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diff --git a/43992-0.txt b/43992-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8be9bc --- /dev/null +++ b/43992-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11733 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43992 *** + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + +Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). A carat character +is used to denote superscription: a single character following the carat is +superscripted (example: A^4). [)e] indicates "e breve" (short e), and so +forth. + +On pp. 237-257 the extinct genera and species referred to as being in +"black type" are marked by a + sign. + +Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been +incorporated to facilitate the use of the Alphabetical Index. + +Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work. +Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43991 + + + * * * * * + + + + +PLATE XXVI. + +[Illustration: ST. JOHN'S MACAQUE] + + +_LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY._ + +EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., &c. + +A HAND-BOOK +TO THE +PRIMATES. + +BY +HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., ETC., +DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS TO THE CORPORATION OF LIVERPOOL, +_Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago," +etc., etc., etc._ + +_VOL. II._ + +LONDON: +EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED, +12, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET. +1897. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The prefatory remarks in the preceding volume explain the purport of the +"Hand-book" of the Primates, which has been undertaken by Dr. Forbes. I +hope that the portion of the work devoted to the geographical distribution +of these animals will be found to be of some interest; but, as explained by +the author, the meagreness of the material in Museums renders the +definition of the exact habitats of Monkeys extremely difficult. + +R. BOWDLER SHARPE. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +I have little to add to the remarks given in the first volume of this +"Hand-book." I may refer, however, to the interest which attaches to the +study of the extinct forms of life, in relation to those which exist at the +present day. Although I have endeavoured, to the best of my ability, to +present to the student as complete a review of the species of Monkeys known +to us at the present time, I am well aware that there is an enormous amount +of work to be done before our knowledge of the Primates can be said to be +complete. There is a natural repugnance to collecting specimens of Monkeys +on the part of sportsmen. To shoot one feels like killing a sort of +relation, and even our best collectors, who thoroughly understood the +necessity of obtaining specimens in the interests of science, speak with a +feeling of pain of the human-like distress which a wounded Monkey exhibits; +and it is, therefore, difficult to induce travellers to shoot animals which +offer so much of a "counterfeit presentment" to human beings. + +The loose way in which the older naturalists expressed themselves in regard +to geographical distribution, has also rendered a correct appreciation of +the ranges of some of the Primates exceedingly difficult. Thus "Brazil" +may mean any portion of the South American continent from the Argentine +Republic to the Amazons, and "Mexique" has done duty in many Museums for +any locality between Mexico and Panama. Much, therefore, remains to be done +to define the exact areas which the different species of Primates inhabit. + +HENRY O. FORBES. + + + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + + PAGE + ORDER PRIMATES (_continued_), 1 + + SUB ORDER II.--ANTHROPOIDEA (_continued_), 1 + + FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ (_continued_), 1 + + SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ (_continued_), 1 + + IV. MACACUS, Lacép., 1, 213 + 1. inuus (L.), 4, 213 + 2. arctoides, Is. Geoffr., 8 + 3. rufescens, Anders., 11 + 4. maurus, F. Cuv., 11 + 5. fuscatus, Blyth, 13 + 6. leoninus, Blyth, 14 + 7. nemestrinus (L.), 16 + 8. silenus (L.), 18 + 9. assamensis, McClell., 20 + 10. rhesus (Audeb.), 22 + 11. lasiotis, Gray, 25 + 12. tcheliensis, Milne-Edw., 26 + 13. sancti-johannis (Swinh.), 28 + 14. cyclops, Swinh., 28 + 15. cynomologus (L.), 31 + 16. pileatus (Shaw), 33 + 17. sinicus (L.), 35 + + V. CERCOCEBUS, Geoffr., 36 + 1. fuliginosus, Geoffr., 37 + 2. collaris, Gray, 38 + 3. æthiops (L.), 39 + 4. albigena, Gray, 40 + 5. aterrimus, Oudem., 40 + 6. galeritus, Peters, 41 + + VI. CERCOPITHECUS, Erxl. 41 + + Group I.--Cercopitheci rhinosticti 44 + 1. petaurista (Schreb.) 44 + 2. signatus, Jentink 45 + 3. erythrogaster, Gray 46 + 4. buettikoferi, Jentink 47 + 5. martini, Waterh. 47 + 6. ludio, Gray 48 + 7. melanogenys, Gray 49 + 8. stampflii, Jentink 50 + 9. schmidti, Matschie 50 + 10. nictitans (L.) 51 + 11. erythrotis, Waterh. 52 + 12. cephus (L.) 53 + + Group II.--Cercopitheci chloronoti 54 + 13. cynosurus (Scop.) 55 + 14. sabæus (L.) 56 + 15. werneri, Geoffr. 58 + 16. callitrichus, Is. Geoffr. 58 + 17. pygerythrus, F. Cuv. 60 + 18. tantalus, Ogilby 62 + + Group III.--Cercopitheci erythronoti 63 + 19. patas (Schreb.) 63 + 20. pyrrhonotus, H. and E. 64 + 21. rufo-viridis, Geoffr. 65 + + Group IV.--Cercopitheci melanochiri 66 + 22. mona (Schreb.) 66 + 23. albigularis (Sykes) 67 + 24. boutourlinii, Gigl. 69 + 25. campbelli, Waterh. 70 + 26. samango, Sundev. 71 + 27. labiatus, Geoffr. 72 + 28. opisthostictus, Scl. 72 + 29. stairsi, Scl. 73 + 30. moloneyi, Scl. 74 + 31. neglectus, Schl. 75 + 32. leucampyx (Fischer) 75 + + Group V.--Cercopitheci auriculati 76 + 33. grayi, Fraser 77 + 34. pogonias, Bennett 78 + 35. nigripes, Du Chaillu 78 + 36. wolfi, Meyer 79 + + Group VI.--Cercopitheci barbati 79 + 37. diana (L.) 79 + 38. palatinus, Wagn. 81 + 39. brazzæ, Milne-Edw. 81 + + Group VII.--Cercopitheci trituberculati 82 + 40. talapoin, Erxl. 82 + + SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ 83 + + I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214 + 1. verus, Van Bened. 87 + 2. rufomitratus, Peters 88 + 3. kirki, Gray 89 + 4. ferrugineus (Shaw) 91 + 5. satanas, Waterh. 93 + 6. ursinus, Ogilby 93 + 7. vellerosus (Is. Geoffr.) 94 + 8. angolensis, Scl. 96 + 9. guereza, Rüpp. 97 + 10. caudatus, Thomas 98 + + II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 214 + 1. barbii (Blyth) 102 + 2. pileatus, Blyth 103 + 3. entellus (Dufr.) 104 + 4. schistaceus, Hodgs. 107 + 5. priamus (Blyth) 108 + 6. hypoleucus, Blyth 110 + 7. johni (Fischer) 111 + 8. cephalopterus (Zimm.) 112 + 9. sabanus, Thomas 116 + 10. hosii, Thomas 117 + 11. thomasi, Collett 119 + 12. everetti, Thomas 120 + 13. cruciger, Thomas 121 + 14. ursinus (Blyth) 122 + 15. obscurus, Reid 123 + 16. holotephreus, Anders. 124 + 17. germaini, Milne-Edw. 124 + 18. maurus (Schreb.) 125 + 19. femoralis, Horsf. 126 + 20. rubicundus, S. Müll. 128 + 21. natunæ, Thomas and Hartert 129 + 22. phayrii (Blyth) 131 + 23. rutledgii, Anderson 133 + 24. frontatus, S. Müll. 133 + 25. nemæus (L.) 134 + 26. nigripes, Milne-Edw. 135 + 27. melanolophus (Raffl.) 136 + 28. mitratus (Esch.) 137 + 29. roxellanæ, Milne-Edw. 139 + + III. NASALIS, Geoffr. 140 + 1. larvatus (Wurmb.) 140 + + FAMILY SIMIIDÆ 143 + + I. HYLOBATES Illig. 148, 216 + 1. agilis, F. Cuv. 151 + 2. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154 + [alpha]. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154 + [beta]. concolor, Schl. 155 + 3. leucogenys, Ogilby 158 + 4. lar (L.) 159 + 5. hoolock, Haslan. 161 + 6. hainanus, Thomas 164 + 7. syndactylus (Desm.) 166 + + II. SIMIA, L. 170, 217 + 1. satyrus, L. 170, 217 + + III. GORILLA, Is. Geoffr. 180 + 1. gorilla (Wyman) 180 + + IV. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 187, 217 + 1. troglodytes (L.) 194 + 2. calvus (Du Chaillu) 199 + + FAMILY HOMINIDÆ 203, 218 + + I. HOMO, L. 203 + 1. sapiens, L. 203 + [alpha]. Ethiopian Race 207 + [beta]. Mongolian Race 207 + [gamma]. Caucasian Race 208 + + EXTINCT ANTHROPOIDEA 209 + + FAMILY HAPALIDÆ 210 + + I. HAPALE, Illig. 210 + 1. grandis, Lund 210 + + FAMILY CEBIDÆ 210 + + SUB-FAMILY NYCTIPITHECINÆ: + + I. PROTOPITHECUS, Lund 210 + 1. brasiliensis, Lund 210 + + II. CALLITHRIX, Geoffr. 210 + 1. chlorocnomys, Lund 210 + 2. primæva, Lund 210 + + SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ: + + III. ALOUATTA, Lacép. 210 + 1. ursina (Humb.) 210 + + SUB-FAMILY CEBINÆ: + + IV. CEBUS, Erxl. 210 + 1. macrognathus, Lund 210 + 2. fatuellus (L.) 210 + 3. cirrifer, Geoff. 210 + + V. HOMUNCULUS, Amegh. 211 + 1. patagonicus, Amegh. 211 + + VI. ANTHROPOPS, Amegh. 211 + 1. perfectus, Amegh. 211 + + FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ. + + SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ: + + I. PAPIO, Erxl. 212 + 1. sub-himalayamus (Meyer) 212 + 2. falconeri (Lydekker) 212 + 3. atlanticus, Thomas 212 + + II. OREOPITHECUS, Gerv. 212 + 1. bambolii, Gerv. 212 + + III. MACACUS, Lacép. 1, 213 + 1. sivalensis, Lydekker 213 + 2. priscus 213 + 3. inuus, Gervais 4, 213 + 4. florentinus, Cocchi 213 + 5. suevicus, Heding. 213 + 6. trarensis, Pomel 213 + + IV. DOLICHOPITHECUS, Depéret 214 + 1. ruscinensis, Depéret 214 + + V. MESOPITHECUS, Wagn. 214 + 1. pentelici, Wagn. 214 + + SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ: + + I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214 + 1. grandævus, Fraas. 214 + + II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 215 + 1. monspessulanus, Gerv. 215 + 2. palæindicus, Lydekker 215 + + FAMILY SIMIIDÆ 215 + + I. PLIOPITHECUS, Gerv. 215 + 1. antiquus, Gerv. 215 + 2. chantrei, Gerv. 216 + + II. HYLOBATES, Illig. 148, 216 + 1. leuciscus (Schieb.) 216 + + III. DRYOPITHECUS, Lartet. 216 + 1. fontani, Lartet. 217 + + IV. SIMIA, L. 170, 217 + 1. satyrus, L. 170, 217 + + V. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 188, 217 + 1. sivalensis (Lydekker) 217 + + FAMILY HOMINIDÆ 218 + + I. HOMO, L. 218 + + + + +LIST OF PLATES. + + + XXVI.--St. John's Macaque _Macacus sancti-johannis._ + XXVII.--White-crowned Mangabey _Cercocebus æthiops._ + XXVIII.--Green Guenon _Cercopithecus callitrichus._ + XXIX.--Boutourlini's Guenon _Cercopithecus boutourlinii._ + XXX.--Erxleben's Guenon _Cercopithecus grayi._ + XXXI.--De Brazza's Guenon _Cercopithecus brazzæ._ + XXXII.--Talapoin _Cercopithecus talapoin._ + XXXIII.--Bay Guereza _Colobus ferrugineus._ + XXXIV.--White-tailed Guereza _Colobus caudatus._ + XXXV.--Hose's Langur _Semnopithecus hosii._ + XXXVI.--Everett's Langur _Semnopithecus everetti._ + XXXVII.--Proboscis Monkey _Nasalis larvatus._ + XXXVIII.--Siamang Gibbon _Hylobates syndactylus._ + XXXIX.--Orang-utan _Simia satyrus._ + XL.--Gorilla _Gorilla gorilla._ + XLI.--Bald Chimpanzee _Anthropopithecus calvus._ + XLII.--MAP I. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil + _Lemuroidea_. + XLIII.--MAP II. Showing the distribution of the Family _Tarsiidæ_, and + of the Sub-family _Galaginæ_ of the _Lemuridæ_. + XLIV.--MAP III. Showing the distribution of the Family _Chiromyidæ_, + and of the Sub-families _Lemurinæ_ and _Indrisinæ_, and of + the Sub-family _Lorisinæ_ of the _Lemuridæ_. + XLV.--MAP IV. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil + _Anthropoidea_. + XLVI.--MAP V. Showing the distribution of the Families _Hapalidæ_ and + _Cebidæ_. + XLVII.--MAP VI. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Papio_, + _Theropithecus_, _Cynopithecus_, _Cercocebus_, + _Cercopithecus_, and _Macasus_. + XLVIII.--MAP VII. Showing the distribution of the Genera + _Semnopithecus_, _Nasalis_, and _Colobus_. + XLIX.--MAP VIII. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Hylobates_, + _Simia_, _Gorilla_, and _Anthropopithecus_. + + + + +{1}ORDER PRIMATES. + +THE BABOONS, MANGABEYS, AND MACAQUES + +(_Continued_). + + +THE MACAQUES. GENUS MACACUS. + + _Macacus_, Lacép., Mem. de l'Inst., iii., p. 450 (1801). + +This genus embraces a large number of species which are characterised by +having a thick-set body and short stout limbs, with the thumb set backward. +The muzzle is considerably produced and rounded, but the nose does not +extend as far out as the plane of the upper lip; the nostrils open in +advance of its termination, and are directed obliquely outwards and +downwards; their cheek-pouches are large, and their lips thick and +protrusile; their eyes are approximated, and look out from below thick and +prominent superciliary ridges; their ears are naked and applied flatly to +the sides of the head and their hind upper angle is pointed; their +callosities, which extend with age, are often surrounded by a portion of +the buttocks, which is always nude. The tail is long, short, tufted, or +reduced to a mere tubercle, and it may be quite invisible externally. Some +have the hair of the head long, and radiating in all directions; others +have the face encircled by a kind of mane. In some northern forms, the +whole body is covered with a woolly fur, as a protection against cold. + +{2}In the skull the facial region predominates over the cranial, and the +lower margin of the frontal bones are exserted to form a thick prominent +ridge over the orbits and nose; the mastoid process on each side of the +skull, behind the ear, is very prominent for the attachment of a muscle +which assists in opening the mouth and in swallowing their food. Strong +muscles also stretch from the back of the head to the spine for the support +of the head. The canine teeth are long, and press against the anterior +pre-molars of the lower jaw, the position of which is modified or distorted +by the pressure, thus enabling these animals to crush and open hard-shelled +fruits. Their anterior and median lower molars are four-cusped, while the +posterior is markedly larger, and has five cusps and a posterior talon. The +carpus, or wrist, possesses the central (_os centrale_) bone, and the +fingers have their metacarpal bones elongated. The caudal vertebræ in the +species of this genus are usually numerous; even in the short-tailed +species they vary from fifteen to seventeen in number, the reduction in the +length of the tail being the result of a great diminution in the size, not +in the number, of the vertebræ. In the tail of one species (_M. inuus_), +however, they are reduced in number to two or three; in the same species +the tail lacks the chevron (or V-shaped) bones on its under side, as well +as the processes to which the muscles for its movement are attached. Most +of the Macaques have a throat-sac, which communicates with the larynx under +the thyroid cartilage, and which fills with air, acting as a resonator to +their voice. + +The Macaques are among the commonest Monkeys of India and the East Indian +islands. They occur also in Northern Africa (Morocco), and in Gibraltar, +across the Straits. Eastwards they extend into Thibet and Northern China. +They are {3}also found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and in Timor, +this being the most eastern habitat of any of the _Anthropoidea_ except +that of _Cynopithecus niger_. Dr. Blanford, in his "Mammals of British +India," says that the species of the present genus resemble each other in +their habits; they are found in flocks, often of considerable size, and +generally composed of both sexes and of all ages. They are active animals, +though less agile in their movements, whether on trees or on the ground, +than the Langurs (_vide infrà_). Their food is varied, most of the species, +if not all, eating insects as well as seeds, fruits, &c., and one kind +feeding entirely on Crustacea. They have occasionally been known to devour +Lizards, and, it is said, Frogs also. All have the habit of cramming food +into their cheek-pouches for mastication at leisure.... The voice and +gestures of all the species (_M. silenus_ perhaps excepted) are similar, +and differ from those of both the Gibbons and Langurs. Tickell notices this +in his MS. Notes, and gives the following details, which are worthy of +quotation: "Anger is generally silent, or, at most, expressed by a low +hoarse monotone, 'Heu,' not so gular or guttural as a growl; ennui and a +desire for company by a whining 'Hom,' invitation, deprecation, entreaty, +by a smacking of the lips and a display of the incisors into a regular +broad grin, accompanied with a subdued grunting chuckle, highly expressive, +but not to be rendered on paper; fear and alarm by a loud harsh shriek, +'Kra,' or 'Kraouh,' which serves also as a warning to the others who may be +heedless of danger. Unlike the Langurs and Gibbons, they have no voice, if +calling to one another." + +The majority of the species are very docile when young. They thrive well, +and several of them have bred in confinement. The period of gestation is +about seven months, only a {4}single young one, as a rule, being produced +at a birth. They become adult at the age of four or five years, but breed +earlier. + +In regard to the expression of emotion among these Monkeys, Mr. Darwin has +recorded of different species that when pleased they draw back the corners +of the mouth in a species of smile, become red in the face when angry, and +pale when afraid. + +The term Macaque was given to these monkeys by Buffon, who took it, +however, from what is supposed to have been the native name of an _African_ +species of Monkey, and misapplied it to this Indian group. _Macacus_ is +therefore the Latinised form of that word, which has now been applied too +long to be changed. + + +I. THE BARBARY MACAQUE. MACACUS INUUS. + + _Simia inuus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766). + + _Simia sylvanus_, Linn., t.c. p. 35. + + _Inuus ecaudatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 100 (1812); Gray, Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870). + + _Le magot_, F. Cuvier et Geoffr., Mamm., livr. ii. (1819); F. Cuv., + Mammif., p. 114, pl. 41. + + _Macacus inuus_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 67 (1820). + + _Inuus pithecus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth., Primates, p. 31 (1851). + + _Macacus sylvanus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 115 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Body short and thick-set, and about as big as a +moderately-sized Dog. Head oblong, long, rounded, and wrinkled; face and +chin naked; eyes approximated, set deep below the superciliary ridges; brow +small; neck short. Ears pointed at their hind upper angle, and their +margins haired; nose not prominent; nostrils two slit-like orifices +converging at right angles to the partition; lips slender, extensile; upper +{5}lip broad; callosities less extensive than in the Baboons; tail +invisible externally; toes longer than the fingers, and both much haired. +Hair on the crown short and reflexed; hairs on the cheeks forming a +whisker, directed backward; hair of the fore-arms directed towards the +elbow. + +Crown, and sides of head, cheeks, neck, shoulders, upper back, and front of +fore-limbs golden-yellow, mixed with a few black hairs, the individual +hairs being dark grey at the base, ringed for the rest of their length with +yellow and grey; the rest of the upper part of the body greyish-yellow or +yellowish-brown; under side of lower jaw, lower side of body, and inner +face of limbs greyish-yellow, or yellowish-white; a dark spot of black +hairs tipped with yellow at the inner angle of each eye, and stretching +down on the cheeks; naked parts of face, ears, and callosities pale +flesh-colour, as also is the thinly-haired skin of the inner sides of the +limbs; tail represented by a small tubercle of naked skin. Length of the +body, 2½ feet. + +FEMALE.--Exactly resembles the male in coloration, but is slightly smaller +in size, and more amiable in disposition; the canines scarcely larger than +the incisors. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This species, named by the French "Magot," inhabits Morocco, +and Algeria in Northern Africa. It is found also on the Rock of Gibraltar, +and some distance inland in Spain; but whether it has been transported from +Africa, or has lived there since its ancestors were left isolated when the +Straits of Gibraltar subsided and separated Europe from Africa, is a +question impossible to decide now. It is certain that the Moors bring now, +and probably for ages have been in the habit of bringing, captive specimens +of this Monkey, to trade away on the European side; it is, therefore, +{6}not impossible that the "Apes of the Rock" may have thus been +introduced. This is the only African (or European) species of the genus. + +HABITS.--This Monkey has been known to science for many centuries. It is +now certain, as M. Frederick Cuvier remarks in his "History of Mammals," +thanks to the researches of M. de Blainville upon the Monkey dissected by +Galen, that the _Pithecus_ of Aristotle was our Magot, as we know of no +other species of Macaque without a tail. The Barbary Macaques, when on the +ground, invariably walk on their four legs, but in an uneasy and clumsy +manner compared with their motions when climbing; they are far more at home +in trees or rocks, where they climb with amazing rapidity. They live +chiefly on fruits and leaves, feeding themselves with their hands, and +smelling everything they are uncertain about, before putting it into the +mouth. They also eat grass very readily. They are found in large crowds in +the forests of Barbary, which reach to the sea, and are very destructive to +the cultivated fields of the Moors, on which they make constant raids, and +during which, like the Baboons, they post sentinels to give warning of +danger to their foraging friends. This Monkey sleeps on its side or in a +sitting posture with its head dropped between its knees. + +On the European side of the Mediterranean, these Apes were at one time very +abundant on the Rock of Gibraltar, but as they robbed the gardens of the +garrison they were killed by every means for several years, till they were +eventually reduced to three. Orders were, however, issued by the +authorities for their preservation, and a few additional pairs were +imported from Africa. They now frequent the inaccessible ledges of the +Rock, especially on its Mediterranean face, on which they climb about with +marvellous rapidity. + +{7}In reply to inquiries about the present condition of the Barbary Apes +(_Macacus inuus_) on the Rock, Dr. Sclater records in 1893 that General Sir +Lothian Bell, the Governor of Gibraltar, had informed him "that they were +now distinctly increasing in numbers. He had himself counted as many as +thirty in one group, and, according to some reports, there were altogether +as many as double that number on the Rock. In fact they were so numerous, +and their depredations had become so serious that a short time ago an +agitation had been got up for their reduction in numbers, and it would +perhaps be necessary to thin them a little, but their extermination was +quite out of the question, and would not be thought of." + +These animals are remarkably affectionate parents, the mother constantly +tending her single young one, while the males may often be seen carrying +about some of the babies of the troop. When young the "Rock Ape" is playful +and gentle; but, when old, becomes ill-natured and vicious. + +When angry their jaws are moved up and down with great rapidity, while they +give utterance to loud and harsh cries. The males fight with their strong +canine teeth and their long and strong, though flat, nails, with which they +are capable of inflicting deep wounds on each other. When in a good temper +their voice is generally soft; but Mr. Darwin observed in the Zoological +Gardens that a specimen there, when pleased, made a shrill note, and +likewise drew back the corners of its mouth, apparently through the +contraction of the same muscles as with human beings. The skin of the lower +eyelids also became much wrinkled. "At the same time it rapidly moved its +lower jaw or lips in a spasmodic manner, the teeth being exposed; but the +noise produced was hardly more distinct than that which we call silent +laughter. Two of the keepers affirmed that this {8}slight sound was the +animal's laughter, and when I expressed some doubt on this head (being at +the time quite inexperienced) they made it attack, or rather threaten, a +hated _Entellus_ Monkey, living in the same compartment. Instantly the +whole expression of the face of the _Inuus_ changed; the mouth was opened +much more widely, the canine teeth were more fully exposed, and a hoarse +barking noise was uttered." + + +II. THE BROWN MACAQUE. MACACUS ARCTOIDES. + + _Macacus speciosus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlvi. (Feb., 1825) (founded on + a drawing). + + _Macacus arctoides_, Is. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool., 1833, p. cli., pl. ii.; + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 203; Anderson, Zool. Yun-nan, p. 45, pls. i. + and ii. (1878) with full synonymy; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. + 17 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, viii., p. 116 (1876). + + _Papio melanotus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 31. + + _Macacus melanotus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870). + + _Macacus thibetanus_, Alph., Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870). + + _Macacus brunneus_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 628, 1872, p. 203, pl. + xii. (Jun.), 1874, p. 652. + +CHARACTERS.--Body short and stout; head large; muzzle short and truncated; +chin bulging; chin and throat almost nude; eyes large; ears large and +rounded, with a pointed projection behind; limbs short, stout and strong; +hands and fingers short, the terminal phalanges nude; tail almost +rudimentary; callosities and surrounding region of buttocks naked. + +Fur long and woolly (especially in those living at high {9}altitudes), +longer on the head, back and limbs, shortest over the sacrum; hair on the +head parted outwards from the centre; fingers slightly haired; tail thinly +haired, or nude in old animals. In individuals living in the inclement +regions of Eastern Thibet, the tail is thickly haired. + +General colour dark brown or blackish; cheeks, underside of body, inner +sides of arms and legs paler, washed with yellowish, the hairs being very +closely ringed (in some more distinctly than in others), for their outer +two-thirds, with alternating annulations of golden-yellow and brown, their +terminal points dark brown. Face, ears, sub-caudal callosities, bright +reddish flesh-colour, deeper round the eyes. Length of the body, 15-24 +inches; tail 1½-2 inches. + +In the young the fur is lighter. When first born it is of purely uniform +brown, the annulations appearing and increasing in number with advancing +age. + +In a young Bornean specimen the sides, abdomen, and legs are light chestnut +colour; the tips of many of the hairs golden, which with age changes more +and more into blackish-brown. The tail is 3½ inches long, and extremely +slender for the last two-thirds of its length--a part easily lost in +captivity. + +Tongue with numerous papillated glandular crypts for lubrication of the +cheek-pouches. Throat-pouch situated in an excavated hollow in the hyoid +bone, the pouch being continuous with the convergence of the vocal chords. + +Skull with strong inwardly projecting supra-orbital processes; external +opening for the nostrils triangular. The anterior upper incisors appear +first, followed by the anterior pre-molar, the median molar, the median +pre-molar, and then the canines; anterior molar four-cusped; anterior lower +molar five-cusped. Caudal vertebræ eleven in number. + +{10}DISTRIBUTION.--Moupin in N.W. China, living on the snow-clad mountains; +Upper Burmah (Bahmo); Siam; the Cachar and Kachin hill-region on the +western frontier of the Province of Yun-nan, China; North-west Borneo, on +the mainland opposite Labuan. This species has been recorded, but +erroneously, from Madras, whither specimens are imported from Burmah, or +from the Malayan Islands. + +Dr. John Anderson, the distinguished naturalist of the Yun-nan Expedition, +gives the following interesting remarks in reference to the distribution of +this species: "_M. arctoides_ would seem to have a considerable range of +distribution, in which, however, it conforms to that which is distinctive +of a large series of the Mammalian forms which occur in the same region. It +has been obtained in Cachar, and I have learned of its existence in Upper +Assam, and have procured it alive in the Kachin Hills on the frontier of +Yun-nan, beyond which it spreads to the south-east of Cochin-China. It +seems essentially to be a hill or mountain form--occurring only in the +mountainous regions of Cachar, being absent in the valley of the Irawady, +but stretching round it into Yun-nan from Upper Assam, being doubtless +distributed over the mountainous region that intervenes between the Irawady +and Cochin-China." + +HABITS.--Of this Macaque little is known in a wild state. It is, however, +very docile and gentle in captivity. In life the tail is rarely carried +erect, and is as a rule applied over the anus; its latter fourth being +doubled on itself to the left, and serving to fill up the interspace +between the divergent portion of the callosities, so that the animal sits +on this portion of its tail, which contains only a few rudiments of +vertebræ at its {11}base, and the upper surface of which is rough and +somewhat callous.... Here we have a monkey which sits on its tail, and +although it may be that it does not invariably do so, I am prepared to +state, after careful observation, that it does so very frequently; and +there is the more importance to be attached to this observation, because +this habit appears to be a peculiarity of the species. (_Anderson._) + + +III. RUFOUS STUMP-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS RUFESCENS. + + _Macacus rufescens_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 204 (Juv.); id., Zool. + Exped. Yun-nan, p. 79 (1878); Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxiv.; + 1873, p. 194. + + _Macacus arctoides_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 116 (1876; part). + +CHARACTERS.--Very nearly related to _M. arctoides_, of which it is perhaps +only a southern race. Face red, more brilliant round the orbits; nose and +lips brownish; tail stumpy, thinly haired. Fur rather brilliant brick-red, +especially on the cheeks, flanks, and outside of the limbs. This animal is +known, however, only from young specimens. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Malay Peninsula. + + +IV. THE MOOR MACAQUE. MACACUS MAURUS. + + _Macacus maurus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlv. (Avril, 1823); Anderson, + Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 80 (1878, pt.; with full synonymy); Schl., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 117 (1876). + + _Cynocephalus niger_ (?), Quoy et Gaim., Voy. de l'Astrol., Zool, i., p. + 67 (1830). + + _Macacus arctoides_, Is. Geoffr., Zool. Bélang. Voy., p. 61 (1834); id., + Arch. Mus., ii., p. 573. + + {12}_Macacus ocreatus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 56; Sclater, in Wolf, + Zool. Sketches, ii., pl. i. (1865); id., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420, pl. + lxxxii.; Anderson, t.c., p. 81 (pt). + + _Macacus fusco-ater_, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i., p. 58 (1844). + + _Macacus inornatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 202, pl. xix.; id., Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Face narrow and elongated, nude, except for a few short hairs +on the upper lip; nose flat; ears rather long, rounded, thinly haired; hair +on one side of the head forming a somewhat large whisker; groin, region +external to the callosities, and down the thighs thinly haired; tail very +short, nude, curved upwards; frontal band, face, and ears black; +callosities and the surrounding parts thinly-haired; region of the buttocks +flesh-coloured; hairs on the upper lip black; whisker-tufts black, with +greyish tips; rest of the head and body sooty-black; lower side of neck, +rump, under surface of body, inside of limbs, fore-arms, legs, and back of +thighs grey; tail, black. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 1 inch. + +YOUNG.--Greyish-black. + +In the skull the outer surface of the outer margin of the orbits is +flattened; the nasal bones are short and expanded. + +This species is distinguished from _M. arctoides_ and _M. fuscatus_, by the +colour of the face being black, instead of bright red. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This species, whose true home was for a long time unknown, +but was assumed to be Borneo, has been certainly ascertained to be confined +to the Southern Peninsula of Celebes, and to the neighbouring island of +Bouton. Dr. Anderson speaks of a Monkey from the Aru Islands, far to the +east of Celebes, "if not identical with _M. maurus_, {13}at least so +closely allied to it that I hesitate to separate it." The specimens both +from Borneo and from Aru, if truly brought from these islands, must have +been carried there in the stream of commerce from Celebes to the eastward +in the first instance. + + +V. THE JAPANESE MACAQUE. MACACUS FUSCATUS. + + _Macacus speciosus_, F. Cuv., Mammif., pl. 46 (1825); Murie, P. Z. S., + 1872, p. 780; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 418, pl. xlvii.; Schl., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 114 (1876.) + + _Inuus speciosus_ (nec. F. Cuv.), Temm., Faun. Jap. Zool. Mamm., p. 9, + pl. i., figs. 1 to 8; pl. ii., figs. 1 to 6 (1847); Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870). + + _Macacus fuscatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., extra no., p. 6 (1875); + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 332; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 78 + (1878; with full synonymy). + +CHARACTERS.--Face nude, prolonged forwards; muzzle prominent; superciliary +ridges overhanging the eyes; eyebrows meeting in the mid-line; a bar over +the eyes across the forehead bald, except for a few very short hairs; fur +in general, long, soft, silky, and thick; short hairs forming a sort of +whisker on the cheeks, continuous with the hair on the head and the +moderately long beard; abdomen, chest, and inner surface of limbs thinly +haired; ears large and, except on the margins, covered with long silky +hairs; tail short, equally clad with long hairs, and with a terminal tuft, +varying from 2-3 inches in length. Length of body, 24 inches. Face in life +intensely red, with a purplish hue; nose and lower lip washed with brown; +callosities and naked parts of the scrotal region purplish-red; sparse +hairs of the face dark brown; general colour of fur dark brown, or +yellowish-brown, or olive, darkest along {14}the middle of the back, the +hairs being ringed with yellow and brown, or black and brown; sides of +head, breast, under surface of body, under sides of limbs, and under side +of tail greyish; beard yellowish-brown. + +The hair is not annulated in the young animal. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Japan. Common on the hills at Kioto, according to Mr. Gower, +who was H.B.M. Consul at Hiogo in 1875. Dr. J. Rein records that it is +found all over the island of Nippon up to 41° N. latitude, and has +consequently a further northern habitat than any other existing Monkey. + +HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of the Japanese Macaque; but they +are in all probability similar to those of its Indian relatives. + + +VI. THE LEONINE MACAQUE. MACACUS LEONINUS. + + _Macacus leoninus_, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. A. S. Beng., p. 7 (1863); + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 663, pl. xxxv. (male and female); Anderson, + Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 52 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. + Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 18, fig. 6 (1891). + + _Macacus andamanensis_, Bartlett, _Land and Water_, viii., p. 57 (1869); + P. Z. S., 1869, p. 467. + + _Inuus leoninus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., p. 2 (1875). + +CHARACTERS.--A thick-set, short-limbed, somewhat Dog-like animal; head, +broad, flat above; the muzzle short; tail short, turned over the back, +about one-third the length of the body. + +Upper surface of head with short fur radiating from the vertex, "surrounded +in front and on both sides by a horse-shoe-shaped crest, the supra-orbital +portion of which consists of very stiff hairs." (_Blanford._) Face thinly +covered with fine hairs; {15}along the sides of the face a backwardly +directed whisker meeting below the chin. Fur on the back of the neck, +shoulders, and upper part of the fore-limb, long, shorter behind the +shoulders and shortest on the rump; buttocks sparsely haired; tail somewhat +tufted; belly and upper and inner parts of the limbs thinly haired. Length, +23 inches; tail (without the tuft), 8 inches. + +MALE.--Face brownish flesh-colour on the muzzle and between the eyes, +bluish-white round the latter; frontal bar white; a narrow line from the +outer corner of the eye backwards, red; a horse-shoe-shaped crest, mid-line +of back, lower back, sacral region, and upper surface of tail, black, the +hairs being grey at base, and dark brown, or black, along their outer +portion; ears flesh-coloured, and the hair on and round them white; region +above the eyes and round the face, chin, and throat, yellowish-brown--the +hairs being ringed, above their grey bases, with dark brown and orange, and +tipped with black; on the shoulders, back of the neck and upper part of the +arms orange olive--the hairs having the orange rings more predominant than +the brown; rest of the fore limb yellowish-olive; thighs dusky-grey, washed +with black; buttocks grey; lower parts of body, inner sides of limbs, and +under side of tail, light greyish-brown; caudal tuft often bright rufous. +Excepting on the head, loins, tail, and buttocks, all the hairs are +annulated, above their grey bases, with orange and brown, and dark-tipped. +Hands and feet dusky flesh-colour. + +FEMALE.--Smaller than the males, but the black of the head and back absent, +and the hairs of the under-parts not annulated; shoulders brighter than the +rest of the body, which is yellowish-olive, and greyish-olive on the +outside of the limbs. + +{16}MALE.--Skull smaller, shorter, and more globular than that of _M. +nemestrinus_, which is its nearest ally; muzzle less projecting; little or +no depression of the nose between the eyes; supra-orbital ridges prominent; +orbits large, approximated; skull of the female feebler in all respects. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Southern portion of Arracan, and the valley of the Irawady +in Upper Burmah. The Andaman Islands, whence Mr. Bartlett described a +specimen as a new species, was an erroneous habitat, as the specimen had +been introduced there from Burmah. + +HABITS.--Very little is known of this rare species in its native state. In +captivity the females and the males, when young, become very tame, and are +capable of being taught various performances. A female which lived in the +Zoological Society's Gardens in 1869 was educated by the blue-jackets of +one of Her Majesty's ships, who had obtained her at the Andaman Islands, +and kept her on board for three or four years before she was sent to the +Gardens. "Jenny" exhibited an extraordinary degree of cleverness, as Mr. +Bartlett, the Superintendent, has narrated in _Land and Water_. She could +drink out of a bottle and smoke a pipe. She walked upright on her hind legs +with remarkable facility, and with much less effort than even the +performing Monkeys of the London streets. When in an erect attitude she +would carry things. + + +VII. THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS NEMESTRINUS. + + _Simia nemestrina_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766). + + _Le Maimon_, Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sect. i., pl. i. + (1797). + + _Inuus nemestrinus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 101 (1812). + + {17}_Macacus nemestrinus_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm, livr. xlii. + (1820); livr. xliv. (1822); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); + Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 110 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 77 (1878; with full synonymy). + +CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Of large size, even approaching that of "a good sized +Mastiff." (_Anderson._) Body short, and broad-chested; head flattened; +muzzle long and Baboon-like; supra-orbital ridges large; limbs long and +powerful; tail slender, about one-third the length of the body, pointed, +and carried erect; face, ears, and callosities nude; sometimes a short +membrane uniting the first phalanges of the fore and middle fingers and the +second and third toes. + +Fur short, longer over the shoulders; that on the top of the head radiating +from a centre, short, erect and abundant; hair below and on the tail less +abundant, that on the belly very sparse. + +In the skull the protruding facial region is much larger proportionately +than the cranial region; the orbits large, and nearly circular. + +Face dark flesh-colour; ears and callosities the same; general colour of +fur olive, the hairs being at the base grey, ringed higher up with +alternate black and yellow bars, the predominance of the one bar over the +other producing a brighter olive, even a yellow, or a deep brown colour; +top of the head deep brown or brownish-black, extending along the middle of +the back, broadening on the rump and basal part of the tail. Sides of the +face blackish-grey; under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs +greyish white; arms and legs lighter than the back; outer surface of the +thighs olive-grey; hands and feet olive-brown. + +{18}Length of body, 18½ inches; of tail, 8 inches. + +FEMALES.--Similar to the males; the young of both sexes more brightly +coloured than the adults. Gestation in the Pig-tailed Macaque lasts, +according to Dr. Blanford, seven months and twenty days. A singular variety +of a female from the Baram river, in Sarawak, Borneo, is of a dark fulvous +above, darker in the mesial line, much paler on the lower surface, and +growing nearly white on the middle of the chest. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Tenasserim, and chiefly in the southern parts of that +province; Southern Burmah, the Malay peninsula, Bangka, Sumatra, Java, and +Borneo. + +HABITS.--The Pig-tailed Macaque inhabits the thick jungles in the lower +country, living in considerable companies, and feeding on fruits, seeds, +and insects. "When young, these Monkeys are easily tamed," as Mr. Charles +Hose records, "and in some places they are used to climb the cocoa-nut +trees to throw down the nuts, the Monkeys having been taught to throw down +only the ripe ones." This observation as to its collecting cocoa-nuts was +also made many years ago by Sir Stamford Raffles in Sumatra. When old, the +males are very savage, and will attack a Dog when provoked. + + +VIII. THE LION-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS SILENUS. + + _Simia silenus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766); Schreber, Säugeth., + i., p. 87, pl. xi. (1775). + + _Cercopithecus veter_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 24 (1777). + + _Simia ferox_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 30, pl. xvi. (1800). + + _Papio silenus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 102 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. + Zool., p. 18 (1820). + + {19}_Macacus silenus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 63 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 93 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., + Mamm., p. 16, fig. 5; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 109 (1876). + + _Silenus veter_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Head round; muzzle wide; hair on top of the head very short; +face surrounded by long hairs, concealing the ears, and meeting under the +chin; ears naked; face, hands, feet, and callosities naked; tail slender, +one-half to three-quarters the length of the body and tufted with hair. +Length, 24 inches; tail, 10 inches. + +Skull rounded; muzzle wide in front, contracted at the base, concave +beneath the orbits; orbital ridges large, and the frontal bone widely +depressed behind them; pre-molars and molars small. The structure of this +animal is essentially that of the ordinary Macaques, although it differs +from them so much in external physiognomy. (_Anderson_). + +Body, limbs, and tail deep black; a ruff of long hairs round the head, +darkish grey; chest greyish or white; tail tipped with greyish or white; +face, hands, and feet black; callosities flesh-coloured. + +DISTRIBUTION.--"The Lion-tailed Macaque inhabits the Western Ghats from +below Goa to Cape Comorin, but there is no authentic record of its +existence in a wild state in Ceylon." (_Anderson._) It lives at a +considerable altitude above the sea. + +HABITS.--This species, according to Jerdon (to whom, as Dr. Blanford +observes, we are indebted for the only authentic account of this animal in +a wild state), inhabits the most dense and unfrequented forests of the +hills near the Malabar coast, in herds of from twelve to twenty or more. It +is shy and wary. {20}In captivity it is sulky and savage, and not easily +taught. The call of the male is said to resemble the voice of a Man. + + +IX. HIMALAYAN MACAQUE. MACACUS ASSAMENSIS. + + _Macacus assamensis_, McClell.; Horsfield, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 148; Blyth, + J. A. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 746 (1844); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yun-nan, p. + 64 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 15 + (1888). + + _Macacus pelops_, Hodgs., J. A. S., Beng., ix., p. 1213 (1840); Gray, + Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870). + + _Macacus problematicus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. + + _Macacus rheso-similis_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxv. (Juv.) + + _Macacus erythræus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas., vii, p. 112 1876; (part). + +CHARACTERS.--Larger and more strongly-built than _M. rhesus_. Fur +moderately long, wavy, woolly (in some specimens), and without rings; the +hair of the crown radiating from the centre of the forehead outwards and +backwards; the hair round the face and on the chin rather long; that on and +between the shoulders, and on the sides of the chest, longer than on the +hind part of the body; hairs on the lower part of the flanks rather long; +tail about, or less than, half the length of the body, not tufted, but +longer, smaller, and much less densely furred than in _M. rhesus_; +callosities surrounded by fur; ears tufted, and haired inside; beard well +developed; face and ears dusky. Length, 26¾ inches; tail, 9¼ inches. + +The fur above differs from that of _M. rhesus_, in the anterior half being +uniform dark brown, wanting the ashy-grey tint; and the hinder portion +brown, without the rufous seen in {21}_M. rhesus_; the outside of the +fore-limbs, the back of the neck, and region between the shoulders, brown, +washed with yellowish or golden; upper surface of head pale +yellowish-brown; flanks, front of fore-limbs, outer aspect of thighs, back +of feet and tail, darker; under surface of body and inside of limbs +yellowish-grey or greyish-yellow; behind the angle of the mouth, below and +behind the ears, and on the chin, the hairs are yellowish-grey, tipped with +black; face and callosities, pale flesh-coloured. + +The skull and skeleton agree closely with those of _M. rhesus_, but are +somewhat larger. Canine teeth long, and deeply grooved in front. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This Macaque inhabits the Himalayan ranges as far west as +Masuri, or perhaps further, from near the base of the hills to a +considerable elevation (_Blanford_); it extends eastwards from the Nepal +Region of the Himalaya through Assam and the north-eastern portion of +Bengal into the upper or hilly portion of the valley of the Irawady. +(_Anderson._) This species is said to have its home generally between 3,000 +and 6,000 feet above the sea. Dr. Anderson obtained on the Irawady, 25 +miles below Bhamo, a female out of a large colony "living below the huge +Deva-faced limestone cliff, at the foot of which lies the small pagoda of +Sessoungan. The crews of passing boats and pious visitors generally throw +rice and fruits to these Monkeys as a work of merit." + +HABITS.--This species probably represents a Himalo-Burman race or +sub-species of _M. rhesus_. Its habits are much the same as those of that +species, but it is said to have a slightly different voice and to be more +sluggish, according to Blanford. + + +{22}X. THE BENGAL MACAQUE. MACACUS RHESUS. + + _Simia rhesus_, var. Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sec. i., p. 5, + pl. i. (1797). + + _Simia erythræa_, Schreber, Säugeth, Suppl., pl. 8, fig. c. + + _Macacus erythræus_, Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xxxviii. (young; Oct., + 1819); pls. xxxix. (1821) and xl. (1825; male); Gerv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., + p. 91 (figs. [male] and [female]; heads; 1834); Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, + p. 226; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). + + _Macacus rhesus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 66, pl. vii., fig. 2 (1820); Anders., + Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 55, pl. iii. (with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. + Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 13. + +CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and with powerful limbs; face long and narrow, +the muzzle somewhat projecting; a few short and coarse hairs on the lips, +chin, and cheeks; eyes rather oval; ears somewhat large and sparsely +haired. Fur moderately long and straight; hair of head coarse, not +radiating, beginning on the orbital ridge, covering the forehead, and +directed backwards; fingers haired to the end of the first digits; nails +rather claw-like; toes haired; callosities surrounded by a semi-nude part +of the buttocks; tail tapering, nearly one-half the length of the body. +Length of males, 22 inches, with a tail of 10 inches; females, 16-18 +inches, with a tail of 7-8 inches, the hair projecting 1½ inch beyond the +vertebræ. + +Face flesh-coloured, and sprinkled with short, silky, buff-coloured hair; +general colour of the fur on the anterior and upper surface of the body and +arms, greyish-brown, the hairs ashy at base, ringed with yellowish or light +brown, and tipped with darker brown, or even black, giving a rich rufous, +speckled appearance; hinder quarters and outer aspect of the thighs +{23}rufous-yellow, the hairs terminating in this colour; lower parts pale +yellowish-white, or pale rufous yellow; base of the tail +yellowish-chestnut, the rest browner; callosities flesh-colour; eyes +yellowish-brown. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Bengal Monkey is distributed abundantly throughout +Northern India as far south as the Godaveri river on the one side, and +Bombay on the other, and was long considered to be a characteristic species +of Bengal and Upper India. It occurs, however, as Dr. Anderson records, in +the valleys of the mountain systems to the north and east of Akyab, and may +be traced across the range of mountains that defines Arracan from Burmah, +and also as far east as the left bank of the Irawady below Mandalay. It has +been obtained in Assam, and by Dr. Anderson in Yun-nan during the +expedition to that country. It is said to ascend to 10,000 feet in Kashmir. +Mr. Swinhoe obtained this Monkey also in Hainan, and in the Province of +Kiung Chow, in China. + +HABITS.--The Bengal Macaque, or Bandar, as it is named by the Hindoos, +lives in troops of considerable size in jungle or low forest, and very +often in rocky places, feeding on insects, fruits, and leaves. It is very +frequently seen on the ground searching for food, according to Dr. +Blanford, and near cultivation, especially around tanks or amongst trees on +the banks of streams. It swims well and takes readily to water. It is a +very quarrelsome species, perpetually screaming and fighting. If not really +sacred to the Hindoos, it is at least rarely molested by them. Dr. Bowdler +Sharpe informs the present writer that he observed a flock of these +Macaques on the road to Simla, when nearing the latter place. They were +running along the road, and as the "tonga" approached, they scrambled up +the rocks, and jabbered vociferously, especially {24}the females, who were +carrying their young. On Jacko there was, in 1885, a large troop of these +animals, and they did considerable damage in the kitchen gardens of the +mountain residences, so that the gardeners had to keep a sharp look-out, +and fire at them occasionally. When he was staying at Mr. Hume's beautiful +place at Simla in 1885, it was often necessary to drive off the Monkeys, +and as one or two had been wounded by the head-gardener, the fakir who +lived at the top of Jacko was much offended. This man had tamed the Monkeys +to such an extent that, when he called them, the trees instantly began to +move in all directions with the approach of numbers of these animals +hastening to him for the peas which he had in readiness for them. They +clustered round him, and though they would not allow strangers to stroke +them, they came within arm's length and picked up their food. One +patriarch, who remained for some time after the tribe had disappeared into +the trees, was called the "Subadar," and wore quite a venerable appearance. +Mr. R. Swinhoe has, in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society of +London," given the following curious Chinese observations, extracted from +the "Chinese Gazetteer," in reference to this species, which is often +called the Hainan Rock-Monkey: "How (or Monkey). The She-Show ('Notes on +Animals') states that the Monkey has no stomach, but digests its food by +jumping about. According to ancient authors, Kiung Chow abounds in Monkeys, +and its people make a trade by selling young ones." + +"About the jungles of Nychow (S. Hainan) these Monkeys," says Mr. Swinhoe, +"were very common. On our landing, abreast of the ship we saw a large party +of them on the beach, but they at once retired into a grove above +high-water mark. We watched them running along the boughs of the trees and +{25}jumping from branch to branch. The discharge of a fowling-piece soon +made them scurry away into the thicket, but every now and again their heads +would appear from the higher bushes, watching the movements of the enemy. +At last, when they observed that our presence implied actual danger to +themselves, they climbed the hills and posted themselves about conspicuous +rocks, where they chattered and grunted out of danger. Their cries are very +like those of _Macacus cyclopis_ of Formosa." + +The young clings to its mother's stomach for about a fortnight after birth, +and is nursed with the greatest care by her; after that time it is able to +move about by itself, and it thenceforward rapidly acquires the full use of +its powers. + +Mr. Darwin records that the face of the _M. rhesus_, when much enraged, +grows red. When watching this species in the Zoological Gardens, he says: +"Another Monkey attacked a Rhesus, and I saw its face redden as plainly as +that of a Man in a violent passion. In the course of a few minutes, after +the battle, the face of this Monkey recovered its natural tint. At the same +time that the face reddened, the naked posterior part of the body, which is +always red, seemed to grow still redder, but I cannot positively assert +that this was the case." + + +XI. THE HAIRY-EARED MACAQUE. MACACUS LASIOTIS. + + _Macacus lasiotis_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 61, pl. vi.; id., Cat. + Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83 + (1878; with synonymy). + + _Macacus rhesus_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. + + _Macacus erythræus_ (nec Cuv.), Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 + (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to _Macacus rhesus_, from which it differs +in its larger size, more hairy ears, and more richly {26}coloured fur, the +hairs having the yellow rings rich orange or brick-red, especially on the +hind quarters. + +Fur long, fine, and silky, longest on the shoulders, neck, and upper +surface of feet; hair on the top of the head not radiated; ears hairy; +callosities surrounded by hair; a naked red spot at the outer angle of the +eyes; tail about one-fourth of the body in length. + +MALE.--Dark rich olive-yellow; face pale flesh-colour; sides of the face, +neck, and front part of the body olive-grey; hinder parts of the body +brick-red; the slaty colour of the fore-limbs, and of the anterior aspect +of the legs becoming black on the hands and feet; ears flesh-colour; +callosities crimson; throat, chest, and inside of the fore-limbs greyish, +washed with rufous above the wrists; belly and inside of the hind limbs +greyish, washed with orange-red. + +FEMALE.--Fawn-colour, washed with red, especially on the lower back. Face +brighter coloured than in the male. Tail one-fourth the length of the body. + +Skull more massive, shorter, and markedly broader and with a more vertical +muzzle than _M. rhesus_. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Province of Szechuen, W. China: Dupleix Mountains, 13,000 +feet. (_Bonvalot._) + +HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of this Chinese representative of +the Bengal Macaque. In the winter it is said to have a splendid coat of +rich brown hair, very long and thick. It is very fierce and powerful. + + +XII. THE TCHELI MACAQUE. MACACUS TCHELIENSIS. + + _Macacus tcheliensis_, Milne Edwards, Rech. Mamm., p. 227, pls. xxxii. + and xxxiii. (1868-1874); A. David, Journ. North China Branch As. Soc., + 1873, p. 230. + + _Macacus rhesus_ (nec Audeb.), Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. + + {27}_Macacus erythræus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). + + _Macacus lasiotis_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83 (1878 pt.). + +CHARACTERS.--The _Macacus tcheliensis_ is another species with a very close +affinity to _M. rhesus_, and to _M. lasiotis_. Dr. Anderson, indeed, has +united the Tcheli and the Hairy-eared Macaques under one species; while Dr. +Sclater is not prepared to consider either of them, or _M. cyclopis_ in +addition, to be distinct from _M. rhesus_. + +_M. tcheliensis_ has the tail as long only as the hind foot, and densely +clothed with long hair. Fur rather long, soft, and silky, and thicker than +in the normal _M. rhesus_. General colour brilliant reddish-fawn, +especially on the hinder part of the back and on the tail; sides of the +cheeks and shoulders greyish, the yellow rings of the hair being absent; +under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs grey; hands and feet +greyish-fawn. + +The skulls of _M. lasiotis_ and _M. tcheliensis_ are scarcely +distinguishable from each other. + +DISTRIBUTION.--North China. Dr. Bushell, of H.M. Legation in Pekin, who was +the first to send this rare Monkey to Europe, writes, in a letter dated +17th January, 1880: "It was obtained by me from the mountains near +Yung-ling or Eastern Mausoleum, of the reigning Manchu dynasty, situated +about 70 li from Pekin, in latitude 40° N. It is covered with a thick fur +fitted to endure the bitterly cold winter of this part of North China, +where the thermometer frequently goes down to 10° below zero." + +HABITS.--Nothing has yet been recorded of the habits of this Macaque in a +state of nature. + + +{28}XIII. ST. JOHN'S MACAQUE. MACACUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS. + + (_Plate XXVI._) + + _Inuus sancti-johannis_, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 556. + + _Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. 129 + (1870; in part); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222; Anderson, Zool. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 86 (1878). + + _Macacus rhesus_, pt. Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. + + _Macacus erythræus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Male unknown. + +YOUNG FEMALE.--Appears to be allied most nearly to _M. lasiotis_. Face +narrow and somewhat projecting; eyes bright hazel; face and ears +flesh-coloured; a black whisker-like tuft on either cheek; skin of the +upper parts tinted with blue, and sparsely covered with hairs of a light +grey; hairs of the belly buff; fur of the upper parts greyish-brown, washed +with buff, which is lighter on the head, and brick-dust-red round about the +rump. Tail, 4½ inches long, blackish; callosities flesh-coloured. +(_Swinhoe._) + +DISTRIBUTION.--China; North Lena Island, and most of the small islands near +Hong Kong. + +HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of St. John's Macaque. "Dried +bodies of this animal," writes Mr. Swinhoe its describer, "split in two are +often exhibited hanging from the ceiling in druggists' shops, in Canton and +Hong Kong; and its bones are used for medicinal purposes." + + +XIV. THE FORMOSAN ROCK-MACAQUE. MACACUS CYCLOPIS. + + _Macacus cyclopis_, Swinh., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 353, pl. xiii., 1864, p. + 380; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 711 (woodcut); Anderson, Zool. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 87 (1878; with synonymy). + + {29}_Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. + 129 (1870; in part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. + + _Macacus rhesus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222. + + _Macacus erythræus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Allied to _M. rhesus_, but the head round; the face flat, and +round; supra-orbital region bare, as in other species; cheeks +dark-whiskered; ears small and haired; a strong ruff-like beard; tail +stout, thickly haired and tufted, 12 inches long. Fur thick and woolly; +hair behind the mouth, and below and behind the ears ringed; hair not +longer on the shoulders than on the rest of the body. + +General colour olive-grey, or slaty; the hairs finely freckled with yellow; +no rufous on the lower back and hind quarters; legs dark, and a distinct +black line along the top of the tail. + +The characters of the head, face, whiskers, beard, and the thick tail, and +the absence of the rufous colour distinguish it from _M. rhesus_. _M. +assamensis_ is redder than _M. rhesus_ or _M. cyclopis_, and has a long +head, projecting face, and a short tail. + +FEMALE.--Smaller and rather lighter coloured than the male. At the +love-period the naked posterior parts with the thighs and tail become +excessively swollen, and florid. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Formosa, where it is the only known species of +Monkey. + +HABITS.--The late Consul Swinhoe was the discoverer of this interesting +animal. He has given an account of its habits in the "Proceedings of the +Zoological Society," from which we quote the following: "The Formosan +Rock-Macaque affects rocks and declivities that overhang the sea, and in +the solitary {30}caverns makes its abode. On the treeless mountain in the +south-west, called Apes' Hill, it was at one time especially abundant, but +has since almost entirely disappeared. About the mountains of the north and +east it is still numerous, being frequently seen playing and chattering +among the steep rocks, miles from any tree or wood. It seems to be quite a +rock-loving animal, seeking the shelter of caves during the greater part of +the day, and assembling in parties in the twilight, and feeding on berries, +the tender shoots of plants, Grasshoppers, Crustacea, and Mollusca. In the +summer it comes in numbers during the night, and commits depredations among +the fields of sugar-cane, as well as among fruit-trees, showing a +partiality for the small, round, clustering berries of the Longan +(_Nephelium longanum_). In the caverns among these hills they herd; and in +June the females may frequently be seen in retired parts of the hills with +their solitary young one at their breasts. These animals betray much +uneasiness at human approach, disappearing in no time, and skulking in +their holes till the intruder has passed. They seem, too, to possess +abundance of self-complaisance and resource; for I have frequently seen a +Monkey seated on a rock by himself, chattering and crying merely for his +own amusement and gratification. Whatever Mr. Waterton may say of the +tree-loving propensity of Monkeys in general, it is very certain that this +species shows a marked preference for bare rocks, covered only with grass +and bush; for if he preferred the forest he might very easily satisfy his +desire by retiring a few miles further inland, where he could find it in +abundance. But, on the contrary, in the forest he is only an occasional +intruder, resorting thither when food fails him on the grassy hills by the +sea, where he loves to make his home. The Chinese have a fanciful idea that +the tail of the {31}Monkey is a caricature of the Tartar pendant into which +they twist their long black hair, and they invariably chop it off any +Monkey that comes into their possession. Hence the difficulty of procuring +Monkeys in China with perfect tails." + + +XV. THE CRAB-EATING MACAQUE. MACACUS CYNOMOLOGUS. + + _Simia cynomologus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766); Schreber, + Säugeth, i., p. 91, pl. xiii. (1775). + + _Le Macaque_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. xxx., xxxi. (1819). + + _Macacus carbonarius_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm. livr. xxxii. (Oct., + 1825). + + _Macacus aureus_, Geoffr. in Belang. Voyage, Zool., p. 58 (1834). + + _Macacus philippensis_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth Primates, p. 29 (1851). + + _Inuus (Macacus) palpebrosus_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth, Suppl., v., p. + 54 (1855). + + _Macacus fur_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad., 1867, p. 36, plate. + + _Macacus cristatus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870). + + _Macacus assamensis_, Gray, _t. c._, p. 31. + + _Cercocebus cynomologus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 101 (1876). + + _Macacus cynomologus_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 73 (1878; with + synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India Mamm., p. 21 (1891). + +CHARACTERS.--Body large and massive; head large and broad; legs short and +stout; loins slender; hinder quarters heavy; tail thick at the root, nearly +equalling the body in length; muzzle long; nose not prominent above the +face; eyes large; ears erect, pointed, nearly hairless; frontal ridges not +much overhanging the eyes. + +Face pale brown, or livid with a bluish-white patch internal {32}to the +eyes, the eyelids bluish-white; ears, hands, and feet black; callosities +bright or dusky flesh-colour; fur straight; hair of the crown not +elongated, directed backwards, sometimes radiated or slightly crested; +general colour of the upper surface dusky or greyish-brown, varying to +reddish- or golden-brown; under surface of the body and inside of the limbs +brownish-grey to white, the hairs being dark at their roots, and higher up +ringed with yellow and brown or black; scrotum brown, blotched with livid +blue. Length, 22 inches; tail, 19 inches. The females are smaller. + +Of this species there are several varieties or races, one in which the +prominent colour is golden-rufous (_M. aureus_, Geoffr.); another (_M. +carbonarius_, F. Cuv.) in which blackish-brown is the prevailing tint of +the face, naked hands, feet, and callosities; a third race has a light +yellow fur (_M. cristatus_, Gray); still another (_M. philippensis_), from +the Philippine Islands, is nearly white. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This species is one of the most widely distributed of all +the Macaques. The more typical specimens are found in Burmah and Arakan. In +Siam a pale variety with less orange in the annulations of its hairs +occurs. In the Nicobar Islands (perhaps introduced as Dr. Blanford +suggests), in the Malay Peninsula, and in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombock, and +Timor, the darker (or _M. carbonarius_) variety seems to predominate. From +Borneo--where it ascends to 5,000 feet above the sea--comes the crested, +and perhaps also the golden-rufous coloured race (the true home of the +latter being still unknown). In the Philippine Archipelago--in Mindanao, +Basilan, Luzon, Negros, Samar, and others of the islets--the very light +yellow coloured race is met with. + +{33}HABITS.--The Crab-eating Macaque is gregarious, going about in troops +of fifteen to twenty, of both sexes and all ages. They frequent the forests +near the river mouths, and coastal mangrove swamps, where they may be +constantly seen wading about in the mud, picking up Shrimps and Crabs, +which are their favourite food. Tickell says that they swim and dive well. +The females are easily trained, and also the young males; but these, when +old, are apt to become ill-natured and uncertain in disposition. The +mothers are good and tender to their young one, which clings closely with +hands and feet for the first few weeks to the hair of the chest or arm-pits +and abdomen. + +Mr. Everett met with this species in the islands of Sirhassen and Bunguran +in the Natuna group, where he says they were abundant. He adds: "They come +down in large parties to the sea-shore, sitting in groups on the larger +boulders, or playing and hunting for prey along the sands, when the tide is +out. In mature animals, the face, hands, and feet are dark brown; the lower +eyelids a paler brown; the upper eyelids and upper halves of the orbits +whitish. In a very young male the bare skin of the face was livid brown, +rather paler on the eyelids, and the hands and feet were dark brown" +(_Oldfield Thomas and Hartert_, Nov. Zool., i., p. 654, 1894). + + +XVI. THE TOQUE MACAQUE. MACACUS PILEATUS. + + _Simia pileata_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 53 (1800). + + _Cercocebus sinicus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812). + + _Macacus sinicus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 64 (1820); Kelaart, Fauna Zeyl., p. 8 + (1852). + + {34}_Macacus pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847); + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. + 24 (1891). + + _Cercocebus pileatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 98 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _M. sinicus_; muzzle narrow and protruding; +hair in general long, wavy, rough; on the head elongated, radiating from +the centre of the top of the head, extending down on to the forehead, and +occasionally rising into an erect tuft; tail equal in length to the body; +forehead thinly haired and wrinkled. Length, 13 inches; tail, 14¾, in some +reaching 21 inches; tail, 18 inches. + +In coloration the Toque closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque, but the +upper-parts are more rufous, the hairs of the present species (though +ringed as in _M. sinicus_) being above the grey roots rufous-brown, or +golden with a shade of chestnut at the tips. It is easily distinguished, +however, by the face being livid flesh-coloured, with scattered black +hairs, and the margin of the upper lip black; a space about the ears +whitish; hands, feet, and ears blackish; the under surface of the body and +the inner aspect of the limbs whitish; upper surface of the tail brown, its +apex light brown or grey; callosities livid flesh-colour. + +FEMALE.--Limbs redder than in the male; inner side of the arms, and patches +on the chest and belly indigo blue. + +YOUNG.--Hair of the crown not so much flattened down or so radiating as in +the adult; the face more old-fashioned and exquisitely comical; the tail +nearly naked; and the cheeks, palms, soles, and callosities pale pinkish. +(_Templeton._) + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Toque Macaque holds in Ceylon the place occupied by the +Bonnet Macaque in Southern India. + +{35}HABITS.--_Macacus pileatus_ closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque in +size, habits, and form. It is known to the Singhalese by the name of +Rilawa. "The little graceful grimacing _Rilawa_," as Sir J. Emerson Tennent +writes, "is the universal pet and favourite of both natives and Europeans. +The Tamil conjurers teach it to dance, and in their wanderings carry it +from village to village, clad in a grotesque dress, to exhibit its lively +performances. It does not object to smoke tobacco." Knox, in his +interesting account of the island, gives an accurate description of the +Rilawas, with "no beards, white faces, and long hair on the top of their +heads, which parteth and hangeth down like a man's, and which do a deal of +mischief to the corn, and are so impudent that they will come into their +gardens and eat such fruit as grows there." + + +XVII. THE BONNET MACAQUE. MACACUS SINICUS. + + _Simia sinica_, Linn., Mantissa, Plant., p. 521 (1771). + + _Cercocebus radiatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812). + + _Le Toque mâle_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., livr. xviii. (Juin, 1820). + + _Macacus sinicus_, Blyth, J. A. S., Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847); Gray, + Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 28 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. + 91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 23 + (1891). + + _Cercocebus sinicus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 99 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Face nude; forehead thinly haired and wrinkled; cheeks hollow; +muzzle narrow and protuberant; ears naked and rather prominent; tail nearly +as long as the body. + +Hair in general moderately long, straight and smooth, that on the crown +elongated and radiating in all directions from the vertex, but not covering +the forehead, on which the short and {36}sparse hairs are parted down the +middle. Length, 27 inches; tail, 24 inches, but often proportionately +longer. + +General colour of the back and the upper side of the tail brownish-olive; +outside of the limbs greyish--the hairs grey at the roots, ringed higher up +with dull yellow and black bars; under surface of the body and inside of +the limbs, and under side of the tail whitish; face, ears, callosities, and +other nude parts livid flesh-colour. + +Skull long, lower than that of _M. rhesus_; orbits with the transverse +diameter greater than the vertical. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Inhabiting all Southern India, being conterminous with the +_M. rhesus_ on the east and west coast, the latter species coming as far +south as, and the Bonnet Macaque going no further north than, the Godaveri +river on the one side and Bombay on the other. (See page 23.) + +HABITS.--The Bonnet Macaque agrees in habits with those of the species +already described. It lives in troops in the forests and jungles everywhere +throughout its range. It is much kept in captivity, owing to its docility +and its wonderful powers of mimicry. + + +THE MANGABEYS. GENUS CERCOCEBUS. + + _Cercocebus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812). + +This genus has been established to receive a small, and but little known, +group of Monkeys, which is confined to West Africa. They are nearly related +to the Macaques on the one side, and even more closely to the genus +_Cercopithecus_, next to be described, on the other side. They all have an +oval head, and in form are more slender than the Macaques; they have also +the muzzle less prolonged, the supra-orbital ridges less developed, the +ischial callosities larger, and the limbs proportionately {37}longer. They +agree with the Macaques, and differ from the _Cercopitheci_, or Guenons, in +having a fifth hinder cusp to the posterior lower molar tooth in each jaw; +and differ from both in the hairs of the body rarely being ringed with +different coloured bars, as is the case with the species of both the genera +just mentioned. The nose is situated behind the end of the muzzle. Their +most obvious external character, however, and one from which they derive +their common name of "White-eyelid" Monkeys, is their pure white upper +eyelids, the white streak being more distinct on the inner half of the +eyelid than on the outer. These Monkeys want the laryngeal air-sacs seen in +the Macaques; but they have large cheek-pouches and a simple stomach, as in +the latter. Their tail is always long, quite equalling the length of the +body. The hands have a web between each of the fingers, that between the +thumb and index finger being very short; in their feet, the great-toe, +which is widespread, has a short web uniting it with its neighbour; the +second and third toes are united nearly throughout their whole length, the +fourth is webbed and united to the third and fifth as far as their +mid-joints. + +The Mangabeys are confined to West Africa. Like their relatives, the +Macaques and the Guenons, they are arboreal, living in troops in the forest +country, and feeding chiefly on fruits. + + +I. THE SOOTY MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS FULIGINOSUS. + + _Cercocebus fuliginosus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812); Gray, + Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95 + (1876). + + _Le mangabey_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. vi. (May, 1819). + + {38}_Simia fuliginosa_, F. Cuv., Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821). + + _Cercopithecus fuliginosus_, Martin, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 117. + +CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed +backward; no beard; eyebrows prominent. Face, ears, and hands nude; tail +long and carried over the back; whiskers small, directed backward, below +and behind the ears. Face of a livid brownish colour; ears, hands, and feet +darker; fur on the upper parts of the body and the outside of the limbs +sooty-black; chin, throat, breast, cheek-whiskers to below the ears, the +under side of the body, and inside of the limbs, ashy-grey; the whiskers +sometimes of the same colour as the back; tail darker grey. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. + +HABITS.--Writing of this species, Frederic Cuvier observes that it is of a +happy disposition, gentle and companionable, but rather petulant. +Ceaselessly active, it indulges in the most grotesque antics and attitudes, +so that it has been believed [of course erroneously] that they possess more +joints in their bodies than other species. The males especially have the +constant habit of making a grimace which exhibits their long canine teeth. +The females are still more gentle, and fond of being caressed. + +Mr. Büttikofer found this species to be rather rare in Liberia. It was +occasionally seen on low trees, but chiefly on the ground, where it +searches for fallen fruits. + + +II. THE WHITE-COLLARED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS COLLARIS. + + _Mangabey à collier blanc_, Buffon, Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 256, pl. 33; F. + Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821) + + _Cercocebus æthiops_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812), (nec _Simia + æthiops_, Linn.). + + +PLATE XXVII. + +[Illustration: WHITE CROWNED MANGABEY.] + + {39} _Cercopithecus æthiops_, Kuhl. Beitr. Zool., p. 97 (1820, nec _S. + æthiops_, Linn.). + + _Cercopithecus æthiopicus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821). + + _Cercocebus collaris_, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7 (1843); id., + Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 96 + (1876.) + +CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed +backward; whiskers small, directed backward; no beard. Face, ears, hands, +and callosities nude; tail long, carried over the back. + +Face, ears, and hands black; the top of the head rich reddish-brown; whole +of upper side of the body, hinder part of the shoulders, back, external +surface of both pairs of limbs, feet, and tail, greyish slate-colour; +throat, breast, whole under side of the body and inside of the limbs white, +as are the nape of the neck, sides of the face, the fore part of the +shoulder, and the front aspect of the arms, as far as the top of the +fore-arm; in many species a somewhat broad wash of slate-grey crosses the +side of the face from the cheeks to below the ear. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Coast of Africa. + + +III. THE WHITE-CROWNED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ÆTHIOPS. + + (_Plate XXVII._) + + _Simia æthiops_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766). + + _Cercocebus æthiops_, Geoffr. Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 25 (1851); Gray, + List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); + Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95 (1876). + + _Cercopithecus lunulatus_, Temm., Esquiss. Guin., p. 37 (1853). + +CHARACTERS.--This species is very similar to _C. collaris_, but differs in +being slightly darker above, and in having a spot on {40}the back of the +head, as well as a narrow streak down the back greyish-white. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. + + +IV. THE GREY-CHEEKED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ALBIGENA. + + _Presbytis albigena_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 77, pl. xvi; Murie, P. Z. + S., 1865, p. 740. + + _Cercocebus albigena_, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1857, p. 241; Schl., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 97 (1876). + + _Cercocebus_ (_Semnocebus_) _albigena_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. + 27 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Face nude, except for a few short hairs on the cheeks and +lips; a tuft of long stiff hairs projecting over each eye; hair of the body +elongated on the fore-quarter and arm; on the crown and nape the hair long +and directed backwards, forming a crest; hands and feet short, tail long, +thumb small, and great-toe large and broad; face black. + +General colour of the body black; cheeks, throat, a spot behind the ear, +sides of the neck, shoulder, and front of the chest greyish; hairs on the +face and over the eyes black; tail black; callosities black. + +A younger specimen, which died in 1865 in the Zoological Gardens in London, +had the throat, sides of the neck and front of the chest, dirty-brown; +hairs of the cheeks of the same colour, and some of them also black. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. + + +V. THE BLACK MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ATERRIMUS. + + _Cercopithecus aterrimus_, Oudem. Zool. Gart., xxxi., p. 267 (1890). + + _Cercocebus aterrimus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256 (note). + +{41}CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. albigena_, but distinguished by its +generally deep black colour, except on the shoulders and nape, which are +blackish-brown or brownish-grey--the hair here being no longer than on the +rest of the body; hairs on the cheeks, fine, velvety, and whitish; whiskers +thick, greyish-brown; beard very sparse, whitish. + +DISTRIBUTION.--South-west Africa: Stanley Falls on the Congo. + +HABITS.--Unknown. + + +VI. THE CRESTED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS. + + _Cercocebus galeritus_, Peters, M. B. Ak. Berl., 1879, p. 830, pls. i.B + and iii. (Crania). + +CHARACTERS.--A flat crest of blackish-brown hair radiating from the top of +the head all round and over the forehead; the entire upper surface covered +with long loose fur, the hairs grey at their base, and higher up ringed +with greyish-green and blackish-brown; the fore-arms, hands, feet, and the +basal three-fourths of the tail blackish-brown; the sides of the head and +the whole under surface yellowish; the inside of the limbs yellowish-grey; +the hair of the terminal part of the tail lighter than the rest, and ringed +with yellow; face, bluish-black. + +DISTRIBUTION.--E. Africa; Mitola, at the mouth of the Osi and Tana rivers. + +HABITS.--This species was found living in the woods on the coast in small +troops of from five to six in number. + + +THE GUENONS. GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. + + _Cercopithecus_, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 22 (1777). + +The genus _Cercopithecus_ includes a larger number of species than any +other of the _Anthropoidea_. Its members are {42}characterised by their +rather round head, slender but muscular bodies, narrow loins, and long hind +limbs. Their tail is long, though shorter than in the genera next to be +described, viz., the Langurs and the Guerezas. Their face is short, the +muzzle less elongated, the cheek-pouches larger than in the Macaques. The +nose is not prominent, and the nostrils are approximated, while whiskers +are generally developed, as well as a longer or shorter beard. Their +callosities are less extensive than in the Macaques. They have elongated +hands with fingers united by a web at their bases; their thumbs, though +distinct, being less developed in comparison than their great-toes. The fur +is thick and soft, and in most of the species is ringed with differently +and often brilliantly coloured bars. + +The _Cercopitheci_ have the skull depressed, presenting no very distinct +brow, for its superciliary ridges are less prominent and angular, and their +outer margin less projecting in comparison with those of the skulls in the +genera already described. The orbits are considerably approximated. Their +molar teeth are strongly cusped, and the posterior lower molar has only +four cusps, and not five, as in the Macaques; but as in these animals, the +two front cusps are united together by a transverse ridge, and the two hind +ones are united together. + +The Guenons are entirely confined to the African continent, where they +range from the Gambia to the Congo, and from Abyssinia to the Zambesi; but +the different species are each confined to small restricted areas. Being +essentially arboreal, they live entirely in the forest regions, herding +together in large troops. They can move from tree to tree with great +rapidity, and can climb even on vertical surfaces with surprising +quickness. They are abrupt and energetic in their movements, restless, and +noisy, incessantly chattering and {43}making grimaces. The latter habit is +so characteristic of them that they have obtained from it the name of +_Guenon_, by which they are now so generally known, bestowed on them by the +French. Their food consists of leaves, birds' eggs, and honey, but +pre-eminently of fruits, while they are especially destructive to the ripe +grain-fields of the natives near the woods in which they live. They feed +voraciously, and carry off all that their cheek-pouches can hold, even +after they are satisfied, or if they are called off by the warning cry of +the sentinel, who is said to be always placed on guard on some point of +'vantage when the troop is busy with its depredations. The Guenons are not +only restless, but very inquisitive; they are, therefore, when young, very +easily tamed, and as a consequence they are frequently to be seen as +performers in circuses and exhibitions. When aged they are unreliable in +temper, and often very ill-dispositioned. They are said, also, to repel +with missiles any intruders into the region in which they are established +in any numbers. + +The known species--numbering about forty--have for the purposes of +description and easy subsequent discrimination, been arranged into groups +(based on a few of their more or less prominent characters) by different +zoologists. Of these M. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, of Paris, and +Professor Schlegel, of Leyden, may be specially mentioned; the arrangement +of the latter forming a very convenient key for the determination of the +species. Among the zoologists who have more recently revised this genus is +the well-known Secretary of the Zoological Society of London, Dr. P. L. +Sclater, who has to some extent followed and improved upon Professor +Schlegel's arrangement of the genus. In the present review, therefore, of +the numerous species of this genus, the six groups {44}suggested by Dr. +Sclater have been adopted. These are (I.) The Nose-spotted +Guenons--_Cercopitheci rhinosticti_; (II.) The Green Guenons--_C. +chloronoti_; (III.) The Rufous-backed Guenons--_C. erythronoti_; (IV.) The +Black-limbed Guenons--_C. melanochiri_; (V.) The Tufted-eared Guenons--_C. +auriculati_; (VI.) The Bearded Guenons--_C. barbati_; and lastly, The +Three-cusped Guenons--_C. trituberculati_. + + +GROUP I. CERCOPITHECI RHINOSTICTI. + +The members of this group have a distinct nose-spot of white, red, or blue. + + +I. THE LESSER WHITE-NOSED GUENON CERCOPITHECUS PETAURISTA. + + _Simia petaurista_, Schreb., Saügeth., i., p. 103, pl. xix. B (1775). + + _Blanc-nez_, Buff., Hist. Nat., Suppl., vii., p. 67 (1789). + + _Cercopithecus petaurista_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 35 (1777); Martin, + Mammif. An., p. 539 (1841); Wagn. in Schreber's Säugeth., Suppl., v., p. + 250 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 86 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244. + + _Ascagne_ (_Cercopithecus ascanius_), Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. + iv., Sect. ii., fig. xiii.; F. Cuvier, Nat. Hist., Mamm., i., livr. xiv. + (Fev., 1820). + +CHARACTERS.--Head round, the forehead rather elevated; nose broad; face and +nose covered with short hairs; whiskers short; chin bearded. Head, back, +upper side of tail, olive-green--the hairs grey at the base--ringed with +darker or lighter yellow and black; facial hairs black, slightly washed +with fulvous on the cheeks; skin below bluish-red or violet; lower part of +the nose and half of the upper lip white; whiskers and beard white; line +across the forehead above the eyes and the ears, and {45}encircling the +crown behind, black; a pencil of hair below the ears directed backward, +white; throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of +tail white; posterior aspect of fore-arms and legs grey, washed with olive; +naked parts of chin, ears, and hands purplish-black. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gold Coast and Sierra Leone. + +HABITS.--The Ascagne, as this animal is also named, is the most common of +the Guenons seen in menageries. It is gentle, graceful, and lively. They +are perpetually in motion, "gambolling with their companions, and pursuing +or being pursued by them, in the exuberance of playfulness. They are at the +same time docile and familiar, but dislike to be taken hold of, or +interfered with." (_Martin._) Allamand says that his specimen, which was in +general very gentle, became angry when interrupted while eating, or if it +was gibed at, but its irritation did not last long. + + +II. JENTINK'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SIGNATUS. + + _Cercopithecus signatus_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 55 + (1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257. + +CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. petaurista_. Sides of head grizzled--the +hairs ringed with white, yellowish, and black--and separated abruptly from +the reddish upper portion of the head by a black band from ear to ear over +the orbits, but not running round the vertex; ears somewhat larger than in +_C. petaurista_. + +Cranial portion of skull higher, and the facial portion more produced than +in _C. petaurista_; the jaws longer, and the orbits rounder and wider. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Supposed to be from West Africa, but its habitat is not +known with certainty. + + +{46}III. THE RED-BELLIED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER. + + _Cercopithecus erythrogaster_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 169, pl. xvi., + 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); Murie, P. Z. + S., 1866, p. 380; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 69 (1876); Sclater, P. + Z. S., 1893, p. 252, 1894, p. 1. + +CHARACTERS.--Fur blackish, speckled with yellow, especially on the head, +the hairs being black ringed with yellow; face black; nose-spot white; +moustache and frontal band from the temple to the ears black; on each cheek +a whitish-yellow spot; whiskers, beard, throat, and sides of neck +yellowish-white; chest and under surface of body rufous; inner side of the +front of the thighs, and under side of the tail greyish-white; outer aspect +of thighs and hind legs grey, speckled with black. Length of body, 13½ +inches; of tail, 16 inches. + +In the young female the top of the head is yellowish, this colour extending +towards the nape. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. This species has been only once exhibited in +the Zoological Gardens of London, viz., in 1866, but recently, according to +Dr. Sclater, a specimen lived for a short time in the Zoological Gardens of +Rotterdam. + +HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of the Red-bellied Guenon in a +state of nature; but Dr. Murie has written of the one that lived for two +months in the Zoological Gardens: "Its nature appeared mild and harmless, +by no means grave or sedate, indeed rather inclined to be lively and +playful, with but little disposition to be quarrelsome. The keeper noticed +that it appeared timid, and somewhat distrustful of its more romping +companions, but freely approached him, and when {47}taking food out of his +hand seemed pleased, and gently played with his fingers without attempting +to bite." + + +IV. BÜTTIKOFER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BUETTIKOFERI. + + _Cercopithecus buettikoferi_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 56 + (1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244. + +CHARACTERS.--Büttikofer's Guenon agrees in all respects with _C. +petaurista_, but wants the black band from ear to ear round the vertex. Of +this band "there is no trace, in a series of eight specimens, containing +adults and young, males and females" (_Jentink_). Irides brown. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. + + +V. MARTIN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MARTINI. + + _Cercopithecus martini_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 58; 1841, p. 71; + Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 542 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. + 21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, pl. xiv.; 1893, p. 245. + + _Cercopithecus nictitans_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876). + +DESCRIPTION.--Allied to _C. petaurista_. Fur tolerably long and but loosely +applied to the body. Face naked; whiskers bushy; beard short; tail very +long; callosities small. Length of body (type specimen), 22 inches; tail, +26. Length of a female, 19 inches; tail, 24. General colour of head, back, +and upper side of the basal part of the tail olive-green, distinctly +annulated, the hairs being grey at their base, ringed above with several +bars of yellowish-green and black. Face blue; nose-spot, commencing in the +middle of the ridge, and extending over its sides and the upper and lower +lips, yellowish-white; a black line extending up the ridge of the nose from +the end of the white spot to the brow and encircling the eyes; {48}a black +bar crossing the forehead from ear to ear; whiskers green; beard white; +throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of +three-fourths of the tail, greyish-white; fore-arms black; legs black; the +arms and thighs of the same colour as the back; upper side of the tail +beyond the basal region, and its terminal portion, black; hands and feet +black. + +As Dr. Sclater has pointed out (_loc. cit._): "It is at once +distinguishable from _C. petaurista_ by the black fore-limbs and feet, by +the greenish colour on the tail above; the greenish cheeks, without any +white stripe beneath the ears, and the bluish skin of the face." + +DISTRIBUTION.--Martin's Guenon is generally brought to Europe from the +island of Fernando Po, where it is probably indigenous. It may also inhabit +the neighbouring coast of Western Africa. + + +VI. THE LUDIO GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LUDIO. + + _Cercopithecus ludio_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 8, pl. ix., fig. 1; id., + P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870), + Wagner, in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 51 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., + 1893, p. 245. + + _Cercopithecus ascanias_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 87 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Spot on lower half of nose large, oblong, higher than broad. +General colour of fur black or dark greenish-olive, minutely speckled with +greyish-yellow. Face and lips blackish-blue, the nose-spot white; ridge of +nose above the white spot, superciliary band, crown of head, shoulders and +fore-limbs, black; outer and inner aspects of hind-limbs and extremity of +tail black; chin, chest, inner side of the upper part of the arms, and +under side of body, whitish; {49}whiskers black; rump and under side of the +base of the tail rufous. + +Distinguished from _C. petaurista_ by its black limbs, reddish rump and +base of tail. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Cameroons and the Delta of the Niger. + + +VII. THE BLACK-CHEEKED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MELANOGENYS. + + _Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvi., p. 212 + (1845); id., P. Z. S., 1849, p. 7, pl. ix., fig. 2; id., P. Z. S., 1868, + p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1860, + p. 246; Monteiro, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 112; Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., + x., p. 11 (1888); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245. + + _Cercopithecus picturatus_, Santos, Journ. Sci. Lisb., xi., p. 98 (1886). + +CHARACTERS.--The white nose-spot cordate in shape; a band across the +forehead above the eyes passing backwards over the ears, and over the lower +cheeks, black; region between the eye and the ear whitish; back finely +grizzled with black and orange; centre of the back washed with deep rufous; +outside of the legs dark grey, becoming black on the hands and feet; tail +dark rufous. Length of body, 15¾ inches; tail, about 17 inches. + +The black lower cheeks, and the white region between the eye and the ear +distinguish _C. melanogenys_ from _C. nictitans_ and _C. stampflii_. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola. "It is very abundant at Encôge, three +days' journey to the south of Bemba." (_Monteiro._) + + +{50}VIII. STAMPFLI'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS STAMPFLII. + + _Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 90 (1876, nec + Gray). + + _Cercopithecus stampflii_, Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 10 (1888); + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257. + +CHARACTERS.--Nose-spot white, with its broader part lowest, and the point +upwards; crown of head, nape of neck, legs and hinder portion of tail +black; spot on lower lip black; chin, breast, anterior portion of belly, +and inside of fore-arms white; forehead, cheeks, back, sides of body, and +the basal portion of the tail, rufous-green, the hairs being ringed with +black and rufous-yellow. Length of body, 25¼ inches; tail, 38½ inches. + +Distinguished from _C. nictitans_ by its white under surface. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. Obtained in the Pessi country by +Messrs. Büttikofer and Stampfli. + + +IX. SCHMIDT'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SCHMIDTI. + + _Cercopithecus ascanias_ (?), Scl., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 502. + + _Cercopithecus schmidti_, Matschie, Zool. Anz., p. 161 (1892); Sclater, + P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245, pl. xvi. + +CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. melanogenys_, the white nose-spot +cordate. Face and superciliary region blue; nose above the white spot +black; a bar between the nose-spot, reaching to the whiskers, on each side, +black; upper and lower lips flesh-coloured; whiskers white, conspicuous, +and with a very narrow black streak on their lower edge; beard white; above +the superciliary region, and between the flesh-coloured ears, a black +frontal bar; top of head, back, outer aspect of arms, thighs, and of the +basal third of tail, olive-green and more {51}punctulated than in _C. +melanogenys_; throat, under side of body, and inner side of the upper part +of the limbs, white; fore-arms, hands, legs, and feet black; posterior +two-thirds of tail rufous. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This species was obtained by the Rev. W. C. Willoughby, in +1883, at Uniamwezi, in Eastern Equatorial Africa, and was said to have been +brought thither from the Manyuema country, on the western shore of Lake +Tanganyika. His specimen lived in the Zoological Gardens in London for +nearly three years. It has also been obtained in Uganda, further to the +north. + + +X. THE HOCHEUR GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NICTITANS. + + _Simia nictitans_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 40 (1766). + + _Cercopithecus nictitans_, Erxl., Syst. Règne Anim., p. 35 (1777); + Martin, Mammif. An., p. 536 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. + Suppl., v., p. 50 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876); Scl., + P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246. + + _Cercopithecus nictitans_ (Hocheur), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm. i., pl. + 17 (1825); Audebert, Hist. Nat. des Singes, Fam. iv., Sect. i., p. 9, pl. + 2. + +CHARACTERS.--Head round; forehead elevated; face depressed; nose broad, +short-haired. "Hair of the head very full; boldly over-reaching the eyes, +obscuring the ears, and adding to the breadth and elevation of the top of +the head." (_Martin._) Nose-spot narrow above, commencing between the eyes, +broad below; the lips and a broad ring round the eyes, nude, or very +short-haired, elsewhere haired; whiskers bushy; callosities covered with +hair; thumbs very short; muzzle shorter than is {52}usually the case in the +genus; no beard; tail long, thinly-haired, tapering. + +General colour all over, black, speckled with white or yellowish, the hairs +being grey at their roots, then black, tipped with white or +yellowish-white; face purplish-black; nose-spot pure white; no white on the +lips; ears black; no black stripes on the face, a character distinguishing +it from all the other spotted-nosed Monkeys; under surface of body and +basal part of tail blackish-grey, the inside of the limbs less distinctly +so. + +Some specimens are not so black, but are greyer, especially on the under +side, which may be washed with brown. + +The white colour of the nose not extending on to the upper lip +distinguishes this species from _C. petaurista_, independently of the +general colouring. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Although the "Hocheur" is not uncommon in +European menageries, it is still uncertain in exactly what part of that +extensive region it has its home. + +HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this species, except what has +been observed from examples living in captivity. In durance the species is +mild and gentle in disposition, and very active, and has a way of +incessantly shaking its head, a habit from which it derives its French +appellation of "Hocheur." + + +XI. THE RED-EARED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROTIS. + + _Cercopithecus erythrotis_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 59; 1841, p. 71; + Martin, Mammif. An., p. 535 (1841); Fraser, Zool. Typ., pl. iv. (1848); + Wagn., in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., + 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 70 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, 1893, p. 246. + +{53}CHARACTERS.--General colour of back, sides, and outer aspect of the +hind-limbs, black, speckled with yellowish-grey, or with golden-yellow on +the hinder part of the back--the hairs being black, ringed with yellow or +gold respectively; face nearly nude, except for a few short hairs on the +upper part of the nose; region round the eyes, livid blue; nose red; chin +white; a black bar from the eye to the ear; below this a broad white +whisker-streak on the cheeks, beneath which again there arises from the +corner of the mouth and cheeks another black, yellow-ringed, tuft of hair; +ears rusty-red internally; external aspect of the fore-limbs blackish; +throat, under surface of the body, and inner side of the limbs +greyish-white; tail bright rufous, except for a dark line along its upper +surface; anal hairs bright red. Length of body, 17 inches; tail, 23 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This rare and very beautiful Monkey has its home in the +island of Fernando Po. + + +XII. THE MOUSTACHED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CEPHUS. + + _Simia cephus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766). + + _Cercopithecus cephus_ (Moustac), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. + xxvi. (1821); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 532 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's + Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., + Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. + 91 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246. + + _Le moustac_, Audebert, Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. iv., Sect, ii., p. 19, + fig. xii. + +CHARACTERS.--Face and nose naked; muzzle short; whiskers thick and bushy, +directed backward and downward. Face, except the lips, violet-blue; margin +of the upper lip black, this {54}colour extending as a bar back to the +whiskers; between this black margin and the nose is a white bar, extending +also across the cheek to the whiskers; under lip and chin, black; whiskers +between the eyes and ears golden-yellow, paler below the ears, and white on +the under jaw; ears black, with yellowish-white hairs. Head greenish, +darker on the back than on the front; the neck, back, shoulders, outer side +of arms, flanks, buttocks, and upper side of the base of the tail +greenish-brown--the hairs being grey at their roots and ringed above with +yellow and black, or brown, the predominance of the one or the other +producing the brown, or brighter or fainter green colour; on the outer side +of the thighs, the green hue is deeper. The rest of the outer aspect of the +limbs is grey washed with yellow; hands and feet dusky brown or dull black; +under side of the body and inside of the limbs dark grey, lighter on the +throat, breast, and fore part of the belly; under side of the base of the +tail dark grey; the remaining two-thirds rufous. Length of body, 19 inches; +of tail, 26 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Gaboon to the Congo. + +HABITS.--This species is not at all uncommon in menageries. Numerous +specimens have from time to time been exhibited in the Zoological Gardens +in London. Little is known, however, of the habits of the Moustached Monkey +in its native forests. In captivity it is intelligent, lively, and +good-tempered, but very shy. Its delicate constitution cannot resist the +rigours of our climate for any length of time. + + +II. CERCOPITHECI CHLORONOTI. + +In this section of the Guenons, the fur is more or less olive-green above; +the under side and whiskers white, and the arms and legs grey. + + +{55}XIII. THE MALBROUCK GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CYNOSURUS. + + _Simia cynosurus_, Scop. Delic. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., i., p. 44, pl. + xix. (1786). + + _Cercopithecus cynosurus_ (Malbrouck), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., + livr. ii. (Janvier, 1819); Desmarest, Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin, + Mammif. An., p. 515 (1841); Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 306 + (1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 38 (1855); Schleg. + Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 72 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 247. + + _Cercopithecus tephrops_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 109. + + _Chlorocebus cynosurus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Head broad, and rounded above; muzzle thick. Face naked, +flesh-coloured; nose and cheeks black-haired; ears nude, black; hands +short, thumbs rudimentary; hairs on the side of the head not forming +whiskers. Top of head and upper surface of body olive-green--the hairs +being grey at their roots and ringed with black and yellow; external +surface of the fore-arms and legs grizzled-grey, the hairs with black and +white rings; sides of the neck, under surface of the body, inside of the +limbs, and the under side of the tail white; an indistinct band across the +forehead over the eyes, white; tail dark grey above; callosities scarlet; +scrotal region in the male deep blue; hairs beneath the tail and round the +scrotal region rufous. Length of body about 18 inches; tail, 16 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Probably Senegambia, but the exact habitat +still unknown. + +HABITS.--Of the habits of the Malbrouck in its own home nothing has been +recorded; but Mr. Martin remarks that in captivity it combines in its +disposition a certain degree of {56}sluggishness with a savage and +vindictive temper. One of the specimens, he says, "in the menagerie of the +Zoological Society, an adult male, was gentle, familiar, and pleased to be +noticed or caressed; but, at the same time, it was neither lively nor +playful. The other was deceitful, and though apparently calm, very +suspicious; it was roused by the slightest provocation to anger, and would +turn upon its disturber with the utmost malevolence depicted in its +countenance, making every possible effort to assault him, exhibiting its +teeth and gazing fixedly in his face.... On the whole, indolence and +ferocity form the character of the adult, at least, in captivity." + + +XIV. THE GRIVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SABÆUS. + + _Simia sabæa_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766). + + _Cercopithecus griseus_ (Le Grivet), F. Cuvier, Mamm., i., livr. vii. + (Juin, 1819). + + _Cercopithecus griseo-viridis_, Desmarest, Mamm., p. 61 (1820); Martin, + Mammif. An., p. 518 (1841); Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth. Säugeth., p. 8 + (1835); Blanford, Zool. Abyss. Exp., p. 224 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., + 1893, p. 248. + + _Cercopithecus sabæus_, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 22 (1851); + Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 74 (1876). + + _Chlorocebus engythithea_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Head more pyramidal than in _C. cynosurus_, and the muzzle +thinner; an angular patch of hair at the corner of each eye, pointing +backwards; whiskers forming long and thick ear-tufts, directed backwards +and partly concealing the ears; ears small; hands short and small. Face, +ears, and lips dark {57}violet; region round the eyes livid flesh-colour; +the superciliary band joining the whiskers white; top of the head, back as +far as the rump, shoulders and arms greyish olive-green--the hairs ringed +with greyish-black and pale yellow; whiskers, chin, breast, under surface +of body, fore part of shoulders, the inner side of the limbs, and the under +side of the tail, white; forearms, rump, and thighs grey, slightly washed +with olive; hands and feet entirely grey; upper side of the tail +greyish-black, the tip paler. Scrotal region coppery-green, covered with +orange hairs. + +Distinguished from the Malbrouck by the form of the head, the greyer shade +of the hair, and the colour of the scrotal region; and from _C. +callitrichus_, described below, by the more sombre colour of its hair, the +white superciliary band, and the long white whiskers. Length of body, about +19 inches; tail, 22 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: throughout Abyssinia, Sennaar, and +Kordofan, up to 4,000 feet. + +HABITS.--According to Dr. Blanford, this species is a true tree Monkey, and +is very rarely seen except in the forest. "On the highlands of Abyssinia," +he says, "I only once saw a flock--this was near Dildi, south of Lake +Ashangi. I met with larger flocks on the Anseba, where they inhabited the +high trees on the banks of the stream. The flocks seen were small, not +exceeding twenty to thirty individuals. I had but few opportunities of +observing their habits, but they appeared to differ but little from those +of _Macacus_ or _Inuus_, except that _Cercopithecus_ is a quieter animal +and less mischievous. In captivity they are well known as excessively +docile and good tempered, and fairly intelligent." + + +{58}XV. WERNER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WERNERI. + + _Cercopithecus werneri_, Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 874 (1850); id., Arch. + Mus., v., p. 539, pl. xxvii. (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., + v., p. 42 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 258. + +CHARACTERS.--Nearly related to _C. sabæus_, but all the parts are +olive-green where that species is greyish-green--the hairs being ringed +with reddish-fawn and black; the former taking the place of the green rings +in the hairs of the _C. sabæus_, and the black ones being much broader; the +face black; the tail yellow at the tip as in _C. sabæus_. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The exact habitat of this species is unknown. + + +XVI. THE GREEN GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CALLITRICHUS. + + (_Plate XXVIII._) + + _Singe Verte_, Adanson, Voy. Sénég., p. 178 (1735). + + _Cercopithecus sabæa_ (nec Linn.), Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 33 + (1777). + + _Cercopithecus sabæus_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth., v., p. 40 (1855); + Martin, Mammif. An., p. 519 (1841). + + _Le Callitriche_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. iv. (Mars, 1819). + + _Simia sabæa_, Audebert, Singes, Fam. iv., Sect., ii., p. 7, fig. iv. + (1797). + + _Cercopithecus callitrichus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 23 + (1851); Schleg, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 73 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., + 1866, p. 79; 1893, pp. 248, 616. + + _Chlorocebus sabæus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). + + + +PLATE XXVIII. + +[Illustration: GREEN GUENON.] + +{59}CHARACTERS.--Muzzle rather long; ears large, naked, and somewhat +pointed behind; hairs on the side of the head long, thick, frill-like, and +directed backwards toward the ears; hands and feet long, but the feet +longer than the hands. Face, ears, palms, and soles, black; superciliary +band bright yellow or white; head, back, shoulders, arms, and upper part of +the forearms, the thighs, upper part of the legs, and upper side of the +tail rich yellowish-green,--the hairs being ringed with broader bars of +yellow, and narrower bars of black; external surface of the lower part of +the fore- and hind-limbs grey, the hairs being ringed with white, or very +pale yellow and black; cheeks, throat, under surface of the body, and inner +side of the limbs, white, washed with yellow on the cheeks, throat, and +along the mid-line of the belly. Tail tipped with a long tuft of bright +yellow; under side of the tail greyish-green; hairs beneath the tail and on +the scrotal region bright yellow; naked skin of the scrotal parts, green. +Length of body, 24 inches; of tail, 29 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Senegambia to the Niger. It is said to be +now abundant in a wild state in the island of St. Kitts, in the West +Indies, and Colonel Feilden identified it in Barbadoes. Into both of these +islands it has been introduced from Africa, in the same way as into St. +Jago, one of the Cape Verde Islands. + +HABITS.--The Green Monkeys frequent high trees in the great forests, living +in small troops or sitting alone. They move about very noiselessly, and +would seem to be devoid of voice, remaining silent even when attacked or +wounded; although they knit their brows, gnash their teeth, and evince +every sign of vexation and anger. This species is one of the commonest +Monkeys introduced into Europe, as it appears to be able to stand, better +than most of the other members of the genus, the northern climate. It has +even bred in the Zoological {60}Gardens in London. It is very active and +intelligent, and when young it is gentle and of a good disposition, but as +it grows older it becomes treacherous, malicious, and savage. + + +XVII. THE VERVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PYGERYTHRUS. + + _Cercopithecus pygerythra_ (Le Vervet), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., + iii., livr. xxiv. (Janvier, 1821). + + _Cercopithecus pygerithræus_, Desmarest, Mamm., Suppl., p. 534 (1820). + + _Cercopithecus pygerythrus_, Lesson, Spec. des Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrum., + p. 83 (1840); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305 (1849); id., Cat. + Méth. Primates, p. 21 (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth., v., p. 39 + (1855); Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Säugeth., p. 4; Martin, Mammif. An., p. + 521 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 76 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S., + 1885, p. 219; H. H. Johnston, Kilimanjaro Exped., p. 352 (1886); Scl., P. + Z. S., 1893, p. 249 (nec Martin, nec. Schl.). + + _Cercopithecus pusillus_, Delalande in Desmoul, Dict. Class., vii., p. + 568. + + _Cercopithecus lalandii_, Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305 + (1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth., v., p. 39 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. + S., 1893, pp. 248 and 615. + + _Cercopithecus rufo-viridis_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); + Scl., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420. + + _Chlorocebus pygerythrus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus, p. 25 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to the Grivet (_C. sabæus_), to the +Malbrouck (_C. cynosurus_), and to the last species, the Green Guenon. +Distinguished from the Grivet by the chin, the hands and the feet, beyond +the ankle, and the wrist being very black, instead of grey; and the tip of +the tail (or its {61}entire length) black, instead of being grey or yellow, +as in the Malbrouck. It differs from both the Malbrouck and Grivet in +having, according to Martin, long coarse fur, greyer in tint above, with a +slighter wash of olive (= _C. lalandii_ of Geoffroy); or in being more +reddish-yellow or yellowish-green above (the true _C. pygerythrus_); also +by having conspicuous superciliary bristles. The less thick and heavy +muzzle and the green scrotal region distinguish it from the Malbrouck; the +rust-red coloured hair on the space below the root of the tail +distinguishes it from the Grivet. Length of body, 22 inches; tail, 27 +inches. + +The female is slightly smaller than the male. + +DISTRIBUTION.--South Africa: Cape Colony. "The Vervet is common in the +forests along the Great Fish river, and other streams between Algoa Bay and +Cape Town. Its range extends also along the Natal coast, throughout the +Amakozi country, and Caffreland generally." (_Martin._) Zambesia. On +Kilimanjaro. Mr. H. H. Johnston observed it to be common, at 5,000 feet, in +the cultivated gardens round the village of Moshi, and in the forests lower +down, at Taveita. + +HABITS.--Their food consists of fruits, and particularly of the gum which +exudes from various species of Acacia. In confinement, when irritated, they +utter, it is said, a barking noise, display their teeth, and gaze with +hatred in their eyes. They are very treacherous, ferocious, and daring, and +their cage requires to be approached with much precaution. Mr. Johnston, +when living on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, found them to be exceedingly +familiar and mischievous, and given to stealing fruits, &c. They are +entirely without the fear of Man. + +This Monkey is very commonly to be seen alive in European {62}menageries, +where it appears to stand the northern climate fairly well. At a meeting of +the Zoological Society in November, 1893, Dr. Sclater remarked that +_Cercopithecus callitrichus_ (= _C. pygerythrus_) had recently bred in the +Gardens. Concerning the latter birth a curious fact had been observed and +reported by the keepers--that the young Monkey, which lived about two +months, had been in the habit of sucking both of the mother's teats at +once. + + +XVIII. THE TANTALUS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS TANTALUS. + + _Cercopithecus tantalus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1841, p. 33; Sclater, P. Z. + S., 1893, p. 258; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 73 (1876). + + _Cercocebus tantalus_, var. f., Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 + (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Head rounder and face shorter than in _C. callitrichus_. Face +covered with very short hairs; nose prominent, and narrow between the eyes, +flatter and broader towards the tip. Head, back, and sides, a mixture of +yellowish-brown and green, of the same shade as prevails in the upper parts +of _C. callitrichus_ and _C. pygerythrus_; outer surface of the limbs +clearer ashy-grey; whiskers, throat, breast, under side of the body, and +inner side of the limbs, yellowish-white; tail brown at the root, pale grey +at the tip; back of hands and feet light grey; face livid flesh-colour +round the eyes, the short hairs on the nose and cheeks black; lips light +brown; eyebrows black, surmounted by a broad white band across the +forehead; scrotal region covered with yellowish hairs. (_Ogilby._) + +DISTRIBUTION.--Africa, but the exact habitat is unknown. + +HABITS.--Unknown. + + +{63}III. CERCOPITHECI ERYTHRONOTI. + +The next three species constitute the red-furred group of Geoffroy and +Sclater, being bright rufous above, and white beneath. + + +XIX. THE PATAS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PATAS. + + _Simia patas_, Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 98, pl. xvi. (1775). + + _Cercopithecus patas_, Erxleb. Syst. Règne An., p. 34 (1777); Schleg., + Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 84 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 249. + + _Simia rubra_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1788); Fischer, Synops. Mamm., + p. 24 (1829). + + _Cercopithecus ruber_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 96 (1812); id., Dict. + d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Desmar. Mamm., p. 59 (1820); Martin, + Mammif. An., p. 509 (1841, pt.); Wagner, in Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl., + v., p. 42 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1874, p. 664. + + _Le Patas et Le Patas à bandeau noir_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Mamm. i., livr. + xv. (Avril, 1820). + + _Chlorocebus ruber_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Head broad and flattened; nose depressed; muzzle short; fur +long and silky on the back of the head, elsewhere short. Orbits narrow; +cheeks and muzzle naked; whiskers thick and bushy, encroaching far on the +cheeks, and extending back below the ears; chin with a few hairs, but no +beard. Head, back, sides, and hinder aspect of the arms and fore-arms, and +of the thighs and legs, and of the upper and lower sides of the base, and +the upper side of the rest of the tail, foxy red; shoulders, chest, front +and rest of the fore-limbs, entire under side of the body, and of the +terminal portion {64}of the tail, and inner side of the limbs, with the +entire hands and feet, grey or greyish-white,--the hairs being ringed with +black and white. The nude parts of the face and of the ears, hands, and +feet, violet flesh-colour; a distinct superciliary arch black; a white bar +from the eye to behind the ear; a black line from the superciliary stripe, +extending down the nose-ridge and expanding on the tip; on the upper lip, a +short moustache of black hairs; whiskers greyish-white, washed with yellow. +This species varies considerably in size and in coloration. + +In young animals the grey is often washed with rufous. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Senegal. + +HABITS.--The Patas in its native forest lives in large troops, which unite +together, as De la Brue has recorded, against a common enemy. He relates +that as he passed along a river in his boat, the Patas came down to the +tips of the branches out of curiosity, but after watching the party for a +time they threw dry branches and other handy objects at them, till some of +their number were at last shot. This so infuriated the survivors, that they +redoubled their attack with stones and other missiles, giving utterance +meanwhile to the most frightful cries. Mr. Martin, from whom we have +condensed De la Brue's account, says that this species is lively in +captivity, but very spiteful and capricious, its temper becoming worse with +age. + + +XX. THE NISNAS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PYRRHONOTUS. + + _Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus_, Hempr. et Ehrenb., Symb. Phys., pl. x. + (1838); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Wagner, in + Schreber's Säugeth., v., p. 42 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 623; + 1893, p. 250; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 84 (1876). + + {65}_Cercopithecus ruber_, Rüpp., Neue Wirb. Säugeth., p. 8 (1835); + Martin, Mammif. An., p. 509 (1841) (in part). + + _Le Nisnas_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., i., pl. 27 (1830). + + _Chlorocebus ruber_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Of the same size as _C. patas_, and very similar to it. Fur +above, and on the lower part of the limbs rufous, and on the lower part of +the back, and under side of the tail, much darker rufous than elsewhere; +nose white, not black as in the preceding species; shoulders and external +aspect of arms rufous like the rest of the body, and not grey as in _C. +patas_. + +DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: Kordofan and Darfur, to a height of 3,000 +feet above the sea. A specimen living in the Zoological Gardens in 1882 was +stated to have come from Somali-land. + +Allied to the Patas and the Nisnas is Peters' Guenon (_Cercopithecus +ochraceus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Säugeth., p. 2, pl. 1a), from Querimba, +Mozambique, which has the upper side yellowish, and is probably but a +variety of _C. pyrrhonotus_. + + +XXI. THE REDDISH-GREEN GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS RUFO-VIRIDIS. + + _Cercopithecus rufo-viridis_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id. + Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 78 + (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 258. + + _Chlorocebus rufo-viridis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870). + + _? Cercopithecus flavidus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb., p. 3, pl. i.b. + +CHARACTERS.--Face black; a large frontal band white; head above +olive-green; back green washed with rufous, gradually becoming bright +rufous, slightly speckled with black on the sides {66}of the body between +the fore- and hind-limbs; shoulders and thighs grey, washed with green; the +rest of the external aspect of the limbs grey; under side of body and inner +side of limbs white; hands speckled black; the feet greyish; tail, dark +grey above, pale grey below. + +DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. The form described by Peters as _C. +flavidus_ comes from Mozambique. + + +IV. CERCOPITHECI MELANOCHIRI. + +The species which we now proceed to describe belong to Prof. Schlegel's +Section v., and Dr. Sclater's _Cercopitheci melanochiri_, of which the +members have the arms and legs either black or dark grey, and have a black +band from the outer corner of the eyes to the ears. + + +XXII. THE MONA GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MONA. + + _Simia mona_, Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 97, pl. xv. (1775). + + _Cercopithecus mona_, Erxleb. Syst. Regne An., p. 32 (1777); Geoffr., + Dict. Hist. Nat., p. 304 (1849); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 527 (1841); + Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 80 (1876); + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 250. + + _La mone_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., i., livr. ix. (Août, 1819). + +CHARACTERS.--Top of the head brilliant golden-green, the hairs being black +at the roots, yellow further up and tipped with black; back, sides of body, +shoulders, and haunches chestnut-brown, speckled with black,--the hairs +being grey at the base, ringed alternately with red, or brown and black; +frontal band pale greenish; rump, with the exception of a distinctive +elliptical white bar on each side, at the base of the tail, black; the +hands and feet, and external aspect of the legs, {67}thighs, and fore-arms, +black; the under side of the body and inner side of the limbs pure white, +separated by an abrupt line from the colours of the outer surfaces; the +transverse black band above the eyebrows extending from the outer corner of +the eyes to the ears; nude parts of face, ears, and hands livid +flesh-colour; the whiskers bushy, covering much of the cheeks, descending +on the sides and lower part of the neck, pale yellow, speckled with black +marks. + +The white bars on each side of the tail, on the rump, and the white frontal +band distinguish this species from all others. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Cameroons. + + +XXIII. SYKES' GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ALBIGULARIS. + + _Semnopithecus albogularis_, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 106. + + _Cercopithecus albigularis_, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 18; Owen, P. Z. + S., 1832, p. 18 (anatomy); Martin, Mamm. An., p. 512 (1841); Frazer, + Zool. Typ., pl. ii. (1848); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 45 + (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 79 (1876); True. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv., p. 448 + (1893); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 251; Matschie, S.B., Nat. Fr. Berl., + 1893, p. 215; Thomas, P. Z. S., 1894, p. 137. + + _Cercopithecus erythrarchus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Säugeth., p. 1, pl. + i.; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 77 (1876); Kirk, P. Z. S., 1864, p. + 649; Reuvens, Zool. Gart., xxx., p. 207 (1889); Oudem, _op. cit._, xxxi., + p. 267 (1890); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 249 (female). + + _? Cercopithecus monoides_, Geoffr., Arch. du Mus., ii., p. 558, pl. 31 + (1841); id., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. + 303 (1849); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256. + +{68}CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Head rounded, short; ears small, rounded, and +nearly concealed in the long fur of the head; eyes deep-set; superciliary +hairs long; whiskers thick and bushy; no beard; facial angle large; +cheek-pouches small but distinct, not observable even when filled, being +concealed by the bushy whiskers; thumbs short; great-toes long; very small +callosities; tail half as long as the body. Larynx with the usual two wide +lateral sacs and a middle pouch extending forward about three inches under +the skin of the neck, communicating with the larynx by a large opening. + +Entire upper surface black, mixed with yellow,--the hairs being black, +ringed with brownish-yellow bars. Face, cheeks, and lips black; shoulders, +fore-limbs and hind-limbs (washed with yellowish), black, from the absence +of the yellow bars, which predominate on the back and sides; under side of +the body black, speckled with white; chin and throat white; no white thigh +patches; tail, black. + +FEMALE.--Differs from the male in being smaller, and in having the rump, +the upper and lower sides of the base of the tail, the region round the +anus, and the posterior aspect of the upper part of the thighs and arms +strongly tinged with reddish-brown. The lower side of the body and inner +sides of the limbs whitish--the hairs towards their extremities being +ringed with black and greyish-yellow. It has been described as +_Cercopithecus erythrarchus_ of Peters and other writers. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gold Coast (_Pel_); also said to have been +obtained on the Congo. East Africa: Mozambique; believed to abound about +Cape Corrientes (_Peters_). Quilimane and the Lower Zambesi are further +given as habitats both by Dr. Peters and Sir J. Kirk. Mr. H. H. Johnston, +H.M. Commissioner in Nyasa Land, has sent it from the Milanji Plateau, +where it ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. This species was at +one time supposed, but quite erroneously, to come from Madagascar. + + +PLATE XXIX. + +[Illustration: BOUTOURLINI'S GUENON.] + + +{69}HABITS.--This Monkey is very frequently brought alive to Europe, and +almost all that we know of its habits has been obtained from observing it +in captivity. Colonel Sykes, who first brought this species to England and +described it, says that "its manners in captivity are grave and sedate. Its +disposition is gentle, but not affectionate; and though free from that +capricious petulance and mischievous irascibility characteristic of so many +of the African species, still it quickly resents irritating treatment, and +evinces its resentment by very smart blows with its anterior hands. It +never bit any person on board ship, but so seriously lacerated three +Monkeys, its fellow passengers, that two of them died from the wounds. It +readily ate meat, and would choose to pick a bone even when plentifully +supplied with vegetables and dried fruits." Another individual, seen by Mr. +Ogilby, exhibited the same antipathy to other Monkeys. + + +XXIV. BOUTOURLINI'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BOUTOURLINII. + + (_Plate XXIX._) + + _Cercopithecus boutourlinii_, Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); + Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, pp. 256, 441. + + _Cercopithecus albigularis_, Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), vi., p. 8 + (1888). + +CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Body-hairs long and rough; upper surface black, with +pale fulvous annellations, except on a line between the shoulders, which is +nearly black; ears nearly nude, with an inner hairy pencil; nose, upper +lip, chin, and throat, pure white; rest of the under surface and of the +limbs and tail black, {70}except the base of the tail, which has ringed +hairs like the back all round. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 24 +inches. (_Sclater._) + +FEMALE.--Nearly similar, but smaller, and having the hairs less ringed on +the back and the head. (_Sclater._) + +Distinguished from _C. albigularis_ by its white nose and upper lips, black +under surface, and blacker limbs. + +DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: Kaffa, a province to the south of Shoa; +and Gimma, a province in Central Abyssinia, to the south of Gojan. + + +XXV. CAMPBELL'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CAMPBELLI. + + _Cercopithecus campbelli_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 61; Fraser, Zool. + Typ., pl. iii. (1848); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 544 (1841); Wagner in + Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; + id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., + p. 82 (1876); Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 9 (1888); Sclater, P. + Z. S., 1893, p. 251. + + _Cercopithecus burnetti_, Gray, Ann. N. H., x., p. 256 (1842). + +CHARACTERS.--Fur long, longer on the hinder part of the back than on the +front, separated along the back--the hairs black with broad yellow rings. +Face bluish-black; lips flesh-coloured; band across the forehead white, +washed with rufous--the hairs tipped with black; head as far as the nape of +the neck, yellowish-brown; the fore part of the back brownish-black, the +lower part of the back, the outer side of the hind-legs, the fore-legs, and +basal third of the tail olive-black, washed with yellow; the long hair on +the cheeks and side of the neck, which partly conceals the ears, +greyish-white, ringed towards the tips with black and {71}yellow; the inner +side of the ears furnished with long yellow-flecked grey hairs; the chest, +throat, under side of the body, inner side of limbs and fore part of the +thighs white; posterior two-thirds of the tail yellowish-grey, the hairs +ringed with black and faded yellow, those of the under side with brown and +grey; tip of the tail with a small black tuft. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast. + +HABITS.--This is the commonest Monkey, both in the interior and on the +coast of this region of Africa. It frequents the moderate-sized trees of +the forest in troops of fifty or more in number; and it occasionally even +takes to the water of its own accord. + + +XXVI. THE SAMANGO GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SAMANGO. + + _Cercopithecus samango_, Sundev. Öfvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Förh. Stockh., i., + p. 160 (1844); Wagner in Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 44 (1855); + Peters, Reis. Mossamb., Säugeth., p. 4; Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; + id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., + p. 79 (1876; in part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 251. + +CHARACTERS.--Distinguished by the dirty white tint along the basal half of +the tail, except along the median line of the upper side, which is black; +end of the tail black. Back entirely blackish-olive--the hairs being +yellowish-olive, ringed with black; inner side of the limbs, and entire +under surface from the arms to the chin, dirty white; outer surface of the +arms black, of the legs grey; the feet black; ears covered with whitish +hairs. + +DISTRIBUTION,--South and East Africa: Natal and Mozambique; extending to +Angola in the west. + + +{72}XXVII. THE WHITE-LIPPED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LABIATUS. + + _Cercopithecus labiatus_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id., Dict. + d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 302 (1849); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256. + + _Cercopithecus samango_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 79 (1876; in + part). + +CHARACTERS.--Fur thick; a bunch of long hairs directed backwards on the +cheeks; inner aspect of the ears covered with reddish-grey hairs; upper +side of the body dark grey, speckled with pale olive-yellow; top of the +head black, speckled with yellowish-green; forehead and jaws +greenish-yellow, speckled with black; a black spot on the face above the +commissure of the lips; rest of the lips and region of the mouth white; +outer side of the fore-limbs, hands, and feet black; outer side of the +hind-limbs greyish-brown; under side of the body faded white; inner side of +the limbs ashy-grey; round the anus and the greater part of the under side +of the tail, pale yellowish-brown; upper side of the tail, for same +distance, reddish-black; remainder black. + +DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. + + +XXVIII. THE RUMP-SPOTTED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS OPISTHOSTICTUS. + + _Cercopithecus opisthostictus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 725. + +CHARACTERS.--Back black, speckled with pale grey; head darker; back of the +neck, shoulders, external aspect of the hands and feet, and the tail +(except at its base), black; a small spot on the lower back on each side of +the tail rufous; under side blackish. Length of body, 24 inches; of tail, +25 inches. (_Sclater._) + +{73}DISTRIBUTION.--British Central Africa: near Lake Mweru. + +HABITS.--Unknown. The skin of this Monkey is used by the natives to form +dresses, and from specimens of these, collected by Mr. A. Sharpe, H.B.M. +Vice-Consul in Southern Nyasa Land, during his journey from the north end +of Lake Nyasa to Lake Mweru and the Luapula, this species has been +described by Dr. P. L. Sclater. + + +XXIX. STAIRS' GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS STAIRSI. + + _Cercopithecus stairsi_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 580, pl. xl.; 1893, + pp. 252, 443, and 612. + +CHARACTERS.--ADULT MALE.--Face black, except a ring round the eyes, which +is flesh-coloured; ridge of the nose and a band above the eyes from ear to +ear black, surmounted by another band of long erect yellowish-white hairs; +ears naked; whiskers bushy, greyish-white, washed with greenish-yellow; on +each side of the forehead a bright chestnut band is carried over the head +behind the ears; back of the head, nape, and anterior part of the back +grey, variegated by black lines and washed with yellowish; back of the +shoulders dark grey; back, especially the lower part, yellowish-grey, with +a rufous patch on the rump above the tail; external surface of the arms +blackish-grey; hands black; outside of the legs grey; feet not so black as +the hands; anal region, and about three inches of the base of the tail +rufous-yellow; scrotum dark indigo blue; throat, under surface of body, and +inner side of limbs milky white; the whole of the hair of the upper parts +minutely grizzled. Length of body, 18 inches; tail injured. (_Sclater._) + +YOUNG FEMALE.--Differs from the male in being lighter in colour; back below +the nape, sides, thighs, legs, and upper {74}surface of the basal third of +the tail ochre yellow, washed with rufous; shoulders and fore-limbs grey; +hands and feet black, under side of the body and inner side of the limbs +and the throat (where the hairs are long) milky white; terminal two-thirds +of the tail blackish-grey, darker at the tip. + +The chestnut auricular spots in both sexes of this species distinguish it +from all others. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Zambesi Delta. The typical specimen (which is the female +above described) was given, as Dr. Sclater tells us in his original account +of this beautiful species, by Mr. Hillier, at Chindi, to Dr. Moloney (of +Lieut. Stairs' Expedition). The latter brought it home alive, and presented +it in 1892 to the Zoological Society's Gardens, where it lived till the +beginning of 1893. The type specimen is now in the British Museum. A second +specimen, the adult male (described above) was presented to the Society in +June, 1893, by Mr. F. Hintz, whose brother had brought it from Mozambique, +and had had it in captivity for eight years. + +HABITS.--Unknown. + + +XXX. MOLONEY'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MOLONEYI. + + _Cercopithecus moloneyi_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 252, pl. xvii. + +CHARACTERS.--Related to _C. samango_, but larger; hairs long above, +olivaceous, speckled with black; head darker; a broad band covering the +middle and lower back, and the base of the upper side of the tail +rufous--the hairs ringed with black; arms, externally from the shoulders +down to the hands, and internally on the lower part of the fore-arm, black; +outer aspect of the thighs and legs blackish-grey, washed posteriorly with +yellowish; tail, except at the very tip, deep black; the face, lips, +{75}and ears naked, and black; a fulvous band across the forehead above the +eyes; sides of the head fulvous, speckled with black; throat, creamy +yellow; under side of body pale fulvous, the hairs ringed with black; the +inside of the arms, thighs, and upper part of the legs greyish fulvous; +feet black. Length of body, 28 inches; of tail, 26 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--British Central Africa. Procured from the natives of +N-Konde, and brought from Karonga, at the north end of Lake Nyasa, by Dr. +Moloney. + +HABITS.--Unknown. + + +XXXI. SCHLEGEL'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NEGLECTUS. + + _Cercopithecus leucocampyx_ (nec Fischer), Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., + p. 22 (1870). + + _Cercopithecus neglectus_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 70 (1876); + Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 253. + +CHARACTERS.--General colour greyish-brown, finely grizzled; under side of +body black; crown, outside of limbs and base of tail black; anterior aspect +of thighs and a band across the haunches white. + +Distinguished from the true _C. leucampyx_ by the colour of the front of +the thighs, and by its banded haunch. + +_Distribution._--The White Nile, where it was obtained by Consul Petherick. + + +XXXII. THE DIADEM GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LEUCAMPYX. + + _Simia leucampyx_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 20 (1829). + + {76}_Le Diane femelle_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., livr. xlii. (June, + 1824). + + _Cercopithecus diadematus_, Geoffr. in Bélang., Voy. Zool. p. 51 (1834). + + _Cercopithecus leucampyx_, Martin, Mamm. An., p. 529 (1841); Geoffr., + Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., + p. 83 (1876); Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); Sclater, P. Z. S., + 1893, p. 253 ([female]). + + _Cercopithecus pluto_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1848, p. 56, pl. iii.; 1868, p. + 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870); Wagner in Schreb. + Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 48 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 670, 1871, + p. 36, 1892, p. 97. + +CHARACTERS.--Face, nose, and lips black; whiskers rounded and bushy; no +beard; fur long and harsh; form robust and powerful; whiskers grizzled, the +hairs ringed with black and white; across the forehead, over the eyes, a +broad white bar (or diadem); the back beyond the shoulders, the sides and +haunches, and the posterior aspect of the thighs, grizzly-grey, the hairs +ringed with numerous greenish-white and black bars; tail grey at its base, +rest black; a few yellowish hairs on the callosities, but all the rest of +the body deep black. Length of body, 23 inches; of tail, 21. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola, and the Congo, to Nyasa Land. + +HABITS.--Unknown. + + +V. CERCOPITHECI AURICULATI. + +The following three species form the fifth group of the Guenons, +distinguished by their yellowish or rufous ear-tufts, and the three black +lines over the forehead. + + +PLATE XXX. + +[Illustration: ERXLEBEN'S GUENON.] + + + +{77}XXXIII. ERXLEBEN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS GRAYI. + + _Cercopithecus grayi_, Fraser, Cat. Knowsl. Coll., p. 8 (1850); Gray, P. + Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870); Sclater, + P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256. + + _Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, Dahlb. et Puch., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, + p. 96; 1857, p. 196; Dahlb., Zool. Stud., p. 109, pl. 5 (1856); Gray, P. + Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870; in part); + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 36; 1893, p. 254; 1894, p. 484. + + _Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (part). + + (_Plate XXX._) + +CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, flesh-coloured; whiskers commencing under +the eyes, bushy, yellow; the ears with a rufous or yellow tuft internally; +head yellow, but interrupted by three broad black streaks, extending from +above each eye and from the nose to the back of the head; back, anterior +aspect of the thighs, and the sides yellowish rufous, darker towards the +lower back--the hairs ringed with black and yellow, upper surface and +entire terminal third of the tail black. Under surface of the body, inner +side of the limbs, anterior aspect of the thighs and legs, and the under +side of the basal two-thirds of the tail, yellow or rufous yellow; region +of the anus white; external aspect of the fore-limbs black; the hands and +feet black. + +A female specimen of this species which lived for some years in the +menagerie of Lord Derby at Knowsley, and died in 1836, is now in the Derby +Museum, Liverpool. It is the type of _C. grayi_, with which _C. erxlebeni_ +is identical. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: River Congo. + + +{78}XXXIV. THE BEARDED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS POGONIAS. + + _Cercopithecus pogonias_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 67; Wagner in + Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 43 (1855); Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 74 + (1840); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 543 (1841); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; + id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. + 254; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Similar to _C. grayi_, but differs in the yellow forehead +being interrupted in the middle by only a few black hairs, and not by a +streak; the whiskers paler; the back part of the head, the fore part of the +back, and the sides grizzled, the hairs being black, ringed with white; +while down the middle of the back to the base of the tail runs a broad +black stripe. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Fernando Po. + + +XXXV. THE BLACK-FOOTED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NIGRIPES. + + _Cercopithecus nigripes_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc., vii., p. 360 + (1860); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254. + + _Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, var. _nigripes_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. + Mus., p. 23 (1870). + + _Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 182 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. pogonias_, but differs in being darker, +and in having the dorsal stripe wider and more diffused lower down. It is +probably only a variety of the preceding. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Gaboon, where it was discovered by Du Chaillu. + + +{79}XXXVI. WOLF'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WOLFI. + + _Cercopithecus wolfi_, Meyer, Notes, Leyden Mus., xiii., p. 63 (1891); + id., P. Z. S., 1894, p. 83, pl. vii.; Sclater, P. Z. S, 1893, p. 258. + +CHARACTERS.--Face, except the lips, which are flesh-colour, and the +temples, greyish-black; a yellowish-white bar across the forehead from ear +to ear; whiskers greyish-yellow; ear-tufts reddish-brown; upper surface +dark slate-grey; sides blue-grey, the hairs barred with several pale rings, +and tipped with black; dorsal stripe, narrowing towards the tail, +olive-yellowish, brighter on the crown, and brownish-yellow towards the +tail; basal half of the tail above, ashy-grey, below white; an +orange-yellow patch on the sides; chin, sides of neck, under surface of +body and inner side of limbs white; belly washed slightly with orange; +shoulders and outer aspect of the fore-limb, black--the hairs ringed with +grey; on the hinder edge of the fore-arms an ochre-coloured stripe; outer +side of thighs and legs bright red-brown, becoming orange on their anterior +and posterior internal margin. Length of body, 18¼ inches; of tail, 24 +inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: the exact locality is unknown. + + +VI. CERCOPITHECI BARBATI. + +The members of this group are distinguished by possessing a beard and a +frontal crest. + + +XXXVII. THE DIANA GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS DIANA. + + _Simia diana_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766). + + {80}_Cercopithecus diana_, Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 30 (1777); + Desmar., Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 523 (1841); + Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Wagner in Schreb. + Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 48 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 + (1870; pt.); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.); Jentink, + Notes, Leyd. Mus., x., p. 12; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254. + + _Cercopithecus diana_, var. _ignita_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. + 22 (1870). + +CHARACTERS.--Face black. Sides of face with long bushy whiskers, +terminating on the chin in a pointed white beard a few inches long; across +the forehead run two arched lines of erect hairs, the lower black, the +upper white; top of the head, back of the neck, shoulders, the sides, +middle of belly, ashy-grey--the hairs being white and black ringed, and +white-tipped; outside of limbs darker, the hands black; tail grey, the tip +black; neck, chest, and anterior part of the arms white; from the middle of +the back a deep chestnut spot extends, and widens to the root of the tail; +from the base of the tail, the outer aspect of the thighs, white; posterior +part of under side of body and inner side of thighs, orange-yellow, or +orange red, or bright red bay (_C. ignita_ of Gray). Length of body, 18 +inches; of tail, 24 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Liberia to the Congo. + +HABITS.--This beautiful and graceful Monkey is not uncommon in captivity, +and nearly all we know of its habits has been obtained from such specimens. +"Like the rest of its tribe," writes Mr. Martin, "it is gentle, lively, +active, and familiar while young, but as age advances it becomes reserved +and treacherous.... Its frontal crest of white hairs, and its white peaked +beard 'of formal cut,' give a singular aspect to its physiognomy. This +latter ornament it has been observed, so Mr. Ogilby states, to be +solicitous in keeping neat and clean; when about to drink it takes the +beard in its hand with amazing gravity, and holds it back in order to +prevent it from dipping into the fluid." + + +PLATE XXXI. + +[Illustration: DE BRAZZA'S GUENON.] + + + +{81}XXXVIII. THE PALATINE GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PALATINUS. + + _Le Roloway_ ou _la Palatine_, Buff., Hist. Nat. Suppl., xv., p. 77 + (1789). + + _Cercopithecus roloway_, Erxleb., Syst. Régn. An., p. 42 (1777); Geoffr., + Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Fisch., Synop. Mamm., p. 20 + (1829). + + _Cercopithecus palatinus_, Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 + (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257. + + _Cercopithecus diana_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870; pt.); + Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.). + +CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. diana_, but differs in having the back +very dark brown, nearly black, instead of chestnut; the head, flanks, +thighs, limbs dark grey; where the belly in _C. diana_ is black, in _C. +palatinus_ it is white. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Gold Coast. + + +XXXIX. DE BRAZZA'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BRAZZÆ. + + (_Plate XXXI._) + + _Cercopithecus brazzæ_, Milne-Edwards, Rev. Sc. (3), xii., p. 15 (1886); + Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893 pp. 255, 443, pl. xxxiii. + +CHARACTERS.--Top of head, back, sides of face, outside of thighs, and root +of tail pale fulvous, densely ringed with black; a frontal band, of dense +erect hairs, chestnut, {82}white-tipped, bordered behind by a broad black +band from ear to ear; ears nearly naked; upper part of nose and a narrow +line above the eyes, in front of the chestnut band, black; lower nose and +upper lip white; a longish white beard on the chin and throat; belly dark +fulvous, the hairs densely ringed with black; hands and feet black; inner +side of thighs, arms, and a streak along the posterior aspect of the +thighs, white; tail, except at its base, black. Length, 21 inches; tail, 22 +inches. (_Sclater._) Nearly related to _C. neglectus_. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Upper Congo. + + +VII. CERCOPITHECI TRITUBERCULATI. + +This section of the Family contains but one species, distinguished by the +posterior lower molars having only three, instead of four, tubercles to +their crowns. On this account it has been considered by some systematists +to be the type of a distinct genus, _Miopithecus_. + + +XL. THE TALAPOIN. CERCOPITHECUS TALAPOIN. + + (_Plate XXXII._) + + _Talapoin_, Buff., Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 287, pl. xl. (1766). + + _Cercopithecus talapoin_, Erxleb., Syst. Régn. Anim., p. 36, no. 15 + (1777), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 93 (1812); Desm., Mamm., p. 56; + Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 534 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 71 + (1876). + + _Simia talapoin_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 101 (1788); Schreber, Säugeth., + i., p. 101, no. 18, pl. 17; Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 21 (1829). + + _Cercopithecus pileatus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 57 (1820; nec Shaw). + + _Miopithecus talapoin_, Geoffr., Dict. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 308 (1849); + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870). + + +PLATE XXXII. + +[Illustration: THE TALAPOIN.] + + + {83}_Miopithecus capillatus_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 720 (1842.) + + _Simia melarhinus_, Schinz, Synop. Mamm., i., p. 47 (1844). + +CHARACTERS.--Small in size; head globular; muzzle very short; eyes large; +ears very expanded; nose but slightly protruding, with oblong nostrils +opening laterally, the septum thick; hands short, fingers united by a web. + +Skull large; superciliary ridges and orbits also large; posterior molar in +both jaws small; those in the lower jaw only three-cusped (two cusps in +front, one behind); anterior and median lower molars four-cusped. + +Naked skin round the eyes orange; upper lip yellow; whiskers directed +downward, bright straw-yellow; upper eyelids white; nose black; ears naked, +black; frontal hairs erect, forming a distinct curved crest. Fur speckled +olive-green--the hairs grey at the roots, olive-green in the middle and +black-tipped; fur darker on the body, paler and more washed with yellow on +the outer side of the body and upper side of the hands and feet. Under +surface of the body and the inside of the limbs white; tail ashy-grey. +Length of body, 13½ inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gaboon. + +HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this rare species, which is the +smallest of the Guenons. + + +THE GUEREZAS AND LANGURS.--SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ. + +The members of this Sub-family are characterised, externally, by having +elongated slender bodies, with their hind pair of limbs longer than their +front pair, and a very long tail. {84}Internally their digestive organs +differ from those of the _Cercopithecinæ_, the stomach being three times as +large as that organ in any Guenon of the same size. Instead of being a +simple rounded sac, it is elongate and composed of several pouches. These +compartments are quite different, however, from those seen in a Ruminant's +stomach, such as that of the Ox. In the latter, each of the various +divisions is differently constructed, and its mucous membrane is peculiarly +modified; in the Guenon it is divided into two portions, the left of which +forms a very considerable cavity, while the right is long and narrow. Two +great, strong, muscular bands run along its entire length, one along the +greater, the other along the lesser, curvature, like the muscles of the +great intestine, forming a series of large cells. (_Otto._) In addition to +this, the whole organ is twisted upon itself, so that the entrance and exit +regions come to be close together. Its mucous membrane is throughout of the +same character and form. The cæcum has no _appendix vermiformis_, or +worm-shaped tube, which is the representative (as in Man) of the elongate +cæcum found among the Lemuroids, as among most of the Mammals. The muzzle +in this Sub-family is very short, and the nose is generally, but slightly, +prominent. There are ischial callosities, but no cheek-pouches among the +Langurs, though small ones have been described in certain of the Guerezas +(_Colobus_). When laryngeal sacs are present they are formed of a single +sac with a median aperture into the windpipe, in the space below its +superior opening; it may have large prolongations down the front of the +neck, as far indeed as the arm-pits. + +The frontal region of the skull is rounded, and the facial angle is +comparatively large. The ascending portion of the hinder part of each half +of the lower jaw is high, and its {85}hindmost molar on each side has five +cusps to its crown. Their breast-bone is very narrow. The vertebræ forming +the tail are much elongated. All have the central (_os centrale_) bone in +the _carpus_ (or wrist). + +The posterior lobes of the cerebrum project beyond the cerebellum and +conceal it; they are very short among the Langurs. The principal grooves +and foldings seen in the human brain are represented, and there is a +perfectly distinct _hippocampus minor_--an eminence in the cavity of the +posterior lobe, which was for a long time supposed to be a character +peculiar to the human brain, and the presence or absence of which was once +a celebrated cause of difference between certain distinguished anatomists. + +The food of the _Semnopithecinæ_--of which they consume a large bulk at a +time--consists chiefly of leaves and young shoots of trees. For this +purpose their sacculated stomach forms a necessary receptacle and store for +their food during their hasty collection of it. + +The Sub-family practically consists of but two genera--_Colobus_ and +_Semnopithecus_. One species, forming a third genus (_Nasalis_), is closely +related to the latter. The _Colobi_ are confined to Africa, and the +_Semnopitheci_--of which there are a large number of species--inhabit the +mainland of India, the Malayan Peninsula, and the neighbouring Archipelago +as far east only as _Wallace's line_, which runs between the islands of +Bali and Lombock, and northwards to the east of Borneo. + + +THE GUEREZAS. GENUS COLOBUS. + + _Colobus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 69 (1811). + +The Guerezas are a group of Monkeys entirely confined to the African +continent. The character which especially {86}distinguishes them from the +Langurs, which (with the exception of the monotypic Nosed Monkeys of +Borneo) form the remaining members of the Sub-family, is the condition of +their thumbs. In these animals the thumb is practically absent, being +either quite invisible externally, or presenting merely a tubercle, which +may or may not have a nail upon it. The hands are long and straight, and +the nails of the fingers are compressed and pointed. In these animals the +body is slender, though somewhat more robust than in _Semnopithecus_. The +face is naked or covered only with a sparse and soft down, the nostrils +being separated by a wide division. From this feature these Monkeys have +been described by some naturalists as Platyrrhine or Megarrhine. The ears +are rounded above, with the posterior upper angle pointed or square, and +generally naked, but they are sometimes haired or tufted inside. All the +Guerezas have a specially elongated tail, which is often tufted at the end. +Their fur is long and slightly harsher than that of the Langurs, but it is +not ringed with differently coloured bands. Their callosities are large and +naked. + +The skulls in _Colobus_ and _Semnopithecus_ are very similar in shape; but +those of the former are often longer, larger, and have a greater cranial +capacity than those of the _Semnopitheci_. The muzzle is short, and the +hind molar of the lower jaw has five tubercles. The thumbs, even when +apparently absent, are represented under the skin by a single bone, the +ungual phalanx, which articulates directly with the metacarpal bone. The +Guerezas differ from the Guenons in having very small cheek-pouches and no +laryngeal sacs. Their stomach is transversely sacculated like the upper +part of the great intestine in the human body. + +The Guerezas, which represent the Langurs in Asia, inhabit {87}Tropical +Africa, ranging from Abyssinia and Zanzibar in the east, to Senegambia, +Angola, and perhaps the island of Fernando Po on the west--between about +15° N. lat. on the eastern and 12° on the western side, to 10° S. lat. They +live in small troops in the forest, both on the plains and on the +mountains, their food consisting of fruits, but principally of leaves, +which they eat in large quantities, as the peculiar and capacious form of +their storehouse-like stomach, in lieu of cheek-pouches, would indicate. + +Of their habits in their native state very little indeed is known, for they +prefer to keep to the great trees of the forests far from human habitation; +while, owing to their very delicate constitution enabling them to resist +for a very short period the rigours of a climate cooler than their own, +scarcely anything has been learnt of them in captivity. The beautiful skins +of many of the species form a considerable article of commerce in Europe +and America to adorn the costumes of the most refined and cultivated +ladies, who vie for their possession with the semi-nude and barbarous +warriors of Equatorial Africa, by whom they are also used as ornaments for +their persons and for decorations for their weapons. + + +I. VAN BENEDEN'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS VERUS. + + _Colobus verus_, Van Bened., Bull. Acad. Sc., Brux., v., p. 344, pl. 13 + (1838); Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 70 (1840); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 503 + (1841); Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 17, no. 4 (1851); Wagner, in + Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 37 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. + 182; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 28 (1876). + + _Semnopithecus_ (_Colobus_) _olivaceus_, Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. + Suppl., i., p. 309 (1840). + + {88}_Colobus cristatus_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xvii., p. 77 + (1866); id., P. Z. S., 1886, p. 182, pl. xv.; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. + Mus., p. 19, et Suppl., p. 128 (1870). + + _Procolobus verus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 97, pl. 1 + (1887). + +CHARACTERS.--Body stout; limbs robust; head oval, the muzzle slightly +prominent; face and ears naked, brownish-black; thumb entirely absent; +callosities large. Hair on the top of the head, forming a median crest, +reddish-olive; whiskers, directed backward, pale yellow; over the eyes a +frontal bar of the same colour, coalescing with the whiskers opposite the +eyes; upper part of body to base of tail and down to the knees, covered +with short dark olive-brown hair, finely ringed with black, and washed with +rufous on the back of the neck and on the outside of the thighs; the tail +long and thin, olive-brown or brownish-grey; shoulders, flanks, and outer +surface of the limbs, pale greyish-green; upper sides of the hands and feet +reddish-brown; throat, chest (the hair of which is elongated), under +surface of the body and inner side of the limbs, ashy-grey. Length of +body, 21 inches; of tail, 24¼. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Forests of Fanti and Ashanti. + + +II. THE RED-CRESTED GUEREZA. COLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS. + + _Colobus rufomitratus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1879, p. 829, pl. iA. + and ii. + + _Tropicolobus rufomitratus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm., Suppl., p. + 102 (1887). + +CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and covered with short hair; face {89}and ears +naked and brownish-black, the long superciliary hairs and the transverse +crest, from ear to ear, black; front and back of the head to the nape of +the neck brownish-red; cheeks and chin dark grey; back, from the nape of +the neck, flanks, outer and hinder surfaces of the limbs, and the feet, +dark brownish-olive; front of the shoulder, of the arm and part of the +fore-arm, and the front of the thighs, pale reddish-yellow; breast, under +side of the body and inner side of the limbs, of the same colour, but +paler; tail coloured like the back, the tip tufted, brownish-black. Length +of body, 26¾ inches; tail, 27¾. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This very rare species lives in East Africa. Forests at +Muniuni, near Mombasa. + + +III. KIRK'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS KIRKI. + + _Colobus kirkii_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 180, pl. xv.; id., Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 127 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 25 + (1876); Kirk, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (5), xiii., p. 307 (1884). + + _Guereza kirkii_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 14 (1879). + + _Piliocolobus kirki_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 112, pl. + vi. (1887). + +CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, bluish-black; tip of the nose +greyish-white; head, with long divergent hairs, forming a kind of cap, bent +backwards over the forehead; crown of head, back, and tail, reddish-brown, +paler towards the extremity; the nape, shoulders, arms, outer and anterior +aspects of the fore-arms, the centre of the outer aspect of the thighs and +legs, and the hands and feet, black; forehead, cheeks, chest, front aspect +of the shoulders, the whole of the under side of the body, {90}and the +inner side of the limbs, white; anterior aspect of the lower part of the +arm, the hind-margin of the fore-arms, and the anterior and posterior +aspects of the thighs and legs, greyish-white. (_Gray._) Length of body, +25½ inches; of tail, 31 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Island of Zanzibar. This Monkey was first sent to Europe by +Sir John Kirk in 1868. Its discoverer, writing in 1884, says that even in +1868 the Monkey was rare, but was still to be found in many of the wooded +districts of that island. He writes: "I am not aware that it has been found +in Pemba Island or on the mainland; and now I discover that, if not +extinct, it has become so rare as not to be procurable, even when I sent +the hunters over the island. I have a report that it exists still in one +spot, which they could not reach. I believe that two specimens were sent to +Germany some time ago; but it looks as if the animal will be lost to +science. This is due to the destruction of forest and jungle over the +island." + +"_Colobus kirkii_," writes Mr. H. H. Johnston, in 1886, "had disappeared +from nearly every part of the island of Zanzibar, but a rumour prevailed +that it still lingered on a clump of forest as yet unvisited by hunters. +Thither Sir John sent his _chasseurs_ to report on the Monkey's existence. +After a week's absence they returned, triumph illumining their swarthy +lineaments. 'Well, did you find them?' asked the British Consul General. +'Yes,' replied the men with glee, 'and we killed them every one!' wherewith +twelve Monkey-corpses were flung upon the floor, and _Colobus kirki_ joined +the Dodo, the Auk, the Rhytina and the Moa, in the limbo of species +extinguished by the act of man." + + +PLATE XXXIII. + +[Illustration: BAY GUEREZA.] + + + +{91}IV. THE BAY GUEREZA. COLOBUS FERRUGINEUS. + + (_Plate XXXIII._) + + _Simia ferruginea_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 59 (1800); Desm., Mamm., p. + 53 (1820); Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 13 (1829). + + _Colobus ferrugineus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 69 (1811); + Gervais, H. N. Mamm., i., p. 66 (1854); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; + Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 27 (1876); Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm., + p. 25 (1883-5); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 590, pl. xlviii. + + _Colobus ferruginosus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 92 (1812); Martin, + Mammif. Anim., p. 498 (1841). + + _Colobus temminckii_, Kuhl, Beitr., Zool., p. 7 (1820); Desm., Mamm., p. + 53 (1820); Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 99; Martin, _op. cit._, p. 499 + (1841). + + _Colobus pennantii_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 57; Martin, op. cit., p. + 501; Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 209 (1849); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. + 181, var. 2. + + _Colobus ferruginea_, Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 68 (1840); Gray, Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870). + + _Colobus fuliginosus_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 97 (1839); Is. + Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Prim., p. 17 (1851); Temm., Esquiss. Zool., p. 24 + (1853); Dahlb., Consp. Mamm. p. 95 (1857). + + _Colobus rufo-fuliginosus_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 270 (1839). + + _Colobus rufo-niger_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 273 (1839); Martin, + _op. cit._, p. 500 (1841); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181, var. 1. + + _Piliocolobus ferrugineus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 105, + pl. iii. (1887). + + {92}_Piliocolobus bouvieri_, Rochebr., _tom. cit._, p. 108, pl. iv. + + _Piliocolobus tholloni_, Rochebr., _tom. cit._, p. 110, pl. v. + +CHARACTERS.--Body robust, covered with rather long hairs; face naked, +blackish-blue, except the tip of the nose, corners of the mouth and edge of +lower lips, which are flesh-colour; ears naked, blackish-blue; nose short +and somewhat prominent; frontal hairs erect, directed forward, black; top +and back of the head as far as the nape, black; back, sides, outer aspect +of the thighs, base and upper surface of the tail, bluish or olive-black, +with whitish hairs mingled on the shoulders and thighs; sides of the face +from the middle of the cheek backwards to a point behind (enclosing the +ears), neck, chin, and throat, the under surface of body, as well as the +whole of the limbs (except the outer aspect of the thighs), and the under +surface of the tail, rich rufous; tips of the fingers and toes black. +Length of body, 29 inches; of tail, 31 inches. The hairs are all uniformly +coloured. The thumb is often fairly well developed, and may have a nail. + +This species is extremely variable in the coloration of its fur; the back +in some varieties is rufous, the cheeks and throat may be sandy-yellow or +white, and the under side whitish or white, and the outside of the +fore-limbs may be black, or agreeing in colour with the outside of the +thighs. The well-developed _foetus_ shows no signs of the varied coloration +of later life, but is quite white. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Not uncommon along the whole West Coast. + +HABITS.--Like many of the other species of the genus, this species keeps to +the tops of the highest trees of the forest. Its food consists of fruits +and leaves. + + +{93}V. THE BLACK GUEREZA. COLOBUS SATANAS. + + _Colobus satanas_, Waterhouse, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 58; Martin, Mammif. + Anim., p. 497 (1841); Gervais, H. N. Mamm., p. 65 (1854); Sclater, P. Z. + S., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Naturg. Affen, p. 88 (1862); Is. Geoffr., + Dict. H. N., iv., p. 208 (1849); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1870); Schleg, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 27 + (1876); Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin (1892), p. 226. + + _Semnopithecus anthracinus_, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1857, + p. 10. + + _Guereza satanas_, Truess. Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879). + + _Stachycolobus satanas_, Rochebr. Faun. Sénég. Suppl. Mamm., p. 114, pl. + vii. (1887). + +CHARACTERS.--Fur very long, coarse; face naked, black; ears rounded, black; +superciliary and frontal hairs very long; hairs of the cheeks long, very +coarse, and directed backwards; fur entirely and uniformly black on the +body and tail; hairs on tail short; tip not tufted. Length of body, 40 +inches; of tail, 59½ inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Forests of Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Gaboon, +and the Congo. This is one of the commonest species in West Africa. + + +VI. THE URSINE GUEREZA. COLOBUS URSINUS. + + _? Full-bottom Monkey_, Pennant, Quad., i., p. 197, pl. 24 (1781). + + _? Colobus polycomus_, Illig., Prodr., p. 69 (1811). + + {94}_Colobus ursinus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 98; Less. Spec. Mamm., + p. 70 (1840); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 495 (1841); Fraser, Zool. Typ., + pl. i. (1849); Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 208 (1849); Sclater, P. + Z. S., 1860, p. 245; Reichenb. Naturg. Affen, p. 86 (1862); Schl., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 24 (1876). + + _Colobus personatus_, Temm., Mus. Lugd., _fide_ Reichenb. _t.c._, p. 88 + (1862). + + _Colobus polycomus_, var., Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870); + Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Suppl. Mamm., p. 117, pl. viii. (1887), Matschie + S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 227. + + _Guereza ursinus_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879). + +CHARACTERS.--Body large; fur long and glossy; face and ears naked and +black; fur on neck, shoulders, and along the back forming a mantle; fur +over the whole of the body and limbs deep black; front and back of head, +auricular region, sides of the neck and throat, greyish-white, mingled with +greyish-black; the tail long, short-haired, white at the extremity. + +YOUNG.--White, with a few scattered black hairs; tail well tufted. + +DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Sierra Leone. + +N. B.--Sinoe is the most easterly region whence skins come to the coast. + +HABITS.--This species is often found alone, not in large troops. It is more +rare in collections than _C. ferrugineus_. + + +VII. THE WHITE-THIGHED GUEREZA. COLOBUS VELLEROSUS. + + _Semnopithecus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr. in Bélang. Voy. Mamm., p. 37 + (1830). + + {95}_Semnopithecus bicolor_, Wesmael, Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux., ii., p. 236 + (1835). + + _Colobus leucomeros_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 69; Martin, Mammif. + Anim., p. 497 (1841). + + _Colobus ursinus_, Temm., Esquiss. Zool. Guin., p. 21 (1853). + + _Colobus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 116 (1849); id., + Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 17 (1851); Gervais, H. N. Mamm., i., p. 65 + (1854); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Naturg. Affen, p. 87 + (1862); Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 226. + + _Colobus bicolor_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. + Mus., p. 18 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 26 (1876); + Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm., p. 24 (1885). + + _Guereza vellerosus_, Truess. Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879). + + _Pterycolobus vellerosus_, Rochebr., _op. cit._, Suppl. Mamm., p. 125, + pl. x. (1887). + +CHARACTERS.--Hair on the back, flanks, and loins, very long and silky; the +fur everywhere deep black, excepting a frontal band, which coalesces with +the long hair of the auricular region and sides of the neck, which are +white, as well as the chin, the throat, a spot on each side of the +buttocks, the external and posterior aspects of the thighs, and the +short-haired tail, which is tufted at the tip; the thumbs very short, but +distinct, and having a flat nail. Length of body, 28½ inches; of tail, 31 +inches. + +The young are similar in coloration to the adults, but the hair is not +elongated. + +{96}DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from the Gold Coast to Senegambia, where it +is not uncommon. + + +VIII. THE ANGOLAN GUEREZA. COLOBUS ANGOLENSIS. + + _Colobus angolensis_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 245; Reichenb., Naturg. + Affen, p. 88 (1862); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 24 (1876); Rochebr., + Faun. Sénég., Suppl. Mamm., p. 119; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb., 1889, p. 10; + Matschie, S.B. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 226. + + _Colobus palliatus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1868, p. 637; id., op. + cit., 1879, p. 830, pl. iv.A.; Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) iii., p. 171 + (1869); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 68; Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. + Berlin, 1892, p. 227. + + _Guereza angolensis_ et _G. palliatus_, Trouess. Consp. Mamm., pp. 10 and + 20 (1879). + +CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, black; hair radiating round the face, +long, and directed backward, especially on the temples and sides of the +face, and on the shoulders, where it forms a lengthy mantle; hairs on the +top of the head shorter than on the back. General colour deep glossy black, +except the frontal band over the eyes, the temporal hairs, whiskers and +mantle, which are white. Tail long and black, except for the terminal +third, which is white, and has a thick tufted tip; a white spot on the +perinæum. Length of body, 23½ inches; of tail, 34 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--East Africa: the valley of the Pangani. Said to extend to +Angola on the south-west coast. + + +{97}IX. RUPPELL'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS GUEREZA. + + _Colobus guereza_, Rüpp, Neue Wirbelth. Saügeth., p. 1, pl. 1 (1835); + Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 68 (1840); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 494 (1841); + Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 117 (1849); id., Cat. Méth. Primates, + p. 17 (1851); Temm., Esquiss. Zool. Guin., p. 23 (1853); Dahlb., Zool. + Stud., i., p. 95 (1857); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 246; Gray, P. Z. S., + 1868, p. 182; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 25 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S., + 1885, p. 219; Matschie, S. B. Gesell. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 225, et + seqq. + + _Guereza rueppelli_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 19 (1870); + Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., i., Mamm., p. 25 (1885); id., t.c., suppl., p. + 129, pl. xi. (1887). + + _Guereza guereza_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879.) + + _Guereza occidentalis_, Rochebr., _op. cit._, Suppl., p. 140, pl. xiii. + (1887). + +CHARACTERS.--Face thinly covered with greyish-white hairs; nose and upper +lip black; ears, naked, black; a bar across the forehead, expanding on the +sides of the head, throat, sides of the neck, and chin, white; from the +shoulders a mantle of long white silky hairs extending down each side and +meeting on the lower back, so as to hang down over the sides of the body, +the hips, and thighs; the outside of the latter greyish-white; the hinder +third of the tail tufted and white, each hair ringed with numerous fine +bands of brown; the whole of the rest of the body deep shining black. +Length of the body, 28 inches; of the tail, 28½. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This remarkably beautiful Monkey inhabits North-Eastern +Africa, where it is not uncommon in the {98}provinces of Godjan and the +kingdom of Shoa. Dr. Blanford, however, did not hear of it during his +journey with the British army to Magdala. It is found also in the +neighbourhood of Mount Kilimanjaro, and was shot in the forested plains +near the coast by Mr. H. H. Johnston. The form of this species which has +been described under the name of _C. occidentalis_ is more or less confined +to the south of Lulongo, in the Upper Congo, between 6° N. latitude and 12° +East longitude. + +HABITS.--The "Guereza," as the natives of Abyssinia name this species, +lives in small troops in the very highest trees of the forest, in the +neighbourhood of streams. It is very active and lively, and quite harmless +in disposition. The food of this _Colobus_ consists of wild fruits, +insects, and such like, which it searches for throughout the day only, +retiring during the night. "The _Colobus_ Monkey," observes Mr. H. H. +Johnston, "is almost the only one that quite avoids the neighbourhood of +Man; the other genera frequent the vicinity of native plantations, and +doubtless profit by the abundance of cultivated food." The skin of this +Monkey is in great request among the Masai warriors both for dresses, +capes, and caps, the long white mantle of the creature forming a most +ornamental costume; and also to cover their shields with. + + +X. THE WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA. COLOBUS CAUDATUS. + + _Colobus guereza caudatus_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 219, pl. xii.; + Johnston, Kilimanj. Exped., pp. 174, 388, 389, fig. 72; Matschie, S. B. + Gesell. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 225. + + _Guereza caudatus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég. Suppl., Mamm., p. 136, pl. + xii. + + (_Plate XXXIV._) + + +PLATE XXXIV. + +[Illustration: THE WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA.] + + +{99}CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. guereza_, but "characterised by having +the white brush of the tail very much larger and finer than is the case in +the true Abyssinian _C. guereza_. In the latter animal the proximal 12-16 +inches of the tail is short-haired and quite black, only the terminal 8-12 +inches being white and tufted, so that the white mantle hangs down from the +body and hides only about one-third of the black part of the tail." +(_Oldfield Thomas._) In _Colobus caudatus_, Mr. Thomas adds, only some +three or four inches of the base of the tail are black, and the remainder +(with the hairs about 20 or 21 inches) is developed into a magnificent +white brush, of which individual hairs are from seven to nine inches in +length. The hairs of the white body-mantle--washed like the tail with +yellowish cream-colour--entirely cover the black at the base of the tail, +the white of the latter and of the mantle being quite continuous. + +DISTRIBUTION.--East Africa; very common all round the base of Mount +Kilimanjaro, as Mr. Johnston--who discovered the species--reports. On Mount +Kenia Dr. Gregory, of the British Museum, during his adventurous and +remarkable journey, met with it at a great altitude. It has also been found +at Kisongo, south-east of Lake Victoria and in Uniamuezi, where Sir Richard +Burton obtained it. + +HABITS.--The habits of the White-tailed Guereza are very similar to those +of the foregoing; but it would appear to be much more of a mountain-loving +animal than the latter. A creature so strikingly--even +glaringly--ornamented might be supposed to be a very conspicuous object +among its native forests. Dr. Gregory, however, has informed the present +writer that, notwithstanding its distinctive coloration when examined in +{100}the hand, he found it very difficult to detect it in its home amid the +forest-trees at high altitudes, where all the branches are clothed with +long grey-beard lichens, with which its fur very closely harmonizes. Mr. H. +H. Johnston, in describing Mandara's soldiers, says: "On their heads were +crescents made of ostrich feathers, or caps of the _Colobus_ Monkey-skin. +This last-mentioned animal also supplied them with mantles of long black +and white fur, and contributed the heavily-plumed tails which these Çaga +soldiers fixed on to that portion of their body where tails should rightly +appear, if man had not dispensed with such appendages." + +"The 'Polume,' as Dr. Livingstone calls this species, is in Uniamuezi known +as the 'Mbega,' and is admired on account of its polished black skin and +snowy-white mane. It is a cleanly animal, ever occupied in polishing its +beautiful garb, which, according to the Arabs, it tears to pieces when +wounded, lest the hunter should profit by it. The 'Mbega' lives in trees, +seldom descending to the ground, and feeds upon fruits and young leaves." +(_Burton._) + + +THE LANGURS. GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS. + + _Semnopithecus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif. (1821). + + _Presbytis_, Eschsch. Kotzeb. Entdeck. Reis., iii., p. 196 (1821). + +The members of this genus have thin and elongated bodies, long limbs, and a +very long and slender tail. The head is rounded, and shorter than in the +Guenons; the muzzle short, depressed, and but little prominent. The thumb, +although shorter than that digit among the Guenons and Macaques, is present +in all the species, and forms a good prehensile finger with a flat nail. +The hands and feet are long and narrow, and {101}the finger-nails convex; +the great-toe is thick and well-developed. The callosities are small as +compared with the Guenons; the fur is abundant, and generally long, soft, +and often glossy; and over the eyes they have usually a ridge of stiff +hairs projecting in front. The members of this genus, as already observed, +have no cheek-pouches; they have, however, a large laryngeal sac formed and +situated as described above (p. 84). + +The skull is round; the eye-sockets large, with a very prominent +superciliary ridge projecting over them; the space between the eyes is +broad, and the lower jaw is deep. The upper molars are four-cusped, and the +posterior lower molar five-cusped. + +The Langurs are, when young, good tempered and easily tamed; but when old +they become sulky and ill-natured. They live chiefly in forest regions, in +troops of considerable size. "This genus is spread over almost the whole of +the Oriental region wherever the forests are extensive. They extend along +the Himalayas to beyond Simla, where a species has been observed at an +altitude of 11,000 feet, playing among fir-trees laden with snow-wreaths. +On the west side of India they are not found to the north of the 14th +parallel of latitude. On the east they extend into Arakan, and to Borneo +and Java, but not apparently into Cambodia. Along the eastern extension of +the Himalayas they again occur in Eastern Thibet, a remarkable species (_S. +roxellana_) having been discovered at Moupin (about lat. 32° N.), in the +highest forests, where the winters are severe and where the vegetation is +wholly that of the Palæarctic region." (_Wallace._) + +The total number of Monkeys inhabiting the islands of the Eastern +Archipelago is, according to the most recent census, as follows: In +Sumatra, 12; Banka, 4; Borneo, 14; Java, 5; Celebes, 2; Natuna, Bali, +Lombock, Flores, Sumbawa, and Timor, 1 each; the Philippine and Sulu +Archipelagos, 1 each. + + +{102}I. BARBE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS BARBII. + + _Presbytis barbei_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 734 (1847); id., Cat. + Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 14 (1863); id., Mamm. Burma, p. 11 (1875). + + _Semnopithecus barbei_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 12 + (1878); id., Cat. Mus. Calc., p. 48; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., + p. 39 (1891). + +CHARACTERS.--Nearly related to _S. obscurus_. Hair on the side of the head, +and in front of the ears, long, projecting outwards; that on the top of the +head long and directed backwards; beard short; face almost nude, +bluish-black; lips thinly furnished with short yellowish hairs. General +colour of the body everywhere black, except on the shoulders, the +fore-limbs to the wrist, the joint of the legs, the back and sides of the +head, and tail, which are washed with pale grey. Length of body, 19½ +inches; of tail, 29 inches. The adult female is similar in coloration to +the male. In the skull the orbits are rounded, and the inter-orbital region +elongated. Dr. Anderson observes: "The differences which exist in certain +dimensions between the skulls of well-authenticated examples of the two +sexes are far greater than are generally found in the same sexes of +different species." + +DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Tippera hills; Assam; and Mount Mooleyit, in +Tenasserim. Dr. Anderson observed it in the Valley of the Tapeng, in the +centre of the Kachin hills in Upper Burma, and in the defile of the +Irawaddy. + +HABITS.--This species inhabits the thick forest, and is found in troops of +from thirty to fifty individuals, distributed, according to Dr. Anderson, +over three or four high forest-trees overhanging the mountain streams. It +is generally tame and fearless. + + +{103}II. THE BONNETED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PILEATUS. + + _Semnopithecus pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii., p. 174 (1843); + xiii., p. 467 (1844); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 30, pl. + xxvi., fig. 3 (1855); Hutton, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 946; Schl., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 57 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 13 + (1878); id., Cat. Mus. Calc., p. 40; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., + p. 37, fig. 9 (1891). + + _Presbytis pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 735 (1847); id., + Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863); id., Mamm. Burma, p. 11 (1875). + + _Semnopithecus potenziani_, Bp., C. R., xliii., p. 412 (1856). + + _Presbytis chrysogaster_, Licht.; Peters, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429; Blyth, + Mamm. Burma, p. 10 (1875). + + _Semnopithecus chrysogaster_, Licht.; Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1879, p. + 830, pl. iv.b; id., P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., + Mamm., p. 38 (1891). + +CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. entellus_. Face flattened and black; +muzzle long and broad; head without a crest; some long superciliary hairs +projecting in front, black; whiskers long, running down to the chin, and +projecting outwards and backwards, partly concealing the ears, and of a +reddish-yellow colour; beard short, also reddish-yellow; hair on the top of +the head longer than on the back of the head and temples, black or dark +ashy-grey, washed, especially on the front of the head, with rufous; neck, +back, upper part of arm, lower portion of the fore-arm, outside of the +thighs, and tail (except the tufted tip, which is black), ashy-grey--all +these parts being slightly washed with rufous; hands and feet, black; +remainder of the limbs rufous; throat, chest, and fore part of the under +surface, rich {104}orange-yellow, paler on the hind part of the belly and +on the inner side of the limbs. Length of body, 18 inches; of tail, 28½ +inches, and with the tuft, 31 inches. Cranium globular; supra-orbital +ridges not prominent. + +The young have the fur soft, silky, and rather long, and are much paler +than the adults, and of a soft delicate grey, yellowish-white taking the +place of the rufous colour of the adults. (_Anderson._) + +DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Assam, Arracan, Upper Burma, and Tenasserim. Dr. +Anderson observed a troop of this species at Tsingu Myo on the left bank of +the Irawaddy, at the lower end of the first defile. + +HABITS.--This species lives in small troops in the forest. When young it is +of a mild disposition; but, when fully adult, the males are ill-natured and +fierce. + + +III. THE HANUMAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS. + + _L'entelle_, Audeb., Singes, Fam. V., sect. ii., fig. 2 (1797). + + _Simia entellus_, Dufresne, Bull. Soc. Philom., i., p. 49 (1797). + + _Cercopithecus entellus_, Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., xxxvi., p. 283 (1809). + + _Semnopithecus entellus_, Desm., Dict. Class. H. Nat., vii., p. 568 + (1825); Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 199; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii. + (1843), p. 169; xiii. (1844), p. 470; Hutton, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 944; + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, + vii., p. 60 (1876); Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan p. 15 (1878; with + full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 27 (1891). + + _Semnopithecus anchises_, Elliot; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii. (1844), p. + 470; xvi. (1847), p. 733. + + {105}_Presbytis entellus_, Gray, Hand-List Brit. Mus., p. 4 (1843; in + part); Blyth., _op. cit._, xvi., pp. 732, 1271, pl. liv., fig. 1 1847; + id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 11 (1863); Jerdon, Mamm. Ind., p. 4 + (1867). + + _Semnopithecus albogularis_, Müll. u. Schl., Verh. Nat. Gesch., 1839-44, + p. 58 (_fide Anderson_). + +CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. schistaceus_. Crestless; hair on top of +head radiating in all directions; ears large, whiskers short, not +concealing the ears; prominent supra-orbital projecting hairs, black; face, +ears, hands, and feet black. Head, body, limbs, and tail--which is a fourth +longer than the body--pale yellowish-brown, darker on the shoulders and the +outside of the limbs; under surface paler. + +FEMALE.--Smaller than the male. + +DISTRIBUTION.--According to Dr. Anderson, this species ranges from the +Deccan northwards to the south bank of the Ganges; its distribution to the +north-west, west, and south being uncertain. + +HABITS.--"Few, if any, wild animals," observes Dr. Blanford, "afford better +opportunities for observation than the Hanuman Monkey of Northern and +Central India. Generally protected and looked upon as sacred by many of the +Hindu inhabitants, it has no fear of Man, and may be found in groves near +villages, or even on the village trees, as often as in the depths of the +forest. In many parts of India it is a common occurrence to see these +Monkeys on the roofs of houses. They frequently pilfer food from the +grain-dealers' shops, whilst the damage they inflict on gardens and fields, +renders them a great nuisance to the natives. They feed on fruit and grain, +but especially on {106}leaves and young shoots. They live in the high trees +of the forest and near to water, or in rocky hills, in moderately-sized +troops composed of males, females, young, and infants clasping their +mothers. An old male is occasionally found solitary. Two communities often +enter into deadly combat for possession of some fruit grove, an interesting +account of one of which is given by Mr. J. Hughes in the 'Proceedings of +the Asiatic Society of Bengal' for 1884." They are at all times very +active. "Their voice," continues Dr. Blanford, whose account we have +condensed, "is loud and is often heard, especially in the morning and +evening. The two commonest sounds emitted by them are a loud, joyous, +rather musical call, a kind of whoop generally uttered when they are +bounding from tree to tree, and a harsh guttural note, denoting alarm or +danger. The latter is the cry familiar to the tiger hunter, among whose +best friends is the Hanuman. Safely ensconced on a lofty tree, or jumping +from one tree to another as the tiger moves, the Monkey by gesture and cry +points out the position of its deadly enemy in the bushes or grass beneath, +and swears at him heartily." + +The Hanuman is of very tender constitution, and cannot bear up against +great changes of climate and temperature and necessarily of elevation; it +is, therefore, entirely restricted to the warm lowland regions. There is, +according to Captain T. Hutton, no true migration of this species from the +upper to the lower districts of Bengal, as has been stated. "I am +inclined," writes this observer, "to restrict its range, somewhat loosely +perhaps, to between 10° and 25° N. lat. and 75° to 88° E. long., forming +with the line drawn across the country from Allahabad to Boondee, a +triangular range entirely south of the rivers Jumna and Ganges." + + +{107}IV. THE HIMALAYAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS SCHISTACEUS. + + _Semnopithecus entellus_ (nec Dufr.), Hodgs., P. Z. S., 1834, p. 95; + Ogilby, Madr. Journ., xii., p. 144 (1840). + + _Semnopithecus schistaceus_, Hodgs., J. A. S. Beng., ix., p. 1212 (1840); + Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 6 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, + p. 16 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India, Mamm., p. + 30 (1891). + + _Semnopithecus nepalensis_, Hodg., J. A. S. Beng., ix., 1840, p. 1212. + + _Presbytis entellus_ (nec Dufr.), Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Mamm. Nepal, p. 1 + (1846); id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., pp. 14 and 15 (1870). + + _Presbytis schistaceus_, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 11 (1863); + Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 6 (1867); Blanford, J. A. S. Beng., xli., 1872, + p. 32. + +CHARACTERS.--Fur long; hair radiating on the crown; hair of cheeks long, +hiding the small ears; tail slightly tufted; top and sides of head pale +yellow, or whitish; face and ears, palms and soles black; back, sides, +outside of limbs, tail, hands, and feet, dark slaty, or greyish-brown, +sometimes washed with purple. + +Aged specimens are grey or white on the head; young ones often have the +feet darker than the adult. + +Facial portion of the skull longer and the superciliary ridges less +projected forward than in _S. entellus_. The nasal bones project beyond a +line from the supra-orbital ridge to the front border of the +pre-maxillaries; in _S. entellus_ they do not project beyond it. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan from {108}5,000 to +12,000 feet above the sea, this species taking the place in those high +altitudes of the lowland _S. entellus_. + +HABITS.--Similar to those of the Hanuman. According to Dr. Blanford, Capt. +Hutton has observed it near Simla, at 11,000 feet, sporting amongst the +fir-trees that were loaded with snow-wreaths at the time. "But," writes Dr. +Anderson, "there is no evidence that any species of Monkey in the Himalaya +is naturally resident at those heights at which snow annually lies, as was +supposed by Hodgson, and it is the rarity of their occurrence at these high +elevations, and during winter, that has directed so much attention to their +hibernal wanderings. In the summer, they are much more widely distributed +than in the winter, when, as a rule, they are driven to lower heights and +into the warmer valleys." + + +V. THE MADRAS LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PRIAMUS. + + _Semnopithecus priam_, Elliot, MSS.; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii, p. 470 + (1844). + + _Semnopithecus pallipes_, Blyth, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1844, p. 312. + + _Presbytis priamus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., pp. 732, 1271, pl. liv. + (1847); xx., p. 313 (1851); id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863); + Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeylan., p. 3 (1852); Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 7 + (1867). + + _Semnopithecus albipes_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 14 (1851); + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 18 (1878). + + _Semnopithecus priamus_, Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 31 (1891); + Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 19 (1878; with full synonymy). + + {109}_Presbytis thersites_, Tennent, Ceylon, p. 132, plate, fig. 1 + (1860). + +CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. entellus_. Hair on head indistinctly +radiated; back of head crested longitudinally; supra-orbital hairs very +long and projecting forward; ears large, not hidden by the whiskers. Fur +long; face and ears black; back, sides, outer aspect of fore-limbs, upper +part of the thigh, and the tail, ashy-grey, or earthy-brown, sometimes +slightly washed with purple; sides of the head, nape, lower half of the +thighs, hands, and feet, yellowish, as also the under surface of the body +and inside of the limbs. Length of body, 21 inches; tail, 28 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Coromandel coast of India, ascending to 6,000 feet; +Ceylon, from the north as far as the Kandyan hills in the south. + +HABITS.--The same as those of _S. entellus_ and _S. schistaceus_. + +This species inhabits the northern and eastern provinces of Ceylon, and the +wooded hills which occur in these portions of the island. In appearance it +differs both in size and in colour from the common Wanderoo, being larger +and more inclined to grey; and in habits it is much more reserved. At +Jaffna, and in other parts of the island, where the population is +comparatively numerous, these Monkeys become so familiarised with the +presence of Man as to exhibit the utmost daring and indifference. A flock +of them will take possession of a Palmyra palm; and so effectually can they +crouch and conceal themselves among the leaves that, on the slightest +alarm, the whole party becomes invisible in an instant. The presence of a +Dog, however, excites such an irrepressible curiosity that, in order to +watch his movements, they never fail to betray themselves. {110}They may be +frequently seen congregated on the roof of a native hut. + +The Singhalese have the impression that the remains of a Monkey are never +to be found in the forest; a belief which they have embodied in the proverb +that "he who has seen a white Crow, the nest of a paddi bird, a straight +coco-nut tree, or a dead Monkey, is certain to live for ever." This piece +of folk-lore has evidently reached Ceylon from India, where it is believed +that persons dwelling on the spot where a Hanuman Monkey, _Semnopithecus +entellus_, has been killed, will die, and that even its bones are unlucky, +and that no house erected where they are hid underground can prosper; and +Buchanan observes that "it is perhaps owing to this fear of ill-luck that +no native will acknowledge his having seen a dead Hanuman." + + +VI. THE MALABAR LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS HYPOLEUCUS. + + _Semnopithecus hypoleucos_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., x., p. 839 (1841); + xiii., p. 470 (1844); Anderson, Res. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 20 (1878; + with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India, Mamm., p. 33 (1891). + + _Semnopithecus johnii_, var., Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 489 (1841); Gray, + Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870). + + _Semnopithecus dussumieri_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 719 (1842); id., + Descr. An. Nouv. Fam. des Singes, p. 54, pl. xxx.; id., Cat. Méth. + Primates, p. 13 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 62 (1876). + + _Presbytis hypoleucos_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi. (1847), p. 733. + + _Presbytis johnii_ (nec Fischer), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xxviii., p. 283 + (1859); id., Cat. Mam. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863); Jerd., Mamm. India, + p. 7 (1867). + +{111}CHARACTERS.--Similar to _S. entellus_. No crest; hair radiating on +crown; back, sides, posterior aspect of thighs and tail dusky brown, darker +on the middle of the back; fore-arm, front of thighs, and lower portion of +legs, black; head dirty yellow; under surface yellowish-white; face, hands, +and feet, black. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 32 inches. + +YOUNG.--Sooty-brown. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The forests and woods near cultivation along the Malabar +coast of India, below 1,500 feet. + +HABITS.--Same as those of the Hanuman. It is, however, rather more shy. + + +VII. THE NILGIRI LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS JOHNI. + + _Simia johnii_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., i., p. 25 (1829). + + _Semnopithecus cucullatus_, Is. Geoffr. in Bélang. Voy. Zool., pp. 38, + 72, pl. i. (1834); Wagner in Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., i., p. 98 (1846); + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870). + + _Semnopithecus johnii_, Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc., p. 5 (1838); + Anderson, Res. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 21 (1878; with synonymy); + Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 33 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, + vii., p. 50 (1876). + + _Semnopithecus jubatus_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., i., p. 305 + (1840); Horsf., Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Co. Mus., p. 14 (1851). + + _Semnopithecus cephalopterus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii., p. 469 + (1844; in part). + + _Presbytis johnii_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., pp. 734, 1272 (1847). + + _Presbytis cucullatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xxviii., p. 283 (1859); + id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 14 (1863). + + _Presbytis jubatus_, Jerd., Mamm. India, p. 7 (1867). + +{112}CHARACTERS.--Hair long and glossy, entirely black or brownish-black; +hairs of crown and sides of head very long, not radiating, yellowish-brown; +lower back and root of tail grey. Length of body, 26 inches; of tail, 30 +inches; a very large individual measured, body, 29 inches; tail, 37. +(_Hornaday._) + +Nearly allied to the next species (_S. cephalopterus_) of Ceylon, and _S. +obscurus_, which inhabits the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal. + +FEMALE.--With a yellowish-white patch inside each thigh. (_Davison._) + +DISTRIBUTION.--In the thick, sharply circumscribed woods of the Nilgiri +hills, south to Cape Comorin, above 2,500 feet. + +HABITS.--This species lives in small troops of ten to twelve individuals, +and is remarkable for the extraordinary leaps it can make. "It is shy and +wary, the result," as Dr. Blanford states, "of human persecution. It is +very noisy, having a loud guttural alarm cry, used also to express anger, +and a long loud call." Jerdon relates "that when the sholas of the Nilgiri +range were beaten for game, these Monkeys made their way rapidly, and with +loud cries, to the lowest portion, and thence to a neighbouring wood at a +lower level. In consequence of the beauty of their skins, and the +circumstance that certain castes eat their flesh, these Monkeys are more +frequently shot than most of the Indian species: hence their shyness." + + +VIII. THE PURPLE-FACED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS CEPHALOPTERUS. + + _Cercopithecus vetulus_, Erxl., Syst. Régn. An., Mamm., p. 25 (1777; in + part). + + {113}_Cercopithecus senex_, Erxl., _t.c._, p. 24 (1777); Zimm., Geogr. + Gesch., ii., p. 183 (1780); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 35 + (1891). + + _Cercopithecus kephalopterus_, Zimm., _op. et t.c._, p. 185 (1780); + Bodd., Elench. An., p. 58 (1785); Fischer, Syst. Mamm., p. 17 (1829). + + _Simia veter_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 36 (1800). + + _Cercopithecus leucoprymnus_, Otto, N. Acta. Acad. Cæs. Leop., xii., p. + 505, pl. xlvi. _bis_ (1825). + + _Semnopithecus fulvo-griseus_, Desmoul., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., vii., + p. 570 (1825); Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 719 (1842). + + _Semnopithecus leucoprymnus_, Desmaret, Dict. Sci. Nat., xlviii., p. 439 + (1827); Wagner, in Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 25 (1825); Gray, + Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870). + + _Macacus silenus_, var. _alba_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 28. + + _Semnopithecus nestor_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 67; Waterh., P. Z. + S., 1844, p. 1. + + _Presbytes cephalopterus_, Gray, Hand-List Mamm., p. 4 (1843); Blyth, J. + A. S. Beng., xvi., pp. 734, 1271 (1847); Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., + p. 1 (1852); Tennent, Ceylon, p. 5, plate, fig. 3 (1861); Blyth, Cat. + Mamm. Mus. As. Soc. Beng., p. 13 (1862). + + _? Presbytis thersites_, Elliot MSS.; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. + 1271, pl. liv., fig. 3 (1847); Blanford, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 626 (1891). + + _Presbytis albinus_, Kelaart, Faun. Zeylan., p. 7. (1852). + + _Semnopithecus cephalopterus_, Martin, Mammif. An., p. 482 (1841); + Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 51 (1876); Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 22 (1878; full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., + p. 34 (1891). + + {114}_Semnopithecus kelaartii_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 52 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Hair of crown not radiating; top of head and nape dusky-brown; +back and limbs darker smoky-brown; lower back, base of tail, and upper +posterior surface of thighs varying from ashy-grey to greyish-white, +washed, in immature specimens, with brown; hands and feet black; +supra-orbital hairs black, projecting outwards, extending nearly to the +ears; the long and conspicuous whiskers white, concealing the base of the +ears, and forming a sort of ruff, encircling the face; chin and throat +white. Face purplish-black. Tail beyond the base dark grey, tufted at the +tip and whitish. Under surface dusky-grey; inner sides of the thighs +anterior to the callosities pale yellow or white. Length of body, 21 +inches; tail, 31 inches. + +YOUNG.--Generally similar to the parents. A young female from Ceylon +examined by Dr. Anderson was uniform pale-yellowish, the top of the head +slightly washed with brownish, and the shoulder and mid-back washed with +dusky. + +A white variety (_S. senex_) sometimes occurs. "There can be no doubt," +says Dr. Anderson, "that _S. cephalopterus_, _S. ursinus_, and _S. johni_ +are extremely closely allied to each other"; and indeed it is doubtful +whether they are not local races of the same species. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Ceylon. + +HABITS.--Sir E. Tennent, in his "Natural History of Ceylon," has given the +following account of this species:-- + +"Although common in the southern and western provinces, this Monkey is +never found at a higher elevation than 1,300 feet. It is an active and +intelligent creature, little larger than the common Bonneted Macaque, and +far from being so {115}mischievous as others of the Monkeys in the island. +In captivity it is remarkable for the gravity of its demeanour, and for an +air of melancholy in its expression and movements which are completely in +character with its snowy beard and venerable aspect. In disposition it is +gentle and confiding, sensible in the highest degree of kindness, and eager +for endearing attention, uttering a low, plaintive cry when its sympathies +are excited. It is particularly cleanly in its habits when domesticated, +and spends much of its time in trimming its fur, and carefully divesting +its hair of particles of dust. + +"Those which I kept at my house near Colombo were chiefly fed upon +plantains and bananas, but for nothing did they evince a greater partiality +than the rose-coloured flowers of the red Hibiscus (_H. rosa-sinensis_). +These they devoured with unequivocal gusto; they likewise relished the +leaves of many other trees, and even the bark of a few of the more +succulent ones. + +"A White Monkey, taken between Ambepusse and Kornegalle, where they are +said to be numerous, was brought to me to Colombo. Except in colour, it had +all the characteristics of _Presbytes cephalopterus_. So striking was its +whiteness that it might have been conjectured to be an albino, but for the +circumstance that its eyes and face were black. I have heard that White +Monkeys have been seen near the Ridi-galle Wihara in the Seven Korales, and +also at Tangalle; but I never saw another specimen. The natives say they +are not uncommon, and Knox states that they are 'milk-white both in body +and face: but of this sort there is not such plenty.' The Rev. R. Spence +Hardy mentions, in his learned work on 'Eastern Monachism,' that on the +occasion of his visit to the great temple of Dambool, he encountered a +troop of White Monkeys {116}on the rock in which it is situated--which +were, doubtless, a variety of the Wanderoo. Pliny was aware of the fact +that White Monkeys are occasionally found in India. + +"When observed in their native wilds, a party of twenty or thirty of these +creatures is generally busily engaged in the search for berries and buds. +They are seldom to be seen on the ground, except when they may have +descended to recover seeds or fruit which have fallen at the foot of their +favourite trees. When disturbed, their leaps are prodigious; but, generally +speaking, their progress is made, not so much by _leaping_, as by swinging +from branch to branch, using their powerful arms alternately; and when +baffled by distance, flinging themselves obliquely so as to catch the lower +boughs of an opposite tree, the momentum acquired by their descent being +sufficient to cause a rebound of the branch, that carries them up again, +till they can grasp a higher and more distant one, and thus continue their +headlong flight. In these perilous achievements, wonder is excited, less by +the surpassing agility of these little creatures, frequently encumbered as +they are by their young, which cling to them in their career, than by the +quickness of their eye, and the unerring accuracy with which they seem +almost to calculate the angle at which a descent will enable them to cover +a given distance, and the recoil to attain a higher altitude." + + +IX. PAITAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS SABANUS. + + _Semnopithecus sabanus_, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xii., p. + 230, pl. vii. (head), (1893). + + + +PLATE XXXV. + +[Illustration: HOSE'S LANGUR.] + +{117}CHARACTERS.--Allied to _S. hosii_, _S. everetti_, and _S. thomasi_. +Body, tail, and limbs grey; forehead with a high vertical median crest, +commencing on the brow, black, with some white hairs; superciliary bristles +long, black, projected forward over the eyes; hairs of the forehead on each +side of the crest, flat against the head, white over the whole crown (with +a few black hairs), but darker tipped on the back of the head; sides of the +face from the orbits to the ears quite black; occipital hairs directed +backward, not forward as in _S. thomasi_. Chin, sides of neck, throat, and +chest greyish, not white as in the allied species. Under side of the body +and inner side of the upper arms, and the legs to the ankles white, +becoming greyer distally; hands and feet shining black; fore-arms to the +wrists, and legs to the ankles, grizzled grey, as also the tail, above and +below. Skin of face probably flesh-coloured between and across the orbits +and round the cheeks, elsewhere black. Length of body, 23½ inches; tail, 30 +inches. + +Cranium broader and rounder than in the allied species; the ascending +process of the maxillary bones articulating with the frontals, shutting out +the former bones from the side of the nasals. In the allied species the +skin of the face is nearly, or quite, black all over, and the chin, sides +of the neck, the throat, and the chest are pure white. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Paitan, N. Borneo. Discovered by the veteran Bornean +traveller Alfred Everett. + + +X. HOSE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS HOSII. + + (_Plate XXXV._) + + _Semnopithecus hosii_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1889, p. 159, pl. xvi.; Hose, + Mamm. Borneo, p. 10 (1893). + +CHARACTERS.--Crown with a longitudinal central crest, the hairs sloping +evenly backward, with no reversed tuft of hair on the back of the head; +general colour of back, shoulders, outer sides of limbs, and tail (though +darker above than below) {118}hoary grey, the hairs being commingled black +and white; crest, centre of crown, and nape deep glossy black; all the rest +of the head, forehead, temples, sides of crown and neck, cheeks, lips, +septum of nose, tufted chin, front of neck, chest, under side of body and +the inside of the limbs as far as the middle of the fore-arm and lower leg +pure white; hands and feet deep black; face black. + +Nasal bones long and thin, the profile quite straight and continuous with +the line of the forehead. Length of body, 20½ inches; of tail, 26¼ inches. +(_Thomas._) + +This handsome species differs from all known _Semnopitheci_ in the marked +contrast in colour presented by its black crest and white forehead and +cheeks. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Niah, in the Baram district; Mount Dulit, Mount Batu Song: +all in Sarawak, Borneo. + +HABITS.--"The type of this Monkey--the Bangat of the Kayans--was shot," +writes Mr. Charles Hose (after whom the species is named), "at a place +called Niah, in the Baram district. I have procured several specimens in +different parts of the country, but although it is often seen in the low +country, I think we must consider it to be a mountain species, which leaves +the mountains at certain times in search of fruit. It ascends Mount Dulit +to the height of 4,000 feet, but is more common at 2,000 feet. It frequents +the salt-springs, which are common in the interior, churning up the mud, +and it is at these salt-springs that the Punans procure numbers of +specimens with the blow-pipe and poisoned arrows. From this Monkey the +Bezoar stones are obtained, being found either in the gall bladder or the +intestines. The noise that the animal makes is loud and distinct--_Gagah, +gagah_. The young {119}resemble the colour of the adult, and are +exceedingly pretty little things, but they do not live long in confinement, +and would never bear a voyage to England, as they suffer severely from +sea-sickness." + + +XI. THOMAS'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS THOMASI. + + _Semnopithecus thomasi_, Collett, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 613, pl. xlii. + +DESCRIPTION.--A central occipital crest sloping at first backwards, +reversed on the back of the head, black on the crown; with a lower +indistinct crest on each side of the white forehead. General colour above +dark grey--each hair being partly black and partly white; underneath, +white; a black stripe from the upper jaw to the ear, and a black central +stripe on the forehead; hands and feet black. (_Collett._) + +Very old males are darker in colour, with the upper part of the head +brownish-black, the front whitish. Old females are smaller; the young are +silky and nearly white all over. + +Closely related and very similar to _S. hosii_, but the cheeks do not form +a connected white area with the white forehead, the space being broken by a +black band from the edge of the mouth to the ear (in the young male and in +the female). In the old male the upper parts of the cheeks are quite black. +Length of body, 24½ inches; tail, about 32 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The present species was discovered in the Langkat district +in the North-east of Sumatra, by Mr. Iversen, a Norwegian traveller in that +island, and is named after Mr. Oldfield Thomas, the well-known Mammalogist +of the British Museum. + +HABITS.--These Monkeys live in small companies composed of both sexes, in +the highest trees in dry spots of the forest, never descending of their own +accord to the ground, nor {120}visiting the rice-fields, as their food +appears to consist exclusively of fruits. They may be met with, according +to Mr. Iversen, the discoverer of this species, at all seasons of the year +in the same parts of the forest. They hardly ever visit the more open +places, but keep to the highest tree-tops, and make most astonishing leaps +from one branch to another. Those observed were very shy, and, on being +perceived, would seek to hide in the leafy tops of the trees, even leaving +their young exposed on the lower branches. The mother carries her young one +under her belly. The species was often observed in company with the Siamang +(_Hylobates syndactylus_), but not with other Monkeys. + + +XII. EVERETT'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS EVERETTI. + + _Semnopithecus everetti_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 582, pl. xli.; Hose, + Mamm. Born., p. 15 (1893). + + (_Plate XXXVI._) + +CHARACTERS.--Very closely allied and very similar to _S. hosii_ in size and +coloration, but the white is everywhere replaced by dull cream-colour, +giving a yellowish wash to the mixed grey of the back and tail; shoulders +and middle of back darker; under surface of body and light parts of head +cream-colour, instead of white; whole of the forehead and top of the head +black, the lower limit of the black passing across the middle of the ear; +entire back of neck black; spot in the centre of the forehead above where +the eyebrows meet, yellowish-white. The colour of the face, cheeks, and +sides of the neck, in contrast to the dark crown, distinguish this species +from _S. chrysomelas_. Length of body, 21¾ inches; of tail, 25¾ inches. +(_Thomas._) + +"Since Mr. Thomas described this Monkey," writes Mr. C. Hose in his +"Mammals of Borneo," "I have obtained several other specimens, ... and the +marking is quite constant." + + +PLATE XXXVI. + +[Illustration: EVERETT'S LANGUR.] + + +{121}DISTRIBUTION.--Borneo: Mount Kina Balu. Mount Dulit and Mount Batu +Song in Sarawak, ranging from 3,000 to 3,500 feet above the sea. + +HABITS.--This species is a purely mountain form, and does not descend to +the plains. + + +XIII. THE CROSS-BEARING LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS CRUCIGER. + + _Semnopithecus cruciger_, Thomas, Ann. N. H. (6), x., p. 475 (1892); id., + P. Z. S., 1893, p. 3; Hose, Mamm. Borneo, P. 15 (1893). + +CHARACTERS.--Fur long and soft on the head and shoulders; hairs of the +crown standing upright everywhere, but somewhat longer in the median line; +crown chestnut; sides of the body from the axillæ, the haunches, and the +outer aspect of the legs to the ankles, brilliant red, paler on the lower +legs; shoulders and outer side of the fore-limb, the hands, nape, and +median dorsal line, deep glossy black, sometimes broken with red and black +hairs; eyebrows black; short facial hairs, whiskers, hair of the ears, the +sides of the neck, chin, and the whole of the under side of the body, and +lines down the inner sides of the limbs, glossy white, washed with yellow; +tail at the base above, black, and duller at the tip. + +The young are marked like the adults. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Borneo; Bakam, in the Baram district of Sarawak, where it +was discovered by Mr. Charles Hose. He has since obtained it on the Batang +Lupar river, in Western Sarawak. + + +{122}XIV. THE URSINE LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS URSINUS. + + _Presbytis ursinus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xx., pp. 155, 182 (1851); + id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 13 (1863); Kelaart, Prod. Faun. + Zeylan., p. 2 (1852). + + _Semnopithecus ursinus_, Anderson, Rep. Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 24 + (1878); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 36 (1891). + +CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to _S. cephalopterus_, but larger; hair on +the sides very long. Hair more rufous on the top of the head; the back of +the head greyish; the lower back and thighs wanting the grey colour; +whiskers, beard, throat, and chest, whitish; beneath, of the same colour as +the back. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Ceylon, where it is confined to the mountains. + +HABITS.--For an account of the habits of this species, we have again +recourse to the pages of that delightful historian, Sir E. Tennent:-- + +"The low-country Wanderoo," he records, "is replaced in the hills by the +larger species, _P. ursinus_, which inhabits the mountain zone. The +natives, who designate the latter the 'Maha,' or Great Wanderoo, to +distinguish it from the 'Kaloo,' or black one, with which they are +familiar, describe it as much wilder and more powerful than its congener of +the lowland forests. It is rarely seen by Europeans, this portion of the +country having, till very recently, been but partially opened; and even now +it is difficult to observe its habits, as it seldom approaches the few +roads which wind through these deep solitudes. At early morning, ere the +day begins to dawn, its loud and peculiar howl, which consists of a quick +repetition of the sounds '_How, how!_' may be frequently heard in the +{123}mountain jungles, and forms one of the characteristic noises of these +lofty situations. It was first captured by Dr. Kelaart in the woods near +Nuera-ellia, and from its peculiar appearance it has been named _P. +ursinus_ by Mr. Blyth." + + +XV. THE DUSKY LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS OBSCURUS. + + _Semnopithecus obscurus_, Reid, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 14; Martin, Mammif. + An., p. 486 (1841); Murie, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 742; Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 49 (1876); + Anders., Zool. Res. Yun-nan Exped., p. 25 (1878; with full synonymy); + Thomas, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 66; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 41 + (1891). + + _Semnopithecus leucomystax_, Müll. and Schl., Verhandl., p. 59 (1839-44). + + _Semnopithecus albocinereus_, Less., Sp. Mammif., p. 65 (1840). + + _Presbytis obscura_, Gray, Hand. List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 3 (1843); + Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii., p. 467 (1844). + + _Semnopithecus halonifer_, Cantor, Proc. Linn. Soc., 1845, p. 235. + +CHARACTERS.--Hair on crown not radiating; longer at the back, forming a +tuft of yellowish-white. Body blackish-brown, darker on the forehead, sides +of face, sides of body and limbs; hands and feet black; nape of neck, and +along the middle of back, brownish; tail brownish, not tufted; under +surface and inside of limbs not so dark as the back or sides; face black, +but the mouth and eyelids whitish; length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 32 +inches. + +FEMALE.--Slightly browner than the male. + +YOUNG.--Bright golden-red, but very soon changing to the colour of the +adult. + +{124}Mr. Thomas mentions (P. Z. S., 1886, p. 66) a very remarkably coloured +individual, differing from all others in having its crest, nape, arms, +legs, and tail, yellow, contrasting markedly with the dark hues of the +face, body, and feet. It is, however, approached by a specimen in the +British Museum from Malacca, collected by Dr. Cantor, which has the crest +yellow, and the limbs and tail lighter than usual. Its auditory bullæ, +however, are larger and more projecting, and its teeth smaller than is +usually the case with _S. obscurus_. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Siam; the Malayan Peninsula; Tenasserim, Mt. Mooleyit, at +5,000 feet. + + +XVI. ANDERSON'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS HOLOTEPHREUS. + + _Semnopithecus holotephreus_, Ander., Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 27 + (1878). + +CHARACTERS.--"Uniform dark slaty-grey passing into black on the fore-arm +and hands, and also on the feet. Under surface and inner side of the +fore-limbs and thighs, pale yellowish-grey. Head slightly crested over the +vertex, but with only a feeble tendency to lateral compression. +Supra-orbital hairs moderately long and black. Whiskers rather long, +directed backwards and outwards, hiding the ears in front. Face +bluish-black; area round the eyes and lips white. Length of body, 21½ +inches; tail, 24½ inches." (_Anderson._) + +DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. + + +XVII. GERMAIN'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS GERMAINI. + + _Semnopithecus germaini_, Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom., Séance, 12, + Feb., 1876; Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 27 (1878); Schl., + Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 34 (1876). + +{125}CHARACTERS.--Body blackish, washed with pale silvery-grey; hands and +feet black. Supra-orbital hairs, projecting outwards and backwards, black; +whiskers, long and grey; hairs of flanks, long and grey; tail, grey; under +surface, grey. + +YOUNG.--"Bright orange-yellow; top of head, fore-arm, and feet, blackish." +(_Anderson._) + +DISTRIBUTION.--Cochin-China, where it was discovered by M. Germain. + + +XVIII. THE NEGRO LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS MAURUS. + + _Simia maura_, Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 107, pl. xxii. B. (1775); Shaw, + Gen. Zool., i., p. 47 (1800). + + _Cercopithecus maurus_, Erxleben, Syst. Régn. Anim., p. 41 (1777). + + _Simia cristatus_, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 245 (1822). + + _Semnopithecus maurus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xii. (1822); + Wagner, in Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 23 (1855); Gray, Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 54 + (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 27 (1878; with full + synonymy). + + _Semnopithecus pyrrhus_, Horsfield, Zool. Res. Java, plate (1821); Schl., + Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 50 (1876). + + _Semnopithecus pruinosus_, Desmar., Mammolog., 1820, Suppl., p. 333; + Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 58 (1876); Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus., xi., + p. 215, pl. ix. (1887); id., _op. cit._, xiii., p. 207 (1891). + + _Simia ceylonicus_, Desmoul., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., vii., p. 572 + (1825). + + {126}_Semnopithecus cristatus_, Müll., Tijds. V. Nat. Gesch., ii., p. 316 + (1835); Müll. et Schl., Verhandl., pp. 61, 77, pl. 12, fig. 1 (young; + 1839-44); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); Anderson, Zool. + Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 29 (1878); Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 15 (1893). + +CHARACTERS.--Hair radiating from a centre, or divergent all round the face, +which is reddish-black; long and bushy whiskers on the sides of the face +and passing behind the ears. Hair generally long. General colour all over, +deep black, the hairs tipped with silver-grey in aged individuals; spot at +the under side of the base of the tail white. Length of body, 17½ inches; +of tail, 23½ inches. + +YOUNG.--Uniform reddish-brown, changing soon to the colour of the adult; +the rufous vanishing from the whiskers last of all. The colour of the young +is said especially to be the case in females only, and to persist through +life; but, as Dr. Anderson remarks, it is not a common variety, and such +coloured adults are highly prized in Java. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Malay Peninsula. Sumatra; Padang, Bencoolen, the Lampongs. +Java. Billiton. Borneo; on the Baram river, and also on Mt. Dulit. + +HABITS.--These Monkeys ascend the mountains in Borneo to about 2,000 feet; +they are also fairly common in the low country, and are called by the Dyaks +"Bigok," and by the Kayans "Chikok," from the noise they make. (_C. Hose._) + + +XIX. THE BANDED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS FEMORALIS. + + _Simia maura_, Raffles (nec. Schreb.), Tr. Linn Soc., xiii., p. 247 + (1822). + + {127}_Semnopithecus femoralis_, Horsf. App. Life Raffl., p. 643 (1830); + Martin, Mammif. An., p. 480 (1841; in part); Horsf., Cat. Mamm. E. I. Co. + Mus., p. 10 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 45 (1876); Anderson, + Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 30 (1878; with full synonymy); Thomas, P. + Z. S., 1886, p. 66; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 42 (1891); + Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 13 (1893). + + _Semnopithecus chrysomelas_, Müll. Tijds., Nat. Ges., v., p. 138, plate + (1838); Wagner, in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 22 (1855; in part). + + _Semnopithecus sumatranus_, Müll. und Schl. Verh., pp. 6, 73, pl. 10 bis, + fig. 1 (1839-44). + + _Simia femoralis_, Cantor, J. A. S. Beng., xv., p. 175. + +CHARACTERS.--Head with a rather short vertical crest directed backward, and +the hair in front directed forward over the eyes. The dominant colour is +brownish-black, replaced by white on the hinder part of the belly and tail, +which is slightly tufted at the tip, and more or less on the inner side of +both limbs, and on the centre of the chest. Face, ears, palms, and the +sides of the feet, black. + +YOUNG.--Similar to the adults, but the throat, chest, abdomen, +yellowish-white. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The islands of Sumatra and Borneo. + +HABITS.--This is a low-country Monkey, according to that excellent observer +Mr. C. Hose, and is seldom to be found on the mountains, and then only up +to about 1,000 feet. It is fond of living near the seashore, and is +generally found, in numbers of from ten to thirty, sitting on the branches +of tall trees in open spaces. Its Dyak name is "Bigit," and its Kayan name +"Pant." + +{128}Very nearly related to this species, if indeed it be really distinct, +is the GOLDEN LANGUR, or Lootoong of the Malays, S. AURATUS, Geoffr. (Ann. +Mus., xix., p. 93, 1812), which is synonymous with the _S. chrysomelas_ of +Wagner, for the two agree in every respect except that the latter is +lighter coloured, and has black hairs intermixed among the yellowish hairs +on its head, tail, and limbs. + +Professor Schlegel has (Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 47) separated a specimen +from Singapore, and closely related to _S. femoralis_, as a distinct +species, under the name of S. NEGLECTUS. It is easily distinguished, as he +points out, by the general hue of its fur being black turning insensibly +into greyish-brown, speckled here and there with white; in the middle line +of the chest, on the lower belly, and on the inner side of the fore-arm, +and thighs alone, is there any white; this and the uniformly dark tail +distinguish _S. neglectus_ from _S. femoralis_ and _S. chrysomelas_. + + +XX. THE MAROON LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS RUBICUNDUS. + + _Semnopithecus rubicundus_, Müller, Tijdschr., Nat. Gesch., v., p. 137, + _cum_ tab. (1838); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 473 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 33 + (1878; with synonymy); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 36 (1876); Hose, + Mamm. Borneo, p. 9 (1893). + +CHARACTERS.--Differs from _S. rubicundus_ in its rich deep maroon-red +colour, the radiating hair on the forehead, and its compressed, semi-erect, +crest. As Dr. Anderson points out, it is the only species with radiating +hair on the forehead. + +HABITS.--Mr. Hose observes: "This handsome red Monkey is called by the +Dyaks of Sarawak, 'Jellu merah,' and by the {129}Kayans 'Kaladi,' and is +common everywhere. It is usually seen in large numbers, and some thirty or +forty often pass one in the jungle, darting from branch to branch and +making a tremendous noise. They will sometimes, when barked at by a dog, +attack it and inflict a very bad bite. They ascend the mountains to the +height of 3,000 feet; but at that height the colour of their hair becomes +of a much deeper red. They are very destructive in the fruit gardens." + + +XXI. THE NATUNA LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS NATUNÆ. + + _Semnopithecus natunæ_, Oldfield Thomas and Hartert, Nov. Zool. i., p. + 652 (1894). + +CHARACTERS.--ADULT MALE.--Size, proportions, and coloration showing a +general resemblance to the _S. femoralis_ group, the prevailing colours +being black and white. While, however, the forehead, the fore-arms and +hands, lower legs and feet, and tail (both above and below) are all deep +glossy black, the back itself, with the occiput, nape, and shoulders, is +brown. Thighs along a narrow strip on their outer aspect, ashy grey, +darkening distally into the black of the lower legs, but their posterior +aspect, continuous with their inner sides, is perfectly white, giving a +very peculiar and characteristic appearance to the animal, and one which is +quite unlike any species known to us, with the one exception that _M. +siamensis_ has whitish patches in somewhat the same position. Whole of +under surface, with the sides of the neck, the hairs on the inside of the +ears, and lines down the inner sides of the arms and legs, pure creamy +white. Face thinly haired throughout, the hairs black, except those on the +nose, where there is a whitish patch. Forehead with the hairs radiating +outwards and backwards {130}from a single central point about half or +three-quarters of an inch behind the eyebrows; posteriorly these hairs are +much lengthened, as are those on the occiput, the latter being directed +forwards and upwards in such a way that the black hairs of the forehead and +the brown ones of the occiput meet to form a high crest on the crown. +(_Oldfield Thomas_ and _Hartert_, _l.c._). + +YOUNG.--Messrs. Oldfield Thomas and Hartert describe a new-born specimen as +follows: "Middle line of dorsal surface from crown to anus, and whole of +tail, deep black, the breadth of the black on the back being about an inch +and a half; the outer sides of the shoulders greyish, and also the backs of +the hands and feet commencing to become black. The whole of the rest of the +animal, including the forehead, arms, and legs, wholly pure white." + +"Although among the many closely allied species of _Semnopithecus_ it is +difficult to be at all sure of their mutual affinities, it would seem that +_S. natunæ_ is most nearly related to _S. femoralis_, Horsf., and _S. +siamensis_, M. and S. Both of these have a similar arrangement of the hairs +on the crown and nape; and, on the other hand, the former possesses the +wholly black hands, feet, and tail of _S. natunæ_, and to a certain extent +the browner tint of the back, while, on the other, _S. siamensis_ has its +whitish under side and light thigh-patch, although united with a widely +different coloration." + +HABITS.--Mr. Everett gives the following note: "Native name 'K[)e]káh,' +which is onomatopoeic. These animals were common about the base of Mount +Ranai, going in troops, and they commit great depredations on the native +gardens. The irides are light cinnamon-brown; face livid black, the eyelids +and muzzle, {131}white; feet and hands very dark brown; the ears blackish +externally, the outer edge and interior dull white, marbled to some extent +with livid blackish spots. In an immature individual, barely half-grown, +the white of the eyelids, nose, and chin was tinged with dull pink; and at +the exterior angle of each orbit was a bare spot of bluish-white, showing +very distinctly, owing to its different tinge of colour, the skin of the +face otherwise being livid black. With maturity these naked white spots at +the angle of the orbits disappear. I kept this animal alive, intending to +bring it home, but it succumbed to the severity of our return passage. It +fed on the leaves of sweet potatoes and tapioca, and, although it had been +recently captured, in a few days it was very gentle and timid. The +breeding-season with these Monkeys is either very prolonged, or is not +defined at all, for I obtained them in October, when the rains were +beginning, in all stages, from a foetus three inches long, to half-grown +specimens." + + +XXII. PHAYRE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PHAYRII. + + _Semnopithecus obscurus_ (nec Reid), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii., p. 466 + (1844). + + _Presbytis phayrei_, Blyth, _op. cit._, xvi., p. 733, pl. xxxvii., fig. 3 + (1847); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. v., p. 28 (1855); Tickell, J. + A. S. Beng., xxviii., p. 428 (1859). + + _Semnopithecus argentatus_, Blyth in Horsf. Cat. Mamm. E. I. Co. Mus., p. + 7 (1851). + + _Presbytis cristatus_, Raffl. apud Blyth, Mamm. Burma, p. 9 (nec + Raffles). + + _Semnopithecus rubicundus_, var. _C._, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. + 17 (1870). + + {132}_Semnopithecus phayrei_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 34 + (1878); id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Beng., p. 49; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, + vii., p. 33 (1876); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 39 (1891). + +CHARACTERS.--Top of the head with a peaked longitudinal crest; hair of +crown not radiating, but elongated and directed backward; whiskers long and +outwardly directed, partly covering the ears; back, sides, fore-arm, hands +and fore part of the feet blackish-brown, the middle of the back washed +with yellowish; the chin, chest, and under surface of the body pale yellow; +inside of the fore-arm and thighs brown; face livid, but the eyelids, lips, +and a ring round the eyes, white, flushed with flesh-colour; length of +body, 18½ inches; tail, 21½ inches. + +Supra-orbital ridges of the skull not prominent, the occipital region +vertical; facial region sloping downward. + +The Babu Ram Bramha Lányal, writing in July, 1893, from the Zoological +Gardens, Calcutta, to Dr. Sclater, says: "I am not aware whether closely +allied species of _Semnopitheci_ have ever inter-bred anywhere. They are +rather exclusive in their ideas in respect to matrimonial relationship. +Anyhow, such an event has just happened in this Garden. The Phayre's +Langur, or as it is often called, Phayre's Leaf Monkey (_Semnopithecus +phayrii_, Blyth) has given birth to a young one--a lovely little babe, of a +delicate light orange colour. As there has been no other male in the same +cage except the _S. cristatus_, there is no doubt of the young one being a +hybrid between these two species. These Monkeys have been living together +since 1880, and although they agreed very well, they were never observed to +be over friendly. Even now the male does not appear to take any interest in +the offspring." + +DISTRIBUTION.--Confined, as far as is known, to Aracan. + + +{133}XXIII. RUTLEDGE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS RUTLEDGII. + + _S. rutledgii_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 38 (1878). + +CHARACTERS.--Head with a very well-defined erect median compressed crest; +frontal hairs not projecting over the face. General colour black, the hairs +tipped with lustrous grey on the head, crest, trunk, and limbs. Hands and +feet black. Under surface paler and the hairs more tipped with grey; tail +black above, yellow below, tipped with grey; whiskers long, backwardly and +upwardly divided, and broadly tipped with yellowish-grey; beard greyish; +face bluish-black. Length, 17 inches; tail, 24½ inches. (_Anderson._) + +DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. + + +XXIV. THE WHITE-FRONTED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS FRONTATUS. + + _Semnopithecus frontatus_, Müll., Tijds., Nat. Ges., v., p. 136, pls. i. + and ii. (1838); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 475 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 16 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 34 (1876); + Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 39 (1878; with full synonymy); + Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 12 (1893). + +CHARACTERS.--General colour dark yellowish-brown, with a wash of red on the +flanks in some specimens; the tail tufted. This species is at once +recognised by the bald triangular wrinkled area between the eyebrows, of a +milky-white colour, the rest of the face being deep black, except the +flesh-coloured lips. It is also remarkable for the erect median crest +over-arching the forehead; and by the long dependent black hairs on the +cheeks from near the nose, increasing in length on {134}the hindmost part +of the cheek, and reaching nearly to the shoulder. + +The skull has a highly arched, narrow and retreating forehead; the facial +portion is short. + +DISTRIBUTION.--South-east Borneo, where it is very rare. + + +XXV. THE DOUC LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS NEMÆUS. + + _Simia nemæus_, Linn., Mantiss. Plant., p. 521 (1771); Schreber, + Säugeth., i., p. 110, pl. xxiv. (1775). + + _Cercopithecus nemæus_, Erxl., Syst. Règn. An., p. 42 (1777); Kuhl, + Beitr. Zool., p. 8 (1820). + + _Pygathrix nemæus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 90 (1812). + + _Lasiopyga nemæus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 54 (1820); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. + Mus., p. 13 (1870). + + _Semnopithecus nemæus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. 14 (May, 1825); + Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 459 (1841); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. + v., p. 35 (1855); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 64; Anderson, Zool. Res. + Exped. Yun-nan, p. 40 (1878; with full synonymy). + + _Presbytis nemæus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., p. 11 (1875). + +CHARACTERS.--Head without a crest. The naked face, the callosities, and the +naked portions of the hands and feet yellow; head brown, with a narrow band +of chestnut passing under the ears backwards, and a second but broader one, +margined with black, across the chest, from shoulder to shoulder; whiskers +long and directed backwards, pale grey--the hairs ringed with black and +white; upper surface of the body and sides grey; base of the neck, chest, +and shoulders as well as the upper part of the fore- and hind-limbs, with +the hand and feet, black; the forehead paler; the fore-arm to the middle +{135}of the hands, the rump, posterior region of the loins, and the tail +pure white; the lower portion of the hind-limbs to the middle of the feet +reddish-brown. Tail shorter than the body. Length of body, 25 inches; of +tail, 20½ inches. + +In the skull the forehead is low, the intra-orbital region broad and the +facial portion broad at the base. (_Anderson._) The thumb is well +developed. The foetus is remarkable for its motley coloration, and shows +also the white rump-spot. + +FEMALE.--Like the male. The young differ but little from the parents. Aged +individuals retain the coloration of their maturity. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Cochin-China; Hainan. (_Meyer._) + +HABITS.--The Douc goes about in large troops. + + +XXVI. THE BLACK-FOOTED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS NIGRIPES. + + _Semnopithecus nigripes_, A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi., p. 7 + (1871); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 32 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. + Exped. Yun-nan, p. 4 (1878). + +CHARACTERS.--Similar to _S. nemæus_, but differing in having the posterior +limbs black, and the fore-arms grizzled, instead of white. The whiskers are +short and black, the body more slender, longer, and entirely white. The +hind-limbs are also more elongated. Both sexes are alike; and the young +differ little from the adults. + +The brain-case is depressed, the face short, and the inter-orbital swelling +peculiar to so many of the crested _Semnopitheci_, is wanting. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Saigon in Cochin-China, and the forests bordering the Mekong +river towards its mouth. + + +{136}XXVII. THE BLACK-CRESTED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS MELANOLOPHUS. + + _Simia melalophus_, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 244 (1821). + + _Semnopithecus melalophus_ (Le Cimepaye), F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., + livr. xxx. (July, 1821); Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc., xxii., p. 245 (1822); + Desmar., Dict. Sc. Nat., xlviii., p. 38 (1827); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. + 470 (1841); Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 16 (1851); Gray, Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 16 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 43 + (1876; in part); Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 34 (with full + synonymy; 1878). + + _Semnopithecus flavimanus_, Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 109, pl. xl. (1830); + Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 16 (1851). + + _Semnopithecus sumatranus_, var. _auratus_ (nec Geoffr.), Müller and + Schl. Verhandl., pl. x. _bis_, fig. 2 (1839-44). + + _Presbytes melanophus_, Gray, Hand. List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 2 (1843). + + _Presbytes flavimana_, Gray, _t.c._, p. 2 (1843). + + _Semnopithecus nobilis_, Gervais, Hist. Nat., Mammif., p. 63 (1854); + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1870). + + _Semnopithecus ferrugineus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 42 (1876). + +CHARACTERS.--Head crested; the crest dark-brown, tipped with dusky; +forehead pale yellow; a line from the outer corner of the eye to the ear, +dark brown; back, sides, and shoulders reddish, washed with pale brown; the +rest of the fore-limbs, the whole of the hind-limbs, and the tail, +orange-red. Length of body, 18 inches; of tail, 32 inches. + +The golden variety (_S. auritus_) from Sumatra, is generally yellowish-red +throughout. + +{137}The skulls present a good deal of variation in the form of the +internal orbital angles of the frontal, and in the occipital, bones. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Sumatra: Padang, Indrapoera, Bencoolen, Palembang, and the +Lampongs. + +HABITS.--The "Simpai," as the Malays call this Langur, is very abundant in +Sumatra, where the present writer has obtained it both in the north of the +Palembang Presidency and in the south of the Lampongs. It is undoubtedly in +part to this species that Dr. Wallace refers in his "Malay Archipelago," +when, at Lobo Raman, he says that they frequented the trees overhanging the +guard-house in which he was staying. "Two species of _Semnopithecus_ were +most plentiful--Monkeys of a slender form and long tails. Not being much +shot at, they are rather bold, and remain quite unconcerned when natives +alone are present, but when I came out to look at them, they would stare +for a minute or two and then make off. They take tremendous leaps from the +branches of one tree to those of another a little lower, and it is very +amusing when one strong leader takes a bold jump, to see the others +following with more or less trepidation; and it often happens that one or +two of the last seem quite unable to make up their minds to leap till the +rest disappear, when, as if in desperation at being left alone, they throw +themselves frantically into the air, and often go crashing through the +slender branches and fall to the ground." + + +XXVIII. THE MITRED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS MITRATUS. + + _Presbytis mitrata_, Escholtz, in Kotzeb. Reis., p. 196, _cum tab._ + (1821). + + {138}_Semnopithecus comatus_, Desmar., Mamm. Suppl., p. 533 (1822); + Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 468 (1841); Wagner in Schreber Säugeth. Suppl. + v., p. 24 (1855). + + _Semnopithecus fulvo-griseus_, Desmoul., Dict. Hist. Nat., vii., p. 570 + (1825). + + _Semnopithecus fascicularis_, Owen, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 75. + + _Semnopithecus mitratus_, Schl., Essai Phys. Serp., p. 237 (1837); + Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 16 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. + Mus., p. 16 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 37 (1876); Anders., + Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 36, (1878; with full synonymy). + + _Semnopithecus siamensis_, Müll. u. Schl., Verh., p. 60 (1841); Anders., + _t.c._, p. 37 (with synonymy). + + _Semnopithecus albo-cinereus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii., p. 175 + (1843); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 38 (1876). + + _Presbytes argentatus_, Blyth; Horsf. Cat. Mamm. E. I. Co. Mus., p. 7 + (1851). + + _Semnopithecus nigrimanus_ et _S. cinereus_, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, pp. + 625, 626. + + _Presbytes cristatus_ (nec Raffles) et _P. melanolophus_, Blyth, Mamm. + Burma, p. 9 (1875). + +CHARACTERS.--Head with a compressed blackish crest; hairs radiating from +the forehead over the eyes; crown above grey, mingled with black, becoming +black on the front of the crest and nape of the neck; flanks, under surface +of the body and tail, as well as the inner side of the limbs, dirty white; +hands and feet whitish, mixed with black or reddish hairs; upper surface of +the tail dark grey, the tip paler and tufted; ears and face deep black; +legs flesh-coloured; chin and throat white. Length of body, 20½ inches; of +tail, 28½ inches. + +The hind-most lower molar has generally only four tubercles. + +{139}The variety of this species inhabiting Siam has a fleshy-white area +round the eyes and mouth. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Siam; the Malay Peninsula; and Sumatra. + + +XXIX. THE MOUPIN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS ROXELLANÆ. + + _Semnopithecus roxellanæ_, A. Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870); + Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 65 (1876). + + _Rhinopithecus roxellanæ_, id., Rech., Mammif., p. 233, pls. xxxvi., + xxxvii. (1868-1874); Blyth, Mamm. Burm., p. 11 (1875). + + _Semnopithecus_ (_Nasalis_) _roxellanæ_, Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 43 (1878). + +CHARACTERS.--Face naked, nose depressed in the middle, the tip elevated and +terminating in a singular leaf-like point; sides of the face and brows +clothed with a thick ruff, which extends in a line across the face towards +the nose; face green; the frontal region, sides of the face, auricular +region, sides of the neck and shoulder, chin, chest, inner side of the +fore-limbs, and upper aspect of the feet, yellow; top of head greyish-black +washed with rufous; from the nape (with the outer aspect of the fore-limb) +to the lower back silvery-grey, darker towards the neck, brightening +towards the tail and front of the thighs, where it is washed with bright +yellowish-grey; callosities and outer aspect of the thighs, bright yellow; +under surface of the body grey washed with yellow; tail grey at the base, +tufted at the tip and yellow; thumb very short. Length of body, 26 inches; +of tail, 21 inches. + +FEMALE.--Similar to the male, but duller. + +YOUNG.--Also paler, with more yellowish-grey round the ears, but the top of +the head not black. (_Anderson._) + +{140}DISTRIBUTION.--The present species inhabits the forests of the high +mountains which clothe the western region of the Principality of Moupin, in +North-western China, to Kokonoor and Kansu Kinsu. + +HABITS.--This very remarkable animal, whose discovery we owe to the +researches of that renowned traveller, the Abbé David, lives in large +troops on the highest trees of the forest, in regions where the snow lies +throughout the greater part of the year. It feeds on fruits, leaves, and +the young shoots of the forest-trees, and of the wild bamboo. It has been +placed by some systematists in a separate genus, _Rhinopithecus_, along +with _Nasalis larvatus_, from Borneo, on account of the extraordinary form +of its nose and of the length of the arm being greater than the fore-arm; +but in its structural characters it is very closely related to +_Semnopithecus_. + + +THE NOSED MONKEYS. GENUS NASALIS. + + _Nasalis_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 90 (1812). + +This genus contains only one species, + + +THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY. NASALIS LARVATUS. + + (_Plate XXXVII._) + + _Cercopithecus larvatus_, Wurmb., Verhand. Bat. Genootsch., iii., p. 145 + (1781); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 12 (1820). + + _Simia nasica_, F. Cuv., Dict. Sc. Nat., xx., p. 32 (1821). + + _Nasalis larvatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 90 (1812); Lesson, Spec. + des Mamm., p. 66 (1840); Jacq. et Puch., Voy. au Pole Sud, Zool. iii., p. + 17, pls. 2, 2A, 2B (1853); Lenz, Zool. Gart., xxxii., p. 216; Gray, Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 13 (1870); Hose, Mamm. Borneo, p. 8 (1893). + + +PLATE XXXVII. + +[Illustration: THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY.] + + {141} _Cercopithecus nasicus_, Desmar. et Virey, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. + Nat., xv., p. 574 (1817); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. i., p. 102, + pl. x.B (1840). + + _Semnopithecus nasicus_, Desmoul., Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat., vii., p. + 570 (1825); Schinz, Syn. Mamm., i., p. 43 (1844); Wagner in Schreb. + Säugeth. Suppl. v., p. 35 (1855). + + _Nasalis recurvus_, Vigors et Horsf., Zool. Journ., iv., p. 109 (1828-9; + head of young figured); Martin, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 71. + + _Semnopithecus larvatus_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 16 (1829); Martin, + Mammif. An., p. 453, figs. 279, 280-2 (1841). + + _Rhynchopithecus larvatus_, Dahlb., Stud. Zool., p. 93, pl. iv. (1856). + + _Semnopithecus_ (_Nasalis_) _larvatus_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. + Yun-nan, p. 42 (1878; with full synonymy). + +CHARACTERS.--Face cinnamon-brown; ears blackish, as also the palms and +soles; upper surface of the head, neck, back and sides yellowish-brown, +conspicuously marked with reddish-brown and white; rump, tail and limbs +yellowish-grey; tails of old specimens quite white; sides of face yellow, +and a stripe of the same colour on the shoulders. Under surface +yellowish-white. + +Hair on the head, which is parted down the centre, on the sides of the +face, neck and shoulders, long; the chin full-bearded and the tail tufted; +ears small; the nose the most conspicuous feature of the face, produced +into a proboscis capable of dilatation, with large nostrils opening +downwards, separated from each other by a septum of thin cartilage +extending to the extremity. In old males the point of the nose reaches +quite below the lowest part of the chin; it is pear-shaped, and furrowed +down the middle, giving it the {142}appearance of being double tipped; it +is widest in the middle of the free portion. The proboscis is fully +developed only at an advanced age in both sexes, being much shorter in the +young, and turned upwards. Vigors and Horsfield described their _N. +recurvus_ from a specimen which appeared to them to be perfectly adult. The +forehead is low; the eyes are wide apart, and the neck is short and much +dilated from the presence of a very large laryngeal sac. Length of the +body, 29½ inches; of the tail, 26 inches. + +FEMALE.--Similar to the male, but it is smaller, and wants the greyish rump +markings; while the proboscis is somewhat less developed. + +YOUNG.--Have the face blackish and the cheeks wrinkled; the back of the +head, down to the shoulders and upper part of the fore-limb is dark +reddish-brown. "Through a series of changes during which the red-brown of +the upper parts first increases in strength, and the grey-brown of the hips +and upper side of the tail change to yellowish-white, the adult pelage is +reached." (_Anderson._) + +This extraordinary animal presents all the structural characters of the +genus _Semnopithecus_; but the lower border of the nasal bones, forming the +entrance to the nasal chamber, extends considerably below the lower border +of the eye-sockets. The facial portion of the skull does not much exceed +the brain-case. + +The Proboscis Monkey has the sacculated stomach already described in the +Langurs. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Proboscis Monkey is confined to the island of Borneo. +Mr. Hornaday found it along the west bank of the Sarawak river, both near +the sea and two miles below the {143}town. It occurs also in some abundance +on the Batang Lupar river. Mr. Hose says that it is chiefly found near the +mouths of the rivers in Southern Sarawak. + +HABITS.--The Proboscis Monkey, variously called Blanda (or White Man) and +"Rasong" by the natives, is an arboreal creature living in small troops. +"As usual," writes Mr. Hornaday, "they were over water, and, being swift +climbers and quite shy, were hard to kill. I saw altogether, during my +ramblings in the forests of Borneo, perhaps a hundred and fifty Proboscis +Monkeys, and, without a single exception, all were over water, either +river, lake, or submerged forest. As long as they are in sight they are +very conspicuous objects, choosing the most commanding positions in open +tree-tops. Once I saw thirteen in one tree, sitting lazily on the branches, +as is their habit, sunning themselves and enjoying the scenery. It was the +finest sight I ever saw in which Monkeys played a part. The cry of the +'Blanda,' is peculiar and unmistakable. Written phonetically it would be +'Honk,' and occasionally 'Kec-honk,' long drawn and deeply resonant, quite +like the tone of a bass viol.... The Proboscis Monkey is a large animal of +striking appearance both in form and colour. Taken altogether, _Nasalis +larvatus_ is, to the hunter-naturalist, a very striking object of pursuit, +and were he not partially eclipsed by the Orang he would be the most famous +Quadrumane in the East Indies." + + +THE MAN-LIKE APES. FAMILY SIMIIDÆ. + +In this family are included the Gibbons, the Orangs, the Gorillas, and the +Chimpanzees, the most highly organised and the nearest to Man in structure +of all the _Anthropoidea_. To {144}these groups the term "Ape," has been by +many writers chiefly restricted, the remaining families of the Old World, +and all of the Western Hemisphere, being designated "Monkeys" as a +convenient method of nomenclature. The outward resemblance of the _Simiidæ_ +to Man has made the various members of the family objects of the greatest +interest, not alone to the naturalist, but to every intelligent person; and +has naturally suggested a constant inter-comparison between the characters +of both. + +They are all essentially arboreal climbing animals, yet when they come to +the ground they progress in a semi-erect position of their own accord. +Their front-limbs are always so much longer than their hind-limbs, that +when walking on a level surface their fingers reach the ground, without +stooping lower than their semi-erect attitude. Their front-limbs vary in +length in the different genera; so does the thumb; but their great-toe is +always smaller in proportion to the foot than it is in Man, and, unlike +his, is opposable to the other toes. As they belong to the Catarrhine +group, their nose has a narrow partition between the nostrils, which are +directed downwards. In all, an external tail, cheek-pouches, and (except +among the Gibbons) ischial callosities are wanting. All are covered with +hair, some more thickly than others, but no Ape has on its head the long +abundant locks which Man possesses. + +The form of the skull varies very greatly in the _Simiidæ_. It is, however, +always longer than broad. In its frontal region it is never so rounded and +elevated as in Man. The roof of the eye-sockets projects into the fore part +of the brain-cavity, and considerably reduces its capacity. The +pre-maxillary bones (carrying the incisor teeth) are relatively more +distinct and much larger than in Man, "the sutures {145}separating them +from the maxillary bones remaining visible after the adult dentition has +been obtained." (_Mivart._)[1] The _Simiidæ_ have a bony meatus or canal to +the ear. The back part of the head, which among the Guenons is flat, is +convex among the _Simiidæ_. The palate is long and narrow, and the margins +of the jaws nearly parallel. The lower jaw is always in one piece, the two +halves being firmly ossified in the middle. The dental formula of the +Man-like Apes is I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 (_i.e._, 32 teeth in all); their +inner upper incisors are larger, and the lower are smaller than the outer +pair; the canines are large, and between them and the neighbouring incisor +above there is a vacuity (or diastema), and, below, between them and the +nearest pre-molar. The upper pre-molars have three roots, and the lower, +two; the upper molars have four tubercles, their crowns being relatively +wide; the lower molars have five tubercles, but the posterior has no hind +talon. + +The opening for the passage of the spinal cord is situated towards the +posterior portion of the base of the cranium, and is thus further from the +centre than in Man. + +Except among the Gibbons, the vertebral column shows in the sacral region +indications of that curve--or concavity in the back between the two +convexities of the neck and loins--which is one of the distinctive +characters of the human skeleton. The processes for the interlocking of the +vertebræ, which are large in the lower Anthropoids, are much reduced in the +Man-like Apes, and become inconspicuous in Man. + +The breast-bone is flat, and resembles that of Man, and, in all, except the +Orang, is composed of two bones. The {146}arm-bone is often shorter than +the fore-arm. The _radius_ and _ulna_ can be completely rotated. The +articulating surface of the _trapezium_, the wrist-bone (_carpus_), to +which the thumb is attached, has a rounded face like that of the +_ento-cuneiform_ bone in the ankle (_tarsus_), a form which, as already +pointed out (Vol. I., p. 11), was in the Lemuroids correlated with an +opposable great-toe, so here it is correlated with a true opposable thumb. +In the Monkeys and Lemuroids this bone is not generally rounded, and they +have not the thumb opposable in the strict sense that it is among the +higher Apes. + +The thigh-bone (_femur_) is shorter than the arm-bone (_humerus_); and the +foot is very long; yet the absolute length of the _tarsus_ is never so +great as in Man; it is the rest of the foot which is so much longer +relatively in Apes. The _ento-cuneiform_, or articulating bone of the ankle +for the great-toe, has a sub-cylindrical surface, which gives a great range +of motion to that digit, towards and from the plane of the foot. + +The brain of the Apes closely resembles in general form and structure that +of Man; but the cerebral hemispheres differ in being much elongated and +depressed, and the cranial capacity of the skull, which is never less than +55 cubic inches in any normal human subject, is in the Chimpanzee 27½ cubic +inches; in the Gorilla 35 inches; in the Orang 26 inches; and in the +Gibbons very much less. The cerebrum has its surface richly convoluted; and +its posterior lobes always entirely over-arching the cerebellum, except in +the Siamang (_Hylobates syndactylus_). + +"As to the convolutions, the brains of the Apes exhibit every stage of +progress, from the almost smooth brain of the Marmoset, to the Orang and +the Chimpanzee, which fall but little below Man. And it is most remarkable +that as soon as {147}all the principal sulci [or grooves] appear, the +pattern according to which they are arranged is identical with that of the +corresponding sulci of Man. The surface of the brain of a Monkey exhibits a +sort of skeleton map of Man's, and in the Man-like Apes the details become +more and more filled in, until it is only in minor characters, such as the +greater excavation of the anterior lobes, the constant presence of fissures +usually absent in Man, and the different disposition and proportions of +some convolutions, that the Chimpanzee's or the Orang's brain can be +structurally distinguished from Man's.... And the difference between the +brains of the Chimpanzee and of Man is almost insignificant when compared +with that between the Chimpanzee's brain and that of a Lemur." (_Huxley._) + +The Anthropoid Apes have no cheek-pouches. The larynx has large dilatations +of the shallow depressions--called ventricles--of the mucous membrane on +each side of its inner surface--which may extend down as far as the +arm-pits, and be connected with powerful voice possessed in most of the +species. The stomach is simple, like that of Man, and not sacculated, as in +the last family (the _Cercopithecidæ_). + +The uterus and other structures connected with the reproductive system +resemble those in the human subject. The length of gestation varies +probably in the different genera, and is unknown in many of the species. +The period for which the young are suckled by the mother lasts about six +months. "The proportions of the limbs to one another and to the body do not +sensibly change after birth; but the body, limbs, and jaws enlarge to a +much greater extent than the brain-case." (_Huxley._) Observations are +still required, in regard to most of the species, as to the age at which +they arrive at maturity, and are able to reproduce. + +{148}The _Simiidæ_--the most intelligent of the animal kingdom--are all +diurnal animals, and essentially arboreal. Many of the members of the +family have, when walking, a tendency to tread on the outer edge of the +foot, turning, therefore, the toe inward on account of the free motion +which is possible between the various bones of its ankle, whereas, in the +human foot, these bones are more solidly bound together. When climbing, the +power of turning in the sole is, as is evident, of the greatest advantage +to the Ape. Their food is chiefly vegetable; a few species exhibit slight +carnivorous tendencies. + +"Of the various genera of the _Simiidæ_, the Gibbons are most remote from +Man. The Orangs come nearest in the number of the ribs, the form of the +cerebral hemispheres, and certain other characters of the brain and skull; +but they differ from him much more widely in other characters, especially +in the limbs, than the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee do. Of the Chimpanzees +the Gorilla is more Man-like in the proportions of the leg to the body, and +of the foot to the hand; and likewise in the size of the heel, the +curvature of the spine, and the absolute capacity of the cranium. The true +Chimpanzees approach Man most closely in the skull, dentition, and +proportionate length of the arms." (_Huxley._) + +The _Simiidæ_ are confined to the Ethiopian and Indian Regions. The +Gorillas and Chimpanzees live exclusively in the Tropical Regions of +Western and Central Africa; the Gibbons range into all the four provinces +of the Indian Region; while the Orangs are confined to two islands of the +Indo-Malayan Sub-region. + + +THE GIBBONS. GENUS HYLOBATES. + + _Hylobates_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 67 (1811). + +The group of Tree-walkers, as the term _Hylobates_ signifies, {149}embraces +the smallest-sized, the slenderest-bodied, the longest-limbed, and the most +perfectly arboreal of all the Man-like Apes. All are covered with thick +woolly hair, which, on the arms and fore-arms, converges (except in _H. +agilis_) towards the elbow. + +Their head is small and round, and the face compressed. Except the Orangs, +the Gibbons have the longest arms of all the Apes, so long that when they +stand erect the points of their fingers can touch the ground. Compared with +the spinal column, their arms are as 19 to 11, while the legs are one-third +longer than it. The fore-arm is much longer than the arm itself; the hand +is longer than the foot, and the thumb is very long in proportion to the +hand. The knee is free from the side of the body, and the great-toe is well +developed and nearly one-half the length of the foot. The nails of both the +thumb and the great-toe are flat. Callosities, which are wanting in all the +other genera, are present in _Hylobates_, but are very small. + +In the skull the occiput is convex; the orbits are very large and deep, and +the supra-orbital ridges prominent. The canine teeth are much larger than +the others, and equally large in both sexes. They are generally the last of +the permanent teeth to come in, but in the Gibbons they generally precede, +or are developed along with, the last molar. + +The vertebral column is nearly straight, presenting but little of the +spinal curvature seen in Man; it has also in the dorso-lumbar region one +vertebra more than in the human skeleton. The articulating head of the +arm-bone (_humerus_) loses the direction it had among the Monkeys, and +looks upward and forward as in Man. The wrist (_carpus_) has nine bones, as +in the lower _Anthropoidea_. The skeleton of the hand is more {150}than +half the length of the spine, and the foot is slightly under half its +length. The Gibbons have two pairs of ribs more than Man. The ends of the +ischial bones are much everted to support the callosities. + +With regard to the brain, this genus is remarkable for the great reduction +of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. + +The tongue is very similar to that in Man, but it is furnished with a +sub-lingual process like that already described among some of the +Lemuroids. The Gibbons (except the Siamang) have no laryngeal sacs. The +stomach closely resembles the human organ. + +The Gibbons are very delicate, and rarely live long in confinement, even in +their own country. They are in general highly intelligent, very gentle, and +become most affectionate and engaging animals if kindly treated. They are, +however, occasionally irascible and ill-tempered, especially when adult. + +Their feats of climbing and leaping are almost proverbial. It would be +impossible to excel them as acrobats. When walking on the ground they +assume the erect posture, putting the soles of their feet to the ground, +separating the thumb and the great-toe widely from the neighbouring digits. + +"They walk erect, with a waddling or unsteady gait, but at a quick pace; +the equilibrium of the body requiring to be kept up, either by touching the +ground with the knuckles, first on one side then on the other, or by +uplifting the arm so as to poise it. As with the Chimpanzee, the whole of +the narrow, long sole of the foot is placed upon the ground at once and +raised at once, without any elasticity of step." (_Martin._) + +Their voice is very powerful and can be heard at a great distance, +especially when they are howling in chorus. The {151}Wau-Wau and the +Siamang, the one without, and the other with, a laryngeal sac, are equally +vigorous in this respect. + +The female produces but a single young one at a birth, of which she takes +the greatest care. She carries it about, clinging to the under side of her +body, for many months. It is said that she even takes it to the waterside +from time to time, and with much solicitude, and in spite of its cries and +resistance, washes its face. + +The Gibbons frequent the great upland forests; but the Siamang (_H. +syndactylus_) may be met with at quite low levels and close to the coast. +Their food consists of fruit, leaves, and insects, eggs of birds, and +apparently birds and lizards, and especially spiders. They drink either by +putting the mouth down to the water, or by dipping in their hands and thus +carrying it to their mouths. + +The Gibbons are confined to two Sub regions of the Indian Region. With the +exception of the Siamang, all the so-called species of _Hylobates_ are so +closely allied to each other, and differ by characters of such slight +importance, that they seem to be hardly worthy of specific distinction. +(_Thomas._) + + +I. THE AGILE GIBBON. HYLOBATES AGILIS. + + _Pithecus lar_ (nec L.), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 88 (1812). + + _Hylobates agilis_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. des Mammif., Sept. 1821, pls. v., + vi.; Müller, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch., ii., p. 326 (1835); Martin, Mammif. + Anim., p. 416 (1841); Fry, P. Z. S., 1846, p. 11; Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 12 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 17 (1876); + Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 9 (1878; with full synonymy). + + _Pithecus agilis_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 532 (1820). + + {152}_Simia lar_ (nec L.), Raffl., Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 242 (1822). + + _Hylobates lar_ (nec L.), F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pls. 7, 8 (1824); + Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., ex. no., p. 2 (1875). + + _Hylobates variegatus_, Temm., Monogr. Mamm., i., p. xiii. (1827); Wagner + in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. v., p 16 (1855); H. O. Forbes, Nat. Wand. + East. Arch., p. 156 (1885). + + _Hylobates rafflesii_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 8 (1851); + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 11 (1870). + + _Hylobates pileatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 136, pl. xxi.; id., Cat. + Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 10 (1871); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. + 6 (1878). + +CHARACTERS.--Face black; colour entirely black, but becoming brown on the +back and sides, and with a white superciliary band, and sometimes ashy-grey +cheeks. + +This is the typical form of the species in Mid-Sumatra, where the present +writer had the opportunity of examining it alive. It was with difficulty +distinguished from _H. syndactylus_, except from its size and the presence +of the white superciliary band. + +Other specimens (but none of them met with to the south of the Moesi river +by the present writer) have been described, with the occiput, the back from +immediately behind the shoulders, the flanks, the hips, and the outer +surfaces of the fore- and hind-limbs, pale yellow. The shoulders, chest, +and belly, and the inside of the limbs and feet dark brown; eyebrows and +whiskers pale grey. (_Anderson._) + +The variety described as _H. pileatus_ is distinguished by a black cap-like +patch on the top of the head; the chest, throat, and belly black; the back +of the head, the upper surface of the body, the limbs and area round the +black cap grey. This variety may also be entirely white, except for the +coronal cap {153}and chest being black, and the back brown; or the +pervading colour may be brown, the sides of the face and the under surface +black, and the whiskers white. The index and middle fingers are +occasionally webbed together. + +All the hairs on the arm and fore-arm converge towards the wrist. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This species is confined to Sumatra and to Siam. In the +former country it is known by the name of "Ongka" by the Malays, who, with +the keen powers of observation they possess in regard to all natural +objects, recognise two varieties, the white or yellow variety--"Ongka +putih," and the black one--"Ongka itam" (_H. rafflesi_). The capped variety +(_H. pileatus_) with its variously coloured forms inhabits Siam. + +HABITS.--The habits of the "Ongka" are very similar to those of the +Wau-wau, or the Siamang (_H. syndactylus_). The natives, however, aver that +it is much more silent, rarely howling as either of these other two species +do. They are also seen generally in quite small troops, and often in pairs +only. + +"It is almost impossible," writes Mr. Martin of a specimen that lived +formerly in the Zoological Gardens, "to convey in words an idea of the +quickness and graceful address of her movements: they may, indeed, be +termed aërial, as she seems merely to touch, in her progress, the branches +among which she exhibits her evolutions. In these feats her hands and arms +are the sole organs of locomotion; her body hanging as if suspended by a +rope, sustained by one hand (the right, for example), she launches herself +by an energetic movement to a distant branch, which she catches with the +left hand. But her hold is less than momentary; the impulse for the next +{154}launch is acquired; the branch then aimed at is attained by the right +hand again, and quitted instantaneously, and so on, in alternate +succession. In this manner spaces of twelve and eighteen feet are cleared +with the greatest ease, and uninterruptedly for hours together, without the +slightest appearance of fatigue being manifested; and it is evident that if +more space could be allowed, distances very greatly exceeding eighteen feet +would be as easily cleared.... Sometimes on seizing a branch in her +progress, she will throw herself, by one arm only, completely round it, +making a revolution with such rapidity as almost to deceive the eye, and +continue her progress with undiminished velocity. It is singular to observe +how suddenly this Gibbon can stop, when the impetus given by the rapidity +and distance of her swinging leaps would seem to require a gradual +abatement of her movements. In the very midst of her flight a branch is +seized, the body raised, and she is seen, as if by magic, quietly seated on +it, grasping it with her feet.... A live bird was let loose in her +apartment; she marked its flight, made a long swing to a distant branch, +caught the bird with one hand in her passage, and attained the branch with +her other hand; her aim, both at the bird and the branch, being as +successful as if one object only had engaged her attention. It may be +added, that she instantly bit off the head of the bird, picked its +feathers, and then threw it down, without attempting to eat it." + + +II. THE WAU-WAU GIBBON. HYLOBATES LEUCISCUS. + + +A. _Javan Race_ (_H. leuciscus_). + + _Simia leucisca_, Schreber, Säugeth. i., pl. iii. b. (1775). + + _Pithecus leuciscus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 89 (1812). + + {155}_Hylobates leuciscus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 6 (1820); Desmar. + Mamm., p. 51 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 416 (1841); Is. Geoffr., + Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 7 (1851); Wagner, Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl. v., p. + 16 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); H. O. Forbes, + Nat. Wand. East. Arch., p. 70 (1875); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 19 + (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 7 (1878; with full + synonymy). + + +B. _Bornean Race_ (_H. concolor_). + + _Simia concolor_, Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., v., p. 229 pl. ii. + (1827). + + _Hylobates harlani_, Less., Bull. des Sc. Nat., xiii., p. 111 (1827). + + _Hylobates concolor_, Schl., Essai Phys. Serp., p. 237 (1837); S. Müller, + Verhand. Gesch., p. 48 (1841); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., x., p. 838 (1841); + Martin, Mammif. An., p. 417 (1841); Fry, P. Z. S., 1846, p. 15; Wagner in + Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. v., p. 17 (1855; in part); Schleg., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 20 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 11 + (1878). + + _Hylobates mülleri_, Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 444 (1841); Is. Geoffr., + Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 7 (1851); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 21 + (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 8 (1878; with full + synonymy); Hose, Mammals of Borneo, p. 6 (1893). + + _Hylobates funereus_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 874 (Dec., 1850); + Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. v., p. 18 (1855). + + _? Hylobates fuscus_, Winslow Lewis, Bost. Journ. N. Hist., i., pt. i., + p. 32, pls. i., ii. (1834). + +CHARACTERS.--Fur thick, long and woolly. General colour ashy-grey, paler on +the lower back and rump; hair round {156}the face grey; superciliary streak +white; top of the head black; fingers and toes black. + +This species has been found to possess occasionally a supernumerary finger +on each hand. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Indo-Malayan Sub-region. Java, Borneo, and the Sulu +Archipelago between Borneo and the Philippines. + +HABITS.--The Wau-Wau--the Malay name for this Gibbon--is one of the first +of the Quadrumana that makes its presence known to the traveller in Java, +when he reaches its upland forest regions. In the evening, just about +sundown, and more especially in the early morning commencing before sunrise +and finally ceasing when the sun is above the tops of the trees, he will be +surprised by a sudden outbreak of what appears to be now the loud plaintive +wailings of a crowd of women, now the united howling of a band of +castigated children. The present writer's first acquaintance with this +charming genus of Monkeys was made among the Kosala hills in Western Java, +and it will ever remain with him as one of many most pleasant recollections +of a long tropical sojourn. Their "woo-oo-ut--woo-ut--woo-oo-ut--wut-wut- +wut--w[)u]t-w[)u]t-w[)u]t," always more dolorous on a dull heavy morning +previous to rain, is just such a cry as one might expect from the sorrowful +countenance so characteristic of the species of _Hylobates_. The Wau-Wau +has a wonderfully human look in its eyes; and it was with great distress +that the writer witnessed the death of the only one he ever shot. Falling +on its back with a thud on the ground, it raised itself on its elbows, +passed its long taper fingers over the wound, gave a woeful look at them +and at his slayer, then fell back at full length--dead--"saperti orang" +(just like a man), as his Malay companion remarked. He kept in captivity +for a short time a specimen which was brought to him by a native, and it +{157}became one of the most gentle and engaging creatures possible; but +when the calling of its free mates reached its prison house, it used most +pathetically to place its ear close to the bars of its cage and listen with +such intense and eager wistfulness that it was impossible to retain it in +durance any longer. It was accordingly set free on the margin of its old +forest home. Strange to say, its former companions, perceiving perhaps the +odour of captivity about it, seemed to distrust its respectability, and +refused to allow it to mingle with them. Amid the free woods we may hope +that this taint was soon lost and that it recovered all its pristine +happiness. + +In general habits it in no way differs from the other species of +_Hylobates_ already described. + +In regard to the Bornean specimens of this species, Dr. Anderson makes the +following observations: "This species varies from grey to dark +yellowish-brown, but the grey tint in certain lights appears pure ashy, and +in others of a brownish tint. In some the chest and abdomen are frequently +yellow, and this seems to be the character of individuals met with on the +west coast of Borneo, while those inhabiting the meridional parts of the +island have the hands and fore part of the body of a black-brown or +reddish-brown. In both of these varieties there is a yellowish-white +superciliary streak. The last of them leads into the varieties of +_Hylobates_ from the neighbouring islands of Sulu, to the north-east of +Borneo, in which the upper parts of the body are either grey or brownish, +the lower part of the back and the loins being a little more clear than the +rest." The outer surface of the limbs, the back part of the head, the +supercilium, and the sides of the face are more or less pure ashy-grey. +"Specimens of this Gibbon obtained by me," writes Mr. Charles Hose, who is +well known for his Bornean researches, {158}"at Claudetown, and now in the +British Museum, show that the colouring in different parts of the body must +be considered of little importance, as I obtained eleven specimens, five of +which were in the same troop and the other six from the same locality, +varying in colour as much as it is possible for them to do; some had +yellowish backs and black chests, others black backs with yellowish chests, +and some were nearly black all over; whilst others were almost a complete +silver-grey. I, therefore, come to the conclusion that _H. muelleri_ and +_H. leuciscus_ cannot be separated. The peculiar bubbling noise they make +is similar. I think it very unlikely that two distinct species should be so +constantly found together as they are in Sarawak. + +"The natives call the silver-grey variety 'Emplian' or 'Wa-Wa,' and the +dark one, 'Emplian arang' (coal), because of its colour." + + +III. THE WHITE-CHEEKED GIBBON. HYLOBATES LEUCOGENYS. + + _Hylobates leucogenys_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 20; Blyth, J. A. S. + Beng., x., p. 838 (1841); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 445, _cum fig._ + (1841); Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 717 (1842); id., Arch. Mus., ii., p. + 535 (1843); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 11 (1870); Schl., Mus. + Pays-Bas, vii., p. 13 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 679, pl. lxx.; + Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 6 (1878; with synonymy). + +CHARACTERS.--Fur glossy, thick, and woolly; the hair of the upper and back +part of the head standing vertically erect; the face, chin, and ears black; +round the face from the level of the eyes and meeting below the chin runs a +white border, forming {159}whiskers and beard; elsewhere the colour is +entirely black. Length of the body, 26 inches. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Siam. + +HABITS.--This rare species is very active and gentle in confinement. It +will hang suspended, as Martin observed in the first specimen brought to +Europe, from a branch for the whole day, except when asleep or reposing. + +The type specimen was described in 1840,--its skin being preserved in the +British Museum; but it was not till 1877--after a lapse of thirty-seven +years--that a second specimen was brought to this country. It was sent to +the Zoological Gardens by Mr. W. H. Newman, H.B.M. Consul at Bankok. + + +IV. THE WHITE-HANDED GIBBON. HYLOBATES LAR. + + _Homo lar_, Linn., Mantiss. Plant., App., p. 521 (1771). + + _Simia longimana_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. i., p. 66, pl. iii., figs. + 1, 2 (1775); Erxl., Syst. Reg. An., p. 9 (1777). + + _Simia lar_, Bodd., Elench. An., p. 55 (1785); Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 12 + (1829; in part). + + _Pithecus lar_, Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., xxxvi., p. 276 (1809). + + _Pithecus varius_, Latr., _op. et loc. cit._ + + _Pithecus variegatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 88 (1812). + + _Hylobates lar_, Illig., Abhandl. Akad. Berl., p. 88 (1815); Martin, + Mammif. Anim., pp. 416, 433 (1841); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., x., p. 838 + (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 10 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., + 1870, p. 86, pl. v.; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 15 (1876); + Anders., Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 5 (1878; with full synonymy); + Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 7 (1891). + + {160}_Hylobates variegatus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 5 (1820; young); + Desmar., Mamm., p. 51 (1820); Is. Geoffr., Zool. Bélang. Voy., p. 27 + (1834). + + _Simia albimana_, Vig. et Horsf., Zool. Journ., iv., p. 107 (1828). + + _Simia variegatus_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 11 (1829). + + _Hylobates albimanus_, Is. Geoffr., Zool. Bélang. Voy., p. 29 (1834). + + _Hylobates entelloides_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 717 (1842). + + _Hylobates leuciscus_, Cantor, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvii., p. 338 (1846). + +CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Everywhere deep black, except the face, which is +reddish-brown, with the thick hair round it light grey or white, and the +hands and feet, which are pale yellow or white; superciliary ridges, +whiskers and beard, white. The hair on the fore-arm is nearly erect, with +only a very slight forward inclination. The species is subject to great +variation, and may be of all shades, from deep black to entirely +whitish-yellow (_H. entelloides_). + +Head round; the eyes large; the cheeks flat and depressed; the nose +slightly projecting, its tip furrowed, and its nostrils small and +converging; the upper lip is divided in the centre by a vertical furrow. In +very young individuals the top of the ear is markedly pointed. + +Skull with the orbital ridges larger, the muzzle shorter, and the teeth +smaller than in _H. hoolock_; the second and third toes sometimes united by +a membrane. + +FEMALE.--Generally similar to the male, but more frequently entirely pale +yellow, with the hands and feet paler. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Aracan, Lower Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula. + +HABITS.--The White-handed Gibbon inhabits the upland {161}forests as high +as 3,500 feet above the sea; living in troops numbering from ten to +twenty-five. Its habits are very similar to those of other Gibbons, +although Tickell observed that they were less light and active than the +Hoolock, and had a different voice. It is said to drink, as the Siamang +does, by dipping its hands into the water, and not to put its mouth down to +it like the Hoolock. "So entirely does it depend on its hands for +locomotion amongst trees," remarks Dr. Blanford, "that it carries +everything in its feet. Tickell, from whom I take these details, says that +he has seen a party of _H. lar_ escape thus with their plunder from a Karen +garden in the forest." "The young are born in the early part of the cold +season," continues Dr. Blanford, "and each sticks to the body of its mother +for about seven months, after which it begins gradually to shift for +itself." + + +V. THE HOOLOCK. HYLOBATES HOOLOCK. + + _Simia lar_, Phil. Trans., lix., p. 607 (1769.) + + _Simia hoolock_, Harlan, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., iv. (n. s.), p. 52, pl. 2 + (1834.) + + _Hylobates coromandus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 689; Martin, Mammif. + Anim., p. 415 (1841); Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii. P. 535 (1843); Blyth, + J. As. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 464 (1844.) + + _Hylobates hoolock_, Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc., p. 3 (1838); + Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 416 (1841); Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii., p. + 535 (1843); id., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 9 (1851); Sclater, P. Z. S., + 1860, p. 86, pl. v.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 11 (1870); Schl., + Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 14 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, + p. 1 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 5 + (1891). + + {162}_Hylobates hulok_, Wagner, in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 20 + (1855.) + + _Hylobates niger_, Harlan; Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 21. + +CHARACTERS.--Black all over, except a frontal band, continuous or +interrupted, above the eyes. There is a good deal of variation in this +species, more in the female than in the male, the black being in many +individuals of a brownish tinge. + +YOUNG MALES.--Often of a brownish-black, like many of the females. + +FEMALE.--With the black generally of a brownish tinge, but often pale or +greyish-yellow; sometimes the upper parts are pale yellow and the under +parts and side of the head brown, and the area round the nude parts of the +face white. (_Anderson._) + +DISTRIBUTION.--Lower ranges of Bhutan--its furthest western +range--(_Pemberton_); hill ranges of Upper Assam (_Blyth_), Sylhet, +Chittagong, Aracan. + +HABITS.--"I first met with this species in Upper Burma," Dr. Anderson +relates, "in passing through the magnificent defile of the Irawaddy, below +Bhamo, where the river is enclosed by high hills, covered with dense +forest, for about fifteen miles of its course. It was early morning, and +the air was resonant with the loud cries of this Gibbon; large troops were +answering each other from the opposite banks, and the hills echoed and +re-echoed the sound. The Hoolock is also common on the Kakhyen hills, on +the eastern frontier of Yun-nan; and there, too, my attention was called to +them at daybreak, when they passed up from their sheltered sleeping-ground +in the deep and warm valleys to heights of about 4,000 feet. We, in the +middle distance, first caught a faint murmur of voices, but {163}every +minute it became more and more distinct, till at last the whole troop +rushed past in a storm of sound, vociferating _Whoko! whoko!_ and in a few +more minutes their cry was heard far up the mountain-side. Considering that +their progress is almost exclusively arboreal, the rapidity with which they +make their ascent is wonderful. + +"Associated with this arboreal habit of progression, we find that _H. +hoolock_ derives its nourishment from leaves, insects, eggs, and birds, the +essential features of sylvan life." It also eats the leaves of _Ficus +religiosa_, the aquatic Convolvulus (_Ipomoea reptans_), and the brilliant +red flowers of the _Canna indica_. It "has a marked partiality," continues +the same naturalist, "for Spiders and their webs, which become tangled in +its long slim fingers, and Orthopterous insects are regarded by it with +special favour, and over which it utters its peculiar cry of satisfaction. +Eggs also are to it a _bonne bouche_. It was first in the Calcutta gardens +that I become aware of the circumstance that small living birds were +devoured by it with a method and eagerness which has left no doubt in my +mind that this species, in its natural state, must be a scourge to the +feathery tribe." + +The Hoolock lives in large flocks as a rule, keeping chiefly to the hill +forests. Sometimes, however, an old male may be discovered living by +himself. + +They move chiefly by means of their long arms, by which they swing +themselves for prodigious distances from branch to branch, and from tree to +tree. They descend hill-sides at a surprising pace, their descent being +accomplished by grasping bamboos or branches that bend beneath their +weight, and allow them to drop until they can seize the ends of other +bamboos or branches lower on the slope and take another mighty {164}swing +downwards. They also ascend with great rapidity, swinging themselves from +tree to tree. (_Blanford._) + +When walking on the ground the Hoolock rests on its hind feet alone, with +the sole flat on the ground and the great-toe widely separated from the +other digits. "They walk erect," writes Dr. Borrough, "and when placed on +the floor, or in an open field, balance themselves very prettily by raising +their hands over their head and slightly bending the arm at the wrist and +elbows, and then run tolerably fast, rocking from side to side; and if +urged to greater speed they let fall their hands to the ground and assist +themselves forward, rather jumping than running, still keeping the body, +however, nearly erect." + + +VI. THE HAINAN GIBBON. HYLOBATES HAINANUS. + + _? Hylobates pileatus_, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 224 (nec Gray). + + _Hylobates hainanus_, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), ix., p. 145 + (1892). + +CHARACTERS.--Very closely related to _H. hoolock_, but differs by the +entire absence of the white superciliary streak, the animal being jet black +all over. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Hainan. + +HABITS.--This species has not been seen alive in its native haunts by any +European naturalist. Consul Swinhoe made many efforts to obtain a living +specimen in the island of Hainan, but was unsuccessful. "I never ceased," +he says, "to enquire after it. Every one knew that such an animal did +exist, and many had seen it; but they all spoke of the great difficulty of +keeping it alive. At Taipingsze (Central Hainan) the wonderful stories that +were told about it showed that the Yuen was not often seen there. The +magistrate of that district assured me, {165}with a serious face, that it +had the power of drawing into its body its long arm-bones, and that when it +drew in one arm, it pushed out the other to such an extraordinary length, +that he believed the two bones united in the body; and he said that the +bones of the arm were used for chop-sticks." Mr. Swinhoe, however, +published, in 1870, some curious extracts from the Chinese gazetteer of the +Kiung-shan district of Hainan, which with little doubt relate to this +interesting animal, of which skins have, since he wrote, been received at +the British Museum, while a young individual lived for some months in 1893 +in the Zoological Gardens of London, where it attracted much attention. The +gazetteer says as follows: "Yuen: male black, female white; like a Macaque +but larger, with the two fore-arms exceedingly long. Climbs to tree-tops +and runs among them backwards and forwards with great agility. If it falls +to the ground, it remains there like a log. Its delight is in scaling +trees, as it cannot walk on the ground. Those desiring to rear it in +confinement should keep it among trees; for the exhalations of the earth +affect it with diarrhoea, causing death; a sure remedy for this, however, +may be found in a draught made of the syrup of fried Foo-tsze (seeds of +_Abrus precatorius_, Linn.)." The gazetteer then continues: "Hainan has +also the Rock Yuen. It is small, about the bigness of one's fist. If +allowed to drink water, it grows in size. This is also called Black Yuen, +and is now likewise difficult to obtain." + +Those who had an opportunity of observing the specimen that lived in the +Zoological Gardens, will recall its extraordinary acrobatic feats, which +were performed with marvellous precision and certainty, either with one or +with both hands, and yet with the most careless air. It offered a striking +contrast to an Orang-utan, which occupied the adjoining cage. This more +{166}robust Ape exhibited in its arms equally perfect powers of climbing; +but it moved with the greatest circumspection, deliberation, and composure, +exhibiting none of the volatile activity so characteristic of the Gibbons; +but moving only one pair of its limbs at a time, and only when the other +pair had firm hold of some support. + + +VII. THE SIAMANG GIBBON. HYLOBATES SYNDACTYLUS. + + _Pithecus syndactylus_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 531 (1820). + + _Hylobates syndactylus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., pl. iv. (1821); Is. + Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 9 (1851); Bennett, Wanderings in N. S. + Wales, ii., p. 151 (1834); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 420 (1841); Flower, + Nat. Hist. Rev., 1863, p. 279 (cum fig.); Giebel, Z. Ges. Nat., p. 186 + (1866); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 22 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Res. + Exped. Yun-nan, p. 10 (1878; with full synonymy). + + _Simia syndactylus_, Raffl., Tr. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 241 (1822). + + _Siamanga syndactyla_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 9 (1870), id., + _op. cit._, p. 9 (1870); H. O. Forbes, Nat. Wand. East. Arch., p. 129 + (1885). + + (_Plate XXXVIII._) + +CHARACTERS.--This is the largest species of the genus, measuring more than +three feet; it is stouter than _H. hoolock_, and its hair is entirely +glossy black, having no white hairs anywhere; the face is black, as is also +the distensible skin of the large bare patch on the throat, which overlies +its great laryngeal pouch. The second and middle toes are united by a web +as far as the last joint. The hair on the arms and fore-arms converges +towards the elbow. + +The skulls in most of the species of this genus closely resemble each +other; that of the Siamang is distinguished by its larger size, and in +having the supra-orbital ridges more developed, while the occipital region +is more truncated, and there is at the symphysis of the lower jaw a true, +though slight, chin. + + +PLATE XXXVIII. + +[Illustration: THE SIAMANG GIBBON.] + + +{167}The frontal lobes of the brain are broad and much flattened, and not +full and rounded as in the Orang. The olfactory bulbs project forward, +slightly beyond the frontal lobes of the cerebrum; the occipital lobes are +much reduced, while the large cerebellum projects distinctly backwards from +below the cerebrum--characters in which this very highly organised member +of the genus shows a retrogressive development, thus differing from all the +other Man-like Apes, in all of which the cerebrum entirely covers both the +olfactory lobes in front, and the cerebellum behind. + +The large laryngeal sac, communicating by two openings with the larynx, and +formed by the extension of the thyro-hyoid membrane, distinguishes this +from all the other Gibbons. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Siamang is confined to the island of Sumatra. It has +been recorded from Malacca and Tenasserim; but some doubt exists as to the +accurate determination of the individuals referred to, no really authentic +specimen having yet been obtained out of Sumatra. + +HABITS.--The Siamang is gregarious, frequenting the great forest-trees from +200 to 300 feet above the sea up to 3,000 or 4,000 feet. + +I made the acquaintance of this species in Southern Sumatra, and during my +stay in that island had various opportunities of observing many of them in +their homes. It was not uncommon to come suddenly on a colony of them both +in the forest and among the tall isolated outliers, when they happened to +be covered with fruit. The satiated members of the company {168}might then +be often seen hanging by one arm from a bare branch, with perhaps eighty +unobstructed feet between them and the ground, making the woods resound +with their loud barking howls, uttered apparently for pure love of making a +noise. On one occasion a young one, found clinging to its mother, which had +been shot, was brought in alive. It had been only stunned by a pellet on +the head, and had no bones broken. In a very short time it became a most +delightful companion. The following observations in reference to it are +taken from the writer's Journal: "Its expression of countenance is most +intelligent and often very human; but in captivity it generally wears a sad +and dejected aspect, which quite disappears in its excited moods. With what +elegance and gentleness it takes with its delicate taper fingers whatever +is offered to it! Except for their hairiness, its hands, and, in its youth +at all events, its head, seem to me more human than those of any other +Ape's. It rarely, however, brings its thumb into opposition with the other +fingers, but usually clasps the whole hand, without that digit, on an +object. It will never put its lips to a vessel to drink, but invariably +lifts the water to its mouth, by dipping in its half-closed hand and then +awkwardly licking the drops from its knuckles. It generally sits with its +arms crossed over its chest, and its fingers overlaid behind its head. The +gentle and caressing way in which it clasps me round the neck with its long +arms, laying its head on my chest, and watching my face with its dark brown +eyes, uttering a satisfied crooning sound, is most engaging. Although it +often inflates its laryngeal sac, it rarely gives utterance to more than a +yawn-like noise or suppressed bark; but this dilatation has no reference +apparently to its good or bad temper, although, when very eager and +{169}impatient for anything, a low pumping bark is uttered. Every evening +it makes with me a tour round the village square, with one of its hands on +my arm. It is a very curious and ludicrous sight to see it in the erect +attitude on its somewhat bandy legs, hurrying along in the most frantic +haste, as if to keep its head from outrunning its feet, with its long free +arm see-sawing in a most odd way over its head to balance itself, and now +and again touching the ground with its finger-tips or its knuckles. That +they can leap the great distances from tree to tree ascribed to them is no +doubt an accurate observation; but they appear to be sometimes +terror-stricken and unable to perform these feats to save their lives. +During the felling of the forest near this village, a small colony of +Siamangs got isolated on a tree separated from the next clump by some +thirty feet or so. They scampered up and down in the crown of the tree +howling in the most abject terror at every stroke of the axe; yet they +would not venture to leap the intervening space, and even, when the tree +was falling, they did not attempt to save themselves by springing to the +ground, but perished in its downfall. + +"When teething my companion suffered severely--as the human infant so often +does--both locally and constitutionally, as indicated by boils and inflamed +finger-tips. On lancing and poulticing the latter, and extracting some of +its obstructing teeth, the poor creature seemed greatly relieved, and I was +delighted to watch it recover, without contracting for me any antipathy for +the pain I had inflicted on it, but rather the reverse." At a later date +the following extract occurs:-- + +"During my march to the coast my Siamang accompanied me, occupying, with +the most grave demeanour, a seat on one of the packages carried in the +rear, near to myself. Here it {170}sheltered its head, to the amusement of +all whom we met, under a Chinese umbrella, which I had bought for it to +protect it from the midday sun, and for which, after every halt, it held +out its hands in the most knowing way, screaming lustily if the porters +dared to move on before it had comfortably arranged itself. To my intense +regret, a misadventure put an end to a most charming existence, before I +could send it to London." + + +THE ORANG-UTANS. GENUS SIMIA. + + _Simia_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766); Erxl., Syst. Régne An., p. + 6 (1777; part). + + _Pithecus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812); Huxley, Anat. Verteb. + An., p. 403. + + _Pongo_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 89 (1812). + +This genus contains one species, well known as + + +THE ORANG-UTAN. SIMIA SATYRUS. + + _Simia satyrus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., + p. 4 (1820); Schreb., Säugeth., i., p. 54, pls. 2, 2 B. (1775); Fischer, + Syn. Mamm., p. 9 (1829); Owen, Tr. Z. S., i., p. 344, pls. 49, 53-56 + (1835); Wallace, Malay Archip., i., p. 62 (1869); Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 8 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 9 (1876). + + _Simia agrias_, Schreb. Säugeth, i., pl. 2, ii. B et ii. C (1775). + + _Pongo wurmbii_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 89 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. + Zool., p. 21 (1820). + + _Papio wurmbii_, Latr. Singes, i., p. 196. + + +PLATE XXXIX. + +[Illustration: THE ORANG-UTAN.] + + {171} _Pithecus satyrus_, Blumenb., Abbild., Naturh. Geg., fig. xii. + (1810); Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 88 (1812); Latr., in Buff. Hist. + Nat., xxxv., p. 166, pl. 3; xxxvi., p. 276; Cuv. et Geoffr., Hist. Nat., + Mamm., livr. xlii.; Desmar., Mamm., p. 50 (1820); Martin, Mammif. Anim., + p. 388 (1841); Owen, Tr. Z. S., iv., p. 82, pl. 29 (1862). + + _Simia wurmbii_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 21 (1820); Fischer, Syn. Mamm., + p. 32 (1829); Owen, Tr. Z. S., ii., p. 165, pls. 30-32 (1841); Brooke, P. + Z. S., 1841, p. 55 (Mias Pappan). + + _Pithecus wurmbii_, Owen, Tr. Z. S., iv., p. 95, pl. xxxiii. (1862). + + _Pongo abelii_, Clarke, Asiat. Res., xvi., 489 (1826); id., Edinb. Phil. + Journ., p. 375 (1827). + + _Simia abelii_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 10 (1829; Sumatra). + + _Simia morio_, Owen, P. Z. S., 1836, p. 92; id., Tr. Z. S., ii., p. 168, + pls. 33, 34 (1838); Brooke, P. Z. S., 1841, p. 55 (Mias Kassar); Wallace, + Malay Archip., i., p. 84 (1869); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 301; + Beddard, Tr. Z. S., xiii., p. 20 (1893; Sumatra and Borneo). + + _Pithecus morio_, Martin, Mammif. An., p. 395 (1841). + + _Simia gigantica_, Pearson, J. A. S. Beng., x. (2), p. 660 (1841). + + _Pithecus bicolor_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., Paris, ii., p. 526 (1841; + Sumatra). + + _Pithecus owenii_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xxii., p. 375 (1853). + + _Pithecus curtus_, Blyth, _op. cit._, xxiv., p. 525 (1855). + + (_Plate XXXIX._) + +CHARACTERS.--The Orangs are large and heavy in build, with the head set on +a very thick neck, the hair long and directed forward, and the abdomen +round and protuberant. The naked face is melancholy. On each side of the +face there is, in the {172}full grown male, but not in the female, a large, +soft, smooth tumour-like and flexible expansion, which gives a remarkable +breadth to the visage. The forehead is nude and purplish in colour; the +middle of the face across the nose is sooty-brown. The lips are broad, +extremely mobile, and of the colour of the skin--generally of a yellowish +brown; and, when eating and drinking, the animal thrusts them far out. The +lower jaw retreats at once from the lips, and there is therefore no chin, +as so recognised in Man. The ears are more like those of Man, small and +flat. The arms are very long, reaching to the ankles in the erect posture, +their span being twice the animal's height. The arm is equal in length to +the fore-arm; the hands are long and narrow. The fingers are united by a +web; the thumb short and often without its terminal joint. The back of the +hand is but slightly haired. The hair on the arm is directed downwards and +that on the fore-arm upwards, so as to meet at the elbow. The legs are very +short and bowed at the ankles; the long and narrow foot, which is +articulated obliquely to the leg, is longer than the hand and (except in +the Gorilla) is longer than in any other Ape. The great-toe is very short +and is often destitute of a nail. + +The cranium is very variable in form; the crown is high and pointed, the +forehead round and elevated, and the occipital region convex. No two +individuals are exactly alike. "The slope of the profile, the projection of +the muzzle, together with the size of the cranium, offer differences as +decided as those existing between the most strongly marked forms of the +Caucasian and African crania in the human species. The orbits vary in width +and height; the cranial ridge is either single or double, either much or +little developed, independent of age, being sometimes more strongly +developed in the less {173}aged animal." (_Wallace._) The supra-orbital +ridges are prominent, without being particularly so. The contour of the +head is more human in form, however, in youth than in age, when the +forehead is large and convex. The canine teeth are very large and tusk-like +in the male, but smaller in the female. The upper molars exhibit on their +crowns complex rugosities; they have four cusps and an oblique ridge, as in +Man, from the front inner, to the hind outer, cusp; the lower molars are +five-cusped. The permanent canine teeth sometimes appear before the last +permanent molar has come into place. + +The thigh-bone (_femur_) has no round ligament binding its articular head +into its socket in the pelvis, a disposition which, while it affords +greater flexibility and freedom to the hind-limbs in climbing, gives it +much less firmness in walking on the ground. The proportionate length of +the foot to its limb is greater in this genus than in any other of the +_Anthropoidea_. The ankle (_tarsus_) is very short, and the bones +(_phalanges_) of the toes form the longest part of the foot. The great-toe +is especially short and divergent, its terminal bone being often absent, +while the bones of the digits are long and curved. On account of the form +of certain bones of the tarsus and their inter-mobility the foot is set +obliquely to the leg through the action of one of its muscles (the +_tibialis anticus_), so that the sole is pulled to the inside when walking. +The outer edge of the foot, with the upper side of the fourth and fifth +toes, is therefore applied to the ground in the act of progression, while +the spread thumb supports most of the animal's weight. The wrist (_carpus_) +contains the complete number of nine bones, as it possesses the _os +centrale_ wanting in Man and the Chimpanzees. + +The breast-bone in the Orang is composed of ossifications {174}arranged in +pairs, instead of being formed of only two bones, as in the other members +of the family. + +Between the neck and the complex and solid sacral bone there are sixteen +vertebrae, and there are twelve pairs of ribs, as in Man. The vertebral +column presents slight but distinct indications of the curvature so +characteristic of Man, and is nearly as much concave forward in its +dorso-lumbar region as in a child. + +The Orang-utan has no uvula as in Man and in the Chimpanzees. It possesses +enormous air sacs--dilatations of the lateral cavities (ventricles) of the +larynx, found in Man--which extend over the throat, the top of the chest, +and as far as the arm-pits; these may even unite in the middle line. Its +great-toe and thumb lack the long flexor muscles which are present in Man +and in the Chimpanzees. + +"Of all Apes, the Orang has the brain which is most like that of Man; +indeed, it may be said to be like Man's in all respects, save that it is +much inferior in size and weight, and that the cerebrum is more +symmetrically convoluted and less complicated with secondary and tertiary +convolutions." (_Mivart._) The cerebral hemispheres are higher in +proportion to their length than in any other _Anthropomorpha_, but they are +elongated and depressed, as compared with Man. (_Huxley._) + +The colour of the hair of the Orang is a brick- or yellowish-red all over, +but in old males it is sometimes darker on the limbs. Its length (twelve to +sixteen inches) is greatest, and its character coarsest, on the arms, +thighs, and shoulders; the face, ears, and throat are bare, and the skin of +a reddish- or yellowish-brown colour; but there is a thin beard on the +chin. The back of the hand and fingers are also thickly haired; on {175}the +arms the hair grows towards the elbow, as on the fore-arm, both meeting in +a point at the elbow. + +Between childhood and middle age the skin varies in colour from dark +yellowish in the younger individuals to blackish-brown, or black, in the +adults (the latter colour largely predominating). Very often the face and +neck are almost or quite black, the palms light brown, and the breast and +abdomen mulatto-yellow. (_Hornaday._) + +In size also the Orang varies greatly; the males being larger than the +females. The largest male shot by Wallace measured 4 feet 2 inches. +Hornaday, however, shot several exceeding 4 feet 4 inches, his tallest +being 4 feet 6 inches, and one male was 3 feet 10½ inches; while his +largest female measured 4 feet, and the smallest adult female 3 feet 6 +inches. The breadth across the face in males varies from 11½ to 13½ inches, +and in females 5½ to 6 inches. The young at birth is large in comparison +with the size of the female. A male weighs often from 120 to 160 lbs. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The Orang-utan is confined to the islands of Borneo and +Sumatra, in the East Indian Archipelago. In Sumatra it is far less common +than in Borneo, and is found on the lowlands of the eastern coast, in the +Palembang Residency, and the Djambi Sultanate. As far as I could ascertain, +the natives of the southern portion of Palembang and of the Lampongs were +quite ignorant of the animal, except as a name. In Borneo it inhabits the +low forest-covered swamplands between the coast and the interior mountains, +from the north of the island, round the west, southern, and eastern coasts, +as far as the Mahakkam river, if not round the entire coast, as is most +likely. In the dry season they retire into the {176}depths of the forest. +In the fruit season they come nearer to the coast, while at the height of +the rains they frequent the river banks. + +HABITS.--The Orang-utan, the "forest-living Man" of the Malays, and the +"Mias" of the Bornean natives, lives solitary in the leafy tops of the +trees in the forests, except at the pairing season. A female is generally +accompanied by one of her progeny, sometimes by two, the one always an +infant, and the other a more or less grown but immature individual of a +previous birth; for her young--of which she has only one at a birth--do not +shift for themselves before they are approaching two years of age. At what +age they attain maturity is unknown, but it is probably not before twelve +to fifteen years. The infant clings by its arms to its mother when she is +climbing, by grasping the hair of her arm-pits, while its legs embrace her +sides above the hip. As already observed, the Orangs have none of the +marvellous agility of the Gibbons. They are slow and deliberate in their +movements; "surprisingly awkward and uncouth," according to Sir James +Brooke; but their long and extremely powerful arms and hook-like fingers, +which close with an amazing rigidity of grip, and their mobile legs and +hand-like feet, enable them to lift and swing their bodies with great +precision from branch to branch and tree to tree. "I have frequently seen +them," says Hornaday, "swing along beneath the large limbs as a gymnast +swings along a tight rope, reaching six feet at a stretch. When passing +from one tree to another, the Orang reaches out and gathers in its grasp a +number of small branches that he feels sure will sustain his weight, and +then swings himself across." On the ground all this is very different. He +walks very badly and unsteadily; he uses his arms as crutches, leaning his +weight upon them with his fingers as already described, and {177}swings +himself forward on them. On the ground the Orang does not move, according +to Sir James Brooke, so fast as to preclude a man keeping up with him +easily through a clear forest. "The very long arms, which, when he runs, +are but little bent, raise the body of the Orang remarkably, so that he +assumes much the posture of a very old man bent down by age, and making his +way along by the help of a stick." (_Huxley._) The Orang, however, rarely +comes to the ground of his own accord. + +Mr. Martin gives the following account of a specimen which lived in the +Zoological Gardens in London many years ago:--"Its attitudes were as varied +as can be imagined, its actions slow and deliberate; excepting, indeed, on +one or two occasions when it wished to follow its keeper, who had opened +the door of its cage; even then it did not bound from branch to branch like +a Monkey, but stretching out its arms, and grasping the branches within its +reach, it swung itself onward, and so descended to the floor, along which +it hobbled awkwardly and unsteadily. One thing, as respects both the hands +and feet of this Orang, could not be overlooked; namely, that their mode of +application to the branches, during the arboreal evolutions of the animal, +was hook-like; and, from the power of the adductor muscles of the thumb, +and flexor muscles of the fingers, tenacious and enduring, rather than +tight and fixed. This observation is especially applicable to the feet; in +these the shortness of the thumb, though capable in itself of firm and +close application, renders it rather a fulcrum, against which the long +fingers oppose their stress, than, by folding upon them, an adjunct to them +in the act of prehension; and hence, though admirably fitted for the +movements of the animal among the trees of the forest, and the kind {178}of +hold necessary for freedom and security, the foot of the Orang is, perhaps, +less energetic in the grasp than that of the semi-arboreal Chimpanzee, in +which the hind-thumb is proportionately longer, and the foot broader, than +in the Orang." + +The Orang drinks by dipping its fingers into the water, as the Siamang +does, and sucking the water off its knuckles, or dropping it into its +protruded trough-like lower lip. + +"The rude _hut_ which they are stated to build in trees, would be more +properly called a seat or nest, for it has no roof or cover of any sort. +The facility with which they form this nest is curious, and I had an +opportunity of seeing a wounded female weave the branches together and seat +herself within a minute." (_Sir James Brooke._) "The Orang usually +selects," writes Mr. Hornaday, "a small tree, a sapling, in fact, and +builds his nest in its top, even though his weight causes it to sway +alarmingly. He always builds his nest low down, often within twenty-five +feet of the ground, and seldom higher than forty feet. Sometimes it is +fully four feet in diameter, but usually not more than three, and quite +flat at the top. The branches are merely piled crosswise. I have never been +able to ascertain to a certainty, but it is my opinion that an Orang, after +building a nest, sleeps in it several nights in succession, unless he is +called upon to leave its neighbourhood." In this nest he sleeps during the +night or lies spread out on his back during the day, with his hands and +feet grasping the nearest branches. The food of the Orang-Utan--whose +eating-time is during the middle of the day--consists of leaves and nuts, +especially of the durian, the rambutan, and the mangosteen. + +The Orang-Utan is of a very shy and uncertain disposition. If captured when +full-grown, it is wild and ferocious; when {179}young it is easily trained; +but never lives in captivity to attain maturity. When attacked and hard +driven by human enemies, and it gets to close quarters with them, it can be +a formidable and dangerous antagonist, and has been known to fatally injure +its assailants. It will rarely, unprovoked, attack a man. "In one case," as +Dr. A. R. Wallace has recorded, "a female Mias on a durian-tree kept up for +at least ten minutes a continuous shower of branches and of the heavy +spined fruits as large as 32-pounders, which most effectively kept us clear +of the tree she was on. She could be seen breaking them off and throwing +them down with every appearance of rage, uttering at intervals a loud, +pumping grunt, and evidently meaning mischief." They fight and defend +themselves with their hands, and appear to seize and bite each other's +fingers. Many of the specimens shot in the forest of Borneo have lost one +or more of their fingers or toes; and present scars on the face (especially +on the lips) and bodies from the teeth of their antagonists. + +"When wounded he betakes himself to the highest attainable point of the +tree, and emits a singular cry, consisting at first of high notes, which at +length deepen into a low roar, not unlike that of a panther. While giving +out the high notes, the Orang thrusts out his lips into a funnel shape; but +in uttering the low notes he holds his mouth wide open, and at the same +time the great throat bag, or laryngeal sac, becomes distended." +(_Huxley._) + +The name given by the Dyaks to the larger species is "Mias Pappan." There +is, however, a smaller variety, which they designate "Mias Kassu," of which +Dr. Wallace has given an excellent and detailed account. These Mias Kassu +have no tumour-like expansions on the sides of the head; the median crest +is {180}absent from the skull, for the muscular ridges remain some distance +apart; the teeth are very large, especially the canines and the middle +upper incisors. The females, which are smaller than the males, are also +without the cheek-swellings and the prominent crests of the male, and have +smaller canine teeth. This variety, named _Simia morio_ by Sir R. Owen, +bears a close similarity to that found in Sumatra. It has been considered a +distinct species both by Owen and Wallace, but the variation, as the latter +naturalist himself admits, is so very great in just those characters which +have been considered to separate "Mias Kassu" from "Mias Pappan," that it +is highly probable that both are of the same species, but of different +ages. Mr. Beddard found that an Ape exhibited in the Zoological Gardens as +an adult example of _S. morio_ was in reality immature. + + +THE GORILLAS. GENUS GORILLA. + + _Troglodytes_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812). + + _Gorilla_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxxiv., p. 84, note (1852). + +This genus, like the preceding, contains but a single species, + + +THE GORILLA. GORILLA GORILLA. + + _Troglodytes gorilla_, Wyman, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. (2), v., p. 419, + pls. 1-4 (1847); Winwood-Reade, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 171; Owen, Tr. Z. S., + ii., p. 381; v., pp. 1, 243, pls. i.-xiii., and xliii.-xlix; Scl., P. Z. + S., 1877, p. 303; Cunningham, Mem. Roy. Irish Ac., p. 1 (1886). + + _Gorilla gina_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., viii., pls. 2-4 (1852). + + _Troglodytes savagei_, Owen, P. Z. S., 1848, p. 29. + + _Gorilla savagei_, Is. Geoffr., Rev. et. Mag. de Zool., p. 104 (1853); + Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 7 (1870). + + _Pithecus gorilla_, Blainv., Osteogr., pls. 2, et 5 bis (errore _P. + gesilla_). + + +PLATE XL. + +[Illustration: THE GORILLA.] + + {181} _Satyrus adrotes_, Meyer, Arch. f. Naturg., p. 182 (1856). + + _Simia gorilla_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 8 (1876). + + _Gorilla mayema_, Alix et Bouv. C. R., lxxxv., p. 58 (1878). + + (_Plate XL._) + +CHARACTERS.--The face of this massive and most ponderous of all the Apes is +naked and black, very wide and elongated. The large head has a ridge of +hair along the central crest, and its lower jaw is very wide and far +extended backward. The nose is long and high, and broad and flat at its +extremity, and is also grooved longitudinally. The muzzle is broad, the +mouth wide; the upper lip short, and the lower mobile and protrudable. The +eyes are large; the ears naked and black, with the posterior upper angle +pointed, and the lower margin produced into a rudimentary pendulous lobule. + +The cranial region is comparatively small. The supra-orbital ridges, in +which the eye-brows are set, form, from their prominence, a marked feature +of the face. They overhang the eyes, causing them to appear very much sunk +in the skull. The neck is short, the chest and shoulders wide, thickly +haired and suggestive of great strength. + +The arms are much longer than the fore-arms, and the feet, which have no +in-step, exceed the hands in length, and are much broader than in other +genera of the _Simiidæ_. The heel, which in the Orangs is small, is in the +Gorilla strongly developed, on which account it can easily stand erect. Its +opposable great-toe is large and flattened, and has a wide nail; while the +lower joints of the second, third, and fourth toes--which are also short +and thick--are united by a web. The arms, on which the hair converges on +both sides of the joint towards the elbow, are so long as to reach down to +the middle {182}of the leg when the Gorilla stands erect. The thumb is +short and thick, and is tipped with a broad nail. The hand is broad, +thickly haired on the back, and wrinkled from the wrist to the fingers. The +fur of the Gorilla consists of long, thick, straight, or stiffly curved +bristles, beneath which is a shorter curled woolly hair, or under-fur. + +The skull of the adult male has very protruding jaws, and enormous +supra-orbital ridges. The cheek-bones are broad; the temporal muscles meet +along the top of the cranium, and have enormous bony crests for their +attachment. The same is the case on the back of the head for the powerful +neck-muscles. The true form of the skull is obscured by these great ridges +and by the extent to which the face protrudes. The brain-case is better +shaped internally than appears externally. The orbits have the same form as +in Man. + +The canine teeth are enormously developed. The upper molars are +four-cusped, and have the oblique ridge, already often referred to, from +the front inner to the hind outer cusp, the posterior of the three being +much larger than the other two, a character distinguishing its jaw from +that of Man and the Chimpanzees. The anterior lower molars have five cusps, +three on the outer side and two on the inner, as in Man. + +The lower jaw has no true chin, and its symphysis is very long and quite +different from what is seen in the human symphysis. The opening for the +passage of the spinal cord is situated in the posterior third of the base +of the skull, and not, as in Man, nearly in the centre. + +The vertebræ of the neck, back, and loins number the same--seventeen--as in +Man; but there are thirteen parts of ribs instead of twelve. The +neck-vertebræ have long spines which contribute to the thickness of the +neck. The curvature, characteristic of {183}Man, in the lumbar region of +the vertebral column of the young Gorilla, is more developed than in the +Chimpanzee, and in both are earlier developed than in Man. (_Symington._) + +The wrist (_carpus_) contains but eight bones, as there is no central (_os +centrale_) bone, a character in which it agrees with Man and the +Chimpanzee, but differs from the Orang. + +The volume of the brain in the largest Gorilla rarely exceeds 34½ cubic +inches, which is only half the capacity of the human skull. It may be +safely said that an average European child, of four years old, has a brain +twice as large as that of an adult Gorilla. The weight of a healthy human +brain never falls below 31 ounces; that of the largest Gorilla has probably +never reached 21. (_Huxley._) + +In the brain of the Gorilla the cerebellum can be seen between the deep +longitudinal fissure which separates the two halves of the cerebrum. It +agrees in this with the Orang and _Anthropopithecus calvus_--the latter +exhibiting even a greater divergence of the cerebral lobes. + +The young male Gorilla differs much from the adult; its central cranial +crest is less prominent than the occipital ridge for the neck muscles. + +The female is much smaller than the male, but the cheeks are relatively +broader; the cranial crests and ridges are less strongly marked, and the +canines shorter and less powerful. Her breasts are long and pointed, not +globular. + +The height of the adult male Gorilla is over six feet, but the female +rarely exceeds four feet six inches. + +The general colour of the Gorilla is black or blackish; the whole skin of +the face is glossy, set with a few hairs, and deep black; the crown +reddish-brown, sometimes of a dark brown, the hairs being dun-coloured at +the root, grey in the middle, {184}and dark brown at the tip; on the sides +of the face the hair is dark brown or black, grey at the root; on the neck +and shoulders the hair is grey at the root, and lighter towards the point. +The back, the region of the humerus, and the thighs are brownish, the hair +being pale grey at the root, blackish-brown further up, and dark grey at +the termination; the fore-arms, the hands, ankles, and feet, dark brown or +black; round the posterior is a circle of white hair in some, in others of +brownish-yellow. Old individuals become grey or grizzled. + +DISTRIBUTION.--Western Equatorial Africa, between the Cameroons and the +Congo. This region presents a variety of hill and dale; the uplands are +clothed with forest, and the dales are covered with grass and low bush, +with abundance of fruit-yielding trees. + +HABITS.--This extraordinary animal, round which have gathered so many +myths, derived mostly from the inexact and magnified tales of the natives, +still further exaggerated by careless or imaginative visitors to the West +Coast of Africa, was first brought to the knowledge of science by Dr. +Thomas Savage, an American Medical Missionary, in 1847. From that time +downwards numerous preserved specimens of the animal have been received in +excellent condition, so that its anatomy is very fully known. In 1860 the +first living individual reached Europe, and lived for some months in +Wombwell's Menagerie. Since that date both English and continental +menageries have had specimens in captivity. What we know of the habits of +the Gorilla is greatly based on observations made on these captive animals. +Abundant statements to the contrary notwithstanding, very few persons, +competent to give an intelligent account of their habits, have ever seen +the Gorilla alive in its native state. {185}Even now, for our best +accounts, we are indebted to Dr. Savage, who obtained most of his +information from the natives, whose language and character he understood so +thoroughly that he was able to extract from them, by carefully sifting +their statements, most accurate information free from exaggeration and +conjecture. + +The Gorillas live in small companies, or rather families, consisting of +their young of different ages, along with the father and mother. Like the +Orang, the Gorilla is said to build a sort of platform-nest or shelter to +pass the night in, of sticks or twigs laid crosswise on the branch of a +strong tree, and within about twenty feet from the ground. The male sits, +it is said, on guard below, the female and her family occupying the +platform above. "My informants," says Savage, "all agree in the assertion +that but one adult male is seen in a band." One gets the mastery by killing +or driving out the other males. + +Professor Hartmann writes: "The Gorillas roam [during the daytime only] +through the tracts of the forest, which surround their temporary +sleeping-places, in order to seek for food. In walking they place the back +of their closed fingers on the ground, or, more rarely, support themselves +on the flat palm, while the flat soles of their feet are also in contact +with the ground. Their gait is shuffling; the motion of the body, which is +never upright as in Man, but bent forward, is somewhat rolling, or from +side to side. The arms being longer than those of the Chimpanzee, it does +not stoop so much in walking; like that animal it makes progression by +thrusting its arms forward, resting its hands on the ground, and then +giving its body a half-jumping, half-swinging motion between them. In this +act, it is said not to flex the fingers to rest on its knuckles, like the +Chimpanzee, but to extend them, making a fulcrum {186}of the hand. When it +assumes the walking posture, to which it is said to be much inclined, it +balances its huge body by flexing its arms upward." + +The Gorilla has the power of moving the scalp freely forward and +backward--as Man in many instances has the power of doing--and, when +enraged, of corrugating his brows and erecting the hair over the central +bony crest "so as to present an indescribably ferocious aspect." He is +capable of emitting a "terrific yell that resounds far and wide through the +forest"; and when shot his cry is like that of a human being in sudden and +acute distress. The Gorilla is very ferocious and never runs away, as the +Chimpanzee does; he advances to attack his enemies, but according to some +observers, however, only when molested, rushing forward in a stooping +attitude, then rising to his feet to strike. He is also credited with +fighting with his teeth, as well as his hands, biting his antagonist, as +the Orangs and the Chimpanzees do. He exhibits great intelligence, though +less, perhaps, than the Chimpanzee. + +The females prove affectionate mothers, bravely protecting their young at +the cost of their own lives. "In a recent case," writes Dr. Savage, "the +mother, when discovered, remained upon the tree with her offspring, +watching intently the movements of the hunter. As he took aim, she motioned +with her hand, precisely in the manner of a human being, to have him desist +and go away. When the wound has not proved instantly fatal, they have been +known to stop the flow of blood by pressing with the hand upon the part, +and when this did not succeed to apply leaves and grass." + +The food of the Gorilla consists of all sorts of forest and cultivated +produce; but the top of the fruiting stem of the oil-palm (_Elais +guineensis_), the Papaia (_Carica_), and plantains {187}appear to be the +fruits he most appreciates. Its dexterity in captivity in eating from +utensils of civilised life is particularly remarkable, as Dr. Falkenstein +records of a Gorilla he had alive for a considerable period. "He took up +every cup or glass with instinctive care, clasped the vessel with both +hands, and set it down again so softly and carefully that I cannot remember +his breaking a single article.... He drank by suction, stooping over the +vessel without even putting his hands into it or upsetting it, and in the +case of smaller vessels he carried them to his mouth.... When he was +anxious to obtain anything, no child could have expressed its wishes in a +more urgent and caressing manner." When he was refused anything he had +recourse to cunning, and looked anxiously to see if he was watched, and it +was "impossible not to recognise a deliberate plan and careful +calculation." When he had done what he had been forbidden or prevented from +doing, "his whole behaviour made it clear that he was conscious of +transgressing." The Gorilla is said by Dr. Savage to be very filthy in its +habits, but Dr. Falkenstein's observations disagree with this statement. On +this point the latter says "his cleanliness was remarkable." + +The Gorilla generally adopts a squatting position, with its arms folded +across its breast. When asleep he lies stretched out at full length on his +back or side, with one arm under his head. + +The Gorilla is very delicate, and rarely lives long in captivity, even in +his own land. + + +THE CHIMPANZEES. GENUS ANTHROPOPITHECUS. + + _Anthropopithecus_, De Blainville, Leçons Orales (1839). + + _Troglodytes_ (nec V.), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812). + +{188}This genus contains those Apes which stand highest, next to Man, in +the animal kingdom. This proximity, however, refers only to his external +conformation and his anatomical structure. + +The Chimpanzees approach very closely to the Gorilla in structure. Indeed +the Gorilla was at first placed in the same genus as the Chimpanzee, which +was much earlier known to science than its larger cousin, although an +excellent description of the Gorilla, under the name of Pongo, was brought +to this country by Andrew Battell, an English prisoner of the Portuguese in +Angola, early in the seventeenth century, and published in "Purchas his +Pilgrimage," in 1613, a story which for the first time referred definitely +to the Chimpanzee. + +The body is heavily built, but shorter and less robust than that of the +Gorilla. The crown is depressed, and the supra-orbital ridges, from which +rise stiff strong eye-brows, are prominent, but not remarkably so. The +eye-lids are wrinkled, and their margins set with eye-lashes. The nose, of +which the ridge is shorter than in the Gorilla, is depressed in the middle, +flatter at the extremity, and, as in the last-named species, is furrowed +longitudinally, its nostrils looking more downward and forwards. The lips +are extremely mobile and protrusile, the upper one broad and the lower one +retreating from the mouth, and not forming a true human-like chin, though +it is more prominent than in the Orang. The cheeks are more wrinkled than +in that Ape. The ears are large and projecting from the side of the head, +and often carry a lobule. They are strangely like those of Man, and, as Mr. +Darwin has remarked, the Chimpanzee never moves or erects its ears, so that +they are equally rudimentary, as far as that function is concerned, as in +Man. The shoulders and chest are broad, and indicate great strength. Their +lower limbs are longer in proportion than in the Orang. {189}The foot, +which is anatomically in no respect a hand, is sometimes shorter than the +latter, the great-toe is thick, opposable, and thumb-like, the other four +toes are united together by a web, the heel is somewhat developed, and the +whole of the sole of the foot is applied to the ground when walking. The +arms, of which the humeral segment is about equal in length to the +fore-arm, are long, but reach only a little below the knee--their span +being about a half more than the height of the body. The hands, which are +wonderfully human in form, are broad, comparatively short, and less +hook-like than in the Orang. The hair on the arm and fore-arm converges +towards the elbow, as in the Gorilla and Orang. The thumb is short in +comparison with the same digit in Man, and, as in the human hand, the +middle finger is the longest; the outer four fingers being united by a web +reaching up to the first joint. The palm of the hand can be applied flat to +the ground; but though the Chimpanzees can stand or run erect on the flat +sole of the foot, they prefer to advance leaning forward, supporting +themselves on the knuckles of the hand. They have no callosities on the +ischiatic bones, on which they sit. + +The female Chimpanzees are slightly smaller than the males, but the +disparity between them is much less than between the two sexes of the +Gorilla. The nose and teeth are less prominent, and the belly is more +tun-shaped. The young males also exhibit fewer differences from the adult +than among the Gorillas, though differing in many points of their soft +anatomy and osteology. The nose lengthens, and its extremity widens, while +the face becomes more prognathous with increasing years. In the young the +frontal bone is low and flat. The skull in the Chimpanzee is elongated, and +small in proportion to the body; the forehead is smaller, the crown more +rounded than {190}in the Gorilla, and the back of the head convex.[2] The +central (sagittal) crest, so strongly developed in the Gorilla and the +Orang, is here wanting; the supra-orbital ridges which extend across the +face, and the occipital prominences for the back-muscles, though large, are +also less marked. The orbits have a circular rim, and are less prominent +than in the Gibbons. The nasal bones are but slightly arched, and the +openings for the nostrils round and small. The jaws, which are smaller, +proportionately to the cranium, in this genus, than in any other of the +_Simiidæ_, protrude far forward, but the symphysis of the lower jaw is +smaller than in the Gorilla, and its two halves low and wide. The bones of +the skull are much hollowed out into cavities (sinuses) in the forehead, +nose, and jaws, all of which communicate with each other. The plane of the +_foramen magnum_ (for the passage of the spinal cord) is oblique to the +plane of the base of the skull. + +The volume of the cranium is from twenty-six to twenty-seven cubic inches, +or about one-half of the lowest capacity of a normal human cranium. A +styloid process is more or less distinctly visible in the Chimpanzees. + +The canine teeth are long and conical, but less than in the Gorilla; and +the diastema, or gap, between them and their neighbouring teeth is smaller +than in the other Apes. The molar teeth are four-cusped, and have the +oblique ridge already described extending from the front inner to the hind +outer cusp; and the middle lower molar has five cusps, both these dental +characters being similar to those in Man. The anterior lower pre-molar, +however, is pointed, and has a long sharp anterior edge, as in the +_Cercopithecidæ_. + +{191}The vertebral column begins to show the S-shaped flexure, +characteristic of Man's back-bone; it presents also a human character in +the form of its second neck vertebræ, and there are thirteen pairs of ribs, +as in Man. The hindmost vertebræ "give the impression of a rudimentary +tail." (_Hartmann._) + +The humerus is nearly equal in length to the fore-arm; the wrist (_carpus_) +has only eight bones (the central bone being absent), agreeing, therefore, +with the number in Man. + +All the ridges and grooves seen in the human brain are present in that of +the Chimpanzee, but "they are simpler and more symmetrical, and larger in +proportion to the brain." (_Huxley._) The cerebellum, and the nerves also, +are larger in proportion to the cerebrum than in Man; and certain +structures (the _corpora trapezoidea_) which exist in the brains in the +lower Mammalia are absent. These prominences, which are situated in that +portion of the brain known as the _medulla oblongata_, at the summit of the +spinal cord, disappear, as we have seen, in all the genera of higher rank +than the _Cebidæ_, one of the lowest families of the _Anthropoidea_. The +brain in its convolutions and in many other respects conforms to that of +the Orang. This is especially the case in _A. calvus_. + +The uvula, which is absent in the throat of the Orang, is pendulous in the +Chimpanzees, as in Man. Large air-sacs are also present, and the hyoid bone +is excavated posteriorly, suggesting the conformation of the same bone in +_Alouatta_ (the South American Howlers). The stomach is very similar to +that of Man, and so are the digestive and reproductive organs. The round +ligament, attaching the head of the thigh-bone into its pelvic socket, is +present, and restricts the flexibility of the hind-limb of the Chimpanzees, +compared with that of {192}the Orang. Its presence, however, while acting +somewhat less favourably in regard to the climbing capacities of these +animals, whose habits are less essentially arboreal than the Orangs', +beneficially assists them in walking, affording them a firmer support on +the ground. In the Chimpanzee there is always a semi-lunar fold (_plica +semilunaris_) in the inner corner of the eye, corresponding to the +nictitating membrane (or third eyelid) of birds. In some of the Lemuroids +it is well developed (_suprà_, vol. i., p. 90), and is large in some races +of men. + +The Chimpanzee is confined to the West African Sub-region, as defined by +Dr. Bowdler Sharpe. It is known from Loango, along the banks of the Upper +Congo, and Mr. Monteiro (P. Z. S., 1871, p. 544) says it is quite unknown +to the south of the Congo; it also occurs throughout the country of the +Manyema, in Central Africa, where Livingstone describes it under the name +of Soko; and southward as far as 10° south latitude, to Lake Moero. +Schweinfurth has recorded it from the Niam-niam country. + +The Chimpanzees inhabit forest regions, and feed on wild fruits in the +woods, and the products of cultivated gardens, not rejecting, when they can +capture it, animal food. They live in separate families, or in limited +communities of small families mixed together, but each male lives with his +own single female. They are more arboreal than the Gorilla, but much less +so than the Orangs. In many districts they seem to live on the ground. + +They emit loud cries, shrieks, and howls in the morning and evening, and +often during the night. "Since they are really accomplished in the art of +bringing forth these unpleasant sounds, which may be heard at a great +distance, and are reproduced by the echoes, it is impossible to estimate +the number {193}of those who take part in the dreary noise, but often we +seemed to hear more than a hundred." (_Pechuel-Lösche._) These Apes also +build resting-places, not far from the ground, like the Orangs, composed of +twigs and sticks on the branch of a tree or a crotch, in which the female +and her young take refuge for the night, the male placing himself on guard +beneath. + +They seldom make an unprovoked attack on the natives wandering in the +forest; on the contrary, they are peaceably disposed animals, glad to get +out of the way of danger or possible enemies. Yet, when pressed, they form +no mean antagonist. Biting is their principal mode of defence. + +"As seen here," says Savage, "they cannot be called gregarious, seldom more +than five or ten at most being found together. It has been said on good +authority, that they occasionally assemble in large numbers in gambols. My +informant asserts that he saw once not less than fifty so engaged, hooting, +screaming, and drumming with sticks upon old logs, which is done in the +latter case with equal facility by the four extremities.... When at rest, +the sitting posture is that generally assumed. They are sometimes seen +standing or walking, but when thus detected, they immediately take to all +fours, and flee from the presence of the observer. Such is their +organisation that they cannot stand erect, but lean forward. Hence they are +seen, when standing, with the hands clasped over the occiput, or the lumbar +region, which would seem necessary for balance or ease of posture." + +Most of the accounts of the habits we have of Chimpanzees, refer to those +of young individuals kept in captivity. There is still much to be +discovered as to the ways and modes of life of the adults of both the +Chimpanzee and the Gorilla. They are both very delicate, and in temperate +climates rarely live {194}more than a few months; a Bald Chimpanzee (_A. +calvus_), however, survived five years in the Zoological Gardens, in +London. + + +I. THE COMMON CHIMPANZEE. ANTHROPOPITHECUS TROGLODYTES. + + _Homo sylvestris_ (Ourang-outang), Tyson & Cowper, Phil. Trans., xxi., p. + 338 (1699); Tulpius, Observ. Anat., p. 270, pl. 14 (1641). + + _Homo troglodytes_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 32 (1766; pt.). + + _Simia troglodytes_, Gm., Syst. Nat., p. 26 (1788); Blumenb., Handb., x., + p. 73 (1803); Owen, Tr. Z. S. I., p. 344, pls. 48, 50-52, 55, 56 (1835); + ii., p. 169 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 8 (1876). + + _Troglodytes niger_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 87 (1812); Desmar., + Mammolog., p. 49 (1820); Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 37 (1840); var. + _Marungensis_, Owen, Tr. Z. S., v., p. 3, pls. i.-ix.; p. 279, pl. xlix. + (1866); Noalk, Zool. Jahrb., ii., p. 291 (1887). + + _Pseudanthropos (Troglodytes) leucoprymnus_, Less., Ill., Prod. Syst. + Mamm., pl. 12 (1811); Reichenb., Naturg. Affen., p. 191 (1862). + + _Pithecus leucopryma_, Less., Ill. Zool., pl. 31 (1836; young). + + _Satyrus lagaros_, Meyen, Arch. f. Naturg., p. 282 (1856). + + _Mimetes troglodytes_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 6 (1870). + + _Troglodytes vellerosus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., Append., p. 127. + + _Troglodytes schweinfurthi_, Gigl., Studii Craniol. sui Cimpanzé iii., p. + 56 (1872). + + _Troglodytes aubryi_, Grat. et Alix, Nouv. Arch. Mus., ii., p. 1, pls. 1, + 9 (1866). + + {195}_Troglodytes tchego_, Duvernoy, Arch. Mus., viii., p. 8 (1855). + + _Anthropopithecus troglodytes_, Flower & Lydekker, Mamm., p. 736, fig. + 357 (1891). + +CHARACTERS.--Face, ears, hands, and feet dark-reddish flesh-colour, or more +rarely of a blackish-brown colour; in general the colour of the hair is +wholly black, except on the upper and lower lips, where it is white and +very short, and in the region of the buttocks, where it is washed with +reddish-brown. + +Hair on the body straight and silky, with coarser hair interspersed; on the +top of the head it lies smoothly to each side, away from a median line; +round the face it forms bushy whiskers, extending down into a slight beard; +it encroaches on the brow, leaving only a triangular central space naked; +on the upper and lower lips are short, bristly hairs; the rest of the face +naked and much wrinkled; on the shoulders, the back, and the hips, the hair +is longer than elsewhere; the back of the hands and feet are thinly haired, +the fingers and toes nude. The margin of the ears is often folded in for +the greater part of its length. + +The skin of the body is of a peculiar light, yet muddy, flesh-colour, +sometimes verging on brown. Brownish or black spots on many parts of the +body seem to vary in different individuals. + +The expression of the face is grave, but less melancholy and pre-occupied +than in the Orangs. + +The weight of the brain in _A. troglodytes_ varies from 6½ to 6-3/5 ounces. + +This celebrated Man-like Ape has been known, by vague report at least, for +nearly three hundred years. The earliest clear account of its existence, +however, is derived from the "Strange {196}Adventures of Andrew Battell, of +Leigh in Essex, sent by the Portugals prisoner to Angola, who lived there +and in the adioining regions neere eighteene yeares." It was first +published in 1613 in "Purchas his Pilgrimage," and later more fully in +1625, in "Purchas his Pilgrimes."[3] Here it is related that in the +Province of Mayombe, "which is nineteen leagues from Longo along the Coast, +the woods are so covered with baboones, monkies, apes, and parrots that it +will fear any man to travaile in them alone. Here are also two kinds of +monsters, which are common in these woods, and very dangerous. The greatest +of these two monsters is called Pongo, in their language, and the lesser is +called Engeco." The Pongo turned out to be the Gorilla, the description +given by the old prisoner Battell proving to be wonderfully accurate. The +lesser monster, the Engeco, is equally certainly the Chimpanzee. The first +record of a specimen actually seen in Europe is in 1641, and is noticed by +Tulpius in his "Medical Observations," and the earliest scientific +description of a Chimpanzee--a young specimen of _A. troglodytes_--is that +of the anatomists Tyson and Cowper, published by the Royal Society in 1699. +It was, however, not till 1835, that the osteology of a full-grown specimen +was described, when Sir Richard Owen's memoir appeared, and shortly after a +very detailed account of its habits was given to the world by Dr. Thomas +Savage, the missionary to whom we have already referred (p. 184), followed +by a further anatomical investigation of its structure by Dr. Wyman, of +Boston, U.S.A. + +DISTRIBUTION.--This species is found over the greater part of Tropical +Central Africa, and its range is co-extensive with that given above for the +genus. Loango and the Gaboon, however, {197}are the districts from which +this Chimpanzee has chiefly been imported into Europe. + +HABITS.--The more characteristic habits of the common Chimpanzee have +already been given under the description of the genus. + +Its food consists of all sorts of forest fruits, and especially of the +young shoots of the _Scitamineæ_, or ginger-plants. + +The Chimpanzee can move the skin of its head, as the Gorilla does, but +without causing the erection of the hair, which the Orang and the Gorilla +are both able to accomplish. It can also to some considerable extent +wrinkle its forehead, if disappointed or pleased, as when refused anything, +or if tickled, when in the latter case it also utters a chuckling sound +like that of smothered laughter, draws back the corners of its mouth, and +wrinkles its eyelids. + +The _Soko_ observed by Livingstone in the Manuyema country would seem to be +the common Chimpanzee. "According to Livingstone," to quote Mr. H. H. +Johnston's note in his excellent "Life" of the great traveller, "these +creatures often walk in an erect position, but steady their bodies by +placing the hands on the back of the head. He represents this beast as +being of great intelligence, and so cunning, that it is difficult to stalk +him in front without being seen, and, therefore, when he is killed, it is +usually from behind. The Manuyema people frequently string a number of nets +round some enclosure in the forest and drive the _Sokos_ into them and +spear them. Brought to bay like this, they will frequently turn on their +assailants, and will snatch their spears from them, and break them, and +perhaps also bite off the ends of the men's fingers. But, as a rule, the +Soko is not ferocious. They are said to kidnap children and {198}run up the +trees with them, and have to be lured down by bananas. When wounded the +creature tries to staunch the blood by stuffing leaves into the wound. It +lives in communities of about ten, and is monogamous. The female produces +occasionally twins. As parents, they are very affectionate towards their +offspring, the father relieving the mother of the burden of her young one +in dangerous places. Their food consists of wild fruits. At times the +_Sokos_ collect together and drum with their fists on the trunks of hollow +trees, and accompany this performance with loud yells and screams." + +"According to the statements of the Niam-niam themselves," says +Schweinfurth, "the chase of the Chimpanzee requires a party of twenty or +thirty resolute hunters, who have to ascend the trees, which are some +eighty feet high, and to clamber after the agile and crafty brutes until +they can drive them into the snares prepared beforehand. Once entangled in +a net the beasts are without much further difficulty killed by means of +spears. However, in some cases, they will defend themselves savagely and +with all the fury of despair. Driven by the hunter into a corner, they are +said to wrest the lances from the men's hands and to make good use of them +against the adversary. Nothing was more to be dreaded than being bitten by +their tremendous fangs." The stories as to their carrying off young girls, +and constructing nests are pure fabrications, according to Schweinfurth. +Its name among the Niam-niam is "Ranya." "The life which the Ranya leads is +very much like what is led by the Orang-Utan in Borneo, and is spent almost +entirely in the trees, the woods on the river banks being the chief resort +of the animals.... Like the Gorillas, they are not found in herds, but +either in pairs, or even quite alone, and it is only the young which +occasionally may be seen in groups." + + +PLATE XLI. + +[Illustration: THE BALD CHIMPANZEE.] + + + +{199}II. THE BALD CHIMPANZEE. ANTHROPOPITHECUS CALVUS. + + _Troglodytes calvus_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii., p. 296 + (1861); id., Travels, pp. 32, 48, 63 (1861); Gray, P. Z. S., 1861, p. + 273; Bartlett, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 673, pl. xli.; Beddard, Tr. Z. S., + xiii., p. 177 (1893); Romanes, P. Z. S., 1889, p. 316. + + _Troglodytes kooloo-kamba_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii., + p. 358 (1861); id., Travels, pp. 39, 49, 50 (1861); Gray, P. Z. S., 1861, + p. 273. + + _Mimetes troglodytes_, var. a (_T. calvus_), Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. + Mus., p. 6 (1870). + + _Anthropopithecus calvus_, Flower & Lydekker, Mammals, p. 736 (1891). + + (_Plate XLI._) + +CHARACTERS.--This species was first indicated by Du Chaillu on his return +from his celebrated journey to the Gaboon, but based on poor skins, which +left much doubt as to the species being distinct. Excellently preserved +specimens were, however, brought home by Marche and Dr. Compiégne, and some +of them passed into the Dublin Museum, but it was not till 1885, when a +living specimen, now known to fame as "Sally," was received at the +Zoological Gardens in London, and lived there for five years, that the +correctness of Du Chaillu, as to the distinctness of his "Kooloo-kamba," +_A. calvus_, from _A. troglodytes_, was proved and accepted. + +Similar to _A. troglodytes_, but distinguished from it by the face, hands, +and feet being quite black, or brownish-black, instead of pale +flesh-colour; the front, top, and sides of the head and face are nearly +naked, having only a few short hairs on the head, which is quite destitute +of any signs of the parting so {200}conspicuous in _A. troglodytes_. The +hair is blacker than in the latter species, and extends only for a short +distance in front of the level of the ears, and on the sides of the face; +the temporal region and cheeks show a scanty growth; on the chin and upper +lip a sparse crop of short hairs, chiefly white; long scattered black +eyebrows, which do not meet in the mid-line, spring from the supra-orbital +ridges. The ears are as large as in _A. troglodytes_, very flat, but stand +out more prominently from the side of the head; their margin is nude, and +there is no lobule. The hands are haired across the knuckles, and again +(after a naked band) on the back of the hand and arm; the foot is haired +down to the first joints of the toes; the nails and fingers are very human +in appearance. + +Face very prognathous; the nasal bones ridged in the mid-line; the foot +less like a human hand than even in the Orang. "Sally's" brain weighed +8-3/5 ounces. + +The expression of the face, the expanded nostrils, the thicker lips, +especially the lower lip, and the more elevated skull, all distinguish _A. +calvus_ from _A. troglodytes_; in its muscular anatomy and in its brain it +also shows points of difference. + +DISTRIBUTION.--The interior of Gaboon, in Western Africa. + +HABITS.--The Bald Chimpanzee showed in captivity a disposition to live on +animal food, which the Common Chimpanzee never does. "Sally" had also the +singular habit of producing pellets, resembling the castings thrown up by +Raptorial birds; they were composed of feathers (of the birds she had +eaten) and other indigestible substances taken with her food. Moreover, +"Sally," as this Chimpanzee, now famous in the annals of zoology, was +named, was an expert rat-catcher, and caught and killed many rats that +entered her cage. "Her intelligence was {201}far above that of the ordinary +Chimpanzee. With but little trouble she could be taught to do many things +that require the exercise of considerable thought and understanding." +(_Bartlett._) In general habits _A. calvus_ differs, so far as known, in no +respect from _A. troglodytes_. + +It was on this Ape that the late Dr. G. J. Romanes, attracted by its high +intelligence, made his interesting psychological experiments, which are +related in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1889. "Her +intelligence was conspicuously displayed by the remarkable degree in which +she was able to understand the meaning of spoken language--a degree fully +equal to that presented by an infant a few months before emerging from +infancy, and, therefore, higher than that which is presented by any brute, +so far at least as I have met with any evidence to show. Having enlisted +the intelligent co-operation of the keepers, I requested them to ask the +Ape repeatedly for one straw, two straws, or three straws. These she was to +pick up and hand out from among the litter of her cage. No constant order +was to be observed in making these requests, but whenever she handed a +number not asked for, her offer was to be refused, while if she gave the +proper number her offer was to be accepted, and she was to receive a piece +of fruit as payment. In this way the Ape was eventually taught to associate +these three numbers with their names.... As soon as the animal understood +what was required, and had learnt to associate these three numbers with +their names, she never failed to give the number of straws asked for. Her +education was then extended in a similar manner from three to four and four +to five straws." "Sally" rarely made mistakes up to that number, but above +five and up to ten, to which one of the keepers endeavoured to advance her +education, the result is uncertain. {202}"It is evident that she +understands the words seven, eight, nine, and ten, to betoken numbers +higher than those below them, and when she was asked for any of these +numbers above six, she always gave some number over six and under ten. She +sometimes doubled over a straw to make it present two ends, and was +supposed to hasten, with the small stock of patience she possessed, the +attainment of her task." Dr. Romanes was disposed to think that the +uncertainty which attended her dealing with the numbers six and seven was +due to her losing patience rather than to her losing count. It was at all +events evident that "Sally" could count accurately up to five. Dr. Romanes +tried to teach her colours in the same way, but the result was so uniformly +negative that he was disposed to think that she was colour-blind, as she +was taught to distinguish between white straws and the straws of any other +colour, but she could not be taught to go further. + +In 1875 a female Ape, which received the name of "Mafuca," was received +from the Loango coast at the Dresden Zoological Gardens. "This," says Dr. +Hartmann, "was a wild unmanageable creature, 120 cm. in height, reminding +us in many respects of the Gorilla. The face was prognathous [more so than +in _A. troglodytes_]; the ears were comparatively small, placed high on the +skull, and projecting outwards; the supra-orbital arch was strongly +developed, and the end of the nose was broad, and there were rolls of fat +on the cheeks. The creature was, moreover, strongly built, and the region +of the hips and the belly was contracted, while the hands and feet were +large and powerful. The general physiognomical resemblance between Mafuca +and a female Gorilla [whose dead body I had examined] was very great." It +was suggested that the creature might be a cross between a Chimpanzee and a +Gorilla, as the traveller {203}Koppenfels had affirmed he had shot such +cross-bred animals. It is still an undecided question to what species it +belonged. + +Of the four genera of the _Simiidæ_, "the Gibbons are obviously most remote +from Man, and nearest to the _Cynopithecini_ (_Cercopithecidæ_). + +"The Orangs come nearest to Man in the number of the ribs, the form of the +cerebral hemispheres, the diminution of the occipito-temporal sulcus +[groove] of the brain, and the ossified styloid process; but they differ +from him much more widely in other respects, and especially in the limbs, +than the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee do. + +"The Gorilla is more Man-like in the proportions of the leg to the body, +and of the foot to the hand; further, in the size of the heel, the +curvature of the spine, the form of the pelvis, and the absolute capacity +of the cranium. + +"The Chimpanzee approaches Man most closely in the character of its +cranium, its dentition, and the proportional size of the arms." (_Huxley._) + + +THE HUMAN RACE. FAMILY HOMINIDÆ. + +With this family we reach the culminating point of the zoological tree. It +contains but one monotypic genus, HOMO, with its single species, HOMO +SAPIENS. Although deriving his specific designation from the unique +characteristic of his mental attributes, Man comes under review here alone +in his physical aspect as one of the mammalian animals. + +"Identical in the physical processes by which he originates--identical in +the early stages of his formation--identical in the mode of his nutrition +before and after birth, with the animals which lie immediately below him on +the {204}scale--Man, if his adult and perfect stature be compared with +theirs, exhibits, as might be expected, a marvellous likeness of +organisation. He resembles them as they resemble one another--he differs +from them as they differ from one another." (_Huxley._) On comparing his +external form and internal organisation with that of all the other known +zoological forms, he is found to fit no niche in the scale of +classification, founded on the same principles of likeness and +dissimilitude as applied to them, except in the vicinity of the Gibbons, +the Orangs, the Gorillas, and the Chimpanzees, of whose order--the +Primates--he forms only an additional though higher Family, solely on his +structural characters and entirely apart from those intangible mental +attributes which remove him supremely above all other creatures. Unbridged +as is the chasm between the Ape and Man, "the structural differences which +separate Man from the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee, are not so great as those +which separate the greater from the lower Apes." (_Huxley._) + +Of the three higher Apes, the Chimpanzees are those which appear to +approach Man most closely; but he is distinguished from them and from all +the other members of the _Simiidæ_ by his body being supported in the erect +position upon the outer edge of a broad, arched, short-toed foot, +articulated at right angles to the leg. This foot has a prominent heel and +a stout great-toe, longer than all the digits, except the second, but lying +parallel and not opposable to them, or capable of being moved away from +them, because of the flat unrounded articular surface of the ento-cuneiform +bone of the ankle. His back-bone has a strongly-marked, open S-shaped +curvature, with its concavity in the lower back, giving it its elasticity +and breaking any shock which might be transmitted otherwise to the brain +through the jolt of walking in the vertical position. His arms are +{205}proportionately much shorter than the legs, and also the spine; the +thumb is also longer in proportion than in the Apes, and, as the fingers +have all separate movements, the hand is thus better able to be adjusted to +minute operations. The head in Man is equipoised on the vertebral column +just under the centre of its mass, and is thus easily supported and moved, +whereas, in all lower forms of Vertebrates, it is placed further and +further from the centre towards the back, with its weight thrown towards +the front. In Man the skull cavity, not intruded upon and diminished by the +roof of the orbits, is characteristically high and arched, its capacity +being twice as great as any Ape's; still the difference in the cranial +capacity of different races of Man is much greater absolutely than that +between the highest Ape and the lowest Man. (_Huxley._) His facial and +jaw-bones are smaller, and project far less, even in the most prognathous +of men, than in the Apes; the lower front margin of the under jaw is +characteristically human, being produced forward to form the chin. In the +human skull there is always a spike-like bone--the styloid +process--dependent from and ossified to the ear-bones. + +In Man the form of the pelvis--the large osseous block to which the legs +are articulated--is very characteristic in its width; its great +basin-shaped cavity receives and supports his lower internal organs; to its +extensive external surface the muscles for enabling him to retain the erect +position are attached, while its width, by separating the thigh-bones, +gives to the body a form favourable to stability, which is increased by the +wide angle at which the articulating head of the femur is attached to its +shaft. "Were he to desire it, Man could not, with convenience, walk on all +fours: his short and nearly inflexible foot, and his long thigh, would +bring the knee to the ground; his widely separated shoulders and his arms, +too far {206}extended from the median line, would ill support the fore-part +of his body; the great indented muscle which, in quadrupeds, suspends the +trunk between the blade-bones as a girth, is smaller in Man than in any one +among them; the head is heavier, on account of the magnitude of the brain, +and the smallness of the sinuses or cavities of its bones; and yet the +means of supporting it are weaker, for he has neither cervical ligament, +nor are the vertebræ so modified as to prevent their flexure forward; he +could, therefore, only maintain his head in the same line with the spine, +and then, his eyes and mouth being directed towards the ground, he could +not see before him." (_Cuvier._) + +The breadth of the sacrum is equal to or exceeds its length, and the width +of the pelvis exceeds its height, the reverse of what is seen in Apes. The +wrist (_carpus_) in Man has no _central bone_; the ankle (_tarsus_) is +longer than the metatarsal segment, and that is again longer than the +toe-bones, which are more compressed than the finger-bones. In Man the +teeth form a continuous series--there is no diastema, which, with the +exception of the extinct _Anoplotherium_, is alone true of Man; his canine +teeth are never prominent or tusk-like. + +The human brain differs from that of the Man-like Apes in regard to its +convolutions and their separating grooves, only in minor characters; but in +weight, as in capacity, very greatly. The weight of a healthy full-grown +human brain never descends below thirty-two ounces, that of the largest +Gorilla, far heavier than any Man, never attains to more than twenty. Yet, +"the difference in weight of brain between the highest and the lowest Men +is far greater relatively and absolutely than between the lowest Man and +the highest Ape." (_Huxley._) + +Notwithstanding the enormous differences presented between {207}the highest +and lowest races of mankind, and widely as they are separated +geographically, these dissimilar characters are not considered sufficient +to constitute more than one species, since throughout the series one form +graduates into another, and all of them are fertile with each other. +Although there is but one species of Man, he is distinguishable, however, +according to Sir William Flower, into three main races. + + +A. _The Ethiopian Race._ + +Under this heading are included all the dark-skinned negroes, with black +frizzly hair, long heads (_i.e._, whose breadth is less than four-fifths of +its length), moderately broad faces, flat nasal bones, prominent legs, +thick everted lips, protruding jaws, and long fore-arms. To this race +belong (1) the Negroes, inhabiting Central Africa, of which there are +numerous tribes: (_a_) the yellowish-brown Hottentots of the South African +plains, and (_b_) the dwarfed straight-faced Bushmen, living outcast among +the mountains and rocks, remarkable for their tufted hair, their great +fatty buttocks, and the peculiar "click" in their speech; (2) the +_Negrillos_, of Central and West Africa, with short heads (_i.e._, whose +breadth is greater than four-fifths of its length); (3) the _Melanesians_, +composed of the Papuans of New Guinea, New Caledonia, and the Solomon +Islands, with strong supra-orbital ridges, and a narrow and prominent nose: +the "hyper-typical" mountaineers of Fiji, the Tasmanians, and the +Australians, especially of the northern portion of that continent, all +belong to this race; (4) the round-headed _Negritos_ of the Andamans, the +Philippines, and the Malay Archipelago. + + +B. _The Mongolian Race._ + +These are short in stature, have the skin yellow or brown, the hair black +and straight, abundant on the head, but sparse {208}elsewhere; the skull +low and intermediate between long and broad; the face broad, flat, and with +large cheek-bones; the eye-sockets high and round. To this stock belong (1) +the Eskimo of Greenland and all the sub-arctic regions of Eurasia and N. +America; (2) the Mongols, of whom the Japanese, the nomad Lapps, the Finns, +both of mixed Caucasian and Mongol blood, and those descendants of the +Mongols, the Magyars and the Turks, form a northern and much modified +group, while the Chinese, the Thibetans, the Burmese, and the Siamese +constitute a southern, more civilised, group; (3) the Malays of the Malayan +Peninsula and Sumatra, in which the Mongolian features are very apparent; +(4) the Brown Polynesians, inhabiting Samoa, Tonga, the Eastern Polynesian +islands, and New Zealand; (5) the native American races inhabiting the +continent from Terra del Fuego in the south, to the sub-arctic regions +occupied by the Esquimo. + + +C. _The Caucasian Race._ + +Of this stock there are two very distinct groups: (1) the tall, blond, +straight, fair-haired, blue-eyed, light-skinned, well-bearded peoples of N. +Europe, Scandinavia, Scotland, N. Germany--named _Xanthochroi_ +("yellow-haired" and pale of complexion) by Huxley: these have extended, as +a mixed race, also into N. Africa and Afghanistan; and by intermingling +with the Mongols have produced the Finns and the Lapps; and (2) the +_Melanochroi_ ("black-haired") people, shorter in stature, with long heads, +pale skins, prominent noses, but with black wavy hair and beards and dark +eyes, who inhabit S. Europe, N. Africa, and S.W. Asia, and are found also +in the British islands. They are known as Kelts, Iberians, Romans, +Pelasgians and Semites. The Dravidians of India, the Veddahs {209}of +Ceylon, and probably the Ainos of Japan and the Maoutze of China belong to +the Caucasian stock. The ancient Egyptians, of whom the Kopts and the +Fellahs of Egypt of to-day are the descendants, are pure _Melanochroi_. +(_Flower._) + + + + +EXTINCT ANTHROPOIDEA. + + +As we have seen above (vol. i., p. 110) the earliest Lemuroids appeared in +the Lower Eocene division of the Tertiary period in the New World, and in +the Old World in its upper strata; they continued during the whole of the +Eocene in the Western Hemisphere, and are last seen in the Lower Miocene of +North America. + +Fossil Apes, on the other hand, appear first in South America, in the Santa +Cruz beds of Patagonia, in strata of Upper Eocene or Oligocene age. In the +Old World they come on the scene only during the tropical ages of the +Miocene epoch. When the middle and upper strata of the latter period were +being deposited in Europe, Anthropoid Apes ranged from the Mediterranean +shores to further north than the present northern limit of the Old World +Apes. + +In the Pliocene age _Anthropoidea_ were living in Southern Asia, around +where the Sivalik hills now stand, and in Southern Europe, as at Pikermi +and Samos, being represented almost entirely by species of still existing +genera, and one living species--the Orang. Chimpanzees had already then +become differentiated, and perhaps Man had even appeared, though the +evidence is not sufficiently conclusive. + +In the Pleistocene, remains of many still living species have been brought +to light both in the New and the Old Worlds, and unmistakable osseous +remains, as well as abundant evidences {210}of his handiwork, prove the +existence of Man at that remote epoch. + + +FAMILY HAPALIDÆ (Vol. I., p. 129). + + +GENUS HAPALE (_op. cit._, p. 131). + +Of this genus abundant remains of two species have been found in many of +the Brazilian caverns of Pleistocene or recent age. These have been +referred to two species: HAPALE GRANDIS (Lund), and the still-living H. +JACCHUS (Linn.; cf. Vol. I., p. 132). + + +FAMILY CEBIDÆ (Vol. I., p. 150). + + +GENUS PROTOPITHECUS. + + _Protopithecus_, Lund, Ann. Sc. Nat. (2), xi., p. 230 (1839); Zittel, + Handb. Palæont., iv., p. 705 (1893). + +This genus is founded on a very large leg-bone from the Pleistocene +bone-caves of Brazil. The species has been described as PROTOPITHECUS +BRASILIENSIS, Lund. + + +GENUS CALLITHRIX (Vol. I., p. 158). + +Two species have been described from the Pleistocene bone-caves of Brazil: +CALLITHRIX CHLOROCNOMYS, Lund, and C. PRIMÆVA, Lund (= _C. antiqua_, Lund). + + +GENUS ALOUATTA (Vol. I., p. 192). + +Remains of one species, ALOUATTA URSINA (p. 149), has been discovered in +the Pleistocene bone-caves of Brazil. + + +GENUS CEBUS (Vol. I., p. 204). + +The Pleistocene bone-caverns of Brazil have preserved three species: one +extinct, CEBUS MACROGNATHUS, Lund, and two still living, C. FATUELLUS, +Linn., and C. CIRRIFER, Geoffr. + + +{211}GENUS HOMUNCULUS. + + _Homunculus_, Ameghino, Rev. Argent. Hist. Nat., i., pp. 290, 384 (1891). + + _Ecphantodon_, Mercenat, Rev. Mus. La Plata, ii., p. 74, pl. ii.; Zittel, + Handb. Palæont., iv., p. 704 (1893). + +The dental formula of this genus is I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3. The diastema, +or break, in the dental series is very small; the incisors are +chisel-shaped, the outer pair smaller than the inner pair. The canines, +which have a small basal cusp behind, are only slightly prominent; the +pre-molars have one root, and one low outer cusp, and two higher inner +cusps. The molars are quadrangular, with two pairs of cusps, each united +obliquely by a ridge; the anterior molar is smaller than the two hinder. +The arm-bone (_humerus_) has an ent-epi-condylar foramen. (_Zittel._) The +front surface of the line of union of the two halves of the lower jaw is +vertical. The terminal joints of the digits have nails. The thumb and the +great-toe are opposable. HOMUNCULUS PATAGONICUS, Ameghino (= _Ecphantodon +ceboides_, Mercenat), the only known species, is found in the Upper Eocene +or Oligocene of Santa Cruz, Patagonia. + + +GENUS ANTHROPOPS. + + _Anthropops_, Ameghino, Rev. Arg. Nat. Hist., i., p. 387 (1891); Zittel, + Handb. Palæont., iv., p. 704 (1893). + +This genus is known from only a fragment of a lower jaw containing four +small incisors, two strong canines, and anterior and median pre-molars, +both one-rooted. One species, ANTHROPOPS PERFECTUS, Ameghino, from the +older Tertiary (Upper Eocene or Oligocene) beds of Santa Cruz, Patagonia, +is known. + +Two genera, _Homocentrus_ (H. ARGENTINUS, Amegh.) and {212}_Eudiastus_ (E. +LINGULATUS, Amegh.), described by Ameghino, from the Santa Cruz beds in +Patagonia, are not yet sufficiently characterised. + + +FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ (Vol. I., p. 248). + + +GENUS PAPIO (_suprà_, p. 253). + +Several species of this still living genus have been recovered from strata +of the Tertiary epoch: PAPIO SUB-HIMALAYANUS (Meyer), from the Sivalik +hills, of Lower Pliocene age; P. FALCONERI (Lydekker), from the Pleistocene +bone-caves of Madras, India, and in the superficial deposits of Algeria, +North Africa; and P. ATLANTICUS (Thomas). + +The Sivalik species was closely related to the existing North-African +Baboons. + + +GENUS OREOPITHECUS. + + _Oreopithecus_, Gervais, C. R., p. 1223, lxxiv. (1872); Ristori, Boll. + Com. Geol. (3), i., pp. 178, 226, pls. vii., viii. (1890); Zittel, Handb. + Palæont, iv., p. 705 (1893). + +The characters which distinguish this genus are the incisors, which are +chisel-shaped above and scoop-shaped below; the large upper and lower +canine teeth; the upper pre-molars, which approach in shape to the molars, +with the outer cusps higher than the inner, and the inner one strong; the +upper molars with two pairs of opposite conical cusps, separated by a +longitudinal furrow, and with a strong cingulum; the posterior upper molar +smaller than the median; the lower molars smaller than the upper, with two +pairs of cusps, and a fifth on their hind border, which in the hindmost +tooth is developed into a strong talon. The face is short, and the chin +rounded. OREOPITHECUS BAMBOLII, Gervais, is the best known species, and was +obtained from the Mid-Miocene lignites of Monte Bamboli, {213}Casteani, and +Monte Massi, in Tuscany. It has been placed by some Palæontologists among +the _Simiidæ_, and by others in the _Cercopithecidæ_. According to Ristori, +the under jaw shows its alliance with _Papio_ and _Cercopithecus_; while +the upper jaw more resembles the Anthropoid Apes. It is the largest known +fossil Ape, and is excelled in strength only by _Dryopithecus_, Zittel. + + +GENUS MACACUS (_suprà_, p. 1). + +Species belonging to this still living genus, occurred in Asia and in +Europe in the age--the Pliocene--which immediately preceded the Great Ice +age, as well as in the Pleistocene epoch itself. MACACUS SIVALENSIS is the +oldest fossil of the genus, and was described by Mr. Lydekker from the +Sivalik beds of the Punjaub. M. PRISCUS is known from the Pliocene of +Montpellier, in France; M. FLORENTINUS, Cocchi (the same as _Aulaxinuus +florentinus_ of Cocchi, and _M. ausonianus_ of Forsyth Major), from the +Upper Pliocene beds in the valley of the Arno. M. SUEVICUS (Hedinger), +which has been described from a well-preserved palate-bone, having all the +molar, and two of the pre-molar teeth present, was found at Heppenlochs, in +Würtemberg. M. TRARENSIS (Pomel) is found in Algeria, in beds of the Ice +age; while, in holes on the rock of Gibraltar, remains of the same species +as is now living there--_M. inuus_--were discovered by Mr. Calderon in +1879. From another crevasse at Monstaines, in the Haute Garonne, M. Harlé +obtained a fragment of a lower jaw of a species of _Macacus_, associated +with the bones of Mammals of the Ice age. (_Zittel._) Of the same antiquity +is a jaw found, according to Mr. Lydekker, near the village of Grays, in +Essex, a fact which indicates a very great difference in the climate of +that part of England from that of the present day. + + +{214}GENUS DOLICHOPITHECUS. + + _Dolichopithecus_, Depéret, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., Palæont., i., p. 11 + (1890); Zittel, Handb. Palæont., iv., p. 707 (1893). + +Allied to _Semnopithecus_, but having the muzzle longer and the limbs +shorter and stouter. The genus has been based on three crania, several +teeth, and a number of the bones of the skeleton, belonging to the species +DOLICHOPITHECUS RUSCINENSIS, Depéret, from the Pliocene strata of +Perpignan, in France. (_Zittel._) + + +GENUS MESOPITHECUS. + + _Mesopithecus_, Wagner, Abh. K. Bayer, Ak. (1) iii., p. 154; vii., abth., + ii., p. 9; Zittel, Handb. Palæont., iv., p. 706 (1893). + +This genus is based on a skull and teeth, which indicate an alliance with +_Semnopithecus_, while the skeleton more resembles that of _Macacus Inuus_ +(the Barbary Ape). The male had much longer and more powerful canines than +the female. MESOPITHECUS PENTELICI, Wagner, the typical species, was +founded on a fragment originally brought by a soldier in 1838 from Pikermi +to Munich. Since then the whole skeleton has been recovered, and this is +now one of the best-known species of the fossil _Anthropoidea_. It lived in +Pliocene times, apparently in troops in the forests of the Pikermi plains, +which at that date extended far into what is now the Mediterranean Sea. +Remains of the same species have been discovered near Baltavar, in Hungary. + + +GENUS COLOBUS (_suprà_, p. 85). + +In the Mid-Miocene forests of Europe this genus was represented by a +species described by Professor Fraas as COLOBUS GRANDÆVUS, from Steinheim, +in Würtemburg. + + +{215}GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS (_suprà_, p. 100). + +Among the forests in which bamboos, liquidambars, tulip-trees, magnolias, +laurels, and pomegranates flourished in Upper Pliocene days, in the middle +of Europe, there lived troops of Langurs, closely allied to those of our +own time. SEMNOPITHECUS MONSPESSULANUS, Gervais, has been recovered from +the strata of that age, at Montpellier, and near Casino in Tuscany. S. +PALÆINDICUS (Lydekker) inhabited the forests in the region where the +Sivalik hills now rise at the foot of the Himalayas, while S. ENTELLUS +roamed over that region in the Pleistocene age, as its actual descendants +do to-day. + + +FAMILY SIMIIDÆ (_suprà_, p. 143). + + +GENUS PLIOPITHECUS. + + _Pliopithecus_, Gervais, C. R., xliii., p. 221 (1856); id., Zool. et Pal. + Franc., p. 8 (1859); Forsyth Major, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., xv., p. 82 + (1872); Zittel, Handb. Palæont., p. 708 (1893). + + _Protopithecus_, Ed. Lartet (nec Lund), Ann. Dep. Gers., 1851, p. 11. + +This genus is very nearly allied to _Hylobates_, but differs from it in the +form and proportions of its teeth. The genus is based on a lower jaw found +in the Mid-Miocene of Central Europe. The incisors are small and long; the +canines strong and but little taller than the incisors; the pre-molars are +low, the anterior having one cusp, and the next two cusps; the molars have +two pairs of opposite short, thick, conical cusps, with an additional one +on the hind border, which enlarges into a talon in the hindmost of the set. +The type species, PLIOPITHECUS ANTIQUUS, which very closely resembles the +Gibbons, lived in the luxuriant forests of Sansan (Gers), and a variety of +{216}it, described as P. CHANTREI, Depéret, inhabited the woods round Mont +Ceindre. Remains of the same animals have been obtained in the Brown-coal +beds of Elgg, in Switzerland and Göriach, in Steyermark. + + +GENUS HYLOBATES (_suprà_, p. 148). + +True Gibbons, indistinguishable from those now living in the island, have +been found in the caves of Borneo. + +A finely preserved limb-bone, from the Eppelsheim beds of the Pliocene age, +has also been ascribed to a species of this genus. + + +GENUS DRYOPITHECUS. + + _Dryopithecus_, Lartet, C. R., xliii., p. 221 (1856); id., Mem. Soc. + Geol., Palæon., i., p. 1, pl. 1 (1890); Gaudrey, C. R. Cx., p. 373 + (1890); Zittel, Handb. Palæont., iv., p. 709 (1893). + +This genus is based on remains from the Mid-Miocene of St. Gaudens (Haute +Garonne), which indicate the former existence of an Ape more Man-like than +any other. In size it approached the dimensions of the Chimpanzee; the +incisors are smaller--an elevated character--and shorter than those in the +Gorilla or the Chimpanzee. The canines are, as in the Gorilla, thick, sharp +behind, and taller than the cheek-teeth; the anterior pre-molar is large, +as in the Gorilla, has one root, and a strong cingulum on the inner side; +the posterior pre-molar is longer than broad, is two-cusped, and has a +flattened talon. The molar teeth have two pairs of opposite cusps, and a +fifth on the hind border, which develops, on the hindmost tooth, into a +two-cusped talon. The line of union of the lower jaw is high, {217}projects +obliquely forward, and is longer and narrower than in Man. The late +appearance of the last molar in the upper jaw was supposed to be a +character which was alone common to _Dryopithecus_ and Man; but Dr. Forsyth +Major has observed that in _Macacus_ the same late in-coming of the "wisdom +tooth" occurs. The type species, DRYOPITHECUS FONTANI, Lartet, which lived +in the Mid-Miocene forests of St. Gaudens, though the most Man-like of all +the Tertiary Apes, was nevertheless further distant from Man than the +Chimpanzees (_Anthropopithecus_). The form of the symphysis of its lower +jaw indicates that its snout was considerably lengthened. Certain molar +teeth found in the Bohnerz strata from Melchingen and Salmendingen, in +Würtemberg, and at one time considered to be human, have now been ascribed +to _D. fontani_. + + +GENUS SIMIA (_suprà_, p. 170). + +To this genus has been referred a molar tooth found in the Pliocene Strata +of the Sivalik hills in India. It is considered to belong to an Orang-Utan, +SIMIA SATYRUS. + + +GENUS ANTHROPOPITHECUS (_suprà_, p. 188). + +A fragmentary jaw, also from the Pliocene beds in the Sivalik hills, has +been described as ANTHROPOPITHECUS SIVALENSIS by Lydekker, who at first +placed it in a new genus, _Palæopithecus_, but has more recently determined +it to belong really to this now exclusively African genus. The relative +smallness of the premolars distinguish it from the Orang. Should this +determination be confirmed, the presence of a true Chimpanzee in Asia will +be a fact of the highest interest in the geographical distribution of the +_Simiidæ_. + + +{218}FAMILY HOMINIDÆ (_suprà_, p. 203). + + +GENUS HOMO (_suprà_, _p. 203_). + +Although, as has been stated above, the _Primates_, represented by lowly +Lemuroids evincing relationship with the ancestors of the hoofed animals +(_Ungulata_), first appeared in Eocene times, it would be a hopeless quest, +as Professor Boyd-Dawkins points out, to seek for a highly specialised Man +in a fauna where no living genus of Mammals was present. + +The earliest appearance of Man on the globe has been considered by Dr. Hamy +and M. de Mortillet to be in France in the middle of the Miocene age. They +base their belief on flint fragments supposed to be artificially made, and +on a cut upon the bone of an extinct Manatee considered to be of human +handiwork. The evidence is, however, doubtful and unsatisfactory. In this +age appeared such Anthropoids as _Pliopithecus_ and the highly-developed +_Dryopithecus_ (p. 216), when the climate was tropical in mid-Europe, and +warm and genial even within 8° 15[prime] of the North Pole. Professor +Boyd-Dawkins believes that notwithstanding the favourable climate and the +existence of so highly-developed an Ape as _Dryopithecus_, "were any +Man-like animal living in the Miocene age, he might reasonably be expected +to be not Man, but intermediate between Man and something else." + +The Pliocene, _i.e._, that portion of the Tertiary period in which the +_genera_ of mammals are mostly the same as those now living--only one +_species_ is known to be identical,--is the next horizon in which human +remains have been asserted to have been found. The evidence is based on a +skull found in a railway cutting in France after a landslip, and on a +supposed artificially incised bone; but both these data require +confirmation. Senhor Ribeiro has, however, obtained in Portugal implements +{219}said to be of undoubted human manufacture in strata of this age, 1,200 +feet below the surface; and it has been claimed by Professor Whitney that, +in California, a skull, as well as a mortar and pestle, have been recovered +from Pliocene beds. The latter evidence has also been called in question. + +The discovery at Crayford and in Kent's Hole in England, and in the Grotte +d'Église in France, of flint implements of human manufacture, demonstrates +without doubt that Man was living in Europe in the Pleistocene age--at +which time most of the species of Mammals were identical with those now +living--before the climate (which had been cooling since the Miocene) had +become so cold as to cause the Arctic Mammals to swarm down in front of the +approaching glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere. At that epoch the +River-drift Men, as they are called, would have had to contend with Wolves, +Bears, and Lions; while Elephants and Rhinoceroses, Horses, Oxen, and Bison +roamed wild around them. The implements of this "long-headed" race were +stones, conveniently picked up and rough-hewn into rude choppers and +scrapers, pointed borers, and cutting chips. There is evidence that their +makers ranged across a more extended Europe than now, into Africa and +continental India. After the River-drift Men, who disappeared with the Ice +age, there came on the scene a race known as the Palæolithic "Cave Men." +Associated with their bones there have been found, in numerous caverns, +remains of the Reindeer (_Cervus tarandus_), the Woolly Rhinoceros (_R. +tichorhinus_), and the Mammoth (_Elephas primigenius_). They were an +artistic people, who have left drawings of extraordinary fidelity of the +animals with which they were familiar, scratched on bones and horns of the +animals themselves. Their implements were better chipped and shaped than +were those of the {220}River-drift Men. They appear to have been ignorant +of the potter's art; but they clothed themselves in skins, wore +teeth-ornaments, and hunted the Reindeer and other animals--they were men, +as Sir A. Geikie remarks, who must have had much similarity with the +Esquimo--an identification, however, which has lately been strongly +contested. Many fragments of their skeletons have been found in caverns in +various parts of Europe: a lower jaw and an _ulna_ at Naulette, a skull at +Cro-Magnon, a lower jaw in the Grotte des Fées at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne), +another from the rock shelter of La Madelaine in the Dordogne; portions of +skulls from Neanderthal, Cannstatt, and Gibraltar, and as far north as +Derbyshire, in England. The remains are, unfortunately, all very +fragmentary, and afford little more information as to the physical +characters of the Palæolithic races, than that they were "long-headed." In +1886, however, in the Grotto of Spy, in the Belgian Province of Namur, were +discovered two nearly complete skeletons, which showed that the Neanderthal +skull, the lower jaw from Naulette, and the skulls from Cannstatt and +Gibraltar all belonged to the same race. This race, which was widely spread +over Europe in the Palæolithic age, presents more Simian characters than +any yet unearthed. MM. Lohest and Fraipont, of Liege, who discovered and +described the remains from Spy, have given in detail the following Simian +characteristics which they present: The superciliary crests are far +greater, and the forehead more retreating, than in any other known +race--characters which closely resemble those in female and young male +Orangs and Chimpanzees; and the occipital region of the skull shows a +transverse crest as in some African tribes and in the above-named +Anthropoid Apes. The lower jaw presents little or none of that markedly +{221}human character--the chin; and the slope of the interior (or +posterior) surface of its symphysis is intermediate between that of Man and +the higher Apes. The bones of the fore-arm (the _ulna_ and _radius_) are +curved so as to produce a space between them, wider than in any human +subject, and resembling what is seen in Apes. The thigh-bone (_femur_) is +so shaped and articulated to the leg-bone (_tibia_) "that in order to +maintain equilibrium the head and body must have been thrown forward." This +relation of the _femur_ and _tibia_ is found in the Apes, and it is highly +probable that the Man of Spy presented a somewhat similar figure when +walking; that is to say, the knees were bent and the body thrown forward. +The crowns of the molar teeth of this race have, as in the lowest races of +Man, four cusps, but with distinct and divergent roots, as among the +Chimpanzees, but they increase in size from in front to behind, as they do +in Apes. "The other and much more numerous characters of this long-headed +skull, of the trunk and of the limbs, seem to be all human." (_Fraipont._) +"Under whatever aspect we view this [the Neanderthal] cranium ... whether +we regard its vertical depression, the enormous thickness of its +supra-ciliary ridges, its sloping occiput, or its long and straight +squamosal suture--we meet with Ape-like characters, stamping it as the most +pithecoid of human crania yet discovered." The cranial capacity being, +however, about seventy-five cubic inches, "so large a mass of brain as this +would alone suggest that the pithecoid tendencies indicated by the skull +did not extend deep into the organisation.... In no sense, then, can the +Neanderthal bones be regarded as the remains of a human being intermediate +between Man and Apes." (_Huxley_, 1867.) "The distance which separates the +Man of Spy from the {222}modern Anthropoid Ape is undoubtedly enormous; +between the Man of Spy and the _Dryopithecus_ it is a little less. But we +must be permitted to point out that if the Man of the later Quaternary age +is the stock whence existing races have sprung, he has travelled a great +way. From the data now obtained, it is permissible to believe that we shall +be able to pursue the ancestral type of Man and the Anthropoid Apes still +further, perhaps as far as the Eocene, and even beyond." (_Fraipont._) As +these fossil human remains are now admitted to be of the Palæolithic age of +the Pleistocene period, they give some idea of "the rate of evolution of +the human species, and indicate that it has not taken place at a much +faster or slower pace than that of other Mammalia. And if that is so, we +are warranted in the supposition that the genus _Homo_, if not the species +which the courtesy or the irony of naturalists has dubbed _sapiens_, was +represented in Pliocene or even Miocene times.... There is no reason to +suppose that the genus _Homo_ was confined to Europe in the Pleistocene +age; it is much more probable that this, like other Mammalian genera of +that period, was spread over a large extent of the surface of the globe. At +that time, in fact, the climate of regions nearer the equator must have +been far more favourable to the human species, and it is possible that +under such conditions it may have attained a higher development than in the +north." (_Huxley._) Professor Huxley points out also, in the interesting +article "The Aryan Question," in _The Contemporary Review_ for November, +1890, from which we have taken the above extracts, that the Irish river-bed +skulls, belonging to a dark-haired, long-headed race, and those of the +Frisians, the blond, long-headed race, now living on the North German +coast, unmistakably approach the Neanderthal and Spy type in many of their +distinctive {223}characters, "a sure indication" of the physiological +continuity with the Pleistocene Neanderthaloid Men. The skulls of some of +the Australian aboriginals and of the broad-headed people of Borreby, in +Denmark, also present a remarkable similarity to the Neanderthal +skull--perhaps an indication that those are characters of a stage in the +pedigree of the human species before it differentiated into any of the +existing races. (_Huxley._) + +The next palæontological evidence of Man is found in the Neolithic cavern +deposits, alluvial accumulations, peat mosses, lake bottoms, pile +dwellings, and shell-mounds in various parts of Europe. Between the time +that Palæolithic Man left the caves he occupied, and the date when the +earlier Neolithic people began to deposit fragments of the records of their +history in the kitchen-midden, which they piled in front of their shelters, +a long period appears to have elapsed in many districts. The objects found +in these refuse-heaps are not associated with the remains of the Mammoth, +the Woolly Rhinoceros, or the Elephant, but with those of animals still +living, or such as have lived down to within historical times. The remains +of his skeleton indicate that Neolithic Man varied very much in stature. +Some were tall, some short; some had long and others broad skulls. The +long-skulled people had the same tall stature and cranial peculiarities as +the blue-eyed, light haired, and long-headed _Xanthochroi_ living at the +present day in Eastern Prussia, North Belgium, Northern France, and +Britain, though their bony fabric "bears marks of somewhat greater +ruggedness and savagery." The broad-skulled Men were short, and agreed in +physical characters with the majority of the people now inhabiting the +Mediterranean sea-board--the _Melanochroi_--with black hair and black eyes. +Many Neolithic graves have {224}given up also the remains of a tall, +broad-skulled, and a short, long-skulled race. + +Such are the only recovered links in the pedigree of our race, and +extremely unsatisfactory they are; indeed, beyond these few spots in +Western Europe, in California, and the Mississippi valley in North America, +Palæontology is silent as to the history of Man, and sheds no light upon +his origin, or his last pithecoid parents; for, in Professor Huxley's +impressive words, "so far as that light is bright it shows him +substantially as he is now, and when it grows dim it permits us to see no +sign that he was other than he is now." + + + + +{225}III.--THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMATES. + + +By means of the accompanying tables and maps I have attempted to present in +a concise and clear manner the distribution of the _Lemuroidea_ and the +_Anthropoidea_ in time and in space. + +For the distribution of existing forms I have followed the divisions of the +Globe proposed by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in his essay on the Zoo-Geographical +Areas of the World, published in "Natural Science" (Vol. III., pp. +100-108). + + + + +I. Table showing the genera of PRIMATES peculiar to, and common to, the Old +and New Worlds. + + + + _A._ LEMUROIDEA. + + OLD WORLD. NEW WORLD. + (Palæogæa.) (Neogæa.) + Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct. + Fam. CHIROMYIDÆ. + Chiromys [+] -- -- -- + + Fam. TARSIIDÆ. + Tarsius [+] -- -- -- + + Fam. MEGALADAPIDÆ. {226} + Megaladapis -- [+] -- -- + + Fam. LEMURIDÆ. + Perodicticus [+] -- -- -- + Loris [+] -- -- -- + Nycticebus [+] -- -- -- + Galago [+] -- -- -- + Chirogale [+] -- -- -- + Microcebus [+] -- -- -- + Opolemur [+] -- -- -- + Lemur [+] [+] -- -- + Mixocebus [+] -- -- -- + Hapalemur [+] -- -- -- + Lepidolemur [+] -- -- -- + Avahis [+] -- -- -- + Propithecus [+] -- -- -- + Indris [+] -- -- -- + + Fam. ANAPTOMORPHIDÆ. + Microchærus -- [+] -- -- + Mixodectes -- -- -- [+] + Cynodontomys -- -- -- [+] + Omomys -- -- -- [+] + Anaptomorpha -- -- -- [+] + Plesiadapis -- [+] -- -- + Protoadapis -- [+] -- -- + + Fam. ADAPIDÆ. {227} + Adapis -- [+] -- [+] + Tomitherium -- -- -- [+] + Laopithecus -- -- -- [+] + Pelycodus -- [+] -- [+] + Microsyops -- -- -- [+] + Hyopsodus -- [+] -- [+] + Indrodon -- -- -- [+] + Opisthotomus -- -- -- [+] + Apheliscus -- -- -- [+] + Sarcolemur -- -- -- [+] + Hipposyus -- -- -- [+] + Bathrodon -- -- -- [+] + Mesacodon -- -- -- [+] + Stenacodon -- -- -- [+] + + _B._ ANTHROPOIDEA. + + Fam. HAPALIDÆ. + Hapale -- -- [+] [+] + Midas -- -- [+] -- + + Fam. CEBIDÆ. + Chrysothrix -- -- [+] -- + Protopithecus -- -- -- [+] + Callithrix -- -- [+] [+] + Nyctipithecus -- -- [+] -- {228} + Brachyurus -- -- [+] -- + Pithecia -- -- [+] -- + Alouatta -- -- [+] [+] + Cebus -- -- [+] [+] + Homunculus -- -- -- [+] + Anthropops -- -- -- [+] + Lagothrix -- -- [+] -- + Brachyteles -- -- [+] -- + Ateles -- -- [+] -- + + Fam. CERCOPITHECIDÆ. + Papio [+] [+] -- -- + Theropithecus [+] -- -- -- + Cynopithecus [+] -- -- -- + Oreopithecus -- [+] -- -- + Macacus [+] [+] -- -- + Cercocebus [+] -- -- -- + Cercopithecus [+] -- -- -- + Dolichopithecus -- [+] -- -- + Mesopithecus -- [+] -- -- + Colobus [+] [+] -- -- + Semnopithecus [+] [+] -- -- + Nasalis [+] -- -- -- + + Fam. SIMIIDÆ. {229} + Pliopithecus -- [+] -- -- + Hylobates [+] [+] -- -- + Dryopithecus -- [+] -- -- + Simia [+] [+] -- -- + Gorilla [+] -- -- -- + Anthropopithecus [+] [+] -- -- + + +It will be apparent from the above tables that, while the living +_Lemuroidea_ are confined to the Eastern Hemisphere, in past times some +genera were not only common to both Hemispheres, but the Order was equally +well, if not indeed better, represented in the New, than in the Old, World. +Among the _Anthropoidea_, on the other hand, then, as now, none of the +genera were common to both Hemispheres; and a large number of the genera, +which then existed, were identical with genera now living, to a greater +extent than among the _Lemuroidea_. + + + + +II. Tables to illustrate the distribution of the genera of Primates in +time, in the different Zoo-Geographical Regions into which the World has +been divided. + + +{230}_A._ PALÆARCTIC REGION. + + Column headings + + L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. + P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. + + ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- + | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW + +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. + | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Fam. Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Anaptomorphidæ | 2 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Adapidæ | 2 | 3 | 3 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Fam. Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 + ,, Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- |-- | 1 |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + ,, Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 + ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + + + +{231}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION. + + Column headings + + L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. + P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. + + ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- + | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW + +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. + | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 + Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | -- | -- + Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 12 | 42 + Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 6 | 68 + Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 3 + Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 + ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + + + +{232}_C._ INDIAN REGION. + + Column headings + + L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. + P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. + + ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- + | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW + +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. + | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 2 + Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 2 + Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 3 |-- | 2 | -- | 4 | 42 + Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- | -- | 1 | 2 | 8 + Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 + ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + + +PLATE XLII. + +LEMUROIDEA. + +[Illustration: _I. MAP, Showing the distribution of Living (Blue) and +Fossil (Red) Lemuroidea._] + + + +PLATE XLIII. + +LEMUROIDEA. + +[Illustration: _II. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Family Tarsiidæ +(Blue), and the Sub-family Galaginæ (Red) of the Lemuridæ._] + + +{233}_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION. + + Column headings + + L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. + P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. + + ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- + | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW + +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. + | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 + Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 3 | 4 + Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 + ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + + + +{234}_E._ NEARCTIC REGION. + + Column headings + + L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. + P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. + + ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- + | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW + +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. + | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Anaptomorphidæ | 3 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Adapidæ | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 + ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + + + +{235}_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION. + + Column headings + + L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper. + P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species. + + ------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+-------- + | TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW + +-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING. + | EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | | + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + | L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S + +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 1 | 1 | 2 | 22 + Cebidæ |-- |-- | 4 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 7 | -- | 10 | 65 + Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | -- + Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 + ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+--- + + +{236}The above tables show that during the Eocene epoch of the Tertiary +Period the _Lemuroidea_ were confined to the Palæarctic and Nearctic +Regions; and, if the geological record were more perfect, we should +probably find that they were distributed across the greater part of the +Northern Hemisphere, which at that period was sub-tropical in climate. +Outside these two regions no Lemuroid remains have been found after the +close of the Eocene (with the exception of the solitary Lower Miocene genus +_Laopithecus_) till the Recent Period, when the superficial deposits of +Madagascar have yielded the sub-fossil _Megaladapis madagascariensis_ and a +large undescribed species (probably of a new genus) of _Lemuridæ_, both of +which may have been living in the historic period. At the present day +Lemuroids are unknown in either the Palæarctic or Nearctic Regions, and, +with the exception of four species, none are now found outside the +Ethiopian Region. + +The _Anthropoidea_, on the other hand, first appear in the Neotropical +Region, in the upper Eocene, but the age of the Santa Cruz formation, in +which the remains occur, has not yet been settled with certainty. In the +Eastern Hemisphere they appear in the Mid-Miocene, and continue through the +Pliocene, the Pleistocene and Recent deposits. As yet no remains have been +found in the Nearctic Region, where Lemuroid remains occur so abundantly. + +{237}The subjoined tables indicate the number of species in each of the six +great Zoo-Geographical Regions, followed by others showing those peculiar +to, and those living and fossil in, the various sub-divisions of these +Regions:-- + + _A._ _B._ _C._ _D._ _E._ _F._ + Palæarctic Ethiopian Indian Australian Nearctic Neotropical + Region. Region. Region. Region. Region. Region. + LEMUROIDEA. + CHIROMYIDÆ. + Chiromys -- 1 -- -- -- -- + TARSIIDÆ. + Tarsius -- -- 2 1 -- -- + Megaladapidæ.+ + Megaladapis+ -- 1 -- -- -- -- + LEMURIDÆ. + Perodicticus -- 2 -- -- -- -- + Loris -- -- 1 -- -- -- + Nycticebus -- -- 1 -- -- -- + Galago -- 6 -- -- -- -- + Chirogale -- 3 -- -- -- -- + Microcebus -- 5 -- -- -- -- + Opolemur -- 2 -- -- -- -- + Lemur -- 8 -- -- -- -- + Mixocebus -- 1 -- -- -- -- + Hapalemur -- 2 -- -- -- -- + Lepidolemur -- 7 -- -- -- -- + Gen. ined.+ -- 1 -- -- -- -- + Avahis -- 1 -- -- -- -- + Propithecus -- 4 -- -- -- -- + Indris -- 1 -- -- -- -- + Anaptomorphidæ.+ + Microchærus+ 7 -- -- -- -- -- + Mixodectes+ -- -- -- -- 2 -- + Cynodontomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- + Omomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- + Anaptomorphus+ -- -- -- -- 3 -- + Plesiadapis+ 4 -- -- -- -- -- + Protoadapis+ 2 -- -- -- -- -- + Adapidæ.+ + Adapis+ 5 -- -- -- 1 -- + Tomitherium+ -- -- -- -- 1 -- + Laopithecus+ -- -- -- -- 2 -- + Pelycodus+ 1 -- -- -- 4 -- + Microsyops+ -- -- -- -- 3 -- + Hyopsodus+ 1 -- -- -- 6 -- + Opisthotomus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- + Apheliscus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- + Sarcolemur+ -- -- -- -- ? -- + Hipposyus+ -- -- -- -- ? -- + Bathrodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- + Mesacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- + Stenacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? -- + + ANTHROPOIDEA. + HAPALIDÆ. + Hapale -- -- -- -- -- 8 + Midas -- -- -- -- -- 14 + CEBIDÆ. + Chrysothrix -- -- -- -- -- 4 + Callithrix -- -- -- -- -- 13 + Nyctipithecus -- -- -- -- -- 5 + Brachyurus -- -- -- -- -- 3 + Pithecia -- -- -- -- -- 5 + Alouatta -- -- -- -- -- 6 + Cebus -- -- -- -- -- 19 + Lagothrix -- -- -- -- -- 2 + Brachyteles -- -- -- -- -- 1 + Ateles -- -- -- -- -- 10 + Protopithecus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 + Homunculus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 + Anthropops+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 + ? Homocentrus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 + ? Eudiastus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1 + CERCOPITHECIDÆ. + Papio 1 11 2 -- -- -- + Theropithecus -- 1 -- -- -- -- + Cynopithecus -- -- 1 1 -- -- + Oreopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- + Macacus 8 -- 14 2 -- -- + Dolichopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- + Mesopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- + Cercocebus -- 6 -- -- -- -- + Cercopithecus -- 41 -- -- -- -- + Colobus 1 10 -- -- -- -- + Semnopithecus 1 -- 31 -- -- -- + Nasalis -- -- 1 -- -- -- + SIMIIDÆ. + Pliopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- + Hylobates 1 -- 7 -- -- -- + Dryopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- + Simia -- -- 1 -- -- -- + Gorilla -- 1 -- -- -- -- + Anthropopithecus -- 2 1 -- -- -- + + +The following is a sketch of the past and present distribution of the +Primates in the different Sub-regions and Provinces recognised by Dr. +Bowdler Sharpe in his paper on the "Zoo-Geographical Areas of the World" +already referred to. + +{241}The black type indicates extinct or fossil species. The names of +species peculiar to a certain area are printed in ordinary type, and those +which are common to two or more areas are indicated by italics. + + +_A._ PALÆARCTIC REGION. + + +_A^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + +_A^2._ EURASIAN SUB-REGION. + + +_A^2._ [alpha]. EUROPEAN PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- 3 | Peculiar genera -- 3 + ,, species -- 20 | ,, species -- 9 + +The following species formerly existed in the Province:-- + + LEMUROIDEA. + + 1. Michrochærus antiquus.+ 2. M. erinaceus.+ 3. M. edwardsi.+ 4. M. + parvulus.+ 5. M. zitteli.+ 6. M. armatus.+ 7. M. (Cryptopithecus) + siderolithicus.+ 8. Plesiadapis remensis.+ 9. P. gervaisi.+ {242}10. P. + tournesarti.+ 11. P. daubrei.+ 12. Protoadapis crassicuspidens.+ 13. P. + recticuspidens.+ 14. Adapis parisiensis.+ 15. A. lemuroides.+ 16. A. + magna.+ 17. A. augustidens.+ 18. A. minor.+ 19. Pelycodus helveticus.+ + 20. Hyopsodus jurensis.+ + + + ANTHROPOIDEA. + + 1. Macacus priscus.+ 2. M. pliocenus.+ 3. M. suevicus.+ 4. + Dolichopithecus ruscinensis.+ 5. Colobus grandævus.+ 6. Pliopithecus + antiquus.+ 7. P. chantrei.+ 8. Hylobates sp.+ 9. Dryopithecus fontani.+ + + +_A^2._ [beta]. EAST SIBERIAN PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent. + ,, species ,, | ,, species ,, + + +_A^3._ MANCHURIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 -- + +In this Sub-region the following species are found at the present day:-- + + 1. Macacus fuscatus. 2. M. tcheliensis. + + +{243}_A^4._ MEDITERRANEO-ASIATIC SUB-REGION. + + +_A^4._ [alpha]. MEDITERRANEAN PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 2 + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 6 + +The following species are characteristic of this Province:-- + + 1. Papio atlanticus.+ 2. Oreopithecus bambolii.+ 3. Macacus inuus (living + and fossil). 4. M. florentinus.+ 5. M. trarensis.+ 6. Mesopithecus + pentelici.+ 7. Semnopithecus monspessulanus.+ + + +_A^4._ [beta]. MEDITERRANEO-PERSIC PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent. + ,, species ,, | ,, species ,, + + +_A^4._ [gamma]. MONGOLIAN PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + + +{244}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION. + + +_B^1._ SAHARAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + + +_B^2._ SOUDANESE SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 -- + +In this Sub-region the following species appear to be found:-- + + 1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. demidoffi._ 3. _Papio maimon._ 4. _P. + babuin._ 5. _P. sphinx._ 6. _P. hamadryas._ 7. _Cercopithecus sabæus._ 8. + C. neglectus. 9. C. patas. 10. C. pyrrhonotus. + + +_B^3._ WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- + ,, species 4 -- | ,, species 37 -- + +{245}In this Sub-region the following species occur:-- + + 1. Perodicticus calabarensis. 2. P. potto. 3. Galago alleni. 4. _G. + demidoffi._ 5. G. monteiri. 6. _Papio maimon._ 7. P. leucophæus. 8. _P. + babuin._ 9. P. anubis. 10. _P. sphinx._ 11. Cercocebus fuliginosus. 12. + C. æthiops. 13. C. albigena. 14. C. aterrimus. 15. Cercopithecus + petaurista. 16. C. signatus. 17. C. erythrogaster. 18. C. buettikoferi. + 19. C. martini. 20. C. ludio. 21. C. melanogenys. 22. C. nictitans. 23. + C. stampflii. 24. C. erythrotis. 25. C. cephus. 26. C. cynosurus. 27. C. + callitrichus. 28. C. mona. 29. _C. albigularis._ 30. C. campbelli. 31. + _C. leucampyx._ 32. C. grayi. 33. C. pogonias. 34. C. diana. 35. C. + palatinus. 36. C. brazzæ. 37. C. talapoin. 38. C. nigripes. 39. C. wolfi. + 40. Colobus verus. 41. C. ferrugineus. 42. C. satanas. 43. C. ursinus. + 44. C. vellerosus. [?45. _C. angolensis._] 46. _C. guereza._ 47. Gorilla + gorilla. 48. Anthropopithecus niger. 49. A. calvus. + + +_B^4._ ABYSSINIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 5 -- + +This Sub-region is the habitat of the following species:-- + + 1. Papio doguera. 2. _P. babuin._ 3. P. thoth. 4. _P. hamadryas._ 5. + Theropithecus gelada. 6. T. obscurus. 7. _Cercopithecus sabæus._ 8. C. + boutourlini. 9. _Colobus guereza._ + + +{246}_B^5._ EAST AFRICAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 11 -- + +In this Sub-region occur the following species:-- + + 1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. G. garnetti. 3. _G. crassicaudata._ 4. + _Papio babuin._ 5. P. ibeanus. 6. _P. sphinx._ 7. P. langheldi. 8. + Cercocebus galeritus. 9. Cercopithecus rufo-viridis. 10. C. schmidti. 11. + _C. albigularis._ 12. _C. pygerythrus._ 13. C. ochraceus. 14. C. stairsi. + 15. C. moloneyi. 16. _C. leucampyx._ 17. Colobus rufo-mitratus. 18. C. + kirki. 19. C. angolensis. 20. _C. guereza._ 21. _C. caudatus._ + + +_B^6._ SOUTH-AFRICAN SUB-REGION. + + +[alpha]. CAPE PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 -- + +The following species inhabit this Province:-- + + 1. Papio porcarius; _Cercopithecus pygerythrus_. + + +{247}[beta]. NATALESE PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 -- + +The following species occur within this Province:-- + + 1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. crassicaudata._ 3. _Cercopithecus + pygerythrus._ 4. _C. albigularis._ 5. _C. samango._ + + +_B^7._ CAMERONIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + +In this Sub-region the following species occur:-- + + 1. _Cercopithecus albigularis._ 2. _Colobus caudatus._ + + +_B^8._ LEMURIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera 12 2 | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species 34 2 | ,, species 1 -- + +{248}The following species are peculiar to this Sub-region:-- + + 1. Chiromys madagascariensis; Chirogale, 4 species; Microcebus, 4 + species; Opolemur, 2 species; Lemur, 8 species; Megaladapis + madagascariensis+; Gen. ined.+; Mixocebus caniceps; Hapalemur, 2 species, + Lepidolemur, 7 species; Avahis laniger; Propithecus, 3 species; Indris + brevicaudatus. + + +_C._ INDIAN REGION. + + +_C^1._ INDIAN-PENINSULAR SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 6 4 + +The following species are characteristic of this Sub-region:-- + + 1. Loris gracilis. 2. Papio sub-himalayanus.+ 3. P. falconeri.+ 4. + _Macacus rhesus._ 5. M. pileatus. 6. M. sinicus. 7. M. sivalensis.+ 8. + Semnopithecus entellus.[4] 9. S. priamus. 10. S. hypoleucus. 11. S. + cephalopterus. 12. S. palæindicus.+ + + +_C^2._ INDO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- + ,, species 1 -- | ,, species 19 -- + + +PLATE XLIV. + +LEMUROIDEA. + +[Illustration: _III. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Family +Chiromyidæ, and of the Sub-families Lemurinæ and Indrisinæ (Blue), and of +the Lorisinæ (Red) of the Lemuridæ._] + +PLATE XLV. + +ANTHROPOIDEA + +[Illustration: _IV. MAP, Showing the distribution of Living (Blue) and +Fossil (Red) Anthropoidea._] + +{249}The following species are found in this Sub-region:-- + + 1. Tarsius tarsius. 2. _T. fuscus._ 3. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 4. + Macacus rufescens. 5. M. nemestrinus. 6. _M. cynomolegus._ 7. + Semnopithecus sabanus. 8. S. hosii. 9. S. thomasi. 10. S. everetti. 11. + S. cruciger. 12. _S. obscurus._ 13. S. maurus. 14. S. femoralis. 15. S. + rubicundus. 16. S. natunæ. 17. S. frontatus. 18. S. melanolophus. 19. S. + mitratus. 20. Nasalis larvatus. 21. _Hylobates agilis._ 22. H. leuciscus. + 23. _H. lar._ 24. H. syndactylus. 25. Simia satyrus. + + +_C^3._ INDO-CHINESE SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 13 -- + +The following species inhabit this Sub-region:-- + + 1. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 2. Macacus leoninus. 3. _M. rhesus._ 4. M. + sancti-johannis. 5. M. Cyclops. 6. _M. cynomologus._ 7. Semnopithecus + barbii. 8. S. pileatus. 9. _S. obscurus._ 10. S. germaini. 11. S. + phayrii. 12. S. nemæus. 13. S. nigripes. 14. S. siamensis.[5] 15. + _Hylobates agilis._ 16. H. leucogenys. 17. H. hoolock. 18. _H. lar._ 19. + H. hainanus. + + +_C^4._ HIMALO-CHINESE SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 -- + +{250}The following species occur in this Sub-region:-- + + 1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. lasiotis. 3. Semnopithecus roxellanæ. 4. S. + schistaceus. + + +_C^5._ HIMALO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 -- + +The following species occur in this Sub-region:-- + + 1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. assamensis. 3. M. silenus. 4. Semnopithecus + johni. 5. S. ursinus. + + +_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION. + + +_D^1._ CELEBESIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 -- + +The following species are found within this Sub-region:-- + + 1. _Tarsius fuscus._ 2. Cynopithecus niger. 3. Macacus maurus. 4. _M. + cynomologus._ + + +{251}_D^2._ MOLUCCAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + +Only one species is found in this Sub-region:-- + + _Macacus cynomologus._ (Timor; Lombock.) + + +_D^3._ PAPUAN. _D^4._ AUSTRALIAN. _D^5._ NEW ZEALAND. _D^6._ FIJIAN. _D^7._ +HAWAIAN SUB-REGIONS. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + +Both orders are unknown in these Sub-regions. + + +_E._ NEARCTIC REGION. + + +_E^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION. + + +[alpha]. ARCTIC PROVINCE. + +1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown. + + + +{252}[beta]. ALASKAN ARCTIC PROVINCE. + +1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown. + + + +_E^2._ WARM TEMPERATE SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- 15 | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- 30 | ,, species -- -- + +The following species have been found fossil in this Sub-region:-- + + 1. Mixodectes pungens.+ 2. M. crassiusculus.+ 3. Cynodontomys latidens.+ + 4. Omomys carteri.+ 5. Anaptomorphus æmulus.+ 6. A. homunculus.+ 7. + Adapis tenebrosus.+ 8. Tomitherium rostratum.+ 9. Laopithecus robustus.+ + 10. L. lemurinus.+ 11. Pelycodus jarrovii.+ 12. P. tutus.+ 13. P. + frugivorus.+ 14. P. angulatus.+ 15. Microsyops spierianus.+ 16. M. + elegans.+ 17. M. scottianus.+ 18. Hyopsodus acolytus.+ 19. H. paulus.+ + 20. H. minusculus.+ 21. H. vicarius.+ 22. H. powellianus.+ 23. Indrodon + sp.+ 24. Opisthotomus sp.+ 25. Apheliscus sp.+ 26. Sarcolemur sp.+ 27. + Hipposyus sp.+ 28. Bathrodon sp.+ 29. Mesacodon sp.+ 30. Stenacodon sp.+ + + +{253}_E^3._ COLD TEMPERATE SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + +Both the orders of Primates are absent from this Sub-region. + + +_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION. + + +_F^1._ ANTILLEAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + +Both orders of the Primates are absent from this Sub-region. + + +_F^2._ CENTRAL AMERICAN SUB-REGION. + + +[alpha]. MEXICAN PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- -- + +{254}The following species is recognised from this Province[6]:-- + + 1. _Ateles vellerosus._ + + +[beta]. ISTHMIAN PROVINCE. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 -- + +The following species are inhabitants of this Province:-- + + 1. _Midas rosalia._ 2. _M. geoffroyi._ 3. Chrysothrix oerstedi. 4. + Nyctipithecus rufipes. 5. Alouatta villosa. 6. A. palliata. 7. _Cebus + hypoleucus._ 8. _Ateles geoffroyi._ 9. _A. rufiventris._ 10. _A. ater._ + 11. _A. vellerosus._ + + +_F^3._ SUB-ANDEAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 7 -- + +The following species are recorded as inhabiting this Sub-region:-- + + 1. Hapale leucopus. 2. _Midas rosalia._ 3. _M. geoffroyi._ 4. M. oedipus. + 5. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 6. Callithrix ornata. 7. _Nyctipithecus + {255}temurinus._ 8. _N. felinus._ 9. _Alouatta senicula._ 10. _Cebus + hypoleucus._ 11. _C. fatuellus._ 12. _C. capucinus._ 13. _C. albifrons._ + 14. C. chrysopus. 15. Lagothrix lagothrix. 16. _L. infumatus._ 17. + _Ateles variegatus._ 18. _A. geoffroyi._ 19. _A. rufiventris._ 20. _A. + ater._ 21. A. fusciceps. 22. A. cucullatus. + + +_F^4._ AMAZONIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 -- + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 34 -- + +The following species are found in this Sub-region:-- + + 1. Hapale jacchus. 2. H. humeralifer. 3. H. chrysoleuca. 4. H. pygmæa. 5. + _H. melanura._ 6. Midas labiatus. 7. M. rufiventer. 8. M. mystax. 9. M. + pileatus. 10. M. weddelli. 11. M. nigricollis. 12. M. illigeri. 13. M. + bicolor. 14. M. midas. 15. M. ursulus. 16. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 17. _C. + usta._ 18. Callithrix torquata. 19. C. cuprea. 20. C. amicta. 21. C. + cinerascens. 22. C. personata. 23. C. nigrifrons. 24. _C. + castaneiventris._ 25. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus. 26. _N. lemurinus._ 27. + _N. felinus._ 28. Brachyurus melanocephalus. 29. B. rubicundus. 30. B. + calvus. 31. Pithecia monachus. 32. P. pithecia. 33. P. satanas. 34. P. + chiropotes. 35. P. albinasa. 36. _Alouatta senicula._ 37. A. beelzebul. + 38. A. ursina. 39. _Cebus monachus._ 40. _C. fatuellus._ 41. C. cirrifer. + 42. _C. albifrons._ 43. _Lagothrix infumatus._ 44. _Ateles variegatus._ + 45. A. paniscus. 46. A. marginatus. 47. _A. ater._ + + +{256}_F^5._ BRAZILIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 1 + ,, species -- -- | ,, species 20 5 + +The following species are recorded from this Sub-region. In many cases, +however, the habitat "Brazil" may be found to be erroneous, as it was often +made, in olden days, to include Amazonia. + + 1. Hapale aurita. 2. _H. melanura._ 3. H. jacchus.+ 4. H. grandis.+ 5. + _Midas rosalia._ 6. M. fuscicollis. 7. M. chrysopygus. 8. _Chrysothrix + usta._ 9. C. entomophaga.[7] 10. Callithrix moloch. 11. _C. + castaneiventris._ 12. C. melanochir. 13. C. gigot. 14. C. chlorocnomys.+ + 15. C. primæva.+ 16. Nyctipithecus azaræ. 17. Alouatta nigra. 18. A. + ursina.+ 19. Cebus lunatus. 20. C. flavus. 21. _C. capucinus._ 22. _C. + monachus._ 23. C. variegatus. 24. C. robustus. 25. C. annellatus. 26. _C. + albifrons._ 27. C. flavescens. 28. C. fatuellus.+ 29. C. cirrifer.+ 30. + C. macrognathus.+ 31. C. vellerosus. 32. C. subcristatus. 33. C. + capillatus. 34. C. azaræ. 35. Brachyteles arachnoides. 36. Protopithecus + brasiliensis.+ + + +PLATE XLVI. + +ANTHROPOIDEA + +[Illustration: _V. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Families Hapalidæ +(Red), and Cebidæ (Blue)._] + +PLATE XLVII. + +ANTHROPOIDEA + +[Illustration: _VI. MAP, Showing the distributions of the Genera Papio, +Theropithecus, Cynopithecus, Cercocebus and Cercopithecus (Blue), and +Macacus (Red)._] + + +{257}_F^6._ PATAGONIAN SUB-REGION. + + I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea. + Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct. + Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 4 + ,, species -- -- | ,, species -- 4 + +The following fossil species have been recorded from this Sub-region:-- + + 1. Homunculus patagonicus.+ 2. Anthropops perfectus.+ 3. Homocentrus + argentinus.+ 4. Eudiastus lingulatus.+ + + + + +{259}APPENDIX. + + +During the passage of this volume through the press, a good deal of +additional material has come into the author's hands, while the results of +important recent explorations have also been published. The following +appendix has, therefore, been added to include the latest additions to our +knowledge of the Anthropoids dealt with in its pages. + +On page 82, the Talapoin (_Cercopithecus talapoin_) has been relegated to a +group (and, indeed, it had been assigned by Geoffrey to a distinct +genus--_Miopithecus_), in which it is the sole example on account of the +supposed peculiarity of possessing but three tubercles on the posterior +lower molar. A specimen which the author has recently examined shows that +this character is not invariable, and the species should, therefore, in his +opinion, be transferred to among the Green Guenons--Group II., CERCOPITHECI +CHLORONOTI--and be placed next after the Tantalus Guenon on page 62. + +The extremely important collections made by his friend Dr. Forsyth Major +during his adventurous explorations in Madagascar in the years 1894 to +1896--from which he has but just returned--have made it necessary to add on +page 212 a new family to the _Anthropoidea_. In the marshes of Sirabé, in +Central Madagascar, he discovered the fossil remains of a species of true +monkey--a group hitherto unknown to occur in that island--which must have +been a contemporary of the Æpyornis, the well-known giant moa-like ratite +bird which once lived there, but is now extinct. The fragments so far +recovered show that in this creature the orbits were directed straight +forward and {260}were separated from the temporal fossæ by a bony wall. The +lachrymal foramen was situated inside the margin of the orbit; the inner +upper incisors were in contact in the middle line; the nasals were broad +and concave in profile, while the facial contour, viewed from the side, was +very high. The pattern of the molars closely agreed with that seen in the +Guenons (_Cercopithecidæ_). "The nasals are broad," continues Dr. Major, +"and so is the whole of the interorbital region, its transversal diameter +almost equalling that of the orbits, and therefore exceeding that obtained +in the genera of _Anthropoidea_, which show the maximum of external +extension of the region (_Mycetes_, _Hylobates_, _Homo_)." This is about +the only point in which the fossil approaches some of the _Lemuroidea_. The +formula of its upper teeth is I 2, C 1, P 3, M 3 = 18, or that which has +been found heretofore to be characteristic of the New World monkeys. "The +three molars are each composed of four tubercles, the outer and inner pairs +being placed opposite one another and connected together by transverse +ridges. This is the pattern of the _Cercopithecidæ_; but, unlike the Old +World monkeys, the molars decrease in size from before backwards" +(_Major_). In the lower jaw the formula appears to have been I 2, C 1, P 2, +M 3 = 16. Hence "whilst the dental formula of the upper teeth agrees with +that of the _Cebidæ_, it is quite peculiar in the lower jaw, and whilst the +pattern of the molars is that of the _Cercopithecidæ_, the premolars differ +alike from Old and New World monkeys.... These combined characters amply +justify the establishment of a separate family of _Anthropoidea_ for the +Malagasy fossil, intermediate in some respects between the South American +_Cebidæ_ and the Old World _Cercopithecidæ_, besides presenting characters +of its own." Dr. Forsyth Major has, therefore, proposed the new genus +_Nesopithecus_ for the reception of this most remarkable monkey, under the +new family of _Nesopithecidæ_. The discovery of _Nesopithecus roberti_, +{261}as he has designated the species, suggests, as Dr. Major has set forth +in the _Geological Magazine_ for October, 1896, page 436, "the following +general conclusions:-- + +"(1) We may look forward in Continental Africa likewise for the discovery +of Tertiary monkeys, intermediate between _Cebidæ_ and _Cercopithecidæ_. + +"(2) The recent African _Cercopithecidæ_ are not invaders from the +North-East, as has been supposed; on the contrary, most, if not all, of the +Tertiary monkeys of Europe and Asia are derived from the Ethiopian region. +The home of a part at least of the _Anthropoidea_ seems to have been in the +Southern Hemisphere. This assumption is corroborated by the two facts--that +_Anthropoidea_ make their appearance for the first time in the later +Tertiary of Europe and Asia, and that they are entirely absent from the +Tertiary of North America." + +After the first paragraph on page 219, the discoveries of Dr. Eugene +Dubois, made since these pages were written, necessitate the insertion of +the following paragraphs. + +In the year 1892 this distinguished geologist made one of the most +important contributions to our knowledge of the antiquity of man. In that +year he disinterred a large number of vertebrate remains from +beds--determined to be of late Pliocene, if not of Miocene age--"of +cemented volcanic tuff, consisting of clay, sand, and consolidated +lapilli," at Trinil on the slope of the Kendeng Hills in Java. Among these +remains were a portion of a cranium, two molar teeth, and a femur, +presenting mixed simian and human characters. The dimensions of the +skull-cap showed that the internal capacity of the cranium was about 1,000 +cubic centimetres, while the largest skulls of the _Simiidæ_ averaged only +about 500 centimetres. With the exception of this large capacity, the +calvarium presented few characters which were not strongly {262}simian, and +of all the apes it most resembled the Gibbons' (_Hylobates_); but it was +far superior in its cranial arch--low and depressed as the arch was--to +that of any ape. The frontal region was narrow and the supraciliary ridges +prominent. The neck area of the occipital bone was also ape-like in form. +The thigh-bone (_femur_), on the other hand, presented human characters in +a very marked degree, and gave no indication that the individual who owned +it was in the habit of sitting on his hams. The molar teeth were likewise +more human than ape-like, although they presented many strong simian +characters. Dr. Dubois has assigned these remarkable fossils to a species +which he has named _Pithecanthropus erectus_ (the Erect Ape-man), as he +believes that their owner occupied a place in the genealogical tree below +the point of devarication of the anthropoid apes from the human line. Dr. +Cunningham, of Dublin, however, who is one of our most eminent anatomists +and anthropologists, would place it "on the human line, a short distance +above the point at which the anthropoid branch is given off"; for he could +"not believe that an ape-form with a cranial capacity of 1,000 centimetres +could be the progenitor of the man-like apes, the largest of which had a +capacity of only 500. Such a supposition would necessarily involve the +assumption that the anthropoid apes were a degenerated branch from the +common stem." Altogether, then, a study of these important remains tends to +show that _Pithecanthropus_ had the lowest human cranium known, and was the +most ape-like ancestor of the human race yet described. He was very nearly +as much below the Neanderthal man as he was below the normal European. It +should be stated that some doubt has been expressed whether all the remains +belong to one and the same species of animal. Dr. Dubois' arguments for +their really belonging to the same individual appear, however, very +convincing. + +{263}On page 223, after the close of the first paragraph, insert:-- + +In the Palæolithic Terrace-Gravels at Galley Hill, in Kent, in strata in +which numerous palæolithic implements have been found, one of the most +interesting discoveries of the ancient inhabitants of England was made in +1895. In these strata was discovered a human skull with a lower jaw, and +parts of the limb bones. The skull is very long and narrow; its breadth +index being above 64, and its height index 67. The supraciliary ridges were +large and the glabella prominent, with the forehead receding and the +occiput flattened below, while the hindmost molar was larger than the +first. The skull showed numerous points of resemblance to the Neanderthal +and Spy crania; as well as presenting affinities with the skulls of the +early Neolithic race. The limb bones gave indication that the individual +was short of stature, standing slightly over five feet. The evidence that +these remains were embedded naturally in the Pleistocene age in the +apparently undisturbed gravels in which they were found, and not interred +at a much later period, was very strong. + +PLATE XLVIII. + +ANTHROPOIDEA + +[Illustration: _VII. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Genera +Semnopithecus (Blue), Nasalis (Brown), and Colobus (Red)._] + +PLATE XLIX. + +ANTHROPOIDEA + +[Illustration: _VIII. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Genera Hylobates +(Red), Simia (Blue), Gorilla (Brown), and Anthropopithecus (Green)._] + + + + +ALPHABETICAL INDEX. + + + abelii, Simia, ii. 171 + Pongo, ii. 171 + acolytus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 + Adapidæ, i. 119 + Adapis, i. 111, 113, 114, 119; ii. 227, 238 + angustidens, i. 120; ii. 242 + lemuroides, i. 120; ii. 242 + magna, i. 120; ii. 242 + minor, i. 120; ii. 242 + parisiensis, i. 120; ii. 242 + tenebrosus, i. 120; ii. 252 + adrotes, Satyrus, ii. 181 + adusta, Simia, i. 185 + ægyptiaca, Hamadryas, i. 272 + æmulus, Anaptomorphus, i. 118; ii. 252 + æthiopicus, Cercopithecus, ii. 39 + æthiops, Cercocebus, ii. 38, 39, 245 + Cercopithecus, ii. 38 + Simia, ii. 38 + Agile Gibbon, ii. 151 + agilis, Hylobates, ii. 149, 151; ii. 249 + Pithecus, ii. 151 + agisymbianus, Otolemur, i. 40 + agrias, Simia, ii. 170 + alba, Pithecia, i. 178 + albicans, Pithecia, i. 183 + albicollis, Hapale, i. 132 + albifrons, Ateles, i. 233 + Cebus, i. 213, 218; ii. 255, 256 + Simia, i. 213 + Lemur, i. 73 + albigena, Cercocebus, ii. 40, 41, 245 + Presbytis, ii. 40 + Semnocebus, ii. 40 + albigularis, Cercopithecus, ii. 67, 69, 70, 245, 246, 247 + albimana, Simia, ii. 160 + albimanus, Hylobates, ii. 160 + Lemur, i. 74 + albinasa, Chiropotes, i. 188 + Pithecia, i. 188; ii. 255 + albinus, Presbytis, ii. 113 + albipes, Semnopithecus, ii. 108 + albocinereus, Semnopithecus, ii. 123, 138 + albogularis, Semnopithecus, ii. 67 + Semnopithecus, ii. 105 + albus, Cebus, i. 209 + alleni, Galago, i. 43; ii. 245 + Otolicnus, i. 43 + Allen's Galago, i. 43 + Alouatta, i. 192, 229, 247; ii. 210, 228, 239 + beelzebul, i. 197; ii. 255 + niger, i. 199 + nigra, i. 195, 197, 199, 200; ii. 256 + palliata, i. 202; ii. 254 + seniculus, i. 192, 193; ii. 255 + ursina, i. 198; ii. 210, 255, 256 + villosa, i. 199; ii. 254 + Aluatta nigra, i. 196 + palliata, i. 202 + senicula, i. 193, 203 + Amboanala, i. 108 + American Monkeys, i. 204 + amicta, Callithrix, i. 161; ii. 255 + Simia, i. 161 + amictus, Callithrix, i. 161 + Anaptomorphidæ, i. 114 + Anaptomorphus, i. 116, 117; ii. 226, 238 + æmulus, i. 118; ii. 252 + homunculus, i. 118; ii. 252 + anchises, Semnopithecus, ii. 105 + andamanensis, Macacus, ii. 14 + Anderson's Langur, ii. 124 + Angolan Guereza, ii. 96 + angolensis, Colobus, ii. 96, 245 + Guereza, ii. 96 + angulatus, Pelycodus, i. 122 + angustidens, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 + Angwantibo, i. 28 + anjuanensis, Lemur, i. 71 + annellatus, Cebus, i. 213; ii. 256 + anthracinus, Semnopithecus, ii. 93 + Anthropoidea, i. 123, 124, 227, 229, 252; ii. 3, 41, 143, 149, 173, 191 + Anthropomorpha, ii. 174 + Anthropopithecus, ii. 183, 188, 217, 229, 240 + calvus, ii. 183, 194, 199, 200, 201, 245 + niger, ii. 145, 195 + sivalensis, ii. 217 + troglodytes, ii. 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202 + Anthropops, ii. 211, 228, 229 + perfectus, ii. 211 + antiquus, Microchærus, i. 115; ii. 241 + Pliopithecus, ii. 215, 242 + Anubis Baboon, i. 266 + anubis, Cynocephalus, i. 265, 266, 267 + Papio, i. 266, 267; ii. 245 + Aotus trivirgatus, i. 168 + Ape, Black, i. 252 + Rock, ii. 7 + apella, Cebus, i. 211 + Simia, i. 211 + Aphanapteryx, i. 114 + Apheliscus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 + Aphelotherium, i. 119 + duvernoyi, i. 120 + apicalis, Otolicnus, i. 43 + Arabian Baboon, i. 272, 274 + arachnoides, Ateles, i. 226 + Brachyteles, i. 226, 227; ii. 256 + Eriodes, i. 226, 227 + arctoides, Macacus, ii. 8, 10, 11, 12, 250 + Arctocebus, i. 26 + calabarensis, i. 27 + argentata, Hapale, i. 137 + Simia, i. 136 + argentatus, Jacchus, i. 136 + Midas, i. 136 + Presbytes, ii. 138 + Semnopithecus, ii. 131 + argentinus, Homocentrus, ii. 211 + armatus, Microchærus, i. 116; ii. 241 + Ascagne, ii. 44, 45 + ascanias, Cercopithecus, ii. 44, 48, 50 + assamensis, Macacus, ii. 20, 29, 31, 250 + Ateles, i. 128, 190, 204, 227, 228, 229, 235, 236, 238, 245, 246, 247, + 248; ii. 228, 239 + albifrons, i. 233 + arachnoides, i. 226 + ater, i. 128, 129, 237, 238, 241, 242; ii. 254, 255 + bartletti, i. 231 + belzebuth, i. 244 + chuva, i. 231 + cucullatus, i. 243; ii. 255 + frontalis, i. 239, 244 + fuliginosus, i. 244 + fusciceps, i. 242; ii. 255 + geoffroyi, i. 233, 234, 237, 244; ii. 254, 255 + grisescens, i. 242 + hybridus, i. 233 + hypoxanthus, i. 226 + marginatus, i. 231, 233, 239; ii. 255 + melanochir, i. 231, 233 + ornatus, i. 233, 234 + pan, i. 241 + paniscus, i. 237, 239, 241, 242; ii. 255 + pentadactylus, i. 237 + rufiventris, i. 234, 236; ii. 254, 255 + variegatus, i. 231, 233; ii. 255 + vellerosus, i. 128, 129, 236, 244; ii. 254 + ater, Ateles, i. 128, 129, 237, 238, 241, 242; ii. 254, 255 + Chiropotes, i. 186 + Sapajou, i. 241 + aterrimus, Cercocebus, ii. 40, 245 + Cercopithecus, ii. 40 + atlanticus, Papio, ii. 212, 243 + aubryi, Troglodytes, ii. 194 + aulaxinus, Macacus, ii. 213 + auratus, Mycetes, i. 193 + Semnopithecus, ii. 128 + aureus, Macacus, ii. 31, 32 + aurita, Hapale, i. 134 + auritus, Jacchus, i. 134 + Semnopithecus, ii. 136 + ausonianus, Macacus, ii. 213 + Avahi Lemurs, i. 94 + Woolly, i. 94 + Avahis, i. 94; ii. 226, 238 + laniger, i. 94; ii. 248 + Aye aye, i. 14 + azaræ, Cebus, i. 219; ii. 256 + Nyctipithecus, i. 170 + Simia, i. 170 + Azara's Capuchin, i. 219 + Douroucoli, i. 170 + + Babakoto, i. 108 + Baboon, Anubis, i. 266 + Arabian, i. 272, 274 + Celebean Black, i. 281 + Chacma, i. 263 + Doguera, i. 262 + East-African, i. 269 + Gelada, i. 252, 276 + Guinea, i. 269 + Langheld's, i. 275 + Thoth, i. 268 + Yellow, i. 265 + Baboons, i. 248, 252, 253; ii. 1 + Gelada, i. 276 + Malayan, i. 280 + babouin, Cynocephalus, i. 262, 265 + babuin, Cynocephalus, i. 268, 271, 276 + Papio, i. 265; ii. 244, 245, 246 + Bald Chimpanzee, ii. 199 + Bald Uakarí, i. 177 + bambolii, Oreopithecus, ii. 212, 243 + Bandar, ii. 23 + Banded Langur, ii. 126 + Barbary Macaque, ii. 4, 6 + Barbe's Langur, ii. 102 + barbei, Presbytis, ii. 102 + barbii, Semnopithecus, ii. 102, 249 + barbatus, Cebus, i. 208 + Mycetes, i. 195 + Barrigudo, i. 221 + bartletti, Ateles, i. 231 + Bathrodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 239, 252 + Bay Guereza, ii. 91 + Bearded Guenons, ii. 44, 78 + beelzebul, Alouatta, i. 197; ii. 255 + Mycetes, i. 197 + Simia, i. 197 + belzebuth, Ateles, i. 244 + Bengal Macaque, ii. 22, 23, 26 + Monkey, ii. 23 + bengalensis, Nycticebus, i. 33, 35 + betillei, Palæolemur, i. 120 + bicolor, Colobus, ii. 95 + Hapale, i. 147 + Midas, i. 147; ii. 255 + Mycetes, i. 198 + Pithecus, ii. 171 + Semnopithecus, ii. 95 + Seniocebus, i. 147 + Black and Red Tamarin, i. 145 + Black Apes, i. 252 + Black-cheeked Guenon, ii. 49 + Black-crested Langur, ii. 136 + Black-eared Mouse-Lemur, i. 51 + Black-faced Lemur, i. 73 + Black-faced Spider-Monkey, i. 241 + Black-footed Guenon, ii. 78 + Black-footed Langur, ii. 135 + Black-fronted Tamarin, i. 143 + Black-fronted Titi, i. 164 + Black Guereza, ii. 93 + Black-handed Titi, i. 165 + Black-headed Squirrel-Monkey, i. 155 + Black-headed Uakarí, i. 175 + Black Howler, i. 195 + Black Lemur, i. 69 + Black-limbed Guenons, ii. 44 + Black Mangabey, ii. 40 + Black Saki, i. 186 + Black Sifaka, i. 100 + Black-tailed Marmoset, i. 136 + Blanc-nez, ii. 44 + boliviensis, Callithrix, i. 155 + Bonnet Macaque, ii. 34, 35, 36 + Bonneted Capuchin, i. 218 + Langur, ii. 103 + Macaque, ii. 114 + Tamarin, i. 143 + Bosman's Potto, i. 28 + boutourlinii, Cercopithecus, ii. 69 + Boutourlini's Guenon, ii. 69 + bouvieri, Piliocolobus, ii. 92 + Brachyteles, i. 204, 224, 227, 228, 248; ii. 228, 239 + arachnoides, i. 226, 227; ii. 256 + hemidactylus, i. 227 + macrotarsus, i. 226 + Brachyurus, i. 128, 174, 248; ii. 228, 239 + calvus, i. 177; ii. 255 + israelita, i. 188 + melanocephalus, i. 175; ii. 255 + ouakary, i. 175 + rubicundus, i. 176; ii. 255 + satanas, i. 188 + Bradycebus, i. 33 + brasiliensis, Protopithecus, ii. 210, 256 + brazzæ, Cercopithecus, ii. 81, 245 + brevicaudatus, Indris, i. 105; ii. 248 + Broad-nosed Gentle-Lemur, i. 82 + Brown Capuchin, i. 211 + Brown-headed Spider-Monkey, i. 242 + Brown-headed Tamarin, i. 144 + Brown Howler, i. 198 + Brown Lagothrix, i. 223, 224 + Brown Macaque, ii. 8 + Brown Woolly Spider-Monkey, i. 226 + brunnea, Callithrix, i. 163 + brunneus, Macacus, ii. 8 + buettikoferi, Cercopithecus, ii. 47, 245 + burnetti, Cercopithecus, ii. 70 + Büttikofer's Guenon, ii. 47 + + Çai, Weeping, i. 216 + Caiarara, i. 214 + branca, i. 209 + Calabar Potto, i. 27 + calabarensis, Arctocebus, i. 27 + Nycticebus, i. 27 + Perodicticus, i. 27; ii. 245 + caligata, Callithrix, i. 164 + Callithrix, i. 128, 158, 248; ii. 210, 227, 239 + amicta, i. 161; ii. 255 + amictus, i. 161 + boliviensis, i. 155 + brunnea, i. 163 + caligata, i. 164 + castaneiventris, i. 164; ii. 255, 256 + chlorocnomys, ii. 210, 256 + cinerascens, i. 161; ii. 255 + cuprea, i. 160; ii. 255 + discolor, i. 160, 162 + donacophilus, i. 161 + entomophagus, i. 155 + gigo, i. 165 + gigot, i. 165; ii. 256 + lugens, i. 159 + melanochir, i. 165; ii. 256 + moloch, i. 162; ii. 256 + nigrifrons, i. 164; ii. 255 + ornata, i. 162; ii. 254 + personata, i. 163; ii. 255 + primæva, ii. 210, 256 + torquata, i. 159; ii. 255 + Callitriche, Le, ii. 58 + callitrichus, Cercopithecus, ii. 57, 58, 62, 245 + calva, Ouakaria, i. 178 + Pithecia, i. 178 + calvus, Anthropopithecus, ii. 194, 199, 200, 201, 245 + Brachyurus, i. 177; ii. 255 + campbelli, Cercopithecus, ii. 70, 245 + Campbell's Guenon, ii. 70 + cana, Lagothrix, i. 222 + caniceps, Mixocebus, i. 78; ii. 248 + canus, Lagothrix, i. 222 + Caparro, i. 223, 224 + Capped Capuchin, i. 219 + capillamentosa, Pithecia, i. 185 + capillatus, Cebus, i. 219; ii. 256 + Miopithecus, ii. 83 + Capuchin, Azara's, i. 219 + Bonneted, i. 218 + Brown, i. 211 + Capped, i. 219 + Crested, i. 212 + Golden-handed, i. 218 + Grizzled, i. 213 + Pale, i. 217 + Schlegel's, i. 220 + Slender, i. 208 + Smooth-headed, i. 209 + Thick-furred, i. 217 + Tufted, i. 212 + Variegated, i. 211 + Weeper, i. 215 + White-cheeked, i. 208 + White-fronted, i. 213, 215 + White-throated, i. 206, 207 + Capuchins, i. 204, 205, 210, 221, 247 + capucinus, Cebus, i. 121, 215; ii. 255, 256 + capucina, Simia, i. 215 + Mycetes, i. 195 + caraya, Stentor, i. 195 + carbonarius, Macacus, ii. 31, 32 + carteri, Omomys, i. 117; ii. 252 + castaneiventris, Callithrix, i. 164; ii. 255, 256 + castaneus, Cebus, i. 215 + castelnaui, Lagothrix, i. 224 + Catarrhini, i. 127 + catta, Lemur, i. 76 + caudatus, Colobus, ii. 98, 99 + Guereza, ii. 98 + Cawiars, i. 264 + Cay, Le, i. 219 + Cebidæ, i. 127, 128, 150, 231, 239 + ceboides, Ecphantodon, ii. 211 + Cebus, i. 174, 190, 204, 214, 217, 221; ii. 210, 228, 239 + albifrons, i. 213, 218; ii. 255, 256 + albus, i. 209 + annellatus, i. 213; ii. 256 + azaræ, i. 219; ii. 256 + apella, i. 211 + barbatus, i. 208 + capillatus, i. 219; ii. 256 + capucinus, i. 121, 215; ii. 255, 256 + castaneus, i. 215 + chrysopes, i. 213, 218 + chrysopus, i. 218; ii. 255 + cirrifer, i. 212, 214; ii. 210, 255, 256 + elegans, i. 209 + fallax, i. 220 + fatuellus, i. 211, 220; ii. 210, 255, 256 + flavescens, i. 217; ii. 256 + flavus, i. 208, 209; ii. 256 + frontatus, i. 208, 213, 217, 218, 219 + gracilis, i. 209, 217 + hypoleucus, i. 206, 236; ii. 254, 255 + leucocephalus, i. 206, 213 + leucogenys, i. 208 + libidinosus, i. 209 + lunatus, i. 208; ii. 256 + macrocephalus, i. 211 + macrognathus, ii. 210, 256 + moloch, i. 162 + monachus, i. 209; ii. 255, 256 + niger, i. 212 + nigrovittatus, i. 215 + olivaceus, i. 210, 215 + pallidus, i. 209 + robustus, i. 129, 212; ii. 256 + subcristatus, i. 218; ii. 256 + torquatus, i. 159 + unicolor, i. 209, 219 + variegatus, i. 210, 211, 213; ii. 256 + vellerosus, i. 208, 217; ii. 256 + versicolor, i. 213, 215 + xanthocephalus, i. 209 + Celebean Black Baboon, i. 281 + cephalopterus, Presbytes, ii. 113, 115 + Semnopithecus, ii. 111, 112, 113, 114, 122, 248 + cephus, Cercopithecus, ii. 53, 245 + Simia, ii. 53 + Cercocebus, i. 252; ii. 36, 228, 240 + æthiops, ii. 38, 39, 245 + albigena, ii. 40, 41, 245 + aterrimus, ii. 40, 245 + collaris, ii. 38, 39 + cynomologus, ii. 31 + fulginosus, ii. 37, 245 + galeritus, ii. 41, 246 + pileatus, ii. 34, 35 + radiatus, ii. 35 + sinicus, ii. 33, 35 + tantalus, ii. 62 + Cercopitheci, ii. 37, 42 + auriculati, ii. 44, 76 + barbati, ii. 44, 79 + chloronoti, ii. 44, 54 + erythronoti, ii. 44, 63 + melanochiri, ii. 44, 66 + rhinosticti, ii. 44 + trituberculati, ii. 44, 82 + Cercopithecidæ, i. 248, 252; ii. 42, 147, 191, 200 + Cercopithecus, i. 252, 277, 280; ii. 41, 56, 57, 140, 228, 240 + æthiopicus, ii. 39 + æthiops, ii. 38 + albigularis, ii. 67, 69, 70, 245, 246, 247 + ascanius, ii. 44, 48, 50 + aterrimus, ii. 40 + boutourlinii, ii. 69 + brazzæ, ii. 81, 245 + buettikoferi, ii. 47, 245 + burnetti, ii. 70 + callitrichus, ii. 57, 58, 62, 245 + campbelli, ii. 70, 245 + cephus, ii. 53, 245 + cynosurus, ii. 55, 56, 60, 245 + diana, ii. 79, 80, 81, 245 + diadematus, ii. 76 + entellus, ii. 104 + erythrarchus, ii. 67, 68 + erythrogaster, ii. 46, 245 + erythrotis, ii. 52, 245 + erxlebenii, ii. 77 + ferrugineus, ii. 94 + flavidus, ii. 65, 66 + fuliginosus, ii. 38, 245 + grayi, ii. 77, 78, 245 + griseo-viridis, ii. 56 + griseus, ii. 56 + ignita, ii. 80 + kephalopterus, ii. 113 + labiatus, ii. 72 + lalandii, ii. 60, 61 + larvatus, ii. 140 + leucampyx, ii. 75, 76, 245, 246 + leucoprymnus, ii. 113 + ludio, ii. 48, 245 + lunulatus, ii. 39 + martini, ii. 47, 245 + maurus, ii. 125 + melanogenys, ii. 49, 50, 51, 245 + moloneyi, ii. 74, 246 + mona, ii. 66, 245 + monoides, ii. 67 + nasicus, ii. 141 + neglectus, ii. 75, 82, 244 + nemæus, ii. 134 + nigripes, ii. 78, 245 + nictitans, ii. 47, 49, 50, 51, 245 + ochraceus, ii. 65, 246 + opisthostictus, ii. 72 + palatinus, ii. 81, 245 + patas, ii. 63, 65, 244 + petaurista, ii. 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 245 + pileatus, ii. 82 + pluto, ii. 76 + pogonias, ii. 77, 78, 245 + pusillus, ii. 60 + pygerythra, ii. 60 + pygerythrus, ii. 60, 61, 62, 246 + pyrrhonotus, ii. 64, 65, 244 + roloway, ii. 81 + ruber, ii. 63, 65 + rufo-viridis, ii. 60, 65, 246 + sabæa, ii. 58 + sabæus, ii. 56, 58, 60, 244, 245 + samango, ii. 71, 72, 74, 247 + schmidti, ii. 50, 246 + senex, ii. 113 + signatus, ii. 45, 245 + stairsi, ii. 73, 246 + stampflii, ii. 49, 50, 245 + talapoin, ii. 82, 245 + tantalus, ii. 62 + tephrops, ii. 55 + veter, ii. 18 + vetulus, ii. 112 + werneri, ii. 58 + wolfi, ii. 79, 245 + Cervus tarandus, ii. 218 + ceylonicus, Simia, ii. 125 + Chæropithecus leucophæus, i. 260 + Chacma Baboon, i. 263, 264, 265 + chantrei, Pliopithecus, ii. 215, 242 + Cheirogaleus furcifer, i. 59 + typicus, i. 50, 51 + milii, i. 50 + Chimpanzee, ii. 146, 148, 153, 188, 194 + Bald, ii. 199 + Chirogale, i. 49, 113, 226, 237; ii. 248 + melanotis, i. 51, 52 + milii, i. 50 + trichotis, i. 9 + Chirogaleus, i. 49 + gliroides, i. 55 + pusillus, i. 55, 57 + samati, i. 62 + trichotis, i. 52 + Chiropotes, i. 182 + ater, i. 186 + cuxio, i. 186 + satanas, i. 186; ii. 255 + chiropotes, Pithecia, i. 187, 188 + Simia, i. 187 + Chiromyidæ, i. 14 + Chiromys, i. 14; ii. 225, 237 + Chiromys madagascariensis, i. 14; ii. 248 + Chlorocebus cynosurus, ii. 55 + engythithea, ii. 56 + pygerythrus, ii. 60 + ruber ii. 63, 65 + rufo-viridis, ii. 65 + sabæus, ii. 58 + chlorocnomys, Callithrix, ii. 210, 256 + choras, Cynocephalus, i. 270 + chrysampyx, Lemur, i. 75 + chrysocephala, Pithecia, i. 185 + chrysogaster, Presbytis, ii. 103 + Semnopithecus, ii. 103 + chrysoleuca, Hapale, i. 135; ii. 255 + chrysoleucos, Miocella, i. 135 + chrysomelas, Hapale, i. 144 + Semnopithecus, ii. 120, 127, 128 + chrysopes, Cebus, i. 213, 218 + chrysopus, Cebus, i. 218; ii. 255 + chrysopygia, Hapale, i. 144 + chrysopygus, Midas, i. 144; ii. 256 + Chrysothrix, i. 128, 152, 274; ii. 227, 239 + entomophagus, i. 155; ii. 256 + lunulata, i. 156 + nigrivittata, i. 156 + oerstedi, i. 158; ii. 254, 256 + sciurea, i. 155, 156, 158; ii. 254, 255 + usta, i. 154; ii. 255, 256 + chrysurus, Colobus, i. 197 + Mycetes, i. 193 + chuva, Ateles, i. 231 + Chuva de Baracamorros, i. 232 + Cibuella pygmæa, i. 136 + cinerascens, Callithrix, i. 161; ii. 255 + cinereiceps, Lemur, i. 72 + cinereus, Nycticebus, i. 33, 35, 37 + Semnopithecus, ii. 38 + cirrifer, Cebus, i. 212, 214; ii. 210, 255, 256 + Coaita, Le, i. 237 + Coaita à front blanc, femelle, i. 239 + Coenopithecus, i. 119 + Collared Lemur, i. 72 + collaris, Cercocebus, ii. 38, 39 + Lemur, i. 72 + Colobi, ii. 85 + Colobus, i. 252; ii. 84, 85, 86, 98, 100, 215, 228, 240 + angolensis, ii. 96, 245, 246 + bicolor, ii. 95 + bourtoulini, ii. 69, 245 + caudatus, ii. 98, 99, 246, 247 + chrysurus, i. 197 + cristatus, ii. 88 + ferruginea, ii. 91 + ferrugineus, ii. 91, 245 + ferruginosus, ii. 91 + grandævus, ii. 215, 242 + guereza, ii. 97, 99, 245, 246 + kirkii, ii. 89, 90, 246 + leucomeros, ii. 95 + occidentalis, ii. 98 + olivaceus, ii. 87 + palliatus, ii. 96 + pennantii, ii. 91 + personatus, ii. 94 + polycomus, ii. 93, 94 + rufo-fuliginosus, ii. 91 + rufo-mitratus, ii. 88, 246 + rufo-niger, ii. 91 + satanas, ii. 93, 245 + temminckii, ii. 91 + ursinus, ii. 93, 94, 95, 245 + vellerosus, ii. 94, 95, 245 + verus, ii. 87, 245 + comatus, Papio, i. 263 + Semnopithecus, ii. 138 + commersoni, Nyctipithecus, i. 170 + Common Chimpanzee, ii. 194 + Common Marmoset, i. 132 + Common Squirrel-Monkey, i. 156 + concolor, Hylobates, ii. 155 + Simia, ii. 155 + coquereli, Cheirogaleus, i. 60 + Microcebus, i. 60 + Mirza, i. 60 + Coquerel's Dwarf-Lemur, i. 60 + Sifaka, i. 102 + coquereli, Propithecus, i. 102 + coromandus, Hylobates, ii. 161 + coronatus, Lemur, i. 75 + Propithecus, i. 102, 103 + Crab-eating Macaque, ii. 31, 33 + crassicaudata, Galago, i. 47; ii. 246, 247 + Otogale, i. 47 + Otolicnus, i. 47 + crassiusculus, Mixodectes, i. 116 + crassicuspidens, Protoadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 + Crested Capuchin, i. 212 + Crested Mangabey, ii. 41 + cristatus, Colobus, ii. 88 + Macacus, ii. 31, 32 + Presbytis, ii. 131, 138 + Semnopithecus, ii. 132 + Simia, ii. 125, 126 + Cryptopithecus siderolithicus, ii. 241 + Cross-Bearing Langur, ii. 121 + crossleyi, Chirogale, i. 53 + Chirogaleus, i. 53 + Crossley's Mouse-Lemur, i. 53 + Crowned Lemur, i. 75 + Crowned Sifaka, i. 102 + cruciger, Semnopithecus, ii. 121, 249 + cucullatus, Ateles, i. 243; ii. 255 + Cebus, i. 209, 212 + Presbytis, ii. 111 + Semnopithecus, ii. 111 + cuprea, Callithrix, i. 160; ii. 255 + curtus, Pithecus, ii. 171 + cuxio, Chiropotes, i. 186 + cyclops, Macacus, ii. 25, 27, 28, 29, 249 + cynocephala, Simia, i. 265 + Cynocephalus, i. 252, 253, 276, 277, 278, 281 + anubis, i. 265, 266, 267 + babouin, i. 262, 265 + babuin, i. 268, 271, 276 + choras, i. 270 + doguera, i. 262 + hamadryas, i. 268, 270, 271, 272 + langheldi, i. 275 + maimon, i. 258, 260 + mormon, i. 271 + niger, i. 281; ii. 11 + olivaceus, i. 267 + papio, i. 270 + porcarius, i. 262, 263 + sphinx, i. 269, 270, 271 + thoth, i. 268 + ursinus, i. 263 + cynocephalus, Papio, i. 265 + Cynodontomys, i. 116; ii. 226, 238 + latidens, i. 116; ii. 252 + cynomologus, Cercocebus, ii. 31 + Macacus, ii. 31, 249, 250 + Simia, ii. 31 + Cynopothecini, ii. 203 + Cynopithecus, i. 252, 280; ii. 228, 240 + niger, i. 281, 283; ii. 3, 250 + nigrescens, i. 281 + cynosurus, Cercopithecus, ii. 55, 56, 60, 245 + Chlorocebus, ii. 55 + Simia, ii. 55 + + Daubentonia madagascariensis, i. 14 + daubrei, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 + De Brazza's Guenon, ii. 81 + deckeni, Propithecus, i. 101 + demidoffi, Galago, i. 44; ii. 244, 245 + Hemigalago, i. 45 + Otolicnus, i. 45 + Demidoff's Galago, i. 44 + Deville's Tamarin, i. 143 + devillii, Hapale, i. 143 + Midas, i. 143 + Diadem Guenon, ii. 75 + diadema, Propithecus, i. 104 + diadematus, Cercopithecus, ii. 76 + diana, Cercopithecus, ii. 79, 80, 81, 245 + Simia, ii. 79 + Diane, Le, ii. 76 + discolor, Callithrix, i. 160, 162 + Mycetes, i. 197 + Doguera Baboon, i. 262 + doguera, Cynocephalus, i. 262 + Papio, i. 262; ii. 245 + Dolicopithecus, ii. 214, 228, 240 + ruscinensis, ii. 214, 242 + donacophilus, Callithrix, i. 161 + Dormouse Dwarf-Lemur, i. 56 + dorsalis, Lepilemur, i. 86 + Douc Langur, ii. 134 + Douroucoli, i. 166 + Azara's, i. 170 + Feline, i. 170 + Lemurine, i. 168 + Red-footed, i. 169 + Three-banded, i. 168 + Drill, i. 260, 271 + Dryopithecus, ii. 213, 216, 218, 229, 240 + fontani, ii. 217, 242 + Dusky Gelada, i. 278 + Dusky-handed Tarsier, i. 21 + Dusky Langur, ii. 123 + dussumieri, Semnopithecus, ii. 110 + Dwarf-Lemur, Coquerel's, i. 60 + Dormouse, i. 56 + Fork-marked, i. 59 + Small, i. 55 + Smith's, i. 57 + + East African Baboon, i. 269 + ecaudatus, Inuus, ii. 4 + Ecphantodon, ii. 211 + ceboides, ii. 211 + edwardsi, Lepidolemur, i. 87 + Microchærus, i. 115; ii. 241 + Propithecus, i. 99, 100 + elegans, Cebus, i. 209 + Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 252 + Galago, i. 43 + elegantula, Midas, i. 142 + Elephas primigenius, ii. 219 + Endrina, i. 105 + engythithea, Chlorocebus, ii. 56 + Entelle, L', ii. 104 + entelloides, Hylobates, ii. 160 + entellus, ii. 8 + Cercopithecus, ii. 104 + Presbytis, ii. 105, 107 + Simia, ii. 104 + entellus, Semnopithecus, ii. 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 215, 248 + entomophaga, Chrysothrix, i. 155; ii. 156 + Saimiris, i. 158 + erinaceus, Microchærus, i. 115; ii. 241 + Eriodes, i. 128, 224 + arachnoides, i. 226, 227 + frontatus, i. 233 + hemidactylus, i. 226, 227 + tuberifer, i. 226, 227 + erythrarchus, Cercopithecus, ii. 67, 68 + erythræa, Simia, ii. 22 + erythræus, Macacus, ii. 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32 + erythrogaster, Cercopithecus, ii. 46, 245 + erythrotis, Cercopithecus, ii. 52, 245 + erxlebenii, Cercopithecus, ii. 77 + Erxleben's Guenon, ii. 77 + Eudiastus, ii. 212, 239 + lingulatus, ii. 212 + everetti, Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 120, 249 + Everett's Langur, ii. 120 + + falconeri, Papio, ii. 212, 248 + fallax, Cebus, i. 220 + fascigularis, Semnopithecus, ii. 138 + Fat-tailed Lemur, Samat's, i. 62 + Thomas', i. 63 + fatuellus, Cebus, i. 211, 220; ii. 210, 255, 256 + Simia, i. 211 + Feline Douroucoli, i. 170 + felinus, Nyctipithecus, i. 169, 170; ii. 255 + femoralis, Semnopithecus, ii. 126, 127, 128, 129, 130 + Simia, ii. 127 + ferox, Simia, ii. 18 + ferruginea, Colobus, ii. 91, 245 + Simia, ii. 91 + ferrugineus, Cercopithecus, ii. 94 + Colobus, ii. 91 + Piliocolobus, ii. 91 + Semnopithecus, ii. 136 + ferruginosus, Colobus, ii. 91 + fischeri, Tarsius, i. 21 + flava, Simia, i. 209 + flavescens, Cebus, i. 217; ii. 256 + flavicauda, Mycetes, i. 198 + Stentor, i. 198 + flavidus, Cercopithecus, ii. 65, 66 + flavifrons, Midas, i. 143, 144, 146 + flavimana, Presbytes, ii. 136 + flavimanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 136 + flaviventer, Lemur, i. 76 + flavus, Cebus, i. 208, 209; ii. 256 + florentinus, Aulaxinus, ii. 213 + Macacus, ii. 213, 243 + fontani, Dryopithecus, ii. 217, 242 + Formosan Rock-Macaque, ii. 28, 29 + Fork-marked Dwarf-Lemur, i. 56 + frontalis, Ateles, i. 239, 244 + frontatus, Cebus, i. 208, 213, 217, 218, 219 + Eriodes, i. 233 + Semnopithecus, ii. 133 + frugivorus, Pelycodus, i. 122 + fuliginosa, Simia, ii. 38 + fuliginosus, Ateles, i. 244 + Cercocebus, ii. 37, 245 + Cercopithecus, ii. 38 + Colobus, ii. 91 + Full-bottom Monkey, ii. 93 + fulvo-griseus, Semnopithecus, ii. 113, 138 + funereus, Hylobates, ii. 155 + fur, Macacus, ii. 31 + furcifer, Cheirogaleus, i. 59 + furcifer, Lemur, i. 59 + Lepilemur, i. 59 + Microcebus, i. 59 + Phaner, i. 59 + fuscatus, Macacus, ii. 12, 13, 242 + fusciceps, Ateles, i. 242; ii. 255 + fuscicollis, Hapale, i. 144 + Midas, i. 144 + fusco-ater, Macacus, ii. 12 + fuscomanus, Tarsius, i. 21 + fuscus, Hylobates, ii. 155 + Mycetes, i. 198 + Stentor, i. 198 + Tarsius, i. 21; ii. 249, 250 + + gabonensis, Galago, i. 43 + Galago, i. 38; ii. 226, 237 + alleni, i. 43; ii. 245 + crassicaudata, i. 47; ii. 246, 247 + demidoffi, i. 44; ii. 245, 246 + elegantulus, i. 43 + gabonensis, i. 43 + garnetti, i. 40; ii. 246 + lasiotis, i. 47 + minor, i. 55 + moholi, i. 41, 42 + monteiri, i. 46; ii. 245 + murinus, i. 45 + senaariensis, i. 42 + senegalensis, i. 41; ii. 244, 246, 247 + Galago, Allen's, i. 43 + Demidoff's, i. 44 + du Sénégal, i. 41 + Great, i. 47 + Senegal, i. 41 + Otolicnus, i. 42 + galeritus, Cercocebus, ii. 41, 246 + garnetti, Galago, i. 40; ii. 246 + Otogale, i. 40 + Otolemur, i. 40 + Garnett's Galago, i. 40 + Gastrimargus infumatus, i. 223 + olivaceus, i. 222 + Gelada, i. 278 + Baboon, i. 252, 276 + Dusky, i. 278 + Gelada rüppelli, i. 276 + gelada, Macacus, i. 276 + Theropithecus, i. 245, 263, 276, 277, 279 + Gentle-Lemur, Broad-nosed, i. 82 + Grey, i. 81 + geoffroyi, Ateles, i. 233, 234, 237, 244; ii. 254, 255 + Hapale, i. 140 + Lagothrix, i. 222, 224 + Midas, i. 140, 141; ii. 254 + Oedipus, i. 140 + Perodicticus, i. 28 + Sapajou, i. 231, 233 + Geoffroy's Spider-Monkey, i. 233, 234, 245 + Tamarin, i. 139 + germaini, Semnopithecus, ii. 124, 249 + Germain's Langur, ii. 124 + gervaisi, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 241 + gesilla, Pithecus, ii. 181 + Gibbons, ii. 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 166 + Gibbon, Agile, ii. 151 + Hainan, ii. 164 + Wau-wau, ii. 154 + White-cheeked, ii. 158 + White-handed, ii. 159, 160 + gigantica, Simia, ii. 171 + gigo, Callithrix, i. 165 + gigot, Callithrix, i. 165; ii. 256 + gina, Gorilla, ii. 180 + gliroides, Chirogaleus, i. 55 + globiceps, Lepidolemur, i. 88 + Golden-handed Capuchin, i. 218 + Golden Marmoset, i. 135 + Gorilla, ii. 148, 180, 229, 240 + gina, ii. 180 + gorilla, ii. 180, 245 + mayema, ii. 181 + savagei, ii. 180 + gorilla, Gorilla, ii. 180, 245 + Pithecus, ii. 181 + Simia, ii. 181 + Troglodytes, ii. 180 + gracilis, Cebus, i. 209, 217 + Loris, i. 31; ii. 248 + Nycticebus, i. 31 + Stenops, i. 31 + grandævus, Colobus, ii. 215, 242 + grandidieri, Lepidolemur, i. 89 + Grandidier's Sportive-Lemur, i. 89 + grandis, Hapale, ii. 210 + Grasshoppers, ii. 30 + grayi, Cercopithecus, ii. 77, 78, 245 + Great Galago, i. 47 + Green Guenon, ii. 44, 58, 60 + Green Monkeys, ii. 59 + Grey-cheeked Mangabey, ii. 40 + Grey Gentle-Lemur, i. 81 + Grey-headed Lemur, i. 72 + Grey Titi, i. 165 + griseo-viridis, Cercopithecus, ii. 56 + grisescens, Ateles, i. 242 + griseus, Cercopithecus, ii. 56 + Cheirogaleus, i. 81 + Hapalemur, i. 81 + Hapalolemur, i. 81 + Lemur, i. 81 + Grivet, ii. 60, 61 + Guenon, ii. 56 + Grizzled Capuchin, i. 213 + Spider-Monkey, i. 242 + Guenon, Bearded, ii. 44, 78 + Black-cheeked, ii. 49 + Black-footed, ii. 78 + Black-limbed, ii. 44 + Boutourlini's, ii. 69 + Büttikofer's, ii. 47 + Campbell's, ii. 70 + De Brazza's, ii. 81 + Diadem, ii. 75 + Diana, ii. 79 + Erxleben's, ii. 77 + Green, ii. 44, 58, 60 + Grivet, ii. 56 + Hocheur, ii. 51 + Jentink's, ii. 45 + Lesser White-nosed, ii. 44 + Ludio, ii. 48 + Malbrouck, ii. 55 + Martin's, ii. 47, 48 + Moloney's, ii. 74 + Mona, ii. 66 + Moustached, ii. 53 + Nisnas, ii. 64 + Palatine, ii. 81 + Patas, ii. 63 + Red-bellied, ii. 46 + Reddish-green, ii. 65 + Red-eared, ii. 52 + Rufous-backed, ii. 44 + Rump-spotted, ii. 72 + Samango, ii. 71 + Schlegel's, ii. 75 + Schmidt's, ii. 50 + Stairs', ii. 73 + Stampfli's, ii. 50 + Sykes', ii. 67 + Tantalus, ii. 62 + Three-cusped, ii. 44 + Tufted-eared, ii. 44 + Vervet, ii. 60 + Werner's, ii. 58 + White-lipped, ii. 72 + Wolf's, ii. 79 + Guatemalan Howler, i. 199 + Guereza, i. 248, 252; ii. 42, 83, 84, 85, 86 + Angolan, ii. 96 + Bay, ii. 91 + Black, ii. 93 + Kirk's, ii. 88 + Red-crested, ii. 88 + Rüppell's, ii. 97 + Ursine, ii. 93 + Van Beneden's, ii. 87 + White-tailed, ii. 98, 99 + White-thighed, ii. 94 + Guereza angolensis, ii. 96 + caudatus, ii. 98 + guereza, ii. 97 + kirkii, ii. 89 + occidentalis, ii. 97 + palliatus, ii. 96 + rueppelli, ii. 97 + satanas, ii. 93 + ursinus, ii. 94 + vellerosus, ii. 95 + guereza, Colobus, ii. 97, 99, 245 + + Hainan Gibbon, ii. 164, 249 + Rock-Monkey, ii. 24 + hainanus, Hylobates, ii. 164, 249 + Hairy Saki, i. 182 + Hairy-eared Macaque, ii. 25 + Hairy-eared Mouse-Lemur, i. 52 + halonifer, Semnopithecus, ii. 123 + Hamadryas ægyptiaca, i. 272 + hamadryas, Cynocephalus, i. 268, 270, 271, 272 + Papio, i. 268, 272; ii. 244, 245 + Simia, i. 272 + Hanuman Langur, ii. 104, 105, 110 + Hapale, i. 128, 131; ii. 210, 227, 239 + albicollis, i. 132 + argentata, i. 137 + aurita, i. 134; ii. 256 + bicolor, i. 147, 182 + chrysoleuca, i. 135; ii. 255 + chrysomelas, i. 144 + chrysopygia, i. 144 + devillei, i. 143, 144, 146 + geoffroyi, i. 140 + grandis, ii. 210, 256 + humeralifer, i. 133; ii. 255 + illigeri, i. 145 + jacchus, i. 132; ii. 210; ii. 255, 256 + labiata, i. 141, 142 + leucocephala, i. 132 + leucopus, i. 134; ii. 254 + melanura, i. 136; ii. 255, 256 + midas, i. 148 + nigrifrons, i. 143 + oedipus, i. 140 + penicillata, i. 132 + pygmæa, i. 135; ii. 255 + rosalia, i. 138 + ursula, i. 148 + weddelli, i. 143 + Hapalemur, i. 65, 79, 114; ii. 226, 237, 248 + olivaceus, i. 82 + simus, i. 82 + harlani, Hylobates, ii. 155 + Hattock, i. 78 + helveticus, Pelycodus, i. 122; ii. 242 + hemidactylus, Brachyteles, i. 227 + Eriodes, i. 226, 227 + Hemigalago demidoffi, i. 45 + Heterohyas, i. 115 + Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, ii. 115 + Himalayan Macaque, ii. 20 + Langur, ii. 107 + Hipposyus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 + hirsuta, Pithecia, i. 183 + Hocheur Guenon, ii. 51 + holomelas, Propithecus, i. 100 + holotephreus, Semnopithecus, ii. 124 + Hominidæ, i. 252; ii. 218 + Homocentrus, ii. 211, 239 + argentinus, ii. 211 + Homo, ii. 218 + lar, ii. 159 + sapiens, ii. 203 + sylvestris, ii. 194 + Homunculus, ii. 211, 228, 239 + patagonicus, ii. 211 + homunculus, Anaptomorphus, i. 118; ii. 252 + Hooded Spider-Monkey, i. 243 + Hoolock, ii. 161, 162 + hoolock, Hylobates, ii. 160, 161, 163, 164, 249 + Simia, ii. 161 + Hose's Langur, ii. 117 + hosii, Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 117, 119, 120, 249 + Howler, i. 247, 248 + Black, i. 195 + Brown, i. 198 + Guatemalan, i. 199 + Mantled, i. 202, 203 + Red, i. 192 + South American, ii. 191 + Yellow-handed, i. 197 + hulok, Hylobates, ii. 162 + humboldti, Lagothrix, i. 129, 222 + Humboldt's Woolly Monkey, i. 222 + humeralifer, Hapale, i. 133 + hybridus, Ateles, i. 233 + Hylobates, i. 174, 190; ii. 148, 156, 157, 215, 216, 229, 240 + agilis, ii. 149, 151, 249 + albimanus, ii. 160 + concolor, ii. 155 + coromandus, ii. 161 + entelloides, ii. 160 + funereus, ii. 155 + fuscus, ii. 155 + hainanus, ii. 164, 249 + harlani, ii. 155 + hoolock, ii. 160, 161, 163, 164, 166 + hulok, ii. 162, 249 + lar, ii. 152, 159, 161, 249 + leuciscus, ii. 154, 155, 158, 160, 249 + leucogenys, ii. 158, 249 + mülleri, ii. 155, 158 + niger, ii. 162 + pileatus, ii. 152, 153, 164 + rafflesii, ii. 152, 153 + syndactylus, ii. 120, 146, 151, 152, 153, 166, 249 + variegatus, ii. 152, 160 + Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238 + acolytus, i. 123; ii. 252 + jurensis, i. 123; ii. 242 + minusculus, i. 123; ii. 252 + paulus, i. 123; ii. 252 + powellianus, i. 123; ii. 252 + vicarius, i. 123; ii. 252 + hypoleuca, Simia, i. 206 + hypoleucos, Presbytis, ii. 110 + Semnopithecus, ii. 110 + hypoleucus, Cebus, i. 206, 236; ii. 254, 255 + Semnopithecus, ii. 110, 248 + hypoxanthus, Ateles, i. 226 + + ibeanus, Papio, i. 269; ii. 246 + Papio thoth, i. 269 + ignita, Cercopithecus, ii. 80 + illigeri, Hapale, i. 145 + Midas, i. 145, 146; ii. 255 + Illiger's Tamarin, i. 145 + Indri, i. 108 + Indris, i. 105; ii. 226, 238 + brevicaudatus, i. 105; ii. 248 + variegatus, i. 107 + Indrisinæ, i. 90 + Indrodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 + infumatus, Gastrimargus, i. 223 + Lagothrix, i. 223, 224; ii. 255 + inornatus, Macacus, ii. 12 + inusta, Pithecia, i. 183 + Inuus, ii. 8 + ecaudatus, ii. 4 + leoninus, ii. 14 + nemestrinus, ii. 16 + palpebrosus, ii. 31 + sancti-johannis, ii. 28 + speciosus, ii. 13 + inuus, Macacus, ii. 2, 4, 7, 213, 214, 243 + Pithecus, ii. 4 + Simia, ii. 4 + irrorata, Pithecia, i. 183 + israelita, Brachyurus, i. 188 + + Jacchus argentatus, i. 136 + auritus, i. 134 + labiatus, i. 141 + melanura, i. 136 + penicillatus, i. 132 + pygmæus, i. 135 + vulgaris, i. 132 + jacchus, Hapale, i. 132; ii. 21, 255 + Simia, i. 132 + Japanese Macaque, ii. 13, 14 + jarrovii, Pelycodus, i. 122; ii. 252 + Javan Slow-Loris, i. 33 + javanicus, Nycticebus, i. 33, 36 + Stenops, i. 33 + Jentink's Guenon, ii. 45 + johnii, Presbytis, ii. 110, 111 + Simia, ii. 111 + Semnopithecus, ii. 110, 111, 114, 250 + jubatus, Presbytes, ii. 111 + Semnopithecus, ii. 111 + jurensis, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 242 + + kelaartii, Semnopithecus, ii. 114 + kephalopterus, Cercopithecus, ii. 113 + kirki, Piliocolobus, ii. 89 + Otogale, i. 47 + kirkii, Colobus, ii. 89, 90 + Guereza, ii. 89 + Kirk's Guereza, ii. 88 + kooloo-kamba, Troglodytes, ii. 199 + labiata, Hapale, i. 141, 142 + labiatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 72 + Jacchus, i. 141 + Midas, i. 141; ii. 255 + Lacépède's Tamarin, i. 148 + lacepedii, Simia, i. 148 + lagaros, Satyrus, ii. 194 + lagothrica, Simia, i. 222 + Lagothrix, i. 128, 204, 220, 221, 225, 228, 248; ii. 228, 239 + Brown, i. 223, 224 + Lagothrix cana, i. 222 + canus, i. 222 + castlenaui, i. 224 + geoffroyi, i. 222, 224 + humboldtii, i. 129, 222 + infumatus, i. 223, 224; ii. 255 + lagothrix, i. 222; ii. 255 + lagotricha, i. 222 + olivaceus, i. 222 + poeppigii, i. 224 + tschudii, i. 222 + lagothrica, Simia, i. 222 + lagotricha, Lagothrix, i. 222 + lagothrix, Lagothrix, i. 222; ii. 255 + lalandii, Cercopithecus, ii. 60, 61 + langheldi, Cynocephalus, i. 275 + Papio, i. 275; ii. 246 + Langheld's Baboon, i. 275 + Langur, Anderson's, ii. 124 + Banded, ii. 126 + Barbe's, ii. 102 + Black-crested, ii. 136 + Black-footed, ii. 135 + Bonneted, ii. 103 + Cross-Bearing, ii. 121 + Douc, ii. 134 + Dusky, ii. 123 + Everett's, ii. 120 + Germain's, ii. 124 + Hanuman, ii. 104 + Himalayan, ii. 107 + Hose's, ii. 117 + Madras, ii. 108 + Malabar, ii. 110 + Maroon, ii. 128 + Mitred, ii. 137 + Moupin, ii. 139 + Natuna, ii. 129 + Negro, ii. 125 + Nilgiri, ii. 111 + Paitan, ii. 116 + Phayre's, ii. 131 + Purple-faced, ii. 112 + Rutledge's, ii. 133 + Thomas's, ii. 119 + Ursine, ii. 122 + White-fronted, ii. 133 + Langurs, i. 248, 252; ii. 3, 42, 83, 85, 86, 100, 101 + laniger, Avahis, i. 94, 248 + Lemur, i. 94 + Microrhynchus, i. 94 + Mycetes, i. 193 + Laopithecus, i. 121; ii. 227, 238 + lemurinus, i. 121; ii. 252 + robustus, i. 121; ii. 252 + lar, Homo, ii. 159 + Hylobates, ii. 152, 159, 161, 249 + Pithecus, ii. 151, 159 + Simia, ii. 152, 159, 161 + larvatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 140 + Nasalis, i. 126; ii. 140, 141, 143 + Semnopithecus, ii. 141, 249 + Lasiopyga nemæus, ii. 134 + lasiotis, Galago, i. 47 + Macacus, ii. 25, 27, 28, 250 + latidens, Cynodontomys, i. 116; ii. 253 + Lemur, i. 65; ii. 226, 237, 248 + albifrons, i. 73 + albimanus, i. 74 + anjuanensis, i. 71 + Avahi, i. 94 + Black, i. 69 + Black-faced, i. 73 + catta, i. 76 + chrysampyx, i. 75 + cinereiceps, i. 72 + Collared, i. 72 + collaris, i. 72 + coronatus, i. 75 + Crowned, i. 75 + flaviventer, i. 76 + furcifer, i. 59 + Grey-headed, i. 72 + laniger, i. 94 + leucomystax, i. 69 + macaco, i. 68, 69, 73 + menagensis, i. 33 + Mongoose, i. 71 + Mongoz, i. 71 + niger, i. 69 + nigerrimus, i. 73 + nigrifrons, i. 73 + podje, i. 21 + Red-bellied, i. 76 + Red-footed, i. 72 + Red-fronted, i. 72 + Red-ruffed, i. 69 + Ring-tailed, i. 76 + ruber, i. 69 + rubriventer, i. 76 + Ruffed, i. 68 + rufifrons, i. 72 + rufipes, i. 72 + Rufous, i. 73 + rufus, i. 73 + Sclater's, i. 73 + tardigradus, i. 33 + varius, i. 68 + White-faced, i. 73 + White-handed, i. 74 + Lemuravus, i. 121 + Lemuridæ, i. 22 + Lemurinæ, i. 64 + lemurinum, Menotherium, i. 121 + lemurinus, Laopithecus, i. 121; ii. 252 + Nyctipithecus, i. 168; ii. 255 + Lemuroidea, i. 8 + lemuroides, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 + Lemurine Douroucoli, i. 168 + Leonine Macaque, ii. 14 + leoninus, Macacus, ii. 14, 249 + Inuus, ii. 14 + Leontopithecus rosalia, i. 138 + Lepidolemur, i. 65, 83, 113; ii. 248 + edwardsii, i. 87 + globiceps, i. 88 + grandidieri, i. 89 + leucopus, i. 89 + microdon, i. 88 + mustelinus, i. 86 + ruficaudatus, i. 86 + Lepilemur, i. 82; ii. 226, 237 + dorsalis, i. 86 + furcifer, i. 59 + mustelinus, i. 86, 87, 89 + pallidicauda, i. 87 + Lesser White-nosed Guenon, ii. 44 + leucampyx, Cercopithecus, ii. 75, 76, 245 + Simia, ii. 75 + leucisca, Simia, ii. 154 + leuciscus, Hylobates, ii. 154, 155, 158, 160, 249 + Pithecus, ii. 154 + leucocephala, Hapale, i. 132 + Pithecia, i. 185 + Simia, i. 185 + leucocephalus, Cebus, i. 206, 213 + Jacchus, i. 132 + leucogenys, Cebus, i. 208 + Hylobates, ii. 158, 249 + Midas, i. 143 + leucomeros, Colobus, ii. 95 + leucomystax, Lemur, i. 69 + Semnopithecus, ii. 123 + leucophæa, Papio, i. 260 + Simia, i. 260 + leucophæus, Chæropithecus, i. 260, 271 + Papio, i. 260; ii. 245 + leucoprymna, Pithecus, ii. 194 + leucoprymnus, Cercopithecus, ii. 113 + Pseudanthropos, ii. 194 + Semnopithecus, ii. 113 + Troglodytes, ii. 194 + leucopus, Hapale, i. 134 + Lepidolemur, i. 89 + libidinosus, Cebus, i. 209 + Limnotherium, i. 120, 122 + Lion-tailed Macaque, ii. 18, 19 + longimana, Simia, ii. 159 + Long-haired Spider-Monkey, i. 244 + Loris, i. 31, 115; ii. 226, 237 + gracilis, i. 31; ii. 248 + Slender, i. 31 + Lorisinæ, i. 24 + Ludio Guenon, ii. 48 + ludio, Cercopithecus, ii. 48, 245 + lugens, Callithrix, i. 159 + Simia, i. 159 + lunatus, Cebus, i. 208; ii. 256 + lunulata, Chrysothrix, i. 156 + lunulatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 39 + + Macaco barrigudo, i. 223 + prego, i. 212 + macaco, Lemur, i. 68, 69, 73 + Macacus, i. 252, 277, 281; ii. 1, 4, 213, 228, 240 + andamanensis, ii. 14 + arctoides, ii. 8, 10, 11, 12, 250 + assamensis, ii. 20, 29, 31, 250 + aureus, ii. 31, 32 + ausonianus, ii. 213 + brunneus, ii. 8 + carbonarius, ii. 31, 32 + cristatus, ii. 31, 32 + cyclops, ii. 25, 27, 28, 29, 249 + cynomologus, ii. 31, 249, 250 + erythræus, ii. 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29 + florentinus, ii. 213, 243 + fur, ii. 31 + fuscatus, ii. 12, 13, 242 + fusco-ater, ii. 12 + gelada, i. 276 + inornatus, ii. 12 + inuus, ii. 2, 4, 7, 31, 212, 214, 243 + lasiotis, ii. 25, 27, 28, 250 + leoninus, ii. 14, 249 + maurus, ii. 11, 12, 250 + melanotus, ii. 8 + nemestrinus, ii. 16, 17, 249 + niger, i. 281 + ocreatus, ii. 12 + palpebrosus, ii. 31 + pelops, ii. 20 + philippensis, ii. 31, 32 + pileatus, ii. 33, 34, 35, 248 + pliocenus, ii. 242 + priscus, ii. 213, 242 + problematicus, ii. 20 + rheso-similis, ii. 20 + rhesus, ii. 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 248, 249 + rufescens, ii. 11, 249 + sancti-johannis, ii. 28, 29, 249 + siamensis, ii. 129 + silenus, ii. 3, 18, 113, 250 + sinicus, ii. 33, 34, 35, 248 + sinus, ii. 19 + sivalensis, ii. 213, 248 + speciosus, ii. 8, 12 + suevicus, ii. 213, 242 + sylvanus, ii. 4 + tcheliensis, ii. 26, 27, 242 + thibetanus, ii. 8 + trarensis, ii. 213, 243 + Macaque, i. 252 + Barbary, ii. 4, 6 + Bengal, ii. 22, 23, 26 + Bonnet, ii. 34, 35, 36 + Bonneted, ii. 114 + Brown, ii. 8 + Crab-eating, ii. 31, 33 + Hairy-eared, ii. 25 + Himalayan, ii. 20 + Japanese, ii. 13, 14 + Leonine, ii. 14 + Lion-tailed, ii. 18, 19 + Moor, ii. 11 + Pig-tailed, ii. 16, 18 + Rufous Stump-tailed, ii. 11 + St. John's, ii. 28 + Tcheli, ii. 26 + Toque, ii. 33, 34 + Macaques, ii. 1, 2, 10, 19, 21, 26, 27, 31, 32, 37, 42, 100 + macrocephalus, Cebus, i. 211 + macrognathus, Cebus, ii. 210, 236 + macrotarsus, Brachyteles, i. 226 + madagascariensis, Chiromys, i. 14; ii. 248 + Daubentonia, i. 14 + Megaladapis, i. 113; ii. 248 + Sciurus, i. 14 + Madras Langur, ii. 108 + magna, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 + Magot, Le, ii. 4, 45 + Maimon, ii. 16 + maimon, Mormon, i. 258 + Papio, i. 258; ii. 244, 245 + Simia, i. 258 + majori, Propithecus, i. 285 + Maki aux pieds blancs, i. 74 + Malabar Langur, ii. 110 + Malayan Baboons, i. 280 + Malbrouck, Le, ii. 55, 57, 61 + Guenon, ii. 55 + Man, ii. 204, 205, 206 + (Caucasian Race) ii. 208 + (Ethiopian Race) ii. 207 + (Mongolian Race) ii. 208 + Mandrill, i. 258, 271 + Man-like Apes, ii. 145 + Mangabey à collier blanc, ii. 38 + Black, ii. 40 + Crested, ii. 41 + Grey-cheeked, ii. 40 + Sooty, ii. 37 + White-collared, ii. 38 + White-crowned, ii. 39 + Mangabeys, i. 252; ii. 1, 36, 37 + Mantled Howler, i. 202, 203 + marginatus, Ateles, i. 231, 239; ii. 255 + Marimonda, Le, i. 244 + Marmoset, i. 129, 131; ii. 146 + Black-tailed, i. 136 + Common, i. 132 + Golden, i. 135 + Pigmy, i. 135 + White-eared, i. 134 + White-fronted, i. 134 + White-shouldered, i. 133 + Maroon Langur, ii. 128 + martini, Cercopithecus, ii. 47, 245 + Martin's Guenon, ii. 47, 48 + Masked Titi, i. 163 + maura, Simia, ii. 125, 126 + maurus, Macacus, ii. 11, 12 + Semnopithecus, ii. 125, 249 + mayema, Gorilla, ii. 181 + Mbega, ii. 100 + Megaladapidæ, i. 112; ii. 226, 237 + Megaladapis, i. 112, 113 + madagascariensis, i. 113; ii. 248 + melalophus, Semnopithecus, ii. 136 + Simia, ii. 136 + melanocephala, Ouakaria, i. 175 + Pithecia, i. 175 + Prosimia, i. 71 + Simia, i. 175 + melanocephalus, Brachyurus, i. 175; ii. 255 + melanochir, Ateles, i. 231, 233 + Callithrix, i. 160; ii. 256 + Melanochroi, ii. 208, 223 + melanogenys, Cercopithecus, ii. 49, 50, 51, 245 + melanolophus, Presbytes, ii. 136, 138 + Semnopithecus, ii. 136, 249 + melanops, Pithecia, i. 163 + melanotis, Chirogale, i. 51, 52 + melanotus, Macacus, ii. 8 + Papio, ii. 8 + melanura, Hapale, i. 136; ii. 255 + Jacchus, i. 136 + melanurus, Mico, i. 137 + menagensis, Lemur, i. 33 + Menotherium, i. 121 + lemurinum, i. 121 + robustum, i. 121 + Mesacodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 239, 252 + Mesopithecus, ii. 214, 228, 240 + pentelici, ii. 214, 240 + Mico sericeus, i. 135 + melanurus, i. 137 + Microcebus, i. 54, 113; ii. 226, 237, 248 + furcifer, i. 59 + minor, i. 55 + murinus, i. 55 + myoxinus, i. 56 + pusillus, i. 57 + smithii, i. 57, 58 + Microchærus, i. 111, 115; ii. 226, 238 + antiquus, i. 115; ii. 241 + armatus, i. 116; ii. 241 + edwardsi, i. 115; ii. 241 + erinaceus, i. 115; ii. 241 + parvulus, i. 115; ii. 241 + siderolithicus, i. 116; ii. 241 + zitteli, i. 116; ii. 241 + microdon, Lepidolemur, i. 88 + Microrhynchus laniger, i. 94 + Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 227, 238 + elegans, i. 122; ii. 252 + scottianus, i. 122; ii. 252 + spierianus, i. 122; ii. 252 + Midas, i. 128, 131, 138; ii. 227, 239 + argentatus, i. 136 + bicolor, i. 147; ii. 255 + chrysopygus, i. 144; ii. 256 + devillii, i. 143, 144, 146 + elegantulus, i. 142 + flavifrons, i. 143, 144, 146 + fuscicollis, i. 144; ii. 256 + geoffroyi, i. 140, 141; ii. 254 + Hapale, i. 148 + illigeri, i. 145, 146; ii. 255 + labiatus, i. 141; ii. 255 + leucogenys, i. 143 + midas, i. 148; ii. 255 + mystax, i. 142; ii. 255 + nigricollis, i. 145; ii. 255 + nigrifrons, i. 143 + oedipus, i. 139, 140; ii. 254 + pileatus, i. 143; ii. 255 + rosalia, i. 138; ii. 254, 256 + rufiventer, i. 142; ii. 255 + rufimanus, i. 148 + rufoniger, i. 145 + tamarin, i. 148 + ursulus, i. 140, 147, 148, 149; ii. 255 + weddelli, i. 143, 144; ii. 255 + midas, Hapale, i. 148 + Midas, i. 148; ii. 255 + Simia, i. 148 + milii, Cheirogaleus, i. 50 + Chirogale, i. 50 + Opolemur, i. 62 + Milne-Edwards' Sifaka, i. 99 + Sportive-Lemur, i. 87 + Milius' Mouse-Lemur, i. 50 + Mimetes troglodytes, ii. 194, 199 + minor, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 + Galago, i. 55 + Microcebus, i. 55 + minusculus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 + Miocella chrysoleucos, i. 135 + sericeus, i. 135 + Miopithecus, ii. 82 + capillatus, ii. 83 + talapoin, ii. 82 + miriquouina, Pithecia, i. 170 + mitrata, Presbytis, ii. 137 + mitratus, Semnopithecus, ii. 137, 138, 249 + Mitred Langur, ii. 137 + Mixocebus, i. 65, 78; ii. 226, 237 + caniceps, i. 78; ii. 248 + Mixodectes, i. 116; ii. 226, 238 + crassiusculus, i. 116; ii. 252 + pungens, i. 116; ii. 252 + moholi, Galago, i. 141, 142 + moloch, Cebus, i. 162 + Callithrix, i. 162; ii. 256 + moloneyi, Cercopithecus, ii. 74 + Moloney's Guenon, ii. 74 + Mona Guenon, ii. 66 + mona, Cercopithecus, ii. 66, 245 + Simia, ii. 66 + monoides, Cercopithecus, ii. 67 + monachus, Cebus, i. 209; ii. 255, 256 + Pithecia, i. 182, 183 + Simia, i. 182 + Mongoose Lemur, i. 71 + mongoz, Lemur, i. 71 + Monkey, Bengal, ii. 23 + Black-faced Spider-, i. 241 + Brown-headed Spider-, i. 242 + Full-bottom, ii. 93 + Geoffroy's Spider-, i. 233, 245 + Grizzled Spider-, i. 242 + Hooded Spider-, i. 243 + Howling, i. 201 + Humboldt's Woolly, i. 222 + Long-haired Spider-, i. 244 + Moustached, ii. 54 + Pinche, i. 140 + Prego, i. 214 + Proboscis, ii. 140, 142, 148 + Red-bellied Spider-, i. 236, 237 + Red-faced Spider-, i. 237 + Variegated Spider-, i. 231 + White-Whiskered Spider-, i. 239 + Monkeys, American, i. 204 + Green, ii. 59 + Howling, i. 230 + Night, i. 247 + Nosed, i. 252; ii. 86, 140 + Spider-, i. 204, 207, 227, 247, 248 + Squirrel-, i. 247 + White, ii. 115, 116 + Woolly, i. 204, 220, 221, 248 + Woolly Spider-, i. 204, 225, 248 + monspessulanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 215, 243 + monteiri, Callotus, i. 46 + Galago, i. 46; ii. 246 + Monteiro's Galago, i. 46 + Moor Macaque, ii. 11 + morio, Pithecus, ii. 171 + Simia, ii. 171, 180 + Mormon maimon, i. 258 + mormon, Cynocephalus, i. 258, 271 + Papio, i. 258 + Simia, i. 258 + Moupin Langur, ii. 139 + Mouse-Lemur, Black-eared, i. 51 + Crossley's, i. 53 + Hairy-eared, i. 52 + Milius', i. 52 + Moustac, ii. 53 + Moustached Guenon, ii. 53 + Monkey, ii. 54 + Tamarin, i. 142 + mülleri, Hylobates, ii. 155, 158 + murinus, Galago, i. 45 + Microcebus, i. 55 + mustelinus, Lepidolemur, i. 86 + Lepilemur, i. 86, 87, 89 + Mycetes, i. 113, 174, 190, 192, 200, 201, 221, 230, 243; ii. 191 + auratus, i. 193 + barbatus, i. 195 + beelzebul, i. 197 + bicolor, i. 198 + caraya, i. 195 + chrysurus, i. 193 + discolor, i. 197 + flavicauda, i. 198 + fuscus, i. 198 + laniger, i. 193 + niger, i. 196 + palliatus, i. 202 + rufimanus, i. 197 + seniculus, i. 193 + stramineus, i. 193 + ursinus, i. 198 + villosus, i. 128, 199 + Mycetinæ, i. 189 + myoxinus, Microcebus, i. 56 + mystax, Midas, i. 142; ii. 255 + + Nasalis, i. 252; ii. 85, 140, 228, 240 + larvatus, i. 126; ii. 140, 141, 143, 249 + recurvus, ii. 141, 142 + roxellanæ, ii. 139 + nasica, Simia, ii. 140 + nasicus, Cercopithecus, ii. 141 + Semnopithecus, ii. 141 + Natuna Langur, ii. 129 + natunæ, Semnopithecus, ii. 129, 130, 249 + Necrolemur, i. 115, 116 + neglectus, Cercopithecus, ii. 75, 82, 244 + Semnopithecus, ii. 128 + Negro Langur, ii. 125 + Tamarin, i. 148 + nemæus, Cercopithecus, ii. 134 + Lasiopyga, ii. 134 + Pygothrix, ii. 134 + Semnopithecus, ii. 134, 135, 249 + Simia, ii. 134 + nemestrina, Simia, ii. 16 + nemestrinus, Inuus, ii. 16 + Macacus, ii. 16, 17, 249 + nepaulensis, Semnopithecus, ii. 107, 113 + nictitans, Cercopithecus, ii. 47, 49, 50, 51, 245 + Simia, ii. 51 + niger, Alouatta, i. 196 + Anthropopithecus, ii. 145, 195, 245 + Cebus, i. 212 + niger, Cynocephalus, i. 281; ii. 11 + Cynopithecus, i. 281, 283; ii. 3, 250 + Hylobates, ii. 162 + Lemur, i. 69 + Macacus, i. 281 + Mycetes, i. 196 + Papio, i. 281 + niger, Stentor, i. 195 + Troglodytes, ii. 194 + nigerrimus, Lemur, i. 73 + Night-Monkeys, i. 247 + nigra, Alouatta, i. 195, 196, 197, 200; ii. 256 + Varecia, i. 69 + nigrescens, Cynopithecus, i. 281 + Papio, i. 281 + nigricollis, Hapale, i. 145 + Midas, i. 145 + nigrifrons, Callithrix, i. 164; ii. 255 + Hapale, i. 143 + Lemur, i. 73 + Midas, i. 143; ii. 255 + nigrimanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 138 + nigripes, Cercopithecus, ii. 78, 245 + Semnopithecus, ii. 135, 249 + nigrivittata, Chrysothrix, i. 156 + nigrovittatus, Cebus, i. 215 + Nilgiri Langur, ii. 111 + Nisnas, Le, ii. 65 + Guenon, ii. 64 + nobilis, Semnopithecus, ii. 136 + nocturna, Pithecia, i. 185 + Nose-spotted Guenons, ii. 44 + Nosed Monkeys, i. 252; ii. 86, 140 + Notharctus, i. 119 + Nycticebus, i. 33; ii. 226, 237 + bengalensis, i. 33, 35 + calabarensis, i. 27 + cinereus, i. 33, 35, 37 + gracilis, i. 31 + javanicus, i. 33, 36 + tardigradus, i. 33, 285; ii. 249 + Nyctipithecinæ, i. 152 + Nyctipithecus, i. 128, 166, 190, 247; ii. 228, 239 + azaræ, i. 170; ii. 256 + commersonii, i. 170 + felinus, i. 169, 170; ii. 255 + lemurinus, i. 168; ii. 255 + oseryi, i. 170 + rufipes, i. 169; ii. 254 + trivirgatus, i. 168; ii. 255 + vociferans, i. 129, 169, 170 + + obscura, Presbytis, ii. 123 + obscurus, Semnopithecus, ii. 102, 123, 131, 255, 249 + Theropithecus, i. 278 + occidentalis, Colobus, ii. 98 + Guereza, ii. 97 + ochraceus, Cercopithecus, ii. 65 + ocreatus, Macacus, ii. 12 + ochrocephala, Pithecia, i. 185 + Oedipus geoffroyi, i. 140 + titi, i. 140 + oedipus, Hapale, i. 140 + Midas, i. 139, 140; ii. 254 + Simia, i. 140 + oerstedi, Chrysothrix, i. 158; ii. 254, 256 + Saimiris, i. 158 + olivaceus, Cebus, i. 210, 215 + Colobus, ii. 87 + Cynocephalus, i. 267 + Gastrimargus, i. 222 + Hapalemur, i. 81 + Lagothrix, i. 222 + Semnopithecus, ii. 87 + Omomys, i. 117; ii. 226, 238 + carteri, i. 117; ii. 252 + opisthostictus, Cercopithecus, ii. 72 + Opisthotomus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 + Opolemur, i. 61; ii. 226, 237, 248 + samati, i. 62 + thomasi, i. 63 + Orabassu Titi, i. 162 + Orang-utan, ii. 170, 174 + Orangs, ii. 143, 146, 148, 149, 167, 171, 183 + ornata, Callithrix, i. 162; ii. 254 + Ornate Titi, i. 162 + ornatus, Ateles, i. 233, 234 + Oreopithecus, ii. 212, 228, 240 + bambolii, ii. 212 + oseryi, Nyctipithecus, i. 170 + Otogale crassicaudata, i. 47 + kirki, i. 47 + pallida, i. 43 + Otolemur agisymbianus, i. 40 + garnetti, i. 40 + Otolicnus allenii, i. 43 + apicalis, i. 43 + crassicaudatus, i. 47 + demidoffi, i. 45 + galago, i. 42 + garnetti, i. 40 + peli, i. 44 + senegalensis, i. 42 + ouakary, Brachyurus, i. 175 + Ouakaria, i. 174 + calva, i. 178 + melanocephala, i. 175 + rubicunda, i. 176 + spixii, i. 175 + owenii, Pithecus, ii. 171 + + Paitan Langur, ii. 116 + palæindicus, Semnopithecus, ii. 215, 248 + Palæolemur, i. 119 + betillei, i. 120 + Palæopithecus, ii. 217 + Palatine Guenon, ii. 81 + palatinus, Cercopithecus, ii. 81, 254 + Pale Capuchin, i. 217 + palliata, Alouatta, i. 202; ii. 254 + Aluatta, i. 202 + palliatus, Colobus, ii. 96 + Guereza, ii. 96 + Mycetes, i. 202 + pallida, Otogale, i. 43 + pallidicauda, Lepilemur, i. 87 + pallidus, Cebus, i. 209 + pallipes, Semnopithecus, ii. 108 + palpebrosus, Inuus, ii. 31 + Macacus, ii. 31 + pan, Ateles, i. 244 + paniscus, Ateles, i. 237, 239, 241, 242; ii. 255 + Sapajou, i. 237 + Simia, i. 237 + Papio, i. 253; ii. 212, 228, 240 + anubis, i. 266, 267; ii. 245 + atlanticus, ii. 212 + babuin, i. 265; ii. 244, 245, 246 + comatus, i. 263 + cynocephalus, i. 265 + doguera, i. 262; ii. 245 + falconeri, ii. 212, 248 + hamadryas, i. 268, 272; ii. 244, 245 + ibeanus, i. 269; ii. 246 + langheldi, i. 275; ii. 246 + leucophæus, i. 260; ii. 245 + maimon, i. 258; ii. 244, 245 + melanotus, ii. 8 + mormon, i. 258 + niger, i. 281 + nigrescens, i. 281 + porcarius, i. 263; ii. 246 + rubescens, i. 270 + silenus, ii. 18 + sphinx, i. 253, 269; ii. 244, 245, 246 + sub-himalayanus, ii. 212, 248 + thoth, i. 268; ii. 245 + thoth ibeanus, i. 269 + wurmbii, ii. 170 + papio, Cynocephalus, i. 270 + Papion, Le, i. 269 + parisiensis, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242 + parvulus, Microchærus, i. 115; 241 + patagonicus, Homunculus, ii. 211 + Patas, Le, ii. 63, 64 + à bandeau noir, ii. 63 + Patas Guenon, ii. 63 + patas, Cercopithecus, ii. 63, 65, 244 + Simia, ii. 63 + paulus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 + peli, Otolicnus, i. 44 + pelops, Macacus, ii. 20 + Pelycodus, i. 121; ii. 227, 238 + angulatus, i. 122 + frugivorous, i. 122 + helveticus, i. 122; ii. 242 + jarrovii, i. 122; ii. 252 + tutus, i. 122; ii. 252 + penicillata, Hapale, i. 132 + penicillatus, Jacchus, i. 132 + pennantii, Colobus, ii. 91 + pentadactylus, Ateles, i. 237 + pentelici, Mesopithecus, ii. 214, 243 + perfectus, Anthropops, ii. 211 + Perodicticus, i. 26; ii. 226, 237 + calabarensis, i. 27; ii. 245 + geoffroyi, i. 28 + potto, i. 28; ii. 245 + personata, Callithrix, i. 163; ii. 255 + personatus, Colobus, ii. 94 + petaurista, Cercopithecus, ii. 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 245 + Simia, ii. 44 + Petit Papion, i. 265 + Phaner furcifer, i. 59 + phayrei, Presbytis, ii. 131 + Phayre's Langur, ii. 131 + phayrii, Semnopithecus, ii. 131, 132, 249 + philippensis, Macacus, ii. 31, 32 + picturatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 49 + Pied Tamarin, i. 147 + Pigmy Marmoset, i. 135 + Pig-tailed Macaque, ii. 16, 18 + pileata, Simia, ii. 33 + pileatus, Cercocebus, ii. 34 + Cercopithecus, ii. 82 + Hylobates, ii. 152, 153, 164 + Midas, i. 143; ii. 255 + Macacus, ii. 33, 34, 35, 248 + Presbytis, ii. 103 + Semnopithecus, ii. 103, 249 + Piliocolobus bouvieri, ii. 92 + ferrugineus, ii. 91 + kirki, ii. 89 + tholloni, ii. 92 + Pinche Monkey, i. 140 + Pithecia, i. 128, 174, 182, 248; ii. 228, 239 + alba, i. 178 + albicans, i. 183 + albinasa, i. 183; ii. 255 + calva, i. 178 + capillamentosa, i. 185 + chiropotes, i. 187, 188; ii. 255 + chrysocephala, i. 185 + hirsuta, i. 183 + inusta, i. 183 + irrorata, i. 183 + leucocephala, i. 185 + melanocephala, i. 175 + melanops, i. 163 + miriquouina, i. 170 + monachus, i. 182, 183; ii. 255 + nocturna, i. 185 + ochrocephala, i. 185 + pithecia, i. 185; ii. 255 + pogonias, i. 185 + rufibarbata, i. 185 + rubicunda, i. 176 + rufiventer, i. 185 + satanas, i. 186; ii. 255 + pithecia, Simia, i. 185 + Pithecia, i. 185; ii. 255 + Pitheciinæ, i. 173 + Pithecus, ii. 6, 170 + agilis, ii. 151 + bicolor, ii. 171 + curtus, ii. 171 + gesilla, ii. 180 + gorilla, ii. 181 + lar, ii. 151, 159 + leuciscus, ii. 154 + leucopryma, ii. 194 + morio, ii. 171 + owenii, ii. 171 + satyrus, ii. 171 + syndactylus, ii. 166 + variegatus, ii. 159 + varius, ii. 159 + wurmbii, ii. 171 + pithecus, Inuus, ii. 4 + Platyrrhini, i. 127 + Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 226, 238, 241 + daubrei, i. 118; ii. 242 + gervaisi, i. 118; ii. 241 + remensis, i. 118; ii. 241 + tournesarti, i. 118; ii. 242 + pliocenus, Macacus, ii. 242 + Pliopithecus, ii. 215, 218, 229, 240 + antiquus, ii. 215, 242 + chantrei, ii. 216, 242 + pluto, Cercopithecus, ii. 76 + podje, Lemur, i. 21 + poeppigii, Lagothrix, i. 224 + pogonias, Cercopithecus, ii. 77, 78, 245 + Pithecia, i. 185 + Polume, ii. 100 + polycomus, Colobus, ii. 93, 94 + Pongo, ii. 170 + abelii, ii. 171 + wurmbii, ii. 170 + porcaria, Simia, i. 263 + porcarius, Cynocephalus, i. 262, 263 + Papio, i. 263 + potenziani, Semnopithecus, ii. 103 + Potto, i. 28 + Bosman's, i. 28 + Calabar, i. 27 + potto, Nycticebus, i. 28 + Perodicticus, i. 28; ii. 245 + Stenops, i. 28 + powellianus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 + prego, Macaco, i. 212 + Prego Monkey, i. 214 + Presbytis, ii. 100 + albigena, ii. 40 + albinus, ii. 113 + argentatus, ii. 138 + barbei, ii. 102 + cephalopterus, ii. 113, 115 + chrysogaster, ii. 103 + cristatus, ii. 131, 138 + cucullatus, ii. 111 + entellus, ii. 105, 107 + flavimana, ii. 136 + hypoleucos, ii. 110 + johnii, ii. 110, 111 + jubatus, ii. 111 + melanophus, ii. 136, 138 + mitrata, ii. 137 + nemæus, ii. 134 + obscura, ii. 123 + phayrei, ii. 131 + pileatus, ii. 103 + priamus, ii. 108 + schistaceus, ii. 107 + thersites, ii. 109, 113 + ursinus, ii. 122, 123 + priamus, Presbytis, ii. 108 + Semnopithecus, ii. 108, 248 + primæva, Callithrix, ii. 210, 256 + primigenius, Elephas, ii. 219 + priscus, Macacus, ii. 213, 242 + problematicus, Macacus, ii. 20 + Proboscis Monkeys, ii. 140, 142, 143 + Procolobus verus, ii. 88 + Prolemur simus, i. 82 + Propithecus, i. 23, 96, 113, 286; ii. 215, 226, 238, 248 + coquereli, i. 102 + coronatus, i. 102, 103 + deckeni, i. 101 + diadema, i. 104 + edwardsi, i. 99, 100 + holomelas, i. 100 + majori, i. 285 + sericeus, i. 99, 100 + verreauxi, i. 100, 102, 286 + Prosimia, i. 65 + melanocephala, i. 71 + rufipes, i. 73 + xanthomystax, i. 71 + Protoadapis, i. 118; ii. 226, 238 + crassicuspidens, ii. 118, 242 + recticuspidens, i. 118, 242 + Protopithecus, ii. 210, 227, 239 + brasiliensis, ii. 210, 256 + pruinosus, Semnopithecus, ii. 225 + Pseudanthropos leucoprymnus, ii. 194 + Pterycolobus vellerosus, ii. 95 + pungens, Mixodectes, i. 116; ii. 252 + Purple-faced Langur, ii. 112 + pusillus, Cercopithecus, ii. 60 + Chirogaleus, i. 55, 57 + Microcebus, i. 57 + pygerythra, Cercopithecus, ii. 60 + pygerythrus, Cercopithecus, ii. 60, 61, 62 + Chlorocebus, ii. 60 + pygmæa, Cibuella, i. 136 + Hapale, i. 135; ii. 255 + pygmæus, Jacchus, i. 135 + Pygothrix nemæus, ii. 134 + pyrrhonotus, Cercopithecus, ii. 64, 65, 244 + pyrrhus, Semnopithecus, ii. 125 + + radiatus, Cercocebus, ii. 35 + rafflesii, Hylobates, ii. 152, 153 + recticuspidens, Protoadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 + recurvus, Nasalis, ii. 141, 142 + Red-backed Saki, i. 187 + Red-backed Titi, i. 158 + Red-bellied Guenon, ii. 46 + Red-bellied Lemur, i. 76 + Red-bellied Spider-Monkey, i. 236, 237 + Red-bellied Tamarin, i. 141 + Red-bellied Titi, i. 164 + Red-crested Guereza, ii. 88 + Reddish-green Guenon, ii. 65 + Red-eared Guenon, ii. 52 + Red-faced Spider-Monkey, i. 237 + Red-footed Douroucoli, i. 169 + Red-footed Lemur, i. 72 + Red-fronted Lemur, i. 72 + Red Howler, i. 192 + Red-ruffed Lemur, i. 69 + Red-tailed Sportive-Lemur, i. 86 + Red Titi, i. 160 + Red Uakarí, i. 176 + Reed Titi, i. 161 + remensis, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 241 + rheso-similis, Macacus, ii. 20 + rhesus, Macacus, ii. 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 248, 249 + Simia, ii. 22 + Rhinoceros tichorhinus, ii. 218 + Rhinopithecus, ii. 140 + Rhinopithecus roxellanæ, ii. 139 + Ring-tailed Lemur, i. 76 + robustum, Menotherium, i. 121 + robustus, Cebus, i. 129, 212; ii. 256 + Laopithecus, i. 121; ii. 252 + Rock Ape, ii. 7 + Rock-Macaque, Formosan, ii. 28, 29 + Rock-Monkey, Hainan, ii. 24 + roloway, Cercopithecus, ii. 81 + Roloway, ii. 81 + rostratum, Tomitherium, i. 121; ii. 252 + Round-headed Sportive-Lemur, i. 89 + rosalia, Hapale, i. 138 + Leontopithecus, i. 138 + Midas, i. 138; ii. 254 + Simia, i. 138 + roxellanæ, Nasalis, ii. 139 + Rhinopithecus, ii. 132 + Semnopithecus, ii. 101, 139 + ruber, Cercopithecus, ii. 63, 65 + Chlorocebus, ii. 63, 65 + Lemur, i. 69 + rubescens, Papio, i. 270 + rubicunda, Ouakaria, i. 176 + Pithecia, i. 176 + rubicundus, Brachyurus, i. 176; ii. 255 + Semnopithecus, ii. 128, 131, 249 + rubra, Simia, ii. 63 + rubriventer, Lemur, i. 76 + rueppelli, Guereza, ii. 97 + rueppellii, Gelada, i. 276 + rufescens, Macacus, ii. 11, 249 + Ruffed Lemur, i. 68 + rufibarbata, Pithecia, i. 185 + ruficaudatus, Lepidolemur, i. 86 + Lepilemur, i. 86 + rufifrons, Lemur, i. 72 + rufimanus, Midas, i. 148 + Mycetes, i. 197 + rufipes, Lemur, i. 72; ii. 254 + Midas, i. 142 + Nyctipithecus, i. 169; ii. 254 + Prosimia, i. 73 + rufiventer, Midas, i. 142; ii. 255 + Pithecia, i. 185 + rufiventris, Ateles, i. 234, 236; ii. 254, 255 + rufo-fuliginosus, Colobus, ii. 91 + rufo-mitratus, Colobus, ii. 88 + Tropicolobus, ii. 88 + rufo-niger, Colobus, ii. 91 + Midas, i. 145 + rufo-viridis, Cercopithecus, ii. 60, 65, 246 + Chlorocebus, ii. 65 + Rufous-backed Guenons, ii. 44 + Rufous Lemur, i. 73 + Rufous Stump-tailed Macaque, ii. 11 + rufus, Lemur, i. 73 + Rump-spotted Guenon, ii. 72 + Rüppell's Guereza, ii. 97 + ruscinensis, Dolichopithecus, ii. 214, 242 + Rutledge's Langur, ii. 138 + rutledgii, Semnopithecus, ii. 133 + + sabæa, Cercopithecus, ii. 58 + Simia, ii. 56, 58 + sabæus, Cercopithecus, ii. 56, 58, 60, 244, 245 + Chlorocebus, ii. 58 + sabanus, Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 249 + Saguinus vidua, i. 159 + sagulata, Chiropotes, i. 188 + Simia, i. 188 + Saï à grosse tête, i. 209 + Saï à gorge blanche, i. 206 + Saimiri sciureus, i. 154, 156 + Saimiris entomophaga, i. 158 + entomophagus, i. 155 + sciurea, i. 158 + usta, i. 154 + Sajou negre, i. 212 + Saki, Black, i. 186 + Red-backed, i. 187 + White-headed, i. 185 + White-nosed, i. 188 + Saki noir, i. 186 + Sakis, i. 248 + Sally, i. 200, 201 + samango, Cercopithecus, ii. 71, 72, 74 + Guenon, ii. 71 + samati, Chirogaleus, i. 62 + Opolemur, i. 62 + Samat's Fat-tailed Lemur, i. 62 + sancti-johannis, Inuus, ii. 28 + Macacus, ii. 28, 29, 249 + Sapajou ater, i. 241 + geoffroyi, i. 231, 233 + paniscus, i. 237 + sapiens, Homo, ii. 203 + Sarcolemur, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252 + satanas, Brachyurus, i. 188 + Chiropotes, i. 186 + Colobus, ii. 93, 245 + Guereza, ii. 93 + Pithecia, i. 186; ii. 255 + Simia, i. 186 + Stachycolobus, ii. 93 + Satyrus adrotes, ii. 181 + lagaros, ii. 194 + satyrus, Pithecus, ii. 171 + Simia, ii. 170, 249 + Troglodytes, ii. 180 + savagei, Gorilla, ii. 180 + schistaceus, Presbytis. ii. 107 + Semnopithecus, ii. 105, 107. 109, 250 + Schlegel's Capuchin, i. 220 + Guenon, ii. 75 + schmidti, Cercopithecus, ii. 50, 246 + Schmidt's Guenon, ii. 50 + schweinfurthi, Troglodytes, ii. 194 + sciurea, Chrysothrix, i. 155, 156, 158; ii. 254, 255 + sciurea, Saimiris, i. 158 + Simia, i. 156 + sciureus, Saimiri, i. 154, 156 + Sciurus madagascariensis, i. 14 + Sclater's Lemur, i. 73 + scottianus, Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 252 + Semnocebus albigena, ii. 40 + Semnopithecinæ, i. 252; ii. 84, 85 + Semnopithecus, ii. 85, 86, 100, 130 137, 142, 214, 228, 240, 252 + albocinereus, ii. 123, 138 + albogularis, ii. 67, 105 + anchises, ii. 104, 105 + anthracinus, ii. 93 + argentatus, ii. 131 + auratus, ii. 136 + barbii, ii. 102, 249 + bicolor, ii. 95 + cephalopterus, ii. 111, 112, 114, 122, 248 + chrysogaster, ii. 103 + chrysomelas, ii. 120, 127, 128 + cinereus, ii. 138 + comatus, ii. 138 + cristatus, ii. 126, 132 + cruciger, ii. 121, 249 + cucullatus, ii. 111 + dussumieri, ii. 110 + entellus, ii. 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 215, 248 + everetti, ii. 116, 120, 249 + fascigularis, ii. 138 + femoralis, ii. 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 249 + ferrugineus, ii. 136 + flavimanus, ii. 136 + frontatus, ii. 133, 249 + fulvo-griseus, ii. 113, 138 + germaini, ii. 124, 249 + halonifer, ii. 123 + holotephreus, ii. 124 + hosii, ii. 116, 117, 119, 120, 249 + hypoleucus, ii. 110, 248 + johnii, ii. 110, 111, 114, 250 + jubatus, ii. 111 + kelaartii, ii. 114 + larvatus, ii. 141 + leucomystax, ii. 123 + leucoprymnus, ii. 113 + maurus, ii. 125, 249 + melalophus, ii. 136 + melanolophus, ii. 136, 249 + mitratus, ii. 137, 138, 249 + monspessulanus, ii. 215, 243 + nasicus, ii. 141 + natunæ, ii. 129, 130, 249 + neglectus, ii. 128 + nemæus, ii. 134, 135, 249 + nepalensis, ii. 107 + nestor, ii. 113 + nigrimanus, ii. 138 + nigripes, ii. 135, 249 + nobilis, ii. 136 + obscurus, ii. 102, 112, 123, 131, 249 + olivaceus, ii. 87 + palæindicus, ii. 215, 248 + pallipes, ii. 108 + phayrii, ii. 131, 132, 249 + pileatus, ii. 103, 249 + potenziani, ii. 103 + priamus, ii. 108, 248 + pruinosus, ii. 125 + pyrrhus, ii. 125 + roxellana, ii. 101 + roxellanæ, ii. 139, 250 + rubicundus, ii. 128, 131, 249 + rutledgii, ii. 133 + sabanus, ii. 116, 249 + schistaceus, ii. 105, 107, 109, 250 + senex, ii. 114 + siamensis, ii. 130, 138, 249 + sumatranus, ii. 127, 139 + thomasi, ii. 116, 117, 119, 249 + ursinus, ii. 114, 122, 250 + vellerosus, ii. 94 + senaariensis, Galago, i. 42 + Senegal Galago, i. 41 + senegalensis, Galago, i. 41; ii. 244, 246, 247 + Galagoides, i. 41 + Otolicnus, i. 42 + senex, Cercopithecus, ii. 113 + Semnopithecus, ii. 114 + Theropithecus, i. 276, 278 + senicula, Alouatta, i. 203 ; ii. 255 + Aluatta, i. 193 + seniculus, Alouatta, i. 192, 193 + Mycetes, i. 193 + Simia, i. 192 + Stentor, i. 193 + Seniocebus bicolor, i. 147 + sericeus, Mico, i. 135 + Miocella, i. 135 + Propithecus, i. 99, 100 + Short-tailed Squirrel-Monkey, i. 154 + Siamang, ii. 120, 166, 167, 169 + Siamanga syndactyla, ii. 166 + siamensis, Macacus, ii. 129 + Semnopithecus, ii. 130, 138, 249 + siderolithicus, Microchærus, i. 116 + Sifaka, Black, i. 100 + Coquerel's, i. 102 + Crowned, i. 102 + Milne-Edwards', i. 99 + Silky, i. 99 + Verreaux's, i. 100 + Von der Decken's, i. 101 + signatus, Cercopithecus, ii. 45, 245 + Silenus veter, ii. 19 + silenus, Macacus, ii. 3, 18, 113, 250 + Papio, ii. 18 + Simia, ii. 18 + Silky Sifaka, i. 99 + Tamarin, i. 138 + Simia, ii. 170, 217, 229, 240 + abelii, ii. 171 + adusta, i. 185 + æthiops, ii. 38, 39 + agrias, ii. 170 + albifrons, i. 213 + albimana, ii. 160 + amicta, i. 161 + apella, i. 211 + argentata, i. 230 + azaræ, i. 170 + beelzebul, i. 197 + capucina, i. 215 + cephus, ii. 53 + ceylonicus, ii. 125 + chiropotes, i. 187 + concolor, ii. 155 + cristatus, ii. 125 + cynocephala, i. 265 + cynomologus, ii. 31 + cynosurus, ii. 55 + diana, ii. 79 + entellus, ii. 104 + erythræa, ii. 22 + fatuellus, i. 211 + femoralis, ii. 127 + ferox, ii. 18 + ferruginea, ii. 91 + flava, i. 209 + fuliginosa, ii. 38 + gigantica, ii. 171 + gorilla, ii. 181 + hamadryas, i. 272 + hoolock, ii. 161 + hypoleuca, i. 206 + inuus, ii. 4 + jacchus, i. 132 + johnii, ii. 111 + lacepedii, i. 148 + lagothrica, i. 222 + lar, ii. 152, 159, 161 + leucampyx, ii. 75 + leucisca, ii. 154 + leucocephala, i. 185 + leucophæa, i. 260 + longimana, ii. 159 + lugens, i. 159 + maimon, i. 258 + maura, ii. 125, 126 + melanocephala, i. 175 + melalophus, ii. 136 + melarhinus, ii. 83 + midas, i. 148 + mona, ii. 66 + monachus, i. 182 + morio, ii. 171, 180 + mormon, i. 258 + nasica, ii. 140 + nemæus, ii. 134 + nemestrina, ii. 16 + nictitans, ii. 51 + oedipus, i. 140 + paniscus, i. 237 + patas, ii. 63 + petaurista, ii. 44 + pileata, ii. 33 + pithecia, i. 185 + porcaria, i. 263 + rhesus, ii. 22 + rosalia, i. 138 + rubra, ii. 63 + sabæa, ii. 56, 58 + sagulata, i. 188 + satanas, i. 186 + satyrus, ii. 170, 249 + sciurea, i. 156 + seniculus, i. 192 + silenus, ii. 18 + sinica, ii. 35 + syndactylus, ii. 166 + sylvanus, ii. 4 + talapoin, ii. 82 + trepida, i. 211 + troglodytes, ii. 194 + variegatus, ii. 160 + veter, ii. 113 + wurmbii, ii. 171 + Simiidæ, i. 252; ii. 143, 144, 145, 148, 181, 190, 203 + simus, Hapalemur, i. 182 + Prolemur, i. 182 + sinica, Simia, ii. 35 + sinicus, Cercocebus, ii. 33, 35 + Macacus, ii. 19, 33, 34, 35, 248 + sivalensis, Anthropopithecus, ii. 217 + Palæopithecus, ii. 217 + Macacus, ii. 213, 248 + Slender Capuchin, i. 208 + Loris, i. 31 + Slow-Loris, Javan, i. 23 + Small Dwarf-Lemur, i. 55 + Small-toothed Sportive-Lemur, i. 88 + smithii, Chirogaleus, i. 57 + Microcebus, i. 57, 58 + Smith's Dwarf-Lemur, i. 57 + Smooth-headed Capuchin, i. 209 + Soko, ii. 197 + Sooty Mangabey, ii. 37 + South American Howlers, ii. 191 + speciosus, Inuus, ii. 13 + Macacus, ii. 8, 13 + Spectral Tarsier, i. 20 + spectrum, Lemur, i. 20 + Tarsius, i. 20, 285 + sphinx, Papio, i. 253, 269; ii. 244, 245, 246 + Cynocephalus, i. 268, 270, 271 + Spider-Monkey, Brown Woolly, i. 226 + Black-faced, i. 241 + Brown-headed, i. 242 + Geoffroy's, i. 234 + Grizzled, i. 242 + Hooded, i. 243 + Long-haired, i. 244 + Red-bellied, i. 236 + Red-faced, i. 237 + Variegated, i. 231 + White-whiskered, i. 239 + Woolly, i. 224 + Spider-Monkeys, i. 204, 207, 227, 247, 248 + spierianus, Microsyops, i. 122; ii. 252 + spixii, Ouakaria, i. 175 + Sportive-Lemur, Grandidier's, i. 89 + Milne-Edwards', i. 87 + Red-tailed, i. 86 + Round-headed, i. 89 + Small-toothed, i. 88 + Weasel-like, i. 86 + White-footed, i. 89 + Squirrel-Monkey, i. 247, 152 + Black-headed, i. 155 + Common, i. 156 + St. John's Macaque, ii. 28 + Stachycolobus satanas, ii. 93 + Stairs' Guenon, ii. 73 + stairsi, Cercopithecus, ii. 73 + stampflii, Cercopithecus, ii. 49, 50, 245 + Stampfli's Guenon, ii. 50 + Stenacodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 239, 252 + Stenops, i. 31, 33 + gracilis, i. 31 + javanicus, i. 33 + potto, i. 28 + tardigradus, i. 31, 33 + Stentor, i. 192 + caraya, i. 195 + flavicauda, i. 198 + fuscus, i. 198 + niger, i. 195 + seniculus, i. 193 + ursinus, i. 193, 198 + stramineus, Mycetes, i. 193 + subcristatus, Cebus, i. 218; ii. 256 + subhimalayanus, Papio, ii. 212, 248 + suevicus, Macacus, ii. 213, 242 + sumatranus, Semnopithecus, ii. 127, 136 + Sykes' Guenon, ii. 67 + sylvanus, Macacus, ii. 4 + Simia, ii. 4 + sylvestris, Homo, ii. 194 + syndactyla, Siamanga, ii. 166 + syndactylus, Pithecus, ii. 166 + Hylobates, ii. 120, 146, 151, 152, 153, 166, 249 + Simia, ii. 166 + + Talapoin, ii. 82 + talapoin, Cercopithecus, ii. 82, 245 + Miopithecus, ii. 82 + Simia, ii. 82 + Tamarin, Black and Red, i. 145 + Black-fronted, i. 143 + Bonneted, i. 143 + Brown-headed, i. 144 + Deville's, i. 143 + Geoffroy's, i. 139 + Illiger's, i. 145 + Lacépéde's, i. 148 + Midas, i. 148 + Moustached, i. 142 + Negro, i. 148 + Pied, i. 147 + Red-bellied, i. 141 + Silky, i. 138 + White-lipped, i. 141 + Yellow-tailed, i. 144 + tantalus, Cercopithecus, ii. 62 + Guenon, ii. 62 + tarandus, Cervus, ii. 218 + tardigradus, Lemur, i. 33 + Nycticebus, i. 33, 285; ii. 249 + Stenops, i. 31 + Tarsier, Dusky-handed, i. 21 + Spectral, i. 20 + Tarsiidæ, i. 18 + Tarsius, i. 18; ii. 225, 237 + fischeri, i. 21 + fuscomanus, i. 21 + fuscus, i. 21; ii. 249, 250 + spectrum, i. 20, 285 + tarsius, Lemur, i. 20 + Tarsius tarsius, i. 20, 21, 118, 285; ii. 249 + Tartarin, Le, i. 272, 274 + tchego, Troglodytes, ii. 195 + Tcheli Macaque, ii. 26 + tcheliensis, Macacus, ii. 26, 27, 242 + Telmalestes, i. 119 + temminckii, Colobus, ii. 91 + tenebrosus, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242, 252 + tephrops, Cercopithecus, ii. 55 + Theropithecus, i. 252, 276; ii. 228, 240 + gelada, i. 245, 263, 276, 277, 279 + obscurus, i. 278 + senex, i. 276, 278 + thersites, Presbytis, ii. 103, 109 + Thick-furred Capuchin, i. 217 + thibetanus, Macacus, ii. 8 + Thinolestes, i. 119 + thomasi, Opolemur, i. 63 + Semnopithecus, ii. 116, 117, 119, 249 + Thomas' Fat-tailed Lemur, i. 63 + Thomas's Langur, ii. 119 + tholloni, Piliocolobus, ii. 92 + Thoth Baboon, i. 268 + thoth, Cynocephalus, i. 268 + Papio, i. 268; ii. 245 + Three-banded Douroucoli, i. 168 + Three-cusped Guenons, ii. 44 + tichorhinus, Rhinoceros, ii. 218 + Titi, Black-fronted, i. 164 + Black-handed, i. 165 + Grey, i. 165 + Masked, i. 163 + Orabassu, i. 162 + Ornate, i. 162 + Red, i. 160 + Red-backed, i. 158 + Red-bellied, i. 164 + Reed, i. 161 + White-chested, i. 161 + White-collared, i. 159 + titi, Oedipus, i. 140 + Titis, i. 248 + Toque, ii. 34, 35 + Macaque, ii. 33, 34 + Tomitherium, i. 120, 121; ii. 227, 238 + rostratum, i. 121; ii. 252 + torquata, Callithrix, i. 159, 161; ii. 255 + torquatus, Cebus, i. 159 + Callithrix, i. 159, 161 + tournesarti, Plesiadapis, i. 118; ii. 242 + trarensis, Macacus, ii. 213, 243 + Tree-walkers, ii. 148 + trepida, Simia, i. 211 + trichotis, Chirogale, i. 9, 52 + Chirogaleus, i. 52 + trivirgatus, Aotus, i. 168 + Nyctipithecus, i. 168; ii. 255 + Troglodytes, ii. 180, 187, 188 + aubryi, ii. 194 + calvus, ii. 199 + gorilla, ii. 180 + kooloo-kamba, ii. 199 + leucoprymnus, ii. 194 + mimetes, ii. 194 + niger, ii. 194 + savagei, ii. 180 + schweinfurthi, ii. 194 + tchego, ii. 195 + vellerosus, ii. 194 + troglodytes, Anthropopithecus, ii. 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202 + Mimetes, ii. 199 + Simia, ii. 194 + Tropicolobus rufomitratus, ii. 88 + tschudii, Lagothrix, i. 222 + tuberifer, Eriodes, i. 226, 227 + Tufted Capuchin, i. 212 + Tufted-eared Guenons, ii. 44 + tutus, Pelycodus, i. 122; ii. 252 + typicus, Cheirogaleus, i. 50, 51 + + Uakarí, Bald, i. 177 + Black-headed, i. 175 + Uakarí Monkeys, i. 174, 248 + Red, i. 176 + unicolor, Cebus, i. 209, 217 + ursina, Alouatta, i. 198; ii. 210, 255, 256 + Stentor, i. 193, 198 + Ursine Guereza, ii. 93 + Ursine Langur, ii. 122 + ursinus, Colobus, ii. 93, 94, 95, 245 + Cynocephalus, i. 263 + Guereza, ii. 94 + Mycetes, i. 198 + Presbytis, ii. 122, 123 + Semnopithecus, ii. 114, 122, 250 + Stentor, i. 198 + ursula, Hapale, i. 148 + ursulus, Midas, i. 140, 147, 148, 149; ii. 255 + usta, Chrysothrix, i. 154; ii. 255, 256 + Saimiris, i. 154 + + Van Beneden's Guereza, ii. 87 + Varecia, i. 65 + nigra, i. 69 + Variegated Capuchin, i. 211 + Spider-Monkey, i. 221, 231 + variegatus, Ateles, i. 231, 233; ii. 255 + Cebus, i. 210, 211, 213; ii. 256 + Hylobates, ii. 152, 160 + Indris, i. 107 + Pithecus, ii. 159 + Simia, ii. 160 + varius, Lemur, i. 68 + Pithecus, ii. 159 + vellerosus, Ateles, i. 128, 129, 236, 244; ii. 254 + Cebus, i. 208, 217; ii. 256 + Colobus, ii. 94, 95, 245 + Guereza, ii. 95 + Pterycolobus, ii. 95 + Semnopithecus, ii. 94 + Troglodytes, ii. 194 + verreauxi, Propithecus, i. 100, 102, 286 + Verreaux's Sifaka, i. 100 + versicolor, Cebus, i. 213, 215 + verus, Colobus, ii. 87, 245 + Procolobus, ii. 88 + Vervet Guenon, ii. 60 + veter, Cercopithecus, ii. 18 + Silenus, ii. 19 + Simia, ii. 113 + vetulus, Cercopithecus, ii. 112 + vicarius, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252 + vidua, Saguinus, i. 159 + villosa, Alouatta, i. 199 + villosus, Mycetes, i. 128, 199; ii. 254 + vociferans, Nyctipithecus, i. 129, 169, 170 + Von der Decken's Sifaka, i. 101 + vulgaris, Jacchus, i. 132 + + Wau-wau Gibbon, ii. 154, 156 + Weasel-like Sportive-Lemur, i. 80 + weddelli, Hapale, i. 143 + Midas, i. 143, 144; ii. 255 + Weeping Çai, i. 216 + Weeper Capuchin, i. 215 + werneri, Cercopithecus, ii. 58 + Werner's Guenon, ii. 58 + White-cheeked Capuchin, i. 208 + White-cheeked Gibbon, ii. 158 + White-chested Titi, i. 161 + White-collared Mangabey, ii. 38 + Titi, i. 159 + White-crowned Mangabey, ii. 39 + White-eared Marmoset, i. 134 + White-faced Lemur, i. 73 + White-fronted Capuchin, i. 213, 215 + White-fronted Marmoset, i. 134 + White-footed Sportive-Lemur, i. 89 + White-handed Gibbon, ii. 159, 160 + White-handed Lemur, i. 74 + White-headed Saki, i. 185 + White-lipped Guenon, ii. 72 + White-lipped Tamarin, i. 141 + White-nosed Saki, i. 188 + White-shouldered Marmoset, i. 133 + White-tailed Guereza, ii. 98, 99 + White-thighed Guereza, ii. 94 + White-throated Capuchin, i. 206, 207 + White-whiskered Coaita, i. 239 + White-whiskered Spider-Monkey, i. 239 + White Monkeys, ii. 115, 116 + wolfi, Cercopithecus, ii. 79, 245 + Wolf's Guenon, ii. 79 + Woolly Avahi, i. 94 + Woolly Monkeys, i. 204, 220, 221, 248 + Woolly Spider-Monkeys, i. 204, 224, 225, 248 + wurmbii, Papio, ii. 170 + Pithecus, ii. 171 + Pongo, ii. 170 + Simia, ii. 171 + + xanthocephalus, Cebus, i. 209 + Xanthochroi, ii. 208, 223 + xanthomystax, Prosimia, i. 71 + + Yellow Baboon, i. 265 + Yellow-handed Howler, i. 197 + Yellow-tailed Tamarin, i. 144 + + zitteli, Microchærus, i. 116; ii. 241 + + + +Notes. + +[1] Specimens of _Anthropopithecus niger_ and _Gorilla gorilla_, in the + Derby Museum, Liverpool, in which the permanent teeth have not yet + developed, have the premaxillary suture quite obliterated. + +[2] The deformity known in the human skull as acrocephaly, which occurs in + all races of men, and is due to the too early ossification of certain + of its sutures, has been found in the Chimpanzee. + +[3] Huxley's "Natural History of the Man-like Apes," p. 5. + +[4] Living and fossil. + +[5] A form of _S. mitratus_. + +[6] _Midas rufiventer_, said to be from Mexico by Dr. Gray, is now believed + to be Amazonian. Mr. Bates' statement that _Hapale pygmæa_ is found in + Mexico (vol. i., p. 136) is erroneous, and no species of Marmoset is + known from the Mexican Province. + +[7] _Chrysothrix entomophaga_ is stated by me (vol. i., p. 156) to inhabit + Central America. The Squirrel-Monkey of Panama, however, is _C. + oerstedi_, and _C. entomophaga_ must be restricted to the Brazilian + Sub-region (cf. Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer. Mamm., p. 16). + + * * * * * + +Corrections made to printed text + +P. 29 'supra-orbital' corrected from 'supra-orbitral'. + +P. 31 (Macacus) 'assamensis' corrected from 'assameusis'. + +P. 29 'depredations' corrected from 'depradations'. + +P. 60 'Cercopithecus pygerithraeus' corrected from '... pygerithroeus' + +P. 84 'Cercopithecinæ' corrected from 'Cercopethecinæ'. + +P. 29 'Pays-Bas' corrected from 'Pays-Bays'. + +P. 29 'Rhynchopithecus' corrected from 'Rhynochopithecus'. + +P. 158 'with synonymy' corrected from 'with synonomy'. + +P. 210, page reference '129' corrected from '103', '131' from '104', '132' +from '105' and '150' from '114'. These conflicted with the Index in this +volume as well as the actual contents of Volume I. + +P. 254 'Chrysothrix' (oerstedi) corrected from 'Chrynosthrix'. + +Index entry 'acolytus, Hyopsodus': this is the first of many wrong index +entries, with species on the Regional lists in vol. ii. being listed as +vol. i. The full list is tabulated here: + + acolytus, Hyopsodus, ii. 252 Laopithecus, robustus, ii. 252 + Adapis, tenebrosus, ii. 252 Loris, gracilis, ii. 248 + Alouatta, palliata, ii. 254 Microsyops, elegans, ii. 252 + brevicaudatus, Indris, ii. 248 Mixocebus, caniceps, ii. 248 + caniceps, Mixocebus, ii. 248 Mixodectes, crassiusculus, ii. 252 + Cebus, chrysopus, ii. 255 Mixodectes, pungens, ii. 252 + Cebus, hypoleucus, ii. 254, 255 palliata, Alouatta, ii. 254 + Chirogale, ii. 248 Papio, hamadryas, ii. 244, 245 + Chiromys madagascariensis, ii. 248 Papio, ibeanus, ii. 246 + crassicaudata, Galago, ii. 246, 247 Papio, langheldi, ii. 246 + fusciceps, Ateles, ii. 255 Papio, porcarius, ii. 246 + garnetti, Galago, ii. 246 pungens, Mixodectes, ii. 252 + geoffroyi, Ateles, ii. 254, 255 rosalia, Midas, ii. 254 + geoffroyi, Midas, ii. 254 rostratum, Tomitherium, ii. 252 + gracilis, Loris, ii. 248 Tarsius, fuscus, ii. 249, 250 + Hyopsodus, acolytus, ii. 252 Tarsius tarsius, ii. 249 + ibeanus, Papio, ii. 246 Tomitherium, rostratum, ii. 252 + jarrovii, Pelycodus, ii. 252 tutus, Pelycodus, ii. 252 + langheldi, Papio, ii. 246 vellerosus, Ateles, ii. 254 + laniger, Avahis, ii. 248 villosus, Mycetes, ii. 254 + Laopithecus, lemurinus, ii. 252 + +Index entry 'Alouatta, nigra': 'ii. 256' corrected from 'ii. 259' + +Index entry 'burnetti, Cercopithecus' corrected from 'Cercopethicus'. + +Index entry 'chrysoleucos, Miocella': 'i. 135' corrected from 'i. 35' + +Index entry 'crassicaudata, Otolicnus': 'i. 47' corrected from '147' + +Index entry 'elegantula' corrected from 'edegantula'. + +Index entry 'erythræa' corrected from 'erythæa'. + +Index entry 'gesilla, Pithecus': 'ii. 181' corrected from 'i. 181' + +Index entry 'larvatus, Nasalis': 'ii. 140 (etc.)' corrected from 'i. 140 +(etc.)' + +Index entry 'Papio': 'ii. 228' corrected from 'ii. 288' + +Index entry 'Sportive-Lemur, Red-tailed': 'i. 86' corrected from '186' + +Index entry 'tardigradus, Nycticebus': 'i. 285' corrected from 'iI. 285' + +Index entry 'Troglodytes': 'ii. 180 (etc.)' corrected from 'i. 180 (etc.)' + +Index entry 'Variegated' corrected from 'Varigated'. + +Note [7] 'C. oerstedi' corrected from 'ærstedi'. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 2 +(of 2), by Henry O. Forbes + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43992 *** |