicate, and in temperate -climates rarely live {194}more than a few months; a Bald Chimpanzee (_A. -calvus_), however, survived five years in the Zoological Gardens, in -London. - - -I. THE COMMON CHIMPANZEE. ANTHROPOPITHECUS TROGLODYTES. - - _Homo sylvestris_ (Ourang-outang), Tyson & Cowper, Phil. Trans., xxi., p. - 338 (1699); Tulpius, Observ. Anat., p. 270, pl. 14 (1641). - - _Homo troglodytes_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 32 (1766; pt.). - - _Simia troglodytes_, Gm., Syst. Nat., p. 26 (1788); Blumenb., Handb., x., - p. 73 (1803); Owen, Tr. Z. S. I., p. 344, pls. 48, 50-52, 55, 56 (1835); - ii., p. 169 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 8 (1876). - - _Troglodytes niger_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812); Desmar., - Mammolog., p. 49 (1820); Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 37 (1840); var. - _Marungensis_, Owen, Tr. Z. S., v., p. 3, pls. i.-ix.; p. 279, pl. xlix. - (1866); Noalk, Zool. Jahrb., ii., p. 291 (1887). - - _Pseudanthropos (Troglodytes) leucoprymnus_, Less., Ill., Prod. Syst. - Mamm., pl. 12 (1811); Reichenb., Naturg. Affen., p. 191 (1862). - - _Pithecus leucopryma_, Less., Ill. Zool., pl. 31 (1836; young). - - _Satyrus lagaros_, Meyen, Arch. f. Naturg., p. 282 (1856). - - _Mimetes troglodytes_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 6 (1870). - - _Troglodytes vellerosus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., Append., p. 127. - - _Troglodytes schweinfurthi_, Gigl., Studii Craniol. sui Cimpanze iii., p. - 56 (1872). - - _Troglodytes aubryi_, Grat. et Alix, Nouv. Arch. Mus., ii., p. 1, pls. 1, - 9 (1866). - - {195}_Troglodytes tchego_, Duvernoy, Arch. Mus., viii., p. 8 (1855). - - _Anthropopithecus troglodytes_, Flower & Lydekker, Mamm., p. 736, fig. - 357 (1891). - -CHARACTERS.--Face, ears, hands, and feet dark-reddish flesh-colour, or more -rarely of a blackish-brown colour; in general the colour of the hair is -wholly black, except on the upper and lower lips, where it is white and -very short, and in the region of the buttocks, where it is washed with -reddish-brown. - -Hair on the body straight and silky, with coarser hair interspersed; on the -top of the head it lies smoothly to each side, away from a median line; -round the face it forms bushy whiskers, extending down into a slight beard; -it encroaches on the brow, leaving only a triangular central space naked; -on the upper and lower lips are short, bristly hairs; the rest of the face -naked and much wrinkled; on the shoulders, the back, and the hips, the hair -is longer than elsewhere; the back of the hands and feet are thinly haired, -the fingers and toes nude. The margin of the ears is often folded in for -the greater part of its length. - -The skin of the body is of a peculiar light, yet muddy, flesh-colour, -sometimes verging on brown. Brownish or black spots on many parts of the -body seem to vary in different individuals. - -The expression of the face is grave, but less melancholy and pre-occupied -than in the Orangs. - -The weight of the brain in _A. troglodytes_ varies from 6-1/2 to 6-3/5 -ounces. - -This celebrated Man-like Ape has been known, by vague report at least, for -nearly three hundred years. The earliest clear account of its existence, -however, is derived from the "Strange {196}Adventures of Andrew Battell, of -Leigh in Essex, sent by the Portugals prisoner to Angola, who lived there -and in the adioining regions neere eighteene yeares." It was first -published in 1613 in "Purchas his Pilgrimage," and later more fully in -1625, in "Purchas his Pilgrimes."[3] Here it is related that in the -Province of Mayombe, "which is nineteen leagues from Longo along the Coast, -the woods are so covered with baboones, monkies, apes, and parrots that it -will fear any man to travaile in them alone. Here are also two kinds of -monsters, which are common in these woods, and very dangerous. The greatest -of these two monsters is called Pongo, in their language, and the lesser is -called Engeco." The Pongo turned out to be the Gorilla, the description -given by the old prisoner Battell proving to be wonderfully accurate. The -lesser monster, the Engeco, is equally certainly the Chimpanzee. The first -record of a specimen actually seen in Europe is in 1641, and is noticed by -Tulpius in his "Medical Observations," and the earliest scientific -description of a Chimpanzee--a young specimen of _A. troglodytes_--is that -of the anatomists Tyson and Cowper, published by the Royal Society in 1699. -It was, however, not till 1835, that the osteology of a full-grown specimen -was described, when Sir Richard Owen's memoir appeared, and shortly after a -very detailed account of its habits was given to the world by Dr. Thomas -Savage, the missionary to whom we have already referred (p. 184), followed -by a further anatomical investigation of its structure by Dr. Wyman, of -Boston, U.S.A. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species is found over the greater part of Tropical -Central Africa, and its range is co-extensive with that given above for the -genus. Loango and the Gaboon, however, {197}are the districts from which -this Chimpanzee has chiefly been imported into Europe. - -HABITS.--The more characteristic habits of the common Chimpanzee have -already been given under the description of the genus. - -Its food consists of all sorts of forest fruits, and especially of the -young shoots of the _Scitamineae_, or ginger-plants. - -The Chimpanzee can move the skin of its head, as the Gorilla does, but -without causing the erection of the hair, which the Orang and the Gorilla -are both able to accomplish. It can also to some considerable extent -wrinkle its forehead, if disappointed or pleased, as when refused anything, -or if tickled, when in the latter case it also utters a chuckling sound -like that of smothered laughter, draws back the corners of its mouth, and -wrinkles its eyelids. - -The _Soko_ observed by Livingstone in the Manuyema country would seem to be -the common Chimpanzee. "According to Livingstone," to quote Mr. H. H. -Johnston's note in his excellent "Life" of the great traveller, "these -creatures often walk in an erect position, but steady their bodies by -placing the hands on the back of the head. He represents this beast as -being of great intelligence, and so cunning, that it is difficult to stalk -him in front without being seen, and, therefore, when he is killed, it is -usually from behind. The Manuyema people frequently string a number of nets -round some enclosure in the forest and drive the _Sokos_ into them and -spear them. Brought to bay like this, they will frequently turn on their -assailants, and will snatch their spears from them, and break them, and -perhaps also bite off the ends of the men's fingers. But, as a rule, the -Soko is not ferocious. They are said to kidnap children and {198}run up the -trees with them, and have to be lured down by bananas. When wounded the -creature tries to staunch the blood by stuffing leaves into the wound. It -lives in communities of about ten, and is monogamous. The female produces -occasionally twins. As parents, they are very affectionate towards their -offspring, the father relieving the mother of the burden of her young one -in dangerous places. Their food consists of wild fruits. At times the -_Sokos_ collect together and drum with their fists on the trunks of hollow -trees, and accompany this performance with loud yells and screams." - -"According to the statements of the Niam-niam themselves," says -Schweinfurth, "the chase of the Chimpanzee requires a party of twenty or -thirty resolute hunters, who have to ascend the trees, which are some -eighty feet high, and to clamber after the agile and crafty brutes until -they can drive them into the snares prepared beforehand. Once entangled in -a net the beasts are without much further difficulty killed by means of -spears. However, in some cases, they will defend themselves savagely and -with all the fury of despair. Driven by the hunter into a corner, they are -said to wrest the lances from the men's hands and to make good use of them -against the adversary. Nothing was more to be dreaded than being bitten by -their tremendous fangs." The stories as to their carrying off young girls, -and constructing nests are pure fabrications, according to Schweinfurth. -Its name among the Niam-niam is "Ranya." "The life which the Ranya leads is -very much like what is led by the Orang-Utan in Borneo, and is spent almost -entirely in the trees, the woods on the river banks being the chief resort -of the animals.... Like the Gorillas, they are not found in herds, but -either in pairs, or even quite alone, and it is only the young which -occasionally may be seen in groups." - - -PLATE XLI. - -[Illustration: THE BALD CHIMPANZEE.] - - - -{199}II. THE BALD CHIMPANZEE. ANTHROPOPITHECUS CALVUS. - - _Troglodytes calvus_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii., p. 296 - (1861); id., Travels, pp. 32, 48, 63 (1861); Gray, P. Z. S., 1861, p. - 273; Bartlett, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 673, pl. xli.; Beddard, Tr. Z. S., - xiii., p. 177 (1893); Romanes, P. Z. S., 1889, p. 316. - - _Troglodytes kooloo-kamba_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii., - p. 358 (1861); id., Travels, pp. 39, 49, 50 (1861); Gray, P. Z. S., 1861, - p. 273. - - _Mimetes troglodytes_, var. a (_T. calvus_), Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 6 (1870). - - _Anthropopithecus calvus_, Flower & Lydekker, Mammals, p. 736 (1891). - - (_Plate XLI._) - -CHARACTERS.--This species was first indicated by Du Chaillu on his return -from his celebrated journey to the Gaboon, but based on poor skins, which -left much doubt as to the species being distinct. Excellently preserved -specimens were, however, brought home by Marche and Dr. Compiegne, and some -of them passed into the Dublin Museum, but it was not till 1885, when a -living specimen, now known to fame as "Sally," was received at the -Zoological Gardens in London, and lived there for five years, that the -correctness of Du Chaillu, as to the distinctness of his "Kooloo-kamba," -_A. calvus_, from _A. troglodytes_, was proved and accepted. - -Similar to _A. troglodytes_, but distinguished from it by the face, hands, -and feet being quite black, or brownish-black, instead of pale -flesh-colour; the front, top, and sides of the head and face are nearly -naked, having only a few short hairs on the head, which is quite destitute -of any signs of the parting so {200}conspicuous in _A. troglodytes_. The -hair is blacker than in the latter species, and extends only for a short -distance in front of the level of the ears, and on the sides of the face; -the temporal region and cheeks show a scanty growth; on the chin and upper -lip a sparse crop of short hairs, chiefly white; long scattered black -eyebrows, which do not meet in the mid-line, spring from the supra-orbital -ridges. The ears are as large as in _A. troglodytes_, very flat, but stand -out more prominently from the side of the head; their margin is nude, and -there is no lobule. The hands are haired across the knuckles, and again -(after a naked band) on the back of the hand and arm; the foot is haired -down to the first joints of the toes; the nails and fingers are very human -in appearance. - -Face very prognathous; the nasal bones ridged in the mid-line; the foot -less like a human hand than even in the Orang. "Sally's" brain weighed -8-3/5 ounces. - -The expression of the face, the expanded nostrils, the thicker lips, -especially the lower lip, and the more elevated skull, all distinguish _A. -calvus_ from _A. troglodytes_; in its muscular anatomy and in its brain it -also shows points of difference. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The interior of Gaboon, in Western Africa. - -HABITS.--The Bald Chimpanzee showed in captivity a disposition to live on -animal food, which the Common Chimpanzee never does. "Sally" had also the -singular habit of producing pellets, resembling the castings thrown up by -Raptorial birds; they were composed of feathers (of the birds she had -eaten) and other indigestible substances taken with her food. Moreover, -"Sally," as this Chimpanzee, now famous in the annals of zoology, was -named, was an expert rat-catcher, and caught and killed many rats that -entered her cage. "Her intelligence was {201}far above that of the ordinary -Chimpanzee. With but little trouble she could be taught to do many things -that require the exercise of considerable thought and understanding." -(_Bartlett._) In general habits _A. calvus_ differs, so far as known, in no -respect from _A. troglodytes_. - -It was on this Ape that the late Dr. G. J. Romanes, attracted by its high -intelligence, made his interesting psychological experiments, which are -related in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1889. "Her -intelligence was conspicuously displayed by the remarkable degree in which -she was able to understand the meaning of spoken language--a degree fully -equal to that presented by an infant a few months before emerging from -infancy, and, therefore, higher than that which is presented by any brute, -so far at least as I have met with any evidence to show. Having enlisted -the intelligent co-operation of the keepers, I requested them to ask the -Ape repeatedly for one straw, two straws, or three straws. These she was to -pick up and hand out from among the litter of her cage. No constant order -was to be observed in making these requests, but whenever she handed a -number not asked for, her offer was to be refused, while if she gave the -proper number her offer was to be accepted, and she was to receive a piece -of fruit as payment. In this way the Ape was eventually taught to associate -these three numbers with their names.... As soon as the animal understood -what was required, and had learnt to associate these three numbers with -their names, she never failed to give the number of straws asked for. Her -education was then extended in a similar manner from three to four and four -to five straws." "Sally" rarely made mistakes up to that number, but above -five and up to ten, to which one of the keepers endeavoured to advance her -education, the result is uncertain. {202}"It is evident that she -understands the words seven, eight, nine, and ten, to betoken numbers -higher than those below them, and when she was asked for any of these -numbers above six, she always gave some number over six and under ten. She -sometimes doubled over a straw to make it present two ends, and was -supposed to hasten, with the small stock of patience she possessed, the -attainment of her task." Dr. Romanes was disposed to think that the -uncertainty which attended her dealing with the numbers six and seven was -due to her losing patience rather than to her losing count. It was at all -events evident that "Sally" could count accurately up to five. Dr. Romanes -tried to teach her colours in the same way, but the result was so uniformly -negative that he was disposed to think that she was colour-blind, as she -was taught to distinguish between white straws and the straws of any other -colour, but she could not be taught to go further. - -In 1875 a female Ape, which received the name of "Mafuca," was received -from the Loango coast at the Dresden Zoological Gardens. "This," says Dr. -Hartmann, "was a wild unmanageable creature, 120 cm. in height, reminding -us in many respects of the Gorilla. The face was prognathous [more so than -in _A. troglodytes_]; the ears were comparatively small, placed high on the -skull, and projecting outwards; the supra-orbital arch was strongly -developed, and the end of the nose was broad, and there were rolls of fat -on the cheeks. The creature was, moreover, strongly built, and the region -of the hips and the belly was contracted, while the hands and feet were -large and powerful. The general physiognomical resemblance between Mafuca -and a female Gorilla [whose dead body I had examined] was very great." It -was suggested that the creature might be a cross between a Chimpanzee and a -Gorilla, as the traveller {203}Koppenfels had affirmed he had shot such -cross-bred animals. It is still an undecided question to what species it -belonged. - -Of the four genera of the _Simiidae_, "the Gibbons are obviously most -remote from Man, and nearest to the _Cynopithecini_ (_Cercopithecidae_). - -"The Orangs come nearest to Man in the number of the ribs, the form of the -cerebral hemispheres, the diminution of the occipito-temporal sulcus -[groove] of the brain, and the ossified styloid process; but they differ -from him much more widely in other respects, and especially in the limbs, -than the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee do. - -"The Gorilla is more Man-like in the proportions of the leg to the body, -and of the foot to the hand; further, in the size of the heel, the -curvature of the spine, the form of the pelvis, and the absolute capacity -of the cranium. - -"The Chimpanzee approaches Man most closely in the character of its -cranium, its dentition, and the proportional size of the arms." (_Huxley._) - - -THE HUMAN RACE. FAMILY HOMINIDAE. - -With this family we reach the culminating point of the zoological tree. It -contains but one monotypic genus, HOMO, with its single species, HOMO -SAPIENS. Although deriving his specific designation from the unique -characteristic of his mental attributes, Man comes under review here alone -in his physical aspect as one of the mammalian animals. - -"Identical in the physical processes by which he originates--identical in -the early stages of his formation--identical in the mode of his nutrition -before and after birth, with the animals which lie immediately below him on -the {204}scale--Man, if his adult and perfect stature be compared with -theirs, exhibits, as might be expected, a marvellous likeness of -organisation. He resembles them as they resemble one another--he differs -from them as they differ from one another." (_Huxley._) On comparing his -external form and internal organisation with that of all the other known -zoological forms, he is found to fit no niche in the scale of -classification, founded on the same principles of likeness and -dissimilitude as applied to them, except in the vicinity of the Gibbons, -the Orangs, the Gorillas, and the Chimpanzees, of whose order--the -Primates--he forms only an additional though higher Family, solely on his -structural characters and entirely apart from those intangible mental -attributes which remove him supremely above all other creatures. Unbridged -as is the chasm between the Ape and Man, "the structural differences which -separate Man from the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee, are not so great as those -which separate the greater from the lower Apes." (_Huxley._) - -Of the three higher Apes, the Chimpanzees are those which appear to -approach Man most closely; but he is distinguished from them and from all -the other members of the _Simiidae_ by his body being supported in the -erect position upon the outer edge of a broad, arched, short-toed foot, -articulated at right angles to the leg. This foot has a prominent heel and -a stout great-toe, longer than all the digits, except the second, but lying -parallel and not opposable to them, or capable of being moved away from -them, because of the flat unrounded articular surface of the ento-cuneiform -bone of the ankle. His back-bone has a strongly-marked, open S-shaped -curvature, with its concavity in the lower back, giving it its elasticity -and breaking any shock which might be transmitted otherwise to the brain -through the jolt of walking in the vertical position. His arms are -{205}proportionately much shorter than the legs, and also the spine; the -thumb is also longer in proportion than in the Apes, and, as the fingers -have all separate movements, the hand is thus better able to be adjusted to -minute operations. The head in Man is equipoised on the vertebral column -just under the centre of its mass, and is thus easily supported and moved, -whereas, in all lower forms of Vertebrates, it is placed further and -further from the centre towards the back, with its weight thrown towards -the front. In Man the skull cavity, not intruded upon and diminished by the -roof of the orbits, is characteristically high and arched, its capacity -being twice as great as any Ape's; still the difference in the cranial -capacity of different races of Man is much greater absolutely than that -between the highest Ape and the lowest Man. (_Huxley._) His facial and -jaw-bones are smaller, and project far less, even in the most prognathous -of men, than in the Apes; the lower front margin of the under jaw is -characteristically human, being produced forward to form the chin. In the -human skull there is always a spike-like bone--the styloid -process--dependent from and ossified to the ear-bones. - -In Man the form of the pelvis--the large osseous block to which the legs -are articulated--is very characteristic in its width; its great -basin-shaped cavity receives and supports his lower internal organs; to its -extensive external surface the muscles for enabling him to retain the erect -position are attached, while its width, by separating the thigh-bones, -gives to the body a form favourable to stability, which is increased by the -wide angle at which the articulating head of the femur is attached to its -shaft. "Were he to desire it, Man could not, with convenience, walk on all -fours: his short and nearly inflexible foot, and his long thigh, would -bring the knee to the ground; his widely separated shoulders and his arms, -too far {206}extended from the median line, would ill support the fore-part -of his body; the great indented muscle which, in quadrupeds, suspends the -trunk between the blade-bones as a girth, is smaller in Man than in any one -among them; the head is heavier, on account of the magnitude of the brain, -and the smallness of the sinuses or cavities of its bones; and yet the -means of supporting it are weaker, for he has neither cervical ligament, -nor are the vertebrae so modified as to prevent their flexure forward; he -could, therefore, only maintain his head in the same line with the spine, -and then, his eyes and mouth being directed towards the ground, he could -not see before him." (_Cuvier._) - -The breadth of the sacrum is equal to or exceeds its length, and the width -of the pelvis exceeds its height, the reverse of what is seen in Apes. The -wrist (_carpus_) in Man has no _central bone_; the ankle (_tarsus_) is -longer than the metatarsal segment, and that is again longer than the -toe-bones, which are more compressed than the finger-bones. In Man the -teeth form a continuous series--there is no diastema, which, with the -exception of the extinct _Anoplotherium_, is alone true of Man; his canine -teeth are never prominent or tusk-like. - -The human brain differs from that of the Man-like Apes in regard to its -convolutions and their separating grooves, only in minor characters; but in -weight, as in capacity, very greatly. The weight of a healthy full-grown -human brain never descends below thirty-two ounces, that of the largest -Gorilla, far heavier than any Man, never attains to more than twenty. Yet, -"the difference in weight of brain between the highest and the lowest Men -is far greater relatively and absolutely than between the lowest Man and -the highest Ape." (_Huxley._) - -Notwithstanding the enormous differences presented between {207}the highest -and lowest races of mankind, and widely as they are separated -geographically, these dissimilar characters are not considered sufficient -to constitute more than one species, since throughout the series one form -graduates into another, and all of them are fertile with each other. -Although there is but one species of Man, he is distinguishable, however, -according to Sir William Flower, into three main races. - - -A. _The Ethiopian Race._ - -Under this heading are included all the dark-skinned negroes, with black -frizzly hair, long heads (_i.e._, whose breadth is less than four-fifths of -its length), moderately broad faces, flat nasal bones, prominent legs, -thick everted lips, protruding jaws, and long fore-arms. To this race -belong (1) the Negroes, inhabiting Central Africa, of which there are -numerous tribes: (_a_) the yellowish-brown Hottentots of the South African -plains, and (_b_) the dwarfed straight-faced Bushmen, living outcast among -the mountains and rocks, remarkable for their tufted hair, their great -fatty buttocks, and the peculiar "click" in their speech; (2) the -_Negrillos_, of Central and West Africa, with short heads (_i.e._, whose -breadth is greater than four-fifths of its length); (3) the _Melanesians_, -composed of the Papuans of New Guinea, New Caledonia, and the Solomon -Islands, with strong supra-orbital ridges, and a narrow and prominent nose: -the "hyper-typical" mountaineers of Fiji, the Tasmanians, and the -Australians, especially of the northern portion of that continent, all -belong to this race; (4) the round-headed _Negritos_ of the Andamans, the -Philippines, and the Malay Archipelago. - - -B. _The Mongolian Race._ - -These are short in stature, have the skin yellow or brown, the hair black -and straight, abundant on the head, but sparse {208}elsewhere; the skull -low and intermediate between long and broad; the face broad, flat, and with -large cheek-bones; the eye-sockets high and round. To this stock belong (1) -the Eskimo of Greenland and all the sub-arctic regions of Eurasia and N. -America; (2) the Mongols, of whom the Japanese, the nomad Lapps, the Finns, -both of mixed Caucasian and Mongol blood, and those descendants of the -Mongols, the Magyars and the Turks, form a northern and much modified -group, while the Chinese, the Thibetans, the Burmese, and the Siamese -constitute a southern, more civilised, group; (3) the Malays of the Malayan -Peninsula and Sumatra, in which the Mongolian features are very apparent; -(4) the Brown Polynesians, inhabiting Samoa, Tonga, the Eastern Polynesian -islands, and New Zealand; (5) the native American races inhabiting the -continent from Terra del Fuego in the south, to the sub-arctic regions -occupied by the Esquimo. - - -C. _The Caucasian Race._ - -Of this stock there are two very distinct groups: (1) the tall, blond, -straight, fair-haired, blue-eyed, light-skinned, well-bearded peoples of N. -Europe, Scandinavia, Scotland, N. Germany--named _Xanthochroi_ -("yellow-haired" and pale of complexion) by Huxley: these have extended, as -a mixed race, also into N. Africa and Afghanistan; and by intermingling -with the Mongols have produced the Finns and the Lapps; and (2) the -_Melanochroi_ ("black-haired") people, shorter in stature, with long heads, -pale skins, prominent noses, but with black wavy hair and beards and dark -eyes, who inhabit S. Europe, N. Africa, and S.W. Asia, and are found also -in the British islands. They are known as Kelts, Iberians, Romans, -Pelasgians and Semites. The Dravidians of India, the Veddahs {209}of -Ceylon, and probably the Ainos of Japan and the Maoutze of China belong to -the Caucasian stock. The ancient Egyptians, of whom the Kopts and the -Fellahs of Egypt of to-day are the descendants, are pure _Melanochroi_. -(_Flower._) - - - - -EXTINCT ANTHROPOIDEA. - - -As we have seen above (vol. i., p. 110) the earliest Lemuroids appeared in -the Lower Eocene division of the Tertiary period in the New World, and in -the Old World in its upper strata; they continued during the whole of the -Eocene in the Western Hemisphere, and are last seen in the Lower Miocene of -North America. - -Fossil Apes, on the other hand, appear first in South America, in the Santa -Cruz beds of Patagonia, in strata of Upper Eocene or Oligocene age. In the -Old World they come on the scene only during the tropical ages of the -Miocene epoch. When the middle and upper strata of the latter period were -being deposited in Europe, Anthropoid Apes ranged from the Mediterranean -shores to further north than the present northern limit of the Old World -Apes. - -In the Pliocene age _Anthropoidea_ were living in Southern Asia, around -where the Sivalik hills now stand, and in Southern Europe, as at Pikermi -and Samos, being represented almost entirely by species of still existing -genera, and one living species--the Orang. Chimpanzees had already then -become differentiated, and perhaps Man had even appeared, though the -evidence is not sufficiently conclusive. - -In the Pleistocene, remains of many still living species have been brought -to light both in the New and the Old Worlds, and unmistakable osseous -remains, as well as abundant evidences {210}of his handiwork, prove the -existence of Man at that remote epoch. - - -FAMILY HAPALIDAE (Vol. I., p. 129). - - -GENUS HAPALE (_op. cit._, p. 131). - -Of this genus abundant remains of two species have been found in many of -the Brazilian caverns of Pleistocene or recent age. These have been -referred to two species: HAPALE GRANDIS (Lund), and the still-living H. -JACCHUS (Linn.; cf. Vol. I., p. 132). - - -FAMILY CEBIDAE (Vol. I., p. 150). - - -GENUS PROTOPITHECUS. - - _Protopithecus_, Lund, Ann. Sc. Nat. (2), xi., p. 230 (1839); Zittel, - Handb. Palaeont., iv., p. 705 (1893). - -This genus is founded on a very large leg-bone from the Pleistocene -bone-caves of Brazil. The species has been described as PROTOPITHECUS -BRASILIENSIS, Lund. - - -GENUS CALLITHRIX (Vol. I., p. 158). - -Two species have been described from the Pleistocene bone-caves of Brazil: -CALLITHRIX CHLOROCNOMYS, Lund, and C. PRIMAEVA, Lund (= _C. antiqua_, -Lund). - - -GENUS ALOUATTA (Vol. I., p. 192). - -Remains of one species, ALOUATTA URSINA (p. 149), has been discovered in -the Pleistocene bone-caves of Brazil. - - -GENUS CEBUS (Vol. I., p. 204). - -The Pleistocene bone-caverns of Brazil have preserved three species: one -extinct, CEBUS MACROGNATHUS, Lund, and two still living, C. FATUELLUS, -Linn., and C. CIRRIFER, Geoffr. - - -{211}GENUS HOMUNCULUS. - - _Homunculus_, Ameghino, Rev. Argent. Hist. Nat., i., pp. 290, 384 (1891). - - _Ecphantodon_, Mercenat, Rev. Mus. La Plata, ii., p. 74, pl. ii.; Zittel, - Handb. Palaeont., iv., p. 704 (1893). - -The dental formula of this genus is I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3. The diastema, -or break, in the dental series is very small; the incisors are -chisel-shaped, the outer pair smaller than the inner pair. The canines, -which have a small basal cusp behind, are only slightly prominent; the -pre-molars have one root, and one low outer cusp, and two higher inner -cusps. The molars are quadrangular, with two pairs of cusps, each united -obliquely by a ridge; the anterior molar is smaller than the two hinder. -The arm-bone (_humerus_) has an ent-epi-condylar foramen. (_Zittel._) The -front surface of the line of union of the two halves of the lower jaw is -vertical. The terminal joints of the digits have nails. The thumb and the -great-toe are opposable. HOMUNCULUS PATAGONICUS, Ameghino (= _Ecphantodon -ceboides_, Mercenat), the only known species, is found in the Upper Eocene -or Oligocene of Santa Cruz, Patagonia. - - -GENUS ANTHROPOPS. - - _Anthropops_, Ameghino, Rev. Arg. Nat. Hist., i., p. 387 (1891); Zittel, - Handb. Palaeont., iv., p. 704 (1893). - -This genus is known from only a fragment of a lower jaw containing four -small incisors, two strong canines, and anterior and median pre-molars, -both one-rooted. One species, ANTHROPOPS PERFECTUS, Ameghino, from the -older Tertiary (Upper Eocene or Oligocene) beds of Santa Cruz, Patagonia, -is known. - -Two genera, _Homocentrus_ (H. ARGENTINUS, Amegh.) and {212}_Eudiastus_ (E. -LINGULATUS, Amegh.), described by Ameghino, from the Santa Cruz beds in -Patagonia, are not yet sufficiently characterised. - - -FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDAE (Vol. I., p. 248). - - -GENUS PAPIO (_supra_, p. 253). - -Several species of this still living genus have been recovered from strata -of the Tertiary epoch: PAPIO SUB-HIMALAYANUS (Meyer), from the Sivalik -hills, of Lower Pliocene age; P. FALCONERI (Lydekker), from the Pleistocene -bone-caves of Madras, India, and in the superficial deposits of Algeria, -North Africa; and P. ATLANTICUS (Thomas). - -The Sivalik species was closely related to the existing North-African -Baboons. - - -GENUS OREOPITHECUS. - - _Oreopithecus_, Gervais, C. R., p. 1223, lxxiv. (1872); Ristori, Boll. - Com. Geol. (3), i., pp. 178, 226, pls. vii., viii. (1890); Zittel, Handb. - Palaeont, iv., p. 705 (1893). - -The characters which distinguish this genus are the incisors, which are -chisel-shaped above and scoop-shaped below; the large upper and lower -canine teeth; the upper pre-molars, which approach in shape to the molars, -with the outer cusps higher than the inner, and the inner one strong; the -upper molars with two pairs of opposite conical cusps, separated by a -longitudinal furrow, and with a strong cingulum; the posterior upper molar -smaller than the median; the lower molars smaller than the upper, with two -pairs of cusps, and a fifth on their hind border, which in the hindmost -tooth is developed into a strong talon. The face is short, and the chin -rounded. OREOPITHECUS BAMBOLII, Gervais, is the best known species, and was -obtained from the Mid-Miocene lignites of Monte Bamboli, {213}Casteani, and -Monte Massi, in Tuscany. It has been placed by some Palaeontologists among -the _Simiidae_, and by others in the _Cercopithecidae_. According to -Ristori, the under jaw shows its alliance with _Papio_ and _Cercopithecus_; -while the upper jaw more resembles the Anthropoid Apes. It is the largest -known fossil Ape, and is excelled in strength only by _Dryopithecus_, -Zittel. - - -GENUS MACACUS (_supra_, p. 1). - -Species belonging to this still living genus, occurred in Asia and in -Europe in the age--the Pliocene--which immediately preceded the Great Ice -age, as well as in the Pleistocene epoch itself. MACACUS SIVALENSIS is the -oldest fossil of the genus, and was described by Mr. Lydekker from the -Sivalik beds of the Punjaub. M. PRISCUS is known from the Pliocene of -Montpellier, in France; M. FLORENTINUS, Cocchi (the same as _Aulaxinuus -florentinus_ of Cocchi, and _M. ausonianus_ of Forsyth Major), from the -Upper Pliocene beds in the valley of the Arno. M. SUEVICUS (Hedinger), -which has been described from a well-preserved palate-bone, having all the -molar, and two of the pre-molar teeth present, was found at Heppenlochs, in -Wuertemberg. M. TRARENSIS (Pomel) is found in Algeria, in beds of the Ice -age; while, in holes on the rock of Gibraltar, remains of the same species -as is now living there--_M. inuus_--were discovered by Mr. Calderon in -1879. From another crevasse at Monstaines, in the Haute Garonne, M. Harle -obtained a fragment of a lower jaw of a species of _Macacus_, associated -with the bones of Mammals of the Ice age. (_Zittel._) Of the same antiquity -is a jaw found, according to Mr. Lydekker, near the village of Grays, in -Essex, a fact which indicates a very great difference in the climate of -that part of England from that of the present day. - - -{214}GENUS DOLICHOPITHECUS. - - _Dolichopithecus_, Deperet, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., Palaeont., i., p. 11 - (1890); Zittel, Handb. Palaeont., iv., p. 707 (1893). - -Allied to _Semnopithecus_, but having the muzzle longer and the limbs -shorter and stouter. The genus has been based on three crania, several -teeth, and a number of the bones of the skeleton, belonging to the species -DOLICHOPITHECUS RUSCINENSIS, Deperet, from the Pliocene strata of -Perpignan, in France. (_Zittel._) - - -GENUS MESOPITHECUS. - - _Mesopithecus_, Wagner, Abh. K. Bayer, Ak. (1) iii., p. 154; vii., abth., - ii., p. 9; Zittel, Handb. Palaeont., iv., p. 706 (1893). - -This genus is based on a skull and teeth, which indicate an alliance with -_Semnopithecus_, while the skeleton more resembles that of _Macacus Inuus_ -(the Barbary Ape). The male had much longer and more powerful canines than -the female. MESOPITHECUS PENTELICI, Wagner, the typical species, was -founded on a fragment originally brought by a soldier in 1838 from Pikermi -to Munich. Since then the whole skeleton has been recovered, and this is -now one of the best-known species of the fossil _Anthropoidea_. It lived in -Pliocene times, apparently in troops in the forests of the Pikermi plains, -which at that date extended far into what is now the Mediterranean Sea. -Remains of the same species have been discovered near Baltavar, in Hungary. - - -GENUS COLOBUS (_supra_, p. 85). - -In the Mid-Miocene forests of Europe this genus was represented by a -species described by Professor Fraas as COLOBUS GRANDAEVUS, from Steinheim, -in Wuertemburg. - - -{215}GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS (_supra_, p. 100). - -Among the forests in which bamboos, liquidambars, tulip-trees, magnolias, -laurels, and pomegranates flourished in Upper Pliocene days, in the middle -of Europe, there lived troops of Langurs, closely allied to those of our -own time. SEMNOPITHECUS MONSPESSULANUS, Gervais, has been recovered from -the strata of that age, at Montpellier, and near Casino in Tuscany. S. -PALAEINDICUS (Lydekker) inhabited the forests in the region where the -Sivalik hills now rise at the foot of the Himalayas, while S. ENTELLUS -roamed over that region in the Pleistocene age, as its actual descendants -do to-day. - - -FAMILY SIMIIDAE (_supra_, p. 143). - - -GENUS PLIOPITHECUS. - - _Pliopithecus_, Gervais, C. R., xliii., p. 221 (1856); id., Zool. et Pal. - Franc., p. 8 (1859); Forsyth Major, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., xv., p. 82 - (1872); Zittel, Handb. Palaeont., p. 708 (1893). - - _Protopithecus_, Ed. Lartet (nec Lund), Ann. Dep. Gers., 1851, p. 11. - -This genus is very nearly allied to _Hylobates_, but differs from it in the -form and proportions of its teeth. The genus is based on a lower jaw found -in the Mid-Miocene of Central Europe. The incisors are small and long; the -canines strong and but little taller than the incisors; the pre-molars are -low, the anterior having one cusp, and the next two cusps; the molars have -two pairs of opposite short, thick, conical cusps, with an additional one -on the hind border, which enlarges into a talon in the hindmost of the set. -The type species, PLIOPITHECUS ANTIQUUS, which very closely resembles the -Gibbons, lived in the luxuriant forests of Sansan (Gers), and a variety of -{216}it, described as P. CHANTREI, Deperet, inhabited the woods round Mont -Ceindre. Remains of the same animals have been obtained in the Brown-coal -beds of Elgg, in Switzerland and Goeriach, in Steyermark. - - -GENUS HYLOBATES (_supra_, p. 148). - -True Gibbons, indistinguishable from those now living in the island, have -been found in the caves of Borneo. - -A finely preserved limb-bone, from the Eppelsheim beds of the Pliocene age, -has also been ascribed to a species of this genus. - - -GENUS DRYOPITHECUS. - - _Dryopithecus_, Lartet, C. R., xliii., p. 221 (1856); id., Mem. Soc. - Geol., Palaeon., i., p. 1, pl. 1 (1890); Gaudrey, C. R. Cx., p. 373 - (1890); Zittel, Handb. Palaeont., iv., p. 709 (1893). - -This genus is based on remains from the Mid-Miocene of St. Gaudens (Haute -Garonne), which indicate the former existence of an Ape more Man-like than -any other. In size it approached the dimensions of the Chimpanzee; the -incisors are smaller--an elevated character--and shorter than those in the -Gorilla or the Chimpanzee. The canines are, as in the Gorilla, thick, sharp -behind, and taller than the cheek-teeth; the anterior pre-molar is large, -as in the Gorilla, has one root, and a strong cingulum on the inner side; -the posterior pre-molar is longer than broad, is two-cusped, and has a -flattened talon. The molar teeth have two pairs of opposite cusps, and a -fifth on the hind border, which develops, on the hindmost tooth, into a -two-cusped talon. The line of union of the lower jaw is high, {217}projects -obliquely forward, and is longer and narrower than in Man. The late -appearance of the last molar in the upper jaw was supposed to be a -character which was alone common to _Dryopithecus_ and Man; but Dr. Forsyth -Major has observed that in _Macacus_ the same late in-coming of the "wisdom -tooth" occurs. The type species, DRYOPITHECUS FONTANI, Lartet, which lived -in the Mid-Miocene forests of St. Gaudens, though the most Man-like of all -the Tertiary Apes, was nevertheless further distant from Man than the -Chimpanzees (_Anthropopithecus_). The form of the symphysis of its lower -jaw indicates that its snout was considerably lengthened. Certain molar -teeth found in the Bohnerz strata from Melchingen and Salmendingen, in -Wuertemberg, and at one time considered to be human, have now been ascribed -to _D. fontani_. - - -GENUS SIMIA (_supra_, p. 170). - -To this genus has been referred a molar tooth found in the Pliocene Strata -of the Sivalik hills in India. It is considered to belong to an Orang-Utan, -SIMIA SATYRUS. - - -GENUS ANTHROPOPITHECUS (_supra_, p. 188). - -A fragmentary jaw, also from the Pliocene beds in the Sivalik hills, has -been described as ANTHROPOPITHECUS SIVALENSIS by Lydekker, who at first -placed it in a new genus, _Palaeopithecus_, but has more recently -determined it to belong really to this now exclusively African genus. The -relative smallness of the premolars distinguish it from the Orang. Should -this determination be confirmed, the presence of a true Chimpanzee in Asia -will be a fact of the highest interest in the geographical distribution of -the _Simiidae_. - - -{218}FAMILY HOMINIDAE (_supra_, p. 203). - - -GENUS HOMO (_supra_, _p. 203_). - -Although, as has been stated above, the _Primates_, represented by lowly -Lemuroids evincing relationship with the ancestors of the hoofed animals -(_Ungulata_), first appeared in Eocene times, it would be a hopeless quest, -as Professor Boyd-Dawkins points out, to seek for a highly specialised Man -in a fauna where no living genus of Mammals was present. - -The earliest appearance of Man on the globe has been considered by Dr. Hamy -and M. de Mortillet to be in France in the middle of the Miocene age. They -base their belief on flint fragments supposed to be artificially made, and -on a cut upon the bone of an extinct Manatee considered to be of human -handiwork. The evidence is, however, doubtful and unsatisfactory. In this -age appeared such Anthropoids as _Pliopithecus_ and the highly-developed -_Dryopithecus_ (p. 216), when the climate was tropical in mid-Europe, and -warm and genial even within 8^o 15[prime] of the North Pole. Professor -Boyd-Dawkins believes that notwithstanding the favourable climate and the -existence of so highly-developed an Ape as _Dryopithecus_, "were any -Man-like animal living in the Miocene age, he might reasonably be expected -to be not Man, but intermediate between Man and something else." - -The Pliocene, _i.e._, that portion of the Tertiary period in which the -_genera_ of mammals are mostly the same as those now living--only one -_species_ is known to be identical,--is the next horizon in which human -remains have been asserted to have been found. The evidence is based on a -skull found in a railway cutting in France after a landslip, and on a -supposed artificially incised bone; but both these data require -confirmation. Senhor Ribeiro has, however, obtained in Portugal implements -{219}said to be of undoubted human manufacture in strata of this age, 1,200 -feet below the surface; and it has been claimed by Professor Whitney that, -in California, a skull, as well as a mortar and pestle, have been recovered -from Pliocene beds. The latter evidence has also been called in question. - -The discovery at Crayford and in Kent's Hole in England, and in the Grotte -d'Eglise in France, of flint implements of human manufacture, demonstrates -without doubt that Man was living in Europe in the Pleistocene age--at -which time most of the species of Mammals were identical with those now -living--before the climate (which had been cooling since the Miocene) had -become so cold as to cause the Arctic Mammals to swarm down in front of the -approaching glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere. At that epoch the -River-drift Men, as they are called, would have had to contend with Wolves, -Bears, and Lions; while Elephants and Rhinoceroses, Horses, Oxen, and Bison -roamed wild around them. The implements of this "long-headed" race were -stones, conveniently picked up and rough-hewn into rude choppers and -scrapers, pointed borers, and cutting chips. There is evidence that their -makers ranged across a more extended Europe than now, into Africa and -continental India. After the River-drift Men, who disappeared with the Ice -age, there came on the scene a race known as the Palaeolithic "Cave Men." -Associated with their bones there have been found, in numerous caverns, -remains of the Reindeer (_Cervus tarandus_), the Woolly Rhinoceros (_R. -tichorhinus_), and the Mammoth (_Elephas primigenius_). They were an -artistic people, who have left drawings of extraordinary fidelity of the -animals with which they were familiar, scratched on bones and horns of the -animals themselves. Their implements were better chipped and shaped than -were those of the {220}River-drift Men. They appear to have been ignorant -of the potter's art; but they clothed themselves in skins, wore -teeth-ornaments, and hunted the Reindeer and other animals--they were men, -as Sir A. Geikie remarks, who must have had much similarity with the -Esquimo--an identification, however, which has lately been strongly -contested. Many fragments of their skeletons have been found in caverns in -various parts of Europe: a lower jaw and an _ulna_ at Naulette, a skull at -Cro-Magnon, a lower jaw in the Grotte des Fees at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne), -another from the rock shelter of La Madelaine in the Dordogne; portions of -skulls from Neanderthal, Cannstatt, and Gibraltar, and as far north as -Derbyshire, in England. The remains are, unfortunately, all very -fragmentary, and afford little more information as to the physical -characters of the Palaeolithic races, than that they were "long-headed." In -1886, however, in the Grotto of Spy, in the Belgian Province of Namur, were -discovered two nearly complete skeletons, which showed that the Neanderthal -skull, the lower jaw from Naulette, and the skulls from Cannstatt and -Gibraltar all belonged to the same race. This race, which was widely spread -over Europe in the Palaeolithic age, presents more Simian characters than -any yet unearthed. MM. Lohest and Fraipont, of Liege, who discovered and -described the remains from Spy, have given in detail the following Simian -characteristics which they present: The superciliary crests are far -greater, and the forehead more retreating, than in any other known -race--characters which closely resemble those in female and young male -Orangs and Chimpanzees; and the occipital region of the skull shows a -transverse crest as in some African tribes and in the above-named -Anthropoid Apes. The lower jaw presents little or none of that markedly -{221}human character--the chin; and the slope of the interior (or -posterior) surface of its symphysis is intermediate between that of Man and -the higher Apes. The bones of the fore-arm (the _ulna_ and _radius_) are -curved so as to produce a space between them, wider than in any human -subject, and resembling what is seen in Apes. The thigh-bone (_femur_) is -so shaped and articulated to the leg-bone (_tibia_) "that in order to -maintain equilibrium the head and body must have been thrown forward." This -relation of the _femur_ and _tibia_ is found in the Apes, and it is highly -probable that the Man of Spy presented a somewhat similar figure when -walking; that is to say, the knees were bent and the body thrown forward. -The crowns of the molar teeth of this race have, as in the lowest races of -Man, four cusps, but with distinct and divergent roots, as among the -Chimpanzees, but they increase in size from in front to behind, as they do -in Apes. "The other and much more numerous characters of this long-headed -skull, of the trunk and of the limbs, seem to be all human." (_Fraipont._) -"Under whatever aspect we view this [the Neanderthal] cranium ... whether -we regard its vertical depression, the enormous thickness of its -supra-ciliary ridges, its sloping occiput, or its long and straight -squamosal suture--we meet with Ape-like characters, stamping it as the most -pithecoid of human crania yet discovered." The cranial capacity being, -however, about seventy-five cubic inches, "so large a mass of brain as this -would alone suggest that the pithecoid tendencies indicated by the skull -did not extend deep into the organisation.... In no sense, then, can the -Neanderthal bones be regarded as the remains of a human being intermediate -between Man and Apes." (_Huxley_, 1867.) "The distance which separates the -Man of Spy from the {222}modern Anthropoid Ape is undoubtedly enormous; -between the Man of Spy and the _Dryopithecus_ it is a little less. But we -must be permitted to point out that if the Man of the later Quaternary age -is the stock whence existing races have sprung, he has travelled a great -way. From the data now obtained, it is permissible to believe that we shall -be able to pursue the ancestral type of Man and the Anthropoid Apes still -further, perhaps as far as the Eocene, and even beyond." (_Fraipont._) As -these fossil human remains are now admitted to be of the Palaeolithic age -of the Pleistocene period, they give some idea of "the rate of evolution of -the human species, and indicate that it has not taken place at a much -faster or slower pace than that of other Mammalia. And if that is so, we -are warranted in the supposition that the genus _Homo_, if not the species -which the courtesy or the irony of naturalists has dubbed _sapiens_, was -represented in Pliocene or even Miocene times.... There is no reason to -suppose that the genus _Homo_ was confined to Europe in the Pleistocene -age; it is much more probable that this, like other Mammalian genera of -that period, was spread over a large extent of the surface of the globe. At -that time, in fact, the climate of regions nearer the equator must have -been far more favourable to the human species, and it is possible that -under such conditions it may have attained a higher development than in the -north." (_Huxley._) Professor Huxley points out also, in the interesting -article "The Aryan Question," in _The Contemporary Review_ for November, -1890, from which we have taken the above extracts, that the Irish river-bed -skulls, belonging to a dark-haired, long-headed race, and those of the -Frisians, the blond, long-headed race, now living on the North German -coast, unmistakably approach the Neanderthal and Spy type in many of their -distinctive {223}characters, "a sure indication" of the physiological -continuity with the Pleistocene Neanderthaloid Men. The skulls of some of -the Australian aboriginals and of the broad-headed people of Borreby, in -Denmark, also present a remarkable similarity to the Neanderthal -skull--perhaps an indication that those are characters of a stage in the -pedigree of the human species before it differentiated into any of the -existing races. (_Huxley._) - -The next palaeontological evidence of Man is found in the Neolithic cavern -deposits, alluvial accumulations, peat mosses, lake bottoms, pile -dwellings, and shell-mounds in various parts of Europe. Between the time -that Palaeolithic Man left the caves he occupied, and the date when the -earlier Neolithic people began to deposit fragments of the records of their -history in the kitchen-midden, which they piled in front of their shelters, -a long period appears to have elapsed in many districts. The objects found -in these refuse-heaps are not associated with the remains of the Mammoth, -the Woolly Rhinoceros, or the Elephant, but with those of animals still -living, or such as have lived down to within historical times. The remains -of his skeleton indicate that Neolithic Man varied very much in stature. -Some were tall, some short; some had long and others broad skulls. The -long-skulled people had the same tall stature and cranial peculiarities as -the blue-eyed, light haired, and long-headed _Xanthochroi_ living at the -present day in Eastern Prussia, North Belgium, Northern France, and -Britain, though their bony fabric "bears marks of somewhat greater -ruggedness and savagery." The broad-skulled Men were short, and agreed in -physical characters with the majority of the people now inhabiting the -Mediterranean sea-board--the _Melanochroi_--with black hair and black eyes. -Many Neolithic graves have {224}given up also the remains of a tall, -broad-skulled, and a short, long-skulled race. - -Such are the only recovered links in the pedigree of our race, and -extremely unsatisfactory they are; indeed, beyond these few spots in -Western Europe, in California, and the Mississippi valley in North America, -Palaeontology is silent as to the history of Man, and sheds no light upon -his origin, or his last pithecoid parents; for, in Professor Huxley's -impressive words, "so far as that light is bright it shows him -substantially as he is now, and when it grows dim it permits us to see no -sign that he was other than he is now." - - - - -{225}III.--THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMATES. - - -By means of the accompanying tables and maps I have attempted to present in -a concise and clear manner the distribution of the _Lemuroidea_ and the -_Anthropoidea_ in time and in space. - -For the distribution of existing forms I have followed the divisions of the -Globe proposed by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in his essay on the Zoo-Geographical -Areas of the World, published in "Natural Science" (Vol. III., pp. -100-108). - - - - -I. Table showing the genera of PRIMATES peculiar to, and common to, the Old -and New Worlds. - - - - _A._ LEMUROIDEA. - - OLD WORLD. NEW WORLD. - (Palaeogaea.) (Neogaea.) - Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct. - Fam. CHIROMYIDAE. - Chiromys [+] -- -- -- - - Fam. TARSIIDAE. - Tarsius [+] -- -- -- - - Fam. MEGALADAPIDAE. {226} - Megaladapis -- [+] -- -- - - Fam. LEMURIDAE. - Perodicticus [+] -- -- -- - Loris [+] -- -- -- - Nycticebus [+] -- -- -- - Galago [+] -- -- -- - Chirogale [+] -- -- -- - Microcebus [+] -- -- -- - Opolemur [+] -- -- -- - Lemur [+] [+] -- -- - Mixocebus [+] -- -- -- - Hapalemur [+] -- -- -- - Lepidolemur [+] -- -- -- - Avahis [+] -- -- -- - Propithecus [+] -- -- -- - Indris [+] -- -- -- - - Fam. ANAPTOMORPHIDAE. - Microchaerus -- [+] -- -- - Mixodectes -- -- -- [+] - Cynodontomys -- -- -- [+] - Omomys -- -- -- [+] - Anaptomorpha -- -- -- [+] - Plesiadapis -- [+] -- -- - Protoadapis -- [+] -- -- - - Fam. ADAPIDAE. {227} - Adapis -- [+] -- [+] - Tomitherium -- -- -- [+] - Laopithecus -- -- -- [+] - Pelycodus -- [+] -- [+] - Microsyops -- -- -- [+] - Hyopsodus -- [+] -- [+] - Indrodon -- -- -- [+] - Opisthotomus -- -- -- [+] - Apheliscus -- -- -- [+] - Sarcolemur -- -- -- [+] - Hipposyus -- -- -- [+] - Bathrodon -- -- -- [+] - Mesacodon -- -- -- [+] - Stenacodon -- -- -- [+] - - _B._ ANTHROPOIDEA. - - Fam. HAPALIDAE. - Hapale -- -- [+] [+] - Midas -- -- [+] -- - - Fam. CEBIDAE. - Chrysothrix -- -- [+] -- - Protopithecus -- -- -- [+] - Callithrix -- -- [+] [+] - Nyctipithecus -- -- [+] -- {228} - Brachyurus -- -- [+] -- - Pithecia -- -- [+] -- - Alouatta -- -- [+] [+] - Cebus -- -- [+] [+] - Homunculus -- -- -- [+] - Anthropops -- -- -- [+] - Lagothrix -- -- [+] -- - Brachyteles -- -- [+] -- - Ateles -- -- [+] -- - - Fam. CERCOPITHECIDAE. - Papio [+] [+] -- -- - Theropithecus [+] -- -- -- - Cynopithecus [+] -- -- -- - Oreopithecus -- [+] -- -- - Macacus [+] [+] -- -- - Cercocebus [+] -- -- -- - Cercopithecus [+] -- -- -- - Dolichopithecus -- [+] -- -- - Mesopithecus -- [+] -- -- - Colobus [+] [+] -- -- - Semnopithecus [+] [+] -- -- - Nasalis [+] -- -- -- - - Fam. SIMIIDAE. {229} - Pliopithecus -- [+] -- -- - Hylobates [+] [+] -- -- - Dryopithecus -- [+] -- -- - Simia [+] [+] -- -- - Gorilla [+] -- -- -- - Anthropopithecus [+] [+] -- -- - - -It will be apparent from the above tables that, while the living -_Lemuroidea_ are confined to the Eastern Hemisphere, in past times some -genera were not only common to both Hemispheres, but the Order was equally -well, if not indeed better, represented in the New, than in the Old, World. -Among the _Anthropoidea_, on the other hand, then, as now, none of the -genera were common to both Hemispheres; and a large number of the genera, -which then existed, were identical with genera now living, to a greater -extent than among the _Lemuroidea_. - - - - -II. Tables to illustrate the distribution of the genera of Primates in -time, in the different Zoo-Geographical Regions into which the World has -been divided. - - -{230}_A._ PALAEARCTIC REGION. - - Column headings - - L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. - P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. - - ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- - | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW - +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. - | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fam. Chiromyidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Tarsiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Megaladapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Lemuridae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Anaptomorphidae| 2 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Adapidae | 2 | 3 | 3 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - | | | | | | | | | | | | | - ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fam. Hapalidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Cebidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Cercopithecidae|-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 - ,, Simiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- |-- | 1 |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - ,, Hominidae |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 - ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - - - -{231}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION. - - Column headings - - L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. - P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. - - ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- - | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW - +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. - | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chiromyidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 - Tarsiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Megaladapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | -- | -- - Lemuridae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 12 | 42 - Anaptomorphidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Adapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - | | | | | | | | | | | | | - ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hapalidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cebidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cercopithecidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 6 | 68 - Simiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 3 - Hominidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 - ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - - - -{232}_C._ INDIAN REGION. - - Column headings - - L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. - P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. - - ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- - | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW - +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. - | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chiromyidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Tarsiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 2 - Megaladapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Lemuridae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 2 - Anaptomorphidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Adapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - | | | | | | | | | | | | | - ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hapalidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cebidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cercopithecidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 3 |-- | 2 | -- | 4 | 42 - Simiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- | -- | 1 | 2 | 8 - Hominidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 - ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - - -PLATE XLII. - -LEMUROIDEA. - -[Illustration: _I. MAP, Showing the distribution of Living (Blue) and -Fossil (Red) Lemuroidea._] - - - -PLATE XLIII. - -LEMUROIDEA. - -[Illustration: _II. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Family Tarsiidae -(Blue), and the Sub-family Galaginae (Red) of the Lemuridae._] - - -{233}_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION. - - Column headings - - L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. - P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. - - ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- - | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW - +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. - | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chiromyidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Tarsiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 - Megaladapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Lemuridae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Anaptomorphidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Adapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - | | | | | | | | | | | | | - ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hapalidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cebidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cercopithecidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 3 | 4 - Simiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Hominidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 - ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - - - -{234}_E._ NEARCTIC REGION. - - Column headings - - L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. - P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. - - ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- - | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW - +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. - | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chiromyidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Tarsiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Megaladapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Lemuridae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Anaptomorphidae | 3 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Adapidae | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - | | | | | | | | | | | | | - ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hapalidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cebidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Cercopithecidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Simiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Hominidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 - ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - - - -{235}_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION. - - Column headings - - L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. - P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. - - ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- - | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW - +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. - | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S - +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chiromyidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Tarsiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Megaladapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Lemuridae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Anaptomorphidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Adapidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - | | | | | | | | | | | | | - ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hapalidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 1 | 1 | 2 | 22 - Cebidae |-- |-- | 4 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 7 | -- | 10 | 65 - Cercopithecidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Simiidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- - Hominidae |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 - ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- - - -{236}The above tables show that during the Eocene epoch of the Tertiary -Period the _Lemuroidea_ were confined to the Palaearctic and Nearctic -Regions; and, if the geological record were more perfect, we should -probably find that they were distributed across the greater part of the -Northern Hemisphere, which at that period was sub-tropical in climate. -Outside these two regions no Lemuroid remains have been found after the -close of the Eocene (with the exception of the solitary Lower Miocene genus -_Laopithecus_) till the Recent Period, when the superficial deposits of -Madagascar have yielded the sub-fossil _Megaladapis madagascariensis_ and a -large undescribed species (probably of a new genus) of _Lemuridae_, both of -which may have been living in the historic period. At the present day -Lemuroids are unknown in either the Palaearctic or Nearctic Regions, and, -with the exception of four species, none are now found outside the -Ethiopian Region. - -The _Anthropoidea_, on the other hand, first appear in the Neotropical -Region, in the upper Eocene, but the age of the Santa Cruz formation, in -which the remains occur, has not yet been settled with certainty. In the -Eastern Hemisphere they appear in the Mid-Miocene, and continue through the -Pliocene, the Pleistocene and Recent deposits. As yet no remains have been -found in the Nearctic Region, where Lemuroid remains occur so abundantly. - -{237}The subjoined tables indicate the number of species in each of the six -great Zoo-Geographical Regions, followed by others showing those peculiar -to, and those living and fossil in, the various sub-divisions of these -Regions:-- - - _A._ _B._ _C._ _D._ _E._ _F._ - Palaearctic Ethiopian Indian Australian Nearctic Neotropical - Region. Region. Region. Region. Region. Region. - LEMUROIDEA. - CHIROMYIDAE. - Chiromys -- 1 -- -- -- -- - TARSIIDAE. - Tarsius -- -- 2 1 -- -- - Megaladapidae.+ - Megaladapis+ -- 1 -- -- -- -- - LEMURIDAE. - Perodicticus -- 2 -- -- -- -- - Loris -- -- 1 -- -- -- - Nycticebus -- -- 1 -- -- -- - Galago -- 6 -- -- -- -- - Chirogale -- 3 -- -- -- -- - Microcebus -- 5 -- -- -- -- - Opolemur -- 2 -- -- -- -- - Lemur -- 8 -- -- -- -- - Mixocebus -- 1 -- -- -- -- - Hapalemur -- 2 -- -- -- -- - Lepidolemur -- 7 -- -- -- -- - Gen. ined.+ -- 1 -- -- -- -- - Avahis -- 1 -- -- -- -- - Propithecus -- 4 -- -- -- -- - Indris -- 1 -- -- -- -- - Anaptomorphidae.+ - Microchaerus+ 7 -- -- -- -- -- - Mixodectes+ -- -- -- -- 2 -- - Cynodontomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- - Omomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- - Anaptomorphus+ -- -- -- -- 3 -- - Plesiadapis+ 4 -- -- -- -- -- - Protoadapis+ 2 -- -- -- -- -- - Adapidae.+ - Adapis+ 5 -- -- -- 1 -- - Tomitherium+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- - Laopithecus+ -- -- -- -- 2 -- - Pelycodus+ 1 -- -- -- 4 -- - Microsyops+ -- -- -- -- 3 -- - Hyopsodus+ 1 -- -- -- 6 -- - Opisthotomus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- - Apheliscus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- - Sarcolemur+ -- -- -- -- ? -- - Hipposyus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- - Bathrodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- - Mesacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- - Stenacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- - - ANTHROPOIDEA. - HAPALIDAE. - Hapale -- -- -- -- -- 8 - Midas -- -- -- -- -- 14 - CEBIDAE. - Chrysothrix -- -- -- -- -- 4 - Callithrix -- -- -- -- -- 13 - Nyctipithecus -- -- -- -- -- 5 - Brachyurus -- -- -- -- -- 3 - Pithecia -- -- -- -- -- 5 - Alouatta -- -- -- -- -- 6 - Cebus -- -- -- -- -- 19 - Lagothrix -- -- -- -- -- 2 - Brachyteles -- -- -- -- -- 1 - Ateles -- -- -- -- -- 10 - Protopithecus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 - Homunculus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 - Anthropops+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 - ? Homocentrus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 - ? Eudiastus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 - CERCOPITHECIDAE. - Papio 1 11 2 -- -- -- - Theropithecus -- 1 -- -- -- -- - Cynopithecus -- -- 1 1 -- -- - Oreopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- - Macacus 8 -- 14 2 -- -- - Dolichopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- - Mesopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- - Cercocebus -- 6 -- -- -- -- - Cercopithecus -- 41 -- -- -- -- - Colobus 1 10 -- -- -- -- - Semnopithecus 1 -- 31 -- -- -- - Nasalis -- -- 1 -- -- -- - SIMIIDAE. - Pliopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- - Hylobates 1 -- 7 -- -- -- - Dryopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- - Simia -- -- 1 -- -- -- - Gorilla -- 1 -- -- -- -- - Anthropopithecus -- 2 1 -- -- -- - - -The following is a sketch of the past and present distribution of the -Primates in the different Sub-regions and Provinces recognised by Dr. -Bowdler Sharpe in his paper on the "Zoo-Geographical Areas of the World" -already referred to. - -{241}The black type indicates extinct or fossil species. The names of -species peculiar to a certain area are printed in ordinary type, and those -which are common to two or more areas are indicated by italics. - - -_A._ PALAEARCTIC REGION. - - -_A^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - -_A^2._ EURASIAN SUB-REGION. - - -_A^2._ [alpha]. EUROPEAN PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- 3 | Peculiar genera -- 3 - ,, species -- 20 | ,, species -- 9 - -The following species formerly existed in the Province:-- - - LEMUROIDEA. - - 1. Michrochaerus antiquus.+ 2. M. erinaceus.+ 3. M. edwardsi.+ 4. M. - parvulus.+ 5. M. zitteli.+ 6. M. armatus.+ 7. M. (Cryptopithecus) - siderolithicus.+ 8. Plesiadapis remensis.+ 9. P. gervaisi.+ {242}10. P. - tournesarti.+ 11. P. daubrei.+ 12. Protoadapis crassicuspidens.+ 13. P. - recticuspidens.+ 14. Adapis parisiensis.+ 15. A. lemuroides.+ 16. A. - magna.+ 17. A. augustidens.+ 18. A. minor.+ 19. Pelycodus helveticus.+ - 20. Hyopsodus jurensis.+ - - - ANTHROPOIDEA. - - 1. Macacus priscus.+ 2. M. pliocenus.+ 3. M. suevicus.+ 4. - Dolichopithecus ruscinensis.+ 5. Colobus grandaevus.+ 6. Pliopithecus - antiquus.+ 7. P. chantrei.+ 8. Hylobates sp.+ 9. Dryopithecus fontani.+ - - -_A^2._ [beta]. EAST SIBERIAN PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent. - ,, species ,, | ,, species ,, - - -_A^3._ MANCHURIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 -- - -In this Sub-region the following species are found at the present day:-- - - 1. Macacus fuscatus. 2. M. tcheliensis. - - -{243}_A^4._ MEDITERRANEO-ASIATIC SUB-REGION. - - -_A^4._ [alpha]. MEDITERRANEAN PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 2 - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 6 - -The following species are characteristic of this Province:-- - - 1. Papio atlanticus.+ 2. Oreopithecus bambolii.+ 3. Macacus inuus (living - and fossil). 4. M. florentinus.+ 5. M. trarensis.+ 6. Mesopithecus - pentelici.+ 7. Semnopithecus monspessulanus.+ - - -_A^4._ [beta]. MEDITERRANEO-PERSIC PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent. - ,, species ,, | ,, species ,, - - -_A^4._ [gamma]. MONGOLIAN PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - - -{244}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION. - - -_B^1._ SAHARAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - - -_B^2._ SOUDANESE SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 -- - -In this Sub-region the following species appear to be found:-- - - 1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. demidoffi._ 3. _Papio maimon._ 4. _P. - babuin._ 5. _P. sphinx._ 6. _P. hamadryas._ 7. _Cercopithecus sabaeus._ - 8. C. neglectus. 9. C. patas. 10. C. pyrrhonotus. - - -_B^3._ WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- - ,, species 4 -- | ,, species 37 -- - -{245}In this Sub-region the following species occur:-- - - 1. Perodicticus calabarensis. 2. P. potto. 3. Galago alleni. 4. _G. - demidoffi._ 5. G. monteiri. 6. _Papio maimon._ 7. P. leucophaeus. 8. _P. - babuin._ 9. P. anubis. 10. _P. sphinx._ 11. Cercocebus fuliginosus. 12. - C. aethiops. 13. C. albigena. 14. C. aterrimus. 15. Cercopithecus - petaurista. 16. C. signatus. 17. C. erythrogaster. 18. C. buettikoferi. - 19. C. martini. 20. C. ludio. 21. C. melanogenys. 22. C. nictitans. 23. - C. stampflii. 24. C. erythrotis. 25. C. cephus. 26. C. cynosurus. 27. C. - callitrichus. 28. C. mona. 29. _C. albigularis._ 30. C. campbelli. 31. - _C. leucampyx._ 32. C. grayi. 33. C. pogonias. 34. C. diana. 35. C. - palatinus. 36. C. brazzae. 37. C. talapoin. 38. C. nigripes. 39. C. - wolfi. 40. Colobus verus. 41. C. ferrugineus. 42. C. satanas. 43. C. - ursinus. 44. C. vellerosus. [?45. _C. angolensis._] 46. _C. guereza._ 47. - Gorilla gorilla. 48. Anthropopithecus niger. 49. A. calvus. - - -_B^4._ ABYSSINIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 5 -- - -This Sub-region is the habitat of the following species:-- - - 1. Papio doguera. 2. _P. babuin._ 3. P. thoth. 4. _P. hamadryas._ 5. - Theropithecus gelada. 6. T. obscurus. 7. _Cercopithecus sabaeus._ 8. C. - boutourlini. 9. _Colobus guereza._ - - -{246}_B^5._ EAST AFRICAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 11 -- - -In this Sub-region occur the following species:-- - - 1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. G. garnetti. 3. _G. crassicaudata._ 4. - _Papio babuin._ 5. P. ibeanus. 6. _P. sphinx._ 7. P. langheldi. 8. - Cercocebus galeritus. 9. Cercopithecus rufo-viridis. 10. C. schmidti. 11. - _C. albigularis._ 12. _C. pygerythrus._ 13. C. ochraceus. 14. C. stairsi. - 15. C. moloneyi. 16. _C. leucampyx._ 17. Colobus rufo-mitratus. 18. C. - kirki. 19. C. angolensis. 20. _C. guereza._ 21. _C. caudatus._ - - -_B^6._ SOUTH-AFRICAN SUB-REGION. - - -[alpha]. CAPE PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 -- - -The following species inhabit this Province:-- - - 1. Papio porcarius; _Cercopithecus pygerythrus_. - - -{247}[beta]. NATALESE PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 -- - -The following species occur within this Province:-- - - 1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. crassicaudata._ 3. _Cercopithecus - pygerythrus._ 4. _C. albigularis._ 5. _C. samango._ - - -_B^7._ CAMERONIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - -In this Sub-region the following species occur:-- - - 1. _Cercopithecus albigularis._ 2. _Colobus caudatus._ - - -_B^8._ LEMURIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera 12 2 | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species 34 2 | ,, species 1 -- - -{248}The following species are peculiar to this Sub-region:-- - - 1. Chiromys madagascariensis; Chirogale, 4 species; Microcebus, 4 - species; Opolemur, 2 species; Lemur, 8 species; Megaladapis - madagascariensis+; Gen. ined.+; Mixocebus caniceps; Hapalemur, 2 species, - Lepidolemur, 7 species; Avahis laniger; Propithecus, 3 species; Indris - brevicaudatus. - - -_C._ INDIAN REGION. - - -_C^1._ INDIAN-PENINSULAR SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 6 4 - -The following species are characteristic of this Sub-region:-- - - 1. Loris gracilis. 2. Papio sub-himalayanus.+ 3. P. falconeri.+ 4. - _Macacus rhesus._ 5. M. pileatus. 6. M. sinicus. 7. M. sivalensis.+ 8. - Semnopithecus entellus.[4] 9. S. priamus. 10. S. hypoleucus. 11. S. - cephalopterus. 12. S. palaeindicus.+ - - -_C^2._ INDO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- - ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 19 -- - - -PLATE XLIV. - -LEMUROIDEA. - -[Illustration: _III. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Family -Chiromyidae, and of the Sub-families Lemurinae and Indrisinae (Blue), and -of the Lorisinae (Red) of the Lemuridae._] - -PLATE XLV. - -ANTHROPOIDEA - -[Illustration: _IV. MAP, Showing the distribution of Living (Blue) and -Fossil (Red) Anthropoidea._] - -{249}The following species are found in this Sub-region:-- - - 1. Tarsius tarsius. 2. _T. fuscus._ 3. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 4. - Macacus rufescens. 5. M. nemestrinus. 6. _M. cynomolegus._ 7. - Semnopithecus sabanus. 8. S. hosii. 9. S. thomasi. 10. S. everetti. 11. - S. cruciger. 12. _S. obscurus._ 13. S. maurus. 14. S. femoralis. 15. S. - rubicundus. 16. S. natunae. 17. S. frontatus. 18. S. melanolophus. 19. S. - mitratus. 20. Nasalis larvatus. 21. _Hylobates agilis._ 22. H. leuciscus. - 23. _H. lar._ 24. H. syndactylus. 25. Simia satyrus. - - -_C^3._ INDO-CHINESE SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 13 -- - -The following species inhabit this Sub-region:-- - - 1. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 2. Macacus leoninus. 3. _M. rhesus._ 4. M. - sancti-johannis. 5. M. Cyclops. 6. _M. cynomologus._ 7. Semnopithecus - barbii. 8. S. pileatus. 9. _S. obscurus._ 10. S. germaini. 11. S. - phayrii. 12. S. nemaeus. 13. S. nigripes. 14. S. siamensis.[5] 15. - _Hylobates agilis._ 16. H. leucogenys. 17. H. hoolock. 18. _H. lar._ 19. - H. hainanus. - - -_C^4._ HIMALO-CHINESE SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 -- - -{250}The following species occur in this Sub-region:-- - - 1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. lasiotis. 3. Semnopithecus roxellanae. 4. - S. schistaceus. - - -_C^5._ HIMALO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 -- - -The following species occur in this Sub-region:-- - - 1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. assamensis. 3. M. silenus. 4. Semnopithecus - johni. 5. S. ursinus. - - -_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION. - - -_D^1._ CELEBESIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 -- - -The following species are found within this Sub-region:-- - - 1. _Tarsius fuscus._ 2. Cynopithecus niger. 3. Macacus maurus. 4. _M. - cynomologus._ - - -{251}_D^2._ MOLUCCAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - -Only one species is found in this Sub-region:-- - - _Macacus cynomologus._ (Timor; Lombock.) - - -_D^3._ PAPUAN. _D^4._ AUSTRALIAN. _D^5._ NEW ZEALAND. _D^6._ FIJIAN. _D^7._ -HAWAIAN SUB-REGIONS. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - -Both orders are unknown in these Sub-regions. - - -_E._ NEARCTIC REGION. - - -_E^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION. - - -[alpha]. ARCTIC PROVINCE. - -1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown. - - - -{252}[beta]. ALASKAN ARCTIC PROVINCE. - -1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown. - - - -_E^2._ WARM TEMPERATE SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- 15 | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- 30 | ,, species -- -- - -The following species have been found fossil in this Sub-region:-- - - 1. Mixodectes pungens.+ 2. M. crassiusculus.+ 3. Cynodontomys latidens.+ - 4. Omomys carteri.+ 5. Anaptomorphus aemulus.+ 6. A. homunculus.+ 7. - Adapis tenebrosus.+ 8. Tomitherium rostratum.+ 9. Laopithecus robustus.+ - 10. L. lemurinus.+ 11. Pelycodus jarrovii.+ 12. P. tutus.+ 13. P. - frugivorus.+ 14. P. angulatus.+ 15. Microsyops spierianus.+ 16. M. - elegans.+ 17. M. scottianus.+ 18. Hyopsodus acolytus.+ 19. H. paulus.+ - 20. H. minusculus.+ 21. H. vicarius.+ 22. H. powellianus.+ 23. Indrodon - sp.+ 24. Opisthotomus sp.+ 25. Apheliscus sp.+ 26. Sarcolemur sp.+ 27. - Hipposyus sp.+ 28. Bathrodon sp.+ 29. Mesacodon sp.+ 30. Stenacodon sp.+ - - -{253}_E^3._ COLD TEMPERATE SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - -Both the orders of Primates are absent from this Sub-region. - - -_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION. - - -_F^1._ ANTILLEAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - -Both orders of the Primates are absent from this Sub-region. - - -_F^2._ CENTRAL AMERICAN SUB-REGION. - - -[alpha]. MEXICAN PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- - -{254}The following species is recognised from this Province[6]:-- - - 1. _Ateles vellerosus._ - - -[beta]. ISTHMIAN PROVINCE. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 -- - -The following species are inhabitants of this Province:-- - - 1. _Midas rosalia._ 2. _M. geoffroyi._ 3. Chrysothrix oerstedi. 4. - Nyctipithecus rufipes. 5. Alouatta villosa. 6. A. palliata. 7. _Cebus - hypoleucus._ 8. _Ateles geoffroyi._ 9. _A. rufiventris._ 10. _A. ater._ - 11. _A. vellerosus._ - - -_F^3._ SUB-ANDEAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 7 -- - -The following species are recorded as inhabiting this Sub-region:-- - - 1. Hapale leucopus. 2. _Midas rosalia._ 3. _M. geoffroyi._ 4. M. oedipus. - 5. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 6. Callithrix ornata. 7. _Nyctipithecus - {255}temurinus._ 8. _N. felinus._ 9. _Alouatta senicula._ 10. _Cebus - hypoleucus._ 11. _C. fatuellus._ 12. _C. capucinus._ 13. _C. albifrons._ - 14. C. chrysopus. 15. Lagothrix lagothrix. 16. _L. infumatus._ 17. - _Ateles variegatus._ 18. _A. geoffroyi._ 19. _A. rufiventris._ 20. _A. - ater._ 21. A. fusciceps. 22. A. cucullatus. - - -_F^4._ AMAZONIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 34 -- - -The following species are found in this Sub-region:-- - - 1. Hapale jacchus. 2. H. humeralifer. 3. H. chrysoleuca. 4. H. pygmaea. - 5. _H. melanura._ 6. Midas labiatus. 7. M. rufiventer. 8. M. mystax. 9. - M. pileatus. 10. M. weddelli. 11. M. nigricollis. 12. M. illigeri. 13. M. - bicolor. 14. M. midas. 15. M. ursulus. 16. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 17. _C. - usta._ 18. Callithrix torquata. 19. C. cuprea. 20. C. amicta. 21. C. - cinerascens. 22. C. personata. 23. C. nigrifrons. 24. _C. - castaneiventris._ 25. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus. 26. _N. lemurinus._ 27. - _N. felinus._ 28. Brachyurus melanocephalus. 29. B. rubicundus. 30. B. - calvus. 31. Pithecia monachus. 32. P. pithecia. 33. P. satanas. 34. P. - chiropotes. 35. P. albinasa. 36. _Alouatta senicula._ 37. A. beelzebul. - 38. A. ursina. 39. _Cebus monachus._ 40. _C. fatuellus._ 41. C. cirrifer. - 42. _C. albifrons._ 43. _Lagothrix infumatus._ 44. _Ateles variegatus._ - 45. A. paniscus. 46. A. marginatus. 47. _A. ater._ - - -{256}_F^5._ BRAZILIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 1 - ,, species -- -- | ,, species 20 5 - -The following species are recorded from this Sub-region. In many cases, -however, the habitat "Brazil" may be found to be erroneous, as it was often -made, in olden days, to include Amazonia. - - 1. Hapale aurita. 2. _H. melanura._ 3. H. jacchus.+ 4. H. grandis.+ 5. - _Midas rosalia._ 6. M. fuscicollis. 7. M. chrysopygus. 8. _Chrysothrix - usta._ 9. C. entomophaga.[7] 10. Callithrix moloch. 11. _C. - castaneiventris._ 12. C. melanochir. 13. C. gigot. 14. C. chlorocnomys.+ - 15. C. primaeva.+ 16. Nyctipithecus azarae. 17. Alouatta nigra. 18. A. - ursina.+ 19. Cebus lunatus. 20. C. flavus. 21. _C. capucinus._ 22. _C. - monachus._ 23. C. variegatus. 24. C. robustus. 25. C. annellatus. 26. _C. - albifrons._ 27. C. flavescens. 28. C. fatuellus.+ 29. C. cirrifer.+ 30. - C. macrognathus.+ 31. C. vellerosus. 32. C. subcristatus. 33. C. - capillatus. 34. C. azarae. 35. Brachyteles arachnoides. 36. Protopithecus - brasiliensis.+ - - -PLATE XLVI. - -ANTHROPOIDEA - -[Illustration: _V. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Families Hapalidae -(Red), and Cebidae (Blue)._] - -PLATE XLVII. - -ANTHROPOIDEA - -[Illustration: _VI. MAP, Showing the distributions of the Genera Papio, -Theropithecus, Cynopithecus, Cercocebus and Cercopithecus (Blue), and -Macacus (Red)._] - - -{257}_F^6._ PATAGONIAN SUB-REGION. - - I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. - Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. - Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 4 - ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- 4 - -The following fossil species have been recorded from this Sub-region:-- - - 1. Homunculus patagonicus.+ 2. Anthropops perfectus.+ 3. Homocentrus - argentinus.+ 4. Eudiastus lingulatus.+ - - - - -{259}APPENDIX. - - -During the passage of this volume through the press, a good deal of -additional material has come into the author's hands, while the results of -important recent explorations have also been published. The following -appendix has, therefore, been added to include the latest additions to our -knowledge of the Anthropoids dealt with in its pages. - -On page 82, the Talapoin (_Cercopithecus talapoin_) has been relegated to a -group (and, indeed, it had been assigned by Geoffrey to a distinct -genus--_Miopithecus_), in which it is the sole example on account of the -supposed peculiarity of possessing but three tubercles on the posterior -lower molar. A specimen which the author has recently examined shows that -this character is not invariable, and the species should, therefore, in his -opinion, be transferred to among the Green Guenons--Group II., CERCOPITHECI -CHLORONOTI--and be placed next after the Tantalus Guenon on page 62. - -The extremely important collections made by his friend Dr. Forsyth Major -during his adventurous explorations in Madagascar in the years 1894 to -1896--from which he has but just returned--have made it necessary to add on -page 212 a new family to the _Anthropoidea_. In the marshes of Sirabe, in -Central Madagascar, he discovered the fossil remains of a species of true -monkey--a group hitherto unknown to occur in that island--which must have -been a contemporary of the Aepyornis, the well-known giant moa-like ratite -bird which once lived there, but is now extinct. The fragments so far -recovered show that in this creature the orbits were directed straight -forward and {260}were separated from the temporal fossae by a bony wall. -The lachrymal foramen was situated inside the margin of the orbit; the -inner upper incisors were in contact in the middle line; the nasals were -broad and concave in profile, while the facial contour, viewed from the -side, was very high. The pattern of the molars closely agreed with that -seen in the Guenons (_Cercopithecidae_). "The nasals are broad," continues -Dr. Major, "and so is the whole of the interorbital region, its transversal -diameter almost equalling that of the orbits, and therefore exceeding that -obtained in the genera of _Anthropoidea_, which show the maximum of -external extension of the region (_Mycetes_, _Hylobates_, _Homo_)." This is -about the only point in which the fossil approaches some of the -_Lemuroidea_. The formula of its upper teeth is I 2, C 1, P 3, M 3 = 18, or -that which has been found heretofore to be characteristic of the New World -monkeys. "The three molars are each composed of four tubercles, the outer -and inner pairs being placed opposite one another and connected together by -transverse ridges. This is the pattern of the _Cercopithecidae_; but, -unlike the Old World monkeys, the molars decrease in size from before -backwards" (_Major_). In the lower jaw the formula appears to have been I -2, C 1, P 2, M 3 = 16. Hence "whilst the dental formula of the upper teeth -agrees with that of the _Cebidae_, it is quite peculiar in the lower jaw, -and whilst the pattern of the molars is that of the _Cercopithecidae_, the -premolars differ alike from Old and New World monkeys.... These combined -characters amply justify the establishment of a separate family of -_Anthropoidea_ for the Malagasy fossil, intermediate in some respects -between the South American _Cebidae_ and the Old World _Cercopithecidae_, -besides presenting characters of its own." Dr. Forsyth Major has, -therefore, proposed the new genus _Nesopithecus_ for the reception of this -most remarkable monkey, under the new family of _Nesopithecidae_. The -discovery of _Nesopithecus roberti_, {261}as he has designated the species, -suggests, as Dr. Major has set forth in the _Geological Magazine_ for -October, 1896, page 436, "the following general conclusions:-- - -"(1) We may look forward in Continental Africa likewise for the discovery -of Tertiary monkeys, intermediate between _Cebidae_ and _Cercopithecidae_. - -"(2) The recent African _Cercopithecidae_ are not invaders from the -North-East, as has been supposed; on the contrary, most, if not all, of the -Tertiary monkeys of Europe and Asia are derived from the Ethiopian region. -The home of a part at least of the _Anthropoidea_ seems to have been in the -Southern Hemisphere. This assumption is corroborated by the two facts--that -_Anthropoidea_ make their appearance for the first time in the later -Tertiary of Europe and Asia, and that they are entirely absent from the -Tertiary of North America." - -After the first paragraph on page 219, the discoveries of Dr. Eugene -Dubois, made since these pages were written, necessitate the insertion of -the following paragraphs. - -In the year 1892 this distinguished geologist made one of the most -important contributions to our knowledge of the antiquity of man. In that -year he disinterred a large number of vertebrate remains from -beds--determined to be of late Pliocene, if not of Miocene age--"of -cemented volcanic tuff, consisting of clay, sand, and consolidated -lapilli," at Trinil on the slope of the Kendeng Hills in Java. Among these -remains were a portion of a cranium, two molar teeth, and a femur, -presenting mixed simian and human characters. The dimensions of the -skull-cap showed that the internal capacity of the cranium was about 1,000 -cubic centimetres, while the largest skulls of the _Simiidae_ averaged only -about 500 centimetres. With the exception of this large capacity, the -calvarium presented few characters which were not strongly {262}simian, and -of all the apes it most resembled the Gibbons' (_Hylobates_); but it was -far superior in its cranial arch--low and depressed as the arch was--to -that of any ape. The frontal region was narrow and the supraciliary ridges -prominent. The neck area of the occipital bone was also ape-like in form. -The thigh-bone (_femur_), on the other hand, presented human characters in -a very marked degree, and gave no indication that the individual who owned -it was in the habit of sitting on his hams. The molar teeth were likewise -more human than ape-like, although they presented many strong simian -characters. Dr. Dubois has assigned these remarkable fossils to a species -which he has named _Pithecanthropus erectus_ (the Erect Ape-man), as he -believes that their owner occupied a place in the genealogical tree below -the point of devarication of the anthropoid apes from the human line. Dr. -Cunningham, of Dublin, however, who is one of our most eminent anatomists -and anthropologists, would place it "on the human line, a short distance -above the point at which the anthropoid branch is given off"; for he could -"not believe that an ape-form with a cranial capacity of 1,000 centimetres -could be the progenitor of the man-like apes, the largest of which had a -capacity of only 500. Such a supposition would necessarily involve the -assumption that the anthropoid apes were a degenerated branch from the -common stem." Altogether, then, a study of these important remains tends to -show that _Pithecanthropus_ had the lowest human cranium known, and was the -most ape-like ancestor of the human race yet described. He was very nearly -as much below the Neanderthal man as he was below the normal European. It -should be stated that some doubt has been expressed whether all the remains -belong to one and the same species of animal. Dr. Dubois' arguments for -their really belonging to the same individual appear, however, very -convincing. - -{263}On page 223, after the close of the first paragraph, insert:-- - -In the Palaeolithic Terrace-Gravels at Galley Hill, in Kent, in strata in -which numerous palaeolithic implements have been found, one of the most -interesting discoveries of the ancient inhabitants of England was made in -1895. In these strata was discovered a human skull with a lower jaw, and -parts of the limb bones. The skull is very long and narrow; its breadth -index being above 64, and its height index 67. The supraciliary ridges were -large and the glabella prominent, with the forehead receding and the -occiput flattened below, while the hindmost molar was larger than the -first. The skull showed numerous points of resemblance to the Neanderthal -and Spy crania; as well as presenting affinities with the skulls of the -early Neolithic race. The limb bones gave indication that the individual -was short of stature, standing slightly over five feet. The evidence that -these remains were embedded naturally in the Pleistocene age in the -apparently undisturbed gravels in which they were found, and not interred -at a much later period, was very strong. - -PLATE XLVIII. - -ANTHROPOIDEA - -[Illustration: _VII. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Genera -Semnopithecus (Blue), Nasalis (Brown), and Colobus (Red)._] - -PLATE XLIX. - -ANTHROPOIDEA - -[Illustration: _VIII. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Genera Hylobates -(Red), Simia (Blue), Gorilla (Brown), and Anthropopithecus (Green)._] - - - - -ALPHABETICAL INDEX. - - - abelii, Simia, ii. 171 - Pongo, ii. 171 - acolytus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 - Adapidae, i. 119 - Adapis, i. 111, 113, 114, 119; ii. 227, 238 - angustidens, i. 120; ii. 242 - lemuroides, i. 120; ii. 242 - magna, i. 120; ii. 242 - minor, i. 120; ii. 242 - parisiensis, i. 120; ii. 242 - tenebrosus, i. 120; ii. 252 - adrotes, Satyrus, ii. 181 - adusta, Simia, i. 185 - aegyptiaca, Hamadryas, i. 272 - aemulus, Anaptomorphus, i. 118; ii. 252 - aethiopicus, Cercopithecus, ii. 39 - aethiops, Cercocebus, ii. 38, 39, 245 - Cercopithecus, ii. 38 - Simia, ii. 38 - Agile Gibbon, ii. 151 - agilis, Hylobates, ii. 149, 151; ii. 249 - Pithecus, ii. 151 - agisymbianus, Otolemur, i. 40 - agrias, Simia, ii. 170 - alba, Pithecia, i. 178 - albicans, Pithecia, i. 183 - albicollis, Hapale, i. 132 - albifrons, Ateles, i. 233 - Cebus, i. 213, 218; ii. 255, 256 - Simia, i. 213 - Lemur, i. 73 - albigena, Cercocebus, ii. 40, 41, 245 - Presbytis, ii. 40 - Semnocebus, ii. 40 - albigularis, Cercopithecus, ii. 67, 69, 70, 245, 246, 247 - albimana, Simia, ii. 160 - albimanus, Hylobates, ii. 160 - Lemur, i. 74 - albinasa, Chiropotes, i. 188 - Pithecia, i. 188; ii. 255 - albinus, Presbytis, ii. 113 - albipes, Semnopithecus, ii. 108 - albocinereus, Semnopithecus, ii. 123, 138 - albogularis, Semnopithecus, ii. 67 - Semnopithecus, ii. 105 - albus, Cebus, i. 209 - alleni, Galago, i. 43; ii. 245 - Otolicnus, i. 43 - Allen's Galago, i. 43 - Alouatta, i. 192, 229, 247; ii. 210, 228, 239 - beelzebul, i. 197; ii. 255 - niger, i. 199 - nigra, i. 195, 197, 199, 200; ii. 256 - palliata, i. 202; ii. 254 - seniculus, i. 192, 193; ii. 255 - ursina, i. 198; ii. 210, 255, 256 - villosa, i. 199; ii. 254 - Aluatta nigra, i. 196 - palliata, i. 202 - senicula, i. 193, 203 - Amboanala, i. 108 - American Monkeys, i. 204 - amicta, Callithrix, i. 161; ii. 255 - Simia, i. 161 - amictus, Callithrix, i. 161 - Anaptomorphidae, i. 114 - Anaptomorphus, i. 116, 117; ii. 226, 238 - aemulus, i. 118; ii. 252 - homunculus, i. 118; ii. 252 - anchises, Semnopithecus, ii. 105 - andamanensis, Macacus, ii. 14 - Anderson's Langur, ii. 124 - Angolan Guereza, ii. 96 - angolensis, Colobus, ii. 96, 245 - Guereza, ii. 96 - angulatus, Pelycodus, i. 122 - angustidens, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 - Angwantibo, i. 28 - anjuanensis, Lemur, i. 71 - annellatus, Cebus, i. 213; ii. 256 - anthracinus, Semnopithecus, ii. 93 - Anthropoidea, i. 123, 124, 227, 229, 252; ii. 3, 41, 143, 149, 173, 191 - Anthropomorpha, ii. 174 - Anthropopithecus, ii. 183, 188, 217, 229, 240 - calvus, ii. 183, 194, 199, 200, 201, 245 - niger, ii. 145, 195 - sivalensis, ii. 217 - troglodytes, ii. 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202 - Anthropops, ii. 211, 228, 229 - perfectus, ii. 211 - antiquus, Microchaerus, i. 115; ii. 241 - Pliopithecus, ii. 215, 242 - Anubis Baboon, i. 266 - anubis, Cynocephalus, i. 265, 266, 267 - Papio, i. 266, 267; ii. 245 - Aotus trivirgatus, i. 168 - Ape, Black, i. 252 - Rock, ii. 7 - apella, Cebus, i. 211 - Simia, i. 211 - Aphanapteryx, i. 114 - Apheliscus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 - Aphelotherium, i. 119 - duvernoyi, i. 120 - apicalis, Otolicnus, i. 43 - Arabian Baboon, i. 272, 274 - arachnoides, Ateles, i. 226 - Brachyteles, i. 226, 227; ii. 256 - Eriodes, i. 226, 227 - arctoides, Macacus, ii. 8, 10, 11, 12, 250 - Arctocebus, i. 26 - calabarensis, i. 27 - argentata, Hapale, i. 137 - Simia, i. 136 - argentatus, Jacchus, i. 136 - Midas, i. 136 - Presbytes, ii. 138 - Semnopithecus, ii. 131 - argentinus, Homocentrus, ii. 211 - armatus, Microchaerus, i. 116; ii. 241 - Ascagne, ii. 44, 45 - ascanias, Cercopithecus, ii. 44, 48, 50 - assamensis, Macacus, ii. 20, 29, 31, 250 - Ateles, i. 128, 190, 204, 227, 228, 229, 235, 236, 238, 245, 246, 247, - 248; ii. 228, 239 - albifrons, i. 233 - arachnoides, i. 226 - ater, i. 128, 129, 237, 238, 241, 242; ii. 254, 255 - bartletti, i. 231 - belzebuth, i. 244 - chuva, i. 231 - cucullatus, i. 243; ii. 255 - frontalis, i. 239, 244 - fuliginosus, i. 244 - fusciceps, i. 242; ii. 255 - geoffroyi, i. 233, 234, 237, 244; ii. 254, 255 - grisescens, i. 242 - hybridus, i. 233 - hypoxanthus, i. 226 - marginatus, i. 231, 233, 239; ii. 255 - melanochir, i. 231, 233 - ornatus, i. 233, 234 - pan, i. 241 - paniscus, i. 237, 239, 241, 242; ii. 255 - pentadactylus, i. 237 - rufiventris, i. 234, 236; ii. 254, 255 - variegatus, i. 231, 233; ii. 255 - vellerosus, i. 128, 129, 236, 244; ii. 254 - ater, Ateles, i. 128, 129, 237, 238, 241, 242; ii. 254, 255 - Chiropotes, i. 186 - Sapajou, i. 241 - aterrimus, Cercocebus, ii. 40, 245 - Cercopithecus, ii. 40 - atlanticus, Papio, ii. 212, 243 - aubryi, Troglodytes, ii. 194 - aulaxinus, Macacus, ii. 213 - auratus, Mycetes, i. 193 - Semnopithecus, ii. 128 - aureus, Macacus, ii. 31, 32 - aurita, Hapale, i. 134 - auritus, Jacchus, i. 134 - Semnopithecus, ii. 136 - ausonianus, Macacus, ii. 213 - Avahi Lemurs, i. 94 - Woolly, i. 94 - Avahis, i. 94; ii. 226, 238 - laniger, i. 94; ii. 248 - Aye aye, i. 14 - azarae, Cebus, i. 219; ii. 256 - Nyctipithecus, i. 170 - Simia, i. 170 - Azara's Capuchin, i. 219 - Douroucoli, i. 170 - - Babakoto, i. 108 - Baboon, Anubis, i. 266 - Arabian, i. 272, 274 - Celebean Black, i. 281 - Chacma, i. 263 - Doguera, i. 262 - East-African, i. 269 - Gelada, i. 252, 276 - Guinea, i. 269 - Langheld's, i. 275 - Thoth, i. 268 - Yellow, i. 265 - Baboons, i. 248, 252, 253; ii. 1 - Gelada, i. 276 - Malayan, i. 280 - babouin, Cynocephalus, i. 262, 265 - babuin, Cynocephalus, i. 268, 271, 276 - Papio, i. 265; ii. 244, 245, 246 - Bald Chimpanzee, ii. 199 - Bald Uakari, i. 177 - bambolii, Oreopithecus, ii. 212, 243 - Bandar, ii. 23 - Banded Langur, ii. 126 - Barbary Macaque, ii. 4, 6 - Barbe's Langur, ii. 102 - barbei, Presbytis, ii. 102 - barbii, Semnopithecus, ii. 102, 249 - barbatus, Cebus, i. 208 - Mycetes, i. 195 - Barrigudo, i. 221 - bartletti, Ateles, i. 231 - Bathrodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 239, 252 - Bay Guereza, ii. 91 - Bearded Guenons, ii. 44, 78 - beelzebul, Alouatta, i. 197; ii. 255 - Mycetes, i. 197 - Simia, i. 197 - belzebuth, Ateles, i. 244 - Bengal Macaque, ii. 22, 23, 26 - Monkey, ii. 23 - bengalensis, Nycticebus, i. 33, 35 - betillei, Palaeolemur, i. 120 - bicolor, Colobus, ii. 95 - Hapale, i. 147 - Midas, i. 147; ii. 255 - Mycetes, i. 198 - Pithecus, ii. 171 - Semnopithecus, ii. 95 - Seniocebus, i. 147 - Black and Red Tamarin, i. 145 - Black Apes, i. 252 - Black-cheeked Guenon, ii. 49 - Black-crested Langur, ii. 136 - Black-eared Mouse-Lemur, i. 51 - Black-faced Lemur, i. 73 - Black-faced Spider-Monkey, i. 241 - Black-footed Guenon, ii. 78 - Black-footed Langur, ii. 135 - Black-fronted Tamarin, i. 143 - Black-fronted Titi, i. 164 - Black Guereza, ii. 93 - Black-handed Titi, i. 165 - Black-headed Squirrel-Monkey, i. 155 - Black-headed Uakari, i. 175 - Black Howler, i. 195 - Black Lemur, i. 69 - Black-limbed Guenons, ii. 44 - Black Mangabey, ii. 40 - Black Saki, i. 186 - Black Sifaka, i. 100 - Black-tailed Marmoset, i. 136 - Blanc-nez, ii. 44 - boliviensis, Callithrix, i. 155 - Bonnet Macaque, ii. 34, 35, 36 - Bonneted Capuchin, i. 218 - Langur, ii. 103 - Macaque, ii. 114 - Tamarin, i. 143 - Bosman's Potto, i. 28 - boutourlinii, Cercopithecus, ii. 69 - Boutourlini's Guenon, ii. 69 - bouvieri, Piliocolobus, ii. 92 - Brachyteles, i. 204, 224, 227, 228, 248; ii. 228, 239 - arachnoides, i. 226, 227; ii. 256 - hemidactylus, i. 227 - macrotarsus, i. 226 - Brachyurus, i. 128, 174, 248; ii. 228, 239 - calvus, i. 177; ii. 255 - israelita, i. 188 - melanocephalus, i. 175; ii. 255 - ouakary, i. 175 - rubicundus, i. 176; ii. 255 - satanas, i. 188 - Bradycebus, i. 33 - brasiliensis, Protopithecus, ii. 210, 256 - brazzae, Cercopithecus, ii. 81, 245 - brevicaudatus, Indris, i. 105; ii. 248 - Broad-nosed Gentle-Lemur, i. 82 - Brown Capuchin, i. 211 - Brown-headed Spider-Monkey, i. 242 - Brown-headed Tamarin, i. 144 - Brown Howler, i. 198 - Brown Lagothrix, i. 223, 224 - Brown Macaque, ii. 8 - Brown Woolly Spider-Monkey, i. 226 - brunnea, Callithrix, i. 163 - brunneus, Macacus, ii. 8 - buettikoferi, Cercopithecus, ii. 47, 245 - burnetti, Cercopithecus, ii. 70 - Buettikofer's Guenon, ii. 47 - - Cai, Weeping, i. 216 - Caiarara, i. 214 - branca, i. 209 - Calabar Potto, i. 27 - calabarensis, Arctocebus, i. 27 - Nycticebus, i. 27 - Perodicticus, i. 27; ii. 245 - caligata, Callithrix, i. 164 - Callithrix, i. 128, 158, 248; ii. 210, 227, 239 - amicta, i. 161; ii. 255 - amictus, i. 161 - boliviensis, i. 155 - brunnea, i. 163 - caligata, i. 164 - castaneiventris, i. 164; ii. 255, 256 - chlorocnomys, ii. 210, 256 - cinerascens, i. 161; ii. 255 - cuprea, i. 160; ii. 255 - discolor, i. 160, 162 - donacophilus, i. 161 - entomophagus, i. 155 - gigo, i. 165 - gigot, i. 165; ii. 256 - lugens, i. 159 - melanochir, i. 165; ii. 256 - moloch, i. 162; ii. 256 - nigrifrons, i. 164; ii. 255 - ornata, i. 162; ii. 254 - personata, i. 163; ii. 255 - primaeva, ii. 210, 256 - torquata, i. 159; ii. 255 - Callitriche, Le, ii. 58 - callitrichus, Cercopithecus, ii. 57, 58, 62, 245 - calva, Ouakaria, i. 178 - Pithecia, i. 178 - calvus, Anthropopithecus, ii. 194, 199, 200, 201, 245 - Brachyurus, i. 177; ii. 255 - campbelli, Cercopithecus, ii. 70, 245 - Campbell's Guenon, ii. 70 - cana, Lagothrix, i. 222 - caniceps, Mixocebus, i. 78; ii. 248 - canus, Lagothrix, i. 222 - Caparro, i. 223, 224 - Capped Capuchin, i. 219 - capillamentosa, Pithecia, i. 185 - capillatus, Cebus, i. 219; ii. 256 - Miopithecus, ii. 83 - Capuchin, Azara's, i. 219 - Bonneted, i. 218 - Brown, i. 211 - Capped, i. 219 - Crested, i. 212 - Golden-handed, i. 218 - Grizzled, i. 213 - Pale, i. 217 - Schlegel's, i. 220 - Slender, i. 208 - Smooth-headed, i. 209 - Thick-furred, i. 217 - Tufted, i. 212 - Variegated, i. 211 - Weeper, i. 215 - White-cheeked, i. 208 - White-fronted, i. 213, 215 - White-throated, i. 206, 207 - Capuchins, i. 204, 205, 210, 221, 247 - capucinus, Cebus, i. 121, 215; ii. 255, 256 - capucina, Simia, i. 215 - Mycetes, i. 195 - caraya, Stentor, i. 195 - carbonarius, Macacus, ii. 31, 32 - carteri, Omomys, i. 117; ii. 252 - castaneiventris, Callithrix, i. 164; ii. 255, 256 - castaneus, Cebus, i. 215 - castelnaui, Lagothrix, i. 224 - Catarrhini, i. 127 - catta, Lemur, i. 76 - caudatus, Colobus, ii. 98, 99 - Guereza, ii. 98 - Cawiars, i. 264 - Cay, Le, i. 219 - Cebidae, i. 127, 128, 150, 231, 239 - ceboides, Ecphantodon, ii. 211 - Cebus, i. 174, 190, 204, 214, 217, 221; ii. 210, 228, 239 - albifrons, i. 213, 218; ii. 255, 256 - albus, i. 209 - annellatus, i. 213; ii. 256 - azarae, i. 219; ii. 256 - apella, i. 211 - barbatus, i. 208 - capillatus, i. 219; ii. 256 - capucinus, i. 121, 215; ii. 255, 256 - castaneus, i. 215 - chrysopes, i. 213, 218 - chrysopus, i. 218; ii. 255 - cirrifer, i. 212, 214; ii. 210, 255, 256 - elegans, i. 209 - fallax, i. 220 - fatuellus, i. 211, 220; ii. 210, 255, 256 - flavescens, i. 217; ii. 256 - flavus, i. 208, 209; ii. 256 - frontatus, i. 208, 213, 217, 218, 219 - gracilis, i. 209, 217 - hypoleucus, i. 206, 236; ii. 254, 255 - leucocephalus, i. 206, 213 - leucogenys, i. 208 - libidinosus, i. 209 - lunatus, i. 208; ii. 256 - macrocephalus, i. 211 - macrognathus, ii. 210, 256 - moloch, i. 162 - monachus, i. 209; ii. 255, 256 - niger, i. 212 - nigrovittatus, i. 215 - olivaceus, i. 210, 215 - pallidus, i. 209 - robustus, i. 129, 212; ii. 256 - subcristatus, i. 218; ii. 256 - torquatus, i. 159 - unicolor, i. 209, 219 - variegatus, i. 210, 211, 213; ii. 256 - vellerosus, i. 208, 217; ii. 256 - versicolor, i. 213, 215 - xanthocephalus, i. 209 - Celebean Black Baboon, i. 281 - cephalopterus, Presbytes, ii. 113, 115 - Semnopithecus, ii. 111, 112, 113, 114, 122, 248 - cephus, Cercopithecus, ii. 53, 245 - Simia, ii. 53 - Cercocebus, i. 252; ii. 36, 228, 240 - aethiops, ii. 38, 39, 245 - albigena, ii. 40, 41, 245 - aterrimus, ii. 40, 245 - collaris, ii. 38, 39 - cynomologus, ii. 31 - fulginosus, ii. 37, 245 - galeritus, ii. 41, 246 - pileatus, ii. 34, 35 - radiatus, ii. 35 - sinicus, ii. 33, 35 - tantalus, ii. 62 - Cercopitheci, ii. 37, 42 - auriculati, ii. 44, 76 - barbati, ii. 44, 79 - chloronoti, ii. 44, 54 - erythronoti, ii. 44, 63 - melanochiri, ii. 44, 66 - rhinosticti, ii. 44 - trituberculati, ii. 44, 82 - Cercopithecidae, i. 248, 252; ii. 42, 147, 191, 200 - Cercopithecus, i. 252, 277, 280; ii. 41, 56, 57, 140, 228, 240 - aethiopicus, ii. 39 - aethiops, ii. 38 - albigularis, ii. 67, 69, 70, 245, 246, 247 - ascanius, ii. 44, 48, 50 - aterrimus, ii. 40 - boutourlinii, ii. 69 - brazzae, ii. 81, 245 - buettikoferi, ii. 47, 245 - burnetti, ii. 70 - callitrichus, ii. 57, 58, 62, 245 - campbelli, ii. 70, 245 - cephus, ii. 53, 245 - cynosurus, ii. 55, 56, 60, 245 - diana, ii. 79, 80, 81, 245 - diadematus, ii. 76 - entellus, ii. 104 - erythrarchus, ii. 67, 68 - erythrogaster, ii. 46, 245 - erythrotis, ii. 52, 245 - erxlebenii, ii. 77 - ferrugineus, ii. 94 - flavidus, ii. 65, 66 - fuliginosus, ii. 38, 245 - grayi, ii. 77, 78, 245 - griseo-viridis, ii. 56 - griseus, ii. 56 - ignita, ii. 80 - kephalopterus, ii. 113 - labiatus, ii. 72 - lalandii, ii. 60, 61 - larvatus, ii. 140 - leucampyx, ii. 75, 76, 245, 246 - leucoprymnus, ii. 113 - ludio, ii. 48, 245 - lunulatus, ii. 39 - martini, ii. 47, 245 - maurus, ii. 125 - melanogenys, ii. 49, 50, 51, 245 - moloneyi, ii. 74, 246 - mona, ii. 66, 245 - monoides, ii. 67 - nasicus, ii. 141 - neglectus, ii. 75, 82, 244 - nemaeus, ii. 134 - nigripes, ii. 78, 245 - nictitans, ii. 47, 49, 50, 51, 245 - ochraceus, ii. 65, 246 - opisthostictus, ii. 72 - palatinus, ii. 81, 245 - patas, ii. 63, 65, 244 - petaurista, ii. 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 245 - pileatus, ii. 82 - pluto, ii. 76 - pogonias, ii. 77, 78, 245 - pusillus, ii. 60 - pygerythra, ii. 60 - pygerythrus, ii. 60, 61, 62, 246 - pyrrhonotus, ii. 64, 65, 244 - roloway, ii. 81 - ruber, ii. 63, 65 - rufo-viridis, ii. 60, 65, 246 - sabaea, ii. 58 - sabaeus, ii. 56, 58, 60, 244, 245 - samango, ii. 71, 72, 74, 247 - schmidti, ii. 50, 246 - senex, ii. 113 - signatus, ii. 45, 245 - stairsi, ii. 73, 246 - stampflii, ii. 49, 50, 245 - talapoin, ii. 82, 245 - tantalus, ii. 62 - tephrops, ii. 55 - veter, ii. 18 - vetulus, ii. 112 - werneri, ii. 58 - wolfi, ii. 79, 245 - Cervus tarandus, ii. 218 - ceylonicus, Simia, ii. 125 - Chaeropithecus leucophaeus, i. 260 - Chacma Baboon, i. 263, 264, 265 - chantrei, Pliopithecus, ii. 215, 242 - Cheirogaleus furcifer, i. 59 - typicus, i. 50, 51 - milii, i. 50 - Chimpanzee, ii. 146, 148, 153, 188, 194 - Bald, ii. 199 - Chirogale, i. 49, 113, 226, 237; ii. 248 - melanotis, i. 51, 52 - milii, i. 50 - trichotis, i. 9 - Chirogaleus, i. 49 - gliroides, i. 55 - pusillus, i. 55, 57 - samati, i. 62 - trichotis, i. 52 - Chiropotes, i. 182 - ater, i. 186 - cuxio, i. 186 - satanas, i. 186; ii. 255 - chiropotes, Pithecia, i. 187, 188 - Simia, i. 187 - Chiromyidae, i. 14 - Chiromys, i. 14; ii. 225, 237 - Chiromys madagascariensis, i. 14; ii. 248 - Chlorocebus cynosurus, ii. 55 - engythithea, ii. 56 - pygerythrus, ii. 60 - ruber ii. 63, 65 - rufo-viridis, ii. 65 - sabaeus, ii. 58 - chlorocnomys, Callithrix, ii. 210, 256 - choras, Cynocephalus, i. 270 - chrysampyx, Lemur, i. 75 - chrysocephala, Pithecia, i. 185 - chrysogaster, Presbytis, ii. 103 - Semnopithecus, ii. 103 - chrysoleuca, Hapale, i. 135; ii. 255 - chrysoleucos, Miocella, i. 135 - chrysomelas, Hapale, i. 144 - Semnopithecus, ii. 120, 127, 128 - chrysopes, Cebus, i. 213, 218 - chrysopus, Cebus, i. 218; ii. 255 - chrysopygia, Hapale, i. 144 - chrysopygus, Midas, i. 144; ii. 256 - Chrysothrix, i. 128, 152, 274; ii. 227, 239 - entomophagus, i. 155; ii. 256 - lunulata, i. 156 - nigrivittata, i. 156 - oerstedi, i. 158; ii. 254, 256 - sciurea, i. 155, 156, 158; ii. 254, 255 - usta, i. 154; ii. 255, 256 - chrysurus, Colobus, i. 197 - Mycetes, i. 193 - chuva, Ateles, i. 231 - Chuva de Baracamorros, i. 232 - Cibuella pygmaea, i. 136 - cinerascens, Callithrix, i. 161; ii. 255 - cinereiceps, Lemur, i. 72 - cinereus, Nycticebus, i. 33, 35, 37 - Semnopithecus, ii. 38 - cirrifer, Cebus, i. 212, 214; ii. 210, 255, 256 - Coaita, Le, i. 237 - Coaita a front blanc, femelle, i. 239 - Coenopithecus, i. 119 - Collared Lemur, i. 72 - collaris, Cercocebus, ii. 38, 39 - Lemur, i. 72 - Colobi, ii. 85 - Colobus, i. 252; ii. 84, 85, 86, 98, 100, 215, 228, 240 - angolensis, ii. 96, 245, 246 - bicolor, ii. 95 - bourtoulini, ii. 69, 245 - caudatus, ii. 98, 99, 246, 247 - chrysurus, i. 197 - cristatus, ii. 88 - ferruginea, ii. 91 - ferrugineus, ii. 91, 245 - ferruginosus, ii. 91 - grandaevus, ii. 215, 242 - guereza, ii. 97, 99, 245, 246 - kirkii, ii. 89, 90, 246 - leucomeros, ii. 95 - occidentalis, ii. 98 - olivaceus, ii. 87 - palliatus, ii. 96 - pennantii, ii. 91 - personatus, ii. 94 - polycomus, ii. 93, 94 - rufo-fuliginosus, ii. 91 - rufo-mitratus, ii. 88, 246 - rufo-niger, ii. 91 - satanas, ii. 93, 245 - temminckii, ii. 91 - ursinus, ii. 93, 94, 95, 245 - vellerosus, ii. 94, 95, 245 - verus, ii. 87, 245 - comatus, Papio, i. 263 - Semnopithecus, ii. 138 - commersoni, Nyctipithecus, i. 170 - Common Chimpanzee, ii. 194 - Common Marmoset, i. 132 - Common Squirrel-Monkey, i. 156 - concolor, Hylobates, ii. 155 - Simia, ii. 155 - coquereli, Cheirogaleus, i. 60 - Microcebus, i. 60 - Mirza, i. 60 - Coquerel's Dwarf-Lemur, i. 60 - Sifaka, i. 102 - coquereli, Propithecus, i. 102 - coromandus, Hylobates, ii. 161 - coronatus, Lemur, i. 75 - Propithecus, i. 102, 103 - Crab-eating Macaque, ii. 31, 33 - crassicaudata, Galago, i. 47; ii. 246, 247 - Otogale, i. 47 - Otolicnus, i. 47 - crassiusculus, Mixodectes, i. 116 - crassicuspidens, Protoadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 - Crested Capuchin, i. 212 - Crested Mangabey, ii. 41 - cristatus, Colobus, ii. 88 - Macacus, ii. 31, 32 - Presbytis, ii. 131, 138 - Semnopithecus, ii. 132 - Simia, ii. 125, 126 - Cryptopithecus siderolithicus, ii. 241 - Cross-Bearing Langur, ii. 121 - crossleyi, Chirogale, i. 53 - Chirogaleus, i. 53 - Crossley's Mouse-Lemur, i. 53 - Crowned Lemur, i. 75 - Crowned Sifaka, i. 102 - cruciger, Semnopithecus, ii. 121, 249 - cucullatus, Ateles, i. 243; ii. 255 - Cebus, i. 209, 212 - Presbytis, ii. 111 - Semnopithecus, ii. 111 - cuprea, Callithrix, i. 160; ii. 255 - curtus, Pithecus, ii. 171 - cuxio, Chiropotes, i. 186 - cyclops, Macacus, ii. 25, 27, 28, 29, 249 - cynocephala, Simia, i. 265 - Cynocephalus, i. 252, 253, 276, 277, 278, 281 - anubis, i. 265, 266, 267 - babouin, i. 262, 265 - babuin, i. 268, 271, 276 - choras, i. 270 - doguera, i. 262 - hamadryas, i. 268, 270, 271, 272 - langheldi, i. 275 - maimon, i. 258, 260 - mormon, i. 271 - niger, i. 281; ii. 11 - olivaceus, i. 267 - papio, i. 270 - porcarius, i. 262, 263 - sphinx, i. 269, 270, 271 - thoth, i. 268 - ursinus, i. 263 - cynocephalus, Papio, i. 265 - Cynodontomys, i. 116; ii. 226, 238 - latidens, i. 116; ii. 252 - cynomologus, Cercocebus, ii. 31 - Macacus, ii. 31, 249, 250 - Simia, ii. 31 - Cynopothecini, ii. 203 - Cynopithecus, i. 252, 280; ii. 228, 240 - niger, i. 281, 283; ii. 3, 250 - nigrescens, i. 281 - cynosurus, Cercopithecus, ii. 55, 56, 60, 245 - Chlorocebus, ii. 55 - Simia, ii. 55 - - Daubentonia madagascariensis, i. 14 - daubrei, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 - De Brazza's Guenon, ii. 81 - deckeni, Propithecus, i. 101 - demidoffi, Galago, i. 44; ii. 244, 245 - Hemigalago, i. 45 - Otolicnus, i. 45 - Demidoff's Galago, i. 44 - Deville's Tamarin, i. 143 - devillii, Hapale, i. 143 - Midas, i. 143 - Diadem Guenon, ii. 75 - diadema, Propithecus, i. 104 - diadematus, Cercopithecus, ii. 76 - diana, Cercopithecus, ii. 79, 80, 81, 245 - Simia, ii. 79 - Diane, Le, ii. 76 - discolor, Callithrix, i. 160, 162 - Mycetes, i. 197 - Doguera Baboon, i. 262 - doguera, Cynocephalus, i. 262 - Papio, i. 262; ii. 245 - Dolicopithecus, ii. 214, 228, 240 - ruscinensis, ii. 214, 242 - donacophilus, Callithrix, i. 161 - Dormouse Dwarf-Lemur, i. 56 - dorsalis, Lepilemur, i. 86 - Douc Langur, ii. 134 - Douroucoli, i. 166 - Azara's, i. 170 - Feline, i. 170 - Lemurine, i. 168 - Red-footed, i. 169 - Three-banded, i. 168 - Drill, i. 260, 271 - Dryopithecus, ii. 213, 216, 218, 229, 240 - fontani, ii. 217, 242 - Dusky Gelada, i. 278 - Dusky-handed Tarsier, i. 21 - Dusky Langur, ii. 123 - dussumieri, Semnopithecus, ii. 110 - Dwarf-Lemur, Coquerel's, i. 60 - Dormouse, i. 56 - Fork-marked, i. 59 - Small, i. 55 - Smith's, i. 57 - - East African Baboon, i. 269 - ecaudatus, Inuus, ii. 4 - Ecphantodon, ii. 211 - ceboides, ii. 211 - edwardsi, Lepidolemur, i. 87 - Microchaerus, i. 115; ii. 241 - Propithecus, i. 99, 100 - elegans, Cebus, i. 209 - Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 252 - Galago, i. 43 - elegantula, Midas, i. 142 - Elephas primigenius, ii. 219 - Endrina, i. 105 - engythithea, Chlorocebus, ii. 56 - Entelle, L', ii. 104 - entelloides, Hylobates, ii. 160 - entellus, ii. 8 - Cercopithecus, ii. 104 - Presbytis, ii. 105, 107 - Simia, ii. 104 - entellus, Semnopithecus, ii. 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 215, 248 - entomophaga, Chrysothrix, i. 155; ii. 156 - Saimiris, i. 158 - erinaceus, Microchaerus, i. 115; ii. 241 - Eriodes, i. 128, 224 - arachnoides, i. 226, 227 - frontatus, i. 233 - hemidactylus, i. 226, 227 - tuberifer, i. 226, 227 - erythrarchus, Cercopithecus, ii. 67, 68 - erythraea, Simia, ii. 22 - erythraeus, Macacus, ii. 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32 - erythrogaster, Cercopithecus, ii. 46, 245 - erythrotis, Cercopithecus, ii. 52, 245 - erxlebenii, Cercopithecus, ii. 77 - Erxleben's Guenon, ii. 77 - Eudiastus, ii. 212, 239 - lingulatus, ii. 212 - everetti, Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 120, 249 - Everett's Langur, ii. 120 - - falconeri, Papio, ii. 212, 248 - fallax, Cebus, i. 220 - fascigularis, Semnopithecus, ii. 138 - Fat-tailed Lemur, Samat's, i. 62 - Thomas', i. 63 - fatuellus, Cebus, i. 211, 220; ii. 210, 255, 256 - Simia, i. 211 - Feline Douroucoli, i. 170 - felinus, Nyctipithecus, i. 169, 170; ii. 255 - femoralis, Semnopithecus, ii. 126, 127, 128, 129, 130 - Simia, ii. 127 - ferox, Simia, ii. 18 - ferruginea, Colobus, ii. 91, 245 - Simia, ii. 91 - ferrugineus, Cercopithecus, ii. 94 - Colobus, ii. 91 - Piliocolobus, ii. 91 - Semnopithecus, ii. 136 - ferruginosus, Colobus, ii. 91 - fischeri, Tarsius, i. 21 - flava, Simia, i. 209 - flavescens, Cebus, i. 217; ii. 256 - flavicauda, Mycetes, i. 198 - Stentor, i. 198 - flavidus, Cercopithecus, ii. 65, 66 - flavifrons, Midas, i. 143, 144, 146 - flavimana, Presbytes, ii. 136 - flavimanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 136 - flaviventer, Lemur, i. 76 - flavus, Cebus, i. 208, 209; ii. 256 - florentinus, Aulaxinus, ii. 213 - Macacus, ii. 213, 243 - fontani, Dryopithecus, ii. 217, 242 - Formosan Rock-Macaque, ii. 28, 29 - Fork-marked Dwarf-Lemur, i. 56 - frontalis, Ateles, i. 239, 244 - frontatus, Cebus, i. 208, 213, 217, 218, 219 - Eriodes, i. 233 - Semnopithecus, ii. 133 - frugivorus, Pelycodus, i. 122 - fuliginosa, Simia, ii. 38 - fuliginosus, Ateles, i. 244 - Cercocebus, ii. 37, 245 - Cercopithecus, ii. 38 - Colobus, ii. 91 - Full-bottom Monkey, ii. 93 - fulvo-griseus, Semnopithecus, ii. 113, 138 - funereus, Hylobates, ii. 155 - fur, Macacus, ii. 31 - furcifer, Cheirogaleus, i. 59 - furcifer, Lemur, i. 59 - Lepilemur, i. 59 - Microcebus, i. 59 - Phaner, i. 59 - fuscatus, Macacus, ii. 12, 13, 242 - fusciceps, Ateles, i. 242; ii. 255 - fuscicollis, Hapale, i. 144 - Midas, i. 144 - fusco-ater, Macacus, ii. 12 - fuscomanus, Tarsius, i. 21 - fuscus, Hylobates, ii. 155 - Mycetes, i. 198 - Stentor, i. 198 - Tarsius, i. 21; ii. 249, 250 - - gabonensis, Galago, i. 43 - Galago, i. 38; ii. 226, 237 - alleni, i. 43; ii. 245 - crassicaudata, i. 47; ii. 246, 247 - demidoffi, i. 44; ii. 245, 246 - elegantulus, i. 43 - gabonensis, i. 43 - garnetti, i. 40; ii. 246 - lasiotis, i. 47 - minor, i. 55 - moholi, i. 41, 42 - monteiri, i. 46; ii. 245 - murinus, i. 45 - senaariensis, i. 42 - senegalensis, i. 41; ii. 244, 246, 247 - Galago, Allen's, i. 43 - Demidoff's, i. 44 - du Senegal, i. 41 - Great, i. 47 - Senegal, i. 41 - Otolicnus, i. 42 - galeritus, Cercocebus, ii. 41, 246 - garnetti, Galago, i. 40; ii. 246 - Otogale, i. 40 - Otolemur, i. 40 - Garnett's Galago, i. 40 - Gastrimargus infumatus, i. 223 - olivaceus, i. 222 - Gelada, i. 278 - Baboon, i. 252, 276 - Dusky, i. 278 - Gelada rueppelli, i. 276 - gelada, Macacus, i. 276 - Theropithecus, i. 245, 263, 276, 277, 279 - Gentle-Lemur, Broad-nosed, i. 82 - Grey, i. 81 - geoffroyi, Ateles, i. 233, 234, 237, 244; ii. 254, 255 - Hapale, i. 140 - Lagothrix, i. 222, 224 - Midas, i. 140, 141; ii. 254 - Oedipus, i. 140 - Perodicticus, i. 28 - Sapajou, i. 231, 233 - Geoffroy's Spider-Monkey, i. 233, 234, 245 - Tamarin, i. 139 - germaini, Semnopithecus, ii. 124, 249 - Germain's Langur, ii. 124 - gervaisi, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 241 - gesilla, Pithecus, ii. 181 - Gibbons, ii. 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 166 - Gibbon, Agile, ii. 151 - Hainan, ii. 164 - Wau-wau, ii. 154 - White-cheeked, ii. 158 - White-handed, ii. 159, 160 - gigantica, Simia, ii. 171 - gigo, Callithrix, i. 165 - gigot, Callithrix, i. 165; ii. 256 - gina, Gorilla, ii. 180 - gliroides, Chirogaleus, i. 55 - globiceps, Lepidolemur, i. 88 - Golden-handed Capuchin, i. 218 - Golden Marmoset, i. 135 - Gorilla, ii. 148, 180, 229, 240 - gina, ii. 180 - gorilla, ii. 180, 245 - mayema, ii. 181 - savagei, ii. 180 - gorilla, Gorilla, ii. 180, 245 - Pithecus, ii. 181 - Simia, ii. 181 - Troglodytes, ii. 180 - gracilis, Cebus, i. 209, 217 - Loris, i. 31; ii. 248 - Nycticebus, i. 31 - Stenops, i. 31 - grandaevus, Colobus, ii. 215, 242 - grandidieri, Lepidolemur, i. 89 - Grandidier's Sportive-Lemur, i. 89 - grandis, Hapale, ii. 210 - Grasshoppers, ii. 30 - grayi, Cercopithecus, ii. 77, 78, 245 - Great Galago, i. 47 - Green Guenon, ii. 44, 58, 60 - Green Monkeys, ii. 59 - Grey-cheeked Mangabey, ii. 40 - Grey Gentle-Lemur, i. 81 - Grey-headed Lemur, i. 72 - Grey Titi, i. 165 - griseo-viridis, Cercopithecus, ii. 56 - grisescens, Ateles, i. 242 - griseus, Cercopithecus, ii. 56 - Cheirogaleus, i. 81 - Hapalemur, i. 81 - Hapalolemur, i. 81 - Lemur, i. 81 - Grivet, ii. 60, 61 - Guenon, ii. 56 - Grizzled Capuchin, i. 213 - Spider-Monkey, i. 242 - Guenon, Bearded, ii. 44, 78 - Black-cheeked, ii. 49 - Black-footed, ii. 78 - Black-limbed, ii. 44 - Boutourlini's, ii. 69 - Buettikofer's, ii. 47 - Campbell's, ii. 70 - De Brazza's, ii. 81 - Diadem, ii. 75 - Diana, ii. 79 - Erxleben's, ii. 77 - Green, ii. 44, 58, 60 - Grivet, ii. 56 - Hocheur, ii. 51 - Jentink's, ii. 45 - Lesser White-nosed, ii. 44 - Ludio, ii. 48 - Malbrouck, ii. 55 - Martin's, ii. 47, 48 - Moloney's, ii. 74 - Mona, ii. 66 - Moustached, ii. 53 - Nisnas, ii. 64 - Palatine, ii. 81 - Patas, ii. 63 - Red-bellied, ii. 46 - Reddish-green, ii. 65 - Red-eared, ii. 52 - Rufous-backed, ii. 44 - Rump-spotted, ii. 72 - Samango, ii. 71 - Schlegel's, ii. 75 - Schmidt's, ii. 50 - Stairs', ii. 73 - Stampfli's, ii. 50 - Sykes', ii. 67 - Tantalus, ii. 62 - Three-cusped, ii. 44 - Tufted-eared, ii. 44 - Vervet, ii. 60 - Werner's, ii. 58 - White-lipped, ii. 72 - Wolf's, ii. 79 - Guatemalan Howler, i. 199 - Guereza, i. 248, 252; ii. 42, 83, 84, 85, 86 - Angolan, ii. 96 - Bay, ii. 91 - Black, ii. 93 - Kirk's, ii. 88 - Red-crested, ii. 88 - Rueppell's, ii. 97 - Ursine, ii. 93 - Van Beneden's, ii. 87 - White-tailed, ii. 98, 99 - White-thighed, ii. 94 - Guereza angolensis, ii. 96 - caudatus, ii. 98 - guereza, ii. 97 - kirkii, ii. 89 - occidentalis, ii. 97 - palliatus, ii. 96 - rueppelli, ii. 97 - satanas, ii. 93 - ursinus, ii. 94 - vellerosus, ii. 95 - guereza, Colobus, ii. 97, 99, 245 - - Hainan Gibbon, ii. 164, 249 - Rock-Monkey, ii. 24 - hainanus, Hylobates, ii. 164, 249 - Hairy Saki, i. 182 - Hairy-eared Macaque, ii. 25 - Hairy-eared Mouse-Lemur, i. 52 - halonifer, Semnopithecus, ii. 123 - Hamadryas aegyptiaca, i. 272 - hamadryas, Cynocephalus, i. 268, 270, 271, 272 - Papio, i. 268, 272; ii. 244, 245 - Simia, i. 272 - Hanuman Langur, ii. 104, 105, 110 - Hapale, i. 128, 131; ii. 210, 227, 239 - albicollis, i. 132 - argentata, i. 137 - aurita, i. 134; ii. 256 - bicolor, i. 147, 182 - chrysoleuca, i. 135; ii. 255 - chrysomelas, i. 144 - chrysopygia, i. 144 - devillei, i. 143, 144, 146 - geoffroyi, i. 140 - grandis, ii. 210, 256 - humeralifer, i. 133; ii. 255 - illigeri, i. 145 - jacchus, i. 132; ii. 210; ii. 255, 256 - labiata, i. 141, 142 - leucocephala, i. 132 - leucopus, i. 134; ii. 254 - melanura, i. 136; ii. 255, 256 - midas, i. 148 - nigrifrons, i. 143 - oedipus, i. 140 - penicillata, i. 132 - pygmaea, i. 135; ii. 255 - rosalia, i. 138 - ursula, i. 148 - weddelli, i. 143 - Hapalemur, i. 65, 79, 114; ii. 226, 237, 248 - olivaceus, i. 82 - simus, i. 82 - harlani, Hylobates, ii. 155 - Hattock, i. 78 - helveticus, Pelycodus, i. 122; ii. 242 - hemidactylus, Brachyteles, i. 227 - Eriodes, i. 226, 227 - Hemigalago demidoffi, i. 45 - Heterohyas, i. 115 - Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, ii. 115 - Himalayan Macaque, ii. 20 - Langur, ii. 107 - Hipposyus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 - hirsuta, Pithecia, i. 183 - Hocheur Guenon, ii. 51 - holomelas, Propithecus, i. 100 - holotephreus, Semnopithecus, ii. 124 - Hominidae, i. 252; ii. 218 - Homocentrus, ii. 211, 239 - argentinus, ii. 211 - Homo, ii. 218 - lar, ii. 159 - sapiens, ii. 203 - sylvestris, ii. 194 - Homunculus, ii. 211, 228, 239 - patagonicus, ii. 211 - homunculus, Anaptomorphus, i. 118; ii. 252 - Hooded Spider-Monkey, i. 243 - Hoolock, ii. 161, 162 - hoolock, Hylobates, ii. 160, 161, 163, 164, 249 - Simia, ii. 161 - Hose's Langur, ii. 117 - hosii, Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 117, 119, 120, 249 - Howler, i. 247, 248 - Black, i. 195 - Brown, i. 198 - Guatemalan, i. 199 - Mantled, i. 202, 203 - Red, i. 192 - South American, ii. 191 - Yellow-handed, i. 197 - hulok, Hylobates, ii. 162 - humboldti, Lagothrix, i. 129, 222 - Humboldt's Woolly Monkey, i. 222 - humeralifer, Hapale, i. 133 - hybridus, Ateles, i. 233 - Hylobates, i. 174, 190; ii. 148, 156, 157, 215, 216, 229, 240 - agilis, ii. 149, 151, 249 - albimanus, ii. 160 - concolor, ii. 155 - coromandus, ii. 161 - entelloides, ii. 160 - funereus, ii. 155 - fuscus, ii. 155 - hainanus, ii. 164, 249 - harlani, ii. 155 - hoolock, ii. 160, 161, 163, 164, 166 - hulok, ii. 162, 249 - lar, ii. 152, 159, 161, 249 - leuciscus, ii. 154, 155, 158, 160, 249 - leucogenys, ii. 158, 249 - muelleri, ii. 155, 158 - niger, ii. 162 - pileatus, ii. 152, 153, 164 - rafflesii, ii. 152, 153 - syndactylus, ii. 120, 146, 151, 152, 153, 166, 249 - variegatus, ii. 152, 160 - Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238 - acolytus, i. 123; ii. 252 - jurensis, i. 123; ii. 242 - minusculus, i. 123; ii. 252 - paulus, i. 123; ii. 252 - powellianus, i. 123; ii. 252 - vicarius, i. 123; ii. 252 - hypoleuca, Simia, i. 206 - hypoleucos, Presbytis, ii. 110 - Semnopithecus, ii. 110 - hypoleucus, Cebus, i. 206, 236; ii. 254, 255 - Semnopithecus, ii. 110, 248 - hypoxanthus, Ateles, i. 226 - - ibeanus, Papio, i. 269; ii. 246 - Papio thoth, i. 269 - ignita, Cercopithecus, ii. 80 - illigeri, Hapale, i. 145 - Midas, i. 145, 146; ii. 255 - Illiger's Tamarin, i. 145 - Indri, i. 108 - Indris, i. 105; ii. 226, 238 - brevicaudatus, i. 105; ii. 248 - variegatus, i. 107 - Indrisinae, i. 90 - Indrodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 - infumatus, Gastrimargus, i. 223 - Lagothrix, i. 223, 224; ii. 255 - inornatus, Macacus, ii. 12 - inusta, Pithecia, i. 183 - Inuus, ii. 8 - ecaudatus, ii. 4 - leoninus, ii. 14 - nemestrinus, ii. 16 - palpebrosus, ii. 31 - sancti-johannis, ii. 28 - speciosus, ii. 13 - inuus, Macacus, ii. 2, 4, 7, 213, 214, 243 - Pithecus, ii. 4 - Simia, ii. 4 - irrorata, Pithecia, i. 183 - israelita, Brachyurus, i. 188 - - Jacchus argentatus, i. 136 - auritus, i. 134 - labiatus, i. 141 - melanura, i. 136 - penicillatus, i. 132 - pygmaeus, i. 135 - vulgaris, i. 132 - jacchus, Hapale, i. 132; ii. 21, 255 - Simia, i. 132 - Japanese Macaque, ii. 13, 14 - jarrovii, Pelycodus, i. 122; ii. 252 - Javan Slow-Loris, i. 33 - javanicus, Nycticebus, i. 33, 36 - Stenops, i. 33 - Jentink's Guenon, ii. 45 - johnii, Presbytis, ii. 110, 111 - Simia, ii. 111 - Semnopithecus, ii. 110, 111, 114, 250 - jubatus, Presbytes, ii. 111 - Semnopithecus, ii. 111 - jurensis, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 242 - - kelaartii, Semnopithecus, ii. 114 - kephalopterus, Cercopithecus, ii. 113 - kirki, Piliocolobus, ii. 89 - Otogale, i. 47 - kirkii, Colobus, ii. 89, 90 - Guereza, ii. 89 - Kirk's Guereza, ii. 88 - kooloo-kamba, Troglodytes, ii. 199 - labiata, Hapale, i. 141, 142 - labiatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 72 - Jacchus, i. 141 - Midas, i. 141; ii. 255 - Lacepede's Tamarin, i. 148 - lacepedii, Simia, i. 148 - lagaros, Satyrus, ii. 194 - lagothrica, Simia, i. 222 - Lagothrix, i. 128, 204, 220, 221, 225, 228, 248; ii. 228, 239 - Brown, i. 223, 224 - Lagothrix cana, i. 222 - canus, i. 222 - castlenaui, i. 224 - geoffroyi, i. 222, 224 - humboldtii, i. 129, 222 - infumatus, i. 223, 224; ii. 255 - lagothrix, i. 222; ii. 255 - lagotricha, i. 222 - olivaceus, i. 222 - poeppigii, i. 224 - tschudii, i. 222 - lagothrica, Simia, i. 222 - lagotricha, Lagothrix, i. 222 - lagothrix, Lagothrix, i. 222; ii. 255 - lalandii, Cercopithecus, ii. 60, 61 - langheldi, Cynocephalus, i. 275 - Papio, i. 275; ii. 246 - Langheld's Baboon, i. 275 - Langur, Anderson's, ii. 124 - Banded, ii. 126 - Barbe's, ii. 102 - Black-crested, ii. 136 - Black-footed, ii. 135 - Bonneted, ii. 103 - Cross-Bearing, ii. 121 - Douc, ii. 134 - Dusky, ii. 123 - Everett's, ii. 120 - Germain's, ii. 124 - Hanuman, ii. 104 - Himalayan, ii. 107 - Hose's, ii. 117 - Madras, ii. 108 - Malabar, ii. 110 - Maroon, ii. 128 - Mitred, ii. 137 - Moupin, ii. 139 - Natuna, ii. 129 - Negro, ii. 125 - Nilgiri, ii. 111 - Paitan, ii. 116 - Phayre's, ii. 131 - Purple-faced, ii. 112 - Rutledge's, ii. 133 - Thomas's, ii. 119 - Ursine, ii. 122 - White-fronted, ii. 133 - Langurs, i. 248, 252; ii. 3, 42, 83, 85, 86, 100, 101 - laniger, Avahis, i. 94, 248 - Lemur, i. 94 - Microrhynchus, i. 94 - Mycetes, i. 193 - Laopithecus, i. 121; ii. 227, 238 - lemurinus, i. 121; ii. 252 - robustus, i. 121; ii. 252 - lar, Homo, ii. 159 - Hylobates, ii. 152, 159, 161, 249 - Pithecus, ii. 151, 159 - Simia, ii. 152, 159, 161 - larvatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 140 - Nasalis, i. 126; ii. 140, 141, 143 - Semnopithecus, ii. 141, 249 - Lasiopyga nemaeus, ii. 134 - lasiotis, Galago, i. 47 - Macacus, ii. 25, 27, 28, 250 - latidens, Cynodontomys, i. 116; ii. 253 - Lemur, i. 65; ii. 226, 237, 248 - albifrons, i. 73 - albimanus, i. 74 - anjuanensis, i. 71 - Avahi, i. 94 - Black, i. 69 - Black-faced, i. 73 - catta, i. 76 - chrysampyx, i. 75 - cinereiceps, i. 72 - Collared, i. 72 - collaris, i. 72 - coronatus, i. 75 - Crowned, i. 75 - flaviventer, i. 76 - furcifer, i. 59 - Grey-headed, i. 72 - laniger, i. 94 - leucomystax, i. 69 - macaco, i. 68, 69, 73 - menagensis, i. 33 - Mongoose, i. 71 - Mongoz, i. 71 - niger, i. 69 - nigerrimus, i. 73 - nigrifrons, i. 73 - podje, i. 21 - Red-bellied, i. 76 - Red-footed, i. 72 - Red-fronted, i. 72 - Red-ruffed, i. 69 - Ring-tailed, i. 76 - ruber, i. 69 - rubriventer, i. 76 - Ruffed, i. 68 - rufifrons, i. 72 - rufipes, i. 72 - Rufous, i. 73 - rufus, i. 73 - Sclater's, i. 73 - tardigradus, i. 33 - varius, i. 68 - White-faced, i. 73 - White-handed, i. 74 - Lemuravus, i. 121 - Lemuridae, i. 22 - Lemurinae, i. 64 - lemurinum, Menotherium, i. 121 - lemurinus, Laopithecus, i. 121; ii. 252 - Nyctipithecus, i. 168; ii. 255 - Lemuroidea, i. 8 - lemuroides, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 - Lemurine Douroucoli, i. 168 - Leonine Macaque, ii. 14 - leoninus, Macacus, ii. 14, 249 - Inuus, ii. 14 - Leontopithecus rosalia, i. 138 - Lepidolemur, i. 65, 83, 113; ii. 248 - edwardsii, i. 87 - globiceps, i. 88 - grandidieri, i. 89 - leucopus, i. 89 - microdon, i. 88 - mustelinus, i. 86 - ruficaudatus, i. 86 - Lepilemur, i. 82; ii. 226, 237 - dorsalis, i. 86 - furcifer, i. 59 - mustelinus, i. 86, 87, 89 - pallidicauda, i. 87 - Lesser White-nosed Guenon, ii. 44 - leucampyx, Cercopithecus, ii. 75, 76, 245 - Simia, ii. 75 - leucisca, Simia, ii. 154 - leuciscus, Hylobates, ii. 154, 155, 158, 160, 249 - Pithecus, ii. 154 - leucocephala, Hapale, i. 132 - Pithecia, i. 185 - Simia, i. 185 - leucocephalus, Cebus, i. 206, 213 - Jacchus, i. 132 - leucogenys, Cebus, i. 208 - Hylobates, ii. 158, 249 - Midas, i. 143 - leucomeros, Colobus, ii. 95 - leucomystax, Lemur, i. 69 - Semnopithecus, ii. 123 - leucophaea, Papio, i. 260 - Simia, i. 260 - leucophaeus, Chaeropithecus, i. 260, 271 - Papio, i. 260; ii. 245 - leucoprymna, Pithecus, ii. 194 - leucoprymnus, Cercopithecus, ii. 113 - Pseudanthropos, ii. 194 - Semnopithecus, ii. 113 - Troglodytes, ii. 194 - leucopus, Hapale, i. 134 - Lepidolemur, i. 89 - libidinosus, Cebus, i. 209 - Limnotherium, i. 120, 122 - Lion-tailed Macaque, ii. 18, 19 - longimana, Simia, ii. 159 - Long-haired Spider-Monkey, i. 244 - Loris, i. 31, 115; ii. 226, 237 - gracilis, i. 31; ii. 248 - Slender, i. 31 - Lorisinae, i. 24 - Ludio Guenon, ii. 48 - ludio, Cercopithecus, ii. 48, 245 - lugens, Callithrix, i. 159 - Simia, i. 159 - lunatus, Cebus, i. 208; ii. 256 - lunulata, Chrysothrix, i. 156 - lunulatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 39 - - Macaco barrigudo, i. 223 - prego, i. 212 - macaco, Lemur, i. 68, 69, 73 - Macacus, i. 252, 277, 281; ii. 1, 4, 213, 228, 240 - andamanensis, ii. 14 - arctoides, ii. 8, 10, 11, 12, 250 - assamensis, ii. 20, 29, 31, 250 - aureus, ii. 31, 32 - ausonianus, ii. 213 - brunneus, ii. 8 - carbonarius, ii. 31, 32 - cristatus, ii. 31, 32 - cyclops, ii. 25, 27, 28, 29, 249 - cynomologus, ii. 31, 249, 250 - erythraeus, ii. 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29 - florentinus, ii. 213, 243 - fur, ii. 31 - fuscatus, ii. 12, 13, 242 - fusco-ater, ii. 12 - gelada, i. 276 - inornatus, ii. 12 - inuus, ii. 2, 4, 7, 31, 212, 214, 243 - lasiotis, ii. 25, 27, 28, 250 - leoninus, ii. 14, 249 - maurus, ii. 11, 12, 250 - melanotus, ii. 8 - nemestrinus, ii. 16, 17, 249 - niger, i. 281 - ocreatus, ii. 12 - palpebrosus, ii. 31 - pelops, ii. 20 - philippensis, ii. 31, 32 - pileatus, ii. 33, 34, 35, 248 - pliocenus, ii. 242 - priscus, ii. 213, 242 - problematicus, ii. 20 - rheso-similis, ii. 20 - rhesus, ii. 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 248, 249 - rufescens, ii. 11, 249 - sancti-johannis, ii. 28, 29, 249 - siamensis, ii. 129 - silenus, ii. 3, 18, 113, 250 - sinicus, ii. 33, 34, 35, 248 - sinus, ii. 19 - sivalensis, ii. 213, 248 - speciosus, ii. 8, 12 - suevicus, ii. 213, 242 - sylvanus, ii. 4 - tcheliensis, ii. 26, 27, 242 - thibetanus, ii. 8 - trarensis, ii. 213, 243 - Macaque, i. 252 - Barbary, ii. 4, 6 - Bengal, ii. 22, 23, 26 - Bonnet, ii. 34, 35, 36 - Bonneted, ii. 114 - Brown, ii. 8 - Crab-eating, ii. 31, 33 - Hairy-eared, ii. 25 - Himalayan, ii. 20 - Japanese, ii. 13, 14 - Leonine, ii. 14 - Lion-tailed, ii. 18, 19 - Moor, ii. 11 - Pig-tailed, ii. 16, 18 - Rufous Stump-tailed, ii. 11 - St. John's, ii. 28 - Tcheli, ii. 26 - Toque, ii. 33, 34 - Macaques, ii. 1, 2, 10, 19, 21, 26, 27, 31, 32, 37, 42, 100 - macrocephalus, Cebus, i. 211 - macrognathus, Cebus, ii. 210, 236 - macrotarsus, Brachyteles, i. 226 - madagascariensis, Chiromys, i. 14; ii. 248 - Daubentonia, i. 14 - Megaladapis, i. 113; ii. 248 - Sciurus, i. 14 - Madras Langur, ii. 108 - magna, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 - Magot, Le, ii. 4, 45 - Maimon, ii. 16 - maimon, Mormon, i. 258 - Papio, i. 258; ii. 244, 245 - Simia, i. 258 - majori, Propithecus, i. 285 - Maki aux pieds blancs, i. 74 - Malabar Langur, ii. 110 - Malayan Baboons, i. 280 - Malbrouck, Le, ii. 55, 57, 61 - Guenon, ii. 55 - Man, ii. 204, 205, 206 - (Caucasian Race) ii. 208 - (Ethiopian Race) ii. 207 - (Mongolian Race) ii. 208 - Mandrill, i. 258, 271 - Man-like Apes, ii. 145 - Mangabey a collier blanc, ii. 38 - Black, ii. 40 - Crested, ii. 41 - Grey-cheeked, ii. 40 - Sooty, ii. 37 - White-collared, ii. 38 - White-crowned, ii. 39 - Mangabeys, i. 252; ii. 1, 36, 37 - Mantled Howler, i. 202, 203 - marginatus, Ateles, i. 231, 239; ii. 255 - Marimonda, Le, i. 244 - Marmoset, i. 129, 131; ii. 146 - Black-tailed, i. 136 - Common, i. 132 - Golden, i. 135 - Pigmy, i. 135 - White-eared, i. 134 - White-fronted, i. 134 - White-shouldered, i. 133 - Maroon Langur, ii. 128 - martini, Cercopithecus, ii. 47, 245 - Martin's Guenon, ii. 47, 48 - Masked Titi, i. 163 - maura, Simia, ii. 125, 126 - maurus, Macacus, ii. 11, 12 - Semnopithecus, ii. 125, 249 - mayema, Gorilla, ii. 181 - Mbega, ii. 100 - Megaladapidae, i. 112; ii. 226, 237 - Megaladapis, i. 112, 113 - madagascariensis, i. 113; ii. 248 - melalophus, Semnopithecus, ii. 136 - Simia, ii. 136 - melanocephala, Ouakaria, i. 175 - Pithecia, i. 175 - Prosimia, i. 71 - Simia, i. 175 - melanocephalus, Brachyurus, i. 175; ii. 255 - melanochir, Ateles, i. 231, 233 - Callithrix, i. 160; ii. 256 - Melanochroi, ii. 208, 223 - melanogenys, Cercopithecus, ii. 49, 50, 51, 245 - melanolophus, Presbytes, ii. 136, 138 - Semnopithecus, ii. 136, 249 - melanops, Pithecia, i. 163 - melanotis, Chirogale, i. 51, 52 - melanotus, Macacus, ii. 8 - Papio, ii. 8 - melanura, Hapale, i. 136; ii. 255 - Jacchus, i. 136 - melanurus, Mico, i. 137 - menagensis, Lemur, i. 33 - Menotherium, i. 121 - lemurinum, i. 121 - robustum, i. 121 - Mesacodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 239, 252 - Mesopithecus, ii. 214, 228, 240 - pentelici, ii. 214, 240 - Mico sericeus, i. 135 - melanurus, i. 137 - Microcebus, i. 54, 113; ii. 226, 237, 248 - furcifer, i. 59 - minor, i. 55 - murinus, i. 55 - myoxinus, i. 56 - pusillus, i. 57 - smithii, i. 57, 58 - Microchaerus, i. 111, 115; ii. 226, 238 - antiquus, i. 115; ii. 241 - armatus, i. 116; ii. 241 - edwardsi, i. 115; ii. 241 - erinaceus, i. 115; ii. 241 - parvulus, i. 115; ii. 241 - siderolithicus, i. 116; ii. 241 - zitteli, i. 116; ii. 241 - microdon, Lepidolemur, i. 88 - Microrhynchus laniger, i. 94 - Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 227, 238 - elegans, i. 122; ii. 252 - scottianus, i. 122; ii. 252 - spierianus, i. 122; ii. 252 - Midas, i. 128, 131, 138; ii. 227, 239 - argentatus, i. 136 - bicolor, i. 147; ii. 255 - chrysopygus, i. 144; ii. 256 - devillii, i. 143, 144, 146 - elegantulus, i. 142 - flavifrons, i. 143, 144, 146 - fuscicollis, i. 144; ii. 256 - geoffroyi, i. 140, 141; ii. 254 - Hapale, i. 148 - illigeri, i. 145, 146; ii. 255 - labiatus, i. 141; ii. 255 - leucogenys, i. 143 - midas, i. 148; ii. 255 - mystax, i. 142; ii. 255 - nigricollis, i. 145; ii. 255 - nigrifrons, i. 143 - oedipus, i. 139, 140; ii. 254 - pileatus, i. 143; ii. 255 - rosalia, i. 138; ii. 254, 256 - rufiventer, i. 142; ii. 255 - rufimanus, i. 148 - rufoniger, i. 145 - tamarin, i. 148 - ursulus, i. 140, 147, 148, 149; ii. 255 - weddelli, i. 143, 144; ii. 255 - midas, Hapale, i. 148 - Midas, i. 148; ii. 255 - Simia, i. 148 - milii, Cheirogaleus, i. 50 - Chirogale, i. 50 - Opolemur, i. 62 - Milne-Edwards' Sifaka, i. 99 - Sportive-Lemur, i. 87 - Milius' Mouse-Lemur, i. 50 - Mimetes troglodytes, ii. 194, 199 - minor, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 - Galago, i. 55 - Microcebus, i. 55 - minusculus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 - Miocella chrysoleucos, i. 135 - sericeus, i. 135 - Miopithecus, ii. 82 - capillatus, ii. 83 - talapoin, ii. 82 - miriquouina, Pithecia, i. 170 - mitrata, Presbytis, ii. 137 - mitratus, Semnopithecus, ii. 137, 138, 249 - Mitred Langur, ii. 137 - Mixocebus, i. 65, 78; ii. 226, 237 - caniceps, i. 78; ii. 248 - Mixodectes, i. 116; ii. 226, 238 - crassiusculus, i. 116; ii. 252 - pungens, i. 116; ii. 252 - moholi, Galago, i. 141, 142 - moloch, Cebus, i. 162 - Callithrix, i. 162; ii. 256 - moloneyi, Cercopithecus, ii. 74 - Moloney's Guenon, ii. 74 - Mona Guenon, ii. 66 - mona, Cercopithecus, ii. 66, 245 - Simia, ii. 66 - monoides, Cercopithecus, ii. 67 - monachus, Cebus, i. 209; ii. 255, 256 - Pithecia, i. 182, 183 - Simia, i. 182 - Mongoose Lemur, i. 71 - mongoz, Lemur, i. 71 - Monkey, Bengal, ii. 23 - Black-faced Spider-, i. 241 - Brown-headed Spider-, i. 242 - Full-bottom, ii. 93 - Geoffroy's Spider-, i. 233, 245 - Grizzled Spider-, i. 242 - Hooded Spider-, i. 243 - Howling, i. 201 - Humboldt's Woolly, i. 222 - Long-haired Spider-, i. 244 - Moustached, ii. 54 - Pinche, i. 140 - Prego, i. 214 - Proboscis, ii. 140, 142, 148 - Red-bellied Spider-, i. 236, 237 - Red-faced Spider-, i. 237 - Variegated Spider-, i. 231 - White-Whiskered Spider-, i. 239 - Monkeys, American, i. 204 - Green, ii. 59 - Howling, i. 230 - Night, i. 247 - Nosed, i. 252; ii. 86, 140 - Spider-, i. 204, 207, 227, 247, 248 - Squirrel-, i. 247 - White, ii. 115, 116 - Woolly, i. 204, 220, 221, 248 - Woolly Spider-, i. 204, 225, 248 - monspessulanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 215, 243 - monteiri, Callotus, i. 46 - Galago, i. 46; ii. 246 - Monteiro's Galago, i. 46 - Moor Macaque, ii. 11 - morio, Pithecus, ii. 171 - Simia, ii. 171, 180 - Mormon maimon, i. 258 - mormon, Cynocephalus, i. 258, 271 - Papio, i. 258 - Simia, i. 258 - Moupin Langur, ii. 139 - Mouse-Lemur, Black-eared, i. 51 - Crossley's, i. 53 - Hairy-eared, i. 52 - Milius', i. 52 - Moustac, ii. 53 - Moustached Guenon, ii. 53 - Monkey, ii. 54 - Tamarin, i. 142 - muelleri, Hylobates, ii. 155, 158 - murinus, Galago, i. 45 - Microcebus, i. 55 - mustelinus, Lepidolemur, i. 86 - Lepilemur, i. 86, 87, 89 - Mycetes, i. 113, 174, 190, 192, 200, 201, 221, 230, 243; ii. 191 - auratus, i. 193 - barbatus, i. 195 - beelzebul, i. 197 - bicolor, i. 198 - caraya, i. 195 - chrysurus, i. 193 - discolor, i. 197 - flavicauda, i. 198 - fuscus, i. 198 - laniger, i. 193 - niger, i. 196 - palliatus, i. 202 - rufimanus, i. 197 - seniculus, i. 193 - stramineus, i. 193 - ursinus, i. 198 - villosus, i. 128, 199 - Mycetinae, i. 189 - myoxinus, Microcebus, i. 56 - mystax, Midas, i. 142; ii. 255 - - Nasalis, i. 252; ii. 85, 140, 228, 240 - larvatus, i. 126; ii. 140, 141, 143, 249 - recurvus, ii. 141, 142 - roxellanae, ii. 139 - nasica, Simia, ii. 140 - nasicus, Cercopithecus, ii. 141 - Semnopithecus, ii. 141 - Natuna Langur, ii. 129 - natunae, Semnopithecus, ii. 129, 130, 249 - Necrolemur, i. 115, 116 - neglectus, Cercopithecus, ii. 75, 82, 244 - Semnopithecus, ii. 128 - Negro Langur, ii. 125 - Tamarin, i. 148 - nemaeus, Cercopithecus, ii. 134 - Lasiopyga, ii. 134 - Pygothrix, ii. 134 - Semnopithecus, ii. 134, 135, 249 - Simia, ii. 134 - nemestrina, Simia, ii. 16 - nemestrinus, Inuus, ii. 16 - Macacus, ii. 16, 17, 249 - nepaulensis, Semnopithecus, ii. 107, 113 - nictitans, Cercopithecus, ii. 47, 49, 50, 51, 245 - Simia, ii. 51 - niger, Alouatta, i. 196 - Anthropopithecus, ii. 145, 195, 245 - Cebus, i. 212 - niger, Cynocephalus, i. 281; ii. 11 - Cynopithecus, i. 281, 283; ii. 3, 250 - Hylobates, ii. 162 - Lemur, i. 69 - Macacus, i. 281 - Mycetes, i. 196 - Papio, i. 281 - niger, Stentor, i. 195 - Troglodytes, ii. 194 - nigerrimus, Lemur, i. 73 - Night-Monkeys, i. 247 - nigra, Alouatta, i. 195, 196, 197, 200; ii. 256 - Varecia, i. 69 - nigrescens, Cynopithecus, i. 281 - Papio, i. 281 - nigricollis, Hapale, i. 145 - Midas, i. 145 - nigrifrons, Callithrix, i. 164; ii. 255 - Hapale, i. 143 - Lemur, i. 73 - Midas, i. 143; ii. 255 - nigrimanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 138 - nigripes, Cercopithecus, ii. 78, 245 - Semnopithecus, ii. 135, 249 - nigrivittata, Chrysothrix, i. 156 - nigrovittatus, Cebus, i. 215 - Nilgiri Langur, ii. 111 - Nisnas, Le, ii. 65 - Guenon, ii. 64 - nobilis, Semnopithecus, ii. 136 - nocturna, Pithecia, i. 185 - Nose-spotted Guenons, ii. 44 - Nosed Monkeys, i. 252; ii. 86, 140 - Notharctus, i. 119 - Nycticebus, i. 33; ii. 226, 237 - bengalensis, i. 33, 35 - calabarensis, i. 27 - cinereus, i. 33, 35, 37 - gracilis, i. 31 - javanicus, i. 33, 36 - tardigradus, i. 33, 285; ii. 249 - Nyctipithecinae, i. 152 - Nyctipithecus, i. 128, 166, 190, 247; ii. 228, 239 - azarae, i. 170; ii. 256 - commersonii, i. 170 - felinus, i. 169, 170; ii. 255 - lemurinus, i. 168; ii. 255 - oseryi, i. 170 - rufipes, i. 169; ii. 254 - trivirgatus, i. 168; ii. 255 - vociferans, i. 129, 169, 170 - - obscura, Presbytis, ii. 123 - obscurus, Semnopithecus, ii. 102, 123, 131, 255, 249 - Theropithecus, i. 278 - occidentalis, Colobus, ii. 98 - Guereza, ii. 97 - ochraceus, Cercopithecus, ii. 65 - ocreatus, Macacus, ii. 12 - ochrocephala, Pithecia, i. 185 - Oedipus geoffroyi, i. 140 - titi, i. 140 - oedipus, Hapale, i. 140 - Midas, i. 139, 140; ii. 254 - Simia, i. 140 - oerstedi, Chrysothrix, i. 158; ii. 254, 256 - Saimiris, i. 158 - olivaceus, Cebus, i. 210, 215 - Colobus, ii. 87 - Cynocephalus, i. 267 - Gastrimargus, i. 222 - Hapalemur, i. 81 - Lagothrix, i. 222 - Semnopithecus, ii. 87 - Omomys, i. 117; ii. 226, 238 - carteri, i. 117; ii. 252 - opisthostictus, Cercopithecus, ii. 72 - Opisthotomus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 - Opolemur, i. 61; ii. 226, 237, 248 - samati, i. 62 - thomasi, i. 63 - Orabassu Titi, i. 162 - Orang-utan, ii. 170, 174 - Orangs, ii. 143, 146, 148, 149, 167, 171, 183 - ornata, Callithrix, i. 162; ii. 254 - Ornate Titi, i. 162 - ornatus, Ateles, i. 233, 234 - Oreopithecus, ii. 212, 228, 240 - bambolii, ii. 212 - oseryi, Nyctipithecus, i. 170 - Otogale crassicaudata, i. 47 - kirki, i. 47 - pallida, i. 43 - Otolemur agisymbianus, i. 40 - garnetti, i. 40 - Otolicnus allenii, i. 43 - apicalis, i. 43 - crassicaudatus, i. 47 - demidoffi, i. 45 - galago, i. 42 - garnetti, i. 40 - peli, i. 44 - senegalensis, i. 42 - ouakary, Brachyurus, i. 175 - Ouakaria, i. 174 - calva, i. 178 - melanocephala, i. 175 - rubicunda, i. 176 - spixii, i. 175 - owenii, Pithecus, ii. 171 - - Paitan Langur, ii. 116 - palaeindicus, Semnopithecus, ii. 215, 248 - Palaeolemur, i. 119 - betillei, i. 120 - Palaeopithecus, ii. 217 - Palatine Guenon, ii. 81 - palatinus, Cercopithecus, ii. 81, 254 - Pale Capuchin, i. 217 - palliata, Alouatta, i. 202; ii. 254 - Aluatta, i. 202 - palliatus, Colobus, ii. 96 - Guereza, ii. 96 - Mycetes, i. 202 - pallida, Otogale, i. 43 - pallidicauda, Lepilemur, i. 87 - pallidus, Cebus, i. 209 - pallipes, Semnopithecus, ii. 108 - palpebrosus, Inuus, ii. 31 - Macacus, ii. 31 - pan, Ateles, i. 244 - paniscus, Ateles, i. 237, 239, 241, 242; ii. 255 - Sapajou, i. 237 - Simia, i. 237 - Papio, i. 253; ii. 212, 228, 240 - anubis, i. 266, 267; ii. 245 - atlanticus, ii. 212 - babuin, i. 265; ii. 244, 245, 246 - comatus, i. 263 - cynocephalus, i. 265 - doguera, i. 262; ii. 245 - falconeri, ii. 212, 248 - hamadryas, i. 268, 272; ii. 244, 245 - ibeanus, i. 269; ii. 246 - langheldi, i. 275; ii. 246 - leucophaeus, i. 260; ii. 245 - maimon, i. 258; ii. 244, 245 - melanotus, ii. 8 - mormon, i. 258 - niger, i. 281 - nigrescens, i. 281 - porcarius, i. 263; ii. 246 - rubescens, i. 270 - silenus, ii. 18 - sphinx, i. 253, 269; ii. 244, 245, 246 - sub-himalayanus, ii. 212, 248 - thoth, i. 268; ii. 245 - thoth ibeanus, i. 269 - wurmbii, ii. 170 - papio, Cynocephalus, i. 270 - Papion, Le, i. 269 - parisiensis, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 - parvulus, Microchaerus, i. 115; 241 - patagonicus, Homunculus, ii. 211 - Patas, Le, ii. 63, 64 - a bandeau noir, ii. 63 - Patas Guenon, ii. 63 - patas, Cercopithecus, ii. 63, 65, 244 - Simia, ii. 63 - paulus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 - peli, Otolicnus, i. 44 - pelops, Macacus, ii. 20 - Pelycodus, i. 121; ii. 227, 238 - angulatus, i. 122 - frugivorous, i. 122 - helveticus, i. 122; ii. 242 - jarrovii, i. 122; ii. 252 - tutus, i. 122; ii. 252 - penicillata, Hapale, i. 132 - penicillatus, Jacchus, i. 132 - pennantii, Colobus, ii. 91 - pentadactylus, Ateles, i. 237 - pentelici, Mesopithecus, ii. 214, 243 - perfectus, Anthropops, ii. 211 - Perodicticus, i. 26; ii. 226, 237 - calabarensis, i. 27; ii. 245 - geoffroyi, i. 28 - potto, i. 28; ii. 245 - personata, Callithrix, i. 163; ii. 255 - personatus, Colobus, ii. 94 - petaurista, Cercopithecus, ii. 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 245 - Simia, ii. 44 - Petit Papion, i. 265 - Phaner furcifer, i. 59 - phayrei, Presbytis, ii. 131 - Phayre's Langur, ii. 131 - phayrii, Semnopithecus, ii. 131, 132, 249 - philippensis, Macacus, ii. 31, 32 - picturatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 49 - Pied Tamarin, i. 147 - Pigmy Marmoset, i. 135 - Pig-tailed Macaque, ii. 16, 18 - pileata, Simia, ii. 33 - pileatus, Cercocebus, ii. 34 - Cercopithecus, ii. 82 - Hylobates, ii. 152, 153, 164 - Midas, i. 143; ii. 255 - Macacus, ii. 33, 34, 35, 248 - Presbytis, ii. 103 - Semnopithecus, ii. 103, 249 - Piliocolobus bouvieri, ii. 92 - ferrugineus, ii. 91 - kirki, ii. 89 - tholloni, ii. 92 - Pinche Monkey, i. 140 - Pithecia, i. 128, 174, 182, 248; ii. 228, 239 - alba, i. 178 - albicans, i. 183 - albinasa, i. 183; ii. 255 - calva, i. 178 - capillamentosa, i. 185 - chiropotes, i. 187, 188; ii. 255 - chrysocephala, i. 185 - hirsuta, i. 183 - inusta, i. 183 - irrorata, i. 183 - leucocephala, i. 185 - melanocephala, i. 175 - melanops, i. 163 - miriquouina, i. 170 - monachus, i. 182, 183; ii. 255 - nocturna, i. 185 - ochrocephala, i. 185 - pithecia, i. 185; ii. 255 - pogonias, i. 185 - rufibarbata, i. 185 - rubicunda, i. 176 - rufiventer, i. 185 - satanas, i. 186; ii. 255 - pithecia, Simia, i. 185 - Pithecia, i. 185; ii. 255 - Pitheciinae, i. 173 - Pithecus, ii. 6, 170 - agilis, ii. 151 - bicolor, ii. 171 - curtus, ii. 171 - gesilla, ii. 180 - gorilla, ii. 181 - lar, ii. 151, 159 - leuciscus, ii. 154 - leucopryma, ii. 194 - morio, ii. 171 - owenii, ii. 171 - satyrus, ii. 171 - syndactylus, ii. 166 - variegatus, ii. 159 - varius, ii. 159 - wurmbii, ii. 171 - pithecus, Inuus, ii. 4 - Platyrrhini, i. 127 - Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 226, 238, 241 - daubrei, i. 118; ii. 242 - gervaisi, i. 118; ii. 241 - remensis, i. 118; ii. 241 - tournesarti, i. 118; ii. 242 - pliocenus, Macacus, ii. 242 - Pliopithecus, ii. 215, 218, 229, 240 - antiquus, ii. 215, 242 - chantrei, ii. 216, 242 - pluto, Cercopithecus, ii. 76 - podje, Lemur, i. 21 - poeppigii, Lagothrix, i. 224 - pogonias, Cercopithecus, ii. 77, 78, 245 - Pithecia, i. 185 - Polume, ii. 100 - polycomus, Colobus, ii. 93, 94 - Pongo, ii. 170 - abelii, ii. 171 - wurmbii, ii. 170 - porcaria, Simia, i. 263 - porcarius, Cynocephalus, i. 262, 263 - Papio, i. 263 - potenziani, Semnopithecus, ii. 103 - Potto, i. 28 - Bosman's, i. 28 - Calabar, i. 27 - potto, Nycticebus, i. 28 - Perodicticus, i. 28; ii. 245 - Stenops, i. 28 - powellianus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 - prego, Macaco, i. 212 - Prego Monkey, i. 214 - Presbytis, ii. 100 - albigena, ii. 40 - albinus, ii. 113 - argentatus, ii. 138 - barbei, ii. 102 - cephalopterus, ii. 113, 115 - chrysogaster, ii. 103 - cristatus, ii. 131, 138 - cucullatus, ii. 111 - entellus, ii. 105, 107 - flavimana, ii. 136 - hypoleucos, ii. 110 - johnii, ii. 110, 111 - jubatus, ii. 111 - melanophus, ii. 136, 138 - mitrata, ii. 137 - nemaeus, ii. 134 - obscura, ii. 123 - phayrei, ii. 131 - pileatus, ii. 103 - priamus, ii. 108 - schistaceus, ii. 107 - thersites, ii. 109, 113 - ursinus, ii. 122, 123 - priamus, Presbytis, ii. 108 - Semnopithecus, ii. 108, 248 - primaeva, Callithrix, ii. 210, 256 - primigenius, Elephas, ii. 219 - priscus, Macacus, ii. 213, 242 - problematicus, Macacus, ii. 20 - Proboscis Monkeys, ii. 140, 142, 143 - Procolobus verus, ii. 88 - Prolemur simus, i. 82 - Propithecus, i. 23, 96, 113, 286; ii. 215, 226, 238, 248 - coquereli, i. 102 - coronatus, i. 102, 103 - deckeni, i. 101 - diadema, i. 104 - edwardsi, i. 99, 100 - holomelas, i. 100 - majori, i. 285 - sericeus, i. 99, 100 - verreauxi, i. 100, 102, 286 - Prosimia, i. 65 - melanocephala, i. 71 - rufipes, i. 73 - xanthomystax, i. 71 - Protoadapis, i. 118; ii. 226, 238 - crassicuspidens, ii. 118, 242 - recticuspidens, i. 118, 242 - Protopithecus, ii. 210, 227, 239 - brasiliensis, ii. 210, 256 - pruinosus, Semnopithecus, ii. 225 - Pseudanthropos leucoprymnus, ii. 194 - Pterycolobus vellerosus, ii. 95 - pungens, Mixodectes, i. 116; ii. 252 - Purple-faced Langur, ii. 112 - pusillus, Cercopithecus, ii. 60 - Chirogaleus, i. 55, 57 - Microcebus, i. 57 - pygerythra, Cercopithecus, ii. 60 - pygerythrus, Cercopithecus, ii. 60, 61, 62 - Chlorocebus, ii. 60 - pygmaea, Cibuella, i. 136 - Hapale, i. 135; ii. 255 - pygmaeus, Jacchus, i. 135 - Pygothrix nemaeus, ii. 134 - pyrrhonotus, Cercopithecus, ii. 64, 65, 244 - pyrrhus, Semnopithecus, ii. 125 - - radiatus, Cercocebus, ii. 35 - rafflesii, Hylobates, ii. 152, 153 - recticuspidens, Protoadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 - recurvus, Nasalis, ii. 141, 142 - Red-backed Saki, i. 187 - Red-backed Titi, i. 158 - Red-bellied Guenon, ii. 46 - Red-bellied Lemur, i. 76 - Red-bellied Spider-Monkey, i. 236, 237 - Red-bellied Tamarin, i. 141 - Red-bellied Titi, i. 164 - Red-crested Guereza, ii. 88 - Reddish-green Guenon, ii. 65 - Red-eared Guenon, ii. 52 - Red-faced Spider-Monkey, i. 237 - Red-footed Douroucoli, i. 169 - Red-footed Lemur, i. 72 - Red-fronted Lemur, i. 72 - Red Howler, i. 192 - Red-ruffed Lemur, i. 69 - Red-tailed Sportive-Lemur, i. 86 - Red Titi, i. 160 - Red Uakari, i. 176 - Reed Titi, i. 161 - remensis, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 241 - rheso-similis, Macacus, ii. 20 - rhesus, Macacus, ii. 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 248, 249 - Simia, ii. 22 - Rhinoceros tichorhinus, ii. 218 - Rhinopithecus, ii. 140 - Rhinopithecus roxellanae, ii. 139 - Ring-tailed Lemur, i. 76 - robustum, Menotherium, i. 121 - robustus, Cebus, i. 129, 212; ii. 256 - Laopithecus, i. 121; ii. 252 - Rock Ape, ii. 7 - Rock-Macaque, Formosan, ii. 28, 29 - Rock-Monkey, Hainan, ii. 24 - roloway, Cercopithecus, ii. 81 - Roloway, ii. 81 - rostratum, Tomitherium, i. 121; ii. 252 - Round-headed Sportive-Lemur, i. 89 - rosalia, Hapale, i. 138 - Leontopithecus, i. 138 - Midas, i. 138; ii. 254 - Simia, i. 138 - roxellanae, Nasalis, ii. 139 - Rhinopithecus, ii. 132 - Semnopithecus, ii. 101, 139 - ruber, Cercopithecus, ii. 63, 65 - Chlorocebus, ii. 63, 65 - Lemur, i. 69 - rubescens, Papio, i. 270 - rubicunda, Ouakaria, i. 176 - Pithecia, i. 176 - rubicundus, Brachyurus, i. 176; ii. 255 - Semnopithecus, ii. 128, 131, 249 - rubra, Simia, ii. 63 - rubriventer, Lemur, i. 76 - rueppelli, Guereza, ii. 97 - rueppellii, Gelada, i. 276 - rufescens, Macacus, ii. 11, 249 - Ruffed Lemur, i. 68 - rufibarbata, Pithecia, i. 185 - ruficaudatus, Lepidolemur, i. 86 - Lepilemur, i. 86 - rufifrons, Lemur, i. 72 - rufimanus, Midas, i. 148 - Mycetes, i. 197 - rufipes, Lemur, i. 72; ii. 254 - Midas, i. 142 - Nyctipithecus, i. 169; ii. 254 - Prosimia, i. 73 - rufiventer, Midas, i. 142; ii. 255 - Pithecia, i. 185 - rufiventris, Ateles, i. 234, 236; ii. 254, 255 - rufo-fuliginosus, Colobus, ii. 91 - rufo-mitratus, Colobus, ii. 88 - Tropicolobus, ii. 88 - rufo-niger, Colobus, ii. 91 - Midas, i. 145 - rufo-viridis, Cercopithecus, ii. 60, 65, 246 - Chlorocebus, ii. 65 - Rufous-backed Guenons, ii. 44 - Rufous Lemur, i. 73 - Rufous Stump-tailed Macaque, ii. 11 - rufus, Lemur, i. 73 - Rump-spotted Guenon, ii. 72 - Rueppell's Guereza, ii. 97 - ruscinensis, Dolichopithecus, ii. 214, 242 - Rutledge's Langur, ii. 138 - rutledgii, Semnopithecus, ii. 133 - - sabaea, Cercopithecus, ii. 58 - Simia, ii. 56, 58 - sabaeus, Cercopithecus, ii. 56, 58, 60, 244, 245 - Chlorocebus, ii. 58 - sabanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 249 - Saguinus vidua, i. 159 - sagulata, Chiropotes, i. 188 - Simia, i. 188 - Sai a grosse tete, i. 209 - Sai a gorge blanche, i. 206 - Saimiri sciureus, i. 154, 156 - Saimiris entomophaga, i. 158 - entomophagus, i. 155 - sciurea, i. 158 - usta, i. 154 - Sajou negre, i. 212 - Saki, Black, i. 186 - Red-backed, i. 187 - White-headed, i. 185 - White-nosed, i. 188 - Saki noir, i. 186 - Sakis, i. 248 - Sally, i. 200, 201 - samango, Cercopithecus, ii. 71, 72, 74 - Guenon, ii. 71 - samati, Chirogaleus, i. 62 - Opolemur, i. 62 - Samat's Fat-tailed Lemur, i. 62 - sancti-johannis, Inuus, ii. 28 - Macacus, ii. 28, 29, 249 - Sapajou ater, i. 241 - geoffroyi, i. 231, 233 - paniscus, i. 237 - sapiens, Homo, ii. 203 - Sarcolemur, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 - satanas, Brachyurus, i. 188 - Chiropotes, i. 186 - Colobus, ii. 93, 245 - Guereza, ii. 93 - Pithecia, i. 186; ii. 255 - Simia, i. 186 - Stachycolobus, ii. 93 - Satyrus adrotes, ii. 181 - lagaros, ii. 194 - satyrus, Pithecus, ii. 171 - Simia, ii. 170, 249 - Troglodytes, ii. 180 - savagei, Gorilla, ii. 180 - schistaceus, Presbytis. ii. 107 - Semnopithecus, ii. 105, 107. 109, 250 - Schlegel's Capuchin, i. 220 - Guenon, ii. 75 - schmidti, Cercopithecus, ii. 50, 246 - Schmidt's Guenon, ii. 50 - schweinfurthi, Troglodytes, ii. 194 - sciurea, Chrysothrix, i. 155, 156, 158; ii. 254, 255 - sciurea, Saimiris, i. 158 - Simia, i. 156 - sciureus, Saimiri, i. 154, 156 - Sciurus madagascariensis, i. 14 - Sclater's Lemur, i. 73 - scottianus, Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 252 - Semnocebus albigena, ii. 40 - Semnopithecinae, i. 252; ii. 84, 85 - Semnopithecus, ii. 85, 86, 100, 130 137, 142, 214, 228, 240, 252 - albocinereus, ii. 123, 138 - albogularis, ii. 67, 105 - anchises, ii. 104, 105 - anthracinus, ii. 93 - argentatus, ii. 131 - auratus, ii. 136 - barbii, ii. 102, 249 - bicolor, ii. 95 - cephalopterus, ii. 111, 112, 114, 122, 248 - chrysogaster, ii. 103 - chrysomelas, ii. 120, 127, 128 - cinereus, ii. 138 - comatus, ii. 138 - cristatus, ii. 126, 132 - cruciger, ii. 121, 249 - cucullatus, ii. 111 - dussumieri, ii. 110 - entellus, ii. 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 215, 248 - everetti, ii. 116, 120, 249 - fascigularis, ii. 138 - femoralis, ii. 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 249 - ferrugineus, ii. 136 - flavimanus, ii. 136 - frontatus, ii. 133, 249 - fulvo-griseus, ii. 113, 138 - germaini, ii. 124, 249 - halonifer, ii. 123 - holotephreus, ii. 124 - hosii, ii. 116, 117, 119, 120, 249 - hypoleucus, ii. 110, 248 - johnii, ii. 110, 111, 114, 250 - jubatus, ii. 111 - kelaartii, ii. 114 - larvatus, ii. 141 - leucomystax, ii. 123 - leucoprymnus, ii. 113 - maurus, ii. 125, 249 - melalophus, ii. 136 - melanolophus, ii. 136, 249 - mitratus, ii. 137, 138, 249 - monspessulanus, ii. 215, 243 - nasicus, ii. 141 - natunae, ii. 129, 130, 249 - neglectus, ii. 128 - nemaeus, ii. 134, 135, 249 - nepalensis, ii. 107 - nestor, ii. 113 - nigrimanus, ii. 138 - nigripes, ii. 135, 249 - nobilis, ii. 136 - obscurus, ii. 102, 112, 123, 131, 249 - olivaceus, ii. 87 - palaeindicus, ii. 215, 248 - pallipes, ii. 108 - phayrii, ii. 131, 132, 249 - pileatus, ii. 103, 249 - potenziani, ii. 103 - priamus, ii. 108, 248 - pruinosus, ii. 125 - pyrrhus, ii. 125 - roxellana, ii. 101 - roxellanae, ii. 139, 250 - rubicundus, ii. 128, 131, 249 - rutledgii, ii. 133 - sabanus, ii. 116, 249 - schistaceus, ii. 105, 107, 109, 250 - senex, ii. 114 - siamensis, ii. 130, 138, 249 - sumatranus, ii. 127, 139 - thomasi, ii. 116, 117, 119, 249 - ursinus, ii. 114, 122, 250 - vellerosus, ii. 94 - senaariensis, Galago, i. 42 - Senegal Galago, i. 41 - senegalensis, Galago, i. 41; ii. 244, 246, 247 - Galagoides, i. 41 - Otolicnus, i. 42 - senex, Cercopithecus, ii. 113 - Semnopithecus, ii. 114 - Theropithecus, i. 276, 278 - senicula, Alouatta, i. 203 ; ii. 255 - Aluatta, i. 193 - seniculus, Alouatta, i. 192, 193 - Mycetes, i. 193 - Simia, i. 192 - Stentor, i. 193 - Seniocebus bicolor, i. 147 - sericeus, Mico, i. 135 - Miocella, i. 135 - Propithecus, i. 99, 100 - Short-tailed Squirrel-Monkey, i. 154 - Siamang, ii. 120, 166, 167, 169 - Siamanga syndactyla, ii. 166 - siamensis, Macacus, ii. 129 - Semnopithecus, ii. 130, 138, 249 - siderolithicus, Microchaerus, i. 116 - Sifaka, Black, i. 100 - Coquerel's, i. 102 - Crowned, i. 102 - Milne-Edwards', i. 99 - Silky, i. 99 - Verreaux's, i. 100 - Von der Decken's, i. 101 - signatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 45, 245 - Silenus veter, ii. 19 - silenus, Macacus, ii. 3, 18, 113, 250 - Papio, ii. 18 - Simia, ii. 18 - Silky Sifaka, i. 99 - Tamarin, i. 138 - Simia, ii. 170, 217, 229, 240 - abelii, ii. 171 - adusta, i. 185 - aethiops, ii. 38, 39 - agrias, ii. 170 - albifrons, i. 213 - albimana, ii. 160 - amicta, i. 161 - apella, i. 211 - argentata, i. 230 - azarae, i. 170 - beelzebul, i. 197 - capucina, i. 215 - cephus, ii. 53 - ceylonicus, ii. 125 - chiropotes, i. 187 - concolor, ii. 155 - cristatus, ii. 125 - cynocephala, i. 265 - cynomologus, ii. 31 - cynosurus, ii. 55 - diana, ii. 79 - entellus, ii. 104 - erythraea, ii. 22 - fatuellus, i. 211 - femoralis, ii. 127 - ferox, ii. 18 - ferruginea, ii. 91 - flava, i. 209 - fuliginosa, ii. 38 - gigantica, ii. 171 - gorilla, ii. 181 - hamadryas, i. 272 - hoolock, ii. 161 - hypoleuca, i. 206 - inuus, ii. 4 - jacchus, i. 132 - johnii, ii. 111 - lacepedii, i. 148 - lagothrica, i. 222 - lar, ii. 152, 159, 161 - leucampyx, ii. 75 - leucisca, ii. 154 - leucocephala, i. 185 - leucophaea, i. 260 - longimana, ii. 159 - lugens, i. 159 - maimon, i. 258 - maura, ii. 125, 126 - melanocephala, i. 175 - melalophus, ii. 136 - melarhinus, ii. 83 - midas, i. 148 - mona, ii. 66 - monachus, i. 182 - morio, ii. 171, 180 - mormon, i. 258 - nasica, ii. 140 - nemaeus, ii. 134 - nemestrina, ii. 16 - nictitans, ii. 51 - oedipus, i. 140 - paniscus, i. 237 - patas, ii. 63 - petaurista, ii. 44 - pileata, ii. 33 - pithecia, i. 185 - porcaria, i. 263 - rhesus, ii. 22 - rosalia, i. 138 - rubra, ii. 63 - sabaea, ii. 56, 58 - sagulata, i. 188 - satanas, i. 186 - satyrus, ii. 170, 249 - sciurea, i. 156 - seniculus, i. 192 - silenus, ii. 18 - sinica, ii. 35 - syndactylus, ii. 166 - sylvanus, ii. 4 - talapoin, ii. 82 - trepida, i. 211 - troglodytes, ii. 194 - variegatus, ii. 160 - veter, ii. 113 - wurmbii, ii. 171 - Simiidae, i. 252; ii. 143, 144, 145, 148, 181, 190, 203 - simus, Hapalemur, i. 182 - Prolemur, i. 182 - sinica, Simia, ii. 35 - sinicus, Cercocebus, ii. 33, 35 - Macacus, ii. 19, 33, 34, 35, 248 - sivalensis, Anthropopithecus, ii. 217 - Palaeopithecus, ii. 217 - Macacus, ii. 213, 248 - Slender Capuchin, i. 208 - Loris, i. 31 - Slow-Loris, Javan, i. 23 - Small Dwarf-Lemur, i. 55 - Small-toothed Sportive-Lemur, i. 88 - smithii, Chirogaleus, i. 57 - Microcebus, i. 57, 58 - Smith's Dwarf-Lemur, i. 57 - Smooth-headed Capuchin, i. 209 - Soko, ii. 197 - Sooty Mangabey, ii. 37 - South American Howlers, ii. 191 - speciosus, Inuus, ii. 13 - Macacus, ii. 8, 13 - Spectral Tarsier, i. 20 - spectrum, Lemur, i. 20 - Tarsius, i. 20, 285 - sphinx, Papio, i. 253, 269; ii. 244, 245, 246 - Cynocephalus, i. 268, 270, 271 - Spider-Monkey, Brown Woolly, i. 226 - Black-faced, i. 241 - Brown-headed, i. 242 - Geoffroy's, i. 234 - Grizzled, i. 242 - Hooded, i. 243 - Long-haired, i. 244 - Red-bellied, i. 236 - Red-faced, i. 237 - Variegated, i. 231 - White-whiskered, i. 239 - Woolly, i. 224 - Spider-Monkeys, i. 204, 207, 227, 247, 248 - spierianus, Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 252 - spixii, Ouakaria, i. 175 - Sportive-Lemur, Grandidier's, i. 89 - Milne-Edwards', i. 87 - Red-tailed, i. 86 - Round-headed, i. 89 - Small-toothed, i. 88 - Weasel-like, i. 86 - White-footed, i. 89 - Squirrel-Monkey, i. 247, 152 - Black-headed, i. 155 - Common, i. 156 - St. John's Macaque, ii. 28 - Stachycolobus satanas, ii. 93 - Stairs' Guenon, ii. 73 - stairsi, Cercopithecus, ii. 73 - stampflii, Cercopithecus, ii. 49, 50, 245 - Stampfli's Guenon, ii. 50 - Stenacodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 239, 252 - Stenops, i. 31, 33 - gracilis, i. 31 - javanicus, i. 33 - potto, i. 28 - tardigradus, i. 31, 33 - Stentor, i. 192 - caraya, i. 195 - flavicauda, i. 198 - fuscus, i. 198 - niger, i. 195 - seniculus, i. 193 - ursinus, i. 193, 198 - stramineus, Mycetes, i. 193 - subcristatus, Cebus, i. 218; ii. 256 - subhimalayanus, Papio, ii. 212, 248 - suevicus, Macacus, ii. 213, 242 - sumatranus, Semnopithecus, ii. 127, 136 - Sykes' Guenon, ii. 67 - sylvanus, Macacus, ii. 4 - Simia, ii. 4 - sylvestris, Homo, ii. 194 - syndactyla, Siamanga, ii. 166 - syndactylus, Pithecus, ii. 166 - Hylobates, ii. 120, 146, 151, 152, 153, 166, 249 - Simia, ii. 166 - - Talapoin, ii. 82 - talapoin, Cercopithecus, ii. 82, 245 - Miopithecus, ii. 82 - Simia, ii. 82 - Tamarin, Black and Red, i. 145 - Black-fronted, i. 143 - Bonneted, i. 143 - Brown-headed, i. 144 - Deville's, i. 143 - Geoffroy's, i. 139 - Illiger's, i. 145 - Lacepede's, i. 148 - Midas, i. 148 - Moustached, i. 142 - Negro, i. 148 - Pied, i. 147 - Red-bellied, i. 141 - Silky, i. 138 - White-lipped, i. 141 - Yellow-tailed, i. 144 - tantalus, Cercopithecus, ii. 62 - Guenon, ii. 62 - tarandus, Cervus, ii. 218 - tardigradus, Lemur, i. 33 - Nycticebus, i. 33, 285; ii. 249 - Stenops, i. 31 - Tarsier, Dusky-handed, i. 21 - Spectral, i. 20 - Tarsiidae, i. 18 - Tarsius, i. 18; ii. 225, 237 - fischeri, i. 21 - fuscomanus, i. 21 - fuscus, i. 21; ii. 249, 250 - spectrum, i. 20, 285 - tarsius, Lemur, i. 20 - Tarsius tarsius, i. 20, 21, 118, 285; ii. 249 - Tartarin, Le, i. 272, 274 - tchego, Troglodytes, ii. 195 - Tcheli Macaque, ii. 26 - tcheliensis, Macacus, ii. 26, 27, 242 - Telmalestes, i. 119 - temminckii, Colobus, ii. 91 - tenebrosus, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242, 252 - tephrops, Cercopithecus, ii. 55 - Theropithecus, i. 252, 276; ii. 228, 240 - gelada, i. 245, 263, 276, 277, 279 - obscurus, i. 278 - senex, i. 276, 278 - thersites, Presbytis, ii. 103, 109 - Thick-furred Capuchin, i. 217 - thibetanus, Macacus, ii. 8 - Thinolestes, i. 119 - thomasi, Opolemur, i. 63 - Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 117, 119, 249 - Thomas' Fat-tailed Lemur, i. 63 - Thomas's Langur, ii. 119 - tholloni, Piliocolobus, ii. 92 - Thoth Baboon, i. 268 - thoth, Cynocephalus, i. 268 - Papio, i. 268; ii. 245 - Three-banded Douroucoli, i. 168 - Three-cusped Guenons, ii. 44 - tichorhinus, Rhinoceros, ii. 218 - Titi, Black-fronted, i. 164 - Black-handed, i. 165 - Grey, i. 165 - Masked, i. 163 - Orabassu, i. 162 - Ornate, i. 162 - Red, i. 160 - Red-backed, i. 158 - Red-bellied, i. 164 - Reed, i. 161 - White-chested, i. 161 - White-collared, i. 159 - titi, Oedipus, i. 140 - Titis, i. 248 - Toque, ii. 34, 35 - Macaque, ii. 33, 34 - Tomitherium, i. 120, 121; ii. 227, 238 - rostratum, i. 121; ii. 252 - torquata, Callithrix, i. 159, 161; ii. 255 - torquatus, Cebus, i. 159 - Callithrix, i. 159, 161 - tournesarti, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 - trarensis, Macacus, ii. 213, 243 - Tree-walkers, ii. 148 - trepida, Simia, i. 211 - trichotis, Chirogale, i. 9, 52 - Chirogaleus, i. 52 - trivirgatus, Aotus, i. 168 - Nyctipithecus, i. 168; ii. 255 - Troglodytes, ii. 180, 187, 188 - aubryi, ii. 194 - calvus, ii. 199 - gorilla, ii. 180 - kooloo-kamba, ii. 199 - leucoprymnus, ii. 194 - mimetes, ii. 194 - niger, ii. 194 - savagei, ii. 180 - schweinfurthi, ii. 194 - tchego, ii. 195 - vellerosus, ii. 194 - troglodytes, Anthropopithecus, ii. 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202 - Mimetes, ii. 199 - Simia, ii. 194 - Tropicolobus rufomitratus, ii. 88 - tschudii, Lagothrix, i. 222 - tuberifer, Eriodes, i. 226, 227 - Tufted Capuchin, i. 212 - Tufted-eared Guenons, ii. 44 - tutus, Pelycodus, i. 122; ii. 252 - typicus, Cheirogaleus, i. 50, 51 - - Uakari, Bald, i. 177 - Black-headed, i. 175 - Uakari Monkeys, i. 174, 248 - Red, i. 176 - unicolor, Cebus, i. 209, 217 - ursina, Alouatta, i. 198; ii. 210, 255, 256 - Stentor, i. 193, 198 - Ursine Guereza, ii. 93 - Ursine Langur, ii. 122 - ursinus, Colobus, ii. 93, 94, 95, 245 - Cynocephalus, i. 263 - Guereza, ii. 94 - Mycetes, i. 198 - Presbytis, ii. 122, 123 - Semnopithecus, ii. 114, 122, 250 - Stentor, i. 198 - ursula, Hapale, i. 148 - ursulus, Midas, i. 140, 147, 148, 149; ii. 255 - usta, Chrysothrix, i. 154; ii. 255, 256 - Saimiris, i. 154 - - Van Beneden's Guereza, ii. 87 - Varecia, i. 65 - nigra, i. 69 - Variegated Capuchin, i. 211 - Spider-Monkey, i. 221, 231 - variegatus, Ateles, i. 231, 233; ii. 255 - Cebus, i. 210, 211, 213; ii. 256 - Hylobates, ii. 152, 160 - Indris, i. 107 - Pithecus, ii. 159 - Simia, ii. 160 - varius, Lemur, i. 68 - Pithecus, ii. 159 - vellerosus, Ateles, i. 128, 129, 236, 244; ii. 254 - Cebus, i. 208, 217; ii. 256 - Colobus, ii. 94, 95, 245 - Guereza, ii. 95 - Pterycolobus, ii. 95 - Semnopithecus, ii. 94 - Troglodytes, ii. 194 - verreauxi, Propithecus, i. 100, 102, 286 - Verreaux's Sifaka, i. 100 - versicolor, Cebus, i. 213, 215 - verus, Colobus, ii. 87, 245 - Procolobus, ii. 88 - Vervet Guenon, ii. 60 - veter, Cercopithecus, ii. 18 - Silenus, ii. 19 - Simia, ii. 113 - vetulus, Cercopithecus, ii. 112 - vicarius, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 - vidua, Saguinus, i. 159 - villosa, Alouatta, i. 199 - villosus, Mycetes, i. 128, 199; ii. 254 - vociferans, Nyctipithecus, i. 129, 169, 170 - Von der Decken's Sifaka, i. 101 - vulgaris, Jacchus, i. 132 - - Wau-wau Gibbon, ii. 154, 156 - Weasel-like Sportive-Lemur, i. 80 - weddelli, Hapale, i. 143 - Midas, i. 143, 144; ii. 255 - Weeping Cai, i. 216 - Weeper Capuchin, i. 215 - werneri, Cercopithecus, ii. 58 - Werner's Guenon, ii. 58 - White-cheeked Capuchin, i. 208 - White-cheeked Gibbon, ii. 158 - White-chested Titi, i. 161 - White-collared Mangabey, ii. 38 - Titi, i. 159 - White-crowned Mangabey, ii. 39 - White-eared Marmoset, i. 134 - White-faced Lemur, i. 73 - White-fronted Capuchin, i. 213, 215 - White-fronted Marmoset, i. 134 - White-footed Sportive-Lemur, i. 89 - White-handed Gibbon, ii. 159, 160 - White-handed Lemur, i. 74 - White-headed Saki, i. 185 - White-lipped Guenon, ii. 72 - White-lipped Tamarin, i. 141 - White-nosed Saki, i. 188 - White-shouldered Marmoset, i. 133 - White-tailed Guereza, ii. 98, 99 - White-thighed Guereza, ii. 94 - White-throated Capuchin, i. 206, 207 - White-whiskered Coaita, i. 239 - White-whiskered Spider-Monkey, i. 239 - White Monkeys, ii. 115, 116 - wolfi, Cercopithecus, ii. 79, 245 - Wolf's Guenon, ii. 79 - Woolly Avahi, i. 94 - Woolly Monkeys, i. 204, 220, 221, 248 - Woolly Spider-Monkeys, i. 204, 224, 225, 248 - wurmbii, Papio, ii. 170 - Pithecus, ii. 171 - Pongo, ii. 170 - Simia, ii. 171 - - xanthocephalus, Cebus, i. 209 - Xanthochroi, ii. 208, 223 - xanthomystax, Prosimia, i. 71 - - Yellow Baboon, i. 265 - Yellow-handed Howler, i. 197 - Yellow-tailed Tamarin, i. 144 - - zitteli, Microchaerus, i. 116; ii. 241 - - - -Notes. - -[1] Specimens of _Anthropopithecus niger_ and _Gorilla gorilla_, in the - Derby Museum, Liverpool, in which the permanent teeth have not yet - developed, have the premaxillary suture quite obliterated. - -[2] The deformity known in the human skull as acrocephaly, which occurs in - all races of men, and is due to the too early ossification of certain - of its sutures, has been found in the Chimpanzee. - -[3] Huxley's "Natural History of the Man-like Apes," p. 5. - -[4] Living and fossil. - -[5] A form of _S. mitratus_. - -[6] _Midas rufiventer_, said to be from Mexico by Dr. Gray, is now believed - to be Amazonian. Mr. Bates' statement that _Hapale pygmaea_ is found in - Mexico (vol. i., p. 136) is erroneous, and no species of Marmoset is - known from the Mexican Province. - -[7] _Chrysothrix entomophaga_ is stated by me (vol. i., p. 156) to inhabit - Central America. The Squirrel-Monkey of Panama, however, is _C. - oerstedi_, and _C. entomophaga_ must be restricted to the Brazilian - Sub-region (cf. Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer. Mamm., p. 16). - - * * * * * - -Corrections made to printed text - -P. 29 'supra-orbital' corrected from 'supra-orbitral'. - -P. 31 (Macacus) 'assamensis' corrected from 'assameusis'. - -P. 29 'depredations' corrected from 'depradations'. - -P. 60 'Cercopithecus pygerithraeus' corrected from '... pygerithroeus' - -P. 84 'Cercopithecinae' corrected from 'Cercopethecinae'. - -P. 29 'Pays-Bas' corrected from 'Pays-Bays'. - -P. 29 'Rhynchopithecus' corrected from 'Rhynochopithecus'. - -P. 158 'with synonymy' corrected from 'with synonomy'. - -P. 210, page reference '129' corrected from '103', '131' from '104', '132' -from '105' and '150' from '114'. These conflicted with the Index in this -volume as well as the actual contents of Volume I. - -P. 254 'Chrysothrix' (oerstedi) corrected from 'Chrynosthrix'. - -Index entry 'acolytus, Hyopsodus': this is the first of many wrong index -entries, with species on the Regional lists in vol. ii. being listed as -vol. i. The full list is tabulated here: - - acolytus, Hyopsodus, ii. 252 Laopithecus, robustus, ii. 252 - Adapis, tenebrosus, ii. 252 Loris, gracilis, ii. 248 - Alouatta, palliata, ii. 254 Microsyops, elegans, ii. 252 - brevicaudatus, Indris, ii. 248 Mixocebus, caniceps, ii. 248 - caniceps, Mixocebus, ii. 248 Mixodectes, crassiusculus, ii. 252 - Cebus, chrysopus, ii. 255 Mixodectes, pungens, ii. 252 - Cebus, hypoleucus, ii. 254, 255 palliata, Alouatta, ii. 254 - Chirogale, ii. 248 Papio, hamadryas, ii. 244, 245 - Chiromys madagascariensis, ii. 248 Papio, ibeanus, ii. 246 - crassicaudata, Galago, ii. 246, 247 Papio, langheldi, ii. 246 - fusciceps, Ateles, ii. 255 Papio, porcarius, ii. 246 - garnetti, Galago, ii. 246 pungens, Mixodectes, ii. 252 - geoffroyi, Ateles, ii. 254, 255 rosalia, Midas, ii. 254 - geoffroyi, Midas, ii. 254 rostratum, Tomitherium, ii. 252 - gracilis, Loris, ii. 248 Tarsius, fuscus, ii. 249, 250 - Hyopsodus, acolytus, ii. 252 Tarsius tarsius, ii. 249 - ibeanus, Papio, ii. 246 Tomitherium, rostratum, ii. 252 - jarrovii, Pelycodus, ii. 252 tutus, Pelycodus, ii. 252 - langheldi, Papio, ii. 246 vellerosus, Ateles, ii. 254 - laniger, Avahis, ii. 248 villosus, Mycetes, ii. 254 - Laopithecus, lemurinus, ii. 252 - -Index entry 'Alouatta, nigra': 'ii. 256' corrected from 'ii. 259' - -Index entry 'burnetti, Cercopithecus' corrected from 'Cercopethicus'. - -Index entry 'chrysoleucos, Miocella': 'i. 135' corrected from 'i. 35' - -Index entry 'crassicaudata, Otolicnus': 'i. 47' corrected from '147' - -Index entry 'elegantula' corrected from 'edegantula'. - -Index entry 'erythraea' corrected from 'erythaea'. - -Index entry 'gesilla, Pithecus': 'ii. 181' corrected from 'i. 181' - -Index entry 'larvatus, Nasalis': 'ii. 140 (etc.)' corrected from 'i. 140 -(etc.)' - -Index entry 'Papio': 'ii. 228' corrected from 'ii. 288' - -Index entry 'Sportive-Lemur, Red-tailed': 'i. 86' corrected from '186' - -Index entry 'tardigradus, Nycticebus': 'i. 285' corrected from 'iI. 285' - -Index entry 'Troglodytes': 'ii. 180 (etc.)' corrected from 'i. 180 (etc.)' - -Index entry 'Variegated' corrected from 'Varigated'. - -Note [7] 'C. oerstedi' corrected from 'aerstedi'. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 2 -(of 2), by Henry O. Forbes - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HAND-BOOK TO THE PRIMATES *** - -***** This file should be named 43992.txt or 43992.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/9/43992/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Rod Crawford, Keith Edkins and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |